I N T R O D U C T I O N C A R B O N F O O T P R I N T C A L C U L A T I O N S C O T E C A S E S T U D Y A N A L Y S I S C A S E S T U D Y P R O J E C T I N F O R M A T I O N P A S S I V E D E S I G N S T R A T E G I E S I N T E G R A T E D D E S I G N S K E T C H E S P S Y C H R O M E T R I C C H A R T S C L I M A T E C H A R T : W I N D C L I M A T E C H A R T : S O L A R C L I M A T E C H A R T : G E O T H E R M A L C E N T E N N I A L C A S E S T U D Y A N A L Y S I S P R O J E C T I N F O R M A T I O N C O T E M E T R I C S A N A L Y S I S C O T E M E T R I C S S U M M A R Y S O L A R E N E R G Y P R O D U C T I O N
L I M A T E C H A R T S
A I N W A T E R C A L C U L A T I O N S
M O L L Y B O U D R E A U M O L L Y B O U D R E A U M L Y B M L Y B
G r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f
O r e g o n i n 2 0 0 0 w i t h a B a c h e l o r o f S c i e n c e i n B i o l o g y .
S e r v e d a s a n o ffi c e r a n d B l a c k h a w k h e l i c o p t e r p i l o t i n t h e U S A r m y u n t i l 2 0 0 7 a t w h i c h t i m e s h e r e t u r n e d t o s c h o o l t o p u r s u e h e r p a s s i o n f o r a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n .
G r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e S a n F r a n c i s c o b a s e d A c a d e m y o f A r t U n i v e r s i t y i n 2 0 1 0 w i t h a B a c h e l o r o f F i n e A r t s i n I n t e r i o r A r c h i t e c t u r e & D e s i g n . O p e r a t e d a s m a l l r e s i d e n t i a l d e s i g n s t u d i o f o r t e n y e a r s u n t i l b e g i n n i n g a M a s t e r o f A r c h i t e c t u r e p r o g r a m a t t h e B o s t o n A r c h i t e c t u r a l C o l l e g e i n A u g u s t 2 0 2 0 . C u r r e n t l y w o r k s a s a S e n i o r D e s i g n e r a t K e l l y & S t o n e A r c h i t e c t s b a s e d o u t o f t h e T r u c k e e , C A o ffi c e f o c u s e d o n m o u n t a i n - m o d e r n a n d c u s t o m r e s i d e n t i a l h o m e s .
M Y C A R B O N F O O T P R I N T
M Y E C O L O G I C A L F O O T P R I N T
S e t i n C a l i f o r n i a ' s h a r s h Mo j a ve D e s e r t , S a w m i l l o ff e r s a n e w mo d e l fo r th e s u s t ai n ab l e s i n g l e - fa m i l y h o m e T h e c l i e n t b r i e f c a l l e d f o r a s e l f - s u ffi c i e n t h o m e t h a t m a x i m i z e d c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d n a t u r e , a n d b e t w e e n f a m i l y m e m b e r s i n s i d e T h e 5 , 20 0 S F c o n c r e t e b l o c k , s t e e l a n d g l a s s h o me i s d e s i g n e d t o s t a n d u p t o t h e s e v e r e c l i m a t e o f t h e fi r ep r o n e Te h a c h a p i M o u n t a i n s D e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t h i g h d e s i g n c a n a l s o b e h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e , S a w m i l l i s a n e t - z e r o h o m e t h a t o p e r a t e s c o mp l e t e l y o ff t h e g r i d
P RO J E C T AT T RI B UT E S : P RO J E C T AT T RI B UT E S : P J C T B E S P J C T B E S
Year of design completion: 2013
Year of substantial project completion: 2014
Gross conditioned floor area: 3,458 sq ft Gr oss u ncon diti oned floo r area: 808 sq ft
Total Footprint: 5,200 sq ft
Number of stories: 2 Pr oject Climate Zone: 8a Kop p en Gei g er Zo n e: Cs a H o t S u mm er , Me d i te r r a ne an C l mt
Title 24 - Area 14
Annual hours of operation: 4,400
Site area: 1,677,060 sq ft Project site context/setting: rural
Cost of construction, excluding furnishing: $166.7/sq ft
Numb er of r esid ents, occupants, visitors: 6 Car bon Footprint: Zero
- N a t u r a l V e n t i l a t i o n
- S o l a r S h a d i n g
- H i g h T h e r m a l M a s s
