ProAgri Zambia 033 by ProAgri

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a No 33

PlantCatalyst ÂŽ fertiliser brings relief

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Letter from the Editor

ProAgri No 33

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PlantCatalyst ® fertiliser brings relief

griculture in Zambia will soon experience the long, but inevitable chain effect of corruption. The disappearance of $4,3 million from the Social Cash Transfer Programme came as a shock to the entire country and the ripple effect is already in motion. While the investigation is going on, aid from the International Monetary Fund as well as countries like Britain, Sweden, Ireland and Finland is suspended. Britain has a zero-tolerance approach to fraud and is closely following the progress of the investigations. This shortage of money will affect education, health care, nutrition and will certainly reduce the financial aid to the poorest of the poor. Smallholder and subsistence farmers will also feel the pinch. Government is already struggling to fulfil their financial responsibilities towards them. The ZNFU is still involved in an ongoing battle with government to release the allocated FISP funds to farmers and suppliers. The outstanding money

already has a dire effect on agricultural suppliers who are part of FISP. The big question is when the effect of this scandal will hit our farmers who experience a constant challenge to support their families. As a queasy ad-on, the Zambian economy is going through a very tough patch and observers already express concern over government debt levels. President Lungu announced that he dismissed Minister of Community Development, Emerine Kabanshi, who was responsible for the Social Payments Programme. Apparently, expensive vehicles were bought with the funds. One can only hope this will set a chain of events in motion until our smallholder farmers and agro-suppliers receive their desperately needed cash to carry on farming.

Du Preez de Villiers dupreez@proagri.co.za

Erect a fence in a jiffy with Bonnox

Stanbic and Herdbook Bull Sale successful, but could be better

Superb Italian craftsmanship: DAB has a pump for every application

Sheep farming made easy: Part 9

Novatek on piggeries: Improve animal health to improve profits

Advice from Tiger Feeds: Part 3: The calf: Tomorrow’s cow and its

Aquaponics 3: 7 money-making trends in aquaponics

Sidestep fertiliser challenges: Achieve excellent yields with PlantCatalyst®

Spray to protect your crops: Part 9

Meet the new Actros: A tough truck for Africa

Make more from your crops: Processing of oil seeds: Part 9

Soil: The farmer’s most important asset: Part 26

Boost performance the affordable way: Agrivi Farm Management Software

ProAgri Zambia 33

Make money

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pumps up Zambia

DAB Pumps is a relatively new supplier in Zambia and this Italian company is motivated to bring huge relief in farmers’ water management challenges. The company is eagerly looking for distributors all over the country, thereby offering valuable business opportunities. Read about their approach on page 9.

ProAgri technology for the farmer

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Office no. 3 Fens Investment Building Lusaka Show Grounds +26 (0)96-216-9801 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2018. All rights reserved. No material, text or photographs may be reproduced, copied or in any other way transmitted without the written consent of the publisher. Opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the publisher or of the editor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their respective owners. ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

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technology for the farmer

Editor Du Preez de Villiers > +27 82-598-7329 dupreez@proagri.co.za General Manager and Distribution Zambia Quintus Grobler > +26-(0)96-216-9801 (WA only) South Africa + 27-078-978-6339 quintus@proagri.co.za Reporters Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 79-531-0024 tiny@proagri.co.za Design Christiaan Joubert > christiaan@proagri.co.za Enquiries Lize du Plooy > +27 12-803-0667 lize@proagri.co.za Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0667 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Keet > +27 12-803-0667 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

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ProAgri Zambia 33

owadays, the condition of a farmer’s fence is equally important to that of his sheep. Therefore, Johan Venter, part-time sheep farmer and broker from Middelburg, quickly erected a fence on his farm. "Two years ago, we acquired the 40 hectares of land for the purpose of erecting a factory to manufacture safety doors, but I started to systematically develop the farm", Johan says. First, he started a chicken project and then began sheep husbandry for which he needed proper fences. Fortunately, Bonnox’s new Econo lightly galvanised 1,2 metre fence came to his rescue. According to Johan, he did not want to use traditional barbed wire, as such fences would not properly protect his sheep. "Stray dogs can still pass through barbed wire, and I also try to keep jackal out, although I have not really experienced predator problems yet,” he says. Johan already had 2 km of Bonnox erected when ProAgri called on him, and he says it takes very little time to erect 100 m of Bonnox. Planting the corners posts is the biggest part of the job, he says, and afterwards only two workers erect the fencing. Straining posts are 98 m apart, and between them Y-standards are driven in every 10 m. Johan is very satisfied with Bonnox, and he said that he has worked with the Bonnox people before: “The product is easy to work with, durable and can be erected very quickly.” He says Bonnox’s people are very helpful, accurate and knowledgeable. “I have absolutely no complaints; they deliver superb service. When I call them with an order, I can pick it up the next day and they always supply exactly what I have ordered,” Johan says.

Erect a fence in a jiffy with Bonnox by Benine Ackermann

Oupa Mabhena and Patrick Ndlamini are the workers who erected Johan Venter’s Bonnox Econo fence so neatly. Sheep are safely kept in their camp and predators outside by the Econo range from Bonnox.

• •

• • •

There is no fence more pleasing to the eye than Bonnox.

•

More about the superb Bonnox products: Bonnox has more than seventy different products that can be applied for various tasks. Fence heights vary from 0,6 to 2,4 m, and with their unique Ringlok®, even the steepest slopes pose no challenge for Bonnox. Bonnox also offers an economical, lightly galvanised variant of their nine most popular products. The products include: Money Saver, Close Mesh and Kombi Mesh ranges. Bonnox can export directly from its Centurion factory in Pretoria to many African countries and other destinations and beyond. However, farmers often prefer to collect the fencing and accessories directly from the factory themselves. The Bonnox website explains how a farmer can erect a Bonnox fence himself.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Currently, Bonnox offers a 25% discount, you can also buy 10 rolls and get one free. Call Bonnox at 012-666-8717 or 076-169-9068, send an e-mail to gerda@bonnox.co.za, linda@bonnox.co.za or zane@bonnox.co.za for a quotation or visit their website at www.bonnox.co.za.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Stanbic and Herdbook Bull Sale successful, but could be better by Dorothy Chisi

Farmers from all over the country attended the Stanbic and Herdbook Society auction.

he livestock sector plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural households. This sector also plays a significant role in commercial farming and is also considered as one of the potential sectors for export earnings. The importance of livestock goes beyond its food production function, as it provides draught power and organic manure for crops as well as hides, skin, bones, blood and fibres to the industrial sector. Stanbic Bank, in collaboration with Herdbook Society, have consistently sponsored the annual auction of animals in Lusaka, Zambia, for many years. The Bull Sale is an annual event for livestock farmers in Zambia and contributes significantly to the development and strength of the livestock sector. Livestock farmers from across the country recently trooped to Lusaka’s showgrounds where a display of various livestock breeds was showcased. Farmers could bid on the animals they wanted to buy at their preferred prices. Herdbook Society Chairperson, Chucky Cantlay, described the auction as one which was well attended by a lot of interested parties. “We had more than of 500 people attending the auction. Many people attended to look at the fine animals, but we expected more buyers,” he said. He described the sales as not being impressive compared to the previous auctions, as prices were lower than anticipated. “Beef, sheep and goat stud breeders in Zambia spend huge amounts to get their animals ready and 6

some travelled long distances to the market, especially people from Southern Province where the roads are in a deplorable condition,” he said. He explained that unlike the previous years when they had more than 40 animals, this year they recorded fewer animals at 28. The annual event was graced by the presence of Minister of Livestock and Fisheries, Kampamba Mulenga, who noted the significant role played by livestock in the lives of farmers.

