History of the press

A short history of the media in Europe

C HAPTER 1

Great Britain

DAILY NEWS EARLY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PRESS

Between 1640 and the Restoration, around 30,000 'news letters' and 'news papers' were printed, many of which can be seen today in the British Museum. The first regular English daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was launched with the reign of Queen Anne in 1702. In 1737 Belfast News Letter, world's oldest surviving, daily newspaper was founded.

❖

The birth of the press in Britain

Britain's press can trace its history back to more than 300 years ago .

William Caxton introduced the first English printing press in 1476 and, by the early 16th century, the first 'news papers' were seen in Britain. England's first news periodicals, called corantos, circulated in the 1620s. Estimates suggest that between 250 and 850 copies of each coranto were printed.

They were, however, slow to evolve, with the largely illiterate population relying on town-criers for news.

The United Kingdom possesses one of the most universally respected and widely read national presses. According to Brian McNair (1999), 80 percent of adults regularly read at least one national daily newspaper (not necessarily every day), and 75 percent read a Sunday edition.

❖ The evolution of the press throughout the centuries

As the nineteenth century progressed, it became clear that, under the right circumstances, the press could be very profitable. Particularly with the growth of consumerism in the second half of the nineteenth century, advertising became an important source of revenue for news2

papers. This development helped to increase the importance of high circulations.

Express ) and mass market (including the Daily Mirror and the Sun ) are published in tabloid format.

The twentieth century witnessed the ongoing conflict between lingering nineteenth-century ideals and the press's increasingly commercial environment.

Nearly 90 percent of the upmarket dailies' readers are considered middle class, compared to only about 30 percent of the down-market dailies' readers. In 1995 daily newspaper sales were approximately 20 percent upmarket, 27 percent midmarket, and 53 percent mass market.

Over the course of the century, the press solidified into three distinct markets in the daily and Sunday national p r e s s : q u a l i t y, m i d d l e m a r k e t , a n d m a s s market. Nowadays, the UK is effectively saturated with The markets are distinguished not only by readership, traditional electronic media. Multi-television, multi-radio but also by price, size, and contents. As of May 2002, and multi-telephone households are commonplace. newspapers’ price varies from 20 pence to 1 Tapez pour saisirthe le texte pound.

The quality press, including The Times , the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph , the Independent , and the Financial Times , is published in a broadsheet format, while the middle market (including the Daily Mail and Daily

By Thusika, Natacha and Mathilde

History

3

History

The press in the United Kingdom

By Benedicte and Paulina How has the press changed the History of the country ?

After, in the nineteenth century the newspaper was more developped, accessible and was typically formed out of four to eight pages of articles about political speeches or debates between politicians.

The press permitted to developpement of freedom and to express their ideas against people who would be tyrans.

The London Times was the most influential paper in the middle century. It merged with Morning Post and the new Daily Telegraph , a sober and editorially diverse press existed that some observes have pointed to as ÂŤ golden age Âť for the British press. The Times has been the most prestigious British newspaper since XIX century.

And above all during the Crimean War, in 1854, it developed a reputation for independence, truthfulness, and forcefulness that earned it the moniker "The Thunderer." More than any other paper, it can be considered a national institution, and is for many the "paper of record."

Today we all know the press , but do you really know its origins? How has the press fought for the liberty of expression !

This article will help you to understand the history of the British press and why its very important in the world of today!

The United Kingdom press is one of the most respected and read in the world after the American press. This popularity could be explained by the fact that the English is the international langage and one of the oldest.

The history of the British press starts in 1702 with the first regular daily newspaper the Daily Courant published during the reign of Queen Anne.

The Old Newspaper Reading Room in the British Museum. Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press 1893. The British Library Board.

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Following the repeal of the "Taxes on Knowledge," a provincial press flourished, as new titles joined such older papers as the Manchester Guardian and Yorkshire.

This is the graph of the circulation of the most important newspaper in Great Britain.

Now you know all about the British press !


 The English print media has very rich newspaper sectors with more than 11 daily newspapers and the same for the sunday titles.

Every week, about 75 milion newspapers are sold and read by 80 percent of the adult population. The adult British population regularly read at least one national daily newspaper. We can observe that five newspaper control the market of the newspaper, its represent 72 pourcent of it, and the British press ha about 700 newspapers.
 The record of the sales was 11 millions after the record on 1950.

