K. Verreault Environmental Portfolio

ENVIRONMENTAL PORTFOLIO

SPRING 2022 | SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS KATIE VERREAULT

SECTION 01 - INTRODUCTION

ABOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MY FOOTPRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 02 - COTE BUILDING

INTRO: DESIGN GOALS AND STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SITE ANALYSIS MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BUILDING PLAN + SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DIPTYCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTEGRATED DESIGN SKETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SITE HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEMOGRAPHICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACCESSIBILITY MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CATASTROPHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CLIMATE CONSULTANT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PRECEDENT STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PRECEDENT INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 03 - COTE SUPERSPREADSHEET

00 - INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

01 - INTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

02 - COMMUNITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

01 02-03 05 06-09 10-11 12-13 14 15-16 17 18 19 20-25 26-27 28-29 31 32-33 34-37 OCEANIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE | KATIE VERREAULT I

03 - ECOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

04 - WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

05 - ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

06 - ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

06 - ENERGY - WWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

07 - WELLNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

08 - RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

08 - TALLY AND EC3 ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

09 - CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 - DISCOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64-65

SECTION 04 - SOURCES

SOURCES CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38-39 40-41 42-45 46-47 48-49 50-51 52-53 54-57 58-59 60-61 66 67

SECTION 01

INTRODUCTION

Katie Verreault

BORN AND RAISED Scarborough, Maine

CURRENTLY RESIDING North End, Boston

EDUCATION > Boston Architectural College > Wentworth Institute of Technology > Thornton Academy, Saco, ME

EXPERIENCE > Independent Consultant, Remote > Timothy Burke Architecture, Boston, MA > MJM Architects, Nashville, TN

Hiking

Photography ACHIEVEMENTS: > 2020 - Architectural Competition Winner, Wentworth Institute of Technology > 2020 Title IX Club T-Shirt Design Contest Winner > 2019 - Commonwealth Coast AllConference Third Team Player > 2018 - Recognition in Thornton Academy’s Art Magazine

HEY THERE!

My name is Katie, and I’m an architecture student at Boston Architectural College.

I am a Maine native, which instilled my appreciation for nature and my love for all things outdoors including (but not limited to...) skiing, hiking, camping, swimming, and more.

I have always lived in New England, but for my first internship, I decided to look elsewhere.

In the spring of 2020, I moved to Nashville, Tennessee where I worked three jobs.

For months I pushed myself while still making enough time to enjoy the place I was fortunate enough to live in.

I knew nobody there, and the experience taught me to be more independent and self-sufficient than I could imagine.

My time in Nashville is integral to who I am now and enlightened me on how to achieve my goals.

As an architect, I hope to one day create affordable and sustainable architecture that goes beyond LEED certifications.

In this portfolio, you will find my work from the Spring semester of 2022 in the Sustainable Systems class, taught by Mary Polites.

Hopefully you will find that my work and findings from this semester are a step in the right direction, as I believe them to be.

MY FOOTPRINT

MY CARBON FOOTPRINT

Carbon Footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc. (Oxford Dictionary)

SUMMARY

My annual carbon footprint is below the national average of 18,435 lbs/year at 16,240 lbs/year.

This did not surprise me, because I use Blue Bikes for transportation, or I walk. I live in an apartment, so most things are within walking distance.

My heating and electric bills have been no

more than $80 on average for a two-bed bedroom in the Historic North End.

In the future, I do plan on being more aware of the resources I do use. For example, I live in an older building with significant heat loss at the window openings.

By covering them in a energy-retaining film in winters, and being aware of how long I leave windows open in summers with the AC on, hopefully I can reduce my footprint.

EXHIBIT 01 SOURCE

United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Footprint Calculator: https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprintcalculator/

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

Ecological footprint is the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. (Oxford Dictionary)

SUMMARY

The results of this pole did surprise me, as I thought I was already fairly conscious of my footprint. While my score is not terrible, there is still room for improvement.

I buy my food from Misfits Markets, which salvages “bad” organic produce from places like Whole Foods that find the product too small, large, or dis-formed for their liking. I am not a vegetarian, though.

I have Energy Star Appliances and LED lights in my apartment, most of which are motion sensor. It is an older building I live in, so there may be some discrepancies.

I have been doing my laundry with cold water and using dehydrated detergent sheets, which are more environmentally friendly than normal detergents and their bulky plastic containers.

I do aspire to live a smaller more minimalist life after graduating, so hopefully this reduced my footprint.

EXHIBIT 02 SOURCE

Global Footprint Network Ecological Footprint Calculator: https://www. footprintcalculator.org/home/en

EXHIBIT 01: MY CARBON FOOTPRINT

SECTION 02

COTE BUILDING

http://www.bostonharborbeacon.com/2013/07/07/nahant/

OCEANIC

SITE GOALS

RESEARCH

INSTITUTE, NAHANT, MA

STRATEGY

This project for Studio 03 details the plans to prepare the Nahant community for inevitable and catastrophic climate changes by utilizing the defensive style of the decommissioned military Fort Ruckman + transforming it into a hub of resources + information. Located near Baileys Point, Nahant; the new ORI will host informational galleries, laboratories, a hurricane shelter/evacuation plan + more.

INFORMED DESIGN

By transforming the fort that exists currently, this site will embody the spirit of Nahant by celebrating its past, all while preparing for the future sustainability.

PB3 Power Buoy

> “The PB3 PowerBuoy® supplies power continuously to on-board payloads or equipment located on the seabed while also providing real time data transfer and communication to remote shore facilities.” -Ocean Power Technologies.

Rainwater Collection

> To supplement the Power Buoy, the plans for rainwater collection allow for designated pools of it to flow through a turbine, capturing its energy before the water runs into takes for anything from watering the garden to providing the water in the restroom toilets.

