Pathram Dharmam Nyayam by mbiclt

]-{Xw \n-b-aw [多-aw F続.]n.cm-tP{袖続

1. c-l-kyw A-√m-Xm-b hn-h-c-ßƒ 2. [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-I-tf-sd, ]-t£ 3. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS c-l-ky- D-d-hn-S-ßƒ 4. kz-Im-cyw hm¿-Ø-bm-Ip-tºmƒ 5. C-\n-bpw a-cn-®n-´n-√m-Ø h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v 6. ]-{X-am-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ-˛1799 ap-X¬ 1977 h-sc 7. B-[p-\n-I-am-[y-aw, ]u-cm-Wn-I-\n-b-aw 8. {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]-√n-√m-∏p-en ? 9. ]-{X-ß-fpw ]m¿-e-sa‚pw 10. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw 11. am-\-\-„-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-\-„-hpw 12. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ A-∂pw C-∂pw 13. ]-c-kyw \n-b-aw [¿-aw Appendix 1. Press Council Guidelines 2. Working Journalist Act

{]Xo£tbmsS "hyq-t]m-b‚ v ' {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ B-Zy ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wn-Xv. am-[y-a-ß-sfbpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-bpw kw-_-‘n-®v ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ C-Xn-\v ap-ºpw a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n-epw am-[y-a-[¿-a-hpw am-[y-a-ß-fp-ambn _-‘-s∏-´ \n-b-a-hpw C-{X-bpw k-a-{K-am-bn N¿-® sN-øp-∂ H-cp {K-Ÿw B-Zy-am-Wv. D-≈-S-°-Øn-epw sI-´n-epw a-´n-epw km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-epw am{X-a-√, am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS Z¿-i-\-Øn¬-X-s∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b am-‰-ßƒ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ s\-Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fn¬ H-∂m-bn IW-°m-°p-∂ am-[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v \n-c-¥-c-]T-\-hpw \n-co-£-W-hpw B-hiy-am-Wv. A-Xv I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øm-Wv am-[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v Ku-c-h-am-b ]T\-ßƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ' hyq-t]m-b‚ v ' ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-sf-°pdn-®v B-[n-Im-cn-I-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv R-ß-fp-sS \n-›-bw. ]p-kv-X-I-c-N-bn-Xm-hm-b {io F≥.-]n.-cm-tP-{µ-s‚-bpw A-h-Xm-cn-I F-gp-Xn-b tUm.-sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]m-fn-s‚-bp t{]m-’m-l-\w Rßƒ-°v B-fl-hn-iz-kw \¬-Ip-∂p.am-[y-a-cw-K-sØ Cu c-≠v {]-K-¤-a-Xn-Iƒ {]-km-[-\-cw-K-sØ Xp-S-°-°mcm-b R-ß-tfm-Sv Im-Wn-® k-l-I-c-W-Øn-\v lr-Z-bw \n-d-™ \-µn. am-[yam-h-t_m-[-ap-≈ F-√m a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw ]n-¥p-W-bpw t{]m-’m-l-\-hpw {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p.-

B¿.-]m¿-h-Xn-tZ-hn F-Un-‰¿, hyq-t]m-b‚ v

B-ap-Jw Xp-S-°-Øn-te ]-d-b-s´, C-sXm-cp \n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-a-√. \n-b-a-hpw [-¿-a-hp-sams° A-cn-In-em-bn D-s≠-¶n-epw D-S-\o-fw C-Xn-s‚ hn-j-bw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø\-am-Wv. \n-b-a-hpw [¿-a-hpw B-bp-≈ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ _-‘w.am-[y-a-\n-b-a-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v Cw-•o-jn¬ {K-Ÿ-ß-tf-sd-bp-≠v. a-e-bm-fØn-e-[n-I-an-√. am-[y-a-[¿-a-sØ-°p-dn-®m-I-s´, Cw-•o-jn¬-t∏m-epw ]p-kv-X-Ißƒ Ip-d-hm-Wv. am-[y-a-\n-b-a-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-°-sf-√mw \n-b-a]-fin-X-cm-Wv. A-h¿ \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ I-Æn-eq-sS am-{Xw am-[y-a-ß-sf-bpw am[y-a-[¿-a-sØ-bpw Im-Wp-∂-p. am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v k-aq-l-sØ c-£n-°p-Ibm-Wv [¿-aw F-∂ a-´n-em-Wv \n-b-a-⁄¿ an-°-t∏m-gpw am-[y-a-\n-b-a-ß-sf t\m-°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ I-Æn-eq-sS am-[y-a-\n-b-a-ß-sf \n-co-£n-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv F-∂v tXm-∂n. \n-b-a-]T-\-tam \n-b-a-_n-cp-Z-tam C-√m-Ø H-cp am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ A-Xv \n¿-h-ln-°p-tºmƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn G-sd ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-Ipw. hn≥Ã≥ N¿-®n-en-s‚ {]-tbm-Kw I-S-sa-Sp-Øv Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´, \n-b-aw \n-b-a-⁄¿-°v am-{Xw hn-´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠ Im-cy-a-√. sh-dpw A-⁄-∑m¿°pw A-Xn-sem-cp ]-¶p-≠v. A-⁄-cm-W-t√m \n-b-aw D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. \n-b-a⁄¿ A-Xv hym-Jym-\n-°p-I-bpw a-‰p-a-t√ sN-øp-∂p-≈q. \n-b-a-⁄-\pw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw B-b tUm.-sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ Cu c-N-\-bv-°v h-f-sc D-Zm-c-am-b A-h-Xm-cn-I F-gp-Xn-Ø-∂n-´p-≠v. \-µn tUm. sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ. \n-b-a-hpw [¿-a-hpw G-sd t\m-°p-∂-h-\v, a¿-aw ]Tn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v ]-ip-hn-s\

X-√m≥ I-gn-bm-sX-t]m-b ]-g-b hn-Zzm-s‚ K-Xn h-cp-sa-∂v tUm. sk-_mÃy≥ t]mƒ C-Xn-s‚ A-h-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v. A-{Xsbm-∂pw t]m-tI-≠. \-Ωp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v \n-b-a-Øn-s‚-bpw [¿-a-Øns‚-bpw Nn-e A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-Iƒ D-s≠-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥ Nn-e-sc-sb-¶n-epw Cu Ir-Xn k-lm-bn-®m¬ k-t¥m-j-am-bn hn-iz-kv-X-X-tbm-sS F≥.-]n.-cm-tP-{µ≥

A-h-Xm-cn-I _mw-Kv-fq-cn-se U-°m≥ sl-dmƒ-Un¬ tPm-en tX-Sn-s®-∂ F-s∂ Xn-cn-®-b°p-∂-Xn-\v F-Un-‰¿ hn.-_n.-ta-t\m≥ H-Sp-hn¬ I-s≠-Øn-b \ym-bw tP¿-Wen-k-Øn¬ Un-tπm-a C-√ F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. tP¿-W-en-kw A-∂v tI-c-fØn¬ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. I-≠pw tI-´pw sN-bvXpw Im-cy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-se sN-dp-a¿-°v hm-bn-°m≥ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ t]m-ep-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-]n.-hn-P-b-s‚ ' ]{Xw hn-Nn-{Xw' B-Wv a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ Rm≥ hm-bn-® ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-kw-_‘n-bm-b B-Zy ]p-kv-X-Iw. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-Ip-dn-®v a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-ap-≠m-b ]p-kv-X-Iw kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-bp-sS ' hrØm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w ' B-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw A-Xv hm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-s∂\n-°v A-h-k-cw In-ń-bn-cp-∂n-√.C-∂v tP¿-W-en-kw tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ-s°m-∏w ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw s]-cp-Ip-∂p-≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v s{]m-^-j-\¬ kz-`m-hw ssI-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. ]-t£ ]T-\-hpw ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw ]-{X-Øn-s‚ cq-]-I-¬-]-\-bn-epw \n¿-an-Xn-bn-epw am{X-am-bn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-¿ A-dn-™n-cn-t°-≠ \n-b-aß-fpw A-\p-jvTn-t°-≠ a-cym-Z-I-fpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ a-ebm-f-Øn¬ C-s√-∂v X-s∂ ]-d-bmw. \n-I-Ø-s∏-tS-≠ hn-S-hn¬ sh-°p-∂ {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-b I-√v F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ F≥.-]n.-cm-tP-{µ-s‚ Cu ]p-kv-XIw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-bpw B-Z¿-i-ip-≤n-tbm-sS Cu cw-K-tØ-°v I-S-∂ph-cp-∂ hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fp-sS-bpw ap-∂n¬ Rm≥ km-Z-cw k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p. \n-ba-hp-am-bp-≈ G-‰p-ap-´-epw A-\p-c-Rv-P-\-hpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv. ln-°n G-‰p-ap-ń-b-Xpw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xpw \n-b-a-tØm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p. \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-am-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-a-√ kz-X-{¥-am-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w F∂p-]-d-bm-sa-¶n-epw \n-b-aw A-dn-bm-sX-bp-≈ ]-{X-{]-h-¿-Ø-\w B-fl-lXym-]-c-am-bn-cn-°pw.-kw-i-b-Øn-s‚ B-\p-Iq-eyw {]-Xn-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ tIm-S-Xn A-⁄-X-bp-sS B-\p-Iq-eyw B¿-°pw \¬-Im-dn-√.1867 se {]-kv B‚ v c-Pn-t{Ã-j≥ Hm-^v _p-Iv-kv B-Iv-‰v ap-X¬ ]-cp-h-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ t{_m-Uv-Im-Ãn-Mv k¿-ho-k-kv _n-¬ h-sc F-{X \nb-a-ßƒ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ A-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww ? H-cp A-≥-]-sX-¶n-epw F-\n°v F-Æn-∏-d-bm≥ I-gn-bpw. ]-t£ F-√mw A-dn-bp-∂-h≥ a¿-aw A-dn-bp-∂h-s‚ \n- -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn¬ B-hn-t√ F-∂ \ym-b-am-b kw-i-b-hpw D-∂-

bn-°-s∏-Smw. k-a-{K-am-b ⁄m-\-a-√, km-am-\y-am-b A-dn-hm-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿-°v D-≠m-th-≠-Xv. A-dn-™p-sIm-≠v A-]-I-S-sØ t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xpw Adn-bm-sX A-]-I-S-Øn¬ Nm-Sp-∂-Xpw X-Ωn¬ h-en-b hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v. {]-K-¤cm-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ ]-e-cpw ˛-a-lm-flm-Km-‘n Dƒ-s∏-sS ˛ A-`n-`m-j-I-cmbn-cp-∂p F-∂ N-cn-{Xw Hm¿-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]-{X-ßƒ-°pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°p-sa-Xn-sc-bp-≈ tI- p-Iƒ K-Wy-am-bn s]-cp-Ip-∂p-≠v. A-]-Io¿-Øn-t°- p-I-fm-Wv F-Æ-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬. tIm-SXn-b-e-£y-hpw A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-hpw F-Æ-Øn¬ Ip-d-hm-sW-¶n-epw Ku-ch-am-bn Im-tW-≠-h X-s∂-bm-Wv. s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cyw ap≥-\n¿-Øn D-Ø-at_m-[y-tØm-sS kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]-ev-t∏m-fpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Isc A-]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂p. a-°-fp-sS dn-b¬ F-tÃ-‰v Xm-Xv-]-cy-ßƒ s]-cp∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v \ym-bm-[n-]-]-Z-hn Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kn-® P-Ãn-kv k-_¿-hm-fn-s‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ P-\-sØ A-dn-bn-®-Xn-\v an-Uv tU {]-h¿-Ø-I¿ in-£n-°-s∏-´p. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-sØ Ip-dn-®p-≈ i-cn-bm-b A-dn-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ [o-c-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw in-£ G-‰p-hm-ßp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºmƒ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ b-i-kv h¿-≤n-°p-∂p. A-]-Io¿-Øn F-s¥-∂-dn™m¬ tI- n-s\ `-b-∂v k-Xyw a-d-®p-sh-t°-≠n h-cn-√. A-dn-hn-√m-sX-bp≈ F-Sp-Øp-Nm-´w ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°p-I-bpw ]-{X-Øn-\v Xmßm-\m-hm-Ø km-º-Øn-I-_m-[y-X D-≠m-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS {]-`-hw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂ \n-b-a-imTy-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ D-d-®p-\n¬-°p-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ A-°m-cy-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-b [m-c-W-bp-≈ B-fm-bn-cn-°pw. A-√m-Ø-bmƒ in-£ `-b-∂v hn-h-c-Zm-b-I-t\m-Sp-≈ hn-iz-kv-X-X ew-Ln°pw. h-c-ºp-I-fn¬ h-gp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-Iƒ t`-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p∂-Xn-\pw \n-b-aw A-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww. \n-b-aw A-dn-™-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{Xw sX‰p-Iƒ H-gn-hm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. \ym-bm-[n-]≥ {]-Xn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv \n-b-aw A-dn-bm™n-´-√. \n-c-£-c≥ \n-b-a-ew-L-I≥ B-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv \n-b-aw A-dn-bp-∂Xp-sIm-≠p-a-√. sIm-e sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v sF.-]n.-kn. 302 hm-bn-®n-cn-°W-sa-∂n-√. F-∂m¬ k-a¿-∞-am-b sIm-e B-kq-{X-Ww sN-ø-W-sa-¶n¬ in-£m-\n-b-a-hpw sX-fn-hp-\n-b-a-hpw hm-bn-®n-cn-°-Ww. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw \n-b-a-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w G-Xm-≠v C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. h-√-`-\v F¥pw B-bp-[-am-°mw;A-S-hp-Iƒ A-dn-bp-∂-h-\v ]p-Xn-b A-S-hp-Iƒ {]-tbmKn-°mw. `m-jm-]-{X-ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\v {_n-´o-jp-Im¿ 1878 ¬ sh¿Wm-°p-e¿ {]-kv B-Iv-‰v {]m-_-ey-Øn-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ in-in¿-Ip-am¿ tLm-jv A-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-∂-Xv A-ar-X-_-km¿ ]-{Xn-I F-∂ _w-Km-fn ]-{X-sØ cmbv-°p-cm-am-\w Cw-•o-jv ]-{X-am-°n am-‰n-s°m-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-

A-\p-Zn-\w hn-I-k-c-am-Ip-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X. k-µ¿`-Øn-\pw km-l-N-cy-Øn-\pw A-\p-kr-X-am-bn k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ am-‰-ap-≠m-Ip∂p. \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ-°pw hym-Jym-Xm-°ƒ-°pw Zp¿-{K-l-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂ \n-b-aw km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°v A-\m-bm-kw h-g-ßp-∂-X-√. C-√n-°p-∂n-se I-√®n¬-\n-∂v ssk-_-dn-S-Øn-se I¨-h¿-sP≥-kn-se-Øn \n¬-°p-∂ \-Ω-sS am-[y-a-tem-Iw k-¶o¿-W-am-b A-kw-Jyw \n-b-a-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ kz-X-¥yØn-\pw H-∏w A-h-bp-sS \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\pw hn-t[-b-am-Wv. kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ Iq-S-∏n-d-∏m-Ip-∂p \n-b-{¥-Ww. A-\p-tO-Zw 19(1) (F) bv-s°m-∏w hm-bnt°-≠-Xm-Wv 19(2). kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ {]-tLm-j-W-Øn-s\m-∏w \n-b-{¥-WØn-s‚ s]-cp-º-d ap-g-ßp-∂p. Hm-tcm \n-b-a-hpw H-cp X-S-b-W-bm-Wv. kz-X{¥-am-b \o-scm-gp-°n-s\ X-S-bp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv Hm-tcm \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øns‚-bpw D-t±-iyw. am-[y-a-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ \n-b-a-]T-\-Øn-\p-≈ {]m-[m-\yw h¿-≤n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ X-ß-fp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-kw-c-£-W Np-a-X-e a-‰m-sc-sb-¶n-epw G¬-∏n-t°-≠n-h-cpw. C-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v e-`n-°p-∂-Xv ]-cn-io-e-\w am-{X-am-Wv. hn-]-W-\£-a-am-b D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚ \n¿-an-Xn-°v A-Xv a-Xn-bm-Ipw. F-∂m¬ ]-{X-sa∂-Xv A-Xn-t\-°mƒ D-]-cn-bm-b H-∂m-Wv. A-sXm-cp D¬-∏-∂-a-√, {]-h¿-Ø\-am-Wv. B {]-h¿-Ø-\w [¿-a-Øn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. \m-\q-dp-h¿-jw ]-g°-ap-≈ I¿-a-Im-fi-Øn¬ a-lm-c-Y-∑m¿ \¬-In-b im-k-\-I-fp-sS B-sIØp-I-bm-Wv ]-{X-[¿-aw F-∂-t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A-X-dn-™m¬ \nb-aw A-dn-b-W-sa-∂n-√. [¿-a-Øn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I-cq-]w am-{X-am-Wv \n-b-aw. \n-b-aw am-‰-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-Wv ; F-∂m¬ [¿-aw k-\m-X-\-am-Ip-∂p. kv-tIm-´n-s\ A-\p-kv-a-cn-°p-I-bpw ap¿-tZm-°n-s\ A-\p-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp∂ Im-e-Øv [¿-aw I-W-°p-]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ F-hn-sS-tbm Im-WmsX t]m-Ip-∂p. Im-Wm-Xm-Ip-∂ [¿-a-sØ I-s≠-Øn X-s‚ I¿-a-a-fi-eØn-se \-hm-K-X¿-°v ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-sb-∂ [¿-a-am-Wv ]-cn-WX-{]-⁄-\m-b cm-tP-{µ≥ A-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. [¿-a-Nyp-Xn-bp-sS C-cp-´n¬ {]Xo-£-bp-sS C-{µ-Nm-]-am-bn Cu kw-cw-`-sØ Rm≥ Im-Wp-∂p.tUm. sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ (A-h-Xm-cn-Ibpw B-ap-J-hpw 2007 Un-kw-_-dn¬ hyq-t]mb‚ v {]-kn-≤-s∏SpØn-b {]n‚ v F-Unj-\v th-≠n F-gp-X-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. )

1 c-l-kyw A-√m-Xm-b hn-h-c-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS a-[y-Øn-te-°v H-Sp-hn¬ I-S-∂p-h-∂-sX-¶n-epw h-en-b N-e-\-ß-fp≠m-°p-∂ \n-b-a-am-Wv hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw. C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-b \n-b-a-ßfn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ C-{X-tb-sd kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cp \n-b-a-an-√. P-\-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw Cu \n-b-aw c-≠mw kzm-X-{¥y-e-œn-bmsW-∂v t]m-epw hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. C-Xn¬ A-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-sbm-∂p-an√. F-∂m¬ ]q¿-W-am-bn \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ I-Æn-eq-sS am-{Xw t\m-°n-bm¬, Hcp tNm-Zyw I-S-∂p-h-cpw-˛ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-hpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw X-Ωnse-¥m-Wv _-‘w?. km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn H-cp _-‘-hpw C-√. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se au-en-Im-h-Im-i-hpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘-an-√ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂Xp t]m-se. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-sem-cn-S-Øpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]-d-bp∂n-√ F-∂-Xp t]m-se hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ Ip-dn-®v bm-sXm-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂n-√. kz-X-{¥-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-≈ ]u-c-s‚ au-en-Im-h-Imiw B-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\w. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-hpw CXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. A-dn-bm-\p-≈ ]u-c-s‚ A-h-Im-iw X-s∂-bm-Wv A-dn-bm\pw A-dn-bn-°m-\p-ap-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-t‚-bpw A-h-Im-iw. A-ta-cn-°- Dƒs∏-sS ]-e cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®v F-Sp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. C-¥y-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂n-√. A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw a-‰v Nn-te-Sß-fn-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v k¿-°m-cn¬ \n-∂v hn-h-cw tX-Sm≥ ^o-kv \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿-i-an√m-Ø-Xv C-¥y-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-Xp t]m-se hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ Ip-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿-i-an-√ F-∂Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-sØ-bpw ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√ F-

∂v \n-b-a-hn-Z-Kv-≤¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p.P-\-ßƒ P-\-ß-sf `-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-k-¶¬-∏w. k¿-°m-dn-s‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≈ F-√m A-dn-hpw P-\ßƒ D-≠m-°n-b A-dn-hp-I-fm-Wv. A-h-bp-sS D-S-a-ÿ¿ P-\-ß-fm-Wv. P-\ß-fn¬ \n-∂v A-dn-hp-I-sfm-∂pw a-d-®p-sh-°m-\m-hn-√. `-c-Ww \-S-Øm≥ Bsc \n-tbm-Kn-°-Ww F-∂v \n-›-bn-°p-∂ P-\-ßƒ-°v X-ßƒ \n-tbm-Kn-®h¿ F-ßn-s\-bm-Wv \m-Sv `-cn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v A-dn-bm-\pw hn-e-bn-cp-Øm-\pw D-≈ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v, Np-a-X-e-bp-≠v. thm-´-h-Im-iw hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv Cu A-dn-hn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. hn-h-cw -In-´m-\p-≈ ]u-c-s‚ A-h-Im-iw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ au-enIm-h-Im-iw X-s∂ F-∂m-Wv C-Xn-\¿-Yw. `-c-Ww kp-Xm-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw C-Ø-c-sam-cp hy-h-ÿ A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. \n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS \n¿-am-W-L-´-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ F-gp-Xn-t®¿°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v au-en-I-am-b H-c-h-Im-iw ssI-sb-Øn-∏n-Sn°m≥ C-¥y≥ P-\-X-bv-°v kzm-X-{¥yw In-ń B-dp ]-Xn-‰m-t≠m-fw Im-Øp\n¬-t°-≠n-h-∂p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ I-fn-sØm-ń¬ F-s∂-√mw hn-ti-jn°-m-dp-≈ {_n-´-\n¬ Cu \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-b-Xv G-Xm-≠v C-¥y-bn¬ C-Xv \-S∏m-b Im-e-Øv X-s∂-bm-Wv. \mw h-ep-Xm-sbm-∂pw e-÷n-t°-≠-Xn-√. c-≠v \q-‰m-t≠m-fw {_n-´-s‚ A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p \mw. A-∂v P-\m-[n-]-Xy-X-Øz-ß-sfm-∂pw \-ap-°v _m-[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F-√m- hn-h-c-ßfpw `-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂v a-d-®p-sh-°p-I F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p `-c-W-Iq-SØn-s‚ \-bw. `-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-ßƒ c-l-ky-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xv `-cn-°s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcm-Sv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p. c-l-kym-fl-I-X \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pw A-Xv ]m-en-°m-Ø-h-sc in-£n-°m-\pw {]-tXy-I-\n-b-aw \n¿-an-°-s∏-´p. H-^n-jy¬ ko-{I-´v-kv B-Iv-‰v F-∂ \n-b-aw C-¥y-bn¬ {_nń-jv `-c-W-Im-e-Øv ˛1923¬-˛ \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v A-Sn-aI-fm-b C-¥y-°m-sc am-‰n-\n¿-Øm≥ th-≠n-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-s£, kzmX-{¥yw In-ń-b-ti-j-hpw \-Ωƒ B \n-b-aw D-t]-£n-®n-√. P-\-ßƒ-°v hnh-cw In-´m-\p-≈ F-√m {i-a-ßƒ-°pw ap-ºn¬ c-l-kym-fl-I-X-bp-sS h-en-b H-cp tIm-´-bm-bn A-Xv \n-e-bp-d-∏n-®p. Hu-tZym-Kn-I c-l-ky-\n-b-aw d-±m-°-Wsa-∂ B-h-iyw ]-e-h-´w ]-e¿ D-b¿-Øn-sb-¶n-epw k¿-°m-dp-Iƒ h-g-ßn-bn√. C-t∏mƒ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ t]m-epw H-ô-jy¬ ko-{I-´v-kv B-Iv-‰pw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v. B \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-√p-sIm-gn-™n´p-s≠-¶n-epw A-Xv a-cn-®n-ń-√. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≈ F-√m \n-b-a-ß-fn-se-bpw hy-h-ÿ-I-sf a-dn-I-S-°pw F-∂p-≈-Xv sIm-≠v ]-g-b -\n-b-aw C-\n i-eyw sN-øn-s√-∂p-d-∏n-°mw. 11

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

\o-≠ t]m-cm-´-ß-fp-sS ^-ew hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-sØ hn-im-em-Z¿-i-am-bn sIm-≠p-\-S-°p-I-bpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn c-l-kym-fl-I-X \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv tem-I-Øn-se an-° `-c-W-Iq-S-ß-fpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. `-cn-°m≥ A-Xm-Wv ku-I-cyw F-∂v `-cn°p-∂- F-√m-h¿-°p-a-dn-bmw. ]-e ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \-S-∂ \o-≠ t]m-cm-´-ß-fpsS ^-e-am-bm-Wv F-√m cm-Py-ß-fn-epw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-\v \n-b-a-]p-kv-XI-Øn¬ ÿm-\w e-`n-®-Xv. H-cp B-Z¿-iw F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-Xv Nn-¥-I-cp-sS X-e-bn-ep-Zn-®n-´v \q‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn-°m-Wpw. ]-Xn-s\-´mw \q-‰m-≠n-¬ ^n≥-em‚n¬ s]m-Xp-{]-h¿Ø--\-hpw cm-{„o-b-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw a-X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hp-sa-√mw \-S-Øn-t∏m-∂ Nn-¥-I-\pw km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{X-⁄-\p-am-b B-t‚-gv-kv ssJ-sU-\n-b-kv B-Wv hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-sØ Ip-dn-®v B-Zyw Nn-¥n-®-h-cn¬ {]-[m-\n. kz-X-{¥am-b hym-]m-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-\v th-≠n \-S-Øn-b t]m-cm-´-ß-ƒ aq-ew A-t±-lw 'D-Ø-c-tZ-i-sØ B-Uw kv-an-Øv' F-∂v hn-fn-°-s∏-´p. H-cp-]m-Sv \n-b-a-ßfpw \n-b-{¥-W-ß-fpw \n-e-\n-∂ sa¿-°≥-d-en-k-Øn¬ \n-∂v tam-N-\w t\Sn-bm-te hym-]m-c-˛-hy-h-km-b A-`n-hr-≤n-bp-≠m-Iq F-∂v A-t±-lw D-d-®p-hniz-kn-®p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\-L-S-I-am-b A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw hy-h-km-bm-`n-hr-≤n-bpw X-Ωn¬ A-Sp-Ø _-‘-ap-s≠-∂ At±-l-Øn-s‚ hn-izm-kw i-cn-bm-Wv F-∂v hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ hym-]-\tØm-sS H-∂p-Iq-Sn sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. tkm-jy-en-Ãv X-Øz-im-kv-{XØn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-W-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v a-dn-I-S-∂v kz-X-{¥-hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚ Im-etØ-°v I-S-∂ Cu \m-fp-I-fn-em-Wv tem-I-Øv hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ hym]-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv F-∂-Xv bm-Zr-—n-I-am-Im≥ X-c-an-√. B-Uw -kv-an-Øv am-{Xa-√, ssJ-sU-\n-b-kpw ]p-\¿-P-\n-°p-I-bm-Wv. B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-tØm-Sv tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bm-epw C-s√-¶n-epw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ hym-]\-w B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\v F-Xn-cm-b-h¿ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw F-Xn-cm-th≠ Im-cy-an-√. F-√m-‰n-\pw tZm-j-ß-sf-∂ t]m-se Kq-W-ß-fpw D-≠m-Ip-at√m.kzo-U-\n¬ 1766¬ H-cp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏m°n-bn-cp-∂p. B-t‚-gv-kv ssJ-sU-\n-b- n-s‚ {i-a-^-e-bm-Wv \n-b-aw \n-ehn¬ h-∂-Xv. A-[n-Iw hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-sfm-∂pw \n-b-a-sØ Ip-dn-®v e-`y-a-√. ]ns∂-bpw 122 h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-jw sIm-fw-_n-b-bn-epw 1919¬ ^n≥-em‚n-epw `-c-W-kw-_-‘-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ P-\-ßƒ-°v \¬-Im≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-b \n-ba-ßƒ D-≠m-bn. 12

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

k-a-{K-am-b hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw {_n-ó-jv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ kz¥w cm-Py-Øv t]m-epw \-S-∏m-°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂n-cn-s° tIm-f-\n-I-fn¬ A-Xv {]-Xo-£n-°p-I-tb h-ø-t√m. F-∂m¬, .-{_n-ó-jv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \-S-∏m°n-b Nn-e \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ {`q-Ww D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn \n-co-£-I¿ Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p-≠v. H-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww 1872¬ \-S-∏m-b C-¥y≥ sX-fn-hv \n-b-a-Øn-se F-gp-]-Øm-dmw h-Ip-∏m-Wv. tI- p-I-fn-se Nn-e s]mXp-tc-J-Iƒ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-Iƒ-°v e-`y-am-°m-≥ hy-h-ÿ sN-øp∂-Xm-Wv Cu h-Ip-∏v. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-ky-\n-b-aw ]n-¥p-S¿-∂ kz-X-{¥-`m-cX-Øn-epw Nn-e \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ ]u-c-s‚ A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw Aw-Ko-Icn-®-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. 1948¬ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ ^m-Iv-‰-do-kv B-Iv-‰v ^m-Iv-‰-dn-Ifn-se A-]-I-S-km-[y-X-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-®pw A-Xn-s\ t\-cn-Sm≥ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®pw sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v hn-h-cw \¬-In-bn-cn-°W-sa-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v.-