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C HAPTER 2

Ireland

DIVERSITY OF MEDIA IN IRELAND

By Kasim, Sinan, Adem and Souleimane

In spite of, the low Irish population (3.8 million people), the Republic of Ireland has an important media diversity. This diversity is composed of: 12 national newspapers (daily newspaper, evenings, Sundays, weekly)—and by more than 60 regional newspapers), 150 indigenous consumer magazines and nearly 50 indigenous book publishers, 4 national television stations (1998: TV3, Ireland's first commercial television station, began broadcasting), 5 national radio stations and dozens of regional radio stations. Grow Irish presence on the Internet as well as an increasing Internet penetration rate in Ireland. There are also a

plethora of imported books, magazines, and newspapers, as well as radio and television channels available through cable and satellite. Ireland's media environment is both populous and diverse, essential qualities for any healthy democracy.

Politically, the Media in Ireland are free from government interference as it has ever been. Before the 1990s, the Censorship Board banned hundreds of books and movies every year, a pattern that inhibited creativity at home and attempts at importing from abroad. Today the Censorship Board screens for pornography, but little more. Literature and film are free to circulate. The government has also granted the media far wider access to its records, thanks to the Freedom of Information Act of 1997, now the press—or any Irish citizen—can now make formal requests to see government records, and with very few exceptions, those requests will be granted. (The Freedom of Information Act has had the effect of encouraging more investigative reporting) But investigative reporting faces a problem in Ireland. The conditions to make a report of investigation are risked. Most of the time, there are 7

trials for defamation and the defendant win in most of the cases. The Irish media also face economic challenges: there is a competition between magazines, books, newspapers, radios and television channels. Thanks to various laws, as Freedom of information Act (1997), Broadcasting Act (2001). In 1998, the first Irish television channel begins the radio distribution. All these historic actions allowed an access to the easier information.

More than half of Irish use televisions with cables. The Irish have, for the majority, three irish channels, four British channels and a dozen sattelite stations.“NTL” and “CHOEUR” are the principal TV companies english-speaking. “Sky channels” is the most important ADSL providers leads in Ireland. It alows access to 100 channels. RTE (Radio Teilifis Eireann), RTE ONE and RTE TWO are the most famous channels in Ireland. RTE TWO is the second public channel. It will focus on children and teenagers

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C HAPTER 3

France

By Romaïssa, Amélie, Léa et Tshanon.

Daily express 11

Daily express Monday, November 30th

The French Press Nowadays Press and media were and are the most important agents of communication and transfer. They establish an important economic activity, with a 10, 62 billion euro turnover for the print media, of 10 billion euros for the television and 1,353 billion euros for the radio today. France has a broad spectrum of print media: Le Figaro, L’Humanite, Liberation, and Le Monde.

Those national newspapers have the biggest reader ships; some regional newspapers such as OuestFrance reach a good deal more readers, indeed many people in the provinces remaining faithful to their local paper.

But The French print press, whose sales are about 4 million, with her 15 000 titles could be replaced by the free media gradually as the television, the radio, free newspapers‌ Only about 164 adults out of every 1000 read a daily paper. A figure that places France behind most other European countries apart from Italy, Spain

and Portugal. In fact, almost all French newspapers have lost readers and circulation since 2000, and are continuing to do so. This decline is due to the rise of free newspapers, the economic downturn and the Internet During the French Revolution the number of newspaper rose to 1 000. In 1881 press freedom was enshrined in the constitution.

Nevertheless, the freedom of expression was reached on January 2015, two islamists killed 12 people into the editorial offices of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, among them some of France’s best known caricaturists.

Under the slogan JE SUIS CHARLIE millions of people around the world rallied in public places and social networks to show their solidarity with the murdered journalists. In response to the violence, France reflected on its liberal values. Press freedom, in particular, has a long tradition in France.

By CarlaThe Press in France

The Press in France 12

A timeline of all the key dates in the history of the French Press

By Ismail, Arthur, Ali and Medhi

The Press in France The Press is one of the oldest ways of information. Even in nowadays it is still an important sort of document to get inform. As a lot of old things of course the press knew an evolution. It also helped communication in many key dates as wars or revolutions.

The French Press also knew some a zenith during the World Wars. It helped the cities and backlines to get inform about the situation.

An article of newspaper from WW1

The press has to fit with specificities of each countries, for example with the politic of the country, the economy, the culture and a lot more.

Those newspaper also helped for the cult of personality, the propaganda and the brainwash which is very specific of those World Wars.

In France we have a lot of different newspapers which are politically and culturally oriented in different ways. This allows French people to choose the source of information according to their opinions. All these different ways to think are guaranteed by the freedom of expression (Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 7).