Public Gardens and Galleries

> This site aims to be run by the town of Nahant, with the research institute occupying a specific portion of it. This is so in the heat of summer and cool of winter, visitors are free (and more apt) to enter and be thermally comfortable while enjoying the galleries of the institute’s research, as well as some local art by PangeaSeed.

Pavegen Tiles

> The purpose of making entering the site as desirable as possible is not only to encourage residents to get informed through the galleries, but to encourage as much foot traffic as possible. This is because it will be floored with Pavegen, whose tiles create 3.5 Joules per step.

EXHIBIT 03: FORT RUCKMAN

EXHIBIT 04: POWERBUOY

NAHANT SECTION XX | NAME OF SECTION 07 OCEANIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE | KATIE VERREAULT

BAY | COTE BUILDING

INTEGRATED DESIGN SKETCH - BAILEY’S POINT

The design aims to utilize as much of the site-specific resources as possible. Due to the nature of the site, the passive approaches are similar those of an Earthship (architecture that behaves as a passive solar earth shelter comprised of both natural and up-cycled materials). The diagram to the right details some of these existing conditions which are utilized.

UTILIZED PASSIVE OPTIONS

Earth Tubing

> Because of the nature of the site, earth tubing would be ideal and likely easier than in most situations to achieve. It passively heats and cools an interior by running air from the earth through a tube in the ground. This tube is at a specific depth that allows the thermal qualities of earth to do the work.

PowerBuoy

> Provides energy from waves

Rainwater Collection

> Provides energy and water for site restrooms and garden hose

Pavegen tiles

> Provides energy through steps

Solar

> At few moments in the garden areas, solar panels plan to be installed to proved energy from the sun.

HISTORY OF NAHANT

The following information about the history of Nahant is provided by the town via their website, nahant.org.

Located in Essex County, Massachusetts, Nahant is a resort town with rocky coasts. It is a peninsula just south of Lynn and is surrounded on three sides by the Atlantic.

It has a rich history of family groups and diverse individuals who share a commitment to the island community.

Nahant was used in colonial days as a grazing areas for cattle, sheep and goat flocks which were owned by Lynn residents. Nahant became a maritime community shortly after. Settlers were granted land for homes but only if they spent some of their time fishing as well.

“By 1657, Nahant was laid out in planting lots of equal shares for all residents of Lynn with the requirement that all lots were to be cleared of wood in 6 years...

This mandate effectively stripped Nahant of all its first growth woodlands...

The town became a resort center with visitors staying in boarding houses or private homes. The first hotel was built by 1803, and in 1817, a steamboat sailed from Boston to Nahant daily...

By 1826, a stage from the Nahant Hotel connected twice a day with coaches running between Boston and Salem.”

Fishing and shoe shops were the major businesses aside from agriculture.

By the 1840’s the town was celebrated as the summer resort of Boston’s elite.

By the end of the 19th century there was a shift toward residences, much different than its resort-ridden past.

Currently, Nahant has removed almost all of its farming and industrial activity.

EXHIBIT 05:VICTORIAN HOTEL NAHANT

EXHIBIT 06: HISTORIC NAHANT EXHIBIT 08: GATHERING AT COAST EXHIBIT 07: HISTORIC NAUTICAL MAP

SITE HISTORY

FORT RUCKMAN

> Built in 1904-1907

> Guns installed 1922-1923

> Approximately 45 acres

> Ideal for protecting the northern approaches to Boston Harbor.

> Housed the Group Command post for the northern district of the harbor defenses of Boston as well the two longrange 12-inch guns of Battery Gardner (Exhibit 9.5) during WWII.

> Guns elevated up to 35 degrees and giving a maximum range of ~17 miles.

> At the beginning of WW2, Battery Gardner’s guns were covered with reinforced concrete casemates (Exhibit

9.5) reducing their range, but making them much better protected from attack.

> Each gun had a total weight of 151 tons.

> Centers of the two gun positions roughly 425 ft. apart.

> On the surface of the now-buried galleries are a large concrete chimneys that ventilate the galleries.

> A cemesto building housed four observation bays and provided an observation post for Fire Command

> In 1947, the Army declared that it had no use for the Fort and thus decomissioned it.

> Source: vcoastdefense.com.

EXHIBIT 09: FORT CONSTRUCTION

DEMOGRAPHICS

Population: 3,334 (2020)

ORIGINS/AVERAGE EARNINGS

67.39% of residents were born in Nahant. 91.72% were born in america, 8.28% are foreign-born, 6.34% are naturalized, and 1.94% are not yet naturalized. According to this same report, the average earnings of Nahant is $69,356, with the average male making $82,440 and the average female making $52,667. This puts most of the area in the Middle Class.

EXHIBIT 11: NAHANT TODAY AERIAL

ACCESSIBILITY

WALK SCORE: 16%

Nahant is a peninsula of 15.48 square miles. It offers a variety of nature and historic trails for residents to enjoy, but the 2 mile isthmus connecting Nahant to Lynn gives it a very low walking score.

TRANSIT SCORE: 0%

There are a few local bus stops, but overall, it is hard to live here without owning a car. The site is at one of the furthest points from mainland, adding to this isolation.

BIKE SCORE: 30%

With the few bike paths Nahant has (only the one connecting Fort Ruckman to Nahant Short Beach), it earns a low score of 30% for bike accessibility.

INSTITUTE | KATIE VERREAULT

CATASTROPHE PLANS FOR CHANGE

This map details the inundation cause by Category 01-04 storm surges.

The population of Nahant is 3,334 (2020). The target occupant density of shelters is 20sqft per able-bodied occupant in the event of a hurricane. (ICC)

By multiplying 20sqft/occupant by the population, it was found that the square footage needed to accommodate all residents is 66,680sqft. The ~30,000 sqft Fort can’t accommodate this.

The area of Nahant is 15.48 square miles, making the population density approximately 228 persons per square mile. Calculations using this data concluded that a target area of 6.58 miles contained the maximum number residents that this site could accommodate.

