GHOST TOWN ANTIOCH, NE
42.0683069,-102.5821415
project statement Nebraska is a state rich with tradition in cultivation of the land; whether crops or natural resources. As such, a benefactor is interested in exposing a relatively unknown business from the World War One era. The potash manufacturing in Nebraska transformed unpopulated, pastoral land into scarred landscapes marked by a newfound industry. City populations exploded as the lucrative potash industry was born. The focus of this project will be to design the Potash Visitor Center, located at the Antioch, NE potash manufacturing ruins. The site is on the National Registry of Historic Places. The goal of the center is two-fold: first, to chronicle the history of Nebraska Agri-business, especially potash manufacturing, and second, to create a centralized think-tank for future development in the sector.
(01)
site inventory pages 1-14
CONTENTS ANTIOCH, NE 42.0683069,-102.5821415
(03)
sandhills region pages 15-33
pages 34-47
(04)
potash industry
pages 48-58
RUIN ANALYSIS pages 58-83
Timeline
Kinkaid Act homesteaders can claim 640 acres of land center pivot technologies emerge
The Sandhills are a very successful ranching land that supports over 530,000 beef cattle
Plants Sold
investigative plant built at Jesse lake
Nebraska plant begins production Hoffland development
1870
1890
Cattlemen realized that the area would be great rangleand for longhorn cattle
1899 1904
1910
1912 1914
1916
1917
1918
1919
America enters WWI
1920
Plants dismantled and sold as scrap
American plant built
lake investigations
Ogallala Aquifer created
1915
WWI ENDS
Western plant fire Production starts School opens Production halts
1930
The Sandhills is the only agricultural region not financially ruined during the Dust Bowl.
2014
[SITE INVENTORY] antioch, ne
42.0683069,-102.5821415
01
MAPS
07
TOPOGRAPHY
08
CIRCULATION
09
SOIL
10
VEGETATION
11
WIND
12
SUN
13
PRECIPITATION
14
TEMPERATURE
“and at once I knew I was not magnificent high above the highway aisle I could see for miles, miles, miles.� Bon Iver Holocene
MAP
[site inventory]
ALLIANCE, NE
ANTIOCH, NE
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SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
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SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
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TOPOGRAPHY [site inventory]
3900 3900
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high elevation
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
CIRCULATION [site inventory]
primary secondary tertiary
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
SOIL
[site inventory]
Valentine Fine Sand Valentine Fine Sand Wildhorse Fine Sand Wildhorse-Hoffland N 0
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
50
100
Wildhorse Ipage
VEGETATION [site inventory]
tall grass brush and tall grass Tall Grass
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
Trees
Brush and Tall Grass trees
WIND
[site inventory]
Summer N
NNW
15
N
NW
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NNE
9 6
NW
3
NE
0
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E
ENE SE
SW S
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Winter N
15
ESE
12
NW
NE
9 6
SE
SW
3 0
W
E
SSE
SSW
S
SE
SW S
0-5
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
5-10
10-15
15-20
20 Mph And Above
SUN STUDIES [site inventory] The site is very affected by the sun, as it is on the open plains, without much vegetative protection. The site is oriented with the tracks running along the southern edge. The ruins are essentially central, and will cast the longest shadows of anything on the site.
N
shadow study winter
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
N
shadow study summer
PRECIPITATION [site inventory]
Diagram showing the amount of precipitation by month and annual averages for Nebraska, Sheridan County.
5
26.66”
3
BR
1
ER SH
0 JAN
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV DEC
NEBRASKA
AS KA ID AN C O UN
TY
2
SHERIDAN COUNTY
17.97”
NE
AMOUNT (INCHES)
4
ANNUAL AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE [site inventory]
Diagram showing the maximum, minimum, mean and annual average temperatures for Sheridan County.
100
TEMPERATURE (F)
75
50
E
MP
E XT
MA
AN
N
MI
RE TU
A ER
MP
TE
ME
25
E UR
T RA
RA
E MP
46.9
E
R TU
TE
0 JAN
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV DEC
ANNUAL AVERAGE
[sandhills region] antioch, ne
42.0683069,-102.5821415
17
SANDHILLS
20
ALKALINE LAKES
22
NATIVE PLANTS
23
EXPLORERS
25
SETTLEMENT
28
LIFE
30
AGRICULTURE
“Anyone can sit back at the seashore and be inspired, because it shouts at you. But the prairie only whispers. You must listen closely and not miss the message.� Father Val Peters
REGIONS SANDHILLS LOCATION [sandhills region] The Sandhills Region
The TheSandhills Sandhillsare arelocated located ininthe theGreat GreatPlains. Plains They and are are bounded by the bounded by the Rocky Rocky Mountains the The Mountains to theto West. West, HillsMissouri and Blackthe HillsBlack and the the Missouri to And the the River to theRiver North. North, and to the Dust Bowl Dust Bowl the south. to the South.
