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WARNING: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are warned that this site contains voices, names and images of people who have now entered the Dreamtime.
There is, unfortunately, very little information on Aboriginal attitudes to European people at the time of settlement. Amongst the people of the Kulin nation, the Europeans were generally known as Ngamajet. Historian Gary Presland explains that ‘The word also means the bright red colours at sunset; the place where the sun sets is Ngamat and the coloured sky is the place where the departed spirits go. Because the strangers’ skin was white, they were initially thought to be returned spirits.'[i] A story is told that Batman resembled a Wurundjeri man who had died, and consequently the man’s younger brother had a great deal of affection for him, believing Batman BUILDING MORELAND’S INDUSTRIES AND WORkFORCE to be the spirit of his brother.[ii] That said, the Europeans who arrived around the time of W u r u n d j e r i g r o u p n e a r Ya r r a r i v e r, 1 8 5 8 ‘Group of Aborigines, sitting and standing, whole-length, full face, wearing animal Batman (1835) were curiosities, but not unheard of. The Wurundjeri and other Aboriginal skins, some holding weapons’ Richard Daintree and Antoine Fauchery, circa 1858, people in the area had been exposed to whalers and sealers living on the southern coastline for State Library of Victoria, Accession no H84.167/48 many years. There had also been previous attempts at settlement by Europeans in the area as well as European explorers travelling through the land. As historian James Boyce has stated, ‘Misunderstanding and conflict might have been rife, but the 1835 encounter would not be a “dancing with strangers”, as at Port Jackson fifty years before.’ [iii] This refers to a corroboree in 1791 in what was to become Sydney, when English gentlemen and convicts danced with the local Aboriginal people. European settlers who arrived in the Port Phillip area from Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) and other parts of Australia often had highly prejudiced views of Aboriginal people. Van Diemen’s Land had been the site of extended guerrilla warfare, culminating in the ‘black line’, a colony wide search where all Aboriginal people were killed or captured and removed from the colony. This manifested itself both as a fear or expectation of violence from the Aboriginal people of Port Phillip, and a negative view of the Aboriginal population generally, and also increased the influence of the idea of “civilizing” the Aboriginal population, in order to avoid such violence occurring again.[iv] At an official level, an important influence on policy makers and political leaders was Enlightenment thought and what was known as the ‘Exeter Hall movement’ in Britain.[v] This humanitarian influence, well-intentioned but imperialistic, is evident in such things as the establishment of the Aboriginal protectorate. Figure 70 between AJohn l f rGlew’s e d clayCpitonear r nHodgson w e l Street, l ’s Brunswick, c l a y which p i operated ts, B r u n1849 s wandi 1857. c k Undated. 1 8 8Source: 8 Moreland City Libraries. At the onset of the gold rushes in 1851, thousands of immigrants poured into Victoria. For the next few years, [i] Presland, First People, 83 development was rapid and frenetic, and until the late 1850s building materials were scarce and couldn’t keep up with market demand. Fortunes could be made not just [ii] Finn, The Chronicles of Early Melbourne, 9-10 from gold but also from supplying goods and services. Some enterprising colonists made money from importing [iii] Boyce, 1835, 15 prefabricated buildings, while in Brunswick several hardworking men sought their fortune in brickyards. John Glew had opened a yard in Phillipstown’s Hodgson [iv] Edmonds, Urbanizing Frontiers, 85 Street in June 1849, and intensively worked the clay pit until it was exhausted in 1857.305 He moved to another site in Barkly Street east and erected a row of imported [v] Boyce, 1835, 37-38 prefabricated iron houses in Brunswick Road for his employees (see citation sheet for 181–189 Brunswick Road, Brunswick). Glew produced bricks and tiles, including his trademark cream bricks, which he branded Figure 71 John Glew’s house Harrowgate in Barkly Street in 1866. The THIS ‘JG’.SHARE He retired in 1884 and his business continued in image shows his adjoining pottery yard and items being stacked into the Weston Street until 1907 as the ‘New John Glew Pottery kiln. Source: Pictures Collection, State Library of Victoria. Works’.