A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ kzo-U-\n¬ ]-co-£n-®v C-cp-\q-dp h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-j-am-sW-¶n¬ t]m-epw I-gn-™ \q-‰m-≠n¬ B-Zy-sØ k-a-{K-\n-b-aw sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv 1966 ¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-em-Wv. hn-h-cw A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw ]u-cm-h-Im-i-am-bn A-ta-cn-°≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cp-∂psh-¶n-epw hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw \n-b-a-am-bn {]m-_-ey-Øn¬ h-cp-∂-Xv 1966¬ am{X-am-Wv. 1946¬ A-Uv-an-\n-t{Ã-‰o-hv s{]m-ko-Py¿ B-Iv-‰v F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp \n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬ h-s∂-¶n-epw F-ß-s\ hn-h-cw \¬-Imw F-∂-√, F-ß-s\ \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°mw F-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp-∂p \n-b-aw Iq-Sp-X¬ {i-≤n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnj-b-hp-am-bn t\-cn-´v _-‘-ap-≈-h¿-°v am-{Xw hn-h-cw \¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn-sb∂pw s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-¶n¬ hn-h-cw \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m-sa-∂pw \nb-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.1966se \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww A-\m-bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. {ô-Uw Hm-^v C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ B-Iv-‰v tIm¨-{K-kv ]m- m-°p-tºm-ƒ en≥-U≥ _n tPm¨-k¨ B-bn-cp-∂p {]-kn-U‚ v. ]-Xn-s\m-∂p h¿-jw \o-≠ N¿-®-°pw hn-hm-Z-Øn-\p-sa-√mw ti-j-am-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. ]u-cm-h-Im-i-{]-t£m-`-ß-fpw hn-b-‰v-\mw bp-≤-hn-cp-≤-k-a-c-hp-sa-√mw C-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v A-h-t_m-[w h-fcm≥ Im-c-W-am-bn-. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw F-gp-Øp-Im-cpw Cu \n-b-a-Øn-\v th≠n ap-d-hn-fn-Iq-´m-\pw Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. 1956¬ X-s∂ U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv ]m¿-ń C-Xv A-h-cp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS `m-K-am-°n. F-∂m¬ dn-∏-_v-fn°≥-]m¿-ń \n-b-a-tØm-Sv h-en-b B-`n-ap-Jyw {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-√. dn-∏-_v-fn-°≥ ]m¿-ń-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p {]-kn-U-‚ v en≥--U≥ _n tPm¨-k¨. \n-b-a-tØm-

Sv H-´pw B-`n-ap-Jyw A-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. a-\- n-√m-a-\-t m-sS-bmWv A-t±-l-a-Xv H-∏p-sh-®-Xv. hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw `-c-W-Iq-S-sØ Zp¿-_-e-am-°psa-∂pw cm-Py-Xm¬-∏-cyw A-]-I-S-s∏-Sp--sa-∂pw ]-e¿-°pw B-i-¶-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p-. {I-ta-W F-Xn¿-∏p-Iƒ Ip-d-™p-h-∂p.]u-c≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-h-cw C-cp-]-Xv Zn-h-kw sIm-≠v \¬-IWw F-∂m-Wv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se \n-b-a-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ. \-Ωp-sS \m-ń¬ CXv ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-kw sIm-≠v \¬-In-bm¬ a-Xn. hn-h-cw B-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ ]-Øv cq-] ô-kv \¬-I-W-sa-∂ hy-h-ÿ C-¥y-bn¬ F-√m-h¿-°pw _m-[-I-amWv. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ ô-kv \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√. h-cm≥-t]mIp-∂ ]p-Xn-b t`-Z-K-Xn _v-tfm-§¿-am-sc-bpw ô-kn-¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-°pw. hn-h-c-ti-J-c-Ww A-\m-bm-kw \-S-°p-∂ cm-Py-am-Wv A-ta-cn-°- F∂v sX-‰n-≤-cn-t°-≠. hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sN-e-hv, hn-h-cw tNm-Zn°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂v Cu-Sm-°m-sa-∂ hy-h-ÿ ]-c-am-h-[n t{Zm-l-I-c-am-bn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ {i-an-°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv H-cp B-t£-]w. A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øm-Wv, A-ta-cn-°-bn-se C-c-´ S-h¿ B-{I-a-W-sØ Xp-S¿-∂v F-{X-t]-sc P-bn-en-e-S-®n-´p-≠v F-∂ tNm-Zyw h-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\v D-Ø-cw \¬Im≥ k¿-°m¿ X-øm-d-√ F-∂v hy-‡w. hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m≥ \m-ep e-£w tUm-f¿ sN-e-hp-h-cp-sa-∂pw Xp-I ap≥-Iq-ń sI-ń-sh-°-Ww F-∂p-am-Wv ]uc-\v In-ń-b a-dp-]-Sn. C-Xv k¿-°m¿ C-S-s]-S¬ sIm-≠v kw-`-hn-®-Xm-Wv F∂v B-fp-Iƒ I-cp-Xp-∂p.tNm-Zn-°p-∂ F-¥v tc-J-bpw In-´pw F-∂v D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ hy-h-ÿ H-cp cm-Py-Øp-an-√. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ C-ß-s\ H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´ ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-I \o-≠-Xm-Wv. ssk-\n-I-hn-`m-K-ßƒ am-{X-a-√, s^-U-d¬ tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-dp-I-fpw tIm¨-{K- pw D-]-k-an-Xn-I-fpw \n-b-a-Øn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. {]-Xn-tcm-[-˛-hn-tZ-i-\-b-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ F-∂nh-bpw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. \n-b-a-k-am-[m\-]m-e-\-Øn-\v th-≠n ti-J-cn-°-s∏-´ hn-h-c-ßƒ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√. hy-‡n-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-Iƒ, hym-]m-c-c-l-ky-ßƒ, [-\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßfp-sS ta¬-t\m-´-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-h-c-ßƒ F-∂n-h-bpw Cu hn-`m-KØn¬ s]-Spw. ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ò-j-Wn-bpw A-^v-Lm≥ ˛-C-dm-Jv bp-≤-ßfpw cm-Py-sØ ò-Xn h¿-≤n-∏n-®-Xv hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® D-’m-lsØ tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-®n-´p-≠v. Xp-d-∂ k¿-°m¿ F-∂ k-ao-]-\w ò-Ic-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-s°-Xn-cm-b bp-≤-sØ _m-[n-°p-sa-∂ B-i-¶ Cu cw-K-Øv Xn-cn-®-Sn-°v Im-c-W-am-bn-.14

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw 1966¬ \n-b-aw {]m-_-ey-Øn¬ -h-∂ ti-jw Hm-tcm ]-Øp-h¿-jsØ C-S-th-f-bn-epw \n-b-a-Øn¬ Im-cy-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.1996¬ B-Wv C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-se hn-h-c-ß-sf \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. h-ºn-® {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv P-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v k-ao-]-Im-e-sØ hn-hn-[-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS hm¿-jn-I-dn-t∏m¿´p-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. 2004 ¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ Cu \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v k-a¿∏n-°-s∏-´ B-h-iy-ß-fp-sS F-Æw \m-ev-]-Xv e-£-am-sW-∂v dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fnep-≠v. C-Xv ap≥-h¿-j-tØ-°mƒ 25 i-X-am-\w Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. 2002¬ e-`n-®Xn-t\-°mƒ F-gp-]-Xv i-X-am-\w Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. hn-h-c-ßƒ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv G-sd-bpw hy-‡n-I-fp-sS km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-sW∂pw I-W-°p-Iƒ sh-fn-hm-°p-∂p. F¨-]-sØ-´v i-X-am-\w A-t]-£-I-fpw sN-∂-Xv aq-∂p h-Ip-∏p-I-fn-te-°m-Wv. ap-Xn¿-∂ ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS t£-a-h-Ip-∏v, km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz- `-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, B-tcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏v F-∂n-h-bm-Wv Cu hn-`m-K-ßƒ. C-h-bn-te-°v h-cp-∂ A-t]-£-I-fn¬ sXm-Æq-dp-i-X-am-\-hpw A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. A-t]-£-I-cp-sS F-Æw s]-cp-Ip-tºmƒ hn-h-c-w \¬-Im≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´ C-cp-]-Xv Zn-h-k-ßƒ-°-Iw A-h \¬-Im≥ I-gnbp-I-bn-√. C-Xn-\m-bn \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ ]T-\-k-an-Xn-I-fp-sS dn-t∏m¿-´n¬, aq∂p h¿-jw h-sc ssh-In hn-h-cw \¬-In-b kw-`-h-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-. hf-sc ssh-Ip-∂p F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ C-t∏mƒ Cu \n-b-a-a\p-k-cn-®v hn-h-cw B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-Xm-bn-´p-ap-≠v.

k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ am-‰w ò-I-c-cp-sS ò-j-Wn bp.-F-kv.-K-h-s◊-‚ n-s‚ k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ am-‰-ap≠m-°n-sb-∂p kq-Nn-∏n-®-t√m. hn-h-cw tNm-Zn-®p-h-cp-∂ H-cmƒ-°v F-ß-s\bpw hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-I F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ap≥-Im-e- ß-fn-se k-ao-]-\w. hn-hcw \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm \¬-Ip-∂-Xv ssh-Ip-I-tbm sN-bv-Xm¬ A-Xn-s\ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn \ym-bo-I-cn-°p-I {]-bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. 2001 k-]v-Xw-_¿ ]Xn-s\m-∂n-\v ti-jw C-Xv am-dn-bn-´p-≠v. tZ-io-b-kp-c-£n-X-Xzw, hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-X, {I-a-k-a-m-[m-\-]m-e-\w F-∂n-h-bv-°m-Wv ap≥-K-W-\ \¬-tI-≠Xv F-∂v bp.-F-kv k¿-°m-dn-s‚ A-t‰m¿-Wn P-\-d¬ k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]-\m-[nIm-cn-Iƒ-°-b-® sa-tam-dm≥-U-Øn¬ \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv A-h-cp-sS k-ao-]-\Øn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øm≥ D-t±-in-®p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 'D-d-® \n-b-a A-Sn-ÿm\w'Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bm-Wv hn-h-cw \n-tj-[n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ B \-S-]-Sn-°v D-d-® ]n-¥p-W k¿-°m¿ \¬-Ip-sa-∂p h-∂-tXm-sS F-ßn-t\-bpw ]u-c-\v hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-I F-∂ k-ao-]-\w A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Ø-s∂ am-dn-bn-´p-≠v. hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv tZm-j-am-Ip-tam F-∂ kw-i-bw D-≠m-bm¬ hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv am-‰n-sh-°p-I F-∂-Xm-bn-´p-≠v co-Xn . 15

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

tem-I-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw \n-b-a-ß-fpw A-ta-cn-°-sb am-Xr-I-bm-°n Nq-≠n-°m-´p-tºmƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv A-ta-cn-° Cu cw-K-Øv ]n-t∂m-´v t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-ta-cn-°≥ `-c-W-th-ZnI-fn¬ c-l-kym-fl-I-X h¿-≤n-®p Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv _n¬ ¢n≥-S≥ {]-kn-U‚ v B-b-t∏m-gm-Wv. tPm¿-Pv _p-jn-s‚-bpw ò-I-cm-{I-a-W-ß-fp-tS-bpw h-c-thmsS A-Xv ]m-c-ay-Øn-te-°v \o-ßn ˛-hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS Iq-´m-bv-abm-b {ô-Uw- t^m-dw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® " ko-{I-kn dn-t∏m¿-´v Im¿-Uv " hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂p. Iq-Sq-X¬ k¿-°m¿ tc-J-Iƒ c-l-ky-tc-J-I-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn¬ s]-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv k¿-°m¿ sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1995¬ sam-Øw ap∏-Ø-©v e-£w tc-J-I-fm-Wv Cu ]-ń-I-bn¬ s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ 2004 ¬ C-Xn-s‚ F-Æw H-∂-c tIm-Sn-bm-bn D-b¿-∂p. C-c-´-S-h¿ ò-I-cm-{I-aW-ßƒ-°v ti-jw tc-J-Iƒ c-l-ky-am-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ bp-‡n-bpw- X-Øz-hpw ]Tn-°m≥ tXm-a-kv F-®v Io≥ A-≤y-£-\m-bn \n-tbm-Kn-°-® I-Ωo-j≥ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv, c-l-ky-∏-ń-I-bn¬ s]-Sp-Øn-b ap-∏-Ø-©v i-X-am-\w tc-J-Ifpw A-Xn¬ s]-Sp-Øn-b-tX sX-‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. h-f-sc ]-cn-lm-ky-amb X-e-Øn-te-°v c-l-kym-fl-I-X sN-s∂-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ hmjn-Mv-S¨ t]m-Ãv H-cp dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Nn-en-b≥ G-Im[n-]-Xn ]n-t\m-sj- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ]-cy-S-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-® tImsŒ-bn-en-s‚ an-{in-X-sØ Ip-dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p H-cp ]u-c-\v A-dn-tb-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv. C-Xv c-l-ky-hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn-em-Wv D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ s]-Sp-Øn-bncp-∂-Xv !. ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-t\m-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn D-≠m-b h¿-≤n® c-l-kym-fl-I-X X-s∂-bm-Wv ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂v ]n-∂o-Sv bp. F-kv. tIm¨-{K- n-s‚ H-cp D-]-k-anXn \n-co-£n-®-Xv Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv.

]-S-cp-∂- {]-h-W-X A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ cq-]w-sIm-≠ Cu {]-h-W-X G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™pw Im-\-U-bn-te-°pw bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b≥ cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°pw ]-S-cp-∂p-≠v. bp-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n¬ \-S-Øn-b H-cp ]T-\w I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv A-hn-sS ka¿-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-t]-£-I-fn¬ ap-∏-Øn-sb-´v -i-X-am-\-hpw H-cp- Im-c-WØm¬ A-s√-¶-n¬ a-s‰m-cp Im-c-W-Øm¬ \n-c-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂m-Wv. 'cl-kym-fl-I-X-bp-sS kw-kv-Im-cw H-cp X-cw ssh-d-kv B-Wv, A-Xv cm-Py-Øn\v A-I-Øv am-{X-a-√ ]p-d-tØ-°pw ]-S¿-∂p sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw'-Imw-]v-s_¬ ]-_v-fn-Iv A-t^-gv-kv C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´n-se Cu \n-co-£-Ww C-t∏mg-sØ A-h-ÿ-sb {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. H-cp-X-c-Øn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬ C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ \n-b-aw A-

ta-cn-°-bn-se \n-b-a-tØ-°mƒ ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-Wv. C-hn-sS hn-h-cw \¬Im-Xn-cn-°m-t\m, \¬-Ip-∂-Xv ssh-In-°m-t\m F-s¥-¶n-epw Im-c-Ww I-s≠Øn kz-¥w ta-e-[n-Im-cn-sb t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ t]m-c. Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am\m-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿ tI-{µ-X-e-Øn-epw- kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-epw D-≠v. hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv A-Im-c-W-am-bm-Wv ssh-In-®sX-¶n¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ A-Xn-\v ]n-g-bpw A-S-t°-≠-Xm-bn h-cpw. Cu hy-hÿ-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS \n-b-a-Øn-epw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v B-tem-Nn°p-∂-tX D-≈q A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ.c-≠mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\v ti-jw sF-Iy-cm-{„-k-`-bpƒ-s∏-sSbp-≈ tem-I-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw ]u-c-∑m¿-°v e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ B-h-iy-I-X Du-∂n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn-Ø-s∂ hn-h-cmh-Im-i-sØ Im-W-Ww F-∂m-Wv sF-Iy-cm-{„-k-` B-h-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. 1946 se B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-se {]-ta-bw ˛59(1) C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂p-˛-A-dn-bm\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw au-en-I-am-b H-cp a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-am-Wv, sF-Iy-cm-„-k-`sb F-s¥-√mw A-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]-cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-tWm D-gn-™p-sh®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚-sb-√mw D-c-I-√m-Wv Cu A-h-Im-iw. 1948 ¬ sF-Iy-cm--{„-s]m-Xp-k-` \-S-Øn-b bq-\n-th-gv-k¬ Un-Iv-f-tdj≥ Hm-^v lyq-a≥ ssd-‰v-kn¬ A-`n-{]m-bw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw am-{X-a-√ D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xn¿-Øn- t`-Z-ß-fn-√m-sX hn-h-cw tiJ-cn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn Cu {]-Jym-]-\-Øn-¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 1980¬ tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv \n-b-a-a-{¥n-am-cp-sS k-tΩ-f-\w _m¿-_tUm-kn¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn-® {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-epw `-c-W-\n¿-hl-W-Øn-epw s]m-Xp-P-\-]-¶m-fn-Øw A¿-∞-]q¿-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv ]u-c-∑m¿-°v `-c-W-Im-cy-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v ]-c-am-h-[n A-dn-hv e-`n-°p-tºmƒ am-{X-am-Wv F∂ hy-‡-am-b \n-e-]m-Sv kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s‚ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn 1999 ¬ tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv cm--{„-Ø-e-h-∑m-cp-sS k-tΩ-f-\w ]u-c-∑m¿-°v \n-b-a-\-S]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS F-ßn-s\ hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw e-`y-am-°m-sa-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-® am¿-K-tc-J Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-am-b {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ H-cp-Im-cy-hpw ]u-c-∑m-cn¬ \n-∂v a-d-®p-sh-°m≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂v 1992se dn-tbmUn-P-\o-tdm {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.1995\v ti-j-am-Wv tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fn-se-√mw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-Sn-b-¥-c-{i-a-ßƒ \-S-∂-Xv. C-t∏mƒ G-Xm-≠v F√m ]-cn-jv-Ir-X- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- cm-Py-ß-fn-epw \n-b-aw \n-e-hn-ep-≠v. kzo-U≥ A-Xn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se H-cp hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-Ø-s∂ Cu A-h-Im-iw F17

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw gp-Xn-t®¿-Øn-´p-≠v. 'Hu-tZym-Kn-I-tc-J-I-fn-t∑¬ F-√m ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw A-hIm-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw'F-∂m-Wv `-c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ. C-¥y Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°n-b cm-Py-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ sIm-fw-_n-b-bpw B-kv-t{X-en-b-bpw I-\-U-bpw \yq-ko-em≥-Upw ^n-en-∏o≥-kpw tlm-t¶mMpw Xm-bv-em≥-Upw Z-£n-W sIm-dn-b-bpw P-∏m-\pw Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-° 1996 ¬- `-c-W-L-S-\ D-≠m-°p-tºmƒ X-s∂ C°m-cyw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.-

C-¥y-bn-se \n-b-aw C-¥y-bn-epw H-cp kp-{]-`m-X-Øn¬ s]m-Sp-∂-s\ \n-e-hn¬ h-cn-Ibm-bn-cp-∂n-√ hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw. \o-≠ Im-e-sØ B-i-b-{]-N-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw A-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw kw-hm-Z-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-w {]-t£m-`-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpsa-√mw D-cp-Øn-cn-™-Xm-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ C-∂-sØ cq-]w. `-c-W-L-S-\-bntem G-sX-¶n-epw {]-tXy-I-\n-b-a-Øn-tem hy-‡-am-bn F-Sp-Øp-]-d-™n-cp∂n-s√-¶n-epw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ A-hn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv A-dn-bm\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw F-∂v \n-c-h-[n tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-I-fn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. sX-fn-hv- \n-b-aw, ^m-Iv-‰-do-kv B-Iv-‰v, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£-W-\n-b-aw F-∂n-hbn-epw ]-©m-b-Øo -cm-Pv \n-b-a-Øn-ep-sa-√mw ]u-c-s‚ A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-hIm-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F-¶n-epw 1923 se Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-ky-\n-b-a-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D-tZym-K-ÿ-a-\- n-s\ h-cn-™p-sI-ń-\n--∂p. k¿-°m¿ tc-J-I-sf-√mw c-l-ky-ß-fm-Wv, A-Xv Hm-ôkn-se D-tZym-K-ÿ-c-√m-Ø B-cpw Im-Wm-t\ ]m-Sn-√, P-\-ßƒ H-´pw I-≠pIq-Sm.-.-.-Xp-S-ßn-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ D-d-∏n-°p-∂ k-ao-]-\-am-Wv k¿-°m-dp-Ifpw kzo-I-cn-®p-t]m--∂-Xv. sk≥-{S¬ kn-hn¬ k¿-ho-kv tIm¨-U-Iv-‰v dqƒ-kv c-l-kym-fl-I-X kq-£n-°m≥ D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-sc-bpw \n¿-_-‘n-®p-t]m-∂p. ^-b-en-s‚ D-≈-S-°-sØ Ip-dn-®v H-cp D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ ]p-d-Øm-tcm-sS-¶n-epw kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-b Ip-‰-am-bm-Wv I-cp-Xn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. \n-c£-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p `q-cn-]-£w ]u-c-∑m-cp-sa-∂-Xv sIm-≠v h-f-sc ]-Xp-s° am{X-ta, hn-h-c-ßƒ X-ß-fpw A-dn-b-Ww F-∂ t_m-[w P-\-ß-fn¬ D-b¿-∂ph-∂p-≈q.kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bn¬ sS-en-hn-j-\pw F-^v.-Fw td-Un-tbm-hpw h-∂pI-gn-™ Cu Im-e-Øpw B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bp-sS ap-∂n¬ ' t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p∂-Xv \n-tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p' F-s∂-gp-Xn-b t_m¿-Uv Im-Wmw. D-]-{K-l-ßfn¬ \n-∂v \-Ωp-sS-sb-√mw ho-ń-se In-W-dn-s‚ t^m-t´m t]m-epw F-Sp-°mhp-∂ C-°m-e-Øpw A-W-s°-´p-Iƒ-°-Sp-Øv t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv \n-tcm[n-°p-∂ I¬-∏-\ Im-Wmw. A-º-Xv h¿-jw ap-º-sØ a-\- v X-s∂-bm-Wv 18

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw k¿-°m-dp-I-fn-ep-≈ \-√ ]-¶n-\pw C-t∏m-gp-ap-≈-Xv.kzm-X-{¥y-e-œn-bp-sS \m-fp-I-fn¬ X-s∂ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-ky-\n-baw am-‰-W-sa-∂ B-h-iy-ap-b¿-∂n-cp-∂p. \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ A-©mw h-Ip-∏v ]-{Xß-ƒ-°v hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-h-tc-bpw Nm-c-∑m-cm-bn I-W-°m-°n in-£n-°m≥ A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Nm-c-{]-h¿-Ø-\w F-¥v F-t∂m Hu-tZym-Kn-I-cl-kyw F-¥v F-t∂m A-©mw h-Ip-∏n¬ \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂n-√. F-t∏mƒ thW-sa-¶n-epw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS ku-I-cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v hym-Jym-\n-°mhp-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-Wv Cu h-Ip-∏v cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C-Xv \n¿-h-Nn-°p∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ \n¿-h-N-\-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ \n-b-a-Øn\v t`-Z-K-Xn \n¿-t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-ø-W-sa-∂v c-≠mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ \n¿-t±-in-®p. k¿-°m¿ tc-J-I-sf hy-Xy-kv-X-X-cw c-l-ky-tc-J-I-fm-bn th¿-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw C-h A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn ssI-am-dp-∂-h-¿-°v in-£ \n¿-t±-in-°p-I-bpw sN-øp∂-Xm-Wv Cu h-Ip-∏v. F-∂m¬ c-l-ky-ß-fm-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sm-Ø tc-JIƒ ssI-am-dn-bm-epw in-£n-°m-hp-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-se hy-hÿ-bp-≈-Xv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v ssI-am-dn-b tc-J i-{Xp-°ƒ-°v D-]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂v ÿm-]n-®m¬ A-©p-h¿-jw h-sc X-S-hv in-£ e-`n-°mw.1923¬ D-≠m-b \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ap-°m¬-\q-‰m-≠v \o-≠ N-cn-{X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ A-º-Ø-©p-tI- p-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv hn-Nm-c-W-°v h-∂-sX-∂v {]-ap-J A-`n-`mj-I dm-Wn A-Uv-hm-Wn A-lv-a-Zm-_m-Zv I¨-kyq-a¿ F-Pp-t°-j≥ dn-k¿-® v sk‚-dn-\v th-≠n X-øm-dm-°n-b ' Pp-Uo-jy¬ s{]m-\u≥-kv-sa‚ v-kv Hm¨ B-Iv-k-kv Sp C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ ' F-∂ e-Lp-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p-≠v. an-°-t∏m-gpw tI-t m in-£-tbm D-≠m-b-X-√, C-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-b-aw \n-e-\n¬-°p-tºmƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂ c-l-kym-`n-ap-Jy-am-Wv k¿-°m¿ tc-J-Iƒ a‰m-cpw Im-Wm-t\ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv F-∂ [m-c-W D-tZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ D-d-∏n°p-∂-Xpw A-sXm-cp kw-kv-Im-c-am-bn am-‰p-∂-Xpw. Cu Im-c-W-Øm-em-Wv, \n-b-aw ]q¿-W-am-tbm Np-cp-ßn-b ]-£w \n-b-a-Øn-se A-©mw h-Ip-∏v F¶n-ep-tam d-±m-°-W-sa-∂ B-h-iyw \n-c-¥-cw D-b¿-∂p h-∂-Xv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw D-d-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ k-a¿-∏n-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ \n-b-aw d-±m-°p-I-tbm k-a-{K-am-bn am-‰n -F-gp-Xp-I-tbm th-W-sa-∂v \n¿-t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-ø-W-sa-∂v c-≠mw {]-kv I-Ωoj≥ \n¿-t±-in-®p. 1977¬ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°v ti-j-am-Wv ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ßsf Ip-dn-®pw A-Xv F-¥v hn-e sIm-Sp-Øpw kw-c-£n-t°-≠-Xn-s‚ B-h-iyI-X-sb-Ip-dn-®p-ap-≈ Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b B-tem-N-\-Iƒ \-S-∂-Xv. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-cl-ky-\n-b-aw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v B-tem-Nn-°m≥ H-cp h¿-°n-

ßv {Kq-∏v \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. \n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ {]-kv-Xp-X \n-b-a-sØ A-tX]-Sn kw-c-£n-°-W-sa-∂v in-]m¿-i sN-øp-∂ dn-t∏m¿-´m-Wv k-an-Xn k-a¿-∏n®-Xv. \n-b-aw cm-Py-c-£-°m-h-iy-am-sW-∂ \n-e-]m-Sv I-Ωn-‰n kzo-I-cn-®t∏mƒ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-am-bn ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Im≥ H-cp-sº-´n-√.]n-∂o-Sv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Xm-ev-]-cy-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv 1989se hn.-]n.-kn-ßv k¿-°m-dm-Wv. 1990 G-{]n¬ ]-Xn-s\-´n-\v kw-ÿm-\-hm¿-Øm-hn-X-c-W-a-{¥nam-cp-sS k-tΩ-f-\w D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-bv-X {]-[m-\-a-{¥n hn.-]n.-kn-ßv A-dn-bm\p-f-f A-h-Im-iw `-c-W-L-S-\m-h-Im-i-am-°p-sa-∂ {]-Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn. \-S]-Sn-I-sf-s¥-¶n-epw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv k¿-°m¿ Xm-sg ho-Wp. F-¶n-epw h-en-b H-cp- Nn-¥m-hn-]v-f-h-am-bn-cp-∂p k-¿-°m-dn-s‚ {]-Jym-]-\w. sXm-´v apº-sØ cm-Po-hv Km-‘n k¿-°m¿ H-cp L-´-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-ß-fp-sS Adn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw X-s∂ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n-b-aw sIm-≠p-h-cp-t∂S-tØm-fw h-sc t]m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS h-[-sØ Ip-dn-®v At\z-jn-® X-°¿ I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ sh-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nb-aw sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv F-t∂m¿-°-Ww. hn.-]n.-kn-ßv k¿-°m¿ \n-tbm-Kn-® I-Ωn-‰n Ip-sd ta-J-e-Iƒ Hu-tZym-Kn-I c-l-ky-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xp. F-∂m¬ k¿-°m¿ \S-]-Sn-sbm-∂pw kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. \n-b-aw A-∏-m-sS d-±m-°-W-sa-∂pw k-a-{K-am-b hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°-W-sa-∂p-ap-≈ B-h-iy-hp-am-bn Cu cw-K-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ ap-t∂m-´v t]m-bn. ]n-∂o-Sv tIm¨-{K-kv k¿-°m-dp-I-fpw C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Ip-sd-tb-sd ap-t∂m-´v t]m-hp-Ibp-≠m-bn. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-\p-≈ X-S- w \o-°p-∂-Xn-\v Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-lky-\n-b-aw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-sa-∂v tI-{µ-B-`y-¥-c-h-Ip-∏v k-l-a-{¥n Fw.-Fw.tP-°-ºv 1992¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ D-d-∏v \¬-In.-

Xm-sg-Ø-´n-se t]m-cm-´wa-‰p-]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-epw `-c-W-L-S-\m-hn-Z-Kv-≤-∑m-cpw _p-≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cp-sam-s°-bm-Wv hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-Øn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ t]m-cm´w \-S-Øn-b-sX-¶n¬, C-¥y-bn-se Nn-{Xw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm-sg-Ø-´n-ep-≈-h¿ \-S-Øn-b t]m-cm-´-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ h-en-b am-‰-Øn-te°v \-bn-®-Xv. C-Xn¬ kp-{]-[m-\-am-Wv cm-P-ÿm-\n-se a-kv-Zq¿-In-km≥-i‡n kw-L-S-\ \-S-Øn-b \o-≠ t]m-cm-´w. I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v th≠n-bq-≈ ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS \-S-Øn-∏pw _-P-‰v h-I-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpw I¿-j-IsØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v a-d-®p-sh-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc \-S-∂ ]-c-ky-hn-Nm-cW-I-fm-Wv cm-P-ÿm-\n¬ H-cp hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏m-Ip-∂-Xn-te-°v \bn-®-Xv. c-≠m-bn-cm-am-≠n¬ \n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv cm-Pÿm≥. A-Xp X-s∂ A-Xn-\pw A-©p h¿-jw ap-ºm-cw-`n-® {]-t£m-`-Øn20