Antioch
Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains Dust Bowl Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Plains Sand Hills Sandhills Black Hills Black RiversHills
SITEANALYSIS ANALYSIS SITE
antioch, nebraskanebraska PAGE# | antioch,
SANDHILLS
[sandhills region] The Sandhills of Nebraska are thought to be the largest dune field in the western hemisphere. They are 265 miles long at their widest point and cover 125 miles across. They cover one-fourth of the state of nebraska, and are larger in size than several other states.
Antioch
Lincoln
Sandhills
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
REGION FORMATION [sandhills region]
SANDHILLS FOR
According to Geological SANDHILLS Studies most of the REGIO sediment that formed the Sandhills originated in the Colorado and Wyoming mountains carried by wind currents. This happened during extreme droughts that lasted for decades in the midwestern united states about 10-12,000 years ago.
Wyoming Colorado
According to G most of the sed the Sandhills ori Colorado and W tains carried by This happened droughts that la in the mid weste about 10-12 tho
Sandhills Region wind currents
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
PALEO VALLEY [sandhills region]
PALEO VALLEY In arid climates drifting
Sandhills sand hasregion been known to block or dam rivers and bury valleys. There is evidence of this happening in the Sandhills.
In arid climates drifting sa Thebeen extremely dry to block has known sand allows water dam rivers and bury valley to be transported underground, filling the There is evidence of this valleys known as “paleo happening in the Sandhil valleys�. The extremely dry sand al Blockages raised the water to be transported water table as much as underground filling 25 meters over an areathese 2 of 7000 km creating over valleys known as paleoval a thousand lakes and Blockages raised the wate wetlands far from these buried table asvalleys. much as 25 mete over anofarea of 7000 km2 Much the lakes are strongly alkaline, creating over a thousand and filled with a high and wet landsoffar from the concentration dissolved solids. Much of th buried valleys. lakes are strongly alkaline filled with high concentra of dissolved solids. sand dunes
saturated sand lake subsand soil
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
dunes
saturated sand
Sandhills regio
ALKALINE LAKE [sandhills region]
Alkaline, or saline, lakes or saline form inAlkaline, regions where there isregions little rain. The where th lakes form in depressions lakes form in knownThe as basins.
known as basins.
Water flowing over and over and through through the ground dissolves mineral dissolves minerals (salts) from the rocks and the rocks soil. and so Runoff carrying the salts ing the saltspart colle collects in the lowest of the lowest basin, forming partaof the lake.
a lake. Water in t Waterrates, in the lake but the sal evaporates, but the Over time the sa salts stay behind. Over creating time the salts build an up, alka creating an alkaline lake.
sand dun sand dunes
water tab
water table
lake lake rain run-off rain
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
rain runn rain
NATIVE PLANTS [sandhills region]
The prevalent plant species in the Sandhills are range grasses, supplemented by herbaceous perennials and shrubs.
Big Bluestem
Blue Grama
Little Bluestem
Goldenrod
Switchgrass
Leadplant
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
EARLY EXPLORERS [sandhills region]
Diagram of routes which early explorers took through Nebraska from 1714 - 1795
Missouri Rive
r
ive
eR
it Wh
b
Nio
r
.
R rara
Elkh
orn
No
rth
Midd
le Lou
No
rth
Lodg
epole
Cree
Pla
tte
R.
p R.
Lo
up
R.
uth
tte R. outh Pla
iver
pR
So
k
R.
Lou
Lo
up
Platte R.
R.
S
Little
Blue
R.
Republican R.
Bourgmont 1714 Villasur 1720 Mallet 1739 Mackay 1795
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
LATE EXPLORERS [sandhills region]
Diagram of routes which late explorers took through Nebraska from 1806 - 1857, after the Louisiana Purchase
Missouri Rive
r
ive
eR
it Wh
r
. ra R
bra
Nio
Elkh
orn
No
rth
Midd
le Lou
No
rth
Lodg
epole
Cree
Pla
tte
R.
Lo
up
R.
uth
. Platte R
iver
pR
So
k
South
p R.
R.
Lou
Lo
up
Platte R.