305 Barnes, It happened in Brunswick, 1837-1987, p.10.
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Tr i n i t y M a r o n i t e C a t h o l i c C o l l e g e 1 9 9 6
Figure 11 Map showing the Parish of Jika Jika which includes Brunswick and Coburg. The map also shows the first landowners of Brunswick and Coburg (c1902). The bold number in each allotment is the Crown Portion number. The numbers behind the names indicate the size in acres. One acre equals 0.41 hectares. Source: Coburg Historical Society.
Pentridge, the Jika Jika Parish Village The parish of Jika Jika Village was formally named Pentridge in August 1840. By then, the surrounding area had been carved up into farms. The Port Phillip Gazette observed with some enthusiasm that
‘Group of Aborigines, sitting and standing, wholelength, full face, wearing animal skins, some holding weapons’ Richard Daintree and Antoine Fauchery, circa 1858, State Library of Victoria, Accession no H84.167/48
i n f l u e n c e
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Blak Dot Gallery
in the immediate neighbourhood we reckoned as many as twenty-one farms all in the occupation of gentlemen, who are busily engaged in the erection of dwelling houses and other buildings requisite for carrying on agricultural operations upon an extensive scale. There are also six families of the labouring class.55
According to historian Richard Broome, it was almost certainly the local surveyor, Henry Foot who gave the name Pentridge to the village.56 It refers to the village of 55 Port Phillip Gazette, 8 August 1840, cited in Broome, p. 37. 56 Broome, p. 40.
Pentridge in Dorset, England, the birthplace of Henry’s wife, Lettice Spear. At the time, the Foot family were living by the Merri Creek and Henry was engaged in contract survey work. It was another eight years before the Pentridge reserve was surveyed, and until then the village did not materialise. The first sign of its development as a community hub was in 1848, when the Wesleyan Church was allocated a land grant for religious purposes. The prime position covering 8 roods (2 acres or 1 hectare) on the corner of Bell Street and Sydney Road was previously the site of a government pound,57 and the small sandstone and bluestone chapel they erected in 1849 still stands there today (see citation for 562 Sydney Road, Coburg). Surveyor Lindsay Clarke formally laid out the village in 1849 in the precinct bounded by what are now Bell Street, Drummond Street, Lyon Street and Sydney Road, and intersected by Crow Street 57 Broome, p. 67.
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© 2018 City of Yarra — All rights reserved. Made by Assemblo / the creative agency
o n s i t e
Wurundjeri land, Alfred C o r n w e l l ’s e s t a t e , a n d a Catholic school.
Figure 11 Map showing the Parish of Jika Jika which includes Brunswick and Coburg. The map also shows the fi Coburg (c1902). The bold numberAin allotment Portion T h enumber. y h a v e The a l l numbers o c c u p i ebehind d t h e the name l f reach ed Co r n w e l l ’s is p othe t t e Crown ry site and to this day continue equals 0.41 hectares. Source: Coburg Historical Society. to exist at the site through built form, presence and exerting i n f l u e n c ein . Dorset, Pentridge
Pentridge, the Jika Jika Parish Village The parish of Jika Jika Village was formally named Pentridge in August 1840. By then, the surrounding area had been carved up into farms. The Port Phillip Gazette observed with some enthusiasm that
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Englan wife, Lettice Spear. At the t by the Merri Creek and Hen survey work.
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WURUNDJERI HISTORY OF YARRA
Group of Aborigines
6. ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS BETWEEN THE WURUNDJERI & THE BRITISH
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ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY VIDEOS
in the immediate neighbourhood we reckoned as many as twenty-one farms all in the occupation of gentlemen, who are busily engaged in the erection of dwelling houses and other buildings requisite for carrying on agricultural operations upon an extensive scale. There are also six families of the Antoine College labouring class.55
According to historian Richard Broome, it was almost certainly the local surveyor, Henry Foot who gave the name Pentridge to the village.56 It refers to the village of
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It was another eight years b was surveyed, and until the The first sign of its develop in 1848, when the Wesleya ite grant for religious purposes Saxon St, Brunswick 8 roods (2 acres or 1 hecta and Sydney Road was prev pound,57 and the small san they erected in 1849 still st for 562 Sydney Road, Cob formally laid out the village by what are now Bell Stree
Wind as speed
N
1 Jan - 31 Dec
Northerly wind Recorded as fastest and most variable of wind speed.