“Little Nahant” (the island mid-isthmus between mainland Lynn and Nahant) is what puts the population over capacity. These residents (already closest to Lynn) are to travel inland in this scenario.

NAHANT MONTHLY WIND DATA

ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004 USING PMV

BOSTON-LOGAN INTL AP, MA, USA EPW STATION DATA

WEATHER DATA

The passive approaches utilized in this project are a result of a thorough climate analysis completed with Climate Consultant. The following maps detail what information was found.

ANALYSIS

This wind data chart details how cold, humid, strong, and fast winds are from each direction. It is utilized to inform the placement of openings, which can help passively heat and cool the interior when used correctly.

NAHANT MONTHLY TEMPERATURE RANGE

ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004 USING PMV BOSTON-LOGAN INTL AP, MA, USA EPW STATION DATA

ANALYSIS

This temperature data was used to inform when the local temperatures are within a comfortable range. For 4-5 months of the year, heating techniques are necessary. In the remaining months, cooling techniques will be needed. These are further explained in following pages.

NAHANT MONTHLY GROUND TEMPERATURES

ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004 USING PMV BOSTON-LOGAN INTL AP, MA, USA EPW STATION DATA

ANALYSIS

The previous data is paired with this data in a way, because when we know the ground temperature, we have an idea of when to open or close the earth tube inlets to the interior. Most of the fort is under nearly 20 feet of topsoil, so the thermal qualities of the earth will help to insulate the interior, lending to fewer active systems needed to maintain a desirable interior temperature.

NAHANT MONTHLY SKY COVERAGE RANGE

ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004 USING PMV BOSTON-LOGAN INTL AP, MA, USA EPW STATION DATA

ANALYSIS

Paired with research on local solar irradiance, this information helps inform if/when solar is a good option. This information is important for this site given that a majority of it is underground.

NAHANT PSYCHOMETRIC CHART PLANS FOR CHANGE

ANALYSIS

This chart is a psychometric chart, which is a graphical presentation of physical and thermal properties of moist air. For the purposes of this project, it is understood that there is a slight variation in the nearby data from Logan Airport used since a majority of this site is underground. Therefore, the internal air is already cooler and less humid than the air above ground.

While this chart identifies that the interior is thermally comfortable without active systems around 10.3% of the time, we can assume this percentage would be higher. The top two areas for improvement based on this chart are listed as #16 and #9 (heating, add humidification if needed + internal heat gain.)

HSU HOUSE / EPIPHYTE LAB PRECEDENT ANALYSIS

ARCHITECT’S STATEMENT

“The HSU House is a small home designed using passive solar principles to create an inexpensive, ecologically sensitive, energy efficient dwelling for a growing young family... The volume is divided by an interior south facing cast-in-place concrete heat sink mass wall, which stores energy and animates light, creating an all season solarium that, in the summer, opens and unfolds into the natural landscape.” -EL

THERMAL MASS

“ Masonry floors, walls and/or ceilings absorb and store daytime solar heat in winter for release at night.

A large portion of the sunlight (heat gain) admitted into a space during the daytime must be stored inside the same space for release during the nighttime hours.

To store a portion of the heat gained, construct walls, floors and/or ceilings

of masonry at a minimum 4 inches in thickness, with an exposed ‘surface area to solar glazing area ratio’ of 3:1 to 9:1.

The higher the ratio, the more heat stored and stable the indoor temperature becomes. Make ceilings and lightweight construction a light color, walls any color, and floors a medium to dark color. For exterior masonry walls, locate insulation on the exterior side of the wall so the masonry is exposed to the interior.” -2030

APPLICATION

By maintining the existing, exposed concrete structure and creating ramps out of concrete at the Guns, the Fort will have solar gains from morning until noon, while the ORI will have them from late morning through most of the evening. The increased sun exposure during the cooler seasons should be enough to passively heat the Guns. The topsoil’s insulative qualities will also help to retain any of the heat gained from solar or occupation.

INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY AND NATURE RESEARCH / STEFAN BEHNISCH

PRECEDENT ANALYSIS

ARCHITECT’S STATEMENT

“ This EU pilot project [creates] a multilayered framework that is capable of responding to the multitude of demands in such a research establishment. The design’s deliberate aesthetic imperfection is an appeal to an unmediated, primarily sensory experience of architecture. The project was realized within a standard budget demonstrating that durable and sustainable building techniques can be applied without additional costs.” -SB

“

SUNSPACE

Located or integrated along the solar façade of a building heats itself and adjacent spaces in winter, a sunspace is heated by direct sunlight with heat transferred to adjacent spaces through a common mass wall. Use wall openings, windows, or doors to transfer additional heat between spaces. Size the sun space glazing area (facing the equator) as a percentage of the floor area of adjacent space to be heated:

Cold Climates

30% at 28º – 40º latitude 40% at 44º – 56º latitude

Temperate Climates

20% at 28º – 40º latitude 30% at 44º – 56º latitude

Make the common mass wall

8 – 12 in thick for adobe 0 – 14 in thick for brick 12 – 18 in thick for concrete” -CC

APPLICATION

In this project, the grading was altered to create a natural ramp leading to a flat landing in front of both Guns. These Guns were retrofitted with insulated, storm-rated curtain wall systems that can be operated by the users. As mentioned previously, the concrete re-purposed (in this case painted or polished) helps to create a thermally massive space, much like a sunspace. The goal is to remain as passive as possible while also creating functional spaces.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE

PLANS FOR CHANGE

ANALYSIS

Because of the nature of this site, the top two areas for improvement are less severe considering the homeostatic qualities of the earth tubing mechanisms that will be used. Still, the solar gains and Pavegen foot traffic hope to provide enough electricity to fully supply power for all needed active heating. If not, the two strategies here can be implemented in the following ways:

INTERNAL HEAT GAIN

Utilizing thermally massive materials for flooring and wall coverings at the only two areas with sun exposure will decrease heating costs. This is because these materials absorb the sun’s warmth to release at night , and the night’s “coolth” to release during the day.