During her official opening of the auction, the Minister said that government stood behind livestock farmers. She said that government is ready to support efforts of key stakeholders such as Herdbook Society and Zambia National Farmers’ Union on issues concerning not only the import of quality breeding stock, but also the sale of such animals within the country. She said government was aware that imported breeding stock could be of great benefit to Zambia by improving the national herd. “Let me mention that such imported breeding stock may not be affordable to most of our small-scale farmers. But to overcome this problem, government is establishing some artificial insemination satellite centres country-wide through my Ministry.” Ms Mulenga said livestock breeding centres were also being established to be used as sources of affordable breeding stock for small-scale farmers. The Minister also used the platform to warn dishonest traders, who bring low quality animals from outside the country for the only reason of maximising financial gain and completely ignoring the long-term effect of such a move on the national herd. “Such an act is criminal. Anyone who is involved will not be tolerated and will face the full wrath of the law by being arrested and prosecuted,” she said. The event was not short of encouraging words from the main sponsors. Stanbic Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, Leina Gabaraane, attended the event. He said the varieties of Bonsmara, Angoni, Boran, Brahman and Santa Gertrudis which were auctioned, offering farmers a good selection to develop the livestock industry.

Minister of Livestock and Fisheries, Kampamba Mulenga, opened the show, while the Herdbook Society Chairperson, Chucky Cantlay, and Barry Purdham, the South African auctioneer, prepared themselves for the huge event.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Stanbic Chief Executive Officer, Leina Gabaraane, said that his bank is committed to support the livestock industry. Mr Gabaraane said Stanbic Bank will continue to support agriculture as proof of their commitment to clients and objectives as a bank towards growth of the agricultural sector in the country. He said the livestock sector in Zambia is worth $1,5 billion and accounted for around 35% of agriculture's share of national gross domestic product. He also noted that Zambia had moved from being a net importer of commodities to a net exporter of value-added commodities. “As a bank, we understand the potential that agricultural holds and it is for this reason that we have aligned ourselves to government’s diversification strategy from concentrating risk in mining to agriculture. ”To demonstrate their capabilities in the sector, they are the largest financiers of agribusiness in Zambia with investments in loans and advances of over K2 billion across primary and secondary agriculture. Cattle prices could have been better The total number of animals on offer were 18 bulls, four females, four sheep

The goat that fetched the highest prize was bought by Acha Mwanguku at K7 500 from the breeder, Rhys Williams.

The ram that was sold at the highest price is worth K10 000 today. and six goats. The most expensive bull weighing 810 kilograms was sold for K65 000 to Down Cowley from Alexwill Bonsmara breeder, Graham Mulders. The buyer of the most expensive bull also received a feed hamper from Tiger Feeds. Graham expressed disappointment with the prices that the animals fetched. “This is very disappointing and

The most expensive bull was offered by Alexwill Bonsmaras. The animal weighed 810 kilograms and was sold for K65 000 to Down Cowley. ProAgri Zambia 33

does not bode well for the beef industry in the country. From this moment on, we must put our heads together, talk to government and come up with a plan on how we can improve the beef industry,” he said. He said the sheep and goats were sold at better prices compared to the bulls and that the price of beef in Zambia had been static for the past four years. This has the unfortunate consequence that a lot of beef farmers were going out of the business. This problem must be addressed. He expressed the need for beef to be exported in order for the farmers to make profits as well as reduce any surpluses. Barry Purdham, a South African auctioneer, awarded the highest bid on the sheep rams at K10 000. The seller was G Menage from Hamakula Farm while the buyer was Ms L Coventry. The highest priced goat was bought at K9 250. The goat fetching the second highest prize was bought by Acha Mwanguku at K7 500 from Rhys Williams. All six goats auctioned were sold. Farmers were encouraged to prepare their animals as early as possible for next year’s auction.

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Superb Italian craftsmanship: DAB has a pump for every application by Du Preez de Villiers

Farmers are invited to visit the DAB showroom and shop at Sandy’s Creations South of Lusaka to ask questions and browse their wide variety of products.

Sandy’s Creations already proved their worth by supplying DAB equipment to institutional customers like the Zambian Defence Force and the hospitality, education and health sector. Today, the Milenge Hospital in Luapula Province benefits from one of their installations. For residential applications, DAB offers the quietest and most powerful and energy-efficient swimming pool pumps in the world at very competitive prices. Crispin says: “We stock pumps for residential and commercial purposes, and we strongly focus on farmers. Our pumps mainly consist of submersible, booster, drainage and centre pivot pumps. In addition, we shall soon have the most technically advanced solar pump system for submersible and booster pump applications.” Their prices are very competitive and the introductory offers promise to be even more favourable for clients. On top of that, they offer one of the most durable and quality equipment brands in the world. Like any decent supplier, DAB backs their pumps with a proper warranty. They also have a fully equipped workshop and can supply spare parts in a jiff y.

ou can’t miss Sandy’s Creations if you drive south out of Lusaka on Kafue road. The neat premises on the right-hand side is home to the world renowned DAB water pumps. Sandy’s Creations was formally appointed as their sole distributor in Zambia in January 2017. The neat DAB showroom and shop is situated in the extreme left corner of the premises and farmers are invited to come and have a look at their wide range of exquisite Italian water pumping equipment. Crispin Kanchule, General Manager of DAB says: “DAB is one of the leading pump brands in the world. Since Zambia has such a huge agricultural potential which goes hand in hand with water supply and irrigation, we foresee an exciting journey and partnership with our farming community.”

Yotam Zimba is the friendly Sales Manager who heads the DAB sales team. He has many years of experience in the pump industry and passed the DAB training course. He will ensure that a farmer is provided with the most suitable pump for his application, for years of trouble free operation. ProAgri Zambia 33

A wide variety of pumps of all models, shapes and sizes are available at the DAB showroom. Currently, DAB is appointing distributors and is still looking for more eager candidates to chase this opportunity in all the provinces. Their next step is to use their distributors in the northern region including the Copperbelt and North-Western province to enable them to springboard into the Democratic Republic of the Congo. DAB has already appointed the following dealers in the southern region of Zambia, which includes Lusaka: • Phoenix Zambia Limited • Voltic Electrical • ZIKO Hardware • Falcon Industries Limited • NWK Agro Limited • Green Energy • Water Circles, the water engineering specialists • Leza Teka, also water engineering specialists • Handyman’s Paradise • Lemar Hydraulics in Mazabuka, who looks after the Zambia Sugar out grower farmers

In 2019 DAB will be present at the Agritech Show in Chisamba, the CHIMAX Mining and Agriculture Exhibition in Kitwe and the Agriculture and Commercial Show in Lusaka to meet farmers.

DAB’s highly versatile Sundiver power system will soon be available at Sandy’s Creations. For more information, send an e-mail to Crispin Kanchule at dab@sandyscreations.net 9

Sheep farming made easy Part 9: Feed storage methods

suitable way to discuss feed storage methods is by way of descriptive illustrations. This month we give a visual representation of the methods of storing sheep feed, as well as feed distribution and provisioning. We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa for making their manual on sheep production and facilities available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia. A farmer has a few options of ways in which he can store his feed in the form of grain, silage, bales and roughage.