R.
Little
Republican R.
Blue
R.
Pike 1806 Lewis and Clark 1804 Long 1819-1820 Fremont 1842 Lt. Bryan 1856 Lt. Warren 1855-1857
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
RAILROADS (1915) [sandhills region]
Diagram of the railroads which were in operation during the year of 1915 in the state of Nebraska.
SITE ANALYSIS
Antioch, Nebraska
RAILROADS (2014) [sandhills region]
Diagram of the railroads which are in operation currently in the state of Nebraska.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
OREGON TRAIL [sandhills region]
Oregon Trail Mormon Trail Ox-Bow Trail
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
LIFE IN THE SANDHILLS [sandhills region]
The rural communities of the Sandhills have lived off of the production of cattle since 1870. Family ranches have survived all these years because the country is so dependent on the beef which is produced in the Sandhills.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
SHERIDAN COUNTY [sandhills region]
Population 6,198
Area 2441 sq. mi
5,469
Population Density: 2 people per square mile
29 sq. mi 2000
2012
Land
Median Age 46
44.5%
NE
antioch, nebraska
Gender 55.5%
36
SITE ANALYSIS
Water
County
Male
Female
Diagram analyzing Sheridan County data, including population, median age and gender of population, as well as the area of the county.
CORN PRODUCTION [sandhills region]
A large part of Nebraska produces corn for grain, particularly ethanol products. The Sandhills produces a minimal amount of corn. Rather than farming, the main agricultural endeavor in the Sandhills is ranching and cattle production.
Antioch
Corn Production (Bushels) ethanol plants
Lincoln
minimal corn <5,000,000 5,000,000-9,999,999 10,000,000-14,999,999 15,000,000-19,999,999 20,000,000-29,999,999 30,000,000+
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
IRRIGATION
[sandhills region] This map shows the water usage in Nebraska for irrigation, ground water withdrawals, and freshwater withdrawals. The Sandhills Region uses a comparatively small amount of ground water because of the reduced amount of crop production.
Antioch
Lincoln
Millions of Gallons per Day 170.01 - 305.00 50.01 - 170.00 0.01 - 50.00
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
DROUGHT
[sandhills region] Nebraska, and the Sandhills in particular, suffer from severe threat of drought.
Antioch
Lincoln
abnormally dry drought - moderate drought - severe drought - extreme drought - exceptional
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
[boom town] antioch, ne
42.0683069,-102.5821415
36
QUOTES
37
THRESHOLD
42
TRANSPORTATION
43
DEVELOPMENT
44
WATER
45
ELECTRICITY
“EVEN THE DOUBTER MUST ACKNOWLEDGE THAT ANTIOCH, WITH ITS SIX PLANTS, HAS A BRIGHT FUTURE.” -ANTIOCH NEWS JANUARY 1918
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
“THERE ARE FEW PLACES IN AMERICA SHOWING THE BUSINESS AND WORKING ACTIVITY EQUAL TO WHAT IS GOING ON AT THE ANTIOCH PLANTS IN THE LINE OF WEALTH MAKING...” -ANTIOCH NEWS JANUARY 1918
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
THRESHOLD [boom town]
Antioch is located in the transition space between two distinct regions; the Grasslands and the Sandhills. The Grasslands are primarily flat and are characterized by fertile soil, high precipitation, and many types of grass and shrub variations.
TRANSITION SANDHILLS
ANTIOCH
The Sandhills are known for varied rock outcroppings, rugged land formations, and gentle rolling hills. This textured landscape was formed by glacier deposits. An arid climate and sandy soil types lend support more ranching than farming.
SANDHILLS
Lincoln
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
TREES
[boom town] There are characteristically few trees found in the Sandhills as they are not native to the region. Therefore, the trees that do remain in desolate areas like Antioch were likely planted with the intention of functioning as barriers against the harsh winds and sun conditions of the prairie.
POTASH LAKE
HWY 2 ANTIOCH
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
The trees can be viewed as a construct of a ruin as well. The natural objects, left behind by humans, begin to describe settlement patterns in much the same way as the physical ruins of buildings.
“[THE POTASH PLANT WHISTLES] SOUND MORE SWEET THAN THE OLD SINGING SCHOOL DAYS WHEN THE DO-RE-MI-FAR-SOL-LAR SEE-DO... [SOUND] DAILY FROM THROATS OF EIGHT POTASH PLANTS. ” -ANTIOCH NEWS.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
Transportation [boom town]
Transportation in an out of Antioch was made easier by both the Burlington Northern Railroad and Highway 2. The railroad track also actually extended into the Western Potash Plant, to make transporting product much easier. For town residents, there was a daily bus into Alliance.
