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Okra: Food for Africa

John Deere Financial’s tailored solutions help farmers leap forward

Pineapples thrive in Agrico turnkey irrigation project

Optimise your milk production & enhance fertility of your dairy cows

A product packed with high quality protein, energy, vitamins & minerals which is cost effective & easy to mix

Mixing Instructions:

Feeding instructions: Early Lactation (Day 1 to 100): Feed 400 to 600g per litre of milk produced Mid & Late Lactation (Day 100 to 300): Feed 400 to 450g per liter of milk produced Dry Cow: feed 1 to 3.5kg per day

Heifers from 6 months: Feed 1 to 3kg per day

Sometimes one just wants to forget about politics and focus on the more positive things that are happening in our country. Despite all the challenges they face, one must applaud our farmers for their perseverance to keep our people well-fed despite challenges such as record-high input costs that have been increasing sharply over the years due to various factors.

The rise of input costs has been made worse by adverse weather conditions, particularly by the high rainfall we experienced in the past few months that affected farming activities, especially for grain producers. But somehow, farmers have kept going and they have remained productive, carrying on with their job of providing enough food for their country.

As I mentioned in my previous editor’s letter, one thing that growing up on a farm taught me was the true meaning of patience; when you see the results of endless days of hard work paying off. On a farm, your work is dictated by the weather and seasons, it is different every day and never ever mundane!

It is so heartwarming to read and hear all the success stories of farmers sharing their stories of the proof that patience pays off, eventually.

A farmer does not give up so easily. He, or she, will always find a way out because a farmer always makes a plan. Even though loadshedding impacts farmers negatively, they will always find a way out to continue to succeed despite all the challenges.

Cover

Agriculture and food supply affect all people. The most powerful tool in any farmer's possession is knowledge of your farm and thus there is great value in the old saying that I hear time and time again on farm visits and farmers' days: To measure is to know. If you don't measure it, you can't manage it.

In this month’s edition of ProAgri Zambia, we look at a few success stories, where measurement is evident as a key to success in the agricultural industry. In our cover story, we look at a sweet success story, where pineapples thrive under Agrico irrigation in Eswatini. You can also read more on page 5 about John Deere Financial’s tailored solutions helping farmers to leap forward.

Some other highlights in this edition you can look out for are on page 11 where the Zambia National Farmers’ Union welcomed the announced Food Reserve Agency (FRA) price for maize at ZMK280 per 50 kg bag, and the hidden benefits of okra, the majestic vegetable!

We hope you enjoy this informative edition. Stay in touch with the ProAgri and the Agri4all team for all your latest agricultural news.

Let’s tackle the last six months of the year head on!

ProAgri greetings

Bianca Henning

bianca@proagri.co.za

No project is too big or too small for Agrico! Back in 2016, Rhodes food group entrusted the irrigation giant, Agrico, to design an irrigation system for the cultivation of pineapples in Eswatini. Seven years later, the partnership can look back at the various challenges and many more successes of the Norsa journey. Read more on page 3.

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Pineapples thrive under Agrico irrigation in Eswatini

John Deere Financial enables efficiency

Choose Senter360 for local quality

Caring for newborn piglets with Tiger Animal Feeds: Part one

ZNFU welcomes new maize price

Okra: Food for Africa

Snail production-Part 3: Housing systems for snails

Veld fires and livestock

Processing of condiments Part 31: Small-scale fig preserve Pig breeds part 2: Southern African pig breeds

Apimondia focus: Beekeeping and rural development

The latest in agricultural technology from around the world Land management and rehabilitation part 2

Moringa in Southern Africa part 2: The cultivation process

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Pineapples thrive under Agrico irrigation in Eswatini

Situated near the town of Siphofaneni in Eswatini, the rich soil of Norsa farm provides the perfect growing spot for pineapple. But with uneven terrain and a significant height difference between the water source and crops, designing an efficient irrigation system is not a straightforward task.

Back in 2016, Rhodes food group entrusted the irrigation giant Agrico to design an irrigation system for the cultivation of pineapples here. Seven years later, the partnership can look back at the various challenges and many more successes of the Norsa journey.

Pineapples under 25 Agrico pivots

It all started when another irrigation company (or a local irrigation company) approached Agrico. They realised that the size of the project would be more than they could handle, so instead they involved Agrico to develop the irrigation system.

The Agrico team started by surveying the farm, followed by designing the system and then finally commissioning the construction. The carefully designed system ensures an efficient system for both electricity and water use.

“This is the first pineapple production I have heard of that irrigates with centre pivots,” says Francois de Kock, project leader from Agrico. “It was quite challenging to clear the thicket with pangas to see where we could place the centre pivots.”

The project was completed in five phases. A total of 1 250 hectares is under irrigation: 800 hectares are irrigated

with 25 Agrico centre pivots and canon sprinklers cover the areas in between.

Irrigating at a significant incline thanks to Agrico

Assisting clients with challenging irrigation projects is not only rewarding to the Agrico team, but also intriguing.

“The height difference between the water source and the highest point irrigated is 165 metres,” Francois points out. “For most crops, it’s not recommended to pump water to that height because of the high energy expenditure. Luckily, because pineapples are a high-value crop with a low water need, the endeavor was worth it.”

To mitigate the challenges associated with pumping water at an incline, Agrico used a series of three balancing dams and six pump stations with a total of 28 pumps. “We move the water up to a certain height, collect it in the dam, and pump it to the next dam from which the fields are irrigated. This helps us to save as much energy as possible.”

Irrigation automation is key for energyefficiency at Norsa

According to Francois, automation is critical in ensuring the system runs effectively and without wasting electricity.

“Agrico Web Control controls and automates everything: from pumping water into the dams and overseeing the dam levels, to managing the pumps and centre pivots.”

Particularly useful on farms with changing elevations like Norsa, Agrico

by Maryna Steyn

Web Control uses GPS functionality to increase energy savings. Agrico Web Control can determine the position of the last tower in a centre pivot and can monitor the pressure at the end of each pivot, as it moves across the fields.

The pivot is continuously communicating with the pumps about its pressure needs at any moment, so the pumps can adjust to use the bare minimum of electricity to maintain the necessary pressure.

Taking the journey with the farmer, from start-to-finish

Agrico has been with the project from the start and will continue to support them.

“The benefit of knowing your irrigation provider from start-to-finish is that we can also monitor the system’s performance and efficiency from our side and recommend when service or maintenance is needed,” Francois adds.

Norsa will soon see the beginning of phase six where Agrico will continue to prove that under their irrigation, pineapples are living the sweet life.

Farmers all over Africa depend on Agrico for effective irrigation solutions. With a reliable network, Agrico serves clients of different sizes in many African countries.

To find a dealer near you, visit the Agrico website: www.agrico.co.za.

Pineapples flourish in Eswatini thanks to Agrico.

A series of balancing dams help combat the challenges associated with height differences on the farm.

28 pumps in six pump stations help deliver the water effectively and efficiently to every plant.

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Since John Deere Financial understands that every operation is unique, we strive to provide customised financing solutions to help meet your specific needs. We offer a wide range of services that cater to the specific needs of farmers and other agricultural businesses, making us a trusted financial partner for many across the globe, with a strong footprint in Africa.

A seasoned partner in business

For years, John Deere Financial has been in the business of providing financing solutions to the agriculture sector. With our rich history and deep understanding of the sector, our Africa Middle East division has built a reputation as a reliable and trustworthy partner to farmers and agribusinesses across Africa.

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Our team of financial experts works closely with our clients to understand your unique needs and financial goals, offering specific solutions to help you achieve these goals.

For example, John Deere Financial offers flexible financing options that allow farmers to purchase equipment and machinery. The leasing option allows farmers to upgrade their equipment as needed without having to make a large upfront payments, and still have the benefit of a longer term solution.

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John Deere Financial has established a significant footprint in Africa, providing financial solutions and support to the agricultural sector across the continent. With a deep understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities faced in African agriculture, John Deere Financial has tailored our offerings to meet the specific needs of farmers and agribusinesses in this diverse region.

John Deere Financial's footprint in Africa is marked by our extensive network of authorised dealerships. These dealerships are strategically located in various countries throughout the continent, ensuring accessibility to farmers. The local presence of dealerships enables John Deere Financial to provide personalised service and support to customers.

In addition to this extensive dealership network, John Deere Financial has established partnerships with financial institutions across Africa.

Strategic collaborations enable us to expand our reach and offer a broader range of financing solutions to farmers and agribusinesses. By working together with local financial institutions, John Deere Financial can leverage our expertise and infrastructure to provide farmers with accessible and tailored financing options.

A vision for the future

Our aim is to enable our clients to acquire the equipment they need to run their businesses and grow their operations. We understand that each client is unique, and we work with them to tailor financing solutions that meet their specific needs.

John Deere Financial is a trusted financial service provider that has built our reputation on personalised service offerings, special promotions, and a commitment to helping farmers and other businesses succeed. With a team of financial experts who understand the unique needs of our customers, John Deere Financial is well-equipped to provide customised solutions that help clients and stakeholders achieve their financial goals.

John Deere Financial's dedication to the growth and development of our customers and stakeholders supports the growth and development of African agriculture. By combining financial expertise, local partnerships, and a customer-centric approach, John Deere Financial plays a crucial role in facilitating access to financing, promoting technological advancements, and fostering sustainable agricultural practices in the region.