A modern and quick procedure for storing silage is in a tube film. The product is well protected, secure and will last longer, but expensive equipment is needed.

Bunkers covered with plastic are an old but proven and effective method to store silage. It is also easy to retrieve it. Square and round bales are stacked in a specific way in a shed to optimise space and to retrieve it with ease.

Silos are designed to store fine and flowing feed like grain. It is very important to construct the bottom slopes at the right angle to retrieve all the grain. 10

Uncovered bales can be stored in the open, providing that they were tightly baled. Bales wrapped in plastic are also a very popular storage method. They will last much longer.

Bales can be transported into the sheep pen from a different storage area. When the storage enclosure is inside the sheep camp, the bales can be drawn out or the enclosure can be opened to give the animals access to the feed.

ProAgri Zambia 33

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Feed distribution or provisioning

To avoid trampling, bales can be placed next to the pen. The animals can stick their heads through the fence to gain access to the feed. An indent can also be built into the pen’s fence to give the animals access from three sides.

A silo connected to the self-feeders through conveyers in an in-house system is very convenient and will save money in the long run.

Feed mixing

Silos storing different feed components situated close to the mixing area will reduce the distance a mobile feed mixer will have to move during the mixing process.

Great care must be taken when designing your mixing area. When it develops into a more complex mixing plant, there should be space available for extensions like more silos and conveyers.

Inside the housing shed

Next month we shall look at handling systems like loading ramps, scales, dip facilities and many more. Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their Sheep Facilities Manual. Visit www.arc.agric.za for more information.

A mobile feed mixer with full length conveyer belts supplying the feed dispensers is a must have in a larger operation.

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Easy human and feed access to every individual pen, as well as easy manure removal, is crucial for a successful operation. This can be achieved by switchable feed dispensing shoots, elevated walkways and stackable pens with removable floors. 12

Tel: +27 (0)53 927 4999 Cell: +27 (0)82 459 9451 E-mail: judy@nosering.co.za www.nosering.co.za

ProAgri Zambia 33

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Novatek on piggeries: Improve animal health to improve profits by Wiehan Visagie

ig farming is becoming increasingly popular in Zambia and can be a profitable business. As any pig farmer knows, the long-term success of the farm depends on the pigs multiplying and being able to reach the desired slaughter weight as efficiently as possible. A breeding sow can produce up to twenty-four piglets per year. These piglets need careful management to ensure their survival and to support their health so they can grow to maturity for the farm to maximise yields. This article highlights some of the common diseases that could put the animals’ health at risk and tells farmers the early symptoms to look out for, and the possible options for treatment. Following these simple practices can ensure the animals’ health and ultimately the farm’s success. Sows can farrow up to twice per year, producing on average of 8 to 12 piglets in a litter. A new born piglet is physiologically the most vulnerable of all the animals on a pig farm. To ensure their health and survival and to secure their optimum growth, the pig farmer’s main responsibility is to provide these fragile piglets with good housing and to oversee good management practices and proper feeding. The best way to prevent potential mortalities is to plan properly and to prepare for the well-being of the sow before, during and after farrowing. Each piglet requires at least six to ten millilitres of colostrum within the first two hours after birth. Colostrum is the first milk secreted from the sow after farrowing. It contains antibodies that help to boost the piglets’ immunity during the first few weeks of their lives. Keeping the animals healthy is the key to the success of any pig farm. To achieve this, it is essential to be aware of potential diseases that may occur in the herd. All staff working with the sows and piglets should be able to spot the ProAgri Zambia 33

early symptoms of common diseases, so they can alert the manager or veterinarian, as appropriate, to ensure early treatment is given. The main issues to look out for include: Iron deficiency Piglets are born with low iron reserves and the sow’s milk also contains low levels of this mineral. In nature, piglets obtain iron from the soil, but since most pigs are housed indoors they need to be provided with supplementary iron. Livestock Services stock a registered injectable iron (Iron inject 20% + B12) that can be administered to piglets at three or five days of age. If the piglets do not receive enough iron, it will lead to a deficiency. Symptoms include anaemia (pale piglets), poor growth, coarse, hard hair and listlessness.

Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are normal inhabitants of the intestines of pigs. However, under certain conditions, this bacterium can grow excessively and can multiply throughout the intestinal tract and cause disease. Factors that can contribute to this are insufficient or no colostrum and a poor milk intake, with additional contributing factors being exposure to cold and unhygienic environments.

Clinical signs are usually seen within twenty-one days after birth. Affected piglets tend to display a yellow-white type of diarrhoea and if not treated, this may well result in a higher mortality rate. It is important to test bacterial cultures to confirm the diagnosis, as there are no post-mortem indications specific to this disease. Correct diagnosis is important, as other organisms can cause similar symptoms. The type of bacteria strain can be verified at Vetlab in Lusaka. Coccidiosis Coccidiosis in pigs is caused by a protozoan called Isospora suis. It causes diarrhoea in suckling piglets. Affected piglets start to show signs of diarrhoea between one and three weeks of age. The diarrhoea is easy recognisable as it is creamy in colour and has a pasty texture. It will cause the piglets to become dehydrated and they will start to lose weight. This protozoan is very resistant to environmental conditions and can stay on the farm for long periods, spreading from one litter to the next in the faeces and as such subclinical infections can cause huge economic losses to a farm, therefore treatment is essential. Treatment programmes should involve good management systems, hygiene principles and the proper use of a coccidial drug such as Toltrazuril. Toltrazuril can be given at three to five days before the onset of the disease. This drug does not inhibit the development of lifelong immunity and does not promote resistance to re-infection. You can order Toltrazuril from Agrivet in Lusaka. Greasy pig disease Greasy pig disease is caused by a bacterium called Staphylococcus hyicus. It can affect multiple piglets at once. The piglets usually show signs of inflamed skin combined with oozing fluid. As the disease progresses, the skin becomes hard and the oozing fluid becomes brown-black, which causes the skin to dry out and crack. If treatment with a penicillin-based antibiotic is started early, the piglets normally respond well. All penicillin-based products can be found at Livestock Services in Lusaka. In terms of disease prevention, re-occurring themes include good husbandry practices, sanitary settings, and proper feeding to increase immunity in the piglets. Zambian pig producers need to provide an environment that is optimal for the animal and unwelcoming for diseasecausing agents.

You can contact Wiehan Visagie at wiehanv@novatek.co.zm or Marné Meyer at nutritionist@novatek.co.zm for any information on feeding and feeds.

C AT T L E , S H E E P, G O AT S we feed them all!

ProAgri Zambia 33

Advice from Tiger Feeds:

Part 3: The Calf: Tomorrow’s cow and its golden hour by Given Hamanungu Tiger Animal Feeds’ Calf Starter pellets will make your calves gambol in the pastures.

calf is tomorrow’s cow. From the health point of view, the life of a bovine is divided into two parts: the first 24 hours, and the rest. The first 24 hours of a calf’s life are so important that it will have a strong bearing on the rest of its life. A calf not provided adequate care for in the first 24 hours may succumb to diseases or will always remain weak and an underperformer. Even though good genetic potential and an excellent environment are provided, it can be meaningless if the calf’s first golden hour is not taken care of. Mistakes made during its first hours cannot be corrected. The calf will be living with consequences and it will struggle to perform to the expected genetic performance standard. For the curious to know, the most dangerous condition during the golden hour of the calf is diarrhoea - the most obvious reason to lose the calf. Good management is important and treatment must be continuously enforced until the cause is cured. Keeping this in mind, the following points are important to be considered: • Care of newborn calf • Calf diarrhoea and its management The first hour after calving is the most critical period in the entire life of a newborn calf where the following should be done: • Clean the nostrils and mouth. It helps the calf to breathe better and help prevent future breathing problems. • Allow the mother to lick the calf clean. It promotes circulation within the calf’s body and prepares the calf to stand up and walk. ProAgri Zambia 33

•

Tie the navel cord with a thread at a length of around 50 mm from the base and cut the remaining cord with a clean instrument. Dip the navel (a simple smearing will not serve the purpose) in seven percent or higher tincture of iodine solution and repeat after 12 hours. (Do not use teat dip or weaker iodine solutions). A poorly maintained navel is the gateway to serious infections.