The existing overhang and vegetation downhill will help provide the needed sun shading in the summer, but provide a barrier-free path for the sun to reach the interior in the winters since the leaves will have fallen, and the winter sun angle is sharp.

HEATING/HUMIDIFICATION

Passive heating techniques include those mentioned above, while passive humidification may include operable windows at the top to let heat escape. The subterranean site will inherently be less humid than the exterior.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE

PLANS FOR CHANGE

ANALYSIS

Because of the nature of this site, the top two areas for improvement are less severe considering the homeostatic qualities of the earth tubing mechanisms that will be used. Still, the solar gains and Pavegen foot traffic hope to provide enough electricity to fully supply power for all needed active heating. If not, the two strategies here can be implemented in the following ways:

INTERNAL HEAT GAIN

Utilizing thermally massive materials for flooring and wall coverings at the only two areas with sun exposure will decrease heating costs. This is because these materials absorb the sun’s warmth to release at night , and the night’s “coolth” to release during the day.

The existing overhang and vegetation downhill will help provide the needed sun shading in the summer, but provide a barrier-free path for the sun to reach the interior in the winters since the leaves will have fallen, and the winter sun angle is sharp.

HEATING/HUMIDIFICATION

Passive heating techniques include those mentioned above, while passive humidification may include operable windows at the top to let heat escape. The subterranean site will inherently be less humid than the exterior.

SECTION 03

COTE SPREADSHEET

00 INTRODUCTION

SITE ANALYSIS

The COTE® Super Spreadsheet is a tool for calculating and understanding the metrics that make up the COTE Top Ten Framework.

The COTE Top Ten Toolkit is a resource, accessible to all architects, that closes the information gap to designing high performing, equitable, beautiful buildings. The toolkit is designed to provide relevant, general guidance to architects incorporating deep green principles from the beginning of every project.

The first step of completing this super spreadsheet is the introduction of basic site information. This information is from the Oceanic Research Institute below and above ground.

01 INTEGRATION

SITE ANALYSIS

Sustainability strategies can affect and involve multiple COTE measures. This chart below represents the interconnectivity of the COTE measures, and the ones in green are those utilized.

The big idea of this project is to prepare the Nahant community for the inevitable catastrophic climate changes by renovating the decommissioned military fort, Fort Ruckman. Located near Baileys

Point, Nahant, the plans in the making (as of 2/9/22) are to create informational spaces, such as galleries showing the protection and work of the Oceanic Research Institute workers that the public

can browse through. The plans are also to utilize the existing defensive style of architecture to prepare for future flood projections, making it an emergency shelter with evacuation routes.

The community tab is meant to study the level of access and engagement that the site offers to the community.

For this project, the existing walk, transit, and bike scores are very low. The changes made increase walk, transit, and bike scores to the site, but not the surrounding area. Simply by adding a bus stop, bike and vehicle parking, and increasing access over/through the steep hill of the site all aim to increase these very low existing transit scores.

It is assumed that around half of the 50 ORI researchers will reside in the Fort while working here, with the other half commuting.

The next few pages will describe this tab in more detail.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

Based upon COTE’s chosen resource for citizen engagement, the Oceanic Research Institute and its public spaces aim to be considered a partnership between administrators and citizens.

The website, , explains this relationship as, “redistributed [power] through negotiation between citizens and powerholders. They agree to share planning and decision-making responsibilities through such structures as joint policy boards, planning committees and mechanisms for resolving impasses. After the groundrules have been established through some form of give-and-take, they are not subject to unilateral change.

Partnership can work most effectively when there is an organized powerbase in the community to which the citizen leaders are account-able...With these ingredients, citizens have some genuine bargaining influence over the outcome of the plan (as long as both parties find it useful to maintain the partnership). One community leader described it ‘like coming to city hall with hat on head instead of in hand.’”

This site is determined to be a partnerships because the retrofitting of the Fort is more so for the community than it is for the Oceanic Research Institute.

The subterranean portion of this site will be used for community engagement, and also to serve as a Hurricane Shelter for the inhabitants of the far left of Nahant.

After project completion, the majority of the site plans to remain community engagement besides the above-ground research institute on the south side of the hill. The main goal is to repurpose this site as an informative center.

This was an integral to the project, because while the ORI workers conduct research, they create galleries and interactive exhibits for the community to learn more about how to reduce their footprint, and how that footprint is related to the potentially catastrophic events that could submerge most of Nahant.

SOURCE: https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherryarnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation. html

ACCESSIBILITY PLANS

This map, shown previously, illustrates the current and proposed access routes. By increasing access to the site, the hope is that more people will visit, and hopefully learn something about how they can prepare for the future, and what actions they perform may be exacerbating the imminent situation.

03 ECOLOGY SITE ANALYSIS

The existing site lies nearly completely under topsoil and native vegetation.

The existing paving is to be removed because it is unnecessary, it will be replaced with TurfStone to make it more permeable and eco-friendly.

By keeping the exiting area nearly as-is, the biodiversity, soil conversation, carbon sequestration, and habitat conservation will inherently be part of the design.

Bird safety was considered when thinking of utilizing wind energy on site. Windmills are a saftey issue, so the PowerBouy was decided on for its safer collection of power through wave energy.

The site will comply with even the strictest dark sky laws as the day program lies underground. Whichever lights are above ground are solar-powered and down-lit.