While the Sawmill Residence offers a luxurious single-family program and layout, it also provides a meani ngful precedent for the interaction between different mater ial and structural elements and their eff e ct u p o n an d e n g a g em e n t with the envir onment
The pro ject d emonstr ates a low impact design that reflects in the well-or iented and organized spatial configuration of the house
The material expression of the elements under lines each of the environmental design str ategies, especially regarding passive cooling and ventilation. The massing strategy is planned with careful analysis of site conditions and climatic patterns which encourage natural ventilation and passive cooling as much as possible within the volume of the structure
Careful siting in the highdesert climate allows Sawmill to harness the natur al energy of the region's large diurnal temp er atur e s wing s. No extrinsic landscaping was included in the project instead, the goal was to allow the landscape to r egenerate after years of environmental neglect. The building is sited to ch ann el c anyo n p r ed o mi nan t br e ez es in su mmer and capture solar heat in winter A robust photovoltaic array provides Sawmill with solar power The sparse native vegetation serves as a natural defense against wildfires The natural, permeable crushed stone is left unfinished thr oughout the site, reducing the impact of r unoff from the near by stream
AW M I L L R E S I D E N C E
S A W M I L L R E S I D E N C E A W M I L D
Comfor t Zon e wi th use o f PAS SIVE ONLY Design S trategi es = 70 6%
Comfort Zone with use of PA S S I VE O N LY PA S S I VE O N LY VE LY VE LY
Design Strategies = 7 0 6 %
Comfort Zone with use of S Y ST E M O P T I M I Z E D S Y ST E M O P T I M I Z E D Y ST E M P T I I D Y ST E M P T I I D
Design Strategies = 10 0 0 %
The pr evailing wind in the war mer mon ths, May thro ugh October, comes from the north-wester ly direction The average dry bulb temperature of this breeze is 75-100 degrees whereas the less frequent easterly breeze brings cooler temperatures The Sawmill residence is situated on the site to take advantage of the canyon which directs the breeze through the wide doors on both sides in a NW to SE or ientation The open floor plan allows for cross-ventilation and circulation of cool air throughout the house
The prevailing wind in the cooler months, October through May, still comes from the north-westerly direction, though not as pr ed ominan tl y as the warmer mo nths The aver age d ry bulb temperature of this breeze is 32-70 degrees consistently The relative humidity in this location stays a comfortable 30-70% throughout the year
The PV array on the Sawmill site is oriented to the South-West, which seems like the most logical. However, I input different configurations of horizontal tilt of the panels and location and the annual BTUs per square foot did not substantially change This indicates that there is fairly consistent sunlight from 0 to 180 degrees due south to take advantage of, especially in the s u m m e r m o n t h s
These guidelines within this Climate Consultant exercise are particularly focused on passive measures that can be impl emented to manage interi or climate and ener gy consumption in hot and dr y areas
The Sawmill Residence has utilized almost all of these tactics (though I'm not certain if there is a whole house fan installed)
-For passive solar heating, face most of the glass area south to maximize winter sun exposure, but design overhangs to fully shade in s u m m e r
-Flat roofs work well in hot, dry climates (especially if light colored)
-Earth sheltering, occ upied basements, or earth tubes reduce heat loads in very hot dry c limates because the earth stays near average annu al t emp erat ure
