INNER + OUTER COASTAL PLAINS 1 mount holly + rancocas center nj
4 FRESH + SALT WATER MARSHES 2 franklin delano roosevelt park pa
PINE BARRENS CYCLE + ADAPTION 3 pine barrens nj
CHRONO - LITHO SEQUENCE STUDIES 4 ringing rocks + mariton sanctuary pa
THE POWER OF WIND 5 island beach state park nj
1 2 5
3
ECOLOGY WORKSHOP 511 jackie martinez_instructors: sally willig + nick pevzner
CONIFER PLANTATION
MOUNT HOLLY FOREST
natural landscape constructed landscapes
O horizon
2” leaf litter
Oe horizon
1” forest floor
A horizon
1” sand + roots
+
vertical rows planted not on a grid
+
MEADOWS
B horizon
alleé
12” loamy sand COLOR: red 2.5 WR 4/6 - 2/6
+
american chestnut deciduous, alternate, simple gradually tapering to both ends veins straight, parallel 15–20 per side
30 ft 65 ft
japanese stiltgrass
sweetgum
120 ft
100 ft
american beech
white oak
5 ft 1 ft
+
INNER + OUTER COASTAL PLAINS traversing through natural and constructed landscapes
japanese stiltgrass
white pine
grasses
SWEETGUM SUCCESSIONAL FOREST
purpletop
sub-canopy
panic grass
persimmon
pin cherry
flowering dogwood
american chestnut
sassafras
canopy
herbaceous layer
+
arrowwood
swamp azalea
fetterbush
sweet pepperbush
american holly
river birch
pin oak
ironwood
basswood
pin oak
chestnut oak
sweetgum
BLUFF FOREST
arrow arum
spatterdock
wild rice
water pepper
bur marigold
flowering dogwood
red maple
sweetgum
+ FLOODPLAIN FOREST
MATURE SWEETGUM FOREST
+ +
FRESHWATER TIDAL MARSH
distinct doubletoothed margin
80 ft
115 ft
65 ft
annual
perennial
10 ft
floodplain
tidal marsh
surface zone soil zone
U3
+
+
U1 effective rainfall
C1
groundwater zone
soil flow
U2 x1
Qu
• Va •O exp abo • Lo
scale 2
direct runoff flow
ground water flow
} (1-U ) x 2
C2
scale 1
freshwater marsh ecology
UPLANDS
SALTWATER MARSH
saltwater marsh ecology
1
X2
salt contamination diagram
salt spreading from the highway system for ice traction collects in soils and water below creating a micro-climate of a salt induced ecology
35 ft
plants typical to sand-dunes and other salt induced areas florish under the highway systems beacause of the overflow of salt into the soil system. these plants, all though mostly non-native produce an intriguing micro-climate into the urban fabric inviting diverse wildlife and softening the hard and “undesirable” real estate of highway infrastructure.
red maple
ragweed
japanese hops
EMERGENT SALT INDUCED LANDSCAPE
hearty non-natives
seaside goldenrod
atroplex
phragmites
basswood
ulmus americana
+
FRESH + SALT WATER MARSHES exploring inner coastal plain wetland + marsh edge conditions
river birch
PULSING WATER TIDAL MARSH
uercus macrocarpa
ariable in shape Often with a broadly panded toothed portion ove 2 deep notches ower surface hairy
RIPARIAN BUFFER
reaching towards water
rice cut-grass
river birch
pin oak
+
50 ft
leersia oryzoides
flower head (seeds)
scale 3 leaf blade
pickerel weed
goldenrod
duckweed
walters barnyard grass
primrose willow
arrow arum
spatterdock
duckweed
soft stem bulrush
rice cut--grass
jewelweed
typha latifolia
cattail
bur oak
american elm
distinct doubletoothed margin
cattail clusters
black willow
+
STILL WATER TIDAL MARSH
+
soft stem bulrush
white pine blackoak
pitch pine
jointweed
shrub layer pennsylvania sedge
PINE BARRENS CYCLE + ADAPTION examining the natural and human hand adaption to disturbances
+
post oak
black huckleberry
white pine
atlantic cedar
soil is extremely sandy and acidic with little to no nitrogen and iron due to the loss of decomposion from the lack of bacteria in the acidic serlizing soil. because of the well drained and super moist sand, the barrens act as a swamp with unique plantlife that can tolerate the acidicy.
pitch dine
quartz sand- cohansey formation
pine-barren heather
canopy
PINE BARREN UPLANDS
pine beatle 5 mm
removing groups of infested trees scattered over a large area.
pitch pine
black jack oak
80 ft
black jack oak
+
beatles lay eggs under the bark, introducing a fungus into the sapwood that prevents the tree from repelling and killing the attacking beetles. normally, the beatle plays an important role in the forest cycle attacking old or weakened trees to start the development of a succesional younger forest.
snip and skid
heat activated cone opening
pitch pine
pinu
s ine
PINE BEATLE ATTACK
p
FOREST FIRE CYCLE
majority of forest burns with the exception of pitch pines beacuse of their thick bark. the comination of a cleaned forest floor from the fire, along with the heat from the fire activating the cone opening process, new pines are germinated creating a pine dominated forest.
