Paramarket

Paramarket | Moscow, Idaho Washington State University Arch 301-3 | Fall 2013 | Group 1 Irene Arzaga | William Bilyeu | Evan Yock

Table of Contents

00 Abstract | Component Logic 01 Initial Component Development 02 Component Development | Surface Area 03 Component Development | Wall Angle 04 Component Studies 05 Connection Analysis 06 Component Connection | Type a 07 Component Connection | Type b 08 Component Connection | Type c 09 Aggregation | Digital Model type I 10 Aggregation | Digital Model type II 11 Aggregation | Digital Model type III 12 Fabrication | Physical Model 13 Case Studies 14 Further Component Development 15 Further Component Development 16 Further Component Development 17 Structural Analysis | Scan & Solve 18 Component Construction 19 Variations 20 Variation Detail

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21 Connection | Local + Regional

22 Connection Detail

23 Pavilion Application

24 Geometry Logistics

25 Pavilion Scan & Solve

26 Structural Comparison

27 Global Assembly

28 City Site | Circulation

29 Farmers Market Flows

30 Solar Radiation Studies

31 Finalized Views

32 Programmatic Plan

33 Pavilion Section

34 Conclusion

Abstract

Component Base Geometry Development:

velopment:

Population connections options: - endpoint-to-endpoint - edge-to-edge - surface-to-surface The aim of the project was to design and fabricate a surface

Connection possibilities in planer system to act as apopulation pavilion for

pulation connections options: dpoint-to-endpoint ge-to-edge rface-to-surface

nnection possibilities in planer population Figure 1.0 Population connection options: point, edge, surface

xiis: endpoints to pposite side midspan

Figure 1.1 Axis: endpoints to opposite side midspan

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Figure 1.2 Tension failure occurring in corners.

Compression failure occurring at mid-spans.

Applied Forces:

lied Forces: nsion failure occuring in corners mpression failure occuring at mid-spans

Washington State University | Arch_301 | Fall 2013 Evan

the Moscow Farmers Market, using 3- dimensional form that Population connections options: was intended to support forces of tension and compression - endpoint-to-endpoint throughout a populated field in - edge-to-edge the directions of X, Y, and Z. This - surface-to-surface was to be achieved through a Axiis: endpoints to component fabrication method Connection possibilities in planer opposite sidepopulation midspan that originated from a single plane and would connect onto itself as well as other components. All of this needed to be accomplished while maintaining as much rigidity and strength to opposing force Axiis: endpointsApplied to Forces: as possible. The pavilion aims opposite side midspan to address flows and access -Tension failure occuring in the corners points of the market and acts as -Compression failure occuring at mid-spans a generator for new programs.

With these considerations an equilateral triangle was chosen for a base geometry and analyzed to this criteria.

Evan Yock -Tension failure occuring in corners Arch 301 Fall 2013

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-Compression failure occuring at mid-spans

Yock

WSU Presentation

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Abstract 00

WS

Initial Component Development

The assembled model is formed by 3 folding sidewall flaps being erected to form a continuous ridge that connects back onto itself with a tab and slit connection. The component provides depth and a void space in the center of the base to accommodate for a population that will provide a surface that is not a continuous solid.

tab and slit connection insert

fold cut

Figure 1.4 model cut + fold template

Figure 1.5 model assembly

physical model

Figure 1.6 simplified model assembly

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Evan Yock WSU Presentation Arch 301 Fall 2013 Component Study 01

Component Development Surface Area

A reduction of surface area on both the side walls of the component and the base surface of component was articulated by creating a curvilinear line leading away from the corner points allowing for a greater surface area in the corners allowing for greater stability and for a vertical load to be focused on the corners.

Figure 1.6 vertical load force; evenly distributed along wall ridge as highlighted

Figure 1.7 1. vertical load force; evenly distributed along wall ridge 2. vertical load force applied at wall endpoints

Figure 1.8 allowing for greater surface area on base corners

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WSU Presentation Component Study 02

Component Development Wall Angle

The wall angles of the component were analyzed in a vertical direction, an angle leading in to the base, and at an angle leading out towards the corner points.

Experimentation of the angle lead to a finding that the angle leading out to the base being the most structurally sound and an angle of 30 degrees to leave possibility for the most population connections.