-Provide dou ble pane d hi gh p erforma nce gla zing (Low -E) on west , north and east, but clear on south for maximum passive solar gain
-Traditional passive homes in hot, dry climates used high mass construction with small rec essed shaded openings, operable for night ventilation to cool thermal mass
The Sawmill Residenc e utilizes a ground source heat pump to tak e advant age of the temp erat ure regulatio n the g ro und ca n provide The ground is consistently warmer that the outside temperature, be twe en 50-65 deg rees in t he co oler mon ths Whe reas, the gro und sta ys c oole r in the summer mont hs, ran ging bet wee n 65- 80 de grees
There is a occupiable basement and a chimney stac k whic h circulates air from the basement t o t he main level to help reduce the energy required to heat or cool the interior
C L I M A T E C O N S U L T A N T C H A R T G E O T H E R M A L D A T A A N A L Y S I SA S H R A E O P T I M A L PA S S I VE D E S I G N G U I D E L I N E S F OR C L I M AT E : A S H R A E O P T I M A L PA S S I VE D E S I G N G U I D E L I N E S F OR C L I M AT E : A H A P M L S S I E S N G U I L I N S L M AT : A H A P M L S S I E S N G U I L I N S L M AT :
C E N T E N N I A L R E S I D E N C E C O T E M E T R I C S S U M M A R Y
Located outside Fort Collins, CO, Centennial offers a new standard for the luxury sustainable single-family home The client self-suffi cient ho me maximiz ed con necti on b etw een architecture and nature, with expansive views, naturally vegetated land scape and amp le outdoor living space
The 4460 SF cedar-clad, steel and glass home is designed to stand up to the severe climate of the Rocky Mountain foothills Demonstrating that high style can also be high performance, Centennial is a net-zero home that delivers every modern comfort yet rests lightly upon the earth, using minimal local natural resources
P R O J E C T I N F O R M A T I O N C O M M U N I T Y
E C O L O G Y E C O N O M Y
W E L L N E S S C H A N G E
C O T E S U P E R - S P R E A D S H E E T R E S U L T S
N O T E WO R T H Y R E S U LT S : N E T Y R E S LT
High level oF regenerative energy production offsets areas of higher use.
Effi ci ent r ai nw at er management and onsite well mitigate the use of community water.
Focus on responsible construction practices reduce typical landfill-bound waste by 75%
E X A M P L E R A I N WAT E R C A LC U L AT I O N : E X A M P L E R A I N WAT E R C A LC L AT I O N : A M E A I N WAT E C A LC L AT I O : A M E A I N WAT E C A LC L AT I O :
S UR FAC E A R E A : 14 4 S Q U AR E I NC H E S = 1 FO OT
VO L UME : S U RFAC E A RE A X D E P T H ( 1") = 14 4 C UB I C I NC H E S
VOLUME I N GAL LO NS : 144 IN^3 ( 1 / 231 IN^3) = 0.62 G ALLONS
AV E R AG E P R E C I P I N B O ST ON = 4 3 .96 I NC H E S / YE AR
B O S T O N R A I N FA L L I N G A L LO NS :
0.62 GAL X 43.96 IN = 27.26 27 26 27 26 27.26 G A L A LA A / / / / SF SF / / / / Y E A R Y E A R E A E A
C E N T E N N I A L C E N T E N N I A L N E N N L N E N N L R A I N WAT E R C A LC U L AT I O N : R A I N WAT E R C A LC L AT I O N : R A I N L I N : R A I N L I N :
S UR FAC E A R E A : 14 4 S Q U AR E I NC H E S = 1 FO OT
VO L UME : S U RFAC E A RE A X D E P T H ( 1") = 14 4 C UB I C I NC H E S
VOLUME I N GAL LO NS : 144 IN^3 ( 1 / 231 IN^3) = 0 62 G ALLONS
AVE RAG E P RE C I P IN B OS TON = 15 1 INC H E S / YE A R
FO RT C OL L IN S , C O R AI N FA L L I N G A L LO NS : 0 62 GAL X 15 1 IN = 9 36 9 36 36 36 G A L G A / / /S F S SF S /Y E A R E A
C O T E B A S E D D E M A ND = 3 1 , 24 0 G A L / Y E A R SU RFAC E AR E A = 3,4 90 S F
C E N T E N N I A L R A I N WAT E R C O L L E C T I O N P O T E N T I A L : C E N T E N N I A L R A I N WAT E R C L L E C T I O N P T E N T I A L : N T N A L R I WAT R L T N N T I : N T N A L R I WAT R L T N N T I : 32, 66 4 G A L / Y E A R 32, 66 4 A L / Y E A R 32, 4 A L E R 32, 4 A L E R