A newborn calf should be given one litre of colostrum within the first two hours after birth if it fails to suck from its dam and one to two litres (based on calf size) within 12 hours of birth. Many calves do not get adequate amounts of colostrum from their dams within the first few hours of life, and thus may not receive adequate immunity. Feeding colostrum after 24 hours of birth may not help the calf to ward off infections. A calf must receive adequate colostrum to protect it from diseases for the first three months of its life. Colostrum is the calf’s “passport to life”. Handfeeding new-born calves is therefore recommended so that the farmer is sure about the amount of colostrum an individual calf receives. When the animal is three months old, contact the veterinarian for vaccination. Tiger Animal Feeds’ Calf Starter pellets (18%) Calf Starter pellets is a blend of highquality concentrate, short fibre, micro and macro minerals, as well as vitamins that provide in all the calf’s nutrient requirements.

Feeding recommendations: • It should be fed ad libitum until weaning, with clean and fresh water. • Restrict water intake for 20 minutes after feeding of milk. • Offer small quantities of good quality hay, post weaning, ad libitum. Feed intake: Expected feed intake from birth to 21 weeks will be 2 kg per day for Holsteins and 1,5 kg per day for Jerseys.

During the first hour after birth, a farmer must go through a few very important steps to ensure the survival and future performance of the calf. Photo: farmfreshforlife.com For exquisite and professional Tiger Feeds advice and service, contact Rowena Blanco at +260-96-7991-847 or +260-96-7790-404 or e-mail rowena@tigerfeeds.com.zm Given Hamanungu is the Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds and can be contacted at givenhams@gmail.com. 17

Aquaponics 3

7 money-making trends in aquaponics by Ryno Postma, www.hydrotowers.org

sible for the marketing campaign, food on the day, the equipment and ensuring that the facility is spotless on the day. Company A revenue $200 pp Company A expense (Company B) $135 pp Company gross profit $ 65 pp

aking money should not just be an act of doing, it’s an act of passion. Steve Jobs once said: “The only way to do great work is to love what you do”. The combination of your passion with current market trends equals growth opportunities (which translates to money). In this article we shall touch on different aquaponic market trends, evaluating each trend in the following categories: Pros, Cons and Sustainability. Your passion should drive your choice, that will be the difference between you and your competitor, the difference between success and failure! High-value crops & niche farming High-value crops can be defined as crops that are grown year-round with a relative to high sales price. Unlike commonly grown crops like lettuce, specialty crops are not widely grown and bring higher prices for growers. Your geographical location and consumer base will determine which crop(s) will be considered as high-value crops. Pros • Higher gross profit margin(s) • Fewer competitors Cons • Nutritional demands differ between vegetables and herbs – consider nutrients per group of crops • Your market is defined which implies greater risk Sustainability Highly sustainable when you have an established customer base. Example(s) Herbs (such as basil, arugula, and coriander) and certain vegetables (such as brinjals, cucumbers, and heirloom tomatoes) usually fall in this category.

High-value crops 18

Aquaponics training classes Aquaponic training classes Aquaponic training courses have become synonymous with aquaponic farms. These courses / classes provide the general public with a basic understanding of aquaponics, and in some cases a more technical understanding. Pros • Additional revenue stream (byproduct of aquaponic farming) • Great Return on Investment (ROI); initial time investment to create course material far outweighs subsequent time investment(s) • Brand awareness • Keep in touch with industry developments • Maintain knowledge and skills used in aquaponic farming Cons • Marketing campaigns; this might be a daunting task for some farmers • Your farm might not be equipped for entertaining large crowds; this equals additional costs which reduce profits. Sustainability Most commercial aquaponic farms have entered this market. The aquaponic market is experiencing significant growth which allows for everyone to enter this space successfully, albeit with some challenges. Be careful to build your business model around this trend as long-term sustainability is questionable. Example(s) Company A holds aquaponic training courses at Company B which is not too far from their farm. Company B is respon-

Further processing Food processing combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the consumer. The goal of food processing is not only to add value to your produce, but to protect and prolong their shelf-life.

Food processing Pros • Adds value to crops by processing • In some cases, by export, earns valuable foreign exchange • Is a major source of employment • Provides opportunities for import substitution • Protects and prolongs the shelf-life of your produce

ProAgri Zambia 33

• Benefits many small-sector players Cons • Additional working capital to be incurred; such as equipment, labour and packaging • High operating / fixed costs, including the cost of cold rooms, storing, and transport • Small-scale farmers do not have the advantage of economy of scale Sustainability Highly sustainable Examples • Salad mixes including herbs andgreen leaves • Canned pet food products made from aquaponic fish • Pickled or dried foods • Spicy microgreens Design aquaponic systems For those who have an in-depth understanding of the micro-biology of aquaponics (the bacteria, aquaculture and plants), this trend provides for an additional revenue stream. The business model behind this trend is ‘tricky’ as there are many established and well-known system designs freely available on the internet. The design package is where the value lies – what value can you add that your customer won’t find anywhere else? You then have to consider the different branches under this trend, do you want to provide digital solutions (DIY systems), be involved in the construction process (additional fees to be earned here) or even provide training on designing principles? Pros • Additional revenue stream (byproduct of aquaponic farming) • Great Return on Investment; a once-off time investment to design your system, including additional value-added benefits • For aquaponic farmers, experience from your own system provides for more efficient designs • Empowering aquaponic farmers to understand the micro-biology behind aquaponics • Income from digital assets is passive in nature Cons • To the extent that your system may not function as intended, you could be held liable for the product / service that you provide • This creates additional admin where customers come back with questions / queries – additional consulting fees cannot always be charged • It takes time and energy away from your own production system Sustainability Highly sustainable Example(s) United States of America: Nelson and Pade Inc. South Africa: www.ksba.co.za ProAgri Zambia 33