Plantings

Green roof area 40,772 sf 30,000 sf

Building footprint area 40,772 sf 30,000 sf

Surface parking area 1,000 sf 100 sf

Area of additional on site hardscapes 1,000 sf 100 sf

Area of the total site that is vegetated 404,577 sf 406,377 sf Site Area 406,577 sf 406,577 sf

Percent vegetated 99.5% 100.0%

Increase in Percent of vegetated area -0.4%

Area of the total site covered by native plants- Post Development 436,667 sf

Area of the total site covered by turf grass - Post Development 77,856 sf

Native plantings - Percent of vegetated area 107.9%

Turf grass - Percent of Site 19.2%

Native plantings - Percent of site 107.4%

- Level of Ecological Design

WATER

Estimation

Proposed Design

WATER TAB

The site also reclaims the grey water from hand-washing etc. for use in the gardens below. Besides this, the Jellyfish Bargestyle evaporative plant feeding system is placed in the living shoreline marshland. More information on this can be found at www.pnat.net/jellyfish barge

This barge aims to provide beach patrons with food in normal operation, and help to provide the Fort-shelter with food in the event of a hurricane.

Month Demand1 Potable Rainwater

January 0 -1,388,670 1,378,670 10,000 277,734 1,378,670 10,000

February 0 -1,170,615 1,160,615 10,000 234,123 1,160,615 10,000

March 0 -1,364,051 1,354,051 10,000 272,810 1,354,051 10,000

April 0 -1,276,125 1,266,125 10,000 255,225 1,266,125 10,000

May 0 -1,149,513 1,139,513 10,000 229,903 1,139,513 10,000

June 0 -1,142,479 1,132,479 10,000 228,496 1,132,479 10,000

July 0 -1,086,207 1,076,207 10,000 217,241 1,076,207 10,000

August 0 -1,195,234 1,185,234 10,000 239,047 1,185,234 10,000

September 0 -1,230,404 1,220,404 10,000 246,081 1,220,404 10,000

October 0 -1,342,949 1,332,949 10,000 268,590 1,332,949 10,000

November 0 -1,409,772 1,399,772 10,000 281,954 1,399,772 10,000 December 0 -1,321,847 1,311,847 10,000 264,369 1,311,847 10,000 Total (gal) 0 -15,077,864 14,957,864 120,000 3,015,573 14,957,864 120,000

3 Reclaimed grey/black 3 Potable2 Rainwater 3 Reclaimed grey/black 3

05 ECONOMY SITE ANALYSIS

By looking at the cost to construct and operate this building system, as well as the building efficiency, we can see how retrofitting the existing Fort was a good economical option. Few alterations were made to the Fort that were costly, but imperative to make this place for researching and living double as a hurricane shelter.

Even after altering the landscape and completing the project, the site is nearly completely covered with vegetationmaking it nearly invisible from above.

APERTURES: =SKYLIGHTS =VEGETATED ATRIUM

HEAT MAPS SITE ANALYSIS

By comparing the heat map of the regular building use versus the hurricane shelter use, we can see how the public and private interact. These maps also show where PaveGen tiles can/should be used, in this case: The Gallery, Guns, and Dining Hall. Using the average occupancy of each scenario, the PaveGen tiles would be able to generate the following energy:

Gallery Density Normal Times:

Gallery Density Hurricane Scenario:

Gallery Density Average:

Gallery PaveGen Potential:

Dining Density Normal Times:

Dining Density Hurricane Scenario:

Dining Density Average:

Dining PaveGen Potential:

Site PaveGen Potential:

NORMAL SCENARIO

APERTURES: =SKYLIGHTS =VEGETATED ATRIUM SL VA

MATERIAL STUDY SITE ANALYSIS

MATERIAL: Cross-laminated timber SOURCE: StructureCraft Builders Inc Abbotsford, BC, V2T 6B1, Canada COST: $55.00/SF (Source: CLT COSTS)

The graphic below diagrams where the few materials used are located. The original Fort remains, but 16 skylight apertures were drilled into the top of it. Additionally, a central courtyard was carved out, and three vegetated atriums with outdoor access were added within.

The dimensional lumber wall system is intended to make the space feel larger by placing them vertically and 3.5” apart. Within this wall system, there are 131 hidden bunks that can be folded down, and a closet containing the necessariy amenities for those beds.

The existing floors are to be polished. These floors were kept for their thermal qualities at the exposed areas.

The existing walls are to be painted white, with few areas containing PangeaSeed environmental awareness murals.

The PaveGen floors are to be at the Dinings Hall and Galleries.

All glazing exposed ot the elements are double-pane IGU systems.

NOTES: Cast-in-place reinforced concrete is significantly less expensive than CLT (Source: CLT COSTS) primarily because CLT is not a local material. Infact, it is mostly fabricated in the Pacfiic Northwest. Because of this and the recent rising prices for CLT and other lumber products, this site only used CLT in the above-ground extension of the fort, where it was deemed aesthetically necessary to further relate it to the surrounding natural landscape.

MATERIAL: Cast-in-place reinforced

SOURCE: Prime Concrete + Sitework, 570 East First Street 1st Floor Boston, MA 02127 $10.00/SF (Source: CIP

As mentioned previously, this material is the much more cost-effective choice. Given that the site is already made of this material, it was chosen to help repair and retrofit the existing subterranean fort. The concrete additions can be seen at the above/below ground ORI connection stair, the above-ground ORI slab, the courtyard reinforcement, and the south entrance tunnel.

MATERIAL: Double-pane IGU curtain wall systems

SOURCE: Boston Glass Group, 801 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467

COST: $32.00/SF (Source: IGU COSTS)

NOTES: This source describes the cost of a pair of 3’0”x7’0” storefront doors to be $2,100. With 5 pairs of these used, the doors alone add $10,500. The average cost per SF is around $30.00/SF. These costs make the floor-to-ceiling curtain walls at both guns, the two storefront assemblies at either end of the courtyard, and the ORI entrance one of the most expensive endeavors.