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s‚ ^-e-am-bn. ]-©m-b-Øv `-c-W-Øn¬ kp-Xm-cy-X- H-´p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. hcƒ-® _m-[n-® Pn-√-I-fn¬ \-S-∏m-°n-b ' tPm-en-°v Iq-en `-£-Ww ' ]-≤-Xnbn¬ `-£y-[m-\y-ßƒ hm-ßn-b-h-cp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ -A-[nIr-X¿ Iq-´m-°m-™-Xm-Wv h≥-am-‰-ßƒ-°v Im-c-W-am-b {]-t£m-`-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. a-k-‰¿ tdm-fp-Iƒ c-l-ky-tc-J-I-fm-sW-∂ hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-amWv A-h¿-°v tIƒ-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. 1990em-Wv a-kv-Zq¿ In-km≥ i-‡n-kw-LS-\ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v an-\n-aw Iq-en B-hiy-s∏-´m-bn-cp-∂p Xp-S-°w. H-Sp-hn¬ 1999¬ cm-P-ÿm≥ k¿-°m¿ hn-h-cm-hIm-i-\n-b-aw D-≠m-°m≥ k-∂-≤-X {]-I-Sn-®-t∏mƒ kw-ÿm-\w ap-gp-h≥ N¿-®m-k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v ]p-Xn-b \n-b-a-Øn-\v I-c-Sv cq-]w \n¿-t±in-°p-t∂-S-tØm-fw ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Im≥ kw-L-S-\-°v I-gn-™p. sN-ss∂-bn¬ \n-∂v cm-P-ÿm-\n-se-Øn ]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS im-‡oI-c-W-Øn-\p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v Po-hn-Xw D-gn-™p-sh-® A-cp-Wm tdmbv B-Wv Fw.-sI.-F-kv.-F- n-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-epw \o-≠ {]-t£m-`Øn-epw cm-P-ÿm≥ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn-ep-sa-√mw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b ]-¶p-h-ln-®-Xv. C-cp-]-sØm-∂mw h-b- n¬ sF.-F.-F-kv P-bn-® Cu sN-ss∂ -{_m-“-W-bp-h-Xn ]n-∂o-S v A-[n-Im-c-hpw {]-Xm-]-hpsa-√mw D-t]-£n-® v cm-P-ÿm≥ {Km-a-ß-fn¬ ]m-h-ßƒ-°v th-≠n-bp-≈ t]m-cm-´-Øn-\v Po-hn-Xw D-gn-™p-sh-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-b H-cp Po-hn-X-I-Y-bm-Wv A-h-cp-tS-Xv. C-¥y-bn-se hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v B-tcm-sS-¶n-epw I-S-∏m-Sv B-h-iy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xv A-cp-Wm-tdm-bn-tbm-Sv am{X-am-Wv.sXm-Æq-dp-I-fp-sS A-h-km-\w tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬ cq-]w sIm-≠ \mj-\¬ Im-sº-bn≥ t^m¿ ]o-∏vƒ-kv ssd-‰v Sp C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ (F≥.-kn.-]n.B¿.-sF) hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ {]-Nm-c-W-{]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ _-lp-Zq-cw ap-t∂m-´v sIm-≠p-t]m-bn. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Ip-sd \o-°-ßƒ Xp-S¿-∂p-≠m-bn. 1996¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ H-^v C-¥y hnh-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ H-cp I-c-Sn-\v cq-]w \¬-In hn-]p-e-am-b N¿-®-Iƒ°v h-gn-sbm-cp-°n. F-√m s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw hn-h-cw e-`n-°m≥ ]u-c-\v A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-∂v Du-∂n-∏-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b I-c-Sv \n-b-aw. s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\w F-∂ \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ k¿°m-dn-s\-tbm s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-sb-tbm am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. s]m-Xp-P-\-Xm¬-∏-cy-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-ap-≈ F-√m kz-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßtf-bpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu X-Øzw k¿-°m¿ ]n-∂o-Sv cq-]-s∏-SpØn-b hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. F-∂m¬ Cu I-c-Sp-_n-√n-¬ {]-I-Sn-∏n-® H-cp {]-[m-\ -B-i-bw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b \n-b-a-Øn-epw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-t\m \n-b-a-k21

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw `-Iƒ-t°m \¬-Ip-∂ H-cp hn-h-c-hpw ]u-c-\v \n-tj-[n-°p-I-bn-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv Cu X-Øzw. \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ hn-h-cw ]u-c-\v \n-tj-[n-®m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS ta¬ ]n-g-Np-a-Ømw F-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ I-c-Sv-_n-√n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂v a-s‰m-cp I-c-Spw N¿-®-bv-°v h-∂p. I¨-kyp-a¿ F-Pp-t°j≥ dn-k¿-®v Iu¨-kn¬ (kn.-C.-B¿.-kn) B-Wv Cu _n-√n-\v cq-]w \¬In-b-Xv. \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´-Xn¬ sh-t®-‰-hpw k-a-{K-am-b I-c-Sp-cq-]w C-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-ky-\n-b-aw ]q¿-W-am-bn F-Sp-Øp-I-f-b-p-∂-Xn-\v \n-b-aw hy-h-ÿ-sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. ]-s£ Cu _n-√pw k¿-°m¿ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn-√. 1997¬ \-S-∂ ap-Jy-a-{¥n-am-cp-sS k-tΩ-f-\w C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Ip-sd ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Im≥ k-lm-b-I-am-b \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-In. Xp-S¿-∂v tI-{µw kw-ÿm\-ß-fp-am-bn Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®p. I-ºyq-´¿ s\-‰v h¿-°v ap-tJ-\ P-\-ßƒ-°v Ip-sd- hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw kp-{]-[m-\ -k¿°m¿ kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-se-√mw I-ºyq-´¿-h¬-°-c-Ww A-Xn-th-Kw ap-t∂m-´v sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\pw k-a-hm-b-ap-≠m-bn.

\n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 1997¬ tKm-h-bpw X-an-gv-\m-Spw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw \-S-∏n-em-°m\p-≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww \-S-Øn. C-¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v \n-b-aw sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂Xn-\v \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ ap-t∂m-´v sh-°m≥ H-cp h¿-°n-ßv {Kq-∏v cp-]-h¬-°-cn®p. F-®v.-Un.-ju-cn A-[y-£-\m-bp-≈ {Kq-∏v . 2000¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ A-h-Xcn-∏n-® {^o-Uw Hm-^v C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ B-Iv-‰v ju-cn-°-Ωn-‰n \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpsS ]-cn-jv-I-cn-® cq-]-am-Wv.D-tZym-K-ÿ-¿-°v h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬ hn-th-N-\m-[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip∂p F-∂ B-t£-]w Cu _n-√n-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≠m-bn. hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m≥ h-en-b sN-e-hp-h-cp-sa-∂ Im-c-Ww ]-d-™v hn-h-cw \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ C≥^¿-ta-j≥ Hm-^o-k¿-°v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-Ip-∂ hy-h-ÿ _n-√n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-√m-‰n-\pw ]p-d-sa, tNm-Zn-°p-∂ Nn-e hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Im≥ hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂p F-∂-Xn-\-∏p-dw `-c-W-Øn¬ kp-Xm-cy-X D-≠m-°p-I, P-\-ß-fn¬ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-t_m-[w h-f¿-Øp-I, B-cpw B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-sX-X-s∂ `-c-W-Imcy-ßƒ P-\-ß-fn¬ F-Øn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b A-Sn-ÿm-\-Im-cy-ßƒ Cu I-cSv-_n¬ A-h-K-Wn-®-Xm-bpw B-t£-]-ap-≠m-bn. kp-c-£, hn-tZ-i-\-bw, {]-Xntcm-[w, {I-a-k-am-[m-\-]m-e-\w, Xp-S-ßn-b -Im-cy-ßƒ am-{X-a-√ Im-_n-\-‰v tcJ-I-fpw ]q¿-W-am-bn \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-

∂p _n¬-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ. \¬-Im-hp-∂ hn-h-cw \¬-Im≥ Iq-´m-°m-Ø D-tZymK-ÿ-s\ F-ßn-s\ in-£n-°pw F-∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ _n-¬ au-\w-]m-en-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xn-\pw ti-j-am-Wv ssd-‰v Sp C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ _n¬ h-∂-Xv. t\-c-sØ sIm≠p-h-∂ {^o-Uw _n-√n¬ -\n-∂v G-sd ap-t∂m-´v t]m-bn C-t∏mƒ \-S-∏m-bn´p-≈ ssd-‰v _n¬. tem-I-sØ-ºm-Spw D-≈-Xv {^o-Uw Hm-^v C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ \n-b-a-am-Wv. C-¥y-bn-em-Wv C-Xv "ssd-‰v" B-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kzm-X-¥y-tØ°mƒ C-sXm-cp A-h-Im-i-am-sW-∂ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv Cu am-‰-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-bncn-°mw.\n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww kw-_-‘n-® hn-hm-Z-ßƒ-s°-√m-an-S-bn¬ Z¬-ln, I¿-Wm-SI, X-an-gv-\m-Sv kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-ßƒ \-S-∏m-°p-I-bp≠m-bn. hn-hn-[-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS -k-hn-ti-j-XIƒ F-s¥-√m-am-sW-∂v t\m-°mw. tKm-h : tKm-h-bm-Wv B-Zyw \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv. G-‰-hpw Ip-d-hv hn-`m-Kß-sf-bm-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Po-h-s\bpw kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-bpw _m-[n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hn-h-cw A-Sn-b-¥n-c-ambn \¬-Im≥ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. k¿-°m¿ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ , I-cm-dp-Iƒ F∂n-h \-S-∏m-°p-∂ kz-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°pw \n-b-aw _m-[-I-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.X-an-gv-\m-Sv : tNm-Zn-°p-∂-hn-h-cw \¬-Im≥ ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-k-Im-e-]-cn-[n hy-hÿ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. s]m-Xp-hn-X-c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-sØ P-t\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-°p∂-Xn-em-bn-cp-∂p Du-∂¬. td-j≥ tjm-∏p-I-fn¬ tÃm-°v hn-h-cw ]-c-ky-s∏Sp-Øm≥ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. F-√m k¿-°m¿ h-Ip-∏p-I-fpw P-\-ßƒ A-dntb-≠ Im-cy-ß-f-S-ßn-b kn-‰n-k¨-kv Nm¿-´¿ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww F-∂p hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. I¿-Wm-S-Iw: hn-h-cw k-a-b-Øn-\v \¬-Im-™m¬ ]n-g-bv-°v hy-h-ÿ sN-bvXp. A-∏o-ep-Iƒ \¬-Im≥ kz-X-{¥ ss{S-_yp-W¬ \n¿-t±-in-®p.U¬-ln: kz-X-{¥ -A-∏o¬-k-an-Xn-°pw D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-°pw hy-h-ÿ sNbv-Xp. ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw \¬-In-bn-s√-¶n¬ Zn-h-kw A-º-Xv cq-] ]n-g-bv°v hy-h-ÿ D-≠m-°n. sX-‰m-b-hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-I-tbm hn-h-cw h-f-s®m-Sn-°pI-tbm sN-bv-Xm¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ-\v ta¬ B-bn-cw cq-] ]n-g hn-[n-°m≥ hy-hÿ-sN-bv-Xp.23

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw cm-P-ÿm-≥: ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿-°v th-≠n D-≠m-°n-b \n-b-aw F-∂ Aw-Ko-Im-c-w t\-Sn. {Km-ao-W-hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ hn-h-c-ß-fpw P-\-ßƒ-°v e-`y-am°-W-sa-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. tkm-jy¬-Hm-Un-‰n-ßn-\v hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw D-]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I F-∂ B-i-bw ap-t∂m-´v sh-®p.-F-∂m¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS hn-th-N-\-_p-≤n-°v B-h-iy-Øn-te-sd Im-cy-ßƒ hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sh-∂ Bt£-]-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n. a-lm-cm--{„: km-aq-ly-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ A-Æm- l-km-sc-bm-Wv _n-√n-\v Im-c-Wam-b {]-t£m-`w \-bn-®-Xv. G-‰-hpw ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b \n-b-aw F-∂v {]-iwkn-°-s∏-´p. k-l-I-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, ]-_v-fn-Iv {S-Ãp-Iƒ, c-Pn-tÃ-Uv skmssk-‰n-Iƒ F-∂n-h-tb-bpw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]-Sp-Øn. hn-h-cw \¬-Im≥ ssh-In-bm¬ H-cp Zn-h-kw 250 cq-] h-®v ]n-g Cu-Sm-°m-\pw ho-gvN h-cp-Øp-∂-h¿-s°-Xn-sc h-Ip-∏p-X-e \-S-]-Sn-°pw hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. \nb-a-\-S-Øn-∏n-s‚ A-h-tem-I-\-Øn-\v d-hyq-I-Ωn-‰n cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®p.

tI-{µ-\n-b-aw C-{X-bpw A-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v H-cp ]m-Sv ]mT-ßƒ ]Tn-s®-Sp-Ø ti-j-am-Wv 2005 Pq¨ ]-Xn-\-©n-\v ssd-‰v Sp C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ B-Iv-‰v ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b-Xv. 120 Zn-h-k-Øn-\v ti-jw \n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p. ˛ HIv-t‰m-_¿ 12\v \q-‰n-bn-cp-]-Xv Zn-h-kw A-\p-h-Zn-®-Xv Hm-tcm s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\hpw \n-b-aw \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-b Ip-sd Im-cy-ßƒ sN-bv-Xp-Xo¿°m-\m-Wv. D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc-bpw \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-sf-bpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-sf-bpw ^b-ep-I-sf-bpw k-an-Xn-I-sf-bpw _-P-‰n-s\-bpw Ip-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ {]-kn≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv ÿm-]-\w B-Zyw sN-tø-≠-Xv. \n-b-aw- _m-[-I-am-°n-bn-´p-≈ F-√m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw \n-›n-X- Xn-øXn-°-Iw F-√m X-e-Øn-epw ]-_v-fn-Iv C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ Hm-ô-k-sd \n-tbm-Kn°-Ww. s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-ƒ-°v hn-h-cw \-¬-Im-\p-≈ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw Cu DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-Wv. \n-›n-X-ô-kv hm-ßn ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw hn-h-cw \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv D-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚ _m-[y-X. a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw Hm-ô-kn-em-Wv hn-h-cw D-≈-sX-¶n¬ A-©p Zn-h-k-Øn-\-Iw A-Xv B Hm-ô-kn-te-°v am-t‰-≠-Xpw hn-h-cw A-t]-£-I-s\ A-dn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. Hm-ô-kv- ^-b-ep-Iƒ, k¿-°p-e-dp-Iƒ, tem-Kv-_-p-°p-Iƒ, I-cm-dpIƒ, dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ, tam-U-ep-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn F-¥v tc-J-bpw A-h C-e-Iv-t{SmWn-Iv cq-]-Øn¬ kq-£n-®-Xm-bm-epw hn-h-c-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°m-Wv hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw _m-[-I-am-bn-´p24

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≈-Xv. `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-tbm, ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-tam \n-b-a-k-` ]m- m-°n-b \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-tam \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, K-hs◊‚ v D-Ø-c-hv {]-Im-cw ÿm-]n-X-am-b kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ K-Wy-am-b tXm-Xn¬ [-\-k-lm-bw \¬-In \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂- k¿-°m-tdX-c kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, k¿-°m¿ \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈ a-‰p ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F-∂nh s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ s]-Spw. cm-{„-Øn-s‚ kzm-X-{¥yw, A-J-fi-X, ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw, kp-c-£, bp≤-X-{¥w, im-kv-{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xm-ev-]-cyw, a-‰p-cm-{„-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ ku-lm¿±w F-∂n-h-°v lm-\n-I-c-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn[n-bn¬ s]-Sn-√. tIm-S-Xn X-S-™p-sh-® -hn-h-c-ßƒ, P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-I-fpsS- A-h-Im-i-ß-sf l-\n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ, aq-∂m-a-sXm-cp I-£n-bp-sS hym]m-cw, kz-Im-cy-X, hn-izm-ky-X F-∂n-h-sb tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂ hnh-c-ßƒ, Ip-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ-°v k-lm-b-I-am-tb-°m-hp-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ, B-cp-sSsb-¶n-epw Po-h-\pw- kz-Øn-\pw lm-\n-bp-≠m-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ F-∂n-h-sb \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°-bn-´p-≠v. H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´ hn-h-c-ßfpw s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cyw B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n-b-aØn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠v.tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dn-s‚ Io-gn-ep-≈ sF.-_n.-, d-h-\yq C‚-en-P-≥-kv, tdm, sk-{‚¬ C-°-tWm-an-Iv C‚-en-P≥-kv _yq-tdm, U-b-d-Iv-‰-td-‰v Hm-^v C‚-en-P≥-kv Xp-S-ßn \n-c-h-[n ÿm-]-\-ß-sf \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬-\n∂v H-gn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kw-ÿm-\-k¿-°m-dp-Iƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS Io-gn-ep-≈ CØ-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bpw {]-tXy-I-hn-⁄m-]-\w ap-tJ-\ H-gn-hm-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. t]m-eo-kv kv-s]-j¬ {_m-©v t]m-se \n-c-h-[n-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf H-gnhm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. C-ß-s\ H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´ ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-epw a-\p-jym-h-Im-iew-L-\w, A-gn-a-Xn F-∂n-h B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´m¬ _-‘-s∏-´ hn-h-c-ßƒ C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωo-j-s‚ A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS tX-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-k-am-Wv hn-h-cw \¬-Im≥ A-\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≈ Im-e-]-cn-[n. aq-∂m-a-Xv H-cm-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv hn-j-b-sa-¶n¬ \m¬-∏-Xv Zn-h-kw hsc ssh-Imw. \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂ k-a-b-Øn-\-Iw \¬-In-bn-s√-¶n¬ A-t]-£ \n-c-kn-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn I-cp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv. hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv A-Imc-W-am-bn \n-c-kn-°p-I-tbm ssh-In-°p-I-tbm sN-bv-Xm¬ Zn-h-kw 250 cq-]h-sc ˛-G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b-Xv 25000cq-]-˛ ]n-g Cu-Sm-°m≥ C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωoj-\v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.ap-Jy C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dpw ]-Øn¬ Iq-Sm-Ø I-Ωo-j-W¿-am-cpw A-S-ßp-∂ Hm-tcm I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv kw-ÿm-\-X-e-Øn-epw tI-{µ-X-e-Øn-epw 25

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \-S-Øn-∏n-\v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.]-e ]m-›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≈ hn-h-cm-h-Im-i- kw-hn-[m-\-ß-tf°mƒ sa-®-s∏-´-Xm-Wv C-¥y-bn-se hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-kw-hn-[m-\w F-∂v A-hIm-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿ {]-iw-k-\o-b-am-b cm-{„o-b C-Om-i‡n {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°n-°-gn-™-Xn-\v ti-jw ^-b¬-Ip-dn∏p-Iƒ \n-b-a-]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v hn-hm-Zw D-b¿∂p h-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn .-\n-b-aw aq-ew `o-j-Wn t\-cn-Sp-∂ X-ev-]-c-I-£n-Iƒ cwK-Øp-h-∂p- F-∂m-Wv C-Xv \¬-Ip-∂ kq-N-\. ]u-cm-h-Im-i-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw am-[y-a-ß-fpw ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ \n-Xm-¥-Pm-{K-X am-{X-am-Wv Cu \n-b-a-sØ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ h-gn.

C-\n-bpw am-‰w B-h-iyw \n-b-aw F-√mw Xn-I-™-Xm-sW-t∂m C-\n-sbm-cp-am-‰-hpw B-h-iyan-s√-t∂m A-√ C-∏-d-™-Xn-s‚ A¿-Yw. ]-e \yq-\-X-I-fpw Nq-≠n-°m-´-s∏´n-´p-≠v. \n-b-a- \-S-Øn-∏n-\n-S-bn¬ C-\n-bpw [m-cm-fw D-b¿-∂p-h-cn-I-bpw sNøpw k-¿-°m-¿-^-b-¬ kq-£n-∏p-co-Xn-I-fn-¬ k-a-{K-am-b am-‰w h-cp-Øm-sX Cu \n-b-aw \-S-∏m-°m-≥ I-gn-bn-√. Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-se C-t∏m-g-sØ ^-b-¬ Un-kvt]m-k-¬ hy-h-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp h-¿-j-hpw A-©p h-¿-j-hpw ]-Øp h-¿j-hpw B-Wv ^-b-ep-I-ƒ A-h-bp-sS {]-[m-\y-Øn-s\m-Øv kq-£n-°p-∂-Xv. \n-›n-X-Im-ew I-gn-™m-¬ A-h \-in-∏n-°mw. hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw A-\pk-cn-®v 20 h¿-jw h-sc ]-g-°-ap-≈ ^-b-ep-I-fn-¬ \n-∂p-≈ hn-h-c-ß-ƒ tNmZn-®m-¬ \-¬-Im-≥ k-¿-°m-¿ _m-≤y-ÿ-am-Wv. C-t∏m-g-sØ Un-kv-t]m-k-¬ \n-b-aw am-‰n-bn-s√-¶n-¬, ]-g-b ^-b-ep-Iƒ-°v th-≠n k-ao-]n-°p-∂ B-¿-°pa-Xv \-¬-Im-≥ I-gn-bm-sX h-cpw.c-l-kyw kq-£n-°-em-Wv a-{¥n-bp-sS ap-Jy-Np-a-X-e-sb-∂v hn-iz-kn-°p-∂ `c-W-co-Xn X-s∂-bm-Wv Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. a-{¥n-am-cp-sS k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄m-hm-N-IØn-se {]-[m-\-`m-Kw Hm-Øv Hm-^v ko-{I-kn-bm-Wv. A-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv : a-{¥n F-∂ Np-a-X-e-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn F-s‚ ap-ºm-sI h--cp-∂-tXm a{¥n F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ A-dn-hm-Ip-∂-tXm B-b H-cp hn-h-c-hpw Np-a-X-e \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-b-√m-sX Rm≥ B¿-s°-¶n-epw t\-cn-t´m A-√m-sXtbm A-dn-bn-°p-I-tbm sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-X-√ F-∂v Rm≥ CXn-\m¬ ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬/Zr-V-{]-Xn-⁄ sN-øp-∂p.-

1923se Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-ky-\n-b-aw hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-\v ti-j-hpw \ne-\n-¬-°p-∂-Xv t]m-se Hm-Øv Hm-^v ko-{I-kn-bpw \n-e-\n-¬-°p-∂p.hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-cw-K-Øv {]-h-¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-¿ D-∂-bn-®p Xp-Stß-≠ Ku-c-h-ap-≈ H-cp Im-cy-ap-≠v. hn-h-cm-h-Im-iw k-¿-°m-¿ ˛-s]m-Xp taJ-em ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v am-{X-am-tWm _m-[-I-am-t°-≠-Xv ? B-tKm-f-h-¬-°c-W-Øn-s‚ Cu Im-e-Øv G-Xm-Wv s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\w, G-Xm-Wv kz-Im-cyÿm-]-\w ? e-£-°-W-°n-\v km-[m-c-W-°m-¿ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v cq-]-bp-sS Hm-l-cn ssI-h-iw sh-°p-∂, P-\-Po-hn-X-sØ B-g-Øn-¬ _m-[n-°p-∂ Imcy-ß-ƒ A-\p-\n-an-jw sN-øp-∂ kz-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-ƒ b-Ym-¿-∞-Øn-¬ kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-tWm ? B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v B-fp-I-fp-sS a-c-W-Øn-\v CS-bm-°n-b t`m-∏m-¬ ÿm-]-\-Øn-se kp-c-£m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ C-t∏m-g-sØ hy-h-kv-Y-I-f-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n-¬ B-¿-°pw A-dn-bm-\-h-Im-i-an-√m-Ø c-lky-ß-fm-Wv. Ip-™p-ßƒ-°p t]m-epw H-´pw a-Sn-bn-√m-sX hm-ßn-s°m-Sp-°p∂ sIm-°-t°m-f F-s¥-√mw cm-k-]-Zm-¿-∞-ß-ƒ sIm-≠m-Wv \n-¿-an-°p-∂sX-∂-dn-bm-≥ \-ap-°-h-Im-i-ap-t≠m ? C-°m-cy-hpw N¿-® sN-ø-s∏-tS-t≠?

2 [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-I-tf-sd,]-t£ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w Xp-S-ßn-b Im-ew ap-X¬-Ø-s∂ A-Xn-s\ C-cp-X-e aq¿-®bp-≈ hm-fm-bm-Wv I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. k-ap-l-Øn-\v h-gn Im-´m-\pw sX‰n-s\ sN-dp-°m-\p-w i-cn-bn-te-°v \-bn-°m-\p-sa-√mw {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂ ]{Xw hy-‡n-I-ƒ-°pw s]m-Xp-k-aq-l-Øn-\v X-s∂-bpw h-en-b t{Zm-lw sNøm≥ I-gn-hp-≈-Xp-am-Wv. ]-{X-ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°m-\pw in-£n-°m-\pw \n-b-aß-fpw kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-°m≥ H-cp {]-bm-k-hp-an-√. ]-s£, A-ßn-s\ \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°n-tb-S-sØ-√mw kz-X-{¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w C-√m-Xm-hp-∂-Xpw A-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ-Ø-s∂ X-I¿-°p-∂-Xpw N-cn-{Xw ]-e-h-´w I-≠-XmWv. A-Xv sIm-≠m-Wv "]-{X-ß-fn-√m-Ø K-h-s◊‚ v, K-h-s◊‚ v C-√m-Ø ]-{X-ßƒ ˛ G-Xv th-Ww F-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ K-h-s◊‚ v C-√m-Ø ]-{X-ßƒ Rm≥ kzo-I-cn-°pw " F-∂v A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v tXm-a-kv P-t^-gv-k¨ D-d-∏n-®v ]-d-™-Xv. ]p-d-Øv \n-∂v B-cpw h-∂v \n-b-a-hpw h-Ip-∏pw A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°ps∂m-∂p-an-√, \n-ßƒ X-s∂ \-√-Xpw No-Ø-bpw i-cn-bpw sX-‰pw sN-øm-hp∂-Xpw sN-øm≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-Xpw Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I ˛-F-∂v s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw ]{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tcm-Spw ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-tcm-Spw F-t∏m-gpw B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-t≠ C-cp-∂n-´p-≠m-h-Ww. sXm-≈m-bn-c-Øn C-cp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw Nne bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Py-ß-fn-epw C-Xn-t\m-Sv tbm-Pn-°p-∂ {]-Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn. c-≠p X-c-Øn-ep-≈ \o-°-ß-fm-Wv C-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂p-≠m-b-Xv. H-∂v, ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cp-sS kw-L-S-\-I-fpw ]-{X-D-S-a-ÿ-cpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw a28