The French press was also an important way of information during all the revolution and Republic (5 different Republic systems) that raise in France.

Sometimes it can be a bit hypocritical because they read what they want to read and it might not be the truth.

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SPECIAL SURVEY

on television, it is still their privileged means to information in front of radio stations who are only chosen by 33% (even though France has one of the largest number of radio stations in the world, currently around 900), Internet (27%), daily newspapers (24%) and weekly newspapers (9%). Television plays a central role in public debates, in particular the 8pm news of the public station France 2 (which is where a French president appears if he wants to address the nation for example) and the private broadcaster TF1, elected French channel of the year 2015. If in 2005 only 23% trusted Internet to find quality information, nowadays the contrast isn’t as pronounced, and people are starting to prefer surfing the web to find detailed explanations on a given subject rather than watching the news. So even though TV remains the French favourite media, its days are most certainly numbered especially now that paper news reports are disappearing in favour of the digitization of the press.

By Megan, Lucie and Lina

France still has a broad spectrum of print media. Its three main quality dailies are all based in Paris: Libération, launched in 1973 by JeanPaul Sartre and a group of like-minded left-wing intellectuals; Le Monde, France's left-of-centre paper of record which has always commanded great respect both at home and abroad (considered as one of the 4 best newspapers in the world); and L’Humanité founded in 1904

by Jean Jaures to serve as a mouthpiece to the French Communist Party. There are also a few influential weeklies, such as the satirical and investigative Le Canard Enchaîné (our equivalent of the Private Eye without the delving into personal lives of public figures), l’Express, France's first weekly news magazine which was modelled on the American magazine Time, "the French intellectuals' parish magazine” Le Nouvel Observateur, and finally the Rennes-based Ouest-France which actually despite being a regional paper sells more copies than any other French daily paper. However, compared to the UK, French newspapers play a considerably smaller role in the life of the nation, with no widespread “Sunday papers”, or popular muck-racking national tabloid press, and the salient fact about the French press is that its financial health is precarious and it would not be able to survive without

France, the nation which brought the world the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

With such a powerful symbolic reputation, you’d expect the media of said country and especially the press, which you picture as a traditional folded newspaper being sold to the people on the streets, to be the embodiment of every patriotic value it stands for, the living soul of freedom of speech and the right to an opinion. And many are likewise mistaken. But the truth is that nowadays, the French press is knowing a downfall many are truly concerned about and fear it will never recover from… As most of its European neighbours, the number of copies sold by newspapers each year has obviously gone down drastically since the uprising of Internet and the digital era. But according to a recent survey conducted by TNS Sofres (SOciété FRançaise d’Enquêtes par Sondages), one of the main marketing and polling companies in France, the country’s favourite media in front of Internet is television!

Indeed 69% of the sampled say they watch TV to stay posted on what’s going on, and if only 48% of French people trust what they hear

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subsidy from the state it so often opposes. And faced with plummeting circulation figures and fewer readers since 2000, some of the big names on the French newspaper scene are being threatened for survival.

apart from Italy, Spain and Portugal. But one thing remains untarnished: the symbol that represents the French newspapers, the symbol of the Freedom of the Press.

This decline, due to the rise of Internet and free newspapers such as Direct Matin or 20 Minutes, as well as the economic downtown has seen newspaper sales going from 525,000 to 85,000 copies in less than ten years, and has already forced France Soir to close down in 2012 (this newspaper was for a long time the circulation leader, with over 1.3 million copies a day).

53% of French people consider that this unprecedented crisis leaves the press in a “very bad economic and financial situation” with 66% deeming it “a true risk for Democracy in France”.

Since it is customary in France to combine economic and political interests with journalistic activities, this situation has produced some unlikely alliances in desperate attempts to stay afloat, such as Libération being rescued from bankruptcy by the financier Edouard de Rothschild in 2005 or the media and defence conglomerate Lagardere now being one of the main shareholders of France's most respected daily, Le Monde. Many rich industrialists obviously see having a stake in a leading daily as a way of promoting their interests and exercising greater influence on government policy. Lagardere is a friend of Former President Nicolas Sarkozy, while the owner of Le Figaro (created in 1826; the oldest French newspaper), Serge Dassault, has close links to both Former Presidents Sarkozy and Chirac… One is left to wonder whether that might have had something to do with 37% of French citizens thinking that under his term the press depicted President Sarkozy rather nicely…. All in all, the independence of the French media leaves something to be desired, and public perception of collusion between big business, the government and the press may not have helped to enhance the French people's respect for the national dailies: indeed only about 164 adults out of every 1,000 read a daily paper - a figure that places France behind most other Western European countries