Caring for newborn piglets with Tiger Animal Feeds: Part one

Caring for newborn piglets with Tiger Animal Feeds: Part one

by Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds

by Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds

piglets' immunity system.

piglets' immunity system.

• Is approximately 40% more nutritious than the ordinary milk the sow will produce later.

• Is approximately 40% more nutritious than the ordinary milk the sow will produce later.

Caring for piglets is no small task.

Caring for piglets is no small task.

Any pig farmer will tell you that from the moment the sow starts to farrow, the farmer has his hands completely full. Caring for piglets takes a high degree of care and knowledge. The farmer needs to understand that piglets are very delicate, requiring care and maintenance from the moment they are born.

Any pig farmer will tell you that from the moment the sow starts to farrow, the farmer has his hands completely full. Caring for piglets takes a high degree of care and knowledge. The farmer needs to understand that piglets are very delicate, requiring care and maintenance from the moment they are born.

Since the growth and profitability of a pig farm will largely depend upon the good health, accelerated growth, and general productivity of the newborn animals, it is of utter importance that we regard the business of caring for and raising them as a priority. With that in mind, this article will provide some additional insight into the roles and responsibilities of those raising piglets.

Since the growth and profitability of a pig farm will largely depend upon the good health, accelerated growth, and general productivity of the newborn animals, it is of utter importance that we regard the business of caring for and raising them as a priority. With that in mind, this article will provide some additional insight into the roles and responsibilities of those raising piglets.

We shall cover different aspects of piglet management, including temperature, bedding, feeding, rooting behaviour, parasite control and anaemia prevention. Then we shall also look at the various routine practices that must be carried out on the piglets on a successful pig farm. But to kick off this discussion, let us look at activities that must happen moments after birth:

Allow piglets suckle from the sow as often as possible. The sow should be given adequate amounts of sow lactation feed so that she is able to produce enough milk to sustain the number of piglets in her litter.

Allow piglets to suckle from the sow as often as possible. The sow should be given adequate amounts of sow lactation feed so that she is able to produce enough milk to sustain the number of piglets in her litter.

As piglets grow older, they will be more interested in solid food. Generally, after a month or two, they are ready for weaning if you choose. Piglets will nurse until the sow doesn’t allow them anymore.

If you notice a piglet has diarrhoea, it can be a sign of bad stomach bacteria, and could require attention from a vet and potentially the use of antibiotics. Piglet stool should be yellow, orange or clear for the first few days, after the initial black stool is passed upon birth. Check the piglet’s anus on a regular basis to make sure it isn’t constipated.

As piglets grow older, they will be more interested in solid food. Generally, after a month or two, they are ready for weaning if you choose. Piglets will nurse until the sow doesn’t allow them anymore.

If you notice a piglet has diarrhoea, it can be a sign of bad stomach bacteria, and could require attention from a vet and potentially the use of antibiotics. Piglet stool should be yellow, orange or clear for the first few days, after the initial black stool is passed upon birth. Check the piglet’s anus on a regular basis to make sure it isn’t constipated.

Tiger Animal Feeds has a robust Technical Team that works tirelessly to offer proper technical services to our farmers and ensure success in their production. The Technical Team conducts consultation, farm visits, seminars and many other interactive support free of charge for our customers.

Moments after birth

We shall cover different aspects of piglet management, including temperature, bedding, feeding, rooting behaviour, parasite control, and anaemia prevention. Then we shall also look at the various routine practices that must be carried out on the piglets on a successful pig farm. But to kick off this discussion, let us look at activities that must happen moments after birth:

Moments after birth

Remove mucus membranes from the piglets’ body, especially on the snout, mouth and nostrils, to ensure that piglets are breathing, seeing and swallowing effectively. Cut the overhanging umbilical cord piglets and dress it with an antiseptic solution such as iodine, alcohol or methylated spirit, to avoid naval cord infections.

Remove mucus membranes from the piglets’ body, especially on the snout, mouth and nostrils, to ensure that piglets are breathing, seeing and swallowing effectively. Cut the overhanging umbilical cord and dress it with an antiseptic solution such as iodine, alcohol or methylated spirit, to avoid naval cord infections.

Remove and dispose the afterbirth membranes immediately when all piglets are born so that they do not rot in the pen posing a serious health risk to the piglets.

Remove and dispose the afterbirth membranes immediately when all piglets are born so that they do not rot in the pen posing a serious health risk to the piglets.

Make a recording of litter size, and their average birth weights after weighing them. Record also how many were born alive or dead, size uniformity, genetic defects observed and their sexes. Ensure that all piglets are suckling to benefit from the colostrum.

days and sustained warm temperatures for at least a few weeks. Eliminate drafts in the pen and keep the piglets away from cold locations, as chills may cause piglets to die. After a week or two, you’ will notice that the piglets are much stronger.

Bedding

days and sustained warm temperatures for at least a few weeks. Eliminate drafts in the pen and keep the piglets away from cold locations, as chills may cause piglets to die. After a week or two, you will notice that the piglets are much stronger.

Tiger Animal Feeds has a robust Technical Team that works tirelessly to offer proper technical services to our farmers and ensure success in their production. The Technical Team conducts consultation, farm visits, seminars and many other interactive support free of charge for our customers.

Bedding

For bedding, straw or hay works well, with wood chips underneath for absorption. Piglets enjoy chewing and rooting through the hay and burrowing down in the nests they create. Deep bedding will also help maintain warmth.

Proper feeding

For bedding, straw or hay works well, with wood chips underneath for absorption. Piglets enjoy chewing and rooting through the hay and burrowing down in the nests they create. Deep bedding will also help maintain warmth.

Providing heat

Make a recording of litter size and their average birth weights after weighing them. Record also how many were born alive or dead, size uniformity, genetic defects observed and their sexes. Ensure that all piglets are suckling to benefit from the colostrum.

When piglets are born, they need a warm, dry place to live. Providing heat is vital! Newborn piglets need temperatures of about 32 ºC for the first few

Providing heat

When piglets are born, they need a warm, dry place to live. Providing heat is vital! Newborn piglets need temperatures of about 32 ºC for the first few

Make sure that the piglets have access to colostrum from the sow. Colostrum helps protect them against disease susceptibility and improve growth rates. It also;

For more information, contact

Proper feeding

• Has a laxative or purgative effect on the piglet’s digestive system.

• Has immunoglobins that are essential for the development of the

Make sure that the piglets have access to colostrum from the sow. Colostrum helps protect them against disease susceptibility and improve growth rates. It also;

• Has a laxative or purgative effect on the piglet’s digestive system.

• Has immunoglobins that are essential for the development of the

Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical

Advisor

at Tiger Animal Feeds by sending an e-mail to barbara.mulonda@tigerfeeds. com.zm, or call (+260)969202-207

For more information, contact Barbara Mulonda Simbaya, Technical Advisor at Tiger Animal Feeds, by sending an e-mail to barbara.mulonda@tigerfeeds. com.zm, or call (+260)969202-207

by Nelia Mbewe

DRY COW MANAGEMENT

Dry cow management is crucial to a cow’s performance and health in the next lactation. Metabolic disorders, feed intake after calving, fertility and milk production and composition are strongly influenced by feeding in the dry period.

The dry cow period is between 60-70 days before calving. This is the period when milking is stopped abruptly. The reasons for drying off are: nutrient requirement of the fetus are high during the last months of gestation, replenish body nutrients depleted during lactation If the cow does not have optimum dry period between lactations, its subsequent milk yield will be reduced, at least 30% reduction in production.

The dry period allows the udder to rest and the cow to become strong again, to build up body reserves ready for the next lactation.

Dry Cow Feeding

The primary aim of dry cow feeding is to maintain body condition by ensuring adequate energy intake and to ensure that cows start their new lactation in the best nutritional status. This helps to get the cow into good condition at calving, to produce a good calf and have enough reserves to produce milk during early lactation.

Inadequate dry cow nutrition can result in a substantial drain of maternal nutrient reserves to sustain the developing fetus. Maternal reserve depletion prepartum has negative effects on the quality of the colostrum produced postpartum and also on subsequent lactation performance.

At calving, dairy animals go into a negative nutrient balance hence it is important that a cow during her dry period receives enough minerals, improved folder and concentrates to enable her to give birth to a strong healthy calf, withstand post-calving problems and have reserves for her to produce higher milk yield.

To avoid negative nutrient balance, farmers need to flush feed their animals two weeks before calving. Nutrition during the dry period will influence the quantity and quality of the colostrum that will be produced after calving. Colostrum is very important for the calf’s immune system during its early life. It helps the calf fight against disease causing organisms since it contains antibodies that are passed on from the mother.

At Novatek Animal Feeds, we produce Novatek Dry Cow concentrate in order to help farmers meet their animal’s nutritional requirements during this critical period. The concentrate can be mixed with raw materials such as No. 3 meal, maize bran, cotton cake, sunflower cake, soya cake and wheat bran. This will help the cow meet its nutritional requirements especially during the dry season when the grass is dry and less nutritious thereby improving the body condition score of the cow.

ZNFU welcomes new maize price

The Zambia National Farmers’ Union welcomed the announced Food Reserve Agency (FRA) price for maize at ZMK280 per 50 kg bag. The Union says this signals the beginning of progression towards cost reflective pricing for maize in this country.