Restaurant One of the prestigious restaurants in South Africa that farms their own produce using aquaponic growing methods made the following statement: “It is an attempt to create a restaurant which in future can become completely self-sustainable by creating an entire “ecosystem” from the fish and vegetables to the livestock, that suits our idea of responsible, conscientious farming (and restaurant) where even 'waste' is turned into a functional part of the cycle.” The statement sums it up, the synergies and cost savings provide for a highly sustainable operation that can withstand economic challenges. Pros • Additional revenue stream (byproduct of aquaponic farming) • Synergies & cost savings provides for higher profit margins • Brand awareness Cons • Your brand can sustain damage if your consumers find fault with food or service • Restaurants are known for the long hours: late nights and weekends are when you make your money • Restaurant profitability is likely to grow over time, depending on factors like your location • High starting capital required Sustainability Highly sustainable Example(s) Restaurant that serves aquaponic produce: Fermier in Pretoria, South Africa

includes aspects mentioned above, creating digital assets for an example, but I want to focus on produce diversity. This trend should be pursued with a specific strategy where you limit your risk and invest what you can aff ord to lose, consider following the same principles that we set out for aquaponic beginners: www.proagri.co.za/en/howto-get-started-with-aquaponics Pros • Highly profitable • Business risk is reduced through diversification • Stabilises farm income • Is a major source of employment Cons • You might not have knowledge of the industry that you want to pursue; this translates to time and / or money Sustainability Highly sustainable Example(s) Grow Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms Farm Snails for Profit Private Fishing Lakes (consider using tilapia) Cost savings and synergy benefits Synergies are often overlooked in the pursuit of increasing profits, and in most cases, it’s an easy and effective tool for increasing profits. This requires some clever thinking, evaluation of all possible outcomes and decisive decisions. Refer to the example for practical guidance. Pros • Immediate cost savings • Cultivating an ‘out-of-the-box’ culture • Synergies and cost savings provide for higher profit margins Cons • This could be time-consuming Sustainability This trend alone cannot drive the sustainability of your venture, along with other factors this trend does however promote sustainability Example(s) Nile tilapia is usually farmed in aquaponic systems. Red breast tilapia (Rendalli) grow slightly slower compared to their Nile family members, but their average fillet size is between 48% and 53% of their total body weight, higher than the industry norm. The Rendalli tilapia also has a greater tolerance for plant-based diets; you will save costs when incorporating organic plants into their diet (consider adding moringa and duckweed) and could benefit from their fillet size if you are targeting restaurants.

Aquaponic restaurant Diversification Diversification is a business strategy to enter into a new market or industry in which the business doesn’t currently operate, while also creating a new product for that new market. This

This article was published on https://hydrotower.org. Visit the site for many more interesting articles on sustainable living.

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ProAgri Zambia 33

Sidestep fertiliser challenges: Achieve excellent yields with PlantCatalyst®

“new” product on the Zambian market can help farmers deal with fertiliser shortage and increased costs. If we tell you there is a “new” product on the Zambian market that could help you maximise the effects of the fertiliser you’re using by leading to improved production, even with only two bags of fertiliser per hectare, AND increase your profits by more than 40%, you’d probably laugh yourself silly, right? Well, you may want to sit down while you read this article.

will help Zambian farmers, particularly during the recent dramatic fertiliser shortages and price increases, without sacrificing profits or yields. PlantCatalyst® was first introduced to Zambia in 2016 through a partnership with the international development group, iDE, who are helping smallholder farmers in the Lusaka, Copperbelt and Southern provinces find new ways to increase yields and profits. When they learned how PlantCatalyst® can help farmers in so many ways, iDE was eager to test the product and they set up comparison plots throughout the three regions. This project allowed them to conduct research on how the product works and how it could be incorporated into Zambian farming practices. That same year the Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) also began to conduct research on the effect of PlantCatalyst® on maize, soya beans, groundnuts and cotton. ZARI also focused their research on how using PlantCatalyst® could affect farmers’ yields and profit margins.

The results of these research projects continued to demonstrate the effectiveness of PlantCatalyst® and conclusively proved that using it can help Zambian farmers in a number of different ways. For example, those farmers accessing inputs through the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) typically don’t get enough fertiliser. These farmers can more than make up for the insufficient fertiliser supply by adding PlantCatalyst® to their inputs. For those farmers buying larger quantities of fertiliser, such as commercial farmers, using PlantCatalyst® would help to reduce fertiliser costs while simultaneously increasing yields and profits. For some crops, ZARI found that profit increases could be as much as 40%! ZARI’s trials also showed how using PlantCatalyst® can help achieve President Lungu’s 21st Century agriculture goals. He wants to reduce Zambia’s dependence on fertiliser and maximising the limited supply currently available through the FISP programme. In fact, one international agriculture development organisation, ACDI/VOCA,

PlantCatalyst® is the new whizz kid in Zambia The US product, PlantCatalyst® has recently been approved for sale in Zambia by the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). Early indications are that it promises to change the farming landscape in Zambia forever. PlantCatalyst® was invented in 1965 by American chemist, John W Willard PhD, and sold in the United States since 1973. PlantCatalyst® is a water additive that helps plants to better absorb and utilise nutrients, develop stronger root systems, and build greater resistance to stressful events such as drought. This means that farmers can get the most out of as little as 100 kilos of fertiliser per hectare and still see increases in their yield by double digit percentages! And at a stable and low cost of K290 per litre, using PlantCatalyst® 22

A trial cowpea crop is preforming very well. The PlantCatalyst® treated crop is on the right and the crop without PlantCatalyst® on the left.

ProAgri Zambia 33

(Agricultural Cooperative Development International and Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance) reviewed the ZARI findings and calculated that universal use of PlantCatalyst® by Zambian farmers would save the government $47 million US annually and increase maize yields nationwide by a whopping 132 000 tonnes. Research is continued on other crops this year. Of significance is that the Cotton Board of Zambia is also carrying out its own demonstrations on cotton this year. In Zambia it is widespread practice for very little or rather no granular fertilisers to be used in cotton. This has resulted in very low yields of the crop. Preliminary indications are that PlantCatalyst® has a very positive effect. AgriFocus, the distributors of PlantCatalyst® in Zambia, have also done tests on the product. Below are photographs of some crops that are still growing and showing significantly improved vegetative growth. Each of the crops was planted on the same day and on the same land.

Farmers who use PlantCatalyst® can expect the following: • Significant reduction in fertiliser usage: Applying PlantCatalyst® allowed farmers to reduce fertiliser usage by up to 50% without sacrificing yield. • Reduced costs: As less fertiliser was needed to grow the plants, a reduction in the cost was observed when PlantCatalyst® was applied. For soya beans, cotton and groundnuts, the production cost was decreased by up to 9%, which is the same as saving $26 US per hectare. In maize, the reduction of costs was up to $100 US per hectare. • Increased yields: The yield increase, and thus the profit obtained after using PlantCatalyst®, was spectacular. In soya beans, the profit increase reached 41% compared to the trial with fertiliser only. Cotton showed an increase of 43% in profits, equal to $180 US per hectare. In the case of groundnuts, the increment in profit was

•

about 10% compared to the trial without PlantCatalyst®. For maize, the yield was increased with 18% per hectare compared to the control with only fertiliser. Emission reduction: It is known that the use and application of fertiliser is related to CO2 emissions. Using PlantCatalyst® reduced the quantity of fertiliser needed per hectare and it was reflected in the decrease of greenhouse emissions. As the best results were obtained applying half the recommended quantity of fertiliser for all four crops, the reduction of CO2 emissions was about 50%.

The great thing about PlantCatalyst® is that it can be used in any agricultural operation and on any plant species, so the practice is very easy to adopt. In the USA, PlantCatalyst® has worked well on a variety of crops, including maize, cotton and soya beans, as well as in many plants and vegetables in greenhouses. PlantCatalyst® has helped many farmers to improve their yields, minimising losses and increasing the way plants take up nutrients from fertiliser. But the mission of PlantCatalyst® is to go beyond simply putting more money in people’s pockets to helping feed the world, and we’re proud to say that the Zambia expansion has been a great first step in that direction. PlantCatalyst® has already been available from April 2018. You can get supplies of PlantCatalyst® from AgriFocus Ltd in Buyantashi Road in the Heavy Industrial Area of Lusaka. The other main distribution agents in Lusaka are Pamoza Agro (+26(0) 968-624-712) in Chachacha Road.