REMARKS: Familiarizing ourselves with this tool is an excellent way to analyze the effects of our material selections on the carbon impact o ur pr ojects could have on the envir onment By selecting materials that are locally sourced and sustainably
pr oduced, the net impact can be greatly reduced T he pop ul ated ma ter ial s may be g ear ed mo r e to war d c ommer ci al co nstru cti on, ho wever , the means by w hich we can co mp ar e our selections to benchmark data is very valuable
M A T E R I A L S E M B O D I E D C A R B O N C A L C U L A T I O N S
The sample project, though muc h la rger than mine in compa rison, provides good reference data to assist in determining the values to use for my project
This project estimates carbon emission reduction could be 41 % lower by using careful product selections
By selecting responsiblely sourced materials, the embodied carbon inherant to this project could be reduce d by 5 6 % 5 6 %6 6
W I N D O W T O W A L L R A T I O C A L C U L A T I O N S
00
-Based on the Climate Consultant sun charts June thr o ug h S e pt em b er fr o m 11a m to 5 p m are the times that require the most shading in this climate
-Based on the Sustainable by Desig n Over han g Analysis tool, the configuration that provides the best sunlight shading dur ing these times are:
Overhang Width: 6 5 ft
Overhang Depth: 4.5 ft
Heig ht Ab ove Wi nd ow : 6 in Horizontal Offset: 0 ft
If the overhang is not sufficient to block all of the direct sunlight during these times these are other passive strategies to employ to provide further comfort:
Lo w- E Gl ass
Lar ger Season al Aw ning s, UV Bl ockin g Fi lm o r Wind ow
Tr eatments, Tr omb e Wall, Ou tdo or Lo uver ed Pe rg ol a, Do ubl e Ski nned Facade o r
Less Overall Fenestration
S U STA I N A B L E D E S I G N S U STA I N A B L E D E I N U B L D U B L D
OV E R H A N G A N A LYS I S : OV E R H A N G A N A LYS I S : OV E R N G LYS S : OV E R N G LYS S :
O P T I M A L S H A D I N G D E V I C E D E S I G N
00
-Based on the Climate Consultant sun charts June thr o ug h S e pt em b er fr o m 11a m to 5 p m are the times that require the most shading in this climate
-Based on the Sustainable by Desig n Over han g Analysis tool, the configuration that provides the best sunlight shading dur ing these times are:
Overhang Width: 5.5 ft
Over hang Depth: 5 ft
Heig ht Ab ove Wi nd ow : 0 in Horizontal Offset: 0 ft
If the overhang is not sufficient to block all of the direct sunlight during these times these are other passive strategies to employ to provide further comfort: In addition to the previous measur es l isted; Wind ow Shades, Strategic Vegetation, Wing Walls or Partitions, Reflective Roof Coating, or Try to Co nvin ce your Neighbo r to ad d a Seco nd S tor y
S U STA I N A B L E D E S I G N S U STA I N A B L E D E S I G N S U STA B L D S U STA B L D
OV E R H A N G A N A LYS I S : OV E R N G LYS S : OV G LYS S : OV G LYS S :
O P T I M A L S H A D I N G D E V I C E D E S I G N
S A M P L E W A L L A S S E M B L Y E M B O D I E D C A R B O N
Given the wall assembly in this examp l e, t he emb o d ie d car bon was equal to ap pr oximately 93 kg of CO2 over the lifespan of the mater ials Considering my annu al esti mated car bon footprint us 15,509 kg CO2 this did not seem like a huge factor However, this calculation surveys
a single square meter of one assembly in a single building which, for an medium sized building could be over half a million kilos. It is also interesting to note that carpet tiles are perhaps not the best material choice for flooring given the high level of emb odi ed car bo n over its lifespan.