They say this will motivate farmers to return to producing maize for national food security and exports.

“Price is a key factor when farmers decide which crops to plant. Over the years, we have seen more and more farmers abandoning maize production for the simple reason that the price incentive was just non-existent as it became impossible to recover the investment put into production.

“To government, we say well done on this one. With right signals, the future looks positive for maize as long as cost reflective prices are sustained.”

The ZNFU is however disappointed that soya beans will not be part of the FRA strategic reserves this marketing season. They say farmers in remote

areas have embraced crop diversification and the season promises a record crop of soya beans.

“Here, we propose that government allows regulated exports of soya beans immediately. The ZNFU would like to see a situation where all the soya beans value chain players are sustained in business and not short-changing the farmer. What good will it be to abandon soya bean farmers at crop marketing, having oriented them to growing soya beans as an alternative crop which is also good for the soil in crop rotation?”

The ZNFU doubt the assumption that there is enough crushing capacity for all the beans. The union says historical facts of the dynamics of this value chain show in practice that this is not tenable.

“We invite Government to a constructive consultative meeting on the soya beans value chain so that together we can agree on pragmatic solutions.

“It is a fact South Africa has a huge soya bean crop implying that the

demand in the region for value added products will be subdued. This suggests we should also look at exports of the beans itself if the prices are to be salvaged.

The fact that our soya beans is nonGMO will give Zambia an edge in niche markets which traditionally pay premiums on non-GMO commodities.”

The Union also pointed out that the crop marketing window is relatively short and that the government needs to make timely decisions on exports to send the right policy signals to players in the market.

“Finally, we want to reiterate that the Union remains confident that the signal set on maize pricing by FRA, will be sustained and reverse the production curve that has been on steady decrease in the last three years. We are encouraged and believe that it is feasible to realise the dream of being a breadbasket of the region.”

Source: Zambia National Farmers’ Union

Okra: Food for Africa

by

What is okra?

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a popular vegetable in Africa and the Middle East, the Caribbean, South America, and the southern parts of North America. It is also referred to as gumbo or ‘ladies’ fingers’ because of its elegant shape.

The okra fruit or pod is a greenish, slightly curved capsule of 10 to 30 cm long with a diameter of 1 to 4 cm. It tapers to a blunt point and the fivechambered pod with its fibrous texture contains numerous seeds.

Growing okra

Okra needs full sun and hot weather with warm evening temperatures to grow well. It must be sown in fertile, well-drained soil with a neutral pHbalance. The soil must be prepared by mixing it with aged manure or decayed vegetable matter (compost).

When to sow

In warm climates, okra seeds can be sown directly into the prepared soil as soon as the soil is warm in spring. In a colder climate, the young plants must be covered with a protective frame or a grow tunnel of at least a metre high, which can be removed when the temperature warms up.

Sowing and growing

The seeds have hard shells and can be soaked in warm water for a few hours or overnight before planting to speed up germination. Plant the seeds 1,5 to

3 mm deep and 30 to 45 cm apart.

When the seedlings are about 10 cm tall, they must be thinned out so that those that are left are about 30 to 40 cm apart. Transplants must also be spaced this far apart.

As the plants can grow more than 2 m tall, the rows must be spaced at least 1 200 cm apart.

Covering the soil with a thick layer of mulch will to some extent prevent weeds from emerging and growing among your okra plants.

Feed the plants once a month during growing season with aged manure, rich

compost, or a liquid fertiliser. Avoid too much nitrogen, as it will encourage leafy growth that will hinder flowering.

Water the plants well throughout the summer months, as extreme heat can slow down the growth. About 3 mm of water per week is ideal, but more is needed in a hot, arid region.

When the tops of the plants reach a height of 1,5 to 2 m, they can be pruned. This will result in more side branches to form, which will yield a bigger crop. The side branches can also be cut back.

Tisha Steyn

The attractive flowers of okra are edible.

Okra is best when harvested while it is still young and tender.

In warm regions, the plants can be cut down to about 60 cm, which will allow them to grow back and produce another crop.

Harvesting

The plant starts flowering about two months after being planted. The pods appear very soon after the flowers and can be harvested when they are one or two days old and 5 to 10 cm long. At this time, the pods will be soft and easy to digest.

Cut the stem just above the cap with a sharp knife. If the stem is too hard to cut, the pod is too old to harvest and should be thrown away.

The more you harvest the pods, the more flowers will appear, followed by more pods.

Severe cold can damage the pods. If you are expecting freezing temperatures, pods that are drying on the plants for seed harvesting can be cut down and hung indoors to dry. A paper bag over the pods will catch the seeds if the pods should shatter.

Storing

Place the uncut, raw pods into freezer bags and keep them in the freezer or wash and blanch them before freezing. Okra can also be canned.

Okra can be eaten fresh, dried, pickled, fried, roasted, boiled, or sautéed.

Use okra that is firm to the touch when you pick them, but avoid pods that are shrivelled, soft, or dark on the ends.

To keep okra dry and fresh for longer, store them in the crisper drawer in a paper or plastic bag to prevent them from becoming slimy or mouldy.

Avoiding washing the pods until you are ready to use them.

Use the pods within three to four days.

Eating okra

All parts of the plant are edible, including the buds and flowers, pods, and seeds, as well as the fresh leaves and stems. The pod has a mild taste, unique texture, and sticky juice, which is used to thicken stews and sauces. The vegetable is high in nutritional value and as it contains minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and fibre.

Okra is available in different forms, namely wet okra, dried okra, and okra seeds:

Wet or fresh okra: Cutting and cooking fresh okra in moisture releases a slimy juice that increases the thickness of soups and stews.

Dried okra: Dried okra can also thicken a sauce. Some people use it as an egg-white substitute.

Okra seeds: Some people roast and grind the seeds to make a caffein-free coffee substitute.

The five-chambered pod has a fibrous texture and contains numerous seeds.

Okra, also known as gumbo or ladies' fingers, is a popular vegetable in many parts of the world.

All parts of the okra plant are edible, including the buds and flowers.

Okra is regarded as a tasty vegetable in many regions where it is used in different forms:

• The immature, fresh, green seed pods are eaten as a vegetable.

• The extract obtained from the pod is used in different recipes to thicken stews, soup, and sauces, to which it offers a pasty consistency after cooking.

• The immature pods are also used in making pickles.

• Often water-soluble polysaccharides from okra are also used in ice-cream, potato chips, and baked goods, providing a healthy option and more stable shelf-life.

• The gummy texture may be repulsive to some people, but this can be eliminated if the pods are cooked quickly.

Nutritional value

Okra contains fibre, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins K, C, A and B6, sodium, thiamine, magnesium, calcium and folate, as well as some iron, niacin, phosphorus, and copper. The pods and seeds also contain some antioxidants, as well as anti-microbial and antiinflammatory properties.

Medicinal value

The nutr ients in okra may be useful for preventing several health conditions. The lectin in okra may reduce the risk of certain cancers. The high fibre content may lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, obesity, and diabetes, as well as cervical, pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer.

Okra is also believed to slow down heart disease in people who are already suffering from it. Fibre also helps prevent constipation and reduce appetite, which may help with weight loss. It may also he lp remove toxins from the body.

Folate is important for healthy foetus growth during pregnancy.

In regions where food is scarce, the seeds can offer a source of high-quality protein to prevent stunted growth in young children.

Uses in medicine include using it to bind the compounds in tablets, to make liquids for suspending compounds, as a replacement for blood plasma, and to expand the volume of blood.

Okra is a popular vegetable in Africa where it is also used to thicken stews, soups and sauces.

Okra is rich in nutrients and a good diet supplement.

Okra seeds are sometimes ground and used as a caffeine-free substitute for coffee. Some spineless varieties are available.

Caution

The hairs on the large leaves and the spines on the pods may cause skin irritation, so wear gloves or long sleeves when handling the plant. Spineless types do not cause this problem, and neither does eating the pods.

Different varieties exist. Dwarf types that do not grow taller than 1,5 m are suitable for containers. The standard varieties grow up to 2,4 m and taller.

Eating too much okra can also adversely affect some people. It can cause the following: Gastrointestinal problems: Okra contains fructans, which is a type of carbohydrate. Fructans can cause diarrhoea, gas, cramping, and bloating in people with existing bowel problems.

Kidney stones: Okra is high in oxalates. The most common type of kidney stone consists of calcium oxalate. High oxalate foods, such as okra and spinach, may increase the risk of kidney stones in people who have had them previously.

Inflammation: Okra, like potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, artichokes and blueberries, contains solanine, which is a toxic compound that may trigger

joint pain, arthritis, and prolonged inflammation in some people.

Blood clotting: Okra is high in vitamin K, which helps the blood clot. It may affect those who use blood-thinning drugs, such as Warfarin or Coumadin. Blood thinners help prevent the formation of blood clots that can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

People who use blood thinners or who have a risk of blood clots should maintain a regular consumption of foods that are rich in vitamin K.

References

Boeckmann, C. (2023) Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Okra Old Farmer’s Almanac

https://www.almanac.com/plant/ okra

Ware, M. (2019) Benefits and uses of okra. Medical News Today.

https://www.medicalnewstoday. com/articles/311977

The hairs on the leaves and the spines on the fruit can irritate some people's skin.