- IGU SYSTEM (DOUBLE PANE)

- PAINTED CONCRETE (WHITE)

- POLISHED CONCRETE

- STEEL (POWDER-COATED)

- 4IN. PAVEGEN FLOORING

- WOOD DIMENSIONAL LUMBER

- WALL/BUNK SYSTEM

- WOOD (WHITE OAK)

- SINGLE-GLAZED PARTITION

- FROSTED GLASS RESTROOM

- PARTITIONS

- CLT STRUCTURE

- EARTH (WALKABLE ROOFS)

STYLE)

The goal of retrofitting this fort is to survive conditions where there is not access to public utilities. So, a majority of the options utilized are passive, or generated from energy captured on the site.

The Grid electricity will be used for backup for now, averaging out to 500 kWh/year, around the Massachusetts annual average per household. (Source)

The Power Buoy creates 8.4kWh/day, averaging to 3,066 kWh annually. (Source)

A solar estimate of the site found that it is capable of generating 6,270 kWh/year with a 16-panel, 5.6kW system size. (Source)

The Pave Gen tiles, which are weather proof and can last up to 20 years, are to be utilized along the interior gallery space. Assuming the average stride of a person is 2.1 feet (Source), and assuming they walk the length of the gallery at least twice (~900 feet), that is 428 steps per person. Because the Pave Gen tiles generate 3 Joules per step, we can assume walking this length generates 0.0003566667 kWh/ person. If the average daily occupancy is 100 people total, then the Pave Gen could generate a base rate of 13 kWh/year, enough to power the typical 12W LED light bulb for over 1,000 hours, or 42 days.

The site does not plan to use any natural gas, district chilled water, or district steam.

January 700.0 - - - 779.0 700.0 - - - 779.0

February 600.0 - - - 779.0 600.0 - - - 779.0

March 500.0 - - - 779.0 500.0 - - - 779.0

April 400.0 - - - 779.0 400.0 - - - 779.0 May 300.0 - - - 779.0 300.0 - - - 779.0 June 400.0 - - - 779.0 400.0 - - - 779.0 July 500.0 - - - 779.0 500.0 - - - 779.0 August 600.0 - - - 779.0 600.0 - - - 779.0

September 500.0 - - - 779.0 500.0 - - - 779.0 October 400.0 - - - 779.0 400.0 - - - 779.0 November 500.0 - - - 779.0 500.0 - - - 779.0 December 600.0 - - - 779.0 600.0 - - - 779.0 Total 6,000 0 0 0 9,348 6,000 0 0 0 9,348 kBTU Conversion Factor

07 WELLNESS SITE ANALYSIS

The introduction of courtyards, skylights, and atriums that puncture the fort increase the daylighting and help create a more livable space.

The materials used on this site are minimal, and reflect the area that the fort sits in. In addition to the concrete that remains, concrete was used for reinforcement at the floating stairs, the south tunnel entrance, and for retaining at newly exposed outdoor areas.

After cleaning, the existing walls were painted with a non-toxic white for light reflection to help brighten the space. Then, a dimensional lumber wall system with strip lights mounted to the wall-facing side is mounted on most walls. This creates ambient lighting powered by PaveGen at night when the skylights are no longer useful.

Operable windows are located at the guns and at the courtyard only.

Since the existing building materials have had over 100 years to off-gas, the careful selection of new materials should create minimal VOC/CO2 levels.

QUALITY VIEWS, OPERABLE WINDOWS, AND DAYLIGHT-

= Building footprint

= Openings made (Daylighting)

= Areas with quality views

= Operable windows

VIEW

The diagram to the right depicts the apertures cut in to the Fort in order to increase natural daylighting, as well as the areas with quality views, and the areas with operable windows.

Areas of the site with floor-to-ceiling windows have fixed windows in the case of a flood. The remaining windows (and any 7’AFF and above) are operable by both the ORI workers and the community.

08 RESOURCES SITE ANALYSIS

As mentioned previously, the site is nearly 100% covered with vegetation. This helps to reduce the effects of global warming, and inulsate the underground Fort.

Few parking stalls needed to be added at the entrances, since the nearby golfcourse has enough extra parking spots with access to this site.

TALLY LCA

Tally is a Revit plug-in that helps asses the life cycle of buildings. After running an analysis on the site model made in Revit, the report to the right was created.

The “Results per Life Cycle Stage” diagram shows which life cycle stages of this building have the most impact on global warming.

The area with the highest GWP is in the products themselves, namely the concrete and IGU systems used.

The second highest impactful area is at the end of life, also very likely because of the concrete and IGU units (see next page)

The third highest GWP is in maintenance, but this is nearly negligable.

“Module D” described as “a measure of the benefits of reusable and recyclable products/materials and to encourage measures to deliver a future circular economy, for example through design for deconstruction and reuse”. (Source: Module D Definiton) This area is in the negtive reigon of this graph because it is the opposite of GWP, and the number is likely so high because of all the “reused” materials which were tagged.

Tally allows you to note which materials are recycled, and which are not.

TALLY LCA

As mentioned before, the recycled concrete is the highest area of improvement within Module D.

The second highest area of Module D is the wood used on site, mostly dimensional lumber and CLT.

The material with the worst environmental imact in all other Life Cycle Stages is concrete, likely because of the emboded carbon it takes to make it as a building material.

The second worst material in all other stages is the glazing systems. These are made of powder-coated steel and large IGU units, a necessary addition to the underground Fort but also very costly.

The woods, metals, and other construction materials used on this site have a negligible GWP in comparison to the other materials used.

Becuase of the re-use of materials and careful selection of others, the GWP, non-renewable energy, somg formation potential, and acidification potential are nearly or fully canceled out by the positive effects noted in Module D.

With the site being off the coast of Nahant, MA; the most pertinent hazard is flooding.

It is in climate zone 5A, so extreme temperatures are a non-issue, but hail may fall from time-to-time. Since a majority of the fort is underground, this is also not too pertinent of an issue.