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ‰pw i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ, am¿-K-tc-J-Iƒ, s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bv-°v cq]w \¬-Im-\pw A-h ]m-en-°m≥ F-√m-h-tc-bpw t{]-cn-∏n-°m-\pw Xp-S-ßn. c-≠v, k¿-°mdp-Iƒ X-s∂ ]-{X-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm≥ Nn-e ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v cq-]w sIm-Sp-Øp-Xp-S-ßn. B-Zy-tØ-Xv ]-e-X-cw s]-cp-am-‰kw-ln-X-I-fpw [m¿-an-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpw ˛-F-Øn-°¬ tIm-Uv-˛ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-te°v \-bn-®p. Hm-tcm cm-Py-Øn-\-I-Øpw A-t\-Iw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ A-t\-Iw FØn-°¬ tIm-Up-Iƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-In. Nn-e am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-ƒ X-ßƒi-º-fw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-Iƒ _m-[-I-am°n. c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-I-sf sNm-√n P-\-ßƒ-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ ]-cm-XnIƒ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ kz-X-{¥-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. an-° cm-Py-ß-fn-epw Ch {]-kv Iu¨-kn-¬ F-∂v hn-fn-°-s∏-´p. s{]m-^-j-\¬ hn-`m-K-am-bn kz-bw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I¿. F-√m s{]m-^-j-\¬ hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°pw Ir-Xy-am-b [m¿-an-Ikw-ln-X-I-fp-≠v. H-cp s{]m-^-j≥ \n¿-h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv X-s∂ F-√m-h¿°pw H-tc [m¿-an-I-X-bp-≈ H-cp sXm-gn¬-hn-`m-Kw B-bm-Wv. tUm-Iv-‰¿-am-cmI-s´, F≥-Pn-\o-b¿-am-cm-I-s´, A-`n-`m-j-I-cm-I-s´ k¿-h-k-Ω-X-am-bn [m¿-anI-kw-ln-X-Iƒ D-f-f-h-cm-Wv. F-√m-h-cpw A-Xv ]m-en-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂-Xv as‰m-cp {]-iv-\w. i-cn sN-øp-sa-∂ \n¿-_-‘-_p-≤n-sbm-∂pw Im-Wn-s√-¶n-epw i-cn-tb-Xv sX-t‰-Xv F-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬ `n-∂m-`n-{]m-bw ImWn-√. F-∂m¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿- hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv . c-≠v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿°n-S-bn¬ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ aq-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-Imw. Hm-tcm-Ø-cpw Hm-tcm hn-izm-k-{]-am-Ww [m¿-an-I-\n-b-a-am-bn sIm-≠p \-S-°p-∂ H-cp {]-^-j-\¬ hn-`m-K-w ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw. F-¶n-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ s{]m-^-j-\-ep-I-fm-Wv. hy-Xy-kv-X XØz-kw-ln-X-I-fpw hy-Xy-kv-X- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-ß-fpw hy-Xy-kv-X-co-Xn-I-fpw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I F-∂-Xv B sXm-gn-en-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\v X-s∂ B-h-iy-amWv. F-√m {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw H-cp-t]m-se B-Im≥ km-[y-a-√, A-Xv t]mse ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw. C-°m-c-Ww sIm-≠p X-s∂ F-√m ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI¿-°pw H-tc A-®n¬ hm¿-Ø [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-Iƒ D-≠m-hm-\pw ]-‰n-√. [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-Iƒ cq-]w sIm-≠ B-Zy-\m-fp-I-fn¬ A-h-bv-°v cq]w \¬-In-b kw-L-S-\-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS \n-b-a-kw-ln-X F-√m Aw-K-ß-fpw ]m-en-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂v \n¿-_-‘w ]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. 1923 ¬ A-ta-cn-°≥ skmssk-‰n Hm-^v \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ F-Un-t‰-gv-kv B-Wv B-Zy-am-bn [m¿-an-I-˛ s]-cpam-‰-kw-ln-X Aw-K-ßƒ-°v th-≠n cp-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ X-s∂ B-Zy-sØ tNm-Zy-ap-b¿-∂p. H-cw-Kw C-Xv ]m-

en-®n-s√-¶n¬ F-¥v in-£-bm-Wv \¬-Ip-I ? sa-Un-°¬ Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fpw _m¿ Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fpw F-¥m-tWm sN-øp-∂-Xv \-Ω-fpw A-Xv sN-øp-I-˛-apXn¿-∂ Aw-K-ßƒ \n¿-t±-in-®p. [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿ ew-Ln-°p-∂-h-sc A-h¿ ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X \n-e-hn¬-h-∂v G-Xm-\pw \m-fp-Iƒ-°-Iw B-Zy-sØ [¿-a-k-¶-S-sØ A-h¿ t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. k¿°m-dn-s‚ F-Æ-\n-t£-]w kz-Im-cy-Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ Im-c-Ww Nn-e¿-°v hn-‰Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ hm¿-Ø ]q-gv-Øm≥ 'sU≥-h¿ t]m-Ãv ' F-Un-‰¿ F-^v .Pn.-t_m¨-^n¬-kv ]-Øv e-£w tUm-f¿- tIm-g hm-ßn-b-Xm-bn sX-fn-™p. t_m¨-^n¬-kn-s\ ]p-d-Øm-°m≥ F.-F-kv.-F≥.-C thm-´n-\n-´v Xo-cp-am-\n®p. A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\v Xm≥ kw-L-S-\-bp-sS ap-gp-h≥ U-b-d-Iv-‰¿am¿-°p-sa-Xn-sc tI-kv sIm-Sp-°p-sa-∂v t_m¨-^n¬-kv `o-j-Wn-s∏-Sp-Ønb-t∏mƒ U-b-d-Iv-‰¿-am¿ hn-j-a-Øn-em-bn. tI- pw Iq-´-hp-sa-¥n-\v F-∂m-bn ]p-\-cm-tem-N-\. ]p-d-Øm-°p-∂-Xv H-gn-hm-°n-bm¬ tI- pw H-gn-hm-°mw F∂ t_m¨-^n¬-kn-s‚ \n¿-t±-iw kzo-I-cn-®v kw-L-S-\ tI- n¬ \n-∂v XSn-bq-cn. Ip-d-®p h¿-j-ßƒ-°v ti-jw kw-L-S-\ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn X-s∂ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp. [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X ]m-en-°p-I-sb-∂-Xv H-cp am¿-K-\n¿-t±iw am-{X-am-Wv. A-Xv B-cp-sS ta-epw A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°p-Ib -- n-√. ]m-en-°-W-sa∂v D-]-tZ-in-°m-t\ ]-‰q.-

s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS kw-ln-X 1923¬ D-≠m-sb¶n-epw A-[n-Iw ÿm-]-\-ß-sfm-∂pw B am-¿-Kw ]n-¥p-S-cp-I-bq-≠m-bn-√. A-°m-e-Øv X-s∂ k-Po-h-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv skmssk-‰n Hm-^v s{]m-^-j-\¬ P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv. A-h¿ A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]kw-L-S-\-bp-sS kw-ln-X-bm-Wv Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv, 1973¬ kz-¥w kw-lnX-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv h-sc-bpw. Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ Im-e-Øv tem-I-Øp-S-\o-fw \n-c-h-[n kw-L-S-\-I-fpw ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v s]-cp-am-‰-®´w cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®p. Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn A-h ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. A-tacn-°-bn¬ C-t∏mƒ s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X C-√m-Ø ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C-s√-∂ \n-e h-∂n-´p-≠v. C-¥y-bn¬ t\-sc hn-]-co-X-am-Wv \n-e. s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X D-≈ ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ D-t≠m F-∂v A-t\z-jn-t°-≠ ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv. en-Jn-X-amb s]-cp-am-‰-N-´-tam [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-tbm C-√m-sX -{]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p F-∂Xp sIm-≠p-am-{Xw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ co-Xn-Iƒ A-[m¿-an-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n√. [m¿-an-I-X-bv-°v Ir-Xy-X-bpw hy-‡-X-bpw D-≠m-°p-I am-{X-am-Wv kw-lnX-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-Xv F-∂v ]-d-bmw. 30

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

Hm-tcm [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-¶n-epw C-h-bn-se√mw s]m-Xp-hm-b Ip-sd X-Øz-ßƒ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. k-Xy-k-‘-hpw hkv-Xp-\n-jvT-hp-am-I-Ww dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ F-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-øm-Ø H-cp kwln-X-bp-an-√. P-\-ß-fp-sS Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ-°v ap≥-Xq-°w \-¬-I-W-sa-∂pw ]cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-I-tfm-Sv \o-Xn ]p-e¿-Ø-W-sa-∂pw kz-X-{¥-\pw \n-jv-]-£-\p-am-I-Ww dn-t∏m¿-´-¿ F-∂pw \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v F-√m kw-lnX-I-fpw. Cu X-Øz-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv sshPm-Xy-hpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ ssh-cp-[y-hp-ap-≠m-Ip-I. ]-{Xm-[n-]-˛-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°p-∂ kw-ln-XIƒ t]m-se-b-√ ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-øm-dm-°p-∂ kw-ln-X-Iƒ. A-h-bn¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ-cm-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ B kw-ln-X \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw ]m-en-®ncn-°-Ww. P-\-ß-ƒ-°v ]-{X-Øn-ep-≈ hn-izm-ky-X \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I F-∂-XmWv C-hn-sS {]-[m-\-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Po-h-\-°m¿-°v th-≠n Xøm-dm-°n-b kw-ln-X-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw k-a-{K-hpw Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b-Xpam-b kw-ln-X-bm-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn-s‚-Xm-Wv. ]m-›m-Xy-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS [m¿-an-Im-[:]-X-\-sØ Ip-dn-®v hm-tXm-cm-sX kwkm-cn-°m-dp-s≠-¶n-epw \-Ωp-sS am-[y-a-ßƒ H-∂pw X-s∂ Cu Im-cy-Øn¬ A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ \n¿-_-‘-_p-≤n-bp-sS k-ao-]-sØm-∂pw F-Øm-dn-s√∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. 2003 ¬ \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn-se H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ Ip-dn-®v D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ hn-hm-Zw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ am-{X-a-√ tem-I-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ X-s∂ tIm-fn-f-°-ap-≠m-°n. P-bv-k¨ _v-sf-b¿ F-∂ bq-hm-hm-b dn-t∏m¿-´¿ \mep h¿-j-tØm-fw hym-P-dn-t∏m-¿-´p-Iƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®v ÿm-]-\-tØ-bpw hm-b-\-°m-tc-bpw h-©n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C-√m-Ø hy-‡n-I-fp-sS A-`n-ap-Jßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I, t]m-Im-Ø ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t]m-b-Xm-bn Im-Wn-®v dnt∏m¿-´v sN-øp-I, a-‰p-≈-h¿- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv A-∏-Sn tam-„n-®v tN-¿-°p-I Xp-S-ßnb F-Æ-a-‰ hn-{In-b-Iƒ Im-´n-b te-J-I-s\ Ip-dn-®v hn-h-cw e-`n-®-t∏mƒ ]{Xw A-Xv a-d-®v sh-®v an-≠m-Xn-cn-°p-I-b-√ sN-bv-X-Xv. H-∂mw t]-Pn¬ {]-kn≤o-I-cn-® Zo¿-L-am-b H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ ]-{X-Øn-\p-≠m-b ho-gv-N-I-sf Ip-dn®v hm-b-\-°m-tcm-Sv Xp-d-∂p-]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. P-bv-k¨ s_v-f-b-dns‚ t]-cn¬ h-∂ F-gp-\q-tdm-fw dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ hym-P-dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂pF-∂v ]-{Xw Xp-d-∂p-k-Ω-Xn-®p. Cu hn-hm-Z-sØ Xp-S¿-∂v ]-{X-am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v \-S-Øn-b A-t\z-j-W-Øn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v ]-{Xw A-Xn-s‚ sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw `m-hn-bn¬ C-Ø-cw kw-`-h-ßƒ H-gn-hm-°m≥ Nn-e \-S]-Sn-Iƒ {]-Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-am-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ ]-_v-fn-Iv F-Un-‰¿, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS sXm-gn¬ ˛-[m¿-an-I 31

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw \n-e-hm-cw D-b¿-Øm≥ Ãm≥-tU-Uv-kv F-Un-‰¿ F-∂o X-kv-Xn-I-Iƒ D-≠m°n-b-Xv C-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂m-Wv.tem-I-Øn-se G-Xv am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ D-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ Im-ºp≈ k-a-{K-am-b [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X \-S-∏n-em-°n A-©p am-k-Øn-\-I-am-Wv \m-Ww sI-Sp-Øp-∂ Cu hn-hm-Zw s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏-´X -- v. D-d-® [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿbpw \n-e-]m-Sp-ap-≠m-tI-≠-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X-bn-te-°v am-[y-a-tem-I-Øn-s‚ {i-≤-bm-I¿-jn-°m≥ C-Xp-aq-ew I-gn-™p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. [m¿-an-Ikw-ln-X-bv-°v ap-ºv 1999 ¬ ]-{Xw k-a-{K-am-b H-cp \yq-kv-dqw C-‚-{Kn-‰n {]Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sX-‰p h-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\pw \n-jv-]-£-X i-cn-°pw ]pe¿-Øm-\pw F-√m-h-tcm-Spw \o-Xn-]q¿-hw s]-cp-am-dpw F-∂v F-√m-h-tc-bpw t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw D-t±-in-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu {]-Jym-]-\w. C-Xn-s‚ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn 2003 P-\-h-cn-bn-em-Wv ]-{Xw 'F-Øn-°¬ P¿-W-en-kw ' F∂p t]-cn-´ [m¿-an-I-\n-b-a-kw-ln-X ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v \¬-Ip-I-bpw C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e-`y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xv. km-[y-am-Ip-∂-{X kz-X-{¥-am-bpw \n-jv]-£-am-bpw `-b-tam ]-£-]m-X-tam C-√m-sX-bpw hm¿-Ø dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc k-÷-am-°p-I-bm-Wv s]-cp-am-‰-®-´-Øn-s‚ D-t±-iy-sa-∂v {]-km-[-I¿ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hm-tcm ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw C-Xv A-dn™n-cn-°-Ww. N-´-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ-sb Ip-dn-®v A-dn-bm-Ø-Xv sIm-≠m-Wv hy-h-ÿ ]m-en-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX t]m-b-sX-∂v \ym-bo-I-cn-°m≥ {i-an-®m¬ Ip-‰-Øn-s‚ Ku-c-hw h¿-≤n-°p-I-tb D-≈q '˛-am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬In.-

Xm¬-∏-cy-kw-L¿-jw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b Xm¬-∏-cy-hpw hy-‡n-Xm¬-∏cy-hpw X-Ωn¬ ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ ap≥-I-cp-X¬ F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\m-Wv kw-ln-X ]-c-a-{]m-[m-\yw \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-bm-b teJ-I≥ Hm-l-cn-hn-]-Wn-sb Ip-dn-®v dn-t∏m¿-´v F-gp-Xp-∂-Xpw `m-cy Xn-c-s™Sp-∏n¬ ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ `¿-Øm-hv Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xpw C-Ø-c-Øn¬ Xm¬-∏-cy-kw-L¿-j-am-bn kw-ln-X Im-Wp-∂p. C-Xn-t\-°mƒ- Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b A-t\-I-a-t\-Iw k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ G-Xv co-Xn-bnem-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ A-h-s‚ \n-jv-]-£-X \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I F-∂-Xn-\v {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b am¿-K-\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv Cu kw-ln-X. hy-‡n F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ A-h-Im-i-sØ ]q¿-W-am-bn hn-e-a-Xn-°p-tºmƒ X-s∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ b-i- n-\v tIm-´-ap≠m-°p-∂ H-∂pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\n¬ \n-∂p-≠m-I-cp-sX-∂v \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w. Hm-^o-kv k-a-b-Øn-\v ]p-d-Øv th-sd h-cp-am-\-ap-

≠m-°m-\p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°pw. F-∂m¬ Cu {]-hr-Øn ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ A-¥- n-\v \n-c-°p-∂-Xpw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ dnt∏m¿-´¿ F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ \n-jv-]-£-X-°v lm-\n D-≠m-°m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cn°-Ww. dn-t∏m¿-´¿/F-Un-‰¿ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ In-´p-∂-Xpw km-[m-c-W-°m¿°v In-´m-Ø-Xp-am-bn hn-h-c-ßƒ H-∂pw -kz-¥w em-`-Øn-\v th-≠n D-]-tbmKn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√.]-{X-Øn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´¿ B-sW-∂v sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠-√m-sX Hcp hm-¿-Øm-t{km-X- n¬ \n-∂pw hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. F-∂m¬ dnt∏m¿-´¿ B-sW-∂v sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv {]-tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xnte-t°m sX-‰m-b -hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-te-t°m \-bn-°pw F-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v kzm-X-{¥yw D-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-h-cw In-´m≥ th-≠n t]m-eo-kv D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-sW-t∂m a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-sW-t∂m sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√-Xm-\pw. hn-h-cw X-cm≥ Iq-´m-°m-Ø tkm-gv-kn-s\ `o-j-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-°q-Sm. ]-Ww \¬-In-tbm hm¿-Øm-]-c-am-b F-s¥-¶n-epw B-\p-Iq-eyw hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-bvtXm hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. A-`n-ap-J-Øn-\v {]-Xn-^-ew \¬-Ip-∂ k-{º-Zmbw hym-]-I-am-bn h-cp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw C-Xn-\v Aw-Ko-Im-cw \¬-Im≥ ÿm-]\w X-øm-d-√.hm¿-Ø -X-cp-∂ hy-‡n-I-fp-am-bn ku-lr-Zw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bpw hf¿-Øp-I-bpw sN-tø-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-sW-¶n-epw A-Xv dn-t∏m¿-´-dp-sS Np-a-X-eIƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v X-S- -am-Ip-∂ D-‰-ku-lr-Z-am-bn-°p-Sm. a-t‰-sX-¶nepw X-c-Øn-ep-≈ _-‘w hm¿-Øm-t{km-X- p-am-bn D-≠m-bm¬ B hn-h-cw ta-ep-tZym-K-ÿ-s\ A-dn-bn-°p-I-bpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \n¿-t±-im-\p-k-c-Ww {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-ø-Ww. hm¿-Øm-t\z-j-W-Øn-s‚ H-cp L-´-Øn-epw \m-´n-se \n-b-aw ew-Ln-®p-Iq-Sm. t^m-Wp-Iƒ tNm¿-Øp-I, I-ºyq-´¿-t`-Z-\w \-S-Øp-I, kw-km-cw tNm¿-Øm≥ C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-Ww ÿm-]n-°p-I, c-l-ky-Iym-a-d D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I F-∂n-h-bpw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. A-`n-ap-J-kw`m-j-Ww dn-°m¿-Uv sN-øp-∂-Xp-t]m-epw hy-‡n-bp-sS A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS thWw. h-f-sc hn-e-Ip-d-™ D-]-lm-c-tam `-£-W-tam hm¿-Ø -X-cp-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂v kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv km-am-\y-a-cym-Z am-{X-am-sW-¶n-epw k-Ωm-\-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°n-√. Bƒ-°q-´-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v sh-®v k-Ωm-\w \n-ckn-®v a-t‰ I-£n-°v am-\-lm-\n D-≠m-°m≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bpw kwln-X-bn-ep-≠v. C-Ø-cw k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ A-h hm-ßn-b ti-jw H-cp Ip-dn-t∏msS Xn-cn-®-b-°p-I-bm-Wv th-≠-Xv. A-b-t°-≠ Ip-dn-∏n-s‚ am-Xr-I-bpw kwln-X-bn¬ tN¿-Øn-´p-≠v. A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂-Xn-\v \n-b-{¥-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xv \-Ωp-sS 33

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw \m-´n-¬ ]-Xn-hp-≈-X-√. te-J-I-s\-tbm ÿm-]-\-sØ-tbm kzm-[o-\n-°p-I F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-sS \¬-I-p-∂ A-hm¿-Up-I-ƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw \n-c-kn°p-I-bpw th-Ww F-∂v \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X \n¿-_-‘w ]n-Sn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn Im-cy-ßƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-ep-≈ te-J-Is‚ an-I-hn-s\ ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kw-L-S-\ ]p-I-gv-Øp-∂-tXm A-Xn-\v A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂-tXm tam-iw Im-cy-am-bn \mw Im-Wm-dn-√. F-∂m¬ \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn¬ A-X-√ ÿn-Xn. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-_-‘-am-b hm¿-Ø dn-t∏m¿-´v sNøp-tºmƒ te-J-I-s‚ \n-jv-]-£-X-sb kw-i-bn-°m≥ C-Ø-cw A-hm¿-UpIƒ C-S-h-cp-Øp-sa-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-k Im-cy-te-J-I-\v hn-Zym`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-tam kv-t]m¿-´v-kv te-J-I-\v kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv Iv-f-t∫m A-hm¿-Uv \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw Cu X-c-Øn¬ s]-Spw. C-ß-s\ A-\m-im-ky-am-b A-hm¿-UpIƒ a-cym-Z-]q¿-hw Xn-cn-t®¬-∏n-°p-tºmƒ sh-t°-≠ Ip-dn-∏n-s‚ am-Xr-Ibpw kw-ln-Xb -- n-ep-≠v. C-sX-√mw X-s∂ te-J-I-\pw ÿm-]-\-hpw ]-£-]mX-]-c-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂n-√ F-∂v hm-b-\-°m-c-s\ /hm¿-Ø\¬-Ip-∂-h-sc t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bm-Wv.tPm-en sN-øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-t‚-X-√m-Ø {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ F-gp-Xm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°pw. A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-¥y-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂ Im-cy-am-Wn-Xv. F-∂m¬ te-J-I≥ G-Xv ÿm-]-\-Øn-em-Wv tPm-en sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v hm-b-\-°m¿-°v kw-i-bw tXm-∂pw hn-[w \n-c-¥-cw a-s‰m-cp ÿm-]-\-Ø-n-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-cW-Øn¬- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv B-im-ky-a-√. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ te-J-I≥ B-gv-N tXm-dpw sS-en-hn-j≥ t{]m-{Km-an¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\-bpw C-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-

hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw c-≠pw c-≠m-bn-Ø-s∂ \n¬-°-Ww. hm¿Øm-hn-`m-Kw ]-c-ky-hn-`m-K-sØ-tbm ]-c-ky-hn-`m-Kw hm¿-Ø-sb-tbm kzm[o-\n-°m≥ {i-an-®p-Iq-Sm. B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn hm-b-\-°m-cm-Wv sXm-gn-ep-S-aÿ¿ F-∂ t_m-[-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc \-bn-t°-≠-sX-∂ h-f-sc {]m[m-\y-ap-≈ B-i-b-hpw \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X ap-t∂m-´v sh-°p-∂p-≠v. hy-‡n-I-sf-∂ \n-e-bn-¬ hm-b-\-°m-tcm-Sv C-S-s]-Sp-tºm-gpw Cu Im-cyw Hm¿-an-°m≥ F-√m Po-h-\-°m-tcm-Spw kw-ln-X B-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂p.km-º-Øn-I-Im-cy-te-J-I-∑m-cpw Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn Aw-K-ßfpw a-‰v I-º-\n-I-fn¬ Hm-l-cn \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I, ku-P-\y-bm-{X sN-øp-I , k¿-°m¿ t_m¿-Up-I-fn-tem I-Ωn-‰n-I-fn-tem Aw-K-am-Ip-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bpw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-Ø {]-h-W-X-I-fm-bn ÿm-]-\w Im-Wp-∂p. 34

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

hm¿-Øm-t{km-X- p-Iƒ-°v \¬-Ip-∂ A-tX {]m-[m-\y-hpw am-\y-X-bpw ]-cky-Zm-Xm-°-ƒ-°pw I-º-\n \¬-Ipw. F-∂m¬ hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw XΩn¬ H-cp _-‘-hpw ]m-Sn-√ F-∂ X-Øz-Øn¬ H-´pw hn-´p-ho-gv-N sN-øm-sXbm-hpw ]-c-ky-Zm-Xm-°-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w. hm¿-Ø ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-hcpw ]-c-kyw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-h-cpw c-≠v ta-J-e-I-fn¬ X-ß-fp-sS Np-aX-e \n¿-h-ln-°-W-sa-∂pw ]-c-kv-]-cw kzm-[o-\n-°m≥ {i-an-®p-Iq-sS-∂pw ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v \n¿-_-‘-ap-≠v. F-√m km-[y-X-I-fpw H-cp [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-Xbv-°pw ]q¿-W-am-bn ap≥-Iq-´n Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bn-s√-∂-Xv sIm-≠v ]p-Xn-b Xcw {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-tfm B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ß-tfm D-b¿-∂p h-∂m¬ ÿm-]-\-Ønse ap-Xn¿-∂ ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn Aw-K-ß-fp-am-bn B-tem-Nn-®p-th-Ww \n-e]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°m-s\-∂pw kw-ln-X B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-ta-cn-° B-ÿm-\-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v s{]m-^-j\¬ P¿-W-en-Ãv-kn-s‚ (F-kv.-]n.-sP) s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-bm-Wv tem-I-saßpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-≈ ,]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-tS-Xm-b s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X. C-Xnepw hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw X-Ωn-ep-f-f th¿-Xn-cn-hn-\v Du-∂¬ \¬-In-bn-´p≠v. H-cp km-l-N-cy-Øn-epw hm-b-\-°m-c-\v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap≠m-Im≥ ]m-Sn-√. hm¿-Ø-sb Ip-dn-®v D-≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≈ ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ , kwi-b-ßƒ F-∂n-h kw-_-‘n-®v hm-b-\-°m-c-\p-am-bn F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw B-ib-hn-\n-a-bw \-S-Øm-\pw \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI≥ X-øm-dm-I-Ww. A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ D-∂-bn-°m≥ hm-b-\-°m-c-s\ F-t∏m-gpw t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww. sX-‰p-Iƒ G-‰p-]-d-bm-\pw Xn-cp-Øm-\pw k-∂-≤-\m-I-Ww, am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw a-‰p-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-bpw A-[m¿-an-I-X-Iƒ-°v t\-sc I-Æ-S-°-cp-Xv, A-h-bpw Xp-d-∂p-Im-´-Ww. a-‰p-≈h¿ ]m-en-°-W-sa-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂ [m¿-an-I-X ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I-cpw ]m-en-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂v k-Zm \n-co-£n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°-Ww. A-]-I-S-ß-fn-epw Zp-c-¥-ß-fn-epw s]-´v a-t\m-hy-Y-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-tcm-Sv I-cpW-tbm-sS s]-cp-am-d-Ww. hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°m-\pw A-`n-ap-J-Øn-\pw th≠n A-h-cp-sS ta¬ k-Ω¿-±w sN-ep-Øn-°q-Sm. a-cn-®-h-cp-sS kz-¥-°m¿ hnh-cw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv hm-¿-Øm-am-[y-a-ßƒ ˛-{]-[m-\am-bn sS-en-hn-j≥-˛ a-c-W-hm¿-Ø kw-t{]-j-Ww sN-ø-cp-Xv. a-cn-®-h¿-°v th≠n _-‘p-°ƒ \-S-Øp-∂ N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ C-Sn-®p-I-b-dm-≥ ]m-Sn-√. Ip-Spw-_w A-\p-h-Zn-®m¬ am-{X-ta A-Ø-cw N-S-ßp-I-fp-sS Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ww \-S-Øm≥ ]m-Sp-≈q, am-dn-\n¬-°-W-sa-∂v A-h-cm-h-iy-s∏-´m¬ am-dp-I X-s∂ th-Ww. B-kv-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ I-b-dn-s®-√p-∂-Xpw tcm-Kn-I-sf Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw A-hIm-i-am-bn am-[y-a-te-J-I¿ D-∂-bn-®p-Iq-Sm. B-kv-]-{Xn-bp-sS A-[n-Ir-X-cn¬ \n-∂pw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂ tcm-Kn-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw hy-‡-am-b A-\p-a-Xn t\-Sn35

bn-cn-°-Ww--˛-F-kv.-]n.-sP kw-ln-X \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p.-

ssh-hn-≤y-am¿-∂ kw-ln-X-Iƒ B-[p-\n-I {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°w sN-∂ cq-]w kzo-U-\n-se tIm¿-´v Hm-^v Hm-W¿ B-sW-∂v -I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1916 ¬ cq-]w sIm-≠ Cu {]-kv-Iu¨-kn¬ H-cp k-∂-≤-ÿm-]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v Im-e{I-ta-W-bm-sW-¶n-epw tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fn-se-√mw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fp-≠mbn. an-°-hm-dpw F-√m {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ-°p-ap-≠v s]-cp-am-‰-®-´-ßƒ. \m-ep U-k≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ D-≈-Xm-bn {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ Aw-K-hpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw A-`n-`m-j-I-\p-am-b tUm. sk-_mÃy≥ t]mƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t^m¿-_n-U≥ tkm-¨-kv F-∂ Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. {]-kv Iu-¨-kn-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-bpw am-[y-aÿm-]-\-ß-fp-tS-Xp-sa-√m-am-bn 122 F-Øn-°¬ tIm-Up-Iƒ sIm-fw-_n-b bp-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n A-Xn-s‚ sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬ (http://www.columbia.edu/itc/journalism/j6075/edit/codes .html) {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fpw ssh-hn-≤y-]q¿-W-hpam-b G-sd hn-j-b-ßƒ Cu Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fp-sS s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-I-fn¬ Im-Wmw. Hm-tcm cm-Py-Øn-t‚-bpw km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-s°m-Øv Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚bpw Du-∂¬ hy-Xy-kv-X-hn-j-b-ß-fn-em-Wv. A-tX k-a-bw Nn-e Im-cy-ßfn¬ km-Zr-iy-hpw Im-Wm-\m-hpw.hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ th¿-Xn-cn-hv km-[m-c-W-hm-b-\-°m¿-°v Iq-Sn Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Ipw hn-[-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂v \n-c-h-[n tImUp-I-fn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. hm¿-Ø-bm-Wv F-∂v sX-‰n-≤m-c-W kr-„n-°m≥ th≠n \-¬-I-p-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-ƒ {]-tXy-I-co-Xn-bn¬ t]-Pn¬ -sh-°-W-sa-∂pw AXn-\v A-cn-sI hy-‡-am-bn a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ ]-c-kyw F-∂v ASn-®v tN¿-°-W-sa-∂pw P¿-a≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-Xbn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. A-`n-{]m-b-thm-s´-Sp-∏p-I-fp-sS ^-e-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn°p-tºmƒ B-cm-Wv \-S-Øn-b-Xv, F-∂v \-S-Øn, F-{X-t]¿ thm-s´-Sp-∏n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp Xp-S-ßn-b-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]q¿-W-tXm-Xn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw P¿-a≥-{]-kv-Iu¨-kn¬ \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v.]-c-ky-°m¿-t°m A-Xp-t]m-ep-≈ k-Ω¿-±-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ-t°m {]-tXy-I-am-b H-cp ]-cn-K-W-\-bpw hm¿-Ø-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ ]m-Sn-s√-∂v A-tkm-kn-tb-‰-Uv {]kv am-t\-Pn-ßv F-Un-t‰-gv-kv \-S-∏m-°n-b kw-ln-X-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ B-cn¬ \n-∂pw {]-tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ tX-Sm-\pw ]m-Sp-≈-X-√. A-hm¿-Up-I-tfm k-Ωm-\-ß-tfm t\-Sp-I F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-sS hm¿-Ø-I36

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw fpw a-‰pw F-gp-Xp-∂-Xpw sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw tam-i-am-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-a-cym-Zbm-bn kw-ln-X I-W-°m-°p-∂p.hm¿-Øm-te-J-I-\m-sW-∂-Xv A-l-¥ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sse-k≥-kv B-hp-∂n-s√-∂v F.-]n.-Fw.-C tIm-Un¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. 1953 cq-]w sIm-≈p-tºmƒ {_n-´o-jv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv ]n-∂o-Sv {]-kv Iw-]vssf‚ v-kv I-Ωo-j-\m-bn am-dn. C-¥y Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ \n-c-h-[n cm-Py-ß-fn¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m≥ t{]-c-W-bm-b-Xv {_n-´o-jv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-em-Wv. kz-¥w ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v F-Xn-cm-bn am-\-\-„-t°-kn-epw a‰pw D-≠m-Ip-∂ tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n a-t‰-Xv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D-≠m-bm-ep-sa∂ t]m-ep-≈ {]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS B ÿm-]-\w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂ {it≤-b-am-b \n-co-£-Ww A-h-cp-sS [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-bn-ep-≠v.A-`n-{]m-b-hpw ]-c-ky-hpw X-Ωn¬ Ir-Xy-am-b th¿-Xn-cn-hv th-W-sa-∂pw hm¿-Ø-I-fn¬ H-cp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ B-i-b-{]-N-c-W-hpw A-\p-h-Zn-°-cp-sX∂pw 1972 _m-Kv-Zm-Zn¬ k-tΩ-fn-® s^-U-td-j-≥ Hm-^v A-d-_v P¿-W-en-Ãvkv Aw-Ko-I-cn-® kw-ln-X-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p. ]-c-ky-ß-fn-ep-sS hy-‡n-I-ƒt°m ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-t°m D-≠m-Ip-∂ am-\-lm-\n-°pw D-∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ-°pw a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ A-h¿-°v -ku-P-\y-am-bn ]{X-ÿ-ew A-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂v _w-Kv-fm-tZ-iv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ kw-lnX-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p.-

sX-‰m-b I¬-∏-\ \n-c-kn-°mw hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS ta-ep-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw k-ºq¿-W-amsW-∂pw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ D-Ø-c-hn-´-X-\p-k-cn-®v F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW-∂v ]-d-™v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-bm≥ H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw A-h-Im-i-ap≠m-hn-s√-∂pw Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥ kp-{]ow Iu¨-kn¬ Hm-^v Z {]-kv Aw-Ko-Icn-® [m¿-an-I-\n-b-a-kw-ln-X-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. a-‰v sXm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ \n-s∂√mw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn X-\n-°v i-cn-b-√ F-∂v t_m-[y-ap-≈ Im-cyw sN-øm-Xncn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v kzm-X-{¥y-ap-s≠-∂v \n-c-h-[n F-Øn-°¬ tImUp-Iƒ F-Sp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. C-Ø-cw sXm-gn-ep-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-\v \n-c-kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v ^n≥-em≥-Uv bq-Wn-b≥ Hm-^v P¿-W-en-Ãvkv Aw-Ko-I-cn-® kw-ln-X-bn-ep-≠v.{]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-t‚-Xn-\v ]p-d-sa C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ H-cp s]-cp-am-‰kw-ln-X, Bƒ C-¥ym \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ F-Un-t‰-gv-kv tIm¨-^-d≥-kv 1968 ¬ h¿-Ko-b-kw-L¿-j-ßƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v cq-]w \¬-In-b tIm-Uv B-Wv. a-X-hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°pw a-X-t\-Xm-°ƒ-°pw F-Xn-sc \n-e-hm-c-an37