Snail production – Part 3 Housing systems for snails

by Tapuwa Mashangwa

One of the most crucial determinants of the success of a heliciculture project is the quality of housing. Properly constructed snaileries reduce the risk of disease, protect snails against predators, prevent snails from escaping and optimally maintain the natural or artificial climate during production.

Hutches are another type of pen used to house snails. They are square or rectangular, single or multi-chamber wooden boxes with lids, placed on wooden or metallic stilts above the ground at a suitable height for easy handling.

The stilts should be fitted with plastic or metal conical protectors or aprons to prevent vermin from crawling or climbing up them to attack the snails in the boxes. Old tins or plastic bottles can be used as protectors.

In the middle of the lid is an opening covered with wire netting and nylon mesh. The lid should be fitted with a padlock to discourage pilfering.

In the floor of the box are a few holes through which excess water can drain out.

The boxes are filled with sieved black soil to a depth of 18 to 25 cm, and should be well protected from scorching sun or torrential rain.

Hutch boxes are quite useful for semi-intensive snail breeding systems. Their structure makes it easy for eggs and young snails to be monitored, which make them good for use as hatcheries and nursery pens.

Mature snails in larger snaileries could be transferred to hutches when they start making holes to lay eggs, and breeding snails should be moved to their own pens after the hatchlings begin to emerge.

Hygiene is maintained by regularly changing the soil in the hutch to avoid the accumulation of droppings. It is recommended that the soil is changed every three months.

The advantages of hutches are that

they are mobile. They can be moved around conveniently to ensure good supervision and se curity. They are built at a comfortable working height, permitting efficient and effective feeding and handling of the snails.

Disadvantages are their cost of construction and their limited size, which restricts the number of snails that can be kept in them (some 30 hatchlings/ juveniles, or about three mature snails in a box).

Trench pens are also used to house snails. Trench pens are adjoining snail pens of 0,6 × 0,6 m to 1 × 1 m, either dug into the ground, which must be very well-drained, or raised 40 to 50 cm above the ground. Outside walls

and inner partitions consist of concrete blocks or mudbricks in either case.

Soil to a depth of 10 to 15 cm is filled into the pens, then they are covered with wooden or steel frame lids with chicken wire plus nylon mesh, and fitted with padlocks for safety purposes. As snails are sensitive to adverse climatic conditions, the pens must be free from the effects of adverse heat, wind and rain.

Trench pens are commonly used for semi-intensive to intensive snail raising ventures. They can be used for hatcheries, nurseries or fattening pens, with the number of snails adapted to their size in each case.

The main advantage of a trench pen system, whether sunken or raised, is its flexibility. Snails can be moved around easily according to their size and phase in the growing cycle. Their structural design allows for the easy location, feeding, handling, selection and final sale or consumption of snails. Their main disadvantages are their construction costs, especially when it comes to raised pens where a farmer does not need to stoop or kneel down to take care of the snails.

Mini-paddock pens are the other common type of pens. These are usually small square or rectangular pens

20 cm into the ground. Wooden frames are attached to the top of the walls (extended inwards) and covered with the mesh to prevent snails from escaping.

It is of paramount importance that plants (sweet potato, fluted pumpkin, and leafy vegetables) providing shelter and/or food are planted in the pens before snails are released into them. These plants may need to be replanted as they get fewer or lose their functional effectiveness. Mini-paddock pens can be erected high above ground level with completely enclosed frames, and can have roofs.

tening, where snails that are no longer needed for breeding are allowed to put consumption or sale. Not all food given

References

Rygało-Galewska, A., Zglińska, K., Niemiec, T. (2022) Edible Snail Production in Europe. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/20762615/12/20/2732

Helicicultural Entrepreneurship. Available at: https://www.turkeytrainings.com/heliciculture

Snail Farming Startup Guide. Available at: https://www.agri4africa. com/snail-farming-startup-guide/

A Practical Approach To Backyard Snail Farming. (1998) Available at: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ njap/article/view/124545

Akharume, C. O., Alao, B. O., Eyinade, G. A. (2019) Costs and returns analysis of smallholder snail production in south western Nigeria. Available at: https://serialsjournals.com/abstract/21186_ chap-2_celestine_ohi_akharumechapter_2.pdf

dimensions of the pen still

and unroofed pens, and if

Ngenwi, A. A., Mafeni, J. M., Etchu, K. A., Oben, F. T. (2010) Characteristics of snail farmers and constraints to increased production in West and Central Africa . Available at: https://idl-bnc-idrc. dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/48747/IDL-48747.pdf

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Veld fires and livestock:

UP Faculty of Veterinary Science advises on animal treatment decisions

Veld fires are common in South Africa, and according to local studies will increase in frequency over the next three decades. Farmers are emotionally and financially affected by fires, sustaining losses including feed, facilities, livestock, and future performance of surviving livestock exposed to smoke.

The decision-making process about treating animals affected by fires therefore needs to integrate several factors, including severity of the burn and its clinical prognosis; availability of skilled personnel to care for the animals; adequate shelter, feed, and water; cost of treatment; and longterm consequences for reproductive performance due to smoke exposure.

Offering prognostic hope for moderately burned animals without neglecting their welfare, as contemplated in local legislation, can help mitigate the sense of loss that farmers experience in these situations.

Burn injury in livestock: more than skin burn

Live tissue burns are the most common lesions observed on livestock victims of veld fires. These lesions occur due to direct contact with flames or due to heat radiation from flames. Management of severe burn lesions is difficult due to the type of care and resources needed, costs involved, and the length of the healing time.

Massive loss of fluid and electrolytes leads to shock in animals with partialthickness burns (second degree) of more than 15% total body surface area (TBSA) and/or more than 5% TBSA full-thickness burns (third degree). Hence, lifesaving intravenous fluid therapy (resuscitation) is necessary in these cases. Moreover, smoke inhalation can severely affect the respiratory

system and increase the severity of the burn injury, although it may not be detectable over the first 7 to 10 days.

Assessing the animals and assigning priorities

During veld fires the first challenge is accessibility to the affected area, followed by resources to move animals to safer ground. The first approach in such situations would thus be to visually identify animals that would benefit from being moved to receive care immediately, and those that need to be euthanised immediately (first line assessment/FLA). At this stage, injured animals will be mainly evaluated on how they present (comatose vs alert) and mobility (can walk vs can’t rise/ walk).

Comatose sheep have been reported to have a hopeless prognosis within the first 24 hours, especially if combined with severe burns on lower legs and heavy swelling on the head and front limbs. In general, burned animals with an inability to stand and move have been correlated with poor survivability, hence euthanasia is indicated.

It is important to bear in mind that, in most cases, treatment will be done based on veterinary resources available on a mobile setting; this means identifying animals with the best chance of response to treatment is a priority.

Thereafter, a more detailed treatment plan can be developed according to the evolution of the patient.

Clinical signs to consider in second-line assessment (SLA)

The second stage would be to physically examine animals identified as possibly benefiting from treatment intervention. Some will be in burn shock, need

intravenous fluid, and have respiratory affectation, although this process can take up to two weeks to be evident. Farmers should seek veterinary advice regarding treatment needs to make cost-effective decisions.

Evaluation of burn lesions: extent and depth of visible lesions

When evaluating burn lesions, it is important to determine the extent and depth of the burn body surface, which will provide an indication of the severity of the injury and will help in determining the case prognosis.

The following anatomic areas have been defined as percentages of the total body surface: head 7%, back 7%, left costal wall + left abdominal wall 24%, right costal wall + right abdominal wall 24%, udder 4%, ventral thorax and abdomen 7%, each foreleg 4% (8%), each hindleg 6% (12%), perineal area 6%, and tail 1%.

Survivability of the animals is associated with the percentage of body affected, and decreases with the extent of the burn:

• 10 to 20% TBSA partial-thickness burns: 100% survivability, although these animals will need basic fluid therapy.

• 20 to 50% TBSA partial-thickness burns: approximately 87% survivability with intensive care, which will include aggressive fluid therapy, maintaining a clean wound with daily nursing, and pain relief.

• 50 to 70% TBSA combined partialthickness and full-thickness burns: 27% survivability under specialist care.

In all cases survivability substantially decreases with smoke inhalation and critical location burns.

by Dr Claudia L Cardoso and Prof Rhoda Leask

(Source: www.mdpi.com)

Pay special at tention to the location of burn injuries

Burn injuries are commonly found in the fac e, ears, mouth, and lower body (limbs, feet, and udder) in ruminants.

Sheep not shorn will have wool protecting their skin, but bare areas will be fully exposed.

Movement-restrictive lesions on the limbs, such as affected claws, prompt the need to provide feed and water within reach, and special soft bedding. Moreover, these can eventually be movement-restrictive for the animal due to scarring constriction once healed.

When reassessing animals, those with more than one lost claw should be euthanised, as the condition is painful and prone to fly strike and/or secondary infections. Hence, damage to the legs is an important indicator of survivability in sheep.

However, burned legs in restricted areas not associated with swelling have been reported to heal with appropriate care in approximately 30 days.

Monitoring body weight is also an indicator of survivability. Endoparasite control in burned sheep under treatment is important, as it can become an added complication due to immunosuppression. Control measures for these ailments should always be considered in the treatment plan.

Cattle feet burns are more serious than in ovine animals. Cattle will not move to eat under these circumstances, hence nursing injured cattle will be a costly and lengthy process. Euthanasia is indicated when the animal shows

severely affected limbs and/or no improvement despite treatment, along with worsening body condition.