You can clearly see a darker green, healthier crop of field beans on the right where PlantCatalyst® was applied, and a higher yield is expected. Similar results were shown in green beans where yields were increased significantly with a very small quantity of fertiliser used, as compared to about six tonnes per hectare in the plot where only fertiliser was applied. ProAgri Zambia 33

In the rest of the country, PlantCatalyst® can be found in the following towns: • Mpongwe - Pamoza Agro +26(0) 974-881-674 • Choma - AgMart +26(0) 977-898-587 / +26(0) 969-592-925 / +26(0) 964-637-637 • Mkushi - AgMart +26(0) 976-264-121 / +26(0) 968-265-774 • Mumbwa - AgMart +26(0) 962-614-074 / +26(0) 977-855-867 • Livingstone - Technical Services +26(0) 976-553-035 / +26(0) 975-270-952 • Kitwe - Technical Services +26(0) 078-388-492 / +26(0) 975-271-065 • Samfya - Technical Services +26(0) 975-271-346 • Other locally based business agents that are being appointed throughout the country. 23

P L A N T CATALYST

Â®

A nutrient absorption enhancer.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Spray to protect your crops Part 9: Take good care of your sprayer

Compiled by J Fuls (Pr Eng)

Photo: geoff-thomas.com

alfunctioning equipment causes endless frustration, financial losses and takes the joy and pleasure out of farming. This month we look at the correct procedure to take good care of your sprayer. A preventative approach is much smarter than endless repairs. We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa, who made this article available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia. Taking care of your sprayer is very simple and the procedure can be simplified in a few easy steps: Repair before it breaks When something goes wrong, immediately stop spraying and repair the problem. When something small is wrong, it often is possible to repair it without any costs. But when something breaks, it will quite likely cost money to repair. Apart from that, your job will stand still while you wait for spare parts.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Your eyes can tell you if something is wrong. Look out for leaks, parts that do not fit well anymore or anything that looks suspicious.

Feel how it works. If the handling starts feeling strange, something is beginning to go wrong.

Always listen to your machine. Oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ear is a good tool to find out if everything is still going well. Pay attention to strange noises. Keep your sprayer clean It is important that the sprayer is washed after every dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work. Some chemicals can leave some dust-like particles inside the sprayer, which may be difficult to clean later. It can also cause some parts to stick. This can cause problems when you want to use the sprayer again. 25

OWN THE LAND WITH 3 40HP Wise Sibindi +26(0) 21 122 7497 / WSibindi@bhbw.co.zm 26

Barry Hutchinson +26(0) 96 802 2320 / BHutchinson@bhbw.co.zm ProAgri Zambia 33

Rinse the sprayer at least three times. Cleaning the nozzle

Make sure it is properly clean.

Remove the nozzle.

Cleaning the sprayer nozzle with wire might damage it permanently. Rather use the hairs of a paint brush to clean the nozzle of debris.

Apply some grease to the moving parts. Next month we shall look at the steps to follow to calibrate your sprayer.

Without the nozzle, pump the sprayer very fast to rinse the spray lance and the pump. ProAgri Zambia 33

Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc.agric.za for more information. 27

ProAgri Zambia 33

160 bar in the common rail system to an injection pressure of up to 2 700 bar in the individual injectors. This enables an extreme fine spray pattern, leading to an optimised combustion cycle. It also comes with exhaust gas recirculation. Exhaust gases are treated with SCR technology with AdBlue injection. The new OM 471 engine is available in two output ratings, from 310 kW up to 330 kW and a peak The new Actros is ready to tackle the challenges offered by Africa and the Middle East. torque from 2 100 Nm to 2 200 Nm. The new Actros is available with he new Actros was launched in The new Actros models are fitted one of two new engine variants: Europe in 2011, but the models now as standard with the Mercedes Power The OM460 Euro III is based on introduced to Africa and the Middle shift 3 - a fully automated 12-speed proven technology, and the new in-line East have been specifically configured transmission - for fast, correct and pre6-cylinder layout has been optimised to to meet the high requirements set cise gear changes. The economy drive deliver higher torque at lower engine by Mercedes-Benz Trucks for market programme, standard on all highway speeds, a broader torque range, and suitability. Extensive technical and truck-tractors, ensure a particularly a viscous fan clutch that all contribute product modifications were made to economical driving style. Power shift to impressive overall fuel consumption the European Actros to ensure the new 3 results in 50% faster shift times, savings. Pump-line nozzle injectors and vehicle lives up to its brand reputation thereby easing the driver’s workload single cylinder heads ensure particuof trucks you can trust in these tougher and helping to prevent errors. larly robust technology. It is available regions. in four engine output ratings from 265 In addition to more than 60 million kW up to 330 kW, with torque ranging test kilometres globally, the new Actros from 1 800 Nm to 2 200 Nm. trucks were tested under extreme local conditions and full loads, yielding a fuel The OM471 Euro V engine is the most efficient and environmentally saving of 6% as compared to their responsible in the new range. The high predecessor. They covered more than efficiency of the new 12,8 litre in-line 16 million test kilometres in South Africa during development at the East 6-cylinder engine is achieved by the London plant’s engine durability test unique common-rail X-Pulse injection system which boosts pressure from 1 department.

Meet the new Actros:

A tough truck for Africa

The best in efficiency is achieved in the OM471 Euro V engine, while environmental criteria are met.

The crawl and hill holder functions are fitted as standard on the new Mercedes PowerShift 3 automatic transmission and helps taking off without rolling on steep gradients. ProAgri Zambia 33

The new Actros will be launched in Zambia on 17 October 2018 by Southern Cross Motors. Don’t miss the big event! Contact Southern Cross Motors at +26(0) 97-7640766 or +26(0) 97-774-0232 for more information.

Make more from your crops Processing of oil seeds Part 9: Filtration and packaging of soya milk By Theresa Siebert, Petrus Britz, Pr Eng and Agrelek

Soya milk soup. Photo: chichihehe.wordpress.com

ast month’s article introduced the production of soya milk through the processing of soya beans. This month we look at the remaining processes, to wit filtration, extraction and packaging of soya milk. We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made the information available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia. Filtration and soya milk extraction The efficiency of extraction directly determines soya milk yield. Soya milk is extracted from the slurry by: • Filtration through cloth or vibrating screens • Pressing sacks • Centrifugation Extraction methods may be repeated or combined to improve extraction efficiency. The insoluble solid residue (soya pulp or okara) still contains some protein and other solids. To maximise the yield, the okara is often washed with hot water and filtered again. Filtration is omitted altogether in certain cases to produce a soya milk with 100% solids content. This naturally delivers a product with the highest yield but requires proper homogenisation and may have an offensive “chalky” mouthfeel.

Whole soya beans

Water

Soaking Rinsing Grinding Filtration Cooking Soya milk

Table1: The soya milk production process. ProAgri Zambia 33

ProAgri Zambia 33

Cooking of soya milk (optional) The filtrate (soya milk) is cooked to increase the storage life of the product by inactivating microorganisms and enzymes that cause spoilage. It improves the flavour of the product by inactivating the enzymes responsible for off-flavour development. It improves the nutritional value of the product by inactivating anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors and lectins. Heat also denatures the soya proteins, making them more easily digestible. Cooking is necessary for soya milk that is intended for tofu because it alters the soya protein properties and maximises coagulation. The extent of cooking (if any) needed depends on the previous heat treatments given to the soya bean prior to milk extraction. However, heating at 85 to 87°C for 20 minutes is common. Overheating should be avoided to prevent Maillard browning, (a reaction between sugars and proteins causing deterioration of food), loss of vitamins and the development of a cooked flavour.

milk that is used for baby formulas is usually fortified with calcium, B vitamins and essential amino acids (methionine and lysine).