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw √m-Ø B-{I-a-Ww \-S-Øp-I, B-{I-a-W-ßƒ-°v t{]m-’m-l-\w \¬-Ip-I, a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS cm-Py-kv-t\-lw tNm-Zyw sN-øp-I, kw-`-h-ßƒ h¿-Ko-b®m-bv-thm-sS dn-t∏m-¿-´v sN-øp-I, A-{I-an-I-fp-am-tbm B-{I-a-W-ßƒ-°v C-cbm-b-h-cp-am-tbm tN¿-Øv a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-\¬-In {]-tIm-]-\-ap-ap≠m-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b \-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v am-[y-a-ßƒ hn-´p-\n¬-°-W-sa∂pw k-am-[m-\w ]p-\: ÿm-]n-°m≥ D-]-I-cn-°p-∂ hm¿-Ø-Iƒ-°v ap≥-KW-\ \¬-I-W-sa-∂pw Cu kw-ln-X-bn-ep-≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cpw \n-c-¥-c-am-bn A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n hcp-∂ \q-dp-\q-dv [m-¿-an-I-{]-Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-≠v. an-°-t∏m-gpw s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-XIƒ-°v C-Ø-cw [¿-a-k-¶-S-ßƒ-°pw [m¿-an-I-{]-Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ-°pw a-dp-]-Sn I-s≠-Øm≥ I-gn-bm-dn-√. {]-Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Im-e-Øn-\pw tZ-i-Øn-\pw A-\pk-cn-®v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. H-cp \m-ń-se i-cn a-s‰m-cp-\m-ń-se i-cn Bh-W-sa-∂n-√. H-cp \m-ń-se X-s∂ C-∂-sØ i-cn F-∂-tØ-bpw i-cn-bpw B-h-W-sa-∂n-√. am-[y-a-cw-K-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂ am-‰-ß-fpw i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ-°v cq]m-¥-c-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. Zp-c-¥-ß-fn-epw a-‰pw s]-´v a-c-W-a-S-bp-∂-h-cp-sS D-‰-hsc Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn a-c-W-hn-h-c-a-dn-bn-°pw ap-ºv am-[y-a-ßƒ hn-h-cw -kwt{]-j-Ww sN-ø-cp-sX-∂ hy-h-ÿ ]m-›m-Xy-am-[y-a-ßƒ ap-ºv I¿-i-\-ambn ]m-en-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS F-Æw h¿-≤n-°p-Ibpw a-’-cw cq-£-am-hp-I-bpw-sN-bv-X-tXm-sS C-Ø-cw ]-g-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A-{]-k-‡-am-bn-. Zp-c-¥-hn-h-cw kw-t{]-j-Ww sN-øm-Xn-cp-∂m-em-Wv Ct∏mƒ am-[y-a-ßƒ ]-gn-tIƒ-t°-≠n-h-cn-I .F-√m [m¿-an-I-{]-Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ-°pw D-Ø-cw \¬-Ip-∂ H-cp kw-ln-X-bpw C√; C-\n D-≠m-hp-I-bp-an-√. h-f-sc hn-im-e-am-b a-lm-X-Øz-ßƒ am-{X-am-Wv an-° kw-ln-X-I-fpw. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ {]m-tbm-Kn-I-{]-bm-k-ß-fp-ambn _-‘-sam-∂p-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv ]-e-t∏m-gpw C-h-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-Im-dp-≈Xv. hm¿-Ø ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m A-`n-ap-J-Øn-t\m ]-Ww \¬-I-cp-sX-∂ hy-h-ÿ an-° -cm-Py-tØ-bpw kw-ln-X-I-fn-ep-≠v. Cu X-Øz-Øn¬ ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I≥ D-d-®p-\n¬-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂. F-∂m¬ sk≥-tk-j-\¬ B-b H-cp tI- n¬ Ip-‰-hm-fn-bp-tS-tbm ap-Jy-km-£n-bp-sS-tbm H-cp A-`n-ap-Jw ]-Ww sIm-Sp-Øm¬ In-´pw F-∂ \n-e-bp-≠m-bm¬ a-’-cw A-Xn-cq-£-am-b C-∂sØ am-[y-a-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v X-Øzw ]-d-™v am-dn-\n¬°m≥ I-gn-s™-∂p h-cn-√. kw-ln-X X-øm-dm-°n-b ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bm-epw Nne-t∏mƒ A-`n-ap-Jw In-ń-bn-s√-¶n¬ te-J-I-s\-Xn-sc \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-sØ-∂n-cn°pw. F-Øn-°¬-tIm-Up-Iƒ ap-gp-h≥ A-£-cw-{]-Xn- ]m-en-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw \-√ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w D-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. \n¿-_-‘-am-bpw G-Xv km-l-Ncy-Øn-epw ]m-en-t°-≠-Xm-b Ip-sd X-Øz-ßƒ Xo¿-®-bm-bpw D-≠v. th-sd Ip-sd-sb-Æw km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°pw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°p-a-\p-k-cn-®v ]m-en-t°38

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≠-h-bm-Wv, Ip-sd-sb-√mw hn-´p-ho-gv-N-Iƒ A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-h-bp-am-Wv. kwL-S-\-I-fpw Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fpw F-s¥-√mw ]-d-™m-epw am-[y-aw \-S-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-t∂-Sw h-sc am-{X-ta G-Xv [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿbpw t]m-hq-I-bp-≈q. hy-h-ÿm-ew-L-\-ßƒ-°v t\-sc I-Æ-S-°p-∂ am-[y-aß-fm-Wv hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-sX-¶n¬ hy-h-ÿ- ]m-en-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\sØ hm-b-\-°m-c≥ D-t]-£n-°p-∂ \n-e-bp-≠m-Ipw. B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn hm-b\-°m-c≥ A-s√-¶n¬ k-aq-lw B-Wv C-Xv \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv.C-°m-c-W-ßƒ sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-h-Ww G-‰-hpw hn-izm-ky-X-bp-≈, [m¿-anI-X-bv-°v {]m-ap-Jyw \¬-Ip-∂- P¿-W-en-kw- ]T-\-ÿm-]-\-am-b t]m-bv‚¿ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v 1994¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn-® [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X hn-im-e-am-b am-[y-a-XØz-ß-fn¬ am-{Xw H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂-Xv. A-Xv C-{X-bp-ta D-≈q.k-Xyw A-t\z-jn-°p-I-, A-Xv ]-c-am-h-[n dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-I ? kz-bw ]-c-am-h-[n Im-cy-ßƒ A-dn-bm≥ {i-an-°p-I, F-¶n-te kp-{]-[m-\Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-ßƒ-°v k-aq-l-sØ A-dn-bn-°m-\pw t_m-[-h¬-°-cn°m-\pw kzm-[o-\n-°m-\pw I-gn-bq ? Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw- dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-epw k-Xy-k-‘-X-bpw \o-Xn-t_m-[-hpw ss[-cy-hpw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I ? i-–-an-√m-Ø-h-\v i-–-ta-Ip-I ? i-‡-∑m-sc-s°m-≠v k-aq-l-tØm-Sv I-W-°v-]-d-bn-°p-I kz-X-{¥-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I ? Xp-d-∂ k-aq-l-Øn¬ kz-X-{¥-am-[y-aw h-ln-t°-≠ -t\-Xr-Xz-]-c-am-b ÿm-\w \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ hm-in-tbm-sS ]-cn-{i-an-°p-I ? s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-Øn-\v hn-cp-≤-am-bn, A-[n-Im-c-hpw ]-Z-hn-bpw D-]-tbmKn-®v A-\¿-l-am-b kzm-[o-\w-sN-ep-Øm≥ {i-an-°p-∂-h¿-°v h-g-ßm-sX hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-hcn-I-bpw sN-øp-I ? \n-ß-fp-sS hn-izm-ky-X X-I¿-°-p-I-tbm B¿-P-hw C-√m-Xm-°p-I-tbm sN-øm-\n-S-bp-≈ kw-L-S-\-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw ku-lr-Z-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw A-I∂p-\n¬-°p-I ? [m¿-an-I-X-bp-≈ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fn¬ F-Ø-m-\p-≈ I-gn-hv B¿-Pn-°-W-sa¶n¬ Iq-´m-bv-a-°v {i-an-®v kz-¥w D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw i-‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xp-≠v F-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I.

lm-\n Ip-d-bv-°p-I ? \-Ωp-sS \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ _m-[n-°m-\n-S-bp-≈-h-tcm-Sv I-cp-W-Im-´p-I ? hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-ßƒ, hm¿-Ø-bv-°v hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂ hy-‡-n-Iƒ, k-l-{]h¿-Ø-I¿ C-h-sc-√mw B-Z-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠ hy-‡n-I-fm-Wv, \-Ωp-sS ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-kw-cw-`-Øn-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ am-{X-a-√ F-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bpI ? hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-hpw dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßpw ]-e¿-°pw A-kzm-ÿy-hpw tZm-jhpw D-≠m-Im-\n-S-h-cp-Øpw, ]-c-am-h-[n k-Xy-k-‘-X ]p-e¿-Øn A-Xns‚ Zq-jyw Ip-d-bv-°p-I tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-kw-L-S-\-bm-b C‚¿-\m-j\¬ s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv (sF.-F-^v.-sP) 1954 G-{]-en¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xpw 1986¬ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-X-Xp-am-b s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-bpw C-Xp-t]m-se {]-[m-\-X-Øz-ßƒ am-{Xw ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. A-Xp-Iq-Sn t\m°mw.? k-Xy-sØ-bpw- k-Xy-a-dn-bm-\p-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS A-h-Im-i-sØ-bpw B-Z-cn-°p-I.? Cu Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°m-\m-bn hm¿-Ø ti-J-cn-°m-\pw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn°m-\pw D-≈ ]q¿-W-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-am-bn A-`n-{]m-b-w {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\pw hn-a¿-i-n-°m-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw D-b¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I ? t_m-[y-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v am-{X-ta te-J-I≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v sNøp-I-bp-≈q. A-Xym-h-iy-hn-h-c-ßƒ a-d-®p-sh-°p-I-tbm tc-J-I-fn¬ Ir{Xn-aw Im-´p-I-tbm sN-øn-√.? hm¿-Ø, Nn-{Xw, tc-J F-∂n-h ti-J-cn-°m≥ P¿-W-en-Ãp-Iƒ \ym-b-amb am¿-K-ßƒ am-{X-ta D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øq.? {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b hm-¿-Ø-bn-se sX-‰p-Iƒ tZm-j-I-c-am-bm¬ A-Xv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-c-am-h-[n ]-cn-{i-an-°pw. ? c-l-ky-am-bn hn-h-cw X-cp-∂-h-sc Ip-dn-®p-f-f hn-h-c-ßƒ c-l-ky-am-°nsh-°p-sa-∂ hm-Kv-Zm-\w ]m-en-°pw.? h¿-Ww, enw-Kw, ssew-Kn-Im-`n-ap-Jyw, `m-j, a-Xw, cm-„o-b-tam a-t‰m Bb A-`n-{]m-bw,tZ-io-b-tam km-aq-ly-tam B-b P-\-\-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb B-[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈ hn-th-N-\-ßƒ am-[y-a-ßƒ s]-cp-∏n-°p-∂Xn-se A-]-I-Sw Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I-bpw A-Ø-cw hn-th-N-\-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-ø-Ww ? c-N-\m-tNm-c-Ww, h-kv-Xp-X-I-ƒ Zp-cp-t±-i-]q¿-hw sX-‰m-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°pI,A-Sn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X- B-tcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-°-epw A-]-Jym-Xn-]-c-Ø-epw, 40

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw hm¿-Ø -{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-t\m {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-t\m ssI-°q-en kzo-I-cn-°p-I F-∂n-h A-Xn-Kp-cp-X-c-am-b sXm-gn¬-Ip-‰-ß-fm-bn I-W°m--°pw ? ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ F-∂ t]-cn-\v A¿-l-X-bp-≈-h-sc-√mw Cu X-Øzßƒ ]q¿-W-am-bn ]m-en-°pw. A-X-Xv cm-Py-Øn-se \n-b-a-ßƒ-°-I-Øv \n-∂v sIm-≠v, ]-{X-]-h¿-Ø-I¿ sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ k-l-]{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬ \n-∂-√m-sX K-h-s◊‚n¬ \n-t∂m a-‰m-cn¬ \n-t∂m D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-X-√.sIm-fw-_n-b k¿-h-I-em-im-e ti-J-cn-® 122 ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I- s]-cp-am-‰-kwln-X-I-sf Ip-dn-®v ]-d-™n-cp-∂p-h-t√m. C-Xn¬ A-dp-]-sØ-s´-Æw A-ta-cn°-bn-se ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-bpw a-‰p-am-Wv. tem-I-Ønse G-‰-hpw an-I-® k-a-{K-am-b s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-Iƒ \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS-bm-Wv. h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp∂-Xn-epw k-Xy-k-‘-am-bn A-Xv A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw X-Øz-ßƒ ap-dpsI-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-epw ap-Jy-[m-cm ]-{X-ßƒ A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw bp-tdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-epw \n¿-_-‘w ]n-Sn-°p-∂p-≠v. h-√-t∏m-gpw Nn-e Im-cy-ßƒ sN-øcp-sX-t∂m C-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ sN-ø-W-sa-t∂m D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ C-d-ßm-dp-s≠-¶nepw k-a-{K-am-b [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X C-¥y≥-]-{X-ß-fn¬ C-s√-∂p X-s∂ ]-dbmw. B \n-e-bv-°v hm-b-\-°m¿-°n-S-bn¬ A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{X-ßƒ-°v h≥hn-izm-ky-X-bpw C-¥y≥ ]-{X-ßƒ-°v Xm-gv-∂ hn-izm-ky-X-bp-am-W-t√m th≠-Xv. F-¥m-Wv A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS hn-izm-ky-X-bp-sS A-h-ÿ F∂v t\m-°mw.

hn-izm-ky-X Xm-tg-°v P-\-ßƒ am-[y-a-ß-tf-bpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tc-bpw F-ß-s\ Im-Wp-∂p F∂-dn-bm≥ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ \-S-∂ im-kv-{Xo-b-k¿-sh-I-fp-sS ^-e-ßƒ bpWn-th-gv-kn-‰n Hm-^v sk≥-{S¬ ^v-tfm-dn-U P¿-W-en-kw s{]m-^-k¿ tdm¨ F-^v kv-an-Øv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ' t{Km-]n-ßv t^m¿ F-Øn-Iv-kv C-≥ P¿-Wen-kw' F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. hn-izm-ky-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ , ]g-b Im¿ hn¬-°m≥ h-cp-∂-h-cp-sS Xm-sg-bm-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-¿ \n¬-°p∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv H-cp k¿-sh sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂ Im-cyß-fn¬ H-´pw {i-≤n-°m-Ø-h-cm-Wv P¿-W-en-kv-‰p-Iƒ F-∂v k¿-sh-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ aq-∂n¬ c-≠p-t]-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂p. hy-‡n-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-Xsb am-[y-a-ßƒ am-\n-°p-∂n-s√-∂v \m-en¬ aq-∂p-t]-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂p. tP¿-Wen-Ãp-Iƒ [m¿-an-I-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv F-∂v aq-∂n-sem-cmƒ I-cp-Xp-∂p. ]-{X-sØ Ip-dn-®v A-`n-{]m-bw tIƒ-°m≥ ]-{Xw X-s∂ hn-fn-®p-tN¿-Ø H-cp 41

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw t^m-°-kv {Kq-∏n-se Aw-Kw tNm-Zn-®-Xv ' \-√ H-cp hy-‡n-s°-ß-s\ ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bpw ' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. k-aq-lw A-Xn-s‚ {]-iv-\ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-®v ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ X-S- -am-hp-∂p F-∂m-Wv H-cp k¿-sh-bn¬ ]-Ip-Xn-t]¿ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-ep-≈ A-ta-cn-°-°m-c-\p-am-bn ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v _-‘w \„-s∏-´v I-gn-™-Xm-bn a-s‰m-cp k¿-sh I-s≠-Øn. h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-sS-bpw kw`-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw kz-X-{¥-\n-co-£-I-cm-Wv X-ß-sf-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ Fßpw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw ap-∂n¬ c-≠v A-ta-cn-°-°m-cpw I-cp-Xp∂-Xv ,s]m-Xp Xm-ev-]-cyw kw-cw-£n-°p-∂-X-√, I-º-\n-Iƒ-°v em-`-ap-≠m-°ns°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv am-{X-am-Wv am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-bpw e-£yw F-∂m-Wv. ]-{Xw -hn¬-°m≥ th-≠n, kw-`-h-ßƒ-°v C-√m-Ø \m-S-Io-b-X D-≈-Xm-bn sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. k-aq-l-Øn-\v {]m-[m-\y-ap-t≠m F-∂-X-√, ]-{X-hn¬-∏\-bv-°v k-lm-bn-°p-tam F-∂-Xm-Wv hm¿-Ø-bv-°v {]m-[m-\yw \n-›-bn-°p∂ ap-Jy-L-S-Iw. hm¿-Ø-I-fn¬ ÿm-\w t\-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-I-fn¬ `q-cn-]-£-hpw I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv hm-¿-Ø i-cn-bm-b-√ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ hm¿-Ø-bn¬ I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv A-h¿-°v X-ß-fp-sS tPm-en-tbmSv B-fp-Iƒ F-¥v sIm-≠m-Wv C-{X hn-tcm-[-hpw hn-izm-k-an-√m-bv-a-bpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. P-\-ß-fp-sS- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-s‚ Im-h¬-\m-b B-bn ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ kz-bw A-`n-am-\n-°m-dq-s≠-¶n-epw P-\-ßƒ A-ßn-s\-sbm-∂p-a-√ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Isc Im-Wp-∂-Xv. `-c-W-L-S-\-b-\p-h-Zn-® au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-Wv ]{X-kzm-X-{¥yw F-∂ ]-{¥-≠v i-X-am-\w P-\-ß-ƒ-t° A-dn-bq. k¿-°m-dns‚-bpw D-tZym-K-kv-Y-cp-sS-bpw {]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv am[y-a-ßƒ sN-øp-∂-Xv F-∂pw sX-‰m-b Im-cy-ßƒ am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ h-cp-∂-Xv X-S-bm≥ D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v A-[n-Im-c-aq-≠m-I-W-sa-∂pw aq-∂n-sem-cmƒ I-cpXp-∂p. C-Xn-t\-°m-sf-√mw A-]-I-S-I-c-hpw sR-´n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b \n-co-£-Ww D-≈-Xv a-s‰m-cp P¿-W-en-kw s{]m-^-k-dm-b tdm-_¿-´v Hm hym-´v \-S-Øn-b k¿-sh-bn-em-Wv F-∂v tdm¨ F-^v kv-an-Øv Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p. A-ta-cn-°≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v sIm-≠p-h-∂ H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn C-∂m-Wv P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ thm-´n-\n-Sp-∂-Xv F-¶n¬ A-Xv ]m- m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv B \n-K-a-\w. [m¿-an-I-kwln-X-I-sf-√mw D-≠m-bn-´pw A-ta-cn-°≥ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ hn-izmky-X F-hn-sS F-Øn-\n¬-°p-∂p F-∂-dn-bm≥ Iq-Sp-X≥ A-t\z-j-Ww th≠ F-∂v tXm-∂p-∂p.

F-¥m-hmw C-Xn-\v Im-c-Ww ? C≥-sh-Ãn-tK-‰o-hv P-¿-W-en-k-Øn-epw a-‰-t\Iw Im-cy-ß-fn-epw -tem-I-Øn-\v X-s∂ am-Xr-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-\w F-¥p-sIm-≠v hn-izm-ky-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-¬, km-£-c-X-bn-se{X-tbm ]n-∂n¬ \n¬-°p-∂ C-¥y-tb-°m-fpw ]n-d-tIm-´v t]m-bn? \m¬-∏-Xv h¿-jw ap-º-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ km-t¶-Xn-I-X-bn¬ am-[y-a-ßƒ A-hn-iz-k-\ob-amw hn-[w ap-t∂m-´v t]m-bn-´p-≠v. \-S-°p-∂- kw-`-h-ßƒ A-∏-t∏mƒ I¨ap-ºn-se-Øn-°m≥ C-∂v am-[y-a-Øn-\v I-gn-bpw. C-∂-sØ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ F-°m-e-tØ-bpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tc-°mƒ hn-Zym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bpw I-gnhpw D-≈-h-cpw D-b¿-∂ {]-Xn-^-ew hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. F-∂n-´pw F-¥p sIm-≠v C-ß-s\ ? tdm¨ F-^v kv-an-Øv H-cp hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. ]p-Xn-b am-[y-a-ßƒ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ P-\-ßƒ-°v kp-]-cn-Nn-X-cm-°nbn-´p-≠v. ]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ A-kw-_‘-tNm-Zyw tNm-Zn-°p-∂-Xpw t^m-t´m-{Km-^¿-am¿ t^m-t´m In-´m≥ ]-c-kv-]cw D-¥p-∂-Xp-sam-∂pw ap≥-Im-e-Øv P-\-ßƒ t\-cn-´v Im-Wm-dn-√. kp-]-cn-NnX-Xzw A-h-⁄ kr-„n-°p-sa-∂-Xv s]m-Xp-sh Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈ Imcy-am-Wv. am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂ Im-e-Øv A-h¿ -{]-kn-≤-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv hn-iz-kn-°p-I-tb h-gn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. C-∂v G-Xv am-[y-aw F-¥v Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚-bpw i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ a-‰p- am-[y-a-ßƒ Xp-d-∂p-Im-´p∂-p-≠v.F-√m-‰n-\pw ]p-d-sa a-‰p ta-J-e-I-fn-se-∂ t]m-se H-cp ]-s£ sN-dn-b H-cp \yq-\-]-£-Øn-s‚ s]-cp-am--Zq-jy-ß-fm-hmw ap-gp-h-\m-fp-I-ƒ-°pw No-Ø-t∏-cp≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. sX-‰p-I-fpw Ip-‰-ß-fp-ta F-√m-h-cn-epw F-Øq, \-∑-I-fpw Kp-W-ß-fpw Im-Wm≥ B-cpw X-øm-d-√. C-∂v A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ kw-`-hn-®p-I-gn™-Xv \m-sf C-hn-sS-bpw h-cp-sa-∂- ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v A-h-K-Wn-®p-Iq-Sm.-

3 hm¿-Ø-bp-sS c-l-ky-D-d-hn-S-ßƒ hm¿-Ø tNm¿-Øn-Ø-cp-∂ B-fp-sS Kp-Ww t]m-en-cn-°pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Is‚ Kp-Ww F-∂v A¿-Y-ap-≈ H-cp D-≤-c-Wn hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p≈ N¿-®-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw D-b¿-∂p-h-cm-dp-≠v. 'F dn-t∏m¿-´¿ Cu-kv B-kv Kp-Uv B-kv ln-kv tkm-gv-kv'. \-√ `m-j, \-√ [m-c-W, \-√ Ah-tem-I-\-]m-S-hw, _q-≤n-i-‡n Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sbm-s° ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v th≠ -Kp-W-ßƒ X-s∂. ]-t£, hm¿-Øm-t{km-X- p-I-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w, As√-¶n¬ A-Sp-∏w C-s√-¶n¬ H-cmƒ \-√ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn A-dn-b-s∏-SpI-tb C-√. A-Xp-s≠-¶n¬ _m-°n-sb-√mw \n-ßƒ tPm-en sN-øp-∂- ÿm-]\w D-≠m-°n-Ø-∂p-sIm-≈pw. hn-iz-kn-°m-hp-∂ tkm-gv-kn¬ \n-∂v In-´p-∂ hn-h-cw \n-ßƒ \yq-kv dq-an¬ sS-e-t^m¨ sN-bv-X-dn-bn-®m-¬ a-Xn. _m-°n A-h-cm-bn-s°m-≈pw. \yq-kv dq-an-\-I-Øv D-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xv H-t∂ D≈q-˛-\yq-kv am-{Xw. ]-{X-te-J-I-∑m¿ I-„-s∏-´v A-t\z-jn-®v tc-J-I-fpw sX-fn-hp-I-fpw X-∏n-sb-SpØv D-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂v \mw [-cn-°p-∂ ]-e X-´p-X-I¿-∏≥ hm¿-Ø-Ifpw B-sc-¶n-epw eo-Upw sl-Õn-ßpw h-sc F-gp-Xn te-J-I-\v F-Øn-®p-sImSp-Ø Im-cy-am-sW-∂v h-cmw. te-J-I-\v kz-¥w ss_-sse≥ am-{X-ta F-gpXn-t®¿-t°-≠n-h-cq. I-gn-hp-‰ hn-iz- hn-iz-kv-X-cm-b tkm-gv-kp-Iƒ D-≠m-hp-I F-∂-Xv te-J-I-s‚ sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b I-gn-hv X-s∂-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬ Nn-et∏mƒ H-cp ]-cn-N-b-hpw C-√m-Ø, B-cm-sW-∂v t]m-epw A-dn-bm-Ø B-fpI-fpw D-{K≥ hm¿-Ø-I-fp-am-bn te-J-I-s\ k-ao-]n-s®-∂n-cn-°pw. A-h¿-°v 44

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw A-h-cp-tS-Xm-b Xm-ev-]-cy-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. F-¥m-hpw A-Xv? C-bmƒ ]-d-bp-∂Xn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw Im-cy-ap-t≠m? ]-d-™-Xv i-cn-bm-sW-∂v sX-fn-bn-°m≥ h-√ tc-J-I-fp-ap-t≠m? B-sc-¶n-epw A-Xv i-cn-sh-°m≥ D-≠m-hp-tam? At\z-j-W-sa-√mw \-S-Øn ]q¿-W-am-bn t_m-[y-s∏-´m-te hm¿-Ø dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm-hq F-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ s{]m-^-j-\¬ am¿-K-\n¿-t±-i-ß-fn¬ hy-‡-am-bn ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. F-∂m-en-Xv ]-e-t∏m-gpw \-S-°m-dn-√. h-en-b hm¿Ø-bv-°v th-≠n-bp-f-f A-Xym¿-Øn dn-t∏m¿-´-sd hn-gp-ßpw. F-√mw X-\n-°v t_m-[y-s∏-s´-∂pw sX-fn-hp-I-sf-√mw D-s≠-∂pw F-Un-‰-sd-tbm Np-a-X-e-s∏´ ta-ep-tZym-K-ÿ-s\-tbm sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-®v hm¿-Ø-sb-gp-Xp-∂-h¿ Ip-d-h-√. ]{Xw hm-b-\-°m-c-\n-se-Øp-∂ B {]-`m-X-Øn-se Io¿-Øn-bn¬ am-{X-am-hpw te-J-I-s‚ t\m-´w . hm¿-Ø-m-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-bpw \n¿Wm-b-I-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tkm-gv-kn-s\ F-ß-s\ I-s≠-Ømw, F-ß-s\ A-hcp-am-bn \-√ _-‘-ap-≠m-°mw, A-sX-ß-s\ \n-e-\n¿-Ømw, In-´p-∂ hn-h-cß-fp-sS i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ F-ß-s\ hn-e-bn-cp-Ømw, F-ß-s\ sX-‰pw i-cn-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bmw Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-se _m-e-]mT-ß-fm-Wv. C-hn-sS A-Xn--te-°v \-Ωƒ I-S-°p-∂n-√. dn-t∏m¿-´-dpw tkm-gv-kpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂ Ip-sd-tb-sd \n-b-a-ß-fpw [m¿-an-I-X-I-fp-ap-≠v. A-h-bm-Wv C-hn-sS \n-co-£-W-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ ]-e [m¿-an-I-X-I-fp-sS-bpw \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw Imcy-Øn¬ F-∂-t]m-se, hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®pw C-¥y≥ ]-{Xß-ƒ [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm s]-cp-am-‰-®-´-ßƒ-°v hn-e I-ev-]n-°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂n-s√-∂-v Im-Wmw. A-°m-cyw G-Xm-≠v ]q¿-W-am-bn te-J-I-s‚ km-am-\y-_p-≤n-°pw hn-th-I-ti-jn-°pw hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv . F-ß-s\-bpw hm¿-Ø-bp-≠m-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv \¬-Ip-∂ \n¿t±-iw. i-cn-sX-‰p-I-sf ]-‰n-tb-sd-sbm-∂pw hym-Ip-e-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. sX-‰p-]-‰nbm¬, G-dn-bm¬ ]n-t‰-∂v H-cp Xn-cp-Øv sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cpw. A-Xv t]m-epw B-sc-¶n-epw \n¿-_-‘n-°p-I-tbm am-\-\-„-t°-kv sIm-Sp-°p-sa-∂v `o-j-Wns∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm sN-b-Xm¬ am-{Xw. em-L-h-_p-≤n-tbm-sS-bp-≈ k-ao-]-\-amWv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Im-Wp-I.-

hm¿-Ø X-cp-∂-Xm-cv ? F-∂m-¬ hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn-se ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ tkm-gv-kp-I-sf kw-_‘n-®v hy-‡-am-b Ip-sd \n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-°p∂-Xv. hn-izm-ky-X-bp-≈ h≥-In-S-]-{X-ßƒ-v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ sN-øm-hp-∂-Xpw sN-øm≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-Xpw kw-_-‘n-®v Ir-Xy-am-b \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-Im-dp45