Burned udders also need special consideration, as they may be important for future performance.

Mature dairy cows affected by teat burns heal quicker and more satisfactorily, with less anatomic distortion and successful return to normal lactation in comparison to heifers. Healing time for extended superficial burns in adult cows is about four months and usually has a good prognosis, although it needs pain management.

Partial-thickness burns have poorer prognosis when time for recovery for subsequent lactation (especially in heifers) is three months or less; bending of the teat and obstruction of the teat canal have been reported as a complication in young animals, which makes prognosis poorer. Topical treatment with emollients and antibiotics is advocated, and systemic antibiotics are only used in case of complications such as mastitis.

First aid for burns

Once established that the animal will be treated, the first action will be to stop the progress of the burn by applying running cold water (not chilled) for about 10 to 15 minutes. This will reduce the temperature of the tissue and stop the lesion progress. Meanwhile, if the case requires it, a qualified professional should open intravenous access to institute fluid therapy, pain, and antiinflammatory management, as well as systemic antibiotics if required. Cases where there is respiratory affectation need to be evaluated by a veterinarian

to decide on the best approach.

After cooling and gently cleaning the burn lesion, apply abundant topical cooling gel, antibiotic cream with aloe vera and/or local anaesthetic, and cover with nylon film to avoid contamination, until the animal can be evaluated by a veterinarian.

Conclusion

Fires will unavoidably become a more frequent occurrence worldwide; hence disaster management pr eparedness is nec essary to contain losses, and a transdisciplinary group of trained professionals should work towards the recovery of the affected community.

Categorisation of burned animals should follow welfare and cost-effective premises, as this is amongst the core considerations in the context of production animals.

Case prognosis based on burn severity is only one of the considerations for decision-making, as other factors – such as location of the burn, smoke inhalation, and availability of resources during recovery – play an important role in the success of the decision.

This approach will greatly reduce losses due to mismatching needs and resources in the aftermath of veld fires.

Figure 1:

Burns: Ruminants (TBR). Note: Uses the most used predictors of survivability in burned animals: %TBSA, depth of burns, oedema location on first 24 hours (sheep), limbs/feet affectation (sheep and cows), respiratory affectation/SI, mammary gland/age (cow).

Dr Cardoso is a Lecturer of Ruminant Health and Production at the Department of Production Animal Studies at the University of Pretoria's Faculty of Veterinary Science.

Prof Rhoda Leask is a Professor in Ruminant Health Production at the Department of Production Animal Studies at the University of Pretoria's Faculty of Veterinary Science.

Kindly refer to the information below in order to complete a burn triage survey before 26 July 2023 by either clicking on the link provided or scanning the QR code with your smartphone.

https://pretoria.eu.qualtrics.com/ jfe/form/SV_0j4K6AVbp2w8ZkW

ProAgri thanks UP Faculty of Veterinary Science for the information supplied in this article.

Triage

Processing of condiments part 31: Small-scale fig preserve

P reserves are similar to jelly with the exception that whole or large pieces of fruit are used in the making of preserves. The figs used for the preserve should be first-ripe instead of soft-ripe and should be uniform in size. Uniformity of the raw product is required to ensure that the pieces will cook evenly.

Processing of fig preserves typically involves cooking figs with sugar, lemon juice, and water until they reach a thick, spreadable consistency. Some recipes may also call for the addition of spices such as cinnamon or nutmeg.

The first step in preparing fig preserves is to wash the figs and remove the stems. The figs are then chopped or mashed, depending on the desired texture of the preserves. The chopped or mashed figs are then combined with sugar, lemon juice, and water in a large pot and brought to a boil.

Once the mixture comes to a boil, the heat is reduced to a simmer and the figs are cooked until they reach the desired consistency. This can take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour, depending on the recipe and the number of figs being used.

Once the fig preserves have reached the desired consistency, they are typically canned or jarred for long-term storage. The jars should be sterilised beforehand to prevent spoilage.

Fig preserves can be used in a variety of ways, including as a spread for toast, a topping for yogurt or ice cream, or as a filling for pastries or cakes.

Process description

Sorting

Pre-treatment

Syrup

Cooking

Pre-treatment

Bottling

Final product

Sorting

This is done to select the best suitable raw materials for manufacturing the valueadded end product. For making the preserve, select 5,678 kg of firm, sound figs. No over-ripe or broken figs should be included in the raw material.

Pretreatment

Sprinkle 1 cup of baking soda over the fruit, then cover the figs with 6 litres of boiling water and let it stand for 15 minutes. Drain the solution and rinse the fruit well with clear, cold water. Let the fruit drain.

Syrup

The syrup is prepared by adding 8 cups of sugar to 2 litres of water and boiling the mixture for 5 minutes. After boiling the syrup is skimmed.

Cooking

Cooking involves exposing a food product to hot water or steam for a predetermined period of time. Add the figs slowly and gradually to the syrup so as not to cool the syrup down. Cook the figs in the syrup for about 2 hours until the figs are clear. After cooking, the figs are carefully lifted out of the syrup and placed in shallow pans.

Pre-treatment

Continue boiling the syrup if it is too thin until it reaches the desired thickness and then pour it over the figs. The figs must be completely covered with syrup and then allowed to stand overnight.

Bottling

Bottling involves preserving and sealing the product in a glass bottle. After allowing the figs to stand overnight, the fruit is packed cold into sterilised jars. The figs must be packed in the jars so that all the stems point upward. After packing, the jars are then filled completely with syrup.

Final product

The filled jars are processed at simmering temperature for 15 minutes.

Pig breeds part 2:

Southern African pig breeds

by Natasha Pansegrouw

Pigs are popular as a source of food and income due to their rapid growth rates, high feed-to-meat conversion ratios, low area requirements, high reproductive capacity, and calm temperament.

This is why it is thought that humans already domesticated pigs 9 000 years ago.

Breeds available in Southern Africa: Kolbroek

The Kolbroek is a South African breed with a long history. The breed's characteristics: resilience, docility, good foraging skills, and the ability to get by with very little, make it ideal for outdoor production. They will eat anything from discarded fruit in an orchard, to leftover vegetables from the kitchen, to crop remnants in the garden.

In addition, they are less likely to suffer from sunburn thanks to their dark skin. The sows are gentle and productive as breeding stock. They have an average rate of reproduction, with litter sizes ranging from six to nine piglets.

Due to the breed’s perceived slow growth rate and a cultural stigma, kolbroek meat is not popular in the mass market, but its popularity is growing in

the traditional, slow food, and freerange food sectors.

The Kolbroek pig is an adaptable breed. When used in breeding programmes, crossing with breeds like the Duroc and Large White results in offspring with better growth rates, feed conversion, and carcass quality. The offspring can be sold at 90 to 100 days of

age, making them ideal for sale on small farms and smallholdings, or to feedlots.

Pietrain

The Belgian village of Piètrain is the birthplace of this white-and-black spotted breed. This medium-sized breed is stockier and wider at the shoulders, with shorter legs than most pig breeds.

Black-and-white-spotted Kolbroek sow and piglets. (Source: Facebook by Kolbroek Pigs)

A Kolbroek boar with good foraging skills. (Source: Facebook by Kolbroek Pigs)

When compared to other black or blackspotted breeds, the black hair on these pigs is not as darkly pigmented. At around eight months of age, the boars have developed sufficient muscle and are ready to be used for reproduction. They are typically crossed with other breeds in an effort to increase meat production. While the sows may be productive, they tend to be poor mothers.

The hams are enormous and muscular. They have an incredibly high lean-to-fat ratio. This breed is highly sought after for fresh meat processing due to its well-deserved reputation for exceptionally high-quality lean meat.

The breed's sows have a high reproductive rate, but they do not make the best mothers and do not produce much milk.

Large Black

The Large Black is a breed of large, all-black pigs that descended from the Old English Hog, a pig breed that first appeared in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The breed's coat colour, resilience, good nature, and skill as a forager make them ideal for outdoor production. Additionally, they are less likely to suffer from sunburn than white breeds. The sows are friendly, productive, and excellent mothers who produce plenty of milk.

The meat has gained a negative reputation over time due to the breed's black colour, and baconers have shied away from it because the black pigment (high levels of melanin) makes the meat look like it contains round black seeds. It is possible, however, that there are niche markets for large blacks and their crossings, particularly in the traditional, slow food, or free-range markets.

Large Blacks are only slightly smaller than the Yorkshire pigs. They have elongated heads, square faces, and lopped ears. The bodies of Large Blacks are of good depth, moderately long, and backed with strength. The black pigmentation is dense, and the hair is fine and thick.

The breed is known for its resilience and thriftiness, and its light shoulders, good sides, and hams have earned it praise. While the breed's mothering skills and litter size are above average, it does not appear to mature as quickly as some others.

Many years have been spent crossing the Large Black with the Landrace to create a top-tier F1 (first generation offspring) mother. These F1 Large Black and Landrace hybrids have performed exceptionally well in outdoor experiments. However, the Large Black is a large pig, and some colour showed up in the first cross. To get a white slaughter generation from F1 Large Black and Landrace hybrids, it is suggested that a Large White boar be used on the females. Two major obstacles to the breed's future development are the lack of available stock and the inherent stigma attached to the breed's black colouration.