Deodorisation of soya milk (optional) Soya milk can be deodorised to improve the flavour or to remove offensive off-flavours that were formed during the production of the soya milk. This is done in a vacuum pan at high temperatures and high vacuum conditions (115°C and 0,526 mm/Hg). It is a very expensive process but strips the milk from all volatiles and produces a very bland product.

Stabilisation and packaging of soya milk Soya milk is a highly nutritious food product and is an ideal growth medium for bacteria. Commercial soya milk requires a heat stabilisation treatment such as pasteurisation or sterilisation to make it safe for consumption and to extend the shelf life. The heat stabilisation treatment is given just before or after packaging or can even be part of the packaging process as in the case of aseptic packaging. There are basically three options available to the processor:

Homogenisation of soya milk (optional) Homogenisation is the process whereby a fluid is forced through a very narrow opening under high pressure. It aims at breaking up fat globules, reducing them in size and thus ensuring their suspension throughout the liquid. Homogenisation prevents the separation of fat and aqueous phases and produces a stable emulsion. Soya milk contains aqueous and fat phases as well as large solids (and sometimes added ingredients) that need to be mixed thoroughly to form a homogenous substance. This is normally done at 13 800 to 24 150 kPa (2 000 to 3 500) psi at a temperature of 90°C. The homogenised soya milk has a smooth, creamy texture (mouthfeel) and whiter appearance. Homogenisation is essential for unfiltered soya milk and soya milk formulations.

Fortification of soya milk (optional) Fortification aims at improving the nutritional value (or profile) of a food product by the addition of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Soya ProAgri Zambia 33

Soya milk in UHT packaging. UHT Processing UHT processing involves heating the milk to 140 to 150°C for two to eight seconds in an aseptic system followed by flash cooling in a vacuum system prior to aseptic packaging in laminated box cartons, plastic bottles or pouches. The process kills all vegetative bacteria and their spores with minimal thermal damage to the product. The product has a shelf life of six to eight months and requires no refrigerated storage. An added advantage of the process for unflavoured milk is the deodorisation that takes place during flash cooling. Next month we shall look at the production of tofu.

A wide variety of flavours can be added to soya milk to make it appealing for a wider market. Photo: acecanning.com Formulation of soya milk (optional) Formulation involves the addition of sweeteners and flavours to soya milk to produce a more acceptable product for drinking. Ingredients that are commonly added include honey, maple syrup, sugar, vanilla extract, cocoa powder, orange juice, malt, coffee, almond extract, oil and lecithin.

Sterilisation Sterilisation involves heating the milk to 121°C for 20 minutes in an autoclave to ensure that all forms of bacteria and their spores are killed. The milk is filled and sealed into cans, glass bottles or retort pouches prior to sterilisation. The sterilised product has shelf life of two years and does not require refrigerated storage. The high temperatures and long processing time involved in the sterilisation process causes significant vitamin loss, browning and flavour deterioration.

A GEA pasteurising plant. Photo: gea.com Pasteurisation Pasteurisation involves heating the milk to 75°C for 15 seconds in a heat exchanger to ensure that all vegetative bacteria that cause spoilage are destroyed. The pasteurised product is packed in glass bottles, plastic pouches, or gable-top cartons. It has a shelf life of seven days and requires refrigerated storage. It is the best method for preservation of nutrients and original flavour.

Published with the acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc. agric.za for more information. LITERATURE SOURCES 1. Applewhite, TH. 1989. Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Food and Animal Food Stuﬀ s. 2. Lui, KeShun. 1999. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 3. Snyder, HE & Kwan, TW. 1987. Soybean Utilization. 4. Tanteeratarm, K. 1992. Soybean Processing for Food Uses. 33

SOIL: The farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important asset

ProAgri Zambia acknowledges Grain SA for the use of this series which originally appeared in Afrikaans in SA Graan/Grain.

PART 26: Soil classification (iii) Martiens du Plessis, Soil Scientist, NWK Limited & Prof Cornie van Huyssteen, Lecturer: Soil Science, University of the Free State

n the previous two articles of this series, we discussed the first nine soil groups according to Fey (2010). In this issue, we discuss groups 10 to 14. When a specific body of soil is classified, the properties thereof may be better communicated. The properties may then be interpreted and, in doing so, the soil may be evaluated for use. Soil groups In part 24, the current 73 soil types are grouped according to the soil formation processes into related soil groups, in a complete table. Table 1 indicates those groups that are discussed in this article. Groups 1 to 4 are based upon the top soils. Groups 5 to 11 all have an orthic topsoil and are characterised by the enrichment of the subsoil. Groups 12 to 14 comprise those soils that developed in young sediments and thus have poor horizon differentiation. Soil group 10: Oxidic soils â&#x20AC;˘ The dominating process is the accumulation of iron oxides in the B horizon. The iron oxides are a strong colouring agent that cling to the soil particles and give the soil a red or yellow colour. Haematite is a red iron oxide, and when it dominates, it indicates a freely drained soil with adequate oxygen (thus very little water saturation). The Hutton form (Photo 1) is a good example of this. When a piece of iron lies upon the top of the soil for a long time, it also rusts to a reddish colour. Goethite is the yellow and more reduced form of

iron oxide, and when it dominates, it indicates a well-drained soil with a bit less oxygen than in the case of red soils (thus a slight bit more water

Photo 2: In the Clovelly form, goethite (the yellow and more reduced form of iron oxide) dominates and indicates a well-drained soil which remains wet for longer periods than in the case of red soils.

Photo 1: In the Hutton form, haematite (a red iron oxide) dominates and indicates a free draining soil with adequate oxygen (thus very little water saturation).

saturation). This happens when the soil remains wet for longer periods and does not drain as quickly as in the case of the red soils. The Clovelly form (Photo 2) is a good example of this. It is the same process as a piece of iron which lies under water and then rusts in a yellowish colour.

Soil group

Concept

Determining master horizons

Soil types

Oxidic

Iron enriched; Uniform colour

Red apedal B; Yellow-brown apedal B; Red structured B

Pinegrove, Griffin, Clovelly, Bloemdal, Hutton, Shortlands, Constantia

Gleyed

Reducing wet conditions

G-horison

Kroonstad, Katspruit

New soils

New soil in unconsolidated sediments

Neocutanic or Neocarbonate B; Regic sands; Deep E-Horizons; Stratified alluvium

Tukulu, Oakleaf, Montagu, Augrabies, Namib, Vilafontes, Kinkelbos, Fernwood, Dundee

Stony

New soil on weathered rock

Lithocutanic B or Hard rock

Glenrosa, Mispah, Cartref

Anthropogenetic

Man-made soil layer

Disturbed material

Witbank

Table 1: Grouping of soil types based upon determining master horizons and materials (Fey, M. 2010). 34

ProAgri Zambia 33

• Oxidic soils are well drained and therefore occur in drained positions in the landscape, such as on top of the high-lying parts of the landscape. Oxidic soils are widely distributed throughout South Africa. • Due to their occurrence in the well drained positions in the landscape, they are frequently used for commercial grain production, provided the climate is favourable. The soil is hydrologically suited to root development, as they do not drown. These soils are not very suitable for the accumulation of water below overlying systems. Deep variants of these may be used for crops and trees that are sensitive to waterlogged conditions. Deep oxidic soils are normally very suitable for irrigation. Group 11: Gley (Russian: clay) soils • In contrast to oxidic soils which are well aerated and iron oxides accumulate, one finds gley (clay) soils. Characteristic of these soils is reduction (lack of oxygen) under anaerobic (waterlogged) conditions. Also characteristic is the dominant grey colouring in this horizon. (Photo 3). Gley soils are poorly drained with one or another poor or impenetrable underlying material. They are usually found in the lower lying areas of the landscape where water accumulates, or in level landscapes where most of the rainwater infiltrates the soil and stagnates the profile. They usually have a high clay percentage, but not necessarily.