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≠v. s]m-Xp-[m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-se-∂ t]m-se hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-Sß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw Z \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSw-kv hy-‡n-Xzw ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p. C∂-bn-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ Rm≥ ]-d-bp-∂p, \n-ßƒ- th-W-sa-¶n¬ hn-iz-kn-°p-I F-∂v te-J-I≥ hm-b-\-°m-c-s‚ ap-∂n¬ h-∂p-\n-∂p ]-d-bp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv \-Ωp-sS an-° ]-{X-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈-Xv. Cu hn-h-cw te-J-I-\v F-hn-sS \n-∂v Inń, B-cm-Wv ]-d-™-Xv, ]-d-™ Bƒ-°v C-Xp-am-bn F-¥p-_-‘w, F-¥m-Wv B B-fp-sS hn-izm-ky-X F-∂v Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ß-sf Ip-dn-s®m-∂pw hm-b\-°m-c-\v tNm-Zn-°m≥ A-\p-hm-Z-an-√. tNm-Zn-®m-epw a-dp-]-Sn-sbm-∂pw In-ń-√. 'hn-iz-k-\o-b tI-{µ-ß-fn¬ \n-∂-dn-™p' F-∂v te-J-I≥ F-gp-Xn-bm¬ hmb-\-°m-c-\pw A-Xv hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-bn-cn-°-Ww F-∂ a-´v.Z \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv 2004 ^n-{_-h-cn 27 \v hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-ß-sf kw-_‘n-°p-∂ \-bw ]p-Xp-°n- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hm-b-\-°m-c-\v Iq-Sn e-`y-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ C‚¿-s\-‰n-epw A-h {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. c-l-kytkm-gv-kp-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv hn-hm-Z-hpw X¿-°-ß-fp-sa-√mw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. \-b-hpw c-l-ky-tkm-gv-kv kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv.dn-t∏m¿-´¿-°v B-cv hn-h-cw X-∂p F-∂v dn-t∏m¿-´¿ hm-b-\-°m-tcm-Spw ]-d-bpI F-∂-Xm-Wv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-hm-b co-Xn. F-hn-sS \n-∂v hn-h-cw In-ń F-∂v sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww. {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw ]-{X-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fpw B-sW-¶n-te \-Ωƒ B-cv ]-d-™p F-∂v ]-{X-Øn¬ sIm-Sp-°m-dp-≈q. A√m-Ø-h-sb-√mw hn-iz-kv-X-tI-{µ-ß-tfm A-Sp-Ø _-‘-ap-≈ tI-{µ-ß-tfm _-‘-s∏-´ hr-Ø-ß-tfm H-s°-bm-Wv. \-Ωp-sS \m-ń¬ F-Iv-kv-¢q-ko-hv hm¿Ø-I-fn-sem-∂pw c-l-kyw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ hy-‡n-bp-sS t]-cv Im-Wn-√. c≠v {[p-h-ß-fn-em-Wv \-Ω-fpw ]m-›m-Xy-cpw \n¬-°p-∂-Xv.Z \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn¬ \n-∂v h-f-sc-sbm-∂pw hy-Xy-kv-X-a-√ hm¿-Øm-D-dhn-S-ß-sf kw-_-‘n- ®v hm-jn-Mv-S¨ t]m-Ãv A-\p-h¿-Øn-®p-h-cp-∂ \-bhpw. hn-iz-kn-°m-hp-∂ hm¿-Ø In-´m≥ th-sd h-gn-bn-s√-∂v h-cp-tºmƒ am{X-ta c-l-ky-D-d-hn-S-ß-sf B-{i-bn-°p-I-bp-≈q F-∂v ]-{Xw D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip∂p. hn-h-cw X-cp-∂ B-fp-sS t]-cp sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√ F-∂-X-√ , sh-fns∏-Sp-Øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv s]m-Xp-\n-b-aw. te-J-I-∑m¿ t]-cv c-l-ky-am-°n-sh®p-sIm-≈mw F-∂v km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ B¿-°pw D-d-∏p-\¬-Im≥ ]m-Sp-≈X-√. a-dn-®p-≈-Xv A-]-hm-Z-ß-fm-Wv. h-f-sc-tb-sd cm-{„o-b-{]-Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ D-≈ tI- p-I-fn¬ te-J-I≥ hn-h-cw- tNm-Zn-®v A-tßm-´v sN-√p-I-bpw hn-hcw \¬-In-bm¬ \¬-Ip-∂ Bƒ-°v sXm-gn¬-]-c-tam kp-c-£m-]-c-tam B-b {]-iv-\-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v B-i-¶ D-≠m-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-tºmƒ am-{X-am-Wv t]-cv c-l-ky-am-°p-∂-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ Nn-¥ X-s∂ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ ]-e¿-°pw ]-{X-ß-tfm-Sv kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-e-

°p-≠v. A-Ø-cw D-tZym-K-ÿ¿ t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-sX-∂v ]-d-™m¬ A`y¿-∞-\-bv-°v h-g-ßp-I-bm-Wv i-cn. a-s‰-√m k-µ¿-`-ß-fn-epw hn-h-cw X-cp-∂h-cp-sS t]-cp sIm-Sp-°p-I, t]-cp sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°-Ww F-∂v hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-Øn¬ \n¿-_-‘w sN-ep-Øp-I F-∂-Xv X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{X-\bw. hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√ F-∂v k-Ω-Xn-®p-I-gn-™m-epw H-cp Im-cyw Xm≥ t\-cn-´v I-≠-Xm-Wv F-∂v hm-b-\-°m-sc sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂ a-ń¬ Fgp-Xp-I-b-√ te-J-I≥ sN-tø-≠-Xv. ]p-d-Øp-≈ H-cp tkm-gv-kn¬ \n-∂v In-ńb -hn-h-c-am-Wv, Nn-e Im-c-W-Øm¬ t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. F-∂m-¬ hnh-cw \¬-In-b hy-‡n-sb Ip-dn-®v \¬-Im-hp-t∂-S-tØm-fw kq-N-\ hm-b-\°m-c-\v \¬-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-h-Ww dn-t∏m¿-ń-se {]-k-‡-`m-Kw. sh-fn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂ hn-h-c-hp-am-bn Cu tkm-gv-kn-s‚ _-‘-sa-¥v, A-bm-sf F-{XtØm-fw hn-iz-kn-°mw F-∂v hm-b-\-°m-c-\v kz-¥w \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww dn-t∏m¿-ń-se kq-N-\-Iƒ. G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp hm¿-Ø-sb- kw-_-‘n-®v t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k-∂-≤X-bp-≈-h¿ D-s≠-¶n¬ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X-øm-dn-√m-Ø B-sf ]-{Xw tkmgv-kv B-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bn-√. kw-`-h-sØ Ip-dn-®v B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn A-dnbp-∂-h¿ B-cpw t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Iq-´m-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ am-{X-ta AXn¬ G-‰-hpw B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-≈ hy-‡n-sb c-l-ky-tkm-gv-kv B-bn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q. H-cp-X-c-Øn-ep-ap-≈ \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-∏-cy-hpw Cu tkm-gvkn-\n-√ F-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-tb C-Xv sN-øp-I-bp-ap-≈q. hy-‡n-Iƒ-t°m a‰m¿-s°-¶n-ep-tam F-Xn-cm-bn B-{I-a-W-Øn-\p-≈ A-h-k-c-am-bn C-Xp-]-tbmKn-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-an-√. t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-\n-hm-cykm-l-N-cy-Øn¬ k-Ω-Xn-®m¬ hn-h-cw ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc A-dn-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ B-tcm-sS-¶n-epw t]-cv ]-d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ tkm-gv-kv A°m-cyw A-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww. ]-{Xm-[n-]-cn¬ H-cm-sf-¶n-epw hn-h-c-a-dn-™n-cn°p-I-bpw th-Ww. tkm-gv-kn-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ c-l-ky-hn-h-cw dn-t∏m¿-´¿ ]-{Xm[n-]¿-°m-Wv \¬-Ip-∂-sX-¶n¬ te-J-I≥ \¬-In-b D-d-∏v ]m-en-°m≥ ]-{Xm[n-]-cpw _m-[y-ÿ-\m-Wv. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS kz-`m-h-hpw tkm-gv-kn-s‚ t]-cv shfn-s∏-´m¬ D-≠m-Im-\n-S-bp-≈ {]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fpw I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv ]-{Xw C-Xv kw-_-‘n-® \-bw A-t∏m-g-t∏mƒ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-pw. 'hr-Ø-ßƒ' shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn F-∂ a-ń-ep-≈ A-‘-am-b {]-tbm-K-ßƒ A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√. Hcmƒ ]-d-™p F-∂ A¿-∞-ta Cu {]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-ap-≈q. hn-iz-k-\o-b hrØw F-∂ hn-ti-j-Ww ÿn-Xn-sbm-´pw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. B-sc-¶n-epw A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-hr-Øw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-tam? h-ln-°p-∂ ]-Z-hntbm kw-`-h-hp-am-bp-≈ A-Sp-Ø _-‘-tam kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww tkm-gvkn-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ kq-N-\. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS k-Xy-k-‘-X-sb Ip-dn-®v hm-b-\47

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw °m-c-s\ sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-b-√, b-Ym¿-∞ A-h-ÿ [-cn-∏n-°p-I B-I-Ww tkm-gv-kn-s\ Ip-dn-®p-≈ hn-ti-j-W-Øn-s‚ D-t±-iyw. c-l-ky-D-d-hn-S-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≈ G-Xv hm¿-Ø-bp-sS-bpw k-Xym-h-ÿ Iq-SpX¬ B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-≈ tI-{µ-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v ÿn-co-I-cn-t°-≠Xp-≠v. ]-c-kv-]-c-_-‘-an-√m-Ø c-≠p-t]-sc-¶n-epw C-Ø-c-sam-cp hn-h-cw ÿn-co-I-cn-°-Ww. hn-h-cw i-cn-sb-∂v sX-fn-bn-°m≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-b tc-J-Ifp-s≠-¶n¬ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ hn-´p-ho-gv-N sN-ømw. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ F-Un-t‰m-dnb¬ t_m¿-Un-se ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw C-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv. K-h-s◊‚n-s‚-tbm ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-tbm Hu-tZym-Kn-I-h-‡m-°ƒ-°v H-cp Im-c-W-h-im-epw t]-cp-sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn \-¬-Ip-∂-X-√. kw-`-h-ßƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-tºmƒ te-J-I-≥ kw-`-h-Øn-\v Zr-Iv-km-£n-bs√-¶n¬ A-°m-cyw dn-t∏m-¿-´n¬ hy-‡-am-°p-I-bpw G-sX-√mw Zr-Iv-km-£nI-fn¬ \n-∂v In-´n-b hn-h-c-sØ B-[m-c-am-°n-bm-Wv dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-sX∂v A-dn-bn-°p-I-bpw th-Ww. kz-bw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Iq-´m-°m-Ø hm¿Øm-D-d-hn-S-ß-fp-sS D-t±-iy-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v te-J-I-\v t_m-[y-ap-≠m-I-W-sa∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp _m-e-]mT-am-Wv. F-¥v e-£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv C-bmƒ hm¿-Ø X-cp-∂-Xv ? tem-I-hpw cm-Py-hpw k-aq-l-hpw \-∂m-I-s´ F-∂-Xm-hp-tam e£yw, A-X-s√-¶n¬ B-sc-sb-¶n-epw A-]-am-\n-°-tem F-s¥-¶n-epw ]-IXo¿-°-tem?

c-l-ky-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ c-l-ky-hn-h-c-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-\-√ F-∂v- C-Xn-¬ \n∂v B-cpw [-cn-°-cp-Xv. an-°-t∏m-gpw G-‰-hpw h-en-b hm¿-Ø-Iƒ , sR-´n-°p∂ \yq-kv s{_-bv-°p-Iƒ, h≥ kv-Iq-∏p-Iƒ e-`n-°p-∂-Xv c-l-ky-D-d-hn-S-ßfn¬ \n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-hpw. A-h-cm-hpw te-J-I-s‚ k¿-h-_-e-hpw. A-h-cp-sS t]-cv te-J-I-t\m ]-{X-tam F-{X-Im-ew I-gn-™m-epw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√. ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-≈ Cu hn-izm-kw C-f-Im-Ø A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn kq-£n-°p-I F∂-Xv C-cp-`m-K-Øn-s‚-bpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv. F-¥p-hn-e-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n h∂m-epw D-d-hn-S-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ c-l-kyw kq-£n-°-W-sa-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-tcm-Sv sXm-gn-en¬ {]-th-in-°p-∂ L-´-Øn¬ X-s∂ B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw tIm-fn-f-°-ap-≠m-°n-b c-l-ky-D-d-hnS-am-bn I-W-°m-°-p-∂-Xv hm-´¿-tK-‰v A-]-hm-Z-Øn¬ ap-Jy-]-¶v h-ln-® 'Uo∏v-t{Xm-´v' F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂ A-⁄m-X-\m-Wv. {]-kn-U‚ v dn®m¿-Uv \n-Iv-k-s‚ cm-Pn-bn-te-°v \-bn-® A-]-hm-Z-Øn-se hn-h-c-ßƒ ap-gph≥ hm-jn-ßv-S¨ t]m-Ãv te-J-I-∑m-cm-b t_m-_v hp-Uzm¿-Uv, Imƒ t_¨-Ão≥ F-∂n-h-¿-°v \¬-In-b-Xv Cu c-l-ky-tkm-gv-kv B-bn-cp-∂p. c48

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≠v dn-t∏¿-´¿-am¿-°v ]p-d-sa ]-{X-Øn-s‚ F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv F-Un-‰¿ _-©an≥ {_m-Uv-en-°pw Cu c-l-ky-a-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. \n-Iv-k¨ cm-Pn-sh-®-tXmsS, c-l-kyw Xp-S¿-∂v kq-£n-t°-≠-Xv b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ A-{X A-Xym-h-iysam-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. th-W-sa-¶n¬ B c-l-ky-tkm-gv-kn-\pw tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw i-‡-\m-b {]-kn-U‚n-s\ Xm-sg-bn-d-°n-b-Xn-s‚ Io¿-Øn B-kz-Zn®v in-„-Im-ew h-en-b B-fm-bn Po-hn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]-s£ A-X-√ D-≠m-bXv. 33 h¿-jw A-Xv c-l-ky-am-bn-Ø-s∂ \n-e-sIm-≠p. H-Sp-hn¬ c-l-kyw sh-fn-s∏-´-Xv 2005 Pp-em-bn¬ am-{X-am-Wv. A-t∏m-gpw hm-jn-ßv-S¨ t]m-Ãv A-√, hm-\n-‰n-s^-b¿ F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv A-sXm-cp h-en-b kv-Iq-∏v B-°n-b-Xv. s^-U-d¬ _yq-tdm Hm-^v C≥-sh-Ãn-tK-j-\n¬ c-≠m-a-\m-bn-cp∂ am-¿-°v s^¬-´v , Xm-\m-Wv 'Uo-]v t{Xm-´v'F-∂ c-l-ky-D-d-hn-S-sa-∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hm-jn-ßv-S¨ t]m-Ãv A-°m-cyw ÿn-co-I-cn-°p-I am-{Xam-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. cm-{„-Øn-s‚ X-e-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂, F-√m-\n-b-a-hpw [m¿-anI-X-bpw ]m-en-°m≥ G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw _m-[y-X-s∏-´ {]-kn-U‚ v X-s∂ Ip-‰-IrXy-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ cm-Py-kv-t\-l-hpw \o-Xn-t_m-[-hpw D-≈ D-tZymK-ÿ-\v sh-dp-sX-bn-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bn-√. hn-h-cw c-l-ky-am-bn am-[y-a-ß-fn-seØn-°p-I am-{X-am-Wv A-Xn-s\ sN-dp-°m-\p-≈ G-I h-gn. H-cp A-t\z-j-WD-tZym-K-ÿ-\v c-l-kyw kq-£n-°m-\p-≈ _m-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂-Xv i-cn-bm-Wv. Ip-Sp-X¬ h-en-b _m-[y-X ]u-c-s\-∂ \n-e-bn¬ X-\n-°v cm- {„-tØm-Spw hcpw-X-e-ap-d-I-tfm-Spw D-s≠-∂v t_m-[y-ap-≈-Xv sIm-≠m-Wv Cu \n-b-a-ew-L\-Øn-\v H-cp-sº-Sp-∂-Xv.-

Pp-Un-Xv an-√¿ P-bn-en¬ am¿-Iv s^¬-ń-s‚ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ Xs∂-bp-≠m-b a-s‰m-cp kw-`-h-hpw Iq-ń-t®¿-Øv , ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-se kp{]-[m-\-am-b H-cp hn-j-b-sØ kw-_-‘n-®v Ku-c-h-]q¿-h-am-b N¿-® \-S-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. X-\n-°v c-l-ky-hn-h-cw \¬-In-b B-fp-sS t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-SpØm≥ Iq-´m-°m-™-Xn-\m¬ \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv te-Jn-I Pp-Un-Xv an-√¿°v P-bn-en¬ t]m-tI-≠n-h-∂p. 2005 a-[y-tØm-sS A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ I-Øn-\n∂ H-cp hn-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. B-{^n-°-bn-se ss\-P-dn¬ \n-∂v C-dm-Jv {]-kn-U‚ v k-±mw lp-ssk≥ B-W-hm-bp-[-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\p-≈ bp-dm-\n-bw ti-J-cn-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂v A-t\z-jn-°m≥ -ap≥-K-h¿-W¿ tPm-k-^v hn¬k¨ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. Xn-cn-®p-h-∂v A-t±-lw 'B-{^n-°-bn¬ Rm≥ I-≠Xv' F-∂ X-e-s°-ń¬ \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn¬ F-gp-Xn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ AØ-cw bm-sXm-cp kw-`-h-hp-an-s√-∂v Xp-d-∂p ]-d-bp-I am-{X-a-√, _p-jv `-c-WIq-Sw C-dm-Jv {]-iv-\-Øn¬ cm-{„-sØ sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v B-t£]n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. C-Xv _p-jv `-c-W-Øn-\v £o-W-ap-≠m-°n. tPm-k-^v 49

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw hn¬-k-sW A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F-¥v h-gn F-∂v B-tem-Nn-®-h¿ H-cp am-¿-Kw I-≠p. hn¬-k-s‚ `m-cy kn.-sF.-F bp-sS G-P‚ v B-bn- {]-h¿-Øn®n-cp-∂p F-∂v sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. H-cp tIm-f-an-kv-‰v ap-tJ-\ A-°m-cyw sh-fnhm-°-s∏-s´-¶n-epw hn-hm-Zw h-gn-am-dp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. kn.-sF.-F G-P‚pam-cp-sS t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv in-£- e-`n-°p-∂ Ip-‰a-- m-Wv. tI- m-bn. hn¬-k-s‚ `m-cy-sb kw-_-‘n-°p-∂ c-l-kyw Pp-Un-Xv an-√¿-°pw e-`n-®-Xmbn A-dn-™-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v A-h-cpw tI- n-te-°v h-en-®n-g-°-s∏-´p. B-cmWv kn.-sF.-F G-P‚n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® c-l-ky-hn-h-cw X-∂-Xv F-∂v tIm-SXn-bn¬ ]-d-b-W-sa-∂v tIm-S-Xn B-h-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Pp-Un-Xv an-√¿ hn-k-ΩXn-®p. c-l-ky-hn-h-cw kzo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-sW-∂pw H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´-tdm-Sv A-Ø-c-sam-cp hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tIm-S-Xn \n¿-_-‘n-®p-Iq-sS-∂p-ap-≈ hm-Zw ]-t£ tIm-S-Xn- kzo-I-cn-®n-√. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS tNm-Zy-Øn-\v a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ B¿-°pw A-h-Im-i-ans√-∂pw tkm-gv-kv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ \n-b-a-sam∂pw A-ta-cn-°≥ tIm¨-{K-kv ]m- m-°n-bn-´n-s√-∂pw D-≈ \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv tIm-S-Xn kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-bq-sS tNm-Zy-Øn-\v a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm≥ X-øm-dmIp-∂-Xv h-sc P-bn-en¬ I-gn-bm≥ tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®-X-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv Pp-Un-Xv an-√¿ P-bn-en-e-S-°-s∏-´-Xv. Pp-Un-Øn-t\m-sSm-∏w in-£n-°-s∏-´ ssSw te-JI≥ am-Xyq Iq-∏¿ tIm-S-Xn-°v h-g-ßm≥ k-Ω-Xn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v in-£-bn¬ \n∂v H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´p.tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ cm-Py-Øn-s‚ {]-kn-U‚ v t]m-epw tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS tNm-Zy-Øn-\v a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bp-tºmƒ X-ßƒ \n-b-a-Øn-\pw tIm-S-Xn-°pw ap-Ifn-em-sW-∂ \n-e-]m-Sv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ F-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-∂ hn-a¿-i-\w ]e tIm-Wn¬ \n-∂pw D-b¿-∂p-. A-X-√ b-Ym¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈ {]-iv-\w F-∂pw dn-t∏m¿-´¿ hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-S-Øn-\v \-¬-In-b D-d-∏v ew-Ln-°m≥ \n¿-_-‘n-°s∏-´m¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw X-s∂ X-I-cm-dn-em-hp-sa-∂pw P-\-ß-fp-sS A-dnbm-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-bpw A-dn-bn-°m-\p-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ Np-a-X-esb-bpw- A-Xp-h-gn P-\m--[n-]-Xy-sØ-X-s∂-bpw C-Xv Kp-cp--X-c-am-bn _m-[n-°psa-∂pw D-f-f \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv ]-{Xw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-

\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]n≥-_-e-ap-t≠m ? c-l-ky-hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂ D-d-hn-S-sØ Ip-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ c-l-ky-am-°nsh-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v A-h-Im-i-hpw _m-[y-X-bp-ap-s≠-∂ B-i-bØn-\v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏v F-{X-tØm-f-ap-≠v ?. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-hp-ap-≈ F-√m cm-Py-ß-fn-epw C-sXm-cp X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-Wv. 1963 ¬ hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-® aq-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø50

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw I¿-°v {_n-´-\n¬ H-cp ss{S-_yq-W¬ Hm-^v F≥-Iz-b-dn P-bn¬-in-£ hn-[n°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn-h-cw \¬-In-b Bƒ-X-s∂ X-s‚ t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv sIm-≠v H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v P-bn-en¬ t]m-tI-≠n-h-∂n-√. \o-Xn \-S∏m-hp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv ap-Jy-e-£y-sa-∂pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ A-h-Im-iØn-\v A-Xn-\v Np-h-sS am-{X-ta ÿm-\-ap-≈q F-∂pw tIm-S-Xn D-d-∏n-®p-]-d™p. F-∂m¬ ]n-∂o-Sv 1981¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn¬ h-cp-Øn-b t`-ZK-Xn-bn-eq-sS ,\o-Xn-\n¿-h-l-Ww, tZ-io-b-kp-c-£, Ip-‰-Ir-Xyw X-S-b¬, \n-ba-]m-e-\w F-∂o Im-cy-ßƒ-°v A-Xym-h-iy-am-bn tIm-S-Xn-°v tXm-∂p-tºm-g√m-sX, H-cp {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ h-∂ hn-h-c-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-SpØm≥ B-tc-bpw \n¿-_-‘n-®p-Iq-Sm F-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. ]-t£, G-Xv tI- n-em-Wv C-∏-d-™-sXm-∂pw C-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I? H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Im-hIm-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv {]-[m-\-am-sW-¶n-epw \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS {]tbm-P-\w Im-cy-am-bm¿-°pw e-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. A-ta-cn-°-bn-¬ 1969¬ l-jo-jv hn¬-∏-\-°m-sc Ip-dn-®v dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-X 28Im-c-\m-b t]mƒ {_m≥-kv-_¿-Kn-s\ Iu-≠n Un-kv-{Sn-Œv A-t‰m¿-Wn hn-fn®p-h-cp-Øn. c-≠v l-jo-jv hn¬-∏-\-°m-tcm-sSm-∏w Ip-sd \mƒ sN-e-h-gn-®mWv P¿-W-en-kw hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-b {_m≥-kv-_¿-Kv B dn-t∏m¿-´v F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ hn¬-∏-\-°m-cp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ a-d-®p-sh-®n-cp-∂p. tIm-S-Xn l-jojv hn¬-∏-\-°m--cp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´p. hn-k-Ω-Xn-®Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v A-t±-l-sØ in-£n-®p. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn h-sc t]m-b Cu tI- n¬ dn-t∏m¿-´¿-°v c-£ In-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X¥y-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-em-Wv Cu A-h-Im-iw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ tNm-Zn-°p-∂-sX¶n¬ F-√m- ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw C-Xv A-h-Im-i-s∏-´p-Iq-tS F-∂v Cu tI- n¬ tIm-S-Xn -tNm-Zn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. t]mƒ {_m≥-kv-_¿-Kv B-dp-am-kw X-S-hn-\v in-£n-°-s∏-´p. an-jn-K¨ K-h¿-W¿ A-t±-l-sØ ]n-Sn-®v \m-Sv I-S-Øm≥ Iq-´m-°m-™-Xv sIm-≠v in-£ \-S-∏m-bn-s√-∂-Xv th-sd Im-cyw.am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-s∂ hm-Zn-bp-sS-bpw {]-Xn-bp-sS-bpw ]-£-Øv \n-∂ H-cp tI-kv {_n-´-\n-eq-≠m-b-Xv \n-b-a-hr-Ø-ß-fn-epw G-sd {i-≤n-°-s∏-´-XmWv. {_n-ń-jv t{_m-Uv-Im-Ãn-ßv tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ Hm-ô-kn-se H-cp Po-h-\-°mc≥ ÿm-]-\-Øn-se C-cp-\q-‰-º-tXm-fw c-l-ky-tc-J-Iƒ {K-\-U sS-en-hn-j\v tNm¿-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. Cu tI- n¬ H-Sp-hn¬ D-≠m-b hn-[n, tc-J-Iƒ tNm¿-Øn-Ø-∂ B-fp-sS t]-cv {K-\-U sS-en-hn-j≥ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww F∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 'hm¿-Ø-bp-sS, hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS kz-X-{¥-am-b H-gp-°v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Xo¿-®-bm-bpw k-aq-l-Øn-\v Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≠v. ]-s£ , F-√m-kw-`-h-ß-fn-epw C-Xv H-tc tXm-Xn¬ D-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. G-Xv tI n¬ c-l-kyw kq-£n-°-Ww, G-Xn¬ th-≠ F-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xv tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv'- {_n-ń-jv \n-b-a-⁄-\m-b hn¬-_¿-t^m-gv-kv {]-`p C-Xn-s\-

Ip-dn-®v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-p. A-Xy-km-[m-c-W-tI- p-I-fn¬ am-{X-ta hn-h-cw- \¬In-b-h-cp-sS t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf \n¿-_-‘n-°m-hq F-∂-Xm-Wv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-k-a-\z-bw.-

A-Xpw kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-Kw hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-°-s∏-´ tI- p-I-fn-se hn-[n-Isf-Sp-Øp ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hy-‡-am-Ip-∂ H-cp Im-cyw, ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v th-≠n \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-h¿-°v B-izm-k-I-c-am-Wv. hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-ØWw F-∂ \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-Ø P-Uv-Pn-am-cpw H-cp Im-cy-Øn¬ G-Im-`n-{]m-b-°mcm-Wv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw ]-{X-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-Kw X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv B \n-e-]m-Sv. hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏Sp-Øm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-°-s∏-´m-epw hn-h-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ D-]-{Z-hn-°-s∏-´p-Iq-Sm. C-sX-√m-am-sW-¶n-epw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ 1983\v ti-jw am-{Xw B-dp- k-µ¿-`ß-fn¬ hm¿-Ø-bp-sS D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-®-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ P-bn-en-e-S-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ A-h-Im-iØn-\-√, k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬-∏-cy-Øn-\m-Wv ]-c-a-{]m-[m-\yw \¬-tI-≠-Xv F-∂m-Wv Cu tI- p-I-fn-se-√m-ap-≠m-b \n-K-a-\w. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw kºq¿-W-a-√ F-∂¿-∞w. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ap-∏-Xn-te-sd kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 'jo¬-Uv tem' F-∂v hn-fn°p-∂ \n-b-a-ßƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ dnt∏m¿-´p-Iƒ-°m-[m-c-am-b hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-h¿-°v D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-SpØm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-h-Im-iw \¬-Ip-∂ \n-b-a-sØ-bm-Wv jo¬-Uv tem F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ te-J-I-sc \n¿-_-‘n-°-cp-sX-∂v Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ H-cp D-]m-[n-bpw Iq-Sm-sX-X-s∂ \n-b-aw A-\p-im-kn°p-∂p-≠v. A-ta-cn-°≥ \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ Kn¬-Uv C-Xv kw-_-‘n-® Ir-Xy-am-b N-´w D-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. H-cp km-l-N-cy-Øn-epw H-cp tIm-S-Xn ap-ºm-sI-bpw hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-Sw kw-_-‘n-® Im-cy-ßƒ te-J-I-tcm ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-tcm shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-°q-sS-∂-Xm-Wv Cu N-´w.F-∂m¬ A-ta-cn-°≥ tIm¨-{K-kv C-Ø-cw \n-b-a-sam-∂pw ]m- m-°n-bn-ń√m-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v s^-U-d¬ tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ h-cp-∂ tI- p-I-fn-sem-∂pw ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°p-∂n-√. s^-U-d¬ \n-b-a-Øn-epw C-Ø-csam-cp hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-°-W-sa-∂ B-h-iyw i-‡-am-bn D-∂-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. ]-e-hn-[- sX-fn-sh-Sp-∏p-I-fpw N¿-®-I-fp-sam-s° \-S-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw \n52

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v C-Xp-h-sc tIm¨-{K-kv X--bm-dm-bn-´n-√.\n-b-a-Øn-t‚-X-s√-¶n¬ am-[y-a-[m¿-an-I-X-bp-tS-Xm-b H-cp {]-iv-\w Pq-Un-Xv an-√-dp-sS P-bn¬-hm-k- hn-hm-Z-Øn¬ D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. F-¥m-Wv D-d-hnSw kw-_-‘n-® ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Im-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚ B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b e-£yw? ]-{X-Øn-\v [m-cm-fw \-√ hm¿-Ø-Iƒ In-´p-I-bpw A-h-bp-sS {]-Nm-cw Iq-´pI-bp-am-tWm? tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Xm-°-fpw sX-fn-hp-\n-b-a-hpw tImS-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-hp-sam-s° D-Zm-c-am-°p-∂-Xv k-aq-l-Øn-\v- Kp-W-I-c-am-b, A-Xn-s‚ D-Ø-a-Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂- hn-h-c-ß-fpw hm¿-Ø-I-fpw {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ ku-I-cy-Øn-\v th-≠n-bm-Wv. Pp-Un-Xv an-√-dpw k-ltIm-f-an-Ãpw sN-bv-X-sX-¥m-Wv ? Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b H-cp tZ-io-b-{]-iv-\-Øn¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xn-sc hn-a¿-i-\w D-∂-bn-® s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ P-\-a-[yØn¬ I-cn-tX-®p-Im-Wn-°m-\pw `-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS Kq-V-e-£yw km-[n-∏n-®psIm-Sp-°m-\pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-{¥yw Zp-cp-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p A-h¿. A-gn-a-Xn-bpw cm-Py-t{Zm-l-hpw Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fpw Xp-d-∂p-Im-´m≥ k-∂-≤-\m-hp-∂ km-[m-c-W-]u-c-s\ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-b-a-hpw XØz-hpw A-Ø-cw ]u-c-∑m-sc D-]-{Z-hn-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-Wv C-h¿ sN-bv-X-Xv. C-Xn-s\ tNm-Zyw sN-øp-I-b-t√ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn¬ hn-iz-kn°p-∂-h¿ sN-tø-≠-Xv ? Nn-e am-[y-a-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Cu {]-iv-\w D-∂-bn-s®¶n-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-tcm ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfm, hm¿-Ø-sb Kp-W-]-c-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Øn \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°m≥ X-øm-dm-bn-√.C-sXm-cp H-‰-s∏-´ kw-`-h-a-√. 2006 ¬ X-s∂ `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ D-]-I-c-W-ambn {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ th-≠n am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ am-[y-a-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ku-I-cy-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-® a-s‰m-cp-kw-`-h-hp-ap-≠m-bn. tUm. sh≥ tlm eo F-s∂m-cp im-kv-{X-⁄-s\-Xn-sc ssN-\-bv-°v B-W-h-c-l-kyw tNm¿-Øns°m-Sp-Øp-sh-∂ B-tcm-]-Ww D-∂-bn-®-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cm-Wv. b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ C-Xv H-cp kn.-sF.-F ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. im-kv-{X-⁄-s\-Xn-sc hn-h-cw X-∂-Xv kn.-sF.-F-°m-cm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv H-gn-hm-°m-\m-Wv Chn-sS ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ h-en-b X-Øz-ßƒ D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xv. c-≠v kw-`-h-ß-fn-epw tIm-em-l-e-ßƒ D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw C-sXm-∂pw Im-cy-am-sb-Sp-Øn-s√-∂-Xv \-√ kq-N-\-I-f-√ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv. 1969˛71 Im-e-Øv t\-c-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-® t]mƒ {_m≥-Uv-_¿-Kv tI-kv D-≠m-b-t∏mƒ C-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√ A-h-ÿ-sb-∂v \n-co£-I¿ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p. {_m≥-Uv-_¿-Kv P-bn-en-e-S-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ D-≠m-b sR-´-epw hn-Im-c-hp-sam-∂pw C-t∏m-gn-√. A-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w k-aq-l-Øns‚ \-∑ D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂ H-cp cm-{„-tk-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p, C-∂-Xv sh-dpw hm-Wn-Py-{]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. P-\-ß-fp-sS a-t\m-`m-hw Cu Xn-cn-®-dn-b53

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw en-s\m-Øv am-dp-∂-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-an-√.