Pietrain pigs have spots, and around the black spots there are characteristic rings of light pigmentation with white hair. (Source: chilternlivestock.com)

Pietrain boars have sufficient muscle and are suitable to be used for crossbreeding. (Source: chilternlivestock.com)

Large Black pigs are less likely to suffer from sunburn than white breeds. (Source: farmersguardian.com)

The Large Black breed has above-average litter sizes, but they do not mature as quickly as some other breeds. (Source: za.pinterest.com)

Hampshire

The Hampshire is one of the ancient pig breeds of England. The Hampshire belongs to the belted breeds, so called because of the white skin and hair belt that runs from the shoulders down the front legs and feet of the breed. Their massive size was both praised and criticised, but their prolificacy, hardy vitality, foraging ability, and exceptional carcass qualities won them widespread acclaim.

This breed has a longer neck than other common commercial breeds. The first animals of this breed were brought to South Africa in the 1980’s so that local breeders would have access to a new genetic pool. While the breed is still widely used in the United States, its dark skin and the presence of a gene that reduces meat quality have caused it to fall out of favour in Europe, Canada, and even South Africa.

The sows have large litters, but they are not known for their parenting skills. The temperament of sows and boars is mild. Some Hampshire boars lack sexual aggression, and low libido is a common trait among the breed. Due to the presence of coloured hair follicles, it is recommended that the offspring of this terminal sire contain no more than 50% Hampshire genes.

References

Pig Farming in South Africa (2022). Available at: https:// southafrica.co.za/pig-breeding. html

Breeds of Livestock - Breeds of Swine, Department of Animal Science. (1996). Available at: https://breeds.okstate.edu/swine/ index.html

Pig Breeders Society of South Africa. (2023). Available at: http:// pigsa.co.za/

The Hampshire boar has a white belt on his shoulders. (Source: shipleyswine.com)

NoseRing®

NoseRing

Wean with ease | No stress | Next to the mother

• Wean with ease • No stress • Next to the mother

Hampshire sow and piglets. (Source: oaklandspigs.co.uk)

by

Beekeeping and rural development Apimondia:

Beekeeping has the potential to benefit rural development, but in Africa, it is not always easy. Five presentations with this theme were presented at the Africa Regional Apimondia Symposium in Durban earlier this year. These papers put the experiences of beekeepers in rural Africa into perspective.

Beekeeping challenges in Uganda

Prof Robert Kajobe of Muni University in Arua, Uganda, presented a paper on why many beekeeping projects in SubSaharan Africa fail, referencing Uganda, where he is a research professor at Muni University. His accomplished career reflects 20 years of experience in teaching, research, policy analysis, and leadership in universities, research organisations, NGOs, and the private sector.

Beekeeping in Uganda is a source of food, income, employment, and a means to increase crop productivity through pollination. The country is licensed to export honey to the EU

market, which creates a huge opportunity. However, a lot of beekeeping initiatives have not succeeded, due to a lack of formal beekeeping training institutions. The beekeeping extension systems are also non-existent and, or poorly funded.

There is also inadequate affordable highquality beekeeping equipment, most of which is imported and inappropriate for local beekeeping programmes.

Declining bee forage due to

Tisha Steyn

Dr Robert Mutisi presented a paper on the reasons for hive choices in beekeeping for rural development.

(Source: Facebook)

clearing forests for agricultural fields, bushfires, and climate change exacerbating drought adds to the dilemma.

There is a lack of affordable financing, as beekeepers lack loan securities. Reliable beekeeping cooperatives and marketing organisations are in short supply. As a result, there are few product developments, diversification, and value-addition programmes.

He believes practical solutions to solve the problems are needed to develop the apiculture industry in Africa.

Hives of rural Zimbabwe

Robert Mutisi presented a paper on the reasons for hive choices in beekeeping for rural development. Robert, an experienced beekeeper and master trainer of beekeepers, has just completed his PhD studies at a Zimbabwean university, focusing on factors that hinder honey production and marketing.

Although beekeeping is one way of alleviating poverty and hunger in rural areas, the types of hives have not been properly identified. The objective of the study was to identify determinants of hives suitable for rural development.

The results revealed that 75% of beekeepers use traditional hives ranging from bark, log, and clay, to grass baskets, 20% use top bar hives, and 5% use frame hives. Sustainability, scalability, low cost, use of local re -

sources, hive colonisation, and accessibility were identified as key determinants of the choice of hives.

Beekeeping in schools

Jayphter Mudongo from the rural district of Buhera in Manicaland province of Zimbabwe presented a paper on the Beekeeping in Schools Initiative.

Many rural districts lack opportunities for households to earn livelihoods to put food on their tables, access healthcare and afford fees for schoolgoing children. Population growth demands land for subsistence farming, which lead to natural forests being cleared. The demand for firewood for cooking has led to land degradation.

Muzokomba Government High started a beekeeping club and established an apiary in the schoolyard to encourage skills development. Impressed with the vision, Apimondia Regional Commission for Africa elevated the effort into a model project for the Beekeeping in Schools Initiative.

Training in hive-making and beekeeping was offered to seven surrounding schools with the intention of providing the kids with awareness of the importance of bees, conserving the environment and planting trees for bee forage, and providing life skills so they can start beekeeping as a business when they leave school.

The hives and honey are sold to provide an income for the school to subsidise school levies, which the parents often cannot afford.

Viability of small-scale beekeeping in SA

Elizabeth Lundall-Magnuson of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in Pretoria, South Africa, presented a paper on factors influencing the viability of beekeeping for upcoming beekeepers in the country. She has been involved in beekeeping development since 1994, and as an agriSETA accredited assessor and moderator, is developing material for the ARC in beekeeping.

She has introduced beekeeping to rural farmers from about 100 villages all over South Africa, Rwanda, Uganda, DR Congo, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Nigeria.

Although beekeeping is a popular agricultural activity that generates an income from honey sales, it is becoming increasingly difficult for beekeepers to profitably keep bees in South Africa. Besides increased input costs, securing access to land for forage, veld fires, vandalism, and theft remain problematic. Other factors threatening beekeeping include the loss of forage sites, the high use of agricultural pesticides, and environmental stresses.

Elise Lundall-Magnuson of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in Pretoria presented a paper on factors influencing the viability of beekeeping for upcoming beekeepers in the country. (Source: Elise Lundall-Magnuson)

Poster presentations

Two posters were presented, one on sustainable development outlooks to subsistent apiculture in a transition in Ethiopia and bee clubs in elementary schools in Tanzania.

Apiculture in transition in Ethiopia

Dr Teweldemedhn Gebretinsae Hailu

the outlook of sustainable apiculture in transition in Ethiopia. (Source:

presented a poster on the outlook of sustainable apiculture in transition in Ethiopia. Dr Hailu has a PhD in Agricultural Sciences from the Department of Livestock Population Genomics at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany, where his research was focused on the classification and characterisation of Ethiopian honeybees. He currently works as a post-doctoral researcher on honeybee genetic diversity and sustainable apiculture.

Since the term, sustainable development, became popular, alternative production systems, such as organic agriculture and sustainable intensification have come to the foreground.

In Ethiopia, sustainable development aspects of apiculture focus on a major

subsistent beekeeping country that tries to transform. Of note is that annual honey production has grown from 25 000 tonnes in 2005 to 150 000 tonnes in 2020 by increasing the number of honeybee colonies from 4,2 to 7 million (65%).

The provision of higher-yielding frame hives (17,9 kg per hive per year) and top-bar hives compared to fixedcomb traditional hives (9,31 kg) also assisted in the growth. The average honey yield of simple top-bar hives over the period was 40% higher than that of traditional hives.

As a result, export volume grew from 274 tonnes in 2009 to 481 tonnes in 2016 despite high local demand. Development initiatives focused on the introduction of frame hives (3%), compared to locally developed top-bar hives (1%). However, the traditional beehives which provide low yield and involve unsustainable management remained dominant (96%).

To promote food security and honeybee welfare, a sustainable apiculture development needs to focus on domestic markets, improving honey yield gaps by integrating beekeeping with crop farming and capacitating beekeepers to rear suitable queens and colonies locally.

The Beekeeping in Schools Initiative was started in the Buhera district of Zimbabwe to teach schoolchildren the value of bees as an alternative source of income. (Source: Apimondia)

Dr Teweldemedhn Gebretinsae Hailu presented a poster on

ResearchGate)

Elementary school bee clubs

Ally Saburi, the founder of Worker Bees Africa, started bee clubs in elementary schools in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Despite the importance of beekeeping and the industry it represents, younger people are not keen to take it up as a profession. To mitigate this and encourage the youth to engage in beekeeping, Worker Bees Africa targets school children by making them aware of beekeeping and the opportunities it presents by starting bee clubs at elementary schools. Some of the activities introduced within these bee clubs include teaching the children the know-how of keeping bees.

For more information, contact Kai Hichert at 082-561-0346 or send an email to kai@sabio. org.za

Some of the presentations are available for reading at this link: https://www.apimondiaafrica2023. org.za/scientific-programme/

Prof Robert Kajobe of Muni University in Arua, Uganda, presented a paper on why many beekeeping projects in Sub-Saharan Africa fail, with special reference to Uganda.