A little historical context is necessary here to understand why the freedom of the press is such a fundamental, almost biblical value in France. The first French newspaper “La Gazette” was established in 1615 under the patronage and with the active co-operation of Cardinal Richelieu (to give you an idea of who he is, he was pretty much to the King of France what David Cameron is to the Queen of Elizabeth: the man in charge). Each edition of the paper, which cost six centimes, consisted of a single sheet folded into eight pages, commonly beginning with foreign and national news. The information it contained came from Richelieu’s office itself, with the words sometimes written in his 16

own handwriting (you understand that diversity of opinion wasn’t really a thing back then…). With the French Revolution in 1789 and the gradual destruction piece by piece of everything the Old Regime stood for, came an enormous demand for daily information, and over 130 newspapers appeared by the end of the year. The next decade saw 2000 newspapers founded, with 500 in Paris alone! Most lasted only a matter of weeks, but together they became the main mains to communication: newspapers were read aloud in taverns and clubs, and circulated hand to hand. The world's first news agency, “Agence France Presse” was founded in 1835 and in 1881 Press Freedom was enshrined in the constitution .The press saw its lofty role to be the advancement of civic republicanism, by the means of public service.

Since it comes as no surprise that the most inspiring years of French History were significant times of change for the press, it should not surprise us further that the most traumatic experience the nation ever knew also had some impact on the French mentality towards freedom of speech. Open any French history schoolbook, you will see that each Year always has a section devoted to the Second World War and the German Occupation. It is to the French what the Civil War of 1936 is to the Spanish: the darkest times their country ever endured. Times were the press was heavily censored, with Paris newspapers under tight Nazi, while the others were closed. Even the fact of having your own local newspaper, something that brought you closer to your country and your compatriots, something that gave you national identity; was snatched away from you. To a nation already big on patriotic values and whose motto is “Liberté Egalité Fraternité”, you can imagine how that was suffered. In 1944, when the Résistance liberated Paris and seized control of all of the collaborationist newspapers, they turned them all over to new teams of editors and publishers, and provided financial support (thus for example the previously high-prestige Le Temps being replaced by the new daily Le Monde, a 21st century favourite). Freedom of the press was back once more, and being linked to the French nightmare that were the four long years of Occupation, it was also as-

sociated with the mentality that followed: “Never again”. Hence free speech becoming a sacred aspect of French media.

Since then it was an acquired asset to all, though also frequently the source of serious problems, especially from newspapers who often pushed its limits to the breaking point in the name of their Constitutional Rights. Though many disagreed, mostly due to the religious satire they used as weapons, it constantly kept the debate about the freedom and the laicity of the press in the news cycle and even managed to motivate people overseas. On 7 January 2015, when two Islamists forced their way into the editorial offices of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo and killed some of the country’s most famous caricaturists (Charb, Tignous, Wolinski, Cabu) to avenge the Prophet, the whole world turned their eyes on France. Under the slogan "Je suis Charlie" (I am Charlie), millions of people around the globe rallied in public places and social networks to show their solidarity with the murdered journalists. Observers described the brutal attacks as the "9/11 of press freedom", and it was all that was discussed for weeks and weeks. Before the attack Charlie Hebdo had had a small print run of around 60,000, another victim of the press’ downfall, whereas the first issue after the attack sold 7,000 000 copies in France and in twenty-five other countries !

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That is because free speech, particularly in France where it has such standing, context and present as well, is one of the most fascinating contemporary issues to the people of this planet. For if Freedom for All is the most fundamental value of all Democracy, and speech is the easiest way to apply that freedom, then where does it stop? When does it stop being Freedom and start becoming a Crime? At one point do we draw the line, set the limits to individual freedom for the common good of the community? Are there limits to be set, or is that an offense to the Constitution? These questions only brush the surface of what is a serious question of personal and political responsibility in our 21st century society, questions that pop up all the time all over the international media. Only this weekend was Flemming Rose the former Head of the Culture Department of the satirical Danish newspaper “Jyllands Posten” (who like Charlie Hebdo printed caricatures of the Prophet 10 years ago), giving an interview to French newspaper Libération and campaigning for total freedom of speech. Almost a year after the Attacks of January in Paris, and in light of the recent events, he commented: “The fight for freedom of speech is a never-ending war, one each generation has to fight and one you never win for good. Because freedom of speech wasn’t handed down from above. It is something powerful people and little groups amongst society will always try to limit. I think many European politicians believe the more multicultural our society becomes and the more opinions diverge, the less freedom of speech is needed in order to preserve social peace. It’s a paradox, and wrong.