Relative Humidity
Dominate conditions
Psychrometric Chart 1 Jan - 31 Dec hotter air can hold more water than cold air, therefore this visualises humidity along a curved graph as a pychrometric chart.
Wind as temperature
N
1 Jan - 31 Dec
Northerly wind Tracks as the hottest and one of the coldest wind directions.
Site
Southernly winds Variable direction but least variable state of temperature variance.
Calm (less than 1m/s) for 18.73% of the time.
Mesoscale Circulations
iButton Placement
CD821
CD821
30
BF621 25
20
CD821 EDE21 EFB21 BF621
15
EFB21
EDE21
The temperature data of the iButton at a critical juncture of the focused sites and other areas, it tracks consistently cooler than the opposing juncture of space as evidenced by the iButton EFB21.
10
5
0
4:16pm
4:31pm
4:46pm
5:01pm
5:16pm
5:31pm
5:46pm
6:01pm
System Influences
Currently the site is an occupation-led research and community centre, Siteworks.
1:100
Te s t i n g i n p l a c e i s h i g h l y encouraged and therefore this site has been chosen to harness and work with the existing conditions through amplification.
Focused Site
A FBF621
639921 5A7321
30
Te m p e r a t u r e d a t a s h o w s t h e brick facade to be the coolest in comparison to the gravel and vegetation.
iButton
25
FBF621 Brick Facade
A
5A7321 Gravel
20
639921 tree 15
Observational and experiential factors of shade, delight and green space were also taken into account.
Bureau of Meteology Rain (mm)
10
Wind (km/h)
N
1:100
5
0 9am
3pm
30/12/17
31/12/17
1/1/18
2/1/18
3/1/18
4/1/18
Micro-Climate
Section AA 1:100
X50
500μm
Hardwood Tracheids are larger and spaced further apart with an increase in density of fibres.
X80
200μm
Softwood A straw-like appearance with smaller and many tracheids.
Acacia
Wood
Balsa
An interaction between material and atmospheric qualities. Wood as a material is able to grow and shape during it’s life-cycle, with opportunities to intervene in it’s growth, built, and decay cycle. These transitions in form can be viewed independently, or, in this case, as a system within its environment. A system that depends upon and is shaped by atmospheric factors such as heat, humidity, and wind. In the growth stage the wood wide web allows communication, a passing of nutrients, and warning amongst different species of trees via the mycorrhizal fungi and scents (One small scale example of such a warning being the smell of freshly cut grass.). In conjunction, the direction and growth rate are all affected by the surrounding climatic conditions. Once felled, and milled, timber as a resource and building material, is used to create and control built form and internal conditions. As timber and trees decay, hollows form creating vital habitats for animals and nutrients are released to promote emergence of new flora.
Eucalyptus Elm Hardwoods
Jacaranda Maple Oak Sassafras Walnut
Tracheids
Willow
Lignin
Life Matter 20μm
Tracheids
Lignin
Water conducting cells that lack perforations in the cells walls.
The adhesive bond, a polymer producing rigidity and woodyness.
Archim Menges
Tetsuo Ando
Matthias Pliessnig
Divooe Zein Architects
Crosson Architects
Process
Environment
Habitat
Organism While seemingly disparate operations are occurring in the above images, the processes and influences t h a t s h a p e t h e m a r e n o t d i s s i m i l a r. A t m o s p h e r e s h a p e s “ P r o c e s s ” t h r o u g h h u m i d i t y a n d w i n d . E x t e r n a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e t o “ E n v i r o n m e n t ” v i a c o n s t r i c t i o n s a n d d i r e c t i o n s . F i n a l l y, t h e o r g a n i c s t r u c t u r e o f the material results in a desirable place of habitation for organisms, flora, and fauna in “Habitat”.
