Frankfurt am Main - J. Dongqi, M. Stalter, Y. Fu

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Tong J i univer S i TY S hanghai

Jiang Dongqi Yibo Fu

Max Stalter

Max Stalter

Jiang Dongqi

Major: Productdesign

hochschule für gestaltung Offenbach am Main, Germany

Why Sustainable Design?

I didn‘t had a class like this in Germany so far, so i had more or less no idea of how to be and how to design sustainable. But for us as designers it is very important to understand how sustainability can change our life and safe planet earth by only paying attention to the use of our resources, nature and ecology. With our way of thinking and designing, we can influence our future in a positive way!

Major: industrial Design Tongji University Shanghai, China

Why Sustainable Design?

More and more people are paying attention to sustainability, because it relates to the future of humanity and earth. So as designers, we must have the awareness of sustainable, environmental and resource factors. Through the course, I realized the present conditions on planet earth. To improve this conditions, designers should take advantage of design methods to make a contribution!

Yibo Fu Major: Product Service System Design Tongji University Shanghai, China

Why Sustainable Design?

As the world being overpopulated, resources are growing scarcer. So the design methods to reduce the resource consumption and increase the proportion of recyclable resources is becoming an essential consideration in modern design strategies. Besides, sustainable design includes many cross-disciplinary cooperations which can expand my horizon.

Location Diagram for Frankfurt am Main

We choose Frankfurt, the hometown of Max, as our analyzed town. The seven most representative places of Frankfurt am Main are marked in the map to the right.

European Central Bank (ECB)

Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe.

Zeil

Frankfurt’s central shopping street with a length of over 700m and hundreds of stores.

Frankfurt Central Station

Frankfurt Central Station is one of the largest railway stations in Germany.

Frankfurt Airport

The city can be accessed from around the world via Frankfurt Airport located 12 km southwest of the city centre.

The Commerzbank-Arena

The Commerzbank-Arena is the official sports stadium in Frankfurt am Main.

Museums

With more than 30 museums, Frankfurt has one of the largest variety of museums in Europe.

The Altstadt (old town)

The Altstadt (old town) is the oldest city district of Frankfurt.

Exhibition area Central Railway-Station

5 km 4 km

Old-Town

12km

International Airport

Commerzbank arena

Cologne

Dortmund Frankfurt

Hamburg Bremen hannover Berlin Dresden nürnberg

Stuttgart

Munich

Climate Zone Diagram

Frankfurt is the fifth largest city of Germany and is located in the western region of Germany. Frankfurt has a population of about 800.000 inhabitants. The climate of the city is a temperate-oceanic climate. Due to its location, Frankfurt use to have cold winters and warm summers. Its average annual temperature is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), with monthly temperatures ranging from 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68.0 °F) or more in July.

Temperature-Oceanic-Climate (Cfb): C = warm temperature f = fully humid b = dry summer

Temperature oceanic climate (Cfb) Temperate continental climate (Dfb)

Cool continental climate (Dfc) Tundra climate (ET)

Warm oceanic climate (Dfa)

Visited website on 2016/09/20: http://www.t7online.com/Germany/Frankfurt.htp

Temperature

The warm season lasts from April to August with an average daily high temperature above 28°C. The cold season lasts from November to February with an average daily high temperature below 6.

Humidity

The relative humidity typically ranges from 41% (comfortable) to 99% (very humid) over the course of the year, very rarely dropping below 28% (dry) and reaching as high as 100% (very humid).

Wind

Over the course of the year, typical wind speeds vary from 8.7 mph to 16.7 mph (light air to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 17 mph (moderate breeze). The wind is blowing the most from the south west (19% of the time), south (13% of the time), east (12% of the time) and north (11% of the time). The wind is least often out of the north west (4% of the time) and south east (4% of the time).

Precipitation

The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the year. Precipitation is most likely around December 22, occurring in 50% of days. Precipitation is least likely around October 5, occurring in 29% of days.