On the contrary, the more society diversifies itself, the more we need freedom of speech for all citizens to have a place where they can speak and exchange, and diversity can get out into the open space.”

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The Press and Media in your country

By Prashane and Athirai

On the occasion of the press’ and media’s international week which takes place every ten years we decided to dedicate our article to the press. This year special week will be organized in Paris that’s why our article is concentrated on France’s media.

Thanks to the media we are able to get informed about whatever happens all around the world. But it wasn’t authorized during a long time.

Indeed in France the press liberty was given just in 1789 after the revolution where people took the power from the king when over 130 newspapers appeared by the end of the year. Until Napoleon came to power and took the final step: he allowed only four papers in Paris and one in each of the other departments; all were closely censored.

The present media landscape in France finds its cultural roots in the postwar period, when the state decided to regulate an industry that lost credit after the collaborationist Vichy regime.

The state is hence still very present in the written press (via a recently renewed system of subsidies), the TV (with France Televisions as a major actor and its president almost directly appointed by the state), the radio (Radio France group has two stations in the top five in terms of audience), the cinema (with a complex system of

Then according to the different political system it was allowed and forbidden several times.

Later during the Second World War the media was censored. All the Paris newspapers were under German supervision by collaborators. In 1944, the Free French liberated Paris, and seized control of all of the collaborationist newspapers.

They turned the presses and operations over to new teams of editors and publishers, and provided financial support. Thus for example the previously high-prestige Le Temps was replaced by the new daily Le Monde.

subsidies handled by the National Cinematographic Center, or the CNC), and more recently on the Internet (with regulations on cultural products, downloading and property rights known as Hadopi). State-level decisions regarding French media are thus awaited with impatience and are often very important moments.

In the early 21st century, the best-selling daily was the regional Ouest-France in 47 local editions, followed by Le Progrès of Lyon, La Voix du Nord in Lille, and Provençal in Marseille. In Paris the Communists published l'Humanité while Le Monde Figaro had local rivals in Le Parisien, L'Aurore and the leftist Libération.

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Compared to the press in the UK, French newspapers play a considerably smaller role in the life of the nation.

The French newspaper industry is characterized by a lack of mass-market national dailies, a lack of the kind of heavyweight Sunday newspapers that one finds in English-speaking countries, and above all the absence of the kind of frivolous and muck-raking daily and Sunday tabloid press that is so omnipresent in the UK. Only about 164 adults out of every 1,000 read a daily paper - a figure that places France behind most other Western. Indeed French people prefer tv news, social networks or radio rather than newspapers due to the fact that the information is more quickly and easily get on them.

However all the best-selling daily came on the web and on our smartphones thanks to social networks and apps.

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News

in the

December 2015

Page 1-6

From the Gazette to the internet : the key role of the press in consciousness raising.

Newspapers and magazines may be biased but it sounds impossible to imagine a democratic society without them even today, in the digital age . Yet if we get a closer look at the history of the press in France, what seems granted today has not always been a right . This is what the online exhibition on the Bnf website highlights.

Vivien Demeulenaere reports.

In democratic countries, the press has

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always played a crucial role since it embodies one of the fundamental principles of the democratic system: the freedom of expression.

Origins of the mass press

Paris climate talks: French hosts release text of final deal – live

Even if the publication of the first weekly periodical, La Gazette dates back to 1631,and the first national daily newspaper Le Journal de Paris, to 1777 it was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the press experienced a period of unprecedented expansion during which it achieved the status of a mass medium in terms of news provision to an audience of significant size before , as it was the case all over Europe, readership of newspapers was restricted to elite sections of society.

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Euro 2016 draw: Home nations set to find out opponents

Although freedom of the press is growing at the end of the monarchy , it is with the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 24, 1789 ) that freedom of thoughts and expression became reality .

By Florian, Hichem, Vincent and Vivien

The Golden age In the ‘golden age’ of the French press - that is between the collapse of the Second Empire in 1870 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 newspapers underwent a massive expansion in both the number of different titles published and the size of their total readership.

The changes in society naturally resulted in new reading habits .

Indeed the spread of literacy and the extension of the electoral franchise, and on the supply side by innovations in printing technology, such as the rotary press, and improvements in distribution through new means of transportation, notably the railways.