Organic Inorganic
P a p e r F o r m Te s t i n g
B o x b o a r d F o r m Te s t i n g Te s t i n g f o r m w i t h organic, wood based materials. R i g i d i t y, a n d f l e x i b i l i t y were priority opportunities.
Venturi effect An increase in a fluid’s velocity as it passes through a constriction.
Using smoke as air movement guides, the venturi effect was shown to operate in real time and scalable.
Willpower
V e n t u r i E f f e c t Te s t i n g
An angle of 25 degrees seemed to slow the process of evaporation the slowest.
M a t e r i a l C o n s t r u c t i o n Te s t i n g : Angle Curve
Depth
This scale of thickness does not seem to be a determining factor in evaporation.
The fifth most extreme curve retains the most moisture, while the second least seems to retain along a larger surface area.
Determination
M a t e r i a l C o n s t r u c t i o n Te s t i n g : Stacked Bent
Fixed Panel
Bending uses w o o d ’s o r g a n i c structures to its advantage by softening the lignin adhesive bond, and reorganising the tracheids when exposed to a solution of 50/50 ammonia and w a t e r.
Stacking layers of wood is work intensive and requires precise construction.
B e n d i n g u s e s w o o d ’s organic structures to its advantage by softening the lignin adhesive bond, and reorganising the tracheids when exposed to a solution of 50/50 a m m o n i a a n d w a t e r.
Fixing panels doesn’t allow for curvilinear forms to be made.
Will Determination
Decomposed timber continues to break down, but at a velocity currently imperceptible. Being of greater mass it is also the most
day 1
day 2
day 3
Cardboard has been warping and breaking apart since day 3. Fungi has thrived after day 6, originating on the leeward side suggesting it does is maintaining a protective coverage.
day 4
day 5
day 6
day 7
day 8
day 9
Paper sheets peeled forwards from early on. This is due to warm, dry conditions on the exposed side, and wet conditions on the leeward side. Fungi has incubated like the cardboard suggesting the properties of paper encourage it.
U s i ng three v a ry i ng w o o d b a s ed ma teri a l s d ec o mp o s i ti o n i s b ei ng ex p l o red a c ro s s the three c o rres p o nd i ng ti mes c a l es .
Decomposition
Design Statement
“The stones, tables technologies, words, and edibles that confront us as fixed are mobile internally heterogeneous materials whose rate of speed and pace of change are slow compared to the duration and velocity of the human bodies participating in and perceiving them. “Objects” appear as such because their becoming proceeds at a speed or a level below the threshold of human discernment.” Jane Bennett: Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things
Organisms, flora and fauna are present ( c h e m i c a l l y, m o d i f i e d o r o t h e r w i s e ) i n o u r perceived “non-natural” environments. These objects go through a current cycle of life and death, creation and destruction, consume and discard. T h e s e o b j e c t s d o n o t d i s a p p e a r. I n s t e a d t h e y move out of view of the everyday public, but continue to exist through different iterations and ultimately as long as the planet does, itself intrinsically linked to this environment. This project aims to highlight, involve and use such a process through three methods:
Project
Placing this process of decay and transition in the publics’ view and scaling it to the pace and speed of human bodies discernment.
Climatic conditions, meso and microscaled, are used to activate, shape and form the project coupling it to the dynamism of such things.
Affected as such, the project influences and amplifies the cooler wind travelling at the site through the venturi effect and increased evaporative cooling.
Life Death
Prototype Construction
The prototype is built on knowledge gained from the previous testings. It uses the venturi effect, sloped a t 2 5 d e g r e e s , a n d c o n t a i n s a t i g h t a n d a l a r g e r, l e s s extreme curve. Furthermore the construction method is using a 50/50 solution of ammonia and water to rearrange the micro-structure of the timber which has then been glued in place.
Design Construct
deposition
deposition
Wind Outcomes shaded shaded
decomposition
decomposition
moisture retention
moisture retention
venturi effect
Decomposition
Organic Material
Organic Matter
Compost, branches, leaves, food scaps, faeces, etc.
Humus
10 to 1 ratio
Exposure
Working in Place
Site System