T. Pande Environmental Portfolio

ENVIRONMENTAL PORTFOLIO

SPRING 2022 | SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS TANYA PANDE

ABOUT ME

Tanya Pande

HOME

Bhopal, India

CURRENT LOCATION

San Francisco, California

EDUCATION

Masters of Sustainable design in Real Estate development (2022)

Boston Architectural College

Masters of Landscape Architecture (2018)

RISD

Bachelors in Furniture Design (2015)

Srishti School of Art, Design & Technology, India

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Landscape Architect (4 years)

INTERESTS

Traveling, Making Maps, Building, Hiking

DESCRIPTION

Hi My name is Tanya. I am currently living in San Francisco after residing in Boston for the past 4 years. I’m in my second semester of BAC MDS in Real Estate Development. I have an Undergrad in Spatial and Furniture design from India and a Master’s in Landscape Architecture from RISD, USA. After my Graduation I have been living and working in Boston. I’m currently working at BSC Group as a landscape architect / Designer and my work is situated in MA, in vulnerable

communities and how Landscape and Urban designs interventions could best reflect their voices. My personal project is situated in Bhopal, India where I’m from originally and I work closely with the Remember Bhopal Museum; my work there help create a bottom up solution for the larger problem in hand and to develop methods to make the communities affected by the disasters, self-reliant.

My professional and personal work has been situated around the topic of Sustainable Communities and how at the intersection of Design and Development I can ask conscious questions about what is at stake for communities, how am I involving communities, how as I catalyzing and not displacing them.

I believe as designer and developers we need to think about sustainable and honest interventions at a systems scale and by having a participatory design process which voices the vulnerable population.

HIKING AT LAND’S END TRAIL. SAN FRANCISCO, CA

MY CARBON AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

MY CARBON FOOTPRINT

My carbon footprint is 7,396 which is lower than the US average of 18,440. This comes as a pleasant surprise to me, encourages me to not buy a car which I was split about. We had replaced the light bulbs with energy start a few years back and that has been a major contributor.

MY ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

My Ecological footprint 5.1 gha. This came as a shock to me because if everyone lived like me, we would need 3,1 earths. My highest consumption is in goods which O think I can start with, followed by mobility.

CITATION

“Carbon Footprint Calculator | Climate Change | US EPA.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1, 2015. https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprintcalculator/.

“How Many Planets Does It Take to Sustain Your Lifestyle?” Ecological Footprint Calculator. https:// www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en.

EDGEWATER GREENWAY

BOSTON, MA

INTEGRATED DESIGN SKETCH

SITE PLAN, SECTIONS AND PERSPECTIVE

SITE PLAN ANALYSIS DEPICTS THE DIFFERENT KEY ELEMENTS OF THE SITE ALONG WITH THE INTEGRATED DESIGN ELEMENTS

SUSTAINABLE TRAIL & LINEAR PARK DESIGN

The design team is working on a sustainable trail and linear park in Boston, MA; part of a larger trail network of Neponsett. Starting from the site prep, paving & furnishing materials, native planting, site maintenance, site programming and habitat protection, the design incorporates a sustainable system. The intention is to protect, promote and enhance the natural, cultural and recreational resources through an integrative design effort.

PERSPECTIVE DEPICTS THE WAY PEOPLE ARE UTILIZING THE DIFFERENT INTEGRATIVE ELEMENTS OF THE SITE

SECTIONS ALONG THE LINEAR PARK AND TRAIL DEPICT THE INTEGRATED DESIGN ELEMENTS

DESIGNING FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY

REGIONAL AND HISTORIC PRECEDENT

NEPONSETT GREENWAY NETWORK

This is one of the most anticipated and equitable project of South Boston which would be able to connect South Boston through a solution which would encourage biking, walking and would also help in protect the ecological habitat corridor. It would also be able to provide people with other ecological opportunities and

would also help in connecting many of the displaced neighborhood to the central Boston.

Project ‘Edgewater is part of this larger system of projects, inspired from them and drawing from them.

EDGEWATER TRAIL KICKOFF

THE DIAGRAM REPRESENTS THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PROJECTS ON THE WAY IN AND AROUND MATTAPAN.