(Source: The Uganda National Apiculture Development Organisation)

Traditional beehives that provide low yield and involve unsustainable management remains dominant in Uganda. (Source: ResearchGate)

Distributors of Dekalb maize seed

Distributors of Dekalb maize seed

The latest in agricultural technology from around the world

by Annemarie Bremner

Every potato sprouts: New planter takes the risk out of potato planting

Ropa from Germany has developed a machine for manually planting pre-sprouted potatoes. The planter, named Gecko, gently plants potatoes without breaking the sprouts. It offers high efficiency and good working conditions for the personnel. The Gecko was developed in close cooperation with the company, Farmsupport.

After two years of field trials and use on farms, the desired advantages in yield and vegetation were achieved. The Gecko provides space for five pallets for efficient logistics of the planting material. Optional drawbar steering or tramline deactivation simplifies the driver’s work.

Two operators work on each planting row. They put the pre-sprouted potatoes lengthwise on the gentle and protective belts, which convey these without any further stress until the tubers are precisely deposited in the soil. This technology allows optimal planting of potatoes with up to 12 cm length at a driving speed of 3,5 km/h. The distance between plants can be variably adjusted in 16 stages.

For road transportation, the Gecko planter folds up to a road width of 3 m.

The Gecko can be ordered for the 2024 planting season and will be displayed at the Agritechnica international trade fair in Hanover, Germany, this coming November.

See the Gecko in action: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=B0v0IQf6LY0

Technology and features:

• Planting capacity: > 6 ha per 8-hour working day

• Planting speed: 3,5 km/h

• Drawbar steering

• Mechanical drive

• Tramline deactivation

• Protective roof with lighting

• 5 spaces for pallets, 1 of which for empty boxes

If you want make sure that every potato you plant is already sprouting, you can call in the new Gecko planter from Ropa, Germany.

Workers place the sprouting potatoes on a conveyor belt, from where they are gently placed in the plant rows and covered.

• 4 rows with 75 cm row distance

• Planting distance adjustable in 16 stages

• Conveyor for boxes with box return function – easy loading and unloading

(Source: World-Agritech.com)

Electrical auto drive tractors are getting closer to real farming

Monarch Tractor, the Silicon Valleybased manufacturer of the MK-V electric tractor, prepares for global growth by expanding their research and development team in Singapore. The company also expanded into Hyderabad, India, earlier this year.

Monarch Tractor will move to develop the next generation of data scientists, machine learning engineers and AI (artificial intelligence) practitioners by partnering with government agencies and academic institutions.

“After our early success in Singapore with the development of our ‘Monarch Auto Drive’ tractor operation, we are excited to continue to evolve our technology with the help of Singapore’s finest talent,” said Praveen Penmetsa, Co-Founder and CEO, Monarch Tractor. “In partnership with the Singapore government, Monarch Tractor is able to provide more job opportunities and also propel our mission for a greener future. More farmers, government bodies and consumers are looking for more viable options to sustain our planet.”

Building upon Singapore’s early success to develop the MK-V’s driverless capabilities, Monarch’s expansion and development of new talent will work to create automation capabilities that extend to full farm operations leading to the enablement of profitable and sustainable agricultural practices within the region and globally.

Moving to bring AI to farmers, Monarch has captured the attention of other sustainable-focused countries within APAC, including New Zealand, where Monarch delivered the first-ever electric tractor to a farm.

(Source: Worldagritech.com)

Electrical is not the only green way to go Rolls-Royce opens combustion engine plant

Rolls-Royce has opened a €30-m assembly plant for Mtu 2000 series engines. The company says that the investment highlights future prospects for internal combustion engines using alternative fuels.

Located in Kluftern on Lake Constance, Germany, the new production facility currently employs 110 people doing assembly and shipping.

“We are convinced that, in conjunction with sustainable fuels and new

technologies, the internal combustion engine will play a central role in the future,” comments Dr Jörg Stratmann, CEO, Rolls-Royce Power Systems, who adds that it is the fuel that matters, not the engine.

Speaking at the official opening of the new plant, he confirmed that RollsRoyce is focusing on developing engines that can run on a wide range of sustainable fuels, and that the company has already launched hybrid systems.

Monarch Tractor is expanding into the East-Indies in a bid to place electrical auto drive tractors with AI capabilities within reach of all farmers.

Rolls-Royce is making a €30 million statement that internal combustion engines still have a place in an eco-friendly world.

He adds that this will enable the company to provide climate-friendly propulsion technologies in the future for a wide range of applications where complete electrification is not an optimal solution in the long-term. “Renewable diesel (HVO/hydrogenated vegetable oil) is an important step on the road to decarbonisation,” he said.

“We are doing everything we can to make the internal combustion engine climate-neutral with sustainable fuels and in combination with new technologies. But this can only be achieved if the political framework conditions are set so that alternative fuels can be successfully ramped up.”

(Source: World-Agritech.com)

LEMKEN: New camera improves weed detection

The automatic detection of weeds between certain crops has been a challenge, but there is hope. LEMKEN recently introduced the new IC-Light+ camera control, which also detects the near-infrared range, for its Steketee hoeing machines.

The new camera control makes detection easier in crops with a high proportion of blue in the leaves. This

offers clear advantages in mechanical weed control, especially in the cultivation of onions, leeks, broccoli or red cabbage.

The internally developed standard ICLight camera system in LEMKEN Steketee hoeing machines captures the RGB colour range and reliably distinguishes between hues of green and red. Thanks to its self-

learning mode, the system continuously develops as it is being used.

The new IC-Light+ camera now also captures hues of blue as well, allowing even very young plants or plants with a particularly fine structure to be better identified and shown. The camera easily handles even onions the size of a pin.

(Source: LEMKEN)

The IC-Light+ camera is operated via the IC-Light terminal and allows hoeing as close as two centimetres from crop plants at forward speeds of up to 15 km/h.

The cameras on the Steketee hoeing machine detect up to five rows of plants at a time and controls the steering of the hoeing machine between the rows.

Land management and rehabilitation part 2: In search of a lost ethic

Modern man has moved away from a clear commitment to a responsible land ethic. This conviction is expressed by Ken Coetzee of Conservation Management Services, in the revised second edition of his book, Caring for Natural Rangelands. This land ethic must be restored, he claims.

In Part 1 of this series, we looked at the dire need for the restoration of land to stop the loss of once productive land to barren deserts. “The land is simply used as a medium for commercial exploitation, for economic gain and without any spiritual connection to it. As natural resources diminish because of expanding human populations, the economics of survival play an increasingly important role,” says Ken.

A small piece of land that could support an agricultural family a century ago, cannot provide a reasonable income anymore. A different value system and the higher cost of living put more pressure on the land as people try to gain more profit from it just to make ends meet. Yet, the same is true even where landowners live comfortably off the land. The unsustainable exploitation of natural resources could then be the result of greed or ignorance.

Lost memory of a land et hic

Whatever the reasons for the deterioration, it seems that modern man has lost all memory of land ethic. Ken explains this in a quote from Aldo Leopold, an American conservationist, scientist, and writer, who in 1933 wrote as follows about land ethics in his book A sand county almanac.

“All ethics so far involved rest upon a single premise: that the individual is a member of a community of interdependent parts. His instincts prompt him to compete for his place in that community, but his ethics prompt him also to cooperate (perhaps in order that there may be a place to compete for).

“The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land. This sounds simple: do we not already sing our love for and obligation to the land of the free and the home of the brave?

‘Yes, but just what and whom do we love? Certainly not the soil, which we are sending helter-skelter downriver. Certainly not the waters, which we assume have no function except to turn turbines, float barges, and carry off sewage. Certainly not the plants, of which we exterminate whole communities

without batting an eye. Certainly not the animals, of which we have already extirpated many of the largest and most beautiful species.

“A land ethic of course cannot prevent the alteration, management, and use of these ‘resources’, but it does affirm their right to continued existence, and, at least in spots, their continued existence in a natural state. In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo Sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow members, and respect for the community as such.”

Ancient land ethic

Land ethic was an essential part of the life and survival of ancient cultures, including the Native Americans, the Australian Aborigines, African KhoiSan, Asian Eskimos, and Central Asian nomads. These people understood that their survival depended on an intimate, careful, and reverential relationship with the natural environments that supported them.

“The Native Americans clearly recognised that death was a gift of renewal to the living and that only a sustainable use of this gift would ensure their survival. The discerning nature of this identification with the animals and

by Tisha Steyn

plants of their world was fundamental to their holistic view of life, and their sustainable use of the wildlife and plants that fed them,” observes Ken.

As human populations grew in numbers and started moving around, they learned new hunting and agricultural skills from others, such as the use of fire and the plough. Technology developed. When sinking a borehole became an option, herdsmen who before had to follow pastures after seasonal rains, could stay in one place. And so, they forgot how to use rotational grazing.

Over time, new values based on technology and not the ancient knowledge passed from father to son became the norm. And these ancient land ethics upon which their survival depended were forgotten. “With this forgetfulness comes the degradation of natural landscapes because of unsustainable land use practices,” states Ken.

Time for a new ethic

The task of modern range managers is to reverse landscape deterioration. “A land ethic must be reborn, and it must be instilled in every land management practitioner from owner to the humble worker.”

However, Ken acknowledges that this is easier said than done. Environmental

The ancient hunter-gatherers of Southern Africa respected and revered the animals on which they depended, and their sustainable use of this resource can be regarded as the earliest form of land ethic.

education programmes and training courses can provide information about the building blocks of any environmental system, interdependence, and the interrelationships that make any system function.