The use of mass production techniques, the industrialization of the publication process led to a lowering in the cover price of newspapers, which in turn helped boost sales. What’s more, leading industrialists and financiers, who regarded the press as an economic sector ripe for commercial development and exploitation were prepared to invest in the press as a business enterprise.

This is how in In 1863 Le Petit Journal at five centimes a copy became the first of a long list of mass circulation newspapers.

‘Printing and publishing are free’ Meanwhile, the relationship between the state and the press underwent radical change with the 1881 press statute –the Law on the Liberty of the Press – with began with the words ‘Printing and publishing are free’. Guaranteeing freedom of opinion and the right to publish, this reform heralded the end oc state censorship, legal restraints on content and restrictive financial measures.

Yet the 1881 statute did not put a definitive end to state interference in newspaper content. as it became evident at times of national crisis.

During the First World War, for example, the government severely censored the press in the interest of keeping popular morale high. Moreover, out of patriotism most newspapers didn’t hesitate to print articles largely influenced by government directives and extremely biased ( and optimistic) news from the front.

Not only were the news inaccurate but the shortage of labour, the restrictions on the supply of paper and a reduction in advertising revenue, led to an increase in production costs and a smaller number of readers as well as a decline in the number of daily titles published. During the inter-war years

In the same way, the defeat of 1940 entailed massive dislocating consequences for the French press, as the North of France was occupied by the Nazi. Thus many Paris newspapers fled to the southern zone while others simply stopped publishing altogether. Strict censorship was established by the Nazis and the Vichy state in their respective zones After the German invasion of the southern zone in November 1942, most of the Paris dailies that had earlier moved south abandoned publishing while in the northern zone was dominated by collaborationist papers for the whole period of the German occupation.

However, the publication of clandestine newspapers sympathetic to the views of de Gaulle and the Resistance was a vital means of spreading the ideals of the Resistance, mobilizing support for its activities and maintaining a sense of solidarity.

Publishing a newspaper was a major gesture of defiance against the authorities and those who took this initiative of political engagement ran a considerable risk of discovery and punishment.

And the longer the war continued, the more the clandestine press became well organized and highly professional in its operations.

Source : European Journalism Centre

After the defeat of the Nazis the clandestine press formed a national federation at the end of 1943. In agreement with the Resistance organizations and the Provisional Government, this federation was to help and shape the content of legislation on the press after the Liberation.

The outbreak of the Second World War contributed to a major change in the media landscape : the radio became a major means of communication with either radio stations articulating views sympathetic to the Nazis (Radio-Paris), PĂŠtain (Radio-Vichy) or the Resistance (Radio-Londres). Indeed, De Galle first and most famous broadcast, the appeal of 18 June remains a landmark in the History of the nation.

To put it in a nutshell , the military and political conflict of the war found a reflection in a propaganda battle of the airwaves as each side strove to impose its views through the medium of radio.

Postwar legacy After the Liberation,dramatic changes took place : newspapers accused of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers were closed down and their assets redistributed to owners untainted by collaboration(out of the 206 daily newspaper titles that had been published in France in 1939, only 28 remained) At the same time, the old prewar press groups were eliminated and a new press system was reconstituted from independent companies. Small press groups, including those of Catholic and Communist sensibilities, established themselves in the new system.

Party political titles were particularly in evidence in the initial postwar period. So too were politically committed ‘opinion’ newspapers, such as Combat, in which the philosopher Albert Camus played a leading role.

The quality daily Le Monde was also set up in 1944 to provide France with a newspaper of reference in the style of the prewar Le Temps.

The immediate post-Liberation period saw a sharp increase in the total circulation of newspapers.This tendency can be explained by an enormous hunger for information after the famine of the war years, the pace of institutional and political change, and the flourishing of new social and economic ideas.

The need to protect the freedom of the press from economic pressure and avoid the pre-war mistakes is obvious with the ordinance of 26 August 1944, the main provisions of which were intended to guarantee pluralism, prevent concentration of ownership and introduce transparency into the financial dealings of newspapers.

All in all, the role of the state in the organization of the press was massively increased after the Liberation with the establishment of a national press agency, Agence France-Presse

What about Today ?

With the growth of television in the 1080s, the increasing number of TV channels , the advent of News Channels broadcasting 24/24, 7/7 in the 1990s and the advent of the internet, the press groups had to adapt to the new reading habits of the population.