22.5

15

7.5

0

70.0 52.5 35.0 17.5 0.00

5.3 -0.3

11.8 2.2

16.9 4.1

20.3 8.6

23.5 13.0

28.6 16.5

Temperature 5.1 0.8

28.1 16.4

19.4 10.8

Humidity 84 78 74 68 67 65 69 69 76 83 86 85

13.7 6.4

11.1 5.4

9.9 4.6

30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

30.0 22.5 15.0 7.50 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Average Min. and Max. Temperature in (°C)

90.0 67.5 45.0 22.5 0.00 January February March April May June July august September october November December

Average Humidity in (%) of Frankfurt

58.1 23.8 21.8 21.3 15.7

44.4 3

58.3 26.5

59.5 16.2

65.7 28.9

/mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Average total Precipitation in (mm) of Frankfurt

52.5

17.0 12.8 8.50 4.25 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

average 2014 2015

Wind Speed in (km/h) of Frankfurt

35

17.5

70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

mm 0

11% 10% 12% 4%

13%

19% 9% 4%

Average Wind Direction 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Wind Direction in (%) over entire Year n ne e Se S SW W nW

Hamburg Bremen hannover Berlin

Cologne

Dortmund Frankfurt

Stuttgart

Dresden nürnberg Munich

Hardiness Zone Map

Zone maps are used as tools to show where various plants can adapt and grow. Every plant must be able to survive with the existing conditions in the appropriate zone through a whole year, such as the lowest and highest temperature and the amount of rainfall.

Germany is devided into seven different hardiness zones (zone 6b to zone 9a) with average annual temperatures reaching from 3.9°C in the north to 23.3°C in the south. As shown in the map and the legend below, different colors are used to define different temperature areas. The temperature in Germany decreases from north to south. With its location in zone 8b, Frankfurt is located in one of the colder regions in Germany and has an annual average temperature from 6.7°C to 9.4°C.

Hardiness Zones

Zone 7a from 17.8°C to 15.0°C

Zone 8a from 12.2°C to 09.4°C

Zone 7b from 15.0°C to 12.2°C

Zone 9a from 06.7°C to 03.9°C

Zone 6a from 20.6°C to 17.8°C

Zone 8b from 09.4°C to 06.7°C

Zone 6b from 20.6°C to 17.8°C

Hardiness Zones of Germany

Hardiness Zone Map for the area around Frankfurt

Cologne

Zone 8a from 12.2°C to 09.4°C

Dortmund

Zone 8a from 12.2°C to 09.4°C

Frankfurt

Zone 8b from 09.4°C to 06.7°C

Mainz

Zone 8b from 09.4°C to 06.7°C

Nürnberg

Zone 7b from 15.0°C to 12.2°C

Visited website on 2016/09/22: http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-germanyplant-hardiness-zone-map-celsius.php

Dortmund

Cologne Mainz

Frankfurt

nürnberg

Annual Comfort-Zone of Frankfurt

The area surrounded by the blue lines shows the annual Comfort-Zone of Frankfurt am Main, which is calculated by various factors such as dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, the relative humidity and the humidity ratio. According to the diagram, Frankfurts comfort-zone reaches from 28% to 64% relative humidity and from 68°F to 76°F temperature.

As shown in the diagram, the population of Frankfurt feels comfortable for 531 hours a year (6.1%) without any influences from other factors like cooling or heating. These factors would expand their comfort-zone.

Program used on 2016/09/23: Climate Consultant 6

Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Day of analyse: 2016/09/23

Min. temperature: 8°C

Max. temperature: 22°C

Humidity: 67%

Dew point: 0.004 kg/kg - 0.011 kg/kg

Wet bulb: 19.5 kj/kg - 50.25 kj/kg

DEW POINT AND WET BULB

~19.5

Chart for Frankfurt 2016/09/23 8°C 22°C PSYCHOMETRIC CHART //

~50.25 ~ 0.011 ~ 0.004

Map of locations around Tongji College of Innovation & Design

The map on the right gives a quick and simple overview to the area around the Tongji College of Innovation & Design. It only contains the surrounding streets and buildings.

Fuxin Rd. AnshanRd.

1 2 3 4 5 6

College of Innovation & Design

Studio of the D&I (Fablab & CDI) Tongji Architecture Design (TJAD) Parking Lot Tongji United Plaza Construction Plant

Water System

Map of Water System at Tongji College of Innovation & Design

Water Absorption Rainwater Run Off Water Pollution

kaiserdom St. Bartholomäus

Introducti on to the selected building: Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew

The Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew is a Roman Catholic Gothic church located near the Oldtown of Frankfurt am Main. This cathedral is the largest religious building of Frankfurt and one of the major buildings of the Empire‘s history. Especially in the 19th century, it was a symbol of national unity. With its 96 meters high spire, the cathedral is a well visited and interessting viewpoint for tourists and inhabitants.