The site lies in USGS seismic zone VI, which is a moderate hazard. This fort and additions were designed for military attack, and are likely to survive a magnitude 3.0 earthquake, which has been the maximum in the area over the last 20 years. (Source: Boston Area Earthquake Timeline)

The passive techniques mentioned previously are what make this site fully functional on solely passive design.

The fort, completed in 1907, is already over 100 years old. The reinforcements and changes made should make it functional for another 100 years. It was not a site specifically designed for disassembly, though. It can be liquidated and left as is, just as it was before this retrofitting plan.

10 DISCOVERY

Calculators: Enter your values into the yellow cells. Enter non-numerical data into the green cells

1 - Level of Commissioning

Which of the following did you do to stay engaged with

Many aspects of this site were specifically designed with discovery in mind. From the approach at all sides, there are programmatic and site details that aim to draw the resident’s attention. Hopefully, this draws them into the center of the gallery where the ORI research is displayed. The rain garden, marshland, and prototypical house (currently used as a bath house for beach patrons) all aim to teach one aspect of what we can do to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Each part of this process is set to be shared and published so that others can see areas in which this may or may not be successfully retrofitted into an Oceanic Research Institute with a double-life as a hurricane shelter for the residents of Nahant.

This research institute is also a community center, so community engagement throughout the building life is important.

Basic Commissioning Yes Enhanced Commissioning (Third Party) No Continuous Commissioning Yes Monitoring-Based Commissioning Yes Enclosure Commissioning Yes

Commissioning Score 80% 2 - Level of Post Occupancy Engagement

Which of the following did you do to stay engaged with the building?

Contact the owner / Occupant to see how things are going Yes Formal post occupancy air quality testing Yes Obtain utility bill to determine actual performance Yes Data logging of indoor environmental measurements Yes Survey building occupants on satisfaction Yes Post occupancy energy analysis No Formal onsite daylight measurements Yes Develop and share strategies to improve the building's Performance Yes Share collected data with building occupants Yes Teach occupants and operators how to improve building performance Yes

Post Occupancy Evaluation Score 90% 3 - Level of Transparency

Which of the following did you do to share the lessons of the project?

Present the design of the project to the office Yes Present outcomes and lessons learned to the office Yes Present the design of the project to the profession Yes Present outcomes and lessons learned to the profession Yes Present the design of the project to the public Yes Present outcomes and lessons learned to the public Yes Publish post occupancy data from the building Yes Publish any lessons learned from design, construction, or occupancy Yes other: Yes other: Yes

Transparency Score 100%

4 - Level of Occupant Feedback

Who has access to performance feedback? All occupants are presented with feedback

Choose one Feedback Score 100%

SUMMARY

This summary tabs shows all the important values use to analyze the site efficiency on the next page. It is a cumulation of entries made in other sections of this COTE analysis.

Overall, this site scored fairly well. From increasing the already high vegetated area, to increasing accessibility, community engagement, and passive design techniques; its goal is to serve as a model for the future of such forts, many of which are left to rot.

Net

RESULTS

The final tab of the super spreadsheet examines the performance of the site cumulatively through the lens of each tab’s assessment.

From “Baseline” (0%) to “Very High Performance” (100%), a majority of the percentages/scores of this project are in the higher range, making it more efficient than most modern buildings.

This is partially due to the fat that this was not a new-build, it was a retrofit. These projects are inherently more efficient and eco-friendly due to the reduction in construction costs.

This page compares metrics against their benchmark along a scale from "Baseline" to "Very High Performance"

Measure 2: Design For Community

Walk Score 0% 100%

Transit Score 0% 100%

Bike Score 0% 100%

Community Engagement Level 0% 100%

Measure 3: Design For Ecology

Percent of Site Vegetated - Post-Development 0% 100%

Percent of Site Vegetated - Pre-Development 0% 100%

Vegetated area increase 0% 100%

Percent of Site with Native Plantings 0% 100%

Percent of Vegetated Area with Native Plantings 0% 100%

Ecological Design Score 0% 100%

Predicted Measured

Potable water reduction 0% 100%

Potable Water Used for Irrigation Yes (0) No (1)

Rainwater Managed On-Site 0% 100%

Measure 5: Design For Economy

Estimated Runoff Quality 0% 100% \

Construction cost Reduction from the Benchmark 0% >50%

Efficiency ratio percent improvement 0% >50%

Predicted Measured

Net energy reduction from Benchmark 0% 105%

Percent from renewable energy 0% 156% 156% 100%

Percent Operational Carbon Reduction from Benchmark 0% 100%

Lighting Power Density % Reduction 0% 75%

Quality views 0% 100%

Operable windows 0% 100%

Daylit area (sDA 300/50%) 0% 100%

ASE Compliant Area (ASE 1000,250) 0% 100%

Is CO 2 Measured? No (0) Yes (1)

Is VOC measured? No (0) Yes (1)

Materials with health certifications 0 10+

Chemicals of Concern Avoided 0 10+

Embodied carbon intensity (kg-C02e / sf)

Is VOC measured?