The apparition of ÂŤ free newspapers ÂŤ in 2002 , entirely financed by advertising, has revived concerns about readership declines .

If most newspapers are still available in their printed version, they all offer an online version regarded as more practical . It also has the advantage of being free.

In order to seduce more readers, many quality papers tend to develop supplements ( Le Figaro Magazine, Le Monde 2) focusing on social issues or leisure thus adapting to the changing tastes and interests of their readers.

This capacity to adapt and use new technologies as well as the deeply rooted attachement to the Freedom of expression which is deeply rooted in French culture as the spontaneous reactions French citizens ( as well as many others ) showed after the attack against the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo .

The City Hunter Times It's been for 10 years that THE CITY HUNTER TIMES lives thanks to our journalistswho have always workied on it and we wanted to do something special for it because we feel really involved in journalism . That’s why we decided to pay a tribute to their work by reminding us of the landmarks in the Historyof the press in France. We also wanted to show you why our media landscape is as it is now and which information channel is preferred in our country.

By Kenza B, Kenza B, Shenara and Thibaut

Historic Facts: The Press and The Media The French Media have been free since 1789 on account of The French Revolution and the Declaration of the rights of citizen.

It has been removed by The Emperor Napoleon Ist, still that after the French law in media was over, they put and remove several times the law: it's while the WW1 that it was established: thus the creation of (one of the most famous journal) le Canard enchainĂŠ in 1915.

Before and Nowadays: Before the newspaper used to be just for a region talking about what happen to the next city or what happen in the capital or just for a city specially but nowadays in a globalized world we must give to our readers more information about what happens all over the world, in Europe or in the all countries where you live.

The articles in thread of time has been looking for the role which media have played as mediators of content in the multifarious processes of exchange between national, regional and social spheres and how they changed these subjects in order to present the various transmitters in transfer processes and depict their historical development.

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1973, over years as it's readerships ('68 liner) grew older and matured into a more centre-left newspaper.

Chanel's Top: The Top 3 of most major national quality dailies: N°1: Le Figaro, oldest of France's daily papers and was founded in 1826, it tends to be addressed to well-off educated readers, people with nice jobs or specially the private sector.

However there is other main national daily which some of them are speaking of specially thing in some cases. Anyways there L' équipe for sport liker, Le Parisien one of those mid-tablet tabloids, one for Paris, the other for the rest of France, are more or less the same paper with different regional editions, and there is Les Echos is the major financial and economic daily.

N°2: Le Monde was created in 1944, this newspaper has a political positioning to the Guardian in UK, the newspaper is more addressed to French intellectuals, civil servants, academics and higher ranks.

N°3: Libération founded in 30

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Poland

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Italy

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Germany

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Ukraine

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Spain

The press and the media in Spain.

By: Ariadna Perdomo Bogliani

When did it started?

The printed press in Spain started in the 18th century and was influenced by the french press. The main content of one of the first newspapers were art, science and literature.The first daily was Diario noticioso, curioso, erudito, comercial y polĂ­tico. It became very popular which caused that many other similar ones emerged (19th century).

The 20th century In the 20th century there were over 2000 newspapers in circulation but the press in Spain started to be tightly controlled by Franco and under his regime it was censored every publication that criticised him or the church.After his death some newspapers emerged, such as El PaĂ­s, a leading Spanish newspaper.

Other big newspapers are El Mundo and ABC even though this one saw its true glory days during the civil war.

Newspapers in Spain.

Most part of the newspapers are published in Madrid, but there are also regional newspapers. There are dailies (more than 100), newspapers about economy, leisure and football.

They are written in Spanish, Catalan, Basque and bilingual newspapers.

In the modern era the Spanish people use other media to get their news (as internet and tv), but there are still some good newspapers.

Top ten newspapers The top ten newspapers in Spain are: El País, Marca, ABC, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Periódico, As, El Correo Español, La Voz de Galicia, Sport. Three of these papers (El País , ABC and El Mundo) are national newspapers, four are regional (La Vanguardia , El Periódico, El Correo Español and La Voz de Galicia) and three are sporting newspapers (Marca , As and Sport)

El Alcazar

El Alcazar represented ultra-right wing opposition to democratic policies. Many of its articles pertained to the armed forces, because it appealed to a sector of society still nostalgic for Francoism.