Visited website on 2016/09/30: http://www.dom-frankfurt.de/dom

Visited website on 2016/09/30: https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail. php?id=3866&_ffmpar%5B_id_inhalt%5D=32344

ORIENTATION OF WIND // INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING

Orientation of wind

Wind rose and direction of wind

The wind rose for Frankfurt am Main (right) and the diagram below show how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction. Most of the time the wind blows to Frankfurt from South-West (SW) to North-East (NE) with a speed between 5 and 19 km/h.

Program used on 2016/09/30: Climate Consultant 6

Website visited on 2016/09/30: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/ forecast/modelclimate/frankfurt-am-main_ germany_2925533

Orientation of wind

Main entrance of the building

Current position of Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew

Main entrance of the building

Rotated position of Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew by 30 degrees otherclockwise

There are three entrances at the Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew. The main entry with a little entrance hall is located on the South-West of the building. The other entries are located on the north and south side, but are only used as emergency exits and not for public use. In the actual position of the cathedral, the wind coming from the South-West can directly blow into the main entrance and flow easily through the building until it escapes at the north and south sides.

Scenario for winter season: The graphics on the left show a scenario in winter. The climate in Frankfurt depends strongly on the four seasons. Frankfurt has a warm summer with temperatures around 30°C and cold winters with a mimimum temperature around 0°C. Due to the construction and the used materials, the Cathedral of Saint Bartholmew is very cold in the inside, especially in winter! To avoid additional passive cooling by cold winds in winter, the cathedral could be rotated by 30 degrees otherclockwise. Through this rotation the cathedral, especially the main entrance, would be more protected by the cold winds and their cooling effects.

Rotation of the Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew for passive heating ORIENTATION OF WIND // ROTATION

Passive heating

Massing strategies for passive heating of Cathedral of Saint Bartolomew

Passive solar heating is one of several design approaches collectively called solar design. When combined properly, these strategies can contribute to the heating, cooling, and daylighting of nearly any building. The diagram indicate the sun path in Frankfurt am Main. The sun path shows us, that most of the heat gains and daylighting is shining directly to on the south of the building. The northern side of the building can only get a small part of daylighting from diffuse light.

Delighting Strength

heat gain

Rotated position of Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew by 30 degrees otherclockwise

Passive heating

Massing strategies for passive heating of Cathedral of Saint Bartolomew

As shown in the diagram, there are a lot of openings at the Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew. So on one hand, the natural ventilation of this building is great. On the other hand, the roof of the building is very large. Thus it can get more solar heat and daylighting, which heats up the inside of the cathedral and provides a comfortable temperature.

How many planets do we require?

Every person on our planet Earth lives a different lifestyle. Depending on our lifestyle, we require the regenerative capacity of a certain amount of plantes each year.

We calculated ours:

Max Stalter, 25 years old, was born Germany and moved to Shanghai (China) for a study abroad.

Current Footprint: 3 planets / 6.3 global hectares

Jiang Dongqi, 24 years old, was born in China and lives in Shanghai (China) right now.

Current Footprint: 1 planet / 1.8 global hectares

Yibo Fu, 24 years old, was born in China and lives in Shanghai (China) right now.

Current Footprint: 1.4 planets / 2.5 global hectares

Worlds average biocapacity is 1.8 global hectares per person each year.

Website visited on 2016/10/12: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/ GFN/page/calculators/

Footprints

3.0 Planets 1.0 Planets 1.4 Planets

Worlds average of 1.8

A detailed look to our use of global hectares

6.3 global hectares Jiang Dongqi 1.8 global hectares Yibo

Max Stalter

Fu 2.5 global hectares

Our Ecological Footprint is composed of six different components. As a collective these components form our footprint.

Energy land: The Energy land is the area of the forest needed to store our carbon emission.

Cropland: The Cropland is the farmers area required to grow crop products, including food for our livestock.

Grazing land: The grazing land is used as the area of grassland, which is necessary to support our livestock.

Forest area: The forest provides us wood, so the forest is necessary for all goods that are made out of wood or contains wood.

Energy land Forest area Grazing land Fishing grounds

Built-up area Cropland

Built-up area Cropland Energy land Forest area Grazing land Fishing grounds

Built-up area Cropland Energy land Forest area Grazing land Fishing grounds

Built-up area: The built-up area means the area of land covered by human infrastructure.