C-¥y-bn-se \n-e C-¥y-bn-se \n-e Iq-Sn t\m-°mw. 1872se sX-fn-hp-\n-b-a-am-W-t√m tIm-S-Xnhn-Nm-c-W-I-fn¬ A-h-ew-_n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. G-sX-¶n-epw tNm-Zy-Øn-\v a-dp-]Sn ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ H-cp h-Ip-∏pw \n-ba-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn B-cpw ]-d-™n-´n-√. D-≈-S-°-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-SpØm-≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ Iq-´m-°m-Xn-cp-∂ Nn-e tI- p-Iƒ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v ap-ºv D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. C-Ø-cw tI- p-I-fn¬ ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yØn-\v in-£n-°-s∏-´n-t´ D-≈q. kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw ]u-cm-h-Im-i-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw \nb-a-{]-iv-\-ß-fn-¬ ]T-\w \-S-Øn-b-h-cpw Hu-tZym-Kn-I- I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fp-sa-√mw D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ t`-ZK-Xn \n-b-a-Øn¬ h-cp-Ø-W-sa-∂ B-h-iy-sØ Ip-dn-®v N¿-® \-S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. tem-I-Ωo-j≥ X-Øz-Øn¬ C-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-I-X Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xv PUv-Pn-bp-sS hn-th-N-\-Øn-\v hn-´p-sIm-≠p-≈ t`-Z-K-Xn sX-fn-hp-\n-b-a-Øn¬ sIm-≠p-h-c-W-sa-∂ tem I-Ωo-j-s‚ ip-]m¿-i \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v. A-tX k-a-b-w, G-Xv km-l-N-cy-Øn-epw Cu A-h-Im-iw D-≠m-I-W-sa-∂v hm-Zn-®pIq-sS-∂v c-≠mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-In-bn-´p-ap-≠v. G-Xv ÿm-]-\-tØm-Spw tc-J-Iƒ lm-P-cm-°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. F-∂m¬, {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm A-√m-ØtXm B-b H-cp hm¿-Ø-bp-tS-bpw D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]-{Xw, hm¿Øm-G-P≥-kn, ]-{Xm-[n-]¿, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ F-∂n-h-sc \n¿-_-‘n-®p-Iq-S . C-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-_-‘-\ C-¥y≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ B-Iv-‰n-s‚ {]-tXy-IX-bm-sW-∂v {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-I-sf Ip-dn-®v K-th-j-Ww \-S-Øn-bn-´p-≈ tUm.-sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p (t^m¿-_n-V≥ tkm¨-kv). hnh-c-ß-fp-sS kz-X-{¥-am-b {]-hm-lw s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈ Im-cy-am-sW-∂pw A-Xp sIm-≠p-X-s∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m-\pw hn-h-cØn-s‚ D-d-hn-Sw a-d-®p-sh-°m-\pw D-≈ A-h-Im-i-w hym-]-I-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-s≠-∂p-ap-≈ \n¿-t±-iw {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ap-t∂m-´v sh-°p-Ibp-≠m-sb-¶n-epw A-Xv \-S-∏n-em-bn-s√-∂v \n-b-a-]-fin-X≥ Iq-Sn-bm-b tImf-an-Ãv F.-Pn.-\q-dm-\n Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p. (tkm-gv-k-kv B‚ v ssd-‰v-kv-˛-{^-≠vsse≥ 1996 P-\-h-cn 12) A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw {_n-´-\n-ep-sa-√m-ap-≠m-b kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fp-sS ]-›m54

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Ø-e-Øn¬, tem-I-Ωo-j≥ A-Xn-s‚ 93mw dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ C-¥y≥ sX-fn-hp-\nb-a-Øn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn \n¿-t±-in-°p-I-bq-≠m-bn. 'hn-h-cw X-∂ B-sf Ip-dn-®p≈ hn-h-cw c-l-ky-am-°n-sh-°mw F-∂ D-d-∏n-em-Wv hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-®-sX¶n¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´ Im-cy-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ te-J-Is\/ ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc \n¿-_-‘n-®p-Iq-sS-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn-bm-Wv sI.-sI.-am-Xyq A-[y-£-\m-bp-≈ tem I-Ωo-j≥ 1983¬ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-XXv. 1983¬ X-s∂ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en¬ \n-∂v H-cp tI- n-ep-≠m-b hn-[n-bpw F.-Pn.-\q-dm-\n ta¬ D-≤-cn-® te-J-\-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. H-cp {]-kn≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ X-s‚ t]-cn¬ h-∂ I-Øv X-t‚-X-s√-∂v H-cmƒ ]-cm-Xn-s∏´-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v, I-Øn-s‚ A- ¬ lm-P-cm-°m≥ _-‘-s∏-´ D-tZym-Kÿ≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-tcm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-´p. D-tZym-K-ÿ-\v A-ß-s\ sN-øm≥ Ah-Im-i-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p {]-kv-Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ hn-[n. C-sX-√m-am-bn-´pw C-¥y-bn-se C-t∏m-g-sØ \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-\v hm¿-Øm-D-d-hn-Sw c-l-ky-am-°n-sh-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-h-b-√. hm¿Øm D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n-∂v am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc ]q¿-W-ambn H-gn-hm-°-W-sa-∂-√, C-°m-cy-Øn¬ hn-th-N-\-_p-≤n-tbm-sS Xo-cp-am-\sa-Sp-°m≥ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v A-h-k-cw \¬-I-W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv B-h-iyw. F¥pw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tNm-Zyw sN-øm-sa-∂pw D-d-hn-Sw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Iq-´m°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ te-J-I-s\ in-£n-°m-sa-∂pw h-∂m¬ kz-X-{¥-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-sØ A-Xv X-I¿-°p-I X-s∂ sN-øpw. `-c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw H-cp-]m-Sv kzm-X-{¥y-ß-fp-sS H-cp k-am-lm-c-am-Wv. A-`n{]m-bw ]-d-bm≥ k-aq-l-Øn-\v e-`y-am-b am-[y-a-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ hn-h-c-ßƒ A-dn-bWw. A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw A-ß-s\ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-Ip-∂p. hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-Ip-∂p. hn-h-cw ti-J-cn-°W-sa-¶n¬ c-l-ky-hn-h-c-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw \¬-Im-\pw A-Xn-s‚ t]cn¬ ]o-Un-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p-ap-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw ]u-c-\v e-`y-am-I-Ww. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS D-d-hn-Sw c-l-ky-am-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw C-Xn¬ \n-∂v D-¤hn-°p-∂p.D-d-hn-S-Øn¬ \n-∂v In-ń-b k-Xy-a-√m-Ø hm¿-Ø-{]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I h-gn h-©n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ B D-d-hn-S-Øn-s‚ t]-cv sh-fn-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xv sX-t‰m ? tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≠m-b H-cp tI- n¬ Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b Cu ss\-Xn-I-{]-iv-\w D-b¿-∂p-h-∂p. a-{¥n- sI.-hn.-tXm-a-kv l-hm-e-∏-Ww ssI∏-‰n-b-Xv t]m-eo-kv A-t\z-jn-°p-∂p F-∂v tI-c-f-Øn-se H-cp sS-en-hn-j≥ Nm-\-¬ 2002 ¬ hm¿-Ø kw-t{]-j-Ww sN-bv-Xp. a-{¥n-s°-Xn-sc A-t\z-jW-am-cw-`n-°m≥ t]m-eo-kv sF.-Pn. \n¿-t±-iw \¬-In-sb-∂v sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-

Xn-\p-≈ k¿-°p-e-dpw Nm-\-en¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. A-sXm-cp hym-P-tc-Jbm-sW-∂v t]m-eo-kv hm-Zn-®p. sF.-Pn.-bp-sS k¿-°p-e¿ B-sW-∂v ]-d-™v H-cp tc-J X-ß-sf G¬-∏n-®Xv `-c-W-I-£n-bn-se H-cp Fw.-F¬.-F B-sW-∂v hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® Nm-\¬ t]m-eo-kn-\v sam-gn \¬-In. C-Xv D-d-hn-S-sØ kw-c-£n-°p-I- F-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-[¿-a-Øn-s‚ ew-L-\-a-t√ F-∂- tNm-Zy-am-Wv am-[y-a-cw-K-Øv D-b¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv. i-cn-bm-b tc-J-bm-Wv F-∂ hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn-em-Wv X-ßƒ A-Xv Fw.-F¬.-F.-bn¬ \n-∂v kzo-I-cn-®-Xv F-∂m-Wv Nm\¬ hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xn-s‚ A¿-Yw Nm-\-en-\v A-Xn-s‚ tc-J-bp-sS \n-Pÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v D-d-s∏m-∂p-an-√ F-∂m-Wv. hm-¿-Øm-D-d-hn-Sw X-ß-sf N-Xn°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂v tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ hm¿-Ø-bp-sS D-d-hn-S-sØ kwc-£n-°m-\p-≈ _m-[y-X-sbm-∂pw am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. D-d-hnS-Øn¬ \n-∂v e-`n-°p-∂ tc-J-bp-sS B-[n-Im-cn-X ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ am-[y-a{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw ÿm-]-\-hpw _m-[y-ÿ-am-sW-∂ ]mT-am-Wv Cu kw-`-hØn¬ \n-∂v ]Tn-°m-\p-≈-Xv.-

sh-≈w tN¿-°p-∂p A-ta-cn-° t]m-ep-≈ hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]m-epw, ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Iƒ {]Xn-Iq-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ t^m¿-Xv F-tÃ-‰n-s\ _-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ sh-≈w tN¿-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-aw CØ-c-sam-cp ò-j-Wn-sb t\-cn-Sp-I-bm-Wv ]-e hn-I-kn-X -cm-Py-ß-fn-epw. ò-Ic-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ Ip-dn-®p-≈ B-i-¶-I-fm-Wv A-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. Ip-sd°m-e-am-bn ò-I-c-ò-j-Wn t\-cn-Sp-∂ C-¥y-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v lm\n-I-c-am-b \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-ßƒ C-S-°n-sS D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. 1998˛2003 Im-eØv \-S-∏n-em-°-n-b ò-I-c-hn-cp-≤-\n-b-a- (t]m-´) Øn-se H-cp h-Ip-∏n-s\ sNm√n D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ hn-hm-Zw Hm¿--t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´v In-´p-∂ F-¥v hn-h-c-hpw A-t∏m-g-t∏mƒ {I-a-k-am-[m-\-Np-a-X-e h-ln°p-∂-h-sc A-dn-bn-°-Ww. A-dn-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-b Ip-‰-amWv F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ. C-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°pw _m-[I-am-bn-cp-∂p. am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ t]m-eo-kn-s‚ Nm-c-∑m-cm-°n-am-‰m-\p-≈ `-c-W-Iq-S-X-{¥-am-bn C-Xv hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-´p. c-l-ky-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-I F∂-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b _m-[y-X-bm-W-v. km-aq-l-tØm-Sv _m-[y-X-bp-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v G-Xv hn-h-cw F-t∏mƒ t]m-eo-kn-\v ssIam-d-Ww F-∂v \-∂m-b-dn-bmw. C-Xn-\v \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°n-bm¬ {]-Xn-Iq-e-km-lN-cy-Øn¬ tPm-en-sN-øp-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v hn-h-c-ßƒ- ti-J-cn-°m-\pw A-Xv c-l-ky-am-°n-sh-°m-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-i-am-Wv C-√m-Xm-hp-I-. C-Xv `-cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv \n-b-a-Øn¬ \n-∂v A-Xv \o56

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw °w sN-ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. \n-b-aw X-s∂ ]n-∂o-Sn-√m-Xm-sb-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp Im-cyw. H-cp- ò-I-c-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ X-s‚ A-`n-`m-j-I-\v ssI-am-dp-∂ c-l-ky-hn-h-cw t]m-eo-kn-\v A-t∏mƒ X-s∂ ssI-am-d-W-sa-∂v Cu \n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂n-√. A-`n-`m-j-I¿-°v Nn-e A-h-Im-i-ßƒ \¬-tI-≠-Xv \n-b-ahy-h-ÿ-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w ap-t∂m-´v sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ-°-dn-bmw. th-sd ]-e cw-K-ß-fn-epw C-ß-s\ ]-e hn-`mK-ß-sf-bpw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-°m-dp-≠v. Ip-º m-c-°q-ń¬ h-∂v sIm-e-bm-fn Ip-º- -cn-®n-cp-∂p-thm F-∂v tIm-S-Xn ]ptcm-ln-X-s\ hn-fn-®p-tNm-Zn-°m-dn-√. tUm-Iv-‰-sd km-£n-°q-ń¬ \n¿-Øn Ip‰-hm-fn-bm-b a-t\m-tcm-Kn F-s¥-√m-am-Wv G-‰p-]-d-™-sX-∂v tIm-S-Xn tNm-Zn°m-dn-√. A-`n-`m-j-I-\pw ]p-tcm-ln-X-\pw ssh-Zy-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-iw t]mepw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰n-\n-t√ ? ---

4 kz-Im-cyw hm¿-Ø-bm-Ip-tºmƒ F¨-]-Xp-I-fp-sS A-h-km-\-tØm-S-bm-Wv tI-c-f-Øn¬ F-bv-Uv-kv tcm-Kw h∂p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. B-Zyw F-bv-Uv-kv tcm-K-w ]n-Sn-s]-´ a-e-bm-fn B-cv F-∂-dnbn-√. B \n¿-`m-Ky-hm≥ C-∂v Po-hn-®n-cn-°m-\n-S-bn-√. tI-c-f-Øn-se B-ZysØ F-bv-Uv-kv tcm-Kn F-∂v ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-bn¬ ap-{Z-b-Sn-°-s∏-´ -Bƒ tI-cf-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw D-t≠m F-∂p-a-dn-bn-√. C-Xv c-≠pw c-≠p-t]-cm-bn-cp∂p. Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw k¿-°m¿ B-kv-]-{Xn-bn-se -H-‰-s∏-´ hm¿-Un¬ H-cp Fbv-Uv-kv tcm-Kn-sb ]m¿-∏n-®n-´p-≠v F-∂ ]-{X-hm¿-Ø- h-en-b tIm-fn-f-°w Xs∂-bm-Wv kr-„n-®-Xv. tcm-Kn-bp-sS h-en-b t^m-t´m-tbm-sS ]-{X-Øn-s‚ H∂mw t]-Pn¬ h≥-{]m-[m-\y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.am-Xr-`q-an ]-{X-Øn¬ h-∂ sR-´n-°p-∂ kv-Iq-∏n-s\ Ip-dn-®v h-en-b hn-hm-Zw X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn. B-kv-]-{Xn-bn¬ sN-∂v A-\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-sX tcm-Kn-bp-sS t^m-t´m F-Sp-Ø-Xv i-cn-b-s√-∂ hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn. A-Xv sN-dn-b Im-cyw. F-bvUv-kv t]m-sem-cp tcm-Kw ]n-Sn-s]-s´-∂v ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv B hy-‡ntbm-Sv Im-´p-∂ sIm-Spw-{Iq-c-X-b-t√ F-∂v a-s‰m-cp ]-£w. sa-Un-°¬ FØn-Iv-kv A-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xv sX-‰p-X-s∂, c-≠v ]-£-an-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\ -acym-Z-b-\p-k-cn-t®m ? ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\ -a-cym-Z-tbm, A-ß-s\ H-∂p-t≠m F∂v Nn-e¿. sN-dn-b Nn-e N-´-ß-fp-sS ew-L-\-sam-s° D-≠m-Im-sa-¶n-epw ]{Xw sN-bv-X-Xn¬ H-cp sX-‰p-an-s√-∂pw tI-c-f-sØ {K-kn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂ h≥-hn-]-Øn-s\ Ip-dn-®v ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \-¬-Ip-I am-{X-am-Wv ]-{Xw sN-bv-X-sX∂pw hm-Zn-®-h¿- [m-cm-fw. F-®v.-sF.-hn t]m-kn-‰o-hv F-∂v ]-d-™m¬ F-bvUv-kv B-sW-∂v A¿-∞-ap-t≠m F-∂ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b hn-hm-Zw thsd. 58

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

Ip-d-®p-Im-e-Øn-\v ti-jw hn-hm-Z-sa-√mw sI-´-S-ßn. B bp-hm-hn-\v b-Ym¿-YØn¬ tcm-Kw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ F-s∂m-cp hm¿-Ø-bpw ]n-∂o-Sv tI-´p. ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ B kw-`-h-ta a-d-°m-\m-Wv B-{K-ln-®-Xv F-∂v tXm-∂n. H-cp- hy-‡n-bp-sS tcm-Kw A-bm-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X X-s∂-bm-Wv. {]-tXy-In-®v F-bv-Uv-kv t]m-se am-c-I-hpw -sh-dp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-am-b tcm-Kw. F-bv-Uv-kv dnt∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v Xp-S-°-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-b [m-c-W-I-sfm-∂pan-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw ]n-∂o-Sv {]-kv-Iu¨-kn¬ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-SpØp-I-bp-≠m-bn. F-bv-Uv-kpw a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-hpw kw-_-‘n-® B-tKm-f-{]Jym-]-\w 1989¬ D-≠m-bn-´p-ap-≠v. £-b-tcm-K-tam Ip-jvT-tam D-s≠-∂v A-dnb-s∏-Sm≥ C-∂m-cpw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-tb C-√. sN-dp-∏-°m¿-°v £-b-tcm-Kw ]n-Sn-s]-Sp-∂-Xpw A-h¿ A-Im-e-Øn¬ a-cn-°p-∂-Xpw km-[m-c-W-am-b H-cp Im-ew tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-∂v £-b-tcm-Kw h-cp-∂-Xv sR-ń-®n-cp∂p-sh-¶n-epw \m-W-t°-Sm-bn-cp-∂n-√.N-ß-ºp-g Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-bp-sS £-b-tcm-Kw tI-c-fw ap-gp-h-≥ A-dn-™n-cp∂p. Im-e-Øn-\-\-k-cn-®v ap-ey-ß-fpw [m¿-an-I-X-I-fpw am-dpw F-t∂ A-Xv sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p-≈q. £-b-sØ ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw P-bn-®p-I-gn-™ C-°m-eØm-cpw £-b-tcm-Kn-bm-sW-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ C-„-s∏-Sp-I-tb C-√. F-bv-Uvkv tcm-Kn-sb {Iq-c-am-bn H-‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv C-∂v hm¿-Ø-bm-tb-°mw. F∂m¬ C-∂v, H-cmƒ-°v F-bv-Uv-kv ]n-Sn-s]-´p F-∂v -H-cp ]-{X-hpw t^m-t´m kln-Xw hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-√.hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bv-°v hn-e I¬-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ F-®v.-sF.-hn t]m-kn-‰o-hv B-sW-∂v I-s≠-Øn-b hy-‡n-sb Ip-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-sX X-s∂ F-bv-Uv-kv ò-j-Wn tI-c-f-Øn-ep-sa-Øn F-∂v ap-∂dn-bn-∏v \¬-Ip-∂ s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm-am-bn-cp-∂p. at‰-sX-¶n-epw k-aq-l-Øn¬ B-Zy-sØ F-bv-Uv-kv tcm-Kn-sb Cu hn-[w ]-cnN-b-s-∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn tI-´-dn-hn-√. C-t∏m-gpw C-Ø-cw Im-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ am[y-a-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ a-t\m-`m-hw th-≠-{X ]-cn-jv-Ir-X-am-bn-ń-√. s]m-≈-te-‰v B-kv-]-{Xn-bn¬ Nn-In-’-bn¬ I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\n-sS _-em¬-kw-K-Øn-\n-c-bm-b bp-h-Xn-sb sS-en-hn-j≥ Iym-a-d-Iƒ k-Zm s]m-Xn-™p \n¬-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssew-Kn-I-Ip-‰-ßƒ-°n-c-bm-Ip-∂-h-cp-sS t]-cpw t^m-t´m-bpw {]-kn-≤oI-cn-°p-∂-Xv Ip-‰-am-°n-bn-´p-s≠-∂-Xv sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-hpw A-h¿ A-{X-sb¶n-epw sIm-≠v c-£-s∏-ń-cn-°p-I.hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bn-te-°v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ I-S-∂p-sN-√p-∂-Xn-s\

Ip-dn-®p-≈ ]-cm-Xn-I-fpw hn-hm-Z-ß-fpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w D-≠m-b Im-ew apX¬-°v X-s∂ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. F-∂m¬ A-s∂m-∂pw kz-Im-cy-X F∂ k-¶¬-∏w C-{X-tØm-fw hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØIp-dn-®pw hy-‡-am-b [m-c-W-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. hn-Zy-`ym-k-hpw A-dn-hpw km-º-Øn-I-ti-jn-bpw D-b-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v kz-Im-cy-X-sb Ip-dn-®p-≈ [mc-W-Iƒ-°v hy-‡-X Iq-Spw. a-\p-jy¿ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn A-Xv B-h-iy-s∏-Spw

X-\n-®v I-gn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw kz-¥w kz-Im-cy-X-sb Ip-dn-®v hy-‡-am-b [m-c-W-bp-≠mhp-sa-¶n-epw s]m-Xp-hm-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°p-I {]-bm-k-am-Wv. a-\p-jy¿-°v 'X-\n-®v I-gn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw' F-∂v ]-e tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-I-fn-epw kz-Im-cy-X-sb \n¿-h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. 'H-cmƒ In-S-∏-d-bn-em-sW-¶n-epw s]m-Xp-\n-c-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw X-t∂m-sSm-∏w sIm-≠p-\-S-°p-∂ X-t‚-Xm-b H-cn-Sw' F-∂v {K-Ÿ-Im-c\m-b Fw.-tIm-¨-hn-‰v-kv-˛(ss{]-h-kn B‚ v Z tem-˛ F ^n-tem-k-^n-°¬ s{]-ep-Uv) \n¿-h-Nn-®-Xv tPm¨ F _p-jy-\pw t]mƒ sP. se-hn-\pw tN¿∂v {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b C≥-th-j≥ Hm-^v ss{]-h-kn B‚ v Z ao-Un-b F∂ Ir-Xn-bn¬ D-≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v. C-Xv kz-Im-cy-X-bv-°v \¬-Im-hp-∂ G-‰-hpw \√ \n¿-h-N-\-am-bn tXm-∂p-∂p.F-√m a-\p-jy-cpw Cu 'kz-Im-cy-ÿ-e'Øn-\v h-en-b hn-e I¬-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-sf-tbm D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc-tbm am-{X-a-√, G-‰-hpw A-Sp-∏-ap-≈-hsc-t∏m-epw Cu ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv Nn-e-t∏mƒ {]-th-in-∏n-®n-s√-∂p h-cmw. ]pXn-b Im-e-L-´-Øn¬, {]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-bn-´n-√m-Ø- a-°ƒ A-—-\-Ω-am-sct∏m-epw Cu \n-tcm-[n-X-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]-th-in-∏n-°p-∂n-√. F-√m-h-cn¬ \n∂pw a-d-®p-sh-t°-≠ tam-iw Im-cyw F-s¥-¶n-epw D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-h-W-sa∂n-√ C-Xv. kz-Im-cy-X H-cp hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚ A-hn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Ip-∂p. C-Xv ]-d-bp-tºmƒ-X-s∂, F-√m a-\p-jy¿-°pw a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bn¬ Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-s≠-∂ Im-cyw hn-kv-a-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. hy-‡n-Iƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xv G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™p-an-cn-°pw. {]-i-kv-X-cm-b hy-‡n-I-fp-sS F-√m kz-Im-cyhpw A-dn-bm≥ B-fp-Iƒ-°v h-en-b Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw, A-]-cn-Nn-X-cp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-Xv \-s∂ Ip-d-bpw. C-Xm-Wv am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ hy-‡n-bpsS kz-Im-cy-X-bn-te-°v I-S-∂p-I-b-dp-∂-Xn-s‚ tXm-Xv \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂ am-\Z-fiw. hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ H-cp Im-cyw A-h-K-Wn-°m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v km[y-am-hn-√. F-∂m¬ C-h ]-e-Xpw kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv s]-Sp-∂h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. kz-Im-cy-X-bn-te-°v F-{X-tØm-fw I-S-°mw F-∂-Xn-\v Ir60