EDGEWATER TRAIL IS PART OF THE LARGER NEPONSETT GREENWAY NETWORK WHICH AIMS TO CONNECT THE SOUTH OF BOSTON WITH A TRAIL NETWORK

TRUMAN PARKWAY - NORTHERN SECTION

BLUE HILL AVE TO CENTRAL AVE

TENEAN BEACH TO MORRISSEY BOULEVARD (ANTICIPATED)

TRUMAN PARKWAY - SOUTHERN SECTION

CITATION

“Lower Neponset River Trail.” Mass.gov. Accessed February 24, 2022. https://www.mass.gov/ locations/lower-neponset-river-trail.“

POPE JOHN PAUL PARK

DESIGNING FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY

REGIONAL MATERIALS

TREE INVENTORY

These are some of the native trees in the area which could be preserved and planted more of.

WALL

One of the most prominent and historic element to be utilized at the site is the stone wall. People have memories with it but it is also a valuable & sustainable material

PAVING

Stabilized Aggregate - An impervious material but used around in this area alot for other trail projects for reasons like soft on joints, ADA accessible. It has maintenance issues because of snow-rain and not ideal for multi-use paths

PAVING

Asphalt - An impervious material but used around in this area alot for other trail projects for reasons like rain and snow resiliency, soft on joints, ADA accessible

Catalpa

Red Oak Black Cherry Red Maple American Sycamore Walnut

DESIGNING FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY

CURRENT INITIATIVES

NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION AND PARTNERS WHICH LET THE INITIATIVE AND LED THE SURVEY TO LET THE MA DCR ISSUE AN RFP

EDGEWATER BEYOND THE WALL

The edgewater Neighborhood Association, the Mattapan Food and Fitness Coalition, the Solomon Foundation, the Trust for Public Land, the Fairmount Greenway Coalition and the Neponsett River

Watershed Association asked neighbors for their input on how our beautiful state owned parkland along the Neponset Neponset River

THE IMAGES SHOW THE KINDS OF PARTICIPATORY ACTIVITIES WHICH TOOK PLACE BY THE NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS TO GET FEEDBACK FROM THE PEOPLE OF THE COMMUNITY REGARDING THE EDGEWATER TRAIL CITATION

“Progress in Mattapan.” Neponset River Watershed Association, February 17, 2021. https://www. neponset.org/happenings/progress-in-mattapan/.

DESIGNING FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY POPULATION AND INCOME STATISTICS

Median Income and Comparison

$120,00 $100,000 $80,000 $50,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Under 25 25 - 44 45 - 64 over 65

AN UNDERSERVED COMMUNITY

The population and the income stats show that it is an upcoming neighborhood, with median household income being $96,756, which is 112.7 % of the MA median. It is one of the non wealthy neighborhoods of Boston, in line with Dorchester & Roxbury. The graph on the top compares the mattapan neighbourhood with a relatively wealthy Back Bay neighborhood.

CITATION

“Boston, Massachusetts (MA) income map, earnings map, and wages data. https://www.citydata.com/income/income-Boston-Massachusetts. html.“

“Mattapan Demographics and Statistics.” Niche. https://www.niche.com/places-to-live/n/mattapanboston-ma/residents/. “

DESIGNING FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY

POPULATION AND INCOME STATISTICS

AN UNDERSERVED NEIGHBORHOOD

This neighborhood has a high environmental justice population in terms of race, income and language barriers. This can imply that this area has had lack of investment in and is an underserved community, This area lacks public amenities and open spaces which, when you compare it to the other neighborhoods of Boston, will give you a clearer sense.

For the lack of amenities, the lack of investments from the private sector, and to build increase the land-value of the residents of this neighborhood the edge water trail is a major project towards having something equitable and value generating in the community.

EDGEWATER TRAIL (SITE)

MINORITY: MINORITY POPULATION IS >=40% OR >25%, AND THE MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF THE MUNICIPALITY THE BLOCK GROUP IS IN IS <150% OF THE MASSACHUSETTS MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MAP.

MINORITY, INCOME AND ENGLISH ISOLATION

CITATION

“Environmental Justice Populations in Massachusetts.” Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/ info-details/environmental-justice-populations-inmassachusetts.