Fishing grounds: Fishing gorunds are necessary to support all kinds of seafood you eat.

Visited website on 2016/10/12: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/ GFN/page/calculators/

How to improve our Ecological Footprint?

Everyones footprint is determed by certain personal and social aspects. Personal aspects are including food, mobility or goods we consume. These aspects are part of our lifestyle and can by easily and directly influenced by ourself. If we choose to eat less meat or to take the bike instead of the car or to consume less clothes, it influences our footprint.

But a each footprint is also influenced by social factors, suchs as governement assistance, infrastructure or public services. These aspects can‘t be changed (or only very hardly changed) directly by ourself.

So if we aim for sustainability, we need to mainly focus on our own lifestyle while our governements needs to take steps for more resource efficiency.

Website visited on 2016/10/12: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/ GFN/page/calculators/

korea (1) Cambodia (1) China (1) Vietnam (1)

korea (1) Cambodia (1) China (2)

Bangladesh (2) China (3) Vietnam (3) Spain (1) China (2)

Shoes (> 10.000 km)

Trousers (> 0.0 km)

Jacket (> 0.600 km)

T-Shirt (> 2.000 km)

Where are your clothes made, Yibo Fu?

The graphics to the left show where my clothes are from. As i expected, many of my clothes are made in Asia, which is usual because it is cheap to produce them there. The relevant countries for my items are especially China and Vietnam. China is the country where i come from and where i life and Vietnam is just a neighboring country, that means that my clothes didnt need to be shipped a long distance. Items that are produced in Europe, like one pair of my shoes, are more expensive than in Asia. This is due to better working conditions and higher wages and due to the shipping costs.

For my exchange abroad in Shanghai i only took a few of my clothes with me. On the left you can see all items i brought to Shanghai. Most of them are made in Asia, mainly in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam or China. There are many reasons, companies produces their clothes in Asia, such as easy and low working conditions, faster workers, longer working times and a extremly low wage for the workers compaired to Europe. All these aspects influences the manufacturing costs, which is the main reason for a production in Asia. Even if they have to be shipped worldwide, all the items cause only minimum costs for the companies. As shown in the map some of the clothes were shipped more than 11.000 km, just to make the final consumer happy.

Bangladesh (10) India (5) Indonesia (1)

Bangladesh (1) Morocco (1) USA (1) China (1)

Bangladesh (1) Pakistan (4) Vietnam (4) Indonesia (1) China (2)

Pullover (> 7.000 km)

Shoes (> 8.000 km)

T-Shirt(>9.000km)

T-Shirt(>11.000km)

Where are your clothes made, Max Stalter?

China (5) Japan (2) USA (2) China (2) Japan (1)

China (4) Vietnam (1) China (1) Vietnam (2)

Pullover (> 11.000 km)

Trousers (> 0.0 km)

T-Shirt (> 1.500 km)

Shoes (> 2.000 km)

Where are your clothes made, Jiang Dongqi?

As you can see in the graphics on the left, the most of my clothes are made in Asia, especially in China or neighboring countries as Vietnam or Japan. That means many of my items didn‘t need to be shipped by ship or airplane, because they are produced local. Even if the conditions for asian workers are very bad and they only earn a minimum wage, my clothes don‘t need to be shipped and so there is no high extra cost for transportation and there is no unnecessary CO2 emission at least.

The graphics on the left illustrates how many slaves are working for the products we use and the goods we consume in our everyday life. To be honest, even 1 is too much. We need to change that! And we can by consuming less clothes, unnecessary gadgets, electronics, toys, cosmetics and others.

Rethink what you are buying to change our world!

21

Number of slaves for the average of your age (male):

Number of slaves for the average of Munich (Germany):

Number of slaves for the average of mother in the Uk:

35 36 40

Number of slaves for the average of your age (male):

Number of slaves for the average of Shanghai (China):

Number of slaves for the average of mother in the Uk:

35 40 40

Number of slaves for the average of your age (male):

35 40 40

Number of slaves for the average of mother in the Uk:

Life-Circle of a razor

The manufactoring process to produce a razor is very simple compared to ohther everyday products. Such a razor is mainly made out of plastic, which is used for the handle. To produce this handle, plastic granules are melted and pressed into a prescribed form. Afterwards the plastic gets cooled down and becomes static. The amount of plastic in a simple razor is about 65% or higher.