oaks emerge dominate post beatle blight
oaks
+
pines dominate post fire
RIPARIAN EDGE
us rigida
+
white pine
white pine
scirpus subterminalis
atlantic cedar red maple
insect-nitrogen source
4 ft
dionaea muscipula
canopy
sub-canopy
scirpus subterminalis
nymphoides cordata
shrub layer
atlantic cedar
floodplain
emergents
herbaceous layer
bayonet rush
floating heart
pondweed
swaying rush
+
pickerelweed
ACIDIC SWAMP
pickerelweed large cranberry
red maple
atlantic cedar white pine viburnum
inkberry
atlantic cedar
sweet pepperbush
white pine
sourgum
r
because the soil is so acidic, there is no nitrogen and iron that most plants survive on. in order to get nitrogen and iron, carnivorous plants, typically found in acidic ecologies get their nutrients from insects
sedimentary
igneous lichen growing in moisture crack
H2O
H2O H2O H2O
H2O
+
emergent micro-climate
+
ing
elt
m
magma
sediments
02 DIABASE EMERGES THROUGH
pr hea es t su + re
weather + erosion
er ath n we osio r +e
compaction + cementation
melting
METAMORPHIC
er ath we osion r +e
ng
oli
co
pre heat ssu + re
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
03 DIABASE BOULDER FIELD
moisure collects in cracks of diabase promoting an emergent micro-climate producing lichen and other plants, such as black birch. the moisture, along with the lichen begin the erosion process by breaking down the rock water at intersection between 2 rock types
04 DIABASE ERODES
01 SEDIMENTARY SHALE
rainwater
65 ft
lichen
black birch sapling
+
canopy
2 type rock collision shale, a softer sedimentary stone, yields to the diabase, a harder igneous rock, creating horizontal fractures on the shale, and fractal scores on the diabse rock
+
CHRONO LITHO SEQUENCE STUDIES an exploration of successional geologic + human disturbed ecologies
betula lenta - early success
sional tree
03 GNESIS MATURE FOREST
moisure collection - diabase erosion
herbaceaous
+
+
+
01 GNESIS MOWED MEADOW
moss covered diabase - moisture increase at edges
japanese stiltgrass
yarrow
aster
golden rod
big blue stem little blue stem
woodland sunflower
wild bergamot
japanese stiltgrass
spicebush
witch-hazel
spicebush
red maple
red oak
tulip-tree
tulip-tree
sassafras
tulip-tree
flowering dogwood
japanese barberry
shrub layer
02 GNESIS MEADOW
sub-canopy
american beech
white oak
black birch
+ fagus grandifolia
quercus alba
05 DIABASE ERODED TO SOIL
IGNEOUS+ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS geological succesional sequence METAMORPHIC ROCK human disturbed successional sequence
rounded lobes black birch tulip tree
150 ft
rough to touch
extending towards light
8 ft
4 ft
formed from the sand movement billowing down the slip face of the primary dune, or a migrated primary dune inland. protected from the wind by the primary dune allowing for a more diverse plant community
THICKET
Sand dunes are formed by sand grains getting trapped by some starting obstacle, such as vegetation which then causes the sand to accumalate. The wind coming from the ocean side then starts to affect the sand dune by eroding the sand partices, moving them from windward side to the leeward side on the slip face. Overtime, this process can cause the sand dune to migrate inwards as it accumulates more sand.
SECONDARY DUNE
sand dune formation + erosion
+
salt spray wind
+ em
en
t
+
nd
m
ov
slip face
sa
salt spray wind deformation Salt pruning is the process by which saline mists coming from the ocean’s seawater are blown ashore by winds and over time alter the structure of trees and shrubs. The salt spray kills the branches in its path which are then detoured and start growing in the opposite direction.
stunted canopy of thicket primary dune: first obstacle against winds and salt spray
+
terminal paniculiform inflorescence
HARSHER CONDITIONS fewer plant species
PROTECTION FROM WIND diverse plant community
beach grass
solidago sempervirens
tree taken out by wind and salt spray
japanese sedge
THE POWER OF WIND effects and adaption from the role of wind
high bush blueberry
panic grass
sassafras swamp sedge black blackberry
black alder
virginia creeper
black poplar
blackjack oak beach plum
wild black cherry
american holly
shrub layer
tall blackberry
gray’s cyperus
canopy seaside spurge
seaside goldenrod
sand grass
matting panic grass
japanese sedge
seaside goldenrod
beach grass
grasses
sea rocket
PRIMARY DUNE
more diverse secondary dune plant community
fiddler crab
BAYSHORE
FRESHWATER MARSH
cordgrass
marsh elder
ribbed mussels attached at base of cordgrass
+
+
TIDAL MARSH
symbiotic relationship
MARITIME FOREST
+ curvy form produced from wind and salt spray
highest protection from salt spray wind allowing for more diverse and old plant community. plants still feel effects from the wind stunting the trees and shrubs but generally taller then the harsher climate of the thicket.
eelgrass
phragmites
white cedar widgeon grass
pitch pine
pin oak
beach heather
white oak
smooth cordgrass
common saltwort pickleweed
salt marsh hay
marsh elder
scrub oak
red maple
marsh fern peat moss
yellow loosestrife
royal fern
netted chain fern
+
american holly
Ribbed mussels attach themselves to the base of cordgrass for structure against the wind. The cordgrass benefits from both the extra support and the nutrients from the mussel deposits. The intense web of the cordgrass root system helps support the fiddler crab’s tunnels which thus aerates the soil.