“Mattapan Demographics.” Point2. point2homes. com/US/Neighborhood/MA/Boston/MattapanDemographics.html.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - DESIGN FOR EQUITABLE COMMUNITY

CLIMATE CONSULTANT ANALYSIS

SUN SHADING CHART

The site has 2 overlook spots and 1 linear park space along massasoit street where people would be spending the most amount of time in this trail. People would be looking to spend the most amount of time here for active and passive recreational opportunities, thus needs for sun exposure and sun shade would vary. Tools used would be: shade structures, addition of landscape materials and thinning out of existing vegetation in order to achieve this goal.

OVERLOOK 1:

At north eastern facing overlook 1 with is at a lower elevation, the view is mainly of the water and there would a boat launch, taking in all the morning sun and by thinning some existing vegetation below 50 degrees would be helpful so that people can hangout here in the afternoon, catch the sun and don’t feel overly exposed.

OVERLOOK 2:

At east facing overlook 2 which is an elevated view due to the topographic change, sitting on a fairly flat area, the view is of the bridge and plantings on the other side, by providing horizontal shade of a medium size canopy tree it would be helpful so that people can still hangout here in the afternoon under a tree, sitting on a bench.

LINEAR PARK AT MASSASOIT

At west facing linear park which would have the largest amount of foot fall and duration people would spend. This area has a good amount of sun exposure, , by providing horizontal & vertical shade of a small canopy tree to an ornamental tree it would be helpful so that people can hangout here in the afternoon

CLIMATE CONSULTANT ANALYSIS

PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

This is a great visualization tool for the amount of hours which are comfortable for indoors without active interferences. On the basis of this chart, only 9% of the year it is comfortable in this area. Design Strategies have been used to increase the amount of comfort hours for indoors, throughout the year. Below are 3 landscaping strategies which can be used at the greenway based of on “heating, add humidification if needed” and “internal heat gains to help the existing houses along the trail to achieve comfort indoors.

CITATION

“Weather Data by Location | Energyplus.” https:// energyplus.net/weather-location/north_and_ central_america_wmo_region_4/USA/MI/USA_MI_ Mount.Clemens-Selfridge.ANGB.725377_TMY3.

CLIMATE CONSULTANT ANALYSIS

BEST PRACTICES

TREE PLACEMENT

Making sure the trees planted on the site don’t obstruct the solar panels of the houses along the trail which abuts houses.

WIND SHIELDS

On linear park, which abuts the houses hedge planting can be done so that the houses get protected from the wind but also to provide some privacy to the houses from the park.

WIND PROTECTED SPACES

On linear park, which abuts the houses, the park can be designed in a way which can feel like an extended living room, hence providing them some buffer from heat and wind.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - ECOLOGY

The major goal of the project is to have minimum impact on the established ecology of the area, while being able to enjoy it at the same time.

One of the major goal of this project is to “Improve the ecological value of the corridor.”

OPPORTUNITIES:

Site has opportunity to restore the wetland area and riparian buffer with additional plantation and maintenance of invasive.

Site gives the opportunity to work with existing elements & topography which helps in creating minimal impact.

CONSTRAINTS:

The site has been ignore for a long time, because of which invasives have taken over to a great extent.

Various pests are present in the area which attack the natives more so.

Creating a path in the existing topography and dense vegetation is a challenge without disturbing the mature healthy native trees.

Eliminating the existing turf grass is hard as this portion abuts residential properties, who might object.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - DESIGN FOR WATER

The site / greenway in a public project which will not be maintained by any clients. The parks & recreation department will be responsible for it, but given the history and allocated budget, maintenence will be the least of their concern.

The planting will be mainly all native, rain garden planting which will be watered from the run-off and rain only. For this reasonall the planting on the site will be dependent on that - so all native and hardy plants.

Also, since the site is in between a road and a water steam using plants which clean the water before it goes into the stream is important- so phytoremediation is important in the design.

ECONOMY HEAT MAP

THIS AREA SEES LESS FOOT TRAFFIC

DAY HEAT MAP DETERMINES THE PAVING MATERIALADDITION OR SUBSTRACTION FOR COST EFFECTIVENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT

OPPORTUNITY FOR SHARED USE / GATHERING SPACES

CIRCULATION RATIO

As a greenway trail, there is a large part of the trail dedicated for circulation. Circulation along this pathway take up 17, 760 SF of the entire project site. Upon looking at the heat map it can be determined that the areas where circulation is less can use a pervious material for paving which usually is

good for less foot traffic. The heavy foot trafficed area can use impervious paving material like asphalt or concrete.