Figure 2.0 Perpendicular wall-corners aligned vertically: 1. force distributed vertically through corner points 2. slight failure in walls collapsing and corners buckling

Figure 2.1 Walls angles in towards base corners: 1. force directed in towards the base 2. failure occurring in walls collapsing

Figure 2.2 Walls angles in towards base corners: 1. force directed out and away from base 2. minimal failure

Figure 1.9 optimal angle for triangular aggregation

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Component Study 03

along oints. corner p ticallythrough m o t t o b er tributev onnect isalsodis fold tabs that c Component Studies er ponent the corn se of the com base e a h t b to the etratethrough locks at en whichp connection th nent a o g formin alls of the comp ssion w p e m re the sid ith a co eact to w e c la r p into The study component was rces all hese fo er.

T . e c r fo created h t o h c with the consideration e ea reinforc

Figure 2.3 force distribution

Figure 2.3 component plan view

fold

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of the analysis for the base and wall surface area as well as the angles of the walls. The force load is now distributed throughout the component along the ridges and along the angles toward the bottom corner points. The force is also distributed vertically through the corner (figure 2.4) fold tabs that connect to the base of the component which penetrate through the n base formingsentaatioconnection re P U S W the side walls of the that locks component into place with a compression force. These forces all react to reinforce each other.

cut

ock Evan Y 1 Fall 2013 30 Arch

Figure 2.4 corner removal due to material failure

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Component Study 04

Connection Analysis

The corner connection section perspectives are shown at the right photo. The top section shows the connection of the tabs penetrating into the base of the component. The bottom section shows the 30, 60, and 90 degree triangle formed from the connection tabs interlocking onto the base. The force is now distributed along the edges of the triangle nd is release through the base to allow forgiveness equal to the material give.

Figure 2.5 penetration through base

The corner connection section perspectives are showatleft.Thetopsection shows the connection of the tabs penetrating into thebaseofthecomponent.

The bottom section shows the 30, 60, and 90 degree triangle formed from the connection tabs interlocking onto the base. The force is now distributed along the edges of the triangle and is release through the base to allow forgiveness equal to the material give.

Figure 2.7 model plan view showing corner section cut

Figure 2.6 force passes through base to help absorb load

Evan Yock Arch 301 Fall 2013

Yock Washington 301 Fall 2013 State University | Arch_301 | Fall 2013 Group 01 | Irene Arzaga | Will Bilyeu | Evan Yock

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WSU Presentation Connection 05

Component Connection

Type A

Tetrahedral 3D component assembly

The component assembles into a 3- dimensional geometry in a tetrahedral formation. In this connection the surface area provides the strongest connection from component to component.

Connections: 1. surface 2. edge 3. point

Figure 2.8 top view

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Figure 2.9 bottom view

Connection 06

Component Connection Type B

In this component connection, the edges and endpoint for the connection which is less strong due to less surface area touching but the 3 dimensional formation formed is more complex in form with the angle and curve of the component walls exposed on the exterior.

Tetrahedral 3D component assembly

Connections: 1. edge 2. point

Evan Yock Arch 301 Fall 2013

Figure 3.0 top view

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Figure 3.1 bottom view

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WSU Presentation Connection 07

Component Connection

Type C

This final connection combines the strongest characteristics of the first two connections together to form a 3D component with the maximum number of connections. However it does require 6 original components to complete the assembly.

Tetrahedral 3D component assembly combination of types a + b

Connections: 1. surface connection of walls 2. surface connection of base 3. edge connection 4. end point connection

Evan Yock Arch 301Figure Fall 2013 3.2 top view

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WSU Presentati

Figure 3.3 bottom view

Connection 08

Component Aggregation Type I

The first aggregation technique is created by populating two planes of component endpoints to endpoint connections stacked on top of each other to form a planar surface condition. The orientations of the components are flipped and rotated in one layer to the other.

Connections: 1. end point

Figure 3.4 orientation: type C

noitatneserP USW Washington State University | Arch_301 | Fall 2013 Group 01 | Irene Arzaga | Will Bilyeu | Evan Yock

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kcoY navE 3102 llaF 103 hcrA Aggregation 09

Component Aggregation

Type II

In this aggregation the two plane populate similarly to type one but the orientation is only flipped from one layer to the other providing more endpoint connections and population possibilities in the x, y, and z directions.