El país El Pais (founded in 1976) played a critical role in guiding the formation of opinion in the early days of Spanish democracy. The paper maintained a liberal, factually objective viewpoint, and it appealed primarily to well-educated citizens. It had a circulation of 350,000 daily and 590,000 on Sundays (in the middle of the 80’s)

ABC

The much older ABC (founded in 1905) was a conservative-monarchist newspaper which enjoyed wide popularity during the Franco years, but declined after 1975.

La vanguardia

The oldest continuously published newspaper in Spain was La Vanguardia, founded in 1881 and published in Barcelona. Until the early 1980s, this conservative paper had the largest circulation in the country.

Newspapers about economy Newspapers (which concentrate on economic and business content) have had a great success in the 1980s and 1990s. Each of the major newspapers has departments or sections dedicated to economic issues and there are also individual newspapers, which concentrate on this topic. Some of the most important economic papers in Spain are Dinero, Su Dinero (El Mundo), Gaceta de los Negocios (which is published in English and French in addition to Spanish), ABC Economía, Cinco DíasExpansiónLa Vanguardia Economía, and Iberbolsa.

In other languages: Catalan.

The press and other media of Catalonia are divided by language, one in Catalan and the other in Spanish.

An interesting case in the press of Catalonia can be seen in the establishment of El Periรณdico (The Paper), a newspaper published in both Catalรกn and Spanish editions. Since its establishment in 1997, it has increased its circulation and readership. It is the largest daily paper in Catalรกn with the greatest readership. Another popular paper, Segre, which is published in two editions (Catalรกn and Spanish), is distributed in the province of Llerida.

In other languages: Catalán.

Catalán and Spanish coexist in print and electronic media just as Catalán newspapers exist along side of Spanish language papers. El Periódico (Spanish edition), La Vanguardia and El País (Barcelona edition) are the most important papers published in Spanish.

The Spanish papers have a circulation of a little more than a million, and the Catalán language papers have a circulation of around 250,000.

In other languages: Galego.

The regional government of Galicia, Xunta de Galicia has worked to institutionalize and promote Galician language and culture.

Important among these are efforts to expand the Galician language through radio and television (RTVG: Radio and Television Galego) and the publication of texts and periodicals in the language.

Publishing in Galician has increased notably and even Spanish-language newspapers published in Galicia often contain sections in Galician. The O Correo Galego is the only newspaper that is entirely published in Galician.

In other languages: Basque.

Language planners have focused on the media, both print and electronic, in order to increase the knowledge of the Basque language. Television, radio, and the press have been used in order to improve competence in the language. In the Basque Country, given the low levels of literacy and the higher levels of oral use, the press has obviously played a smaller role in this process.

Television Spain had two major television channels: one ultrahigh frequency (UHF); and the other, very high frequency (VHF).

They operated under the country's only television network, Television Espa単ola (TVE), which in turn was under the jurisdiction of the RTVE. In the 1980s, several autonomous governments obtained permission to build television transmission facilities for broadcasting in their regional languages.

Radio Radio has had a profound impact on Spanish media.

During and after the Civil War, radio was used primarily as an instrument of government propaganda.

After the war, the Franco forces seized republican broadcasting stations.

The most important radio networks in Spain are RNE, Cadena de Ondas Populares (COPE), Sociedad Espa帽ola de Radio Difusi贸n (SER) and Onda Cero. SER is the most popular of all the radio networks. It commands a high audience (9.6 million) and is known for its music (rock and popular) and its news programs. This network, especially "Hora 25" program, played an important role in Spain's transition to democracy by broadcasting some of the first uncensored news stories. The audience for radio news in Spain is greater than that of print media, but smaller than that of television.

Politic in the media In 2011, several media workers were assaulted while covering protests. There were no reports of attacks against journalists in 2012. However, journalists continued to complain that political leaders were limiting or banning questions during press conferences, and organized a social-media campaign against the practice.

The internet.

Approximately 72 percent of the population had access to the internet in 2012. In the wake of the decline of traditional media, Spain has experienced a rapid increase in the use of digital media, which has benefited social minorities and supported political pluralism and digital activism.

Curiosity: the press on Sundays.

Spanish newspapers register a marked increase in circulation on weekends, especially on Sundays. This increase in readership is due to the great interest in Sunday supplements.

Among the largest circulation of Sunday supplements is El PaĂ­s Semanal, which circulates more than one million copies daily.

This represents a milestone in the history of the Spanish press. The supplements of other dailies are Blanco y Negro (ABC) which circulates some 600,000 copies; La Revista (El Mundo) with a circulation of 400,000, and the Sunday supplement of Barcelona's La Vanguardia which circulates some 300,000 copies.

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Slovakia