Other materials used in the production are steel and rubber. Steel is mainly needed for the blades and partly needed for the handle in some cases. Usually the handle is partly covered with a layer of rubber to guarantee a good grip while shaving. This helps to avoid injuries from the blades.

Once a razor is used up, it gets thrown in the trash, but this product can be easily recycled by just seperating the different materials. The seperated plastic and steel gets melted again and they are ready for a new use!

Visited website on 2016/10/19: http://www.greatrecovery.org.uk/resources/3682/

Life Cycle Assessment

The hardest part of this whole process is the data gathering. In this case it wasn‘t very easy to see what materials the product contains and how it is exactly manufactured (as the big manufacturing companies wouldn’t disclose this information), so some of the data had to be assumed. This obviously makes the results less accurate, but it can still be used as a general indicator of impact.

In the whole system (including manufacturing, use and disposal), the most important LCA generating factors are the material, the packaging and the disposal. There are usually no long distances of transport, so the factor of transport is the lowest on the LCA Chart.

Material g % Where used

Stainless Steel Plastic ePDM rubber Total

12.3 31.2 3.5 47.0

26.1% 66.4% 7.5% 100%

Body and Blades Body Grip on Handle

Manufacturing use Transport Disposal

Stamping Steel Electrolytic Chromium Plating PP extrusion Steel Low Alloy Manufacturing / Extrusion Aluminium

Website visited on 2016/10/19: http://www.greatrecovery.org.uk/resources/3682/

mPT

6.75

4.5

2.1 WHOLE SYSTEM // LCA CHART 23

Landfill LCA chart for razor mPT 0

9.00 6.75 4.5 2.25 0.00

2.25

LCA Chart for Razor 7 0.8

8.4 2.1 0.8

8.4 7.3 3.3

7.3 3.3

7 Disposal Transport use Material Manufacture Packaging

9 Disposal Transport Use Material Manufacture packaging

Brainstorming to improve the Life Cycle

We have tried many methods to improve the life cycle. As you can see in the graphics on the left, we devolped four improvements. In our first improvement, we focused on the recycling process to improve the whole disposal and every step after the use. In our second solution, we tried to improve the packaging by reduce the materials of the packaging. And in improvement 3, we changed the materials. The chart shows that reducing the packaging process and the changing the materials makes the most sense. And finally we put all our measures together in our final solution.

Biomimicry Thinking

The Octopus (Octopodidae)

We have chosen the Octopus for this task, because they have numerous stategies and characteristics for defending themselves and surviving in the wirde ocean. Octopuses inhabit coral reefs, shallow water and ocean ground. They have only a few very dangerous anemies (inlcuding humans, which hunt them as food). Octopuses are very smart animals, they know how to avoid danger or threads and developed some life pricipals to sustain their species. The following three quality characteristics are the most important ones and guarantee any Octopuses safety in their habitat. The priciples of these quality characteristics are also used in some of our everyday products.

Visited website on 2016/10/17: http://www.weichtiere.at/kopffuesser/octopus.html

Important quality characteristics of an Octopus

Three quality characteristics guarantee any Octopuses safety and are necessary to avoid danger and to survive in their habitat. The priciples of these quality characteristics are also used in some of our everyday products.

Tentacles with suction cups:

Every Octupus owns 8 tentacles with which they are balancing their bodies in the water, catching their prey and suck their bodies on objects like corals or stones. This is achieved through many suction cups on the bottom of the tentacles. This suction cups have an enormous number of of nerve cells and are capable of sending the octopus accurate information about scanned shapes, materials and colors. They also can nestle to their counterpart and create a safe hold and a good grip by vacuum.

Camouflage:

Octopuses are equipped with a unique skin. Thanks to this skin and the nerve cells in their suction cups, they can change their color and perfectly blend with their environment. Once they are merged with the environment, they are nearly invisible to any creature approaching. This applies both to prey and enemies.

Ink:

If the camouflage but once was not good enough and the octupus gets discovered by a threat, he can use a certain weapon to fight back. Octopuses have a gland which is filled with a black liquid. When they feel threatened, they spread this liquid like a dark cloud in front of them and can escape unseen.

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.unep.org/

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.igea-un.org/

Website visited on 2016/10/19 https://www3.epa.gov

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.godac.jp/index.html

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.wwf.de

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.greenpeace.de

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.nrdc.cn/

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://tnc.org.cn/

Website visited on 2016/10/19 www.caepi.org.cn/#

Website visited on 2016/10/19 http://www.foe.org/