Connections: 1. endpoint connections (x3)

Figure 3.5 orientation: type C

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3

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WSU Presentation Aggregation 10

Component Aggregation Type III

The aggregation in type 3 involve a population of the component in end to end connections along one plane and the addition of single components attaching to this plane allowing for unbroken edge to edge connections throughout the assembly and for the possibility to populate in the x, y, and z directions.

individual component formations

Figure 3.6 orientation: type C

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WSU Presenta Aggregation 11

Component Fabrication

Form Development | Local + Regional

Early exploration in component aggregation in which the three surfaces of the component were set at different angles in an effort to create a space large enough to inhabit underneath in a global context. Although the component aggregated easily, they tended to counteract each other when they were patterned out, failing to create a large enough space to inhabit.

A

B

C

*Bristol board

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Aggregation 12

Case Studies

These case studies were utilized for references when designing the global form. The IDC/ ITKE Pavilion provide fingered connections in which could be connected at angles to form an arch. Second, the Bruges Facade Screen provided an example of variation within components being more open or closed. Thirdly, is the SUTD Library Pavilion which provided an example ICD/ITKE Pavilion detail of adding cross bracing into the component and assembly.

Bruges Facade

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ICD/ITKE Pavilion overall geometry

SUTD Library Pavilion overall geometry

ICD/ITKE Pavilion section

SUTD Library Pavilion structure detail

Case Study 13

Component Development

ent:

Tetrahedral Type I

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Tetrahedral Type II

The component development process began with an understanding of the base geometry of a tetrahedral.

Analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of a tetrahedral aggregation possibilities provided results that stunted the process of further development.

The strength was that the tetrahedral geometries could be populated in a surface condition with abundant surface-tosurface flush connections. The drawbacks however where that the population was limited to extremely directional changes in growth, that lacked gradual and unforced gestures. This was problematic in creating a desired pavilion that had continuity throughout the form.

Component Development 14

Component Development

3D Component Development: Tetrahedral Formations:

The tetrahedral was then manipulated and abstracted into cubic geometries that would later lend to a surface articulation that would have a more simple solution addressing the directional movement of the population. These cubic components were comprised of 6 arms that each had interlocking fingers. The arms connected to each other at the 4- corner point of the original tetrahedral.

Tetrahedral Type I

Tetrahedral Type II

Component Evolution:

(x6)

1

A(4)

2

3

4

FIgure 3.7 Component Evolution

WSU Arch 301

Final Presentation

Washington State University | Arch_301 | Fall 2013 Group 01 | Irene Arzaga | Will Bilyeu | Evan Yock

Irene Arzaga |

Component Development 15

Component Development

3D Component Development: Simplified Geometries

3D 3DComponent ComponentDevelopment: Development: Simplified Geometries Simplified Geometries

(x6)

(x6) (x6)

3D Component Development:

A(4) A(4)

Component Population Evolution: Simplified Geometries

The final component form is a blend between the abstracted geometries of a cube and a tetrahedral. The mass of the form satisfies the basic shape of a tetrahedral in the 4 corner conditions created. The surfaces of the arms however satisfy a cube’s geometry in ways of connection. The surfaces that are created are all connected at 90- degree angles allowing surface-to-surface connections A(4) similar towards cubic blocks even though there are half the corner conditions of a true cube. The population created serves changes of direction in the orthogonal X, Y and Z paths.

Component ComponentPopulation PopulationEvolution: Evolution:

(x6)

= =

= A A

A(4) A(4)

A(4)

B B

B(4) B(4)

FIgure 3.8 Component Population Evolution

A A(4) Component Population Washington State University | Arch_301 | Fall Evolution: 2013 Group 01 | Irene Arzaga | Will Bilyeu | Evan Yock

Final Component

B

B(4) Component Development 16

Structural Analysis Scan & Solve

A uniform compression load of 250 psi was added to the component variation resulting in a slight difference of displacement where the component with the most surface area had the least displacement and the component with the least surface area had the most displacement.

Figure 4.0 Displacement of 1 at a uniform compression force of 250 psi

*Scan & Solve automates basic structural simulation of Rhino solids.

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Component Analysis 17

Component Construction

The component is constructed by attaching the finger joints together and securing them by applying glue.

bolt connection hole

finger tab connection between top/bottom plates and side walls

half lap connection

single component axon

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single component cut template

Component Construction 18

Component Variations

Variation of component design was created to address different levels of solar and visual transparency through the pavilion. The variations of component form are dictated by changing the degree of curvature in the surface edges between the connecting edges of the component. This curvature of the edges cuts away from the direct angle edge to create a reduction in surface area and mass, as well as a greater amount of void penetration through the component. These components with the least mass are used at the apex of the pavilion arch. From there component variations increase in mass and decrease in edge curve depth.