Instilling a land ethic requires much more than this basic, but vital information. For that purpose, an emphasis on the appreciation of land as a basic but exhaustible resource is required. “The teaching of a land ethic must thus be an intellectual as well as an emotional process. A suitable land ethic must be willingly and enthusiastically pursued by range managers as a way of life rather than yet another new-age method for increasing production,” says Ken.

In Leopold’s words: “It is inconceivable to me that an ethical relation to land can exist without love, respect, and admiration for land and a high regard for its value. By value, I of course mean something far broader than mere economic value; I mean value in the philosophical sense.”

What can be done?

There are many ways to take care of the land, but often complicated solutions do not necessarily solve the problems. Land management problems are often complex and involve a chain of inseparably connected aspects. For example, the rehabilitation of a river may involve soil erosion control in the river catchment area, as well as a

change in land use from sheep and cattle grazing to wildlife and tourism, which will have a reduced impact on the land.

Solutions should be carefully considered. The manager must be committed to land care. A new land ethic that will restore the pioneering spirit, as well as pride in every effort, will be the first steps to restoration.

Taking a fresh look

It is important to look at the land with new eyes. Look at the problem, find out what caused it, and work out what to do about it. “Making the right decisions at this early stage of any land care project is critical for the outcome to be successful as well as cost-effective.”

Do not look at the size of the problem and the scale of the rehabilitation. “One committed person can make a difference, albeit tiny, to start the healing of the land. It takes only commitment and a fresh look at the age-old problem,” says Ken.

Small steps

Ken believes one must not be daunted by the apparent high cost of rehabilitation management. “Quick solutions to rehabilitation problems are sometimes effective but are always expensive,” he says.

Cheaper options might provide the same results. For instance:

Pipes

• Using hand labour instead of mechanisation is more appropriate in areas where unemployment is a problem.

• Natural organic products are preferable to synthetic, manufactured chemical fertilisers.

• A self-help approach, driven by a commitment to a sound land ethic, is often more effective than using expensive rehabilitation contractors.

• Small but effective steps are required and will be more affordable.

Ken suggests that one must try to imagine the completed project and then work backwards through the steps that must be taken to get there. Do not worry about what every step will cost. Ask yourself how each step in the vision can be achieved, but do not let negative and limiting thoughts block the process. “It is all about commitment to a responsible land ethic.“

Contact details

Conservation Management Services

Ken Coetzee and Wallie Stroebel.

Ken: (+27) 76-227-5056 or consken@mweb.co.za

Wallie: (+27) 82-493-1441

Website: www.conservationmanagementservices.co.za

We pride ourselves on the quality and strength of our products. We aim to give our customers nothing but the very best. That is why our pipes require minimum maintenance, have high tensile strength and have unmatched durability.

Moringa in Southern Africa part 2: The cultivation process

by Natasha Pansegrouw

Moringa is a resilient crop that can survive in the often harsh and unpredictable climate of Southern Africa because of its drought resistance. Farmers, who may have trouble growing other crops due to the harsh climate, may find this to be an ideal crop.

Environmental factors

When it comes to plant and tree distribution, growth, and productivity in their natural environments, temperature is a major factor. The optimal conditions for moringa seed germination and subsequent growth are temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius.

Moringa thrives in the hot summers and mild winters typical of tropical and subtropical regions. Fruit set is optimal at temperatures between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius, and becomes stunted at temperatures below 15 degrees Celsius.

Even though high temperatures are

best for growing moringa, the plant can still yield results at lower temperatures. When exposed to cooler weather, moringa can thicken its leaves to keep warmth in, but it is sensitive to frost. Growing moringa seedlings in greenhouses and then transplanting them after winter is common practise in temperate regions.

Moringa trees require annual precipitation of 250 mm to 1 500 mm.

Metabolic pathways and temperature play a role in controlling photosynthesis, growth, and respiration. Researchers in South Africa studying moringa growth at NTL Baraka Ecofarming, found that seasonal changes impacted gaseous exchange. Sub-stomatal CO2 concentrations rose during the summer, when stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthetic rate all fell.

Fun fact

Moringa plants can take in carbon dioxide at a rate 55 times higher than that of Japanese cedar trees and 20 times higher than that of common vegetation. In this way, growing moringa could contribute to international efforts to lessen the effects of climate change and adapt to them.

Importance of soil, water, and nutrients

Moringa can survive in low-nutrient environments. When fertilisers are cut back or eliminated, moringa growth slows down. Fertiliser applications are highly recommended in regions with low precipitation and high temperatures.

To prevent root rot, moringa trees need sandy loam soils with good drainage.

The biomass of seedlings grown in clay and sandy soils is slightly greater

(Source: pexels by hamed elhaei)

than that of seedlings grown in calcareous and loam soils.

Moringa's long tuberous taproot is able to absorb water and minerals from the soil even during dry periods.

Planting, density, biomass, and capacity of plant storage

The production of seeds is best at low planting densities, while the production of leaves is best at high densities.

Moringa's flowering and ripening cycles are disrupted by heavy pruning. When the moringa plant's stem is soft, it can be harvested mechanically at a height of 0,5 metres above the ground.

When storing moringa seeds, it is important to keep them at the proper temperature, moisture level, and age. When stored in paper or aluminium bags at a temperature of -19 to 4 degrees Celsius for up to 6 months, moringa seeds will maintain their nutritional value and viability.

It is recommended that farmers

keep their seeds in paper bags with a moisture level of less than 8% for up to 12 months at temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius. Seeds can be kept in their fruits for up to a year if they are kept in a cool, dry place. Seeds should be dried for 30 days before being stored in airtight containers to ensure quality. Moringa leaves retain their nutritional value even after being stored for long periods of time.

Food made from moringa

In order to combat malnutrition, moringa is included in some diets, especially those of infants and nursing mothers in developing countries. It is anticipated that moringa consumption will increase in Southern Africa.

Farmers plant moringa for profit, health, and nutrition. Dried moringa leaves from South African ecotypes contain 30,3% crude protein, 0,3% phosphorus, 0,5% magnesium, 490,0 mg/kg iron, 0,6% sodium, 13,0 mg/ kg zinc, 1,5% potassium, 8,3% copper,

86,8 mg/kg manganese, 0,6% sulphur, and 363,0 mg/kg selenium.

The leaves contain high quantities of vitamin E and beta-carotene in addition to the 19 amino acids and 17 fatty acids. It also outperforms common local crops like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), peas (Pisum sativum), and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in terms of calcium and magnesium content. Other vital nutrients were also found in moringa leaves at concentrations similar to those found in vegetables.

Incorporating moringa into common foods may help people realise that it can be used for more than just medicine.

Foods made from moringa are associated with the lower income classes in Southern Africa, despite their high nutritional value. Therefore, moringa products are underutilised at the moment. It is important to spread the word about the health benefits of moringa. In addition to processing equipment and food distribution networks,

Tea can be brewed from moringa leaves.

(Source: pexels by Ninetechno)

guidance and training are needed.

It is necessary to conduct further studies on the benefits of the different parts of the plant.

Moringa is well-known all over the world for its many useful parts, including its flowers, seeds, immature pods, fresh leaves, and as a water filter (seeds). Some of these applications, such as eating the fruit or seeds while they are still immature, are not practised in Southern Africa.

Moringa seeds are highly nutritious, and the green pods of the plant are cooked and eaten in some countries. Another example is filtering water with seedcake or crushed moringa seeds. Many people in rural areas rely on river water for their drinking needs, but this water often contains harmful microorganisms, objects, and silt particles that must be filtered out.

However, in order to replicate these benefits for rural people in Southern Africa who rely on river water, it is necessary to fully understand the mecha

(Source: moringainitiative.com)

Even nutritious smoothies can be made with moringa. (Source: healthiersteps.com)

nisms underlying moringa coagulation.

In Southern Africa, moringa leaves are the most studied and utilised part of the tree. In contrast, the seeds, pods, and roots have received little attention. In India, the Philippines, and Nigeria, researchers have looked into almost every part of the moringa tree for future product development.

Over time, moringa has gone from a relatively insignificant crop to one of the most promising multi-purpose crops in Southern Africa. The widespread availability of moringa-based foods in urban and rural areas can be attributed to recent increases in cultivation.

There have been flagship projects launched by government agencies, farmers, and academic institutions to ensure the successful cultivation, production, and use of this miracle tree.

To summarise: Moringa is a versatile crop that can survive in a wide range of climates and soil conditions because it is perennial and drought-resistant. In light of impending climate change, moringa can serve as a practical alternative crop for people living in rural areas. Many people can reap the benefits from encouraging its cultivation, food product use, and consumption.

Moringa oleifera seed packets, tightly sealed. (Source: healthislife.co.za)

(Source: moringainitiative.com)

The powdered leaves of the moringa tree have culinary applications. (Source: www.cosmeticconnection.co.za)

References

Mashamaite, C.V., Pieterse, P.J., Mothapo, P.N., and Phiri, E.E. (2021) Moringa oleifera in South Africa: A review on its production, growing conditions and consumption as a food source. South African Journal of Science. Issue 117(3/4), Art. #8689. Available at: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.17159/ sajs.2021/8689

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