Photo 3: Characteristic of gleyed soils is reduction (lack of oxygen) under anaerobic (waterlogged) conditions with dominating grey colours in this horizon.

• The conditions under which gley soils form, lead to waterlogged conditions. The pH is usually higher than the higher lying soil types in the area. When the gleyed horizon occurs close to the surface (<600mm), waterlogged conditions may harm sensitive crops. As the water is then stored at a shallow level, it is also highly exposed to evaporation losses. When it occurs at deeper levels (>1 200mm), it could be beneficial to crop cultivation for the storage of water and, in so doing, help the crop to get through dry periods. • In general, soils where the gleyed horizon is deep (>1 200mm) are highly productive when utilised for crop cultivation, because a lot of water may be stored in the horizon. Shallow variants store too little water in the profile and crops easily wilt during dry periods. During wet periods, shallow soils (<600mm) are subject to waterlogging. Shallow variants should rather be used for grazing. Deep variants may be successfully irrigated, using very careful water scheduling. Irrigation of shallow variants is risky due to the inherent danger of waterlogging. Especially with poor quality water which could lead to a building up of salts in the root zone. They must therefore rather not be irrigated. Group 12: New soils • The dominant property of soils in this group is poorly developed pedogenetic properties, which means that horizons are not well developed, as the soils in which the underground horizons develop, was recently laid down (in geological terms). Sediments are typical colluvial (material that has moved downwards against slopes, due to gravity), alluvial (material laid down by water) or aeolian (material deposited by wind). Colluvial deposits are typically found in the foothills of the landscape. Alluvial deposits are typically found in the low-lying parts of the landscape where waterborne material is deposited in flood areas, for example. The deposits are sometimes layered with, for example, a layer of clay, a layer of gravel, a layer of sand (Photo 4), etc. Otherwise, it is simply a mass of soil with poor horizon development. Aeolian deposits with poor horizon differentiation are typically young dunes. Another variant is incomplete accumulation of lime in the horizon (neocarbonate). • Due to the extensive nature of mother materials and lack of pedogenetics, the properties of new soils are not typical and should be evaluated in terms of a specific soil body. • New soils are usually deep and are potentially very productive. Root

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Photo 4: Alluvial deposits are sometimes striated with layers of material of various origins and textures. and water movement are problems due to the varying layers, particularly in the alluvial deposits. Good soil preparation can, however, solve this problem. Under irrigation, high returns may be achieved, provided the water problems can be managed. Aeolian soils are inherently transported by wind and are therefore very sensitive to wind erosion. Clayey alluvial deposits may also be cultivated with difficulty.

Photo 5: Neocutaneous horizons are typical of new soils. Soil group 13: Stony soils • A characteristic of stony soils is that the soil formation and loss due to erosion take place at the same rate, with the result that the soil does not get the chance to form as a thick layer on top of the mother rock. In arid areas, weathering is also too slow to form a thick layer. In the wetter areas, erosion is quicker, but the soil is just as quickly removed by erosion as it forms. In both cases, 35

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• the final result is shallow, stony ground. In some cases, the rock is semi-weathered and is known as saprolite. Cracks can also occur between individual blocks of rock and are then filled with soil. • The mother material has a very strong influence on the physical and chemical properties of the overlying layer of soil. It can therefore range from clay to sand, with all the variations in the chemical and physical properties thereof. The most important property is the shallow stone, which severely limits the water retention ability and workability of these soils. • Broken rock fragments often allow water and plant roots to penetrate the rock to a certain extent. In contrast, solid rock is absolutely impenetrable. Stony soils are normally not cultivated in the summer grain areas and are used as grazing. In the Western Cape, with its winter rains and accompanying low evaporation, the poor water retention may be overcome and winter crops may successfully be planted in these soils. The hydraulic properties of each body of soil must be studied carefully before irrigation is developed upon them.

Soil group 14: Anthropogenetic soils • Anthropogenetic soils are soils that have, to a certain extent, been altered by human activity, so that the original properties thereof have been totally destroyed. Examples of these are mine dumps (or any pile of soil), excavations and refuse disposal sites. • The mother material determines the chemical and physical properties of the soil and range from totally unusable for agricultural purposes (gold mine slimes dams), to reasonably reusable (shallow excavations of lime mines). • Usually, anthropogenetic soils have to be adapted at high cost to recover them for agricultural purposes. They are usually then used for grazing and seldom for cash crop production. Soils with E horizons In this series on soils, the soil types were dealt with according to Soils of South Africa (Fey, 2010). According to that, the soil types with E horizons are woven into the various soil types. However, these soils do deserve special mention, as the genetics of E horizons are special and these soils have special hydraulic and chemical properties.

• E horizons mostly develop due to the lateral movement of water within the soil profile. The lateral flow of water then washes away the clay and sesquioxides, leaving only the white sandy quartz as a layer. In podzol soils, the loss of clay and sesquioxides is often not lateral but vertically down the profile. • E horizons with lateral water flow are hydromorphic and thus saturated with water during the rainy season. They are also impoverished in soil nutritional substances. • E horizons are often very unsuitable for the growth of plant roots because they are sometimes saturated with water (anaerobic) and also impoverished in soil nutritional material. Furthermore, they are usually difficult to till as agricultural vehicles often get stuck in the soil during the rainy season. When they dry out, these horizons occasionally become very hard. Grain crops must therefore be planted early in the season, so that the crop is reasonably high when the peak rain season starts and, in this way, the danger of drowning is reduced. Summary Soil classification is a very useful way to group together soil types with certain properties. It is also the basis on which soil mapping is based. It makes communication easier, as the concept, which may be identified with a name, communicates a number of properties. With the properties known, they may be interpreted keeping in mind the specific desired use of the land, and the likely effect thereof may be predicted. The South African soil classification system is highly suited to this purpose and is widely utilised for this purpose.

For further information, please contact the authors on: Martiens du Plessis: 072-285-5414 / martiens@nwk.co.za Prof Cornie van Huyssteen: 051-401 9247 / vhuystc@ufs.ac.za REFERENCES Fey, M. 2010. Soils of South Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cape Town, South Africa.

Photo 6: In the case of shallow stony soils, soil formation and loss due to erosion takes place at the same rate, with the result that the soil does not get the chance to form a thick layer on top of the bedrock.

Photo 7: In E horizons, the lateral flow of water washes the clay and sesquioxides away, resulting in the white sandy quartz remaining as a layer.

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Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil Classification – A taxonomic system for South Africa, Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria. Van Huyssteen, CW. 2009. Unpublished class notes for GKD214, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein. 37

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