The further away from the structures apex the greater the component’s mass and structural contribution, which allows more structural strength in the areas with the most load to support.

The bottom rows of components that come into contact with the ground are comprised of strait edge condition allowing for the greatest structural cross bracing and support.

Component Variations:

A (12)

C (36)

D (22)

Component Surface Area, Weight and Structural Stability

High

Low

A

B

C

D

Figure 4.1 Component Surface Area, Weight, and Structural Stability

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B (30)

Variation 19

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Type II: medium-low surface area

Type III: medium-high surface area

.75’-1.5’

.75’-1.5’

1.5’-3’

.5’-1’

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1.5’ - 3’

.33’-.66’

.5’-1’

Type I: low surface area

.33’-.66’

.5’-1’

1.5’ - 3’

.75’-1.5’

.33’-.66’

.5’-1’

.75’-1.5’

.33’-.66’

1.5’ - 3’

Type IV: high surface area

Variation 20

Connection | Local + Regional

Local Component Population Assembly:

The four components aggregate together through a nut and bolt connection [see figure 4.4] to create a local block for which will be assembled before arriving at the site, for ease of construction.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

2.

3.

4.

Figure 4.2 Populating the local component

1.5’

3.

4.

Local Assem

bolt-nut connection: x4

1.3’

4.

Local Assembly Module 1’

1’

Figure 4.3 components connected with a bolt-nut connection

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Connection 21

2”

.25”

.5”

.25”

.5”

.5”

.5”

Figure 4.4 bolt detail: x180

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Figure 4.5 nut detail: x180

Connection 22

Pavilion Application Concept Development

The pedestrian condition of the farmers market informed us of the proposed location of the pavilion. The public flow gradually increased from point A to point B within the farmers market street creating a sort of funnel effect.

In addition, this funnel effect being as a representational form of the public movement, ultimately informed us of a possible geometric form which was applied to the pavilion.

This form was then dissected and manipulated in a way that will interweave both street conditions; that is supposed to draw people in and encourage them to move freely between both streets.

proposed form

A

pavilion stall

B N

drawing the public in

dissection of the surface

Figure 4.5 Funnel effect conceptual development; using a parabolic cone

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Concept 23

Geometry Logistics

basic geometry | paraboloid

paraboloid dissection

placement within site [N-S]

removal of front

placement within site [E-W]

removal of back

The chosen form of the paraboloid was dissected in a series of steps to create a global geometry in which provided the components a surface to be aggregated onto. The first step was to remove the bottom half to provide a stable footing on the ground surface. The second and third steps remove portions from the North, West, and South sides of the form to fit within the 30’ x 11’ site restriction. The fourth and fifth steps remove curved edges from the NW and SE sides to provide room for the desired sidewalk to market street movement. The final step is to apply a grid onto the form for which the components will be aggregated onto.

application of grid

Figure 4.6 articulation process considering site conditions

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Geometry Logistics 24

Pavilion Scan & Solve

A uniform compression load of 500 psi was added to the global form. This reassured us that the form will indeed not fail, however as a precaution, we placed components with higher surface area towards the base to deal with the compression forces, and components with less surface area towards the top to reduce the overall weight of the assembly.

Figure 4.7 Scan & Solve of the surface with a displacement of 2

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Pavilion SnS 25

Structural Comparison

Figure 4.7 Vault with cross-bracing

For further structural analysis we looked to examples of compressive funicular parabolas and vaults with cross-bracing.

The funicular parabola needed a sturdy base with ground contact to prevent push-out from occurring, and the vault reduced this push-out on its own with the cross-bracing. Both of these ideas were implemented into the final pavilion, the base from the cut-away, and the cross-bracing which is built into the component.

Figure 4.8 Funicular parabola with compression

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Structure 26

Global Assembly

When the components have been applied to the grid and constructed , the global assembly is achieved through a series of steps. First, the base of the West and East sides are attached and spaced properly away from each other. Second, a middle section of the arch is assembled and bolted on the ground then tilted up-right and secured onto the bases. From there the components can be assembled into local blocks and attached to the base and middle section in an alternating order from the North and South sides.