Based on this analysis, a new circulation can be generated for the less foot traffic area (showin in figure on top) by using 3 strategy:

1. Reducing with of the path.

2. Changing form impervious to pervious material.

3. Eliminating repetative paths.

Based on this, the new circulation area is 15,000 sf

NIGHT HEAT MAP SHOWS FOOT TRAFFIC ONLY AT THE TRAIL HEADS WHERE THE RODWAY MEETS THE TRAIL.

CIRCULATION RATIO

ECONOMY

COST ESTIMATION: ASPHALT

ASPHALT: FACTORS AFFECTING COST

An impervious material but used around in this area alot for other trail projects for reasons like rain and snow resiliency, soft on joints, ADA accessible.

The site has limited space and rugged topography which also makes asphalt a preffered choice.

REGIONAL SOURCES: ASPHALT

CITATION

FACTORS THAT AFFECT COST

Significant savings on project by using asphalt pavement.

20 year design life with periodic maintenance.

Costs will vary depending on grading requirements, location and local pricing

differences, and distance from concrete or asphalt supplier plants.

Arregate Industries is the closes to the site - 15.5 miles

“RSMEANS Data: Construction Cost Estimating Software.” RSMeans Construction Cost Database. https://www.rsmeans.com/.

“Approved Asphalt Vendor List.” Boston.gov, September 9, 2019. https://www.boston.gov/ departments/public-works/approved-asphaltvendor-list.

“Technical Aspects of Asphalt Trail Design.” Technical Aspects of Asphalt Trail DesignAmerican Trails. https://www.americantrails.org/ resources/technical-aspects-of-asphalt-traildesign.

ECONOMY

COST ESTIMATION: SHADE TREE

REGIONAL VENDORS

SHADE TREE - 2.5”-3” CALIPER

Reasonably sized shade tree which is native to this area. It also helps in phytoremediation and slope stabilization as this greenway is on an edge. It can tolerate such edge conditions next to roadway and river.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT COST

The bigger the tree caliper size/gallon size, the more expensive it gets because of the transportatio cost, labor cost. The Caliper size chose for this property is resonably sized to reduce the cost and to have native trees.

The quantity of the trees has an impact on the cost. Since the site is already vegetated, additional planting will be used to replace invasives, and to create views, shade.

Nyssa Sylvatica also helps in phytoremediating the soil helping as a barrier in between the roadway and the river. Government incentivizes these efforts which can help with budgeting of the project.

CITATION

“RSMEANS Data: Construction Cost Estimating Software.” RSMeans Construction Cost Database. https://www.rsmeans.com/.

“The Best Tree Nurseries in Boston, Massachusetts of 2022.” Trees.com, February 26, 2022. https:// www.trees.com/tree-nurseries/boston-ma.

ECONOMY

COST ESTIMATION: STABILIZED AGGREGATE

STABILIZED AGGREGATE

The success of stabilized aggregates recycling varies by region and municipality. Using aggregate which is recycled, reduce the amount of construction debris disposed of in landfills, reduces rate of natural resource depletion and environmental disturbance, and has the

VENDOR NAME

STABILIZED AGGREGATE

CITATION

potential to provide energy and cost savings.

Abundant local supply and varied vendors make it easy to source this material supplier and construction contractor, and can thus provide economic activity to the local community vendor.

Inadequate public support, and quality

problems or perceptions can make it difficult for this material to compete effectively.

Because the aggregates industry is a highvolume, this material is easy available at a reasonable distance from site, making it cost effective.

“RSMEANS Data: Construction Cost Estimating Software.” RSMeans Construction Cost Database. https://www.rsmeans.com/.

William Blondeau, Stephan Kochaver. “Aggregates from Natural and Recycled Sources.” USGS Publications Warehouse RSS. https://pubs.usgs. gov/.

“Approved Gravel Vendor List.” Boston.gov, November 15, 2018. https://www.boston.gov/ departments/public-works/approved-gravelvendor-list.

The materials needed for this greenway are abundant since they are the locally sourced materials, the pricing is very competitive, give a lower benchmark number. This number is helpful during contractor bidding.

The various ways in which we were able to reduce operating cost was through installation of lights which was using solar power when necessary. By drought tolerant / native adaptable planting and topography planning we were able to save on on-going irrigation cost.