No (0) Yes (1)

0

Materials with health certifications 0 10+

Measure 8: Design For Resources

Embodied carbon intensity (kg-C02e / sf)

Total embodied carbon (kg-C02e)

1

Chemicals of Concern Avoided 0 10+

Embodied carbon modeled No (0) Yes (1)

Biogenic carbon considered? No (0) Yes (1)

0.00 0 0 FALSE

Percent of reused floor area 0% 100%

Percent of construction waste diverted 0% 100%

Percent of recycled content of building materials 0% 100%

Percent of regional materials 0% 100%

Measure 9: Design For Change

Percent of installed wood that is FSC Certified 0% 100%

Local Hazard Research Score 0% 100%

Functionality Without Power (Resiliency) Score 0% 100%

Measure 10:

Design For Discovery

3 100 100% 100%

Building Design Lifespan 30 200

Level of Commissioning Score 0% 100%

Level of Post Occupancy Evaluation Score 0% 100%

100% 100% 80% 90%

Level of Knowledge Distribution / Transparency Score 0% 100%

Level of Feedback (Ongoing discovery) 0% 100% 100% 100%

SOURCES CITED

BATHYMETRY MAPS: “Data Explorer.” Northeast Ocean Data Portal. Accessed March 14, 2022. https:// www.northeastoceandata.org/data-expl orer/?%7B%22point%22%3A%7B%22type %22%3A%22point%22%2C%22x%22%3A7896209.472700838%2C%22y%22%3A52 24858.824093578%2C%22spatialReferen ce%22

NORTHEAST OCEAN DATA MAPS: MassMapper. Accessed March 14, 2022. https://maps.massgis.state.ma.us/ MassMapper/MassMapper.

SOLAR IRRADIANCE CALCULATOR: “Project Sunroof Data Explorer by Google.” Google. Google. Accessed March 14, 2022. https://sunroof. withgoogle.com/building/42.4350207/70.9330188/#?f=buy.

NAHANT DEMOGRAPHICS: “Nahant, Massachusetts Population 2022.” Nahant, Massachusetts Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Accessed March 14, 2022. https:// worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/ nahant-ma-population.

CARBON SEQUESTERING FURNITURE: Magazine, Smithsonian. “Five Ways You Can Store Excess Carbon in Your Home, Literally.” Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution, February 23, 2016. https://www. smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/five-

ways-you-can-store-excess-carbon-yourhome-literally-180958187/.

THERMAL MASS PRECEDENT: “IBN – INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY AND NATURE RESEARCH.” Behnisch Architekten / Ibn – Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Accessed March 14, 2022.

WIND PROTECTED PATIO PRECEDENT “IBN – INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY AND NATURE RESEARCH.” Behnisch Architekten / Ibn – Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Accessed March 14, 2022. https://behnisch.com/work/ projects/0022.

BOSTON AREA EARTHQUAKE TIMELINE

Mike Hagerty, Weston Observatory. Latest New England earthquakes. Accessed May 2, 2022. http://aki.bc.edu/cgi-bin/NESN/ recent_events.pl.

FORT RUCKMAN HISTORY “Coast Defense.” Fort Ruckman. Accessed May 9, 2022. https://coastdefense.com/ fort_ruckman.htm.

CLT COSTS

CRSI. “Cost Comparison of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete Structures.” Design resources, 2018. http://explorer.crsi.org/ index.cfm/resources.

CLT SOURCE

“Cross Laminated Timber – CLT: Structurecraft.” StructureCraft Builders. Accessed May 16, 2022. https:// structurecraft.com/materials/masstimber/cross-laminated-timber.

C-I-P COSTS “Pricing Guide: How Much Does a Concrete Slab Cost?” Lawnstarter, May 3, 2022. https://www.lawnstarter.com/blog/ cost/concrete-slab-price/.

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE SOURCE

“Home: Prime Concrete & Sitework.” Prime Concrete. Accessed May 16, 2022. https://www.primeconcrete.com/.

IGU SOURCE “Boston Storefront Glass Installation: Boston Glass Front Doors.” The Greater Boston Glass Group, March 7, 2019. https://www.bostonglassgroup.com/ commercial-glass-repair-replacementinstallation/storefront-windows-doors/.

IGU COSTS

Team, NCERT Point. “How Much Does It Cost to Install Storefront Glass?Ncert Point.” NCERT POINT - Get Latest Celebrities Biography, December 31, 2021. https://www.ncertpoint.com/2021/12/ how-much-does-it-cost-to-installstorefront-glass.html.

MODULE D DEFINITION

“What Is Module D and How Do I Use It? “ BCSA.” BCSA, September 17, 2021. https://steelconstruction. org/resources/sustainability-faqs/ what-is-module-d-and-how-do-i-use-it/.

EXHIBIT SOURCES CITED

EXHIBIT 01

United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Footprint Calculator: https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprintcalculator/

EXHIBIT 02 Global Footprint Network Ecological Footprint Calculator: https://www. footprintcalculator.org/home/en

EXHIBIT 03 2. http://www.bostonharborbeacon. com/2013/07/07/nahant/

EXHIBIT 04 https://oceanpowertechnologies.com/pb3powerbuoy/

EXHIBIT 05 http://www.vintagevictorian.com/nahant_ history.html

EXHIBIT 06 https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/castlerock-nahant-114194

EXHIBIT 07 https://images.squarespace-cdn. com/content/v1/5c8587c5e5f7 d13ac2d0e8e3/1552262729558OJ507NCYISJ2YZ9GD9K9/1859_map_ nhs_crop2.jpg?format=2500w

EXHIBIT 08 https://nahanthistory.org/news/fry-day

EXHIBIT 09 https://m.facebook.com/ NahantHistoricalSociety/photos/a.459486 557544295/1616330865193186/?type=3& source=57&__tn__=EH-R

EXHIBIT 10 https://worldpopulationreview.com/uscities/nahant-ma-population.

EXHIBIT 11 https://www.graymalin.com/photography/ nahant-massachusetts

EXHIBIT 12 https://behnisch.com/work/projects/0022.

EXHIBIT 13 https://behnisch.com/work/projects/0022.

EXHIBIT 14 https://www.coldwellbankerhomes.com/ ma/nahant/148-wilson-rd/pid_38926970/

EXHIBIT 15 https://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherryarnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation. html

questions/26543/what-are-the-regularholes-in-poured-concrete-walls-called

EXHIBIT 18 https://glassupply.com/insulated-glassunits/

EXHIBIT 16 https://www.archdaily.com/922980/iscross-laminated-timber-clt-the-concrete-ofthe-future

EXHIBIT 17 https://engineering.stackexchange.com/