These local blocks should be attached and bolted starting from the center and moving outwards toward the edge.

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Global Assembly 27

City Site | Circulation

N Main St W Pullman Rd

Due to component assembly limitations, we proceeded with our global geometry by utilizing the site conditions. The city’s urban fabric has helped us generate the geometric form of our pavilion, our concept and our proposed stall location. As we look at the city, we begin to see the divergence of the two main highways running north to south. This divergence was then translated into the street condition and helped us inform the idea of interweaving the farmer’s market street conditions, to create a unifying flow.

vehicular (main) vehicular (secondary)

N

parking pedestrian

S Washington St

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S Jackson St

City Site 28

Farmers Market Flows

These conditions helped us inform our proposed location which will be at the corner and near the center of the farmer’s market. This is because of the amount of parking zones at the east side of the market, therefore it is likely that there will be more people coming from this corner.

During the site visit, the farmers market had an evident directional and linear circulation. The main concept of the intervention was to unify the street conditions, sidewalk and farmers market street. The divergence of the highway was translated into the street conditions of the market and provided the idea of unifying this flow.

Farmers Market Moscow, Idaho

sidewalk street condition

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market street condition

sidewalk + market street

Market Flow 29

Solar Radiation Studies Shadow Analysis:

shadow analysis 9 am

10 am

11 am

12 pm

1 pm

2 pm

3 pm

9 am

10 am

11 am

12 pm

1 pm

2 pm

3 pm

N

Figure 4.9 sun penetration

Figure 5.0 component variation

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The pavilion is oriented on the site facing North to best accommodate the solar path conditions of the sun. The curvature of the structure wraps East to West so that at all times of the day, direct sunlight comes into contact with the pavilion in a perpendicular action. This is done to provide the least amount of solar radiation to penetrate through the lattice of the structure. The conditions of the outer and inner surfaces of the pavilion overlap in a fashion to compliment each other’s void space. The slope of the surfaces is also tailored back to face slightly south to address the sun’s southern orientation.

Greater penetration through the structure is achieved when the angle of perception is angled away from a perpendicular orientation.

This allows abundant indirect and ambient daylight to fill the space under the pavilion without directs rays of sunlight. The transition of the component variation is seamless and gradual to create cohesiveness throughout the pavilions structure.

Solar Radiation 30

Finalized Views

When the pavilion is fully assembled and put into the contest of the market, its parabolic funnel form clearly defines the unification of the sidewalk and the market street. This is seen in the North and South elevations predominantly due to the strong draw in effect of the form.

North Elevation

South Elevation

East Elevation

West Elevation

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Elevation 31

Programmatic Plan

gym

The same draw-in funneling effect seen in the elevations is mirrored into plan views. The site location within the market on the corner emphasizes this even more, framing views of the market as pedestrian approach around the corner drawing them into the market.

art gallery

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Plan 32

Pavilion Section [North]

In section, the pavilion funnel form is shown as a walk through unifying the sidewalk and the market street while providing a browsing space for which vendors can setup displays and sell good.

pavilion

market vendor stalls

Programmatic Section [North]

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Section 33

Conclusion The development of the pavilion created was an argument between the micro and macro approach towards design. The initial micro approach was to develop a component that would be able to be aggregated to create an overall special and surface condition. The strengths in this approach were the detail and analysis in the component itself. By developing a dynamic and structural component with solid connection techniques, this would ensure a successful population with strengths but also created weakness in issues that were harder to address on the micro level. From here a macro approach ensued addressing the site conditions, environmental conditions, and an overall form articulation that would compliment the component itself. Using parametric modeling we were able to combine the two approaches in the middle to satisfy as many design considerations as possible.

Further development The optimal fabrication of a pavilion of this sort would utilize a multi-axis robotic arm to fabricate the desired angles of the pieces, which have several levels of variation. From here the connections would no longer need the aid of glue and instead friction would satisfy the construction of the individual components and interlocking fingers.

Additionally the future development of this pavilion would look towards a secondary level of aggregation. The surface of the pavilion that is populated would be able to gradually continue and weak throughout the marketplace connecting additional pavilions to each other. The goals of connecting the market place would be achieved following this idea and the cohesiveness that was intended with this pavilion would extend beyond this stall and encompass the whole market place.

Conclusion 34