The bench mark for greenway projects is already very high with the limited materials requirement and abundant planting. We were able to achieve higher percentage through reduction in paving, porous paving and renewables.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - DESIGN FOR ENERGY

The only source of energy consumed for this site would be the lighting installed on site. The lighting would not be very bright and would be dispersed through the site keeping in consideration the night skies requirement.

The light power density is dispersed and low. The site a little lower than predicted considering the housing abutting the site.

TALLY - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

ASPHALT

Through tally and this method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) we are evaluating the environmental impacts of different paving options for the site throughout its life cycle.

Asphalt would be the most used paving material throught the site. According to this embodied carbon study it can be seen that the materials has a high carbon footprint especially at the product stage. This means that it creates a huge carbon impact in raw material extraction and processing, intermediate transportation, and final manufacturing and assembly. Transportantion doesn’t create a lot of impact due to abundant suppliers and the ease with which it could be transported from one site to another. The End of Life impacts associated with landfilling or incineration is not very high but still present when you compare it to other biodegredable materials

TALLY - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

CONCRETE

Through tally and this method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) we are evaluating the environmental impacts of different paving options for the site throughout its life cycle.

Concrete would considered as an option inplace of asphalt if needed. When comparing to asphalt, Concrete According to this embodied carbon study has a moderate carbon footprint especially at the product stage. The material itself and the way it is manufactured take about most of its impact. Transportantion creates minimal impact.At the end of its cycle , it has high impacts related to either land-filling or incineration.

TALLY - LIFE

CYCLE

ASSESSMENT

DECK

Through tally and this method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) we are evaluating the environmental impacts of different paving options for the site throughout its life cycle.

The overlook spots have wooden decks. This gives an option to incorporate material which has a lower carbon embodiment. it can be determined that the maintainence and replacement of it creates as such carbon footprint as the product itself. Comparing it to cocrete it has a lower end of life carbon impact, but compared to asphalt, it is slightly more. It can be also seen from Module D, that this material hs potential for reuse and recycling.

CONCRETE

Through EC3 we are evaluating the environmental impacts of different paving options for the site throughout its life cycle.

Concrete would considered as an option inplace of asphalt if needed. Concrete According to this study has a moderate carbon footprint especially due to the available manufacturers who can provide conservative EPDs.

THE BOX PLOT SHOWS THE CARBON IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CONCRETE PRODUCTS, BUT FINDS THE ONES WITH CONSERVATIVE EPDS IN MASSACHUSETTS

COMPARE BY MANUFACTURER

THERE ARE TWO MANUFACTURERS IN MASSACHUSETTS AREA WHICH ARE PROVIDING THE EDPS, AND WE DECIDED TO GO WITH AGGERATE INDUSTRIES FOR THEIR CONSERVATIVE CARBON IMPACT

WOOD DECK

Through EC3 we are evaluating the environmental impacts of different paving options for the site throughout its life cycle.

The overlook spots have wooden decks. This gives an option to incorporate material which has a lower carbon embodiment. This material has a negative carbon embodiment because it absorbs carbon.

THE BOX PLOT SHOWS MANUFACTURERS THAT HAVE A LOW CARBON IMPACT. THE MATERIAL MASS TIMBER ABSORBS CARBON WHICH HELPS WITH THE PROCESS

COMPARE BY MANUFACTURER

THE CHARTS ON THE RIGHT SHOW THE COMPARISIONS OF DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS, PLANTS AND PRODUCTS GLOBALLY

SANKEY DIAGRAM

Through this analysis it can be determined that we can reduce the carbon impact by 51%.

carbon impact reduction by 51%

The Mass Timber contributes to maximum reduction by 228%. The concrete can also be reduces by 21%. This overall can reduce the site’s carbon footprint by 21%.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - DESIGN FOR WELLNESS

As an outdoor recreation space, this greenway is an opportunity for wellness, quality views, providing enhanced air quality. For this purpose the CO2 has been measured and the 2 materials out of the 3 promient materials chosen are halth certified.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - RESOURCES

Using Tally, the embodied carbon was estimated to build a carbon neutral site. The major strategy used to reduce embodied carbon was by reducing impervious surface(asphalt and concrete) with narrower pervious surface (stabilized aggregate) in lower footfall area.

EPDs were obtaine for two materials - concrete and wood. This helped in lowering down the embodied carbon by 51%.