ANTIOCH
land plots
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
Antioch will be as widely known as New York within a year.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
Antioch News January 31 1918
Development [boom town]
1914 WWI
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
1918
WWI catalyzed an extreme rise in the cost of imported potash for American farmers. High demand and prices coupled with low supply held promise of economic prosperity and industrial longevity for the town of Antioch. Throughout the World War One, Antioch continued to grow and expand. However, when the war ended, Antiochâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potash prices could not compete with the lower prices of available imports. Eventually, the inability to remain competitive in global markets financially crippled the largest economy of the town and led to its total economic demise.
WATER USES [boom town]
In Antioch, the separation of water sources was extremely important. The alkali lakes used for Potash production had pH values over 7, and contained hard minerals and microorganisms. These factors rendered the salty brine of the shallow lakes unsafe for consumption.
alkali water source
Fresh, pH neutral water sources were accessed through wells, supplied by naturally filtered water from the Ogallala aquifer.
10’ 80’
fresh water source
natural sand filtraton
150’ + ogallala aquifer
alkali water fresh water
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
ELECTRICITY [boom town]
Homes in Antioch contained electric lights and heat, things that would have been considered luxuries in homes across the United States in the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. This was made possible due to the innovative wiring of power generated by the potash plants to the Antioch.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
“I DON’T THINK GERMANY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO SHIP POTASH TO THE UNITED STATES... THEY WANT TO SQUEEZE NEBRASKA OUT OF THE ONLY MINERAL SHE HAS. WE SHOULD INSTRUCT OUR REPRESENTATIVENESS IN WASHINGTON TO FIGHT FOR NEBRASKA'S RIGHTS.” -ALEX BURR . ANTIOCH NEWS MARCH 1922 SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
[potash industry] antioch, ne
42.0683069,-102.5821415
48
PLANTS
51
PROGRAM
52
PROCESS
53
EXPORT
55
POPULATION
â&#x20AC;&#x153;We build but to tear down. Most of our work and resource is squandered. Our onward march is marked by devastation...â&#x20AC;? Nikola Tesla
PRODUCTION
[potash industry] Diagram showing the potash production of Sheridan County, as well as the surrounding counties which manufactured potash.
Antioch
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
POTASH FACTORIES [potash industry]
Locations of the potash factories in the Nebraska Sandhills during the potash industry boom.
Merriman
Chadron
Alliance
Antioch Hoffland Lakeside
Nebraska
Omaha
Sutherland
Lincoln
Platte River
potash factories surrounding towns
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
POTASH LAKES [potash industry]
This diagram shows the lakes in the area which were used in the potash manufacturing industry which still exist today.
N 0 .5mi 1mi
2mi
potash lakes non-potash lakes
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
PROGRAM
[potash industry]
The main building house the swenson evaporators, rotary dryers and grinders. adjacent to it was a brick engines which powered the machinary and the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electric system. near the railroad siding was a frame warehouse where potash was stored to await shipment. nearby was an office building dormitories for up to 100 workers, small cottages for married workers, and spacious houses for supervisory staff. Nearly all of these were equipped with electric lights, steam heat, and lindoor plumbing. The rotary dryers kept one man constantly hammering the walls of the steel dryers to loosen the product from the sides swanson evaporators was sprayed into ther chamber across huge oil burners.
Snake River
The main building housed the Swenson evaporators, rotary dryers and grinders. Adjacent to it were brick engines which powered the plants. Near the railroad was a warehouse where potash was stored for shipment. An office building, dormitories housing 100 workers, small cottages and houses for supervisors. These were equipped with electric lights, steam heat, and indoor plumbing.
Rend lake
reservoir
church
water tower any
Western Comp
National Company
Depot
Nebraska Company Nebraska Highway 2
N
American Company Potash Highway
Alliance Company
windmill railroad potash plants Highway 2 lake / river
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
PROCESS
[potash industry] The typical process for manufacturing potash in Nebraska began by pumping brine from the lakes. The brine would pass through a solar evaporation tower where it became more concentrated. It was then pumped to the drying tower where it was boiled into a heavy liquid of about 45% solids. The liquid was then sent through rotating dryers to crystallize the potash. These rotary dryers were constantly hammered by a worker to loosen the potash from the sides before it was bagged and shipped off-site by trains.
EXTRACT
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
EVAPORATE
DRY
CRYSTALLIZE
EXPORT
BURLINGTON RAIL [potash industry ]
The Burlington tracks were used to transport the potash across Nebraska. This diagram shows where the potash would have been transported to and the route they would have taken to get it there. This begins to demonstrate a the importance of the railroad to potash manufacturing.
ANTIOCH
LINCOLN
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
EXPORT
[potash industry] Potash was packaged in bags at the production plants and then shipped South and East by train.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
ANTIOCH EXODUS [potash industry]
Diagram illustrating the departure of the population from Antioch after the failure of the potash industry. In the 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the residential dwellings were dismantled or moved. At the same time the plants were torn down to salvage the structural steel, brick and other reusable parts. The machinery was sold for scrap.
Chadron
Alliance
Antioch 1920
Nebraska
Omaha
Lincoln
platte River
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
Today the foundations of the plants and of several of the larger houses are all that remain. Since the buildings were removed the only change that has occurred is the partial covering of the foundations and other features by wind deposited sand
potash manufacturing industry POPULATION
industry] TOTAL POPULATION CHANGES OF SURROUNDING[potash COUNTIES
1900
1910
1900
1920
1910
1930
potash manufacturing Diagramindustry showing the growth and decline of the population of the surrounding area through the 1900â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1940
1950
1960
1970 1980
1990
1990
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
KEY KEY PEOPLE 50005000 PEOPLE 25002500 PEOPLE PEOPLE 1250 PEOPLE
1250 PEOPLE
[ruin analysis] antioch, ne
42.0683069,-102.5821415
58
PHOTOS
66
RELATIONSHIPS
69
AXES
72
SECTIONS
74
SCALE
75
HEIGHT
77
SOUND
83
VIEWS
“To me, a story can be both concrete and abstract, or a concrete story can hold abstractions. And abstractions are things that really can’t be said so well with words” David Lynch
PRAIRIE
[ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
STRUCTURES [ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
LOCATION
[ruin analysis] Location of ruin structures on site.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
SOLID / VOID [ruin analysis]
solid void
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
ROOMS
[ruin analysis] The ruins, in their imperfect and broken state, create a hierarchy of spaces. Some of the structures create enclosed spaces, while other only frame and partially enclose space. A third type of space is only implied, framed out by the physical ruins.
full enclosure partial enclosure implied space
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
SITE AXES
[ruin analysis]
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
CIRCULATION AXIS [ruin analysis]
primary N 0
50
100
secondary tertiary
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
RHYTHM/REPETITION [ruin analysis]
10’+ N 0 10 25
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
50
100
0’-10’
E-W SECTION [ruin analysis]
section of the ruins, showing underground spaces in foundation
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
N-S SECTION [ruin analysis]
north-south section of the ruins showing underground spaces in the foundations.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
HUMAN SCALE [ruin analysis]
The ruins are all that remain of a powerful industrial plant. Because the buildings in this complex were constructed to house machinery, very few of these monolithic structures are human scaled.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
HEIGHT
[ruin analysis]
10’+ 0’-10’ <0
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
HEIGHT
[ruin analysis]
10’+ 0’-10’ <0
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
SOUND
[ruin analysis] Approximately every 30 minutes, a freight train passes by the site. This diagram illustrates the effect of the noise, and where it is most concentrated.
soft medium loud
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
EXISTING VIEW [ruin analysis]
Currently, the only view of the site comes from the highway, where a historical marker is placed. This is a very limited view, and does not allow the observer to spatially experience the ruins.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
FRAMED VIEWS [ruin analysis]
The ruins frame and create views of the surrounding site.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
FRAMED VIEWS [ruin analysis]
The ruins frame and create views of the surrounding site.
SITE ANALYSIS
antioch, nebraska
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Memories like these contain the deepest architectural experience that I know.â&#x20AC;?
Peter Zumthor
credits
site analysis + photos_CLASS sandhills region_ JOE CROGHAN, ALEC EASTMAN, MACKENZIE GIBBENS, SALEM TOPALOVIC potash industry_MEREDITH BUTLER, CAROLINA GONZALEZ, BRYAN PEREZ, RYAN PLAGER boom town_HILLARY KRAJNIK, MATT KREUTZER, LIZ SZATKO ruin analysis_ TRAVIS BARRETT, ZEB LUND, COREY THIELE edited / designed / compiled_ELIZABETH HELDRIDGE, ZOE COPE ARCH 311_DESIGN ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT_SPRING ‘14 professor_MARK BACON