Site recycles materials to a large extent. For eg- the blocks exisitng in the wall are to be used for paving banding in special areas. A lot of the bas aggregate removed would be salvaged and used for the stabilized aggregate path.

SUPER SPREADSHEET - CHANGE

The site is located in Boson which is at risk of sea-level rise and flooding. For this purpose and being a greenway project research and analysis was done for it through maps and diagrams.

The main energy demand is for lighting at night. The lights will be backed up by solar power which comes attached to the light fixture, thus having backup. The irrigartion system is not required due to the usage of low maintenence plants thus no backup needed for that.

Since the project construction hasn’t begun, the engagement strategy with the project is an estimation.

This project is a public project with a lot of transperency, with office, clients and stakeholders and public through different mediums.

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - SUMMARY

The summary provides the overview of the different aspects calculated for the site. It is an opportunity to look at what aspects have been fullfilled and what have been ignored to either discuss with stakeholders or to go back and re-iterate in the design process.

Total Annual Potable Water Use per Occupant 2,390 gal / occupant / year

Total Daily Potable Water Use per Occupant 6.6 gal / occupant / day

Potable Water Use Intensity gal / sf / day

Potable Water Use Reduction

Total Annual Potable Water Use per Occupant 2,390 gal / occupant / year

Total Daily Potable Water Use per Occupant 6.6 gal / occupant / day

Potable Water Use Intensity gal / sf / day

Percent Rainwater Use 51% % total water use from collected rainwater Percent Grey/Black Water Use 0% % total water use from grey or blackwater

Potable Water Use Reduction

COTE SUPER SPREADSHEET - RESULTS

According to the COTE Results the site is high to veru high performance.

After the summary the results rate the different aspects of the site analytically to provide a result.

For this project, since much of it, especially the construction and post occupancy calculations are speculative, it is a good opportunity to use this as an itirative process.

REFERENCES

> “Carbon Footprint Calculator | Climate Change | US EPA.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1, 2015. https:// www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprintcalculator/.

> “How Many Planets Does It Take to Sustain Your Lifestyle?” Ecological Footprint Calculator. https://www. footprintcalculator.org/home/en.

> “Lower Neponset River Trail.” Mass. gov. Accessed February 24, 2022. https://www.mass.gov/locations/lowerneponset-river-trail.“

> “Progress in Mattapan.” Neponset River Watershed Association, February 17, 2021. https://www.neponset.org/ happenings/progress-in-mattapan/.

> “Boston, Massachusetts (MA) income map, earnings map, and wages data. https://www.city-data.com/income/ income-Boston-Massachusetts.html.“

> “Mattapan Demographics and Statistics.” Niche. https://www.niche. com/places-to-live/n/mattapan-bostonma/residents/.

> “Environmental Justice Populations in Massachusetts.” Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/ environmental-justice-populations-inmassachusetts.

> “Mattapan Demographics.” Point2. point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/ MA/Boston/Mattapan-Demographics. html.

> “Weather Data by Location | Energyplus.” https://energyplus.net/weather-location/ north_and_central_america_wmo_ region_4/USA/MI/USA_MI_Mount. Clemens-Selfridge.ANGB.725377_TMY3.

> “RSMEANS Data: Construction Cost Estimating Software.” RSMeans Construction Cost Database. https:// www.rsmeans.com/.

> “Approved Asphalt Vendor List.” Boston. gov, September 9, 2019. https://www. boston.gov/departments/public-works/ approved-asphalt-vendor-list.

> “Technical Aspects of Asphalt Trail Design.” Technical Aspects of Asphalt Trail Design - American Trails. https:// www.americantrails.org/resources/ technical-aspects-of-asphalt-trail-design.

> William Blondeau, Stephan Kochaver. “Aggregates from Natural and Recycled Sources.” USGS Publications Warehouse RSS. https://pubs.usgs.gov/.

> “Approved Gravel Vendor List.” Boston. gov, November 15, 2018. https://www. boston.gov/departments/public-works/ approved-gravel-vendor-list.

> “The Best Tree Nurseries in Boston, Massachusetts of 2022.” Trees.com, February 26, 2022. https://www.trees. com/tree-nurseries/boston-ma.

> Tally. Accessed May 10, 2022. https:// choosetally.com/.

> Building Transparency, May 10, 2022. https://www.buildingtransparency.org/.