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Xy-am-b ]-cn-[n-Iƒ \n-b-a-tam ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Is]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-I-tfm \n-›-bn-®n-ń-√. \n-›-bn-® ]-cn-[n-I-sf Ip-dn-®p-X-s∂ ]-e-t∏m-gpw G-Im-`n{]m-b-ap-≠m-In-√. hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m-\y-w G-dp-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-k-cn-®v ]-cn-[n-ewL-\-hpw G-dpw. C-Xv kw-L¿-j-Øn-\pw Nn-e-t∏m-sg-√mw \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw h-gn-sbm-cp-°pw.kz-Im-cy-X-sb Ip-dn-®v `-c-W-L-S-\-I-fn¬ ]-d-™n-ń-√m-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v A-Xv {]-[m-\-a-√ F-∂v I-cp-Xm-\m-hn-√. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚-bpw hy-‡n-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚-bpw `m-K-am-Wv kz-Im-cy-X-°p-≈ A-h-Im-i-sa-∂v P-\m-[n-]-Xycm-Py-ß-fn-se-√mw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS ew-L-\w ]ucm-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-am-Wv. {I-a-k-am-[m-\-]m-e-\-Øn-s‚-bpw Iq-‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ XS-bp-∂-Xn-s‚-bpw `m-K-am-bn kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv X-S-bm≥ ]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-epw \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. F-∂m¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn kz-Im-cy-X- ew-Ln-°p-∂-Xv X-S-bm≥ {]-[m-\-s∏-´ cmPy-ß-fn-sem-∂pw {]-tXy-Iw \n-b-a-ß-fn-Xp-h-sc D-≠m-bn-ń-√.kz-Im-cy-X-tbm-f-tam A-Xn-t\-°mƒ {]-[m-\-tam B-b A-h-Im-i-am-Wv A-`n{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v kz-Im-cy-Xm-h-Im-iw kw-c-£n-°p-I F-fp∏-a-√. kz-Im-cy-X-°p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw X-Ωn-em-Wv kw-L¿-j-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw th-≠n-bp-≈ bq-tdm-]y≥ {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ au-en-Im-h-Imi-ß-fm-Wv c-≠pw. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. K-h-s◊‚p-Iƒ-°v F-¥p-hn-e sIm-Sp-Øpw A-`n-{]mb-kzm-X-{¥yw kw-c-£n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-sØ-Ip-dn-®p-≈ ]cm-Xn-bp-sS ]-cn-l-m-c-Øn-\v kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ am-[y-a-kzm-X-{¥yØn-s‚ ew-L-\-am-Im-sX t\m-t°-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw B-fp-Ifp-sS A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw F-hn-sS A-h-km-\n-°p-∂p, kz-Im-cy-X-bv°p-≈ A-h-Im-iw F-hn-sS B-cw-`n-°p-∂p F-∂-Xv Hm-tcm k-µ¿-`-Øn-epw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Ip-∂p.kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS \n-b-a-]-c-am-b kw-c-£-W-Øn¬ G-sd ap-t∂m-´v t]m-bn-´p≈ cm-{„-am-Wv A-ta-cn-°. ]-sØm-º-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\-Øn¬ c≠v A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-b-a-⁄-cm-Wv Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ h-en-b kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ sN-bv-X-Xv. km-ap-h¬ hm-d-\pw k-lm-bn eq-bn-kv {_m≥-Uo-kpw B-Wv Ch¿. a-cym-Z-bp-sS-bpw Hu-Nn-Xy-Øn-s‚-bpw hy-‡-am-b ]-cn-[n-Iƒ ]-{X-ßƒ F-√m cw-K-Øpw ew-Ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv F-∂v 1890¬ hm-d≥ ]-cmXn-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. km-aq-ly-{]-h¿-Ø-I-bm-b `m-cy-bp-sS ku-lr-Z-ß-sf Ip-dn-®pw A-h¿ \-S-Øn-b ]m¿-ń-I-sf Ip-dn-®pw a-™-∏-{X-]-I-w-Xn-I-fn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ A-]-hm-Z-ß-fm-Wv A-t±-l-sØ {]-tIm-]n-∏n-®-sX-∂v I-cp61

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Xp-∂-p. F-¥m-bm-epw kz-Im-cy-X-sb \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-epw B A-h-Im-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-bpw {_m≥-Uo-kns‚-bpw kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ h-ep-Xm-Wv. C-cp-h-cpw tN¿-s∂-gp-Xn-b 'Z ssd-‰v Sp ss{]-h-kn' F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS X-Øz-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. am-[y-a-ß-sf ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-dp-Øm≥ ]-cn-{i-an-® A-h-km-\-sØ \n-b-a⁄-c-√ C-h¿. A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-b-a-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ D-S-\o-fw \n-c-h-[n ]-cn-{i-aß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. C-Xn-s‚-sb-√mw ^-e-am-bn a-‰p- cm-Py-ß-fn-en-√m-Ø kw-c£-Ww kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-ap-≠v. am-[y-aß-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-tfm-Sv bp.-F-kv. tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS k-ao-]-\w k-ln-jv-Wp-Xm-]-c-a-√m-Xm-bn-´p-s≠-∂v \n-co-£-I¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p.-

Nn-e am-\-Z-fi-ßƒ c-≠v Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.1. hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-tam {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-tam hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-X kwcw-£n-°p-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-X-Øz-ßƒ ew-Ln-®n-´p-t≠m? 2. km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn A-h ew-Ln-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-¶n¬-Ø-s∂, `-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-°-IØv A-Xv h-cp-∂p-t≠m ? \m-ep X-c-Øn-ep-≈ kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-fm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ s]m-Xpsh \n-co-£n-°p-∂-Xv.1.- hy-‡n-bp-sS G-Im-¥-X-bpw kz-ÿ-X-bpw C-√m-Xm-°p-I.2.- hy-‡n-bp-sS t]-tcm B-Im-c-Øn-se km-Zr-iy-tam Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I 3.- kz-Im-cy-am-b hn-h-c-ß-fpw h-kv-Xp-X-I-fpw s]m-Xp-hm-bn sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn hy-‡n-°v A-º-c-∏p-≠m-°p-I 4. hy-‡n-sb tam-i-°m-c-\m-°n Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ ]-c-ky-s∏-SpØp-I C-h A-ta-cn-°≥ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ F-ß-s\ Im-Wp-∂p F-∂p Iq-Sn t\m-°mw.kz-¥w ho-Sm-Wv kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ C-Sw. ho-ń-se kz-Im-cyX-bp-sS ew-L-\-tØm-Sv H-´pw Im-cp-Wyw tIm-S-Xn Im-Wn-°m-dn-√. Xm-a-k°m-c-s‚ A-\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-sX ho-ń-\-I-Øv I-b-dp-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-b Ip-‰Ir-Xyw X-s∂-bm-Wv. am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Wv A-Xn-{I-an-®v I-S-°p-∂-sX-∂62

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-{¥y-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. im-co-cn-I-am-bn A-Xn-{I-an-®p-I-b-dm-sX P-\¬ h-gn A-I-Øv \n-co-£n-°p-I, A-I-Øv \-S-°p∂ kw-`m-j-Ww tS-∏v sN-øp-I, sS-en-t^m-t´m se≥-kv sIm-≠v t^m-t´m FSp-°p-I F-∂n-h-bpw kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-fm-Wv.hy-‡n-bp-sS-tbm A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ h-kv-Xp-h-I-I-fp-sS-tbm t^m-t´m kz-Im-cyÿ-e-Øv sh-®v F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-am-Wv. A-\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-sX kw-`m-j-Ww tS-∏v sN-bv-Xm¬ \-„-]-cn-lm-cw \¬-tI-≠n-h-cpw. t^v-fm-dn-U kw-ÿm-\-Øv C-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-b Ip-‰-am-Wv.hy-‡n-bp-sS t^m-t´m-tbm t]-tcm A-\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-sX hm-Wn-Pym-h-iy-Øn-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-am-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Spw. hy-‡n-bp-sS ssew-Kn-I-am-b Im-cy-ß-fpw _-‘-ß-fpw, kz-Im-cy--I-Øp-I-fpsS D-≈-S-°w, Xo¿-Øpw hy-‡n--K-X-am-b- hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ F-∂n-h F-s¥-¶nepw X-c-Øn¬ hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m-\yw t\-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ A-ew-L-\o-b-ß-fm-b kz-Im-cy-X-I-fm-Wv. sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ k-Xy-am-sW-¶n¬ t]m-epw s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈-h-b-s√-¶n¬ \n-b-a-ew-L-\-am-bn I-W-°m-°pw. D-≤-cWn-Iƒ, hy-‡n-I-fp-sS t^m-t´m-Iƒ F-∂n-h sX-‰m-b ÿ-e-Øpw k-µ¿-`Øn-epw sX-‰m-b co-Xn-bn-epw {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn hy-‡n-sb Ip--dn-®v sX-‰n-≤mc-W-bp-≠-m-°p-∂-Xpw kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS ew-L-\-a-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-I.]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v `-c-W-L-S-\m-kw-c-£-W-ap-≈ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ \n-b-ahn-t[-b-am¿-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-bq-≈ hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\pw `-c-W-L-S-\m-kw-c£-W-ap-≈-Xm-bn I-W-°m-°pw. ]-®-a-cp-∂v, I-fn-a-Æv, Nn-e-bn-\w [m-Xp-°ƒ F-∂n-h sIm-≠v Nn-In-’ \-S-Øp-∂ H-cm-fp-sS ÿm-]-\-Øn-te-°v tcm-Kn-Ifm-bn \-Sn-®v sN-∂v Nn-In-’ c-l-ky-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-® c-≠v- ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-cp-sS \-S-]-Sn in-£m¿-l-am-b kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-am-Wv F-∂m-Wv tIm-SXn hn-[n-®-Xv.bp-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n Hm-^v sa-dn-em‚n-se B-dp _m-kv-I-‰v-t_mƒ I-fn-°m-cp-sS h-f-sc tam-i-am-b ]T-\-\n-e-hm-cw kw-_-‘n-® dn-°m¿-Up-Iƒ Hm-^o-kn¬ \n-∂v ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Øn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® am-K-kn-s\ in-£n-°m≥ tIm-S-Xn Iq-´m-°n-bn-√. am-K-kn≥ F-Un-‰-dn¬ \n-∂v {]-Xn-^-ew hm-ßn tc-J-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-®v- sIm-Sp-Ø Ãp-U‚ v dn-t∏m¿-´¿-am-tc-bpw tIm-S-Xn in-£n-®n-√.F-∂m¬, H-´-\-h-[n tI- p-I-fn¬ D-≠m-bn-´p-≈ hn-[n-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ Nn-{Xw km-[m-c-W-]u-c-\p-≈ \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-I-sf a-dn-I-S-°p-∂ kw-c-£-W-sam∂pw hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-Im-cy-Øn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-

√ F-∂m-Wv. H-cp sIm-e-]m-X-I-cw-K-Øv \n-∂v Bƒ-°q-´-sØ am-‰n-b t]meo-kv kw-`-h-ÿ-e-Øv \n-∂v am-dm≥ Iq-´m-°m-Xn-cp-∂ Sn-hn Iy-m-a-dm-am-s\ A-d-Ãv sN-bv-Xv \o-°n-b-Xv tIm-S-Xn-t°- m-bn. C-Ø-cw k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-P-\-Øn-\v In-´p-∂ kw-c-£-Ww am-{X-ta am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw D-≠m-Iq F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n.-

s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-s-Ø kz-Im-cy-X P-bn-en¬ sh-®v H-cp Ip-‰-hm-fn-bp-sS t^m-t´m A-\p-a-Xn-bn-√m-sX F-Sp-Ø t^m-t´m-{Km-^¿ kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\w \-S-Øn-sb-∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p tImS-Xn-bp-sS \n-co-£-Ww. X-S-hp-Im¿-°pw H-cp ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv kz-Im-cy-X-bps≠-∂v tIm-S-Xn hy-‡-am-°n. F-∂m¬ A-Sn-h-kv-{X-hpw Sn j¿-´pw am-{Xw [-cn-® H-cm-sf t]m-eo-kv A-d-Ãv sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv Sn-.-hn-.-bn-¬ kw-t{]-j-Ww sN-bv-X-Xn-s\-Xn-sc A-d-kv-‰v sN-ø-s∏-´ Bƒ ^-b¬ sN-bvX tI- n¬ hn-[n Sn-.-hn. Iym-a-dm-am-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. I-£n-°p-≠m-b a-\:{]-bm-kw a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n-epw A-d-Ãn-s‚ hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m\yw A-h-K-Wn-®v A-d-Ãv sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-Xm-h-Im-iw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ kw-cw-£n-t°-≠ Im-cy-an-s√-∂v X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n. P-\-ßƒ Im-Wp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv A-d-Ãv D-≠m-bXv. A-Xv ]n-∂o-Sv sS-en-hn-j≥ t{]-£-I¿ Iq-Sn I-s≠-t∂ D-≈q-˛ tIm-S-Xn\n-co-£n-®p.1982 ¬ ^v-tfm-dn-U-bn-ep-≠m-b a-s‰m-cp kw-`-h-Øn¬, `m-cy-sb sI-´n-S-Øn¬ X-S-¶-en-em-°n-b `¿-Øm-hv A-hƒ c-£-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ th-≠n A-h-sf \·-bm-°n. `¿-Øm-hv kz-bw sh-Sn-sh-®-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v H-cp S-h¬ am-{Xw [cn-®v c-£-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ `m-cy-bp-sS t^m-t´m ]-e ]-{X-ß-fpw {]-kn-≤oI-cn-®p. kv-{Xo kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-Øn-\v tI-kv ^-b¬ sN-bv-Xp. A-h-cpsS ho-´n-em-Wv kw-`-hw \-S-∂-sX-¶n-epw hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ kw-`-hw F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ t^m-t´m F-Sp-Ø-Xn-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn-epw sX-‰n-s√-∂ hn-[n-bm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-b-Xv. am-{X-hp-a-√, kw-`-hw P-\-ßƒ I≠p-\n¬-°p-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \-·-Nn-{Xw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv am-[y-a-[m¿-anI-X-s°-Xn-cm-sW-∂ {]-iv-\w ]-e-cpw D-∂-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw tIm-S-Xn AXn-s‚ [m¿-an-I-X-bn-te-°-√, \n-b-a-ew-L-\-ap-t≠m F-∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-te-°v am-{X-am-Wv I-S-∂-Xv. H-cp hm-l-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬ hm-l-\-Øn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn-°n-S∂ -kv-{Xo-bp-sS t^mt´m F-Sp-Ø-Xn¬ tIm-S-Xn sX-‰p-I-≠n-√. F-∂m¬ C-tX kv-{Xo-sb sl-ent°m-]v-‰-dn¬ I-b-‰n B-kv-]-{Xn-bn-te-°v sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ A-Xn-\-IØv I-b-dn t^m-t´m F-Sp-Ø-Xv Xn-I-™ \n-b-a-ew-L-\-am-Wv F-∂v hn-[n D64

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≠m-bn. sl-en-t°m-]v-‰-dn-s‚ tI-_n-\n¬ kv-{Xo-°v {]m-Y-an-I-Nn-In-’ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ Nn-{X-am-Wv F-Sp-Ø-Xv. B-kv-]-{Xn-bn-se i-kv-{X-{In-bm-ap-dn t]mse Cu ap-dn-°pw kz-Im-cy-X-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv tIm-S-Xn Nq-≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv. A-tX-k-a-bw hy-‡n-°v hm¿-Øm-{]m-[m-\yw D-s≠-∂-Xv sIm-≠p-am-{Xw B hy-‡n-sb \n-c-¥-cw ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂-Xpw i-ey-am-Ip-t∂-S-tØm-fw A-Sp-Øv sN∂v k-Zm t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw Ip-‰-I-c-am-Wv. ap≥-{]-kn-U≥v sI-∂-Unbp-sS `m-cy Pm-Izn-en≥ H-\m-kn- n-s\ ]n-¥p-S¿-∂ t^m-t´m-{Km-^¿ K-se-√msb tIm-S-Xn in-£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. (`¿-Øm-hv h-[n-°-s∏-´ ti-jw Pm-Iznen≥ hn-hm-lw sN-bv-X tIm-So-iz-c-s‚ t]-cm-Wv H-\m-kn-kv) A-ta-cn-°≥ \nb-a-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ tI-kv G-sd N¿-® sN-ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. s]m-Xp-{]m-[m-\yw t\-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS H-cw-iw Xy-Pn-t® Xo-cq F-∂v tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. kz-¥w Po-hn-X-t\´-ßƒ sIm-t≠m {]-i-kv-Xn sIm-t≠m Po-hn-X-co-Xn sIm-t≠m sXm-gn¬ sIm-t≠m H-cp hy-‡n-bn¬ P-\-ßƒ-°v Xm¬-]-cyw P-\n-°p-tºmƒ A-t±lw s]m-Xp-hy-‡n-bm-Ip-∂p. A-Ø-cw s]m-Xp-hy-‡n-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-Iƒ H-cp ]-cn-[n h-sc s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS \n-co-£-W-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-Ipw. am-\-\-„-hpw kz-Im-cy-Xm-\-„-hpw ]-e-t∏m-gpw H-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn ImWmw. kz-Im-cy-X-°v t\-sc-bp-≈ ]-e I-S-∂p-I-b-‰-ß-fpw hy-‡n-°v am-\-\„-hpw D-≠m-°m-dp-≠v. ]-e am-\-\-„-ß-tf-bpw kz-Im-cy-Xm-kw-c-£-W-Øn\p-≈ \n-b-a-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v t\-cn-Sm-dp-ap-≠v. H-cp \-S-]-Sn-bn-eq-sS hy-‡n-°v kz-Im-cy-Xm-\-„-hpw am-\-\-„-hpw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-bpw Im-Wmw.-

\n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se ÿm-\w kz-Im-cy-X-bpw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw Xp-ey-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bm-bn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂ {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬ H-∏p-sh-® cm-{„-am-Wv {_n-´≥ F-¶n-epw kzIm-cy-X- C-t∏m-gpw {_n-ó-jv \n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ A¿-l-am-b ÿm-\w t\-Snbn-ń-√. am-\-\-„-Øn-\p-≈ \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-th-Ww {_n-ójv ]u-c-\v kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-sf t\-cn-Sm≥. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ Nn-e Im-cy-ßƒ k-Xy-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ t]m-epw A-h kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-fm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw hy-‡n-°v kw-c-£-Ww \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ A-ta-cn°≥ \n-b-a-co-Xn-bp-sS B-\p-Iq-eyw {_n-ó-jv ]u-c-\v e-`y-am-Ip-∂n-√.kz-Im-cy-X-°p-≈ A-h-Im-iw \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ aq∂p _n-√p-Iƒ {_n-ó-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw A-hsbm-∂pw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. ]-e ]u-cm-h-Im-i-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw A-\p65

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Iq-en-s®-¶n-epw \n-b-a-hn-Z-Kv-≤¿ kz-Im-cy-X kw-cw-£n-°m≥ ]q¿-W-tXm-Xnep-≈ \n-b-aw D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-Sv tbm-Pn-°p-∂n-√. A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥ytØ-bpw A-Xp-h-gn P-\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw A-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-b-aw l\n-t®-°p-sa-∂m-Wv `-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ {_n-´-\v F-t∏m-gpw c-≠v a\- m-Wv. P-\-{]n-b Sm-_v-tfm-bn-Uv ]-{X-ßƒ hy-‡n-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-bv-°v ]p-√p-hn-e t]m-epw I-ev-]n-°p-∂n-√. ]u-c-{]-ap-J-∑m-cp-sS-bpw cm-P-Ip-Spw-_mwK-ß-fp-sS-bpw D-≈-Xpw C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b I-Y-Iƒ h-en-b hm¿-Ø-I-fm-bn \nc-¥-cw {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]m-∏-cm-kn t^m-t´m-{Km-^¿-am¿ {]-i-kv-X-sc kZm th-´-bm-Sp-∂p. kz-Im-cy-Xm-kw-c-£-W-\n-b-aw sIm-≠p-h-c-W-sa-∂v s]mXp-k-`m-k-an-Xn-bp-sS ip-]m¿-i-bv-°v H-cp Z-i-I-Øn-te-sd ]-g-°-ap-≠v.Um-‰ s{]m-´-£≥ B-Iv-‰v, a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw, A-]-Io-¿-Øn-\n-b-aw, tIm-∏n-ssd-‰v \n-b-aw, Un-ssk≥-kv B‚ v ]m-‰‚ v-kv B-Iv-‰v, d-Kp-te-j≥ Hm^v C≥-sh-Ãn-tK-‰-dn ]-th-gv-kv B-Iv-‰v F-∂o \n-b-a-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv {_n-´-\n¬ Iq-sd-sb-¶n-epw kz-Im-cy-X kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xv. kz-Im-cy-X kw-c£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww th-W-sa-∂ B-h-iyw sXm-Æq-dp-I-fn¬ i-‡n-s∏-´-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v H-cp H-Øp-Xo¿-∏v F-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wv {]-kv I-Ωoj≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv. am-[y-a-ßƒ ss{]-h-kn \n-b-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.Cw-Kv-f-≠n-s‚ A-\p-`-hw Im-cy-am-bn-s´-Sp-°m-sX kz-Im-cy-Xm-kw-c-£-W-Øn\p-≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-hp-am-bn ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Ip-∂-Xv A-b¿-e‚n¬ h-en-b hnhm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. "Hm-tcm hy-‡n-°pw kz-Im-cy-am-b H-cp a-fi-ew' D-s≠-∂pw C-Xv ew-Ln-°p-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-bn-cn-°pw F-∂p-am-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ImX¬. s]m-Xp-hy-‡n-I-fp-sS "a-fi-ew' km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ sN-dpXm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p am-{Xw. s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ F-gp-Xm≥ X-S -ap-≠m-hn-s√-∂pw hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\v {]-tXy-I ]-cn-K-W-\ e-`n-°psa-∂p-sa-√mw \ym-bo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶n-epw hn-hm-Zw A-S-ßp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. tIm-S-Xn-hn-Nm-c-W-bn¬ \n-∂v t]m-epw am-[y-a-ß-sf am-‰n-\n¿-Øm-hp-∂ h-Ip∏p-Iƒ \n-b-a-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv h-en-b {]-tIm-]-\-am-b-Xv.

`-c-W-Iq-Sw ssI-I-S-Øp-∂p hy-‡n-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X kw-c-£n-°m≥ \n-b-aw th-W-sa-∂v `-c-W-Iq-SØn¬ \n-∂v B-h-iy-ap-b-cp-tºmƒ, {_n-´-s\ kw-_-‘n-°p-∂ Nn-e \-·-kXy-ßƒ kz-Im-cy-Xm-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v th-≠n {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h¿ Nq-≠n°m-´p-∂p-≠v. `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ hy-‡n-I-fp-sS kz-Im-cy-X-Ifn¬ ssI-I-S-Øp-∂-Xv {_n-´-\n¬ A-Xn-th-Kw s]-cp-Ip-I-bm-Wv. I-Øp-Iƒ, sS-e-t^m¨ kw-`m-j-W-ßƒ, C sa-bn¬ k-tµ-i-ßƒ F-∂n-h tNm¿-Øp66

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ∂-Xn-\v 795 ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v A-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠-∂pw c-≠m-bn-c-Ø-©n-\v tijw ]-Xn-\-©v am-k-°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v 4,39,000 t]-cp-sS kz-Im-cy-k-tµ-ißƒ tNm¿-Øm-\p-≈ \n¿-t±-iw c-l-kym-t\z-j-W-kw-L-S-\-I-fn¬ \n-∂v e`n-®p-sh-∂pw -C-Xn-\v Np-a-X-e-bp-≈ I-Ωyq-Wn-t°-j≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dp-sS dnt∏m¿-ń-ep-≠v.Hm-Iv-kv-t^m¿-Uv bp-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bn¬ K-th-j-I-\pw kz-Im-cy-Xm-kw-cw-£I-\p-am-b B≥-{Uo-kv _p-jn-s‚ tªm-Kn¬ C-Xv kw-_-‘n-® hn-i-Zmw-ißƒ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 4.-39 e-£w t]-cp-sS k-tµ-iw tNm¿-Øp-Isb-∂-Xv {_n-ó-jv N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw Iq-Sn-b kw-Jy-bm-Wv F-∂-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p. ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS ta¬ c-l-kym-t\z-j-Ww \-S-Øp-∂ Im-cy-Øn-epw {_n-´-\n-∂v tem-I-cm-{„-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ ap≥-\n-c-ÿm-\-ap-≠v. {_n-ń-jv C≥^¿-ta-j≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dp-sS dn-t∏m¿-´-\p-k-cn-®v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ {_n-´-s‚ ÿm-\w ssN-\-bp-sS-bpw d-jy-bp-sS-bpw sXm-´p-ap-I-fn-e-s{X. Hm-tcm am-khpw \m¬-∏-Xn-\m-bn-cw hy-‡n-I-fp-sS Un.-F≥.-F km-ºn-fp-Iƒ Hu-tZym-KnI-am-bn ti-J-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bpw sh-fn-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. B-sI ti-J-cw ap-∏-Ø©p e-£w B-bn-°-gn-™p. tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ti-J-c-a-s{X CXv. A-©p-tIm-Sn tcm-Kn-I-sf kw-_-‘n-® k¿-h-hn-h-c-ß-fpw tI-{µo-Ir-X-ambn e-`y-am-°m-\p-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\w th-sd \-S-°p-∂p. 'tem-I-Øn-te-‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ Nm-c-\n-co-£-Ww P-\-ß-fp-sS ta¬ \-S-°p-∂ cm-„-am-Wv {_n-´≥' F-∂v ]-{X-ßƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-Xp. a-s‰-√m bp-tdm-]y≥ cm-{„-ß-fn-epw D-≈Xn-t\-°m-tf-sd c-l-ky-Iym-a-d-Iƒ {_n-´-\n-se s]m-Xp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ P-\-ßsf \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS ta¬ C-{X-bpw h-en-b I-S-∂m-{I-aWw \-S-Øp-∂ `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-ßn-s\ am-[y-a-ßƒ kz-Im-cy-X kw-cw-£n°-W-sa-∂v \n¿-_-‘n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw ? \n-b-a-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw {_n-´-\n¬ \n-∂v h-f-sc-sbm-∂pw hy-Xykv-X-a-√ C-¥y-bn-se ÿn-Xn. hy-‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv kz-Im-cyXm-h-Im-iw F-∂v X-Øz-Øn¬ ]-d-bm-sa-∂-Xp sIm-≠v tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v Nne ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. F-∂m¬, Ir-Xy-am-b \n-b-aw C-√m-ØXv sIm-≠v kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-sf in-£n-°m-t\m ]q¿-W-am-bn X-S-bmt\m I-gn-bn-√. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 21 mw h-Ip-∏v A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂, Po-h-\pw kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-i-Øn¬ kz-Im-cy-X-bv-°p-≈ A-h-Im-i-hpw s]-Sp-sa-∂v kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®n-´p-≠v. F-∂m¬, kz-Im-cy-Xm-h-Im-iw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ _m-[n-°p-t∂-S-tØm-fw hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-®n-´p-an-√. hy-‡n-I-sf Ip-dn-®v s]m-Xp-tc-J-I-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈ hm¿-Ø-Isfm-∂pw kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ß-fm-hn-s√-∂pw tIm-S-Xn \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≠v. A\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ D-]tbm-Kn-®v hn-h-c-ßƒ tNm¿-Øp-∂-Xpw X-S-bm≥ \-S-Øn-b {i-a-hw ]-cm-P-b67

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv .kw-`m-j-Ww tNm¿-Øp-∂-X-v Ip-‰-I-c-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-¥y≥-in-£m-\n-b-aØn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw cm-Py-k-` Aw-Ko-Icn-® _n¬ ]n-∂o-Sv tem-Iv k-`-bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. tem IΩo-j-s‚ ip-]m¿-i {]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p _n¬ X-øm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kz-Im-cyXm-ew-L-\-ß-fn¬ {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\pw B-i-¶ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-sb-¶nepw \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-w ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xn-√.\n-e-hn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p X-s∂ kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v A-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠-∂v {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ ]-e-h-´w Nq-≠n-°m-´p-I-bpw Nn-e \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p≠v. ssew-Kn-Im-Xn-{I-a-ßƒ-°v C-c-bm-hp-∂ kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-bpw Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ßfnƒ sN-∂p s]-Sp-∂ Ip-ń-I-fp-sS-bpw t]-cp-hn-h-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv C¥y-bn¬ \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn X-s∂ X-S-™n-´p-≠v. 1983 ¬ C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-ba-Øn¬ C-Xv kw-_-‘n-® t`-Z-K-Xn Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. s]m-Xp-tc-JIƒ, tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n F-∂n-h-bn-ep-≈ Im-cy-ß-sf-√mw am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ {]-kn≤o-I-cn-°mw F-∂m-Wv s]m-Xp-X-Øz-sa-¶n-epw kz-Im-cy-X-bp-sS t]-cn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-epw \n-b-{¥-W-ß-fp-≈ A-]q¿-hw cm-Py-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv C-¥y. ssew-Kn-I-Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fp-sS hn-Nm-c-W-bn-tem hn-[n-{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-tem ]cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv X-S-™n-´p-≠v. \n-b-a-sØ Ip-dn-®p-≈ [m-c-W-°p-d-thm sk≥-tk-j-\¬ hm¿-Ø-Iƒ-°v th-≠n-bp-≈ a-’-c-tam -Im-c-Ww ]-e-t∏m-gpw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bpw kØ-bpw ew-Ln-°p-∂ kw-`-h-ßƒ D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ Xs∂ ap-ºm-sI h-∂ tI- p-I-fn-¬ G-sd {i-≤n-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv apw-ss_ kvt\-l-k-Z≥ F-∂ in-ip-kw-cw-£-W-ÿm-]-\-Øn-se c-≠v I-\ym-kv-{Xo-I-fpsS sIm-e-]m-X-I-sØ Xp-S¿-∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ. t]m-Ãv tam¿´w dn-t∏m¿-ń-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ F-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v c-≠v ]-{Xßƒ c-≠v I-\ym-kv-{Xo-I-fpw \n-c-¥-cw ssew-Kn-I-_-‘-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw H-cmƒ-°v ssew-Kn-I-tcm-K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw dnt∏m¿-´v sN-bv-Xp. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ t]m-Ãv-tam¿-´w dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ A-ß-s\ bmsXm-∂pw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. dn-t∏m¿-ń-se I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-sf A-hn-Z-Kv-[-ambn hym-Jym-\n-®m-Wv te-J-I-∑m¿ Cu I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fn-se-Øn-b-Xv. {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS \-S-]-Sn-sb cq-£-am-bn hn-a¿-in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ssew-Kn-Im-{I-a-W-ß-ƒ-°v C-c-bm-Ip-∂ kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS t]-cp-X-s∂ {]-kn-≤oI-cn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂v \n-b-aw D-≠m-bn-cn-s° B-Wv ssew-Kn-Im-tcm-]-W-a-Sßn-b hm¿-Ø- a-cn-®p-t]m-b I-\ym-kv-{Xo-I-sf Ip-dn-®p- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-sX-∂v

{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´n. kz-Im-cy-Xm-ew-L-\-Øn-s‚ C-Xn-t\-°mƒ {Iq-c-am-b D-Zm-l-c-Ww I-s≠-Øp-I {]-bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw.s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ H-cp ]-cn-[n-h-sc kz-Im-cy-X-I-fpw hm¿Ø-bm-°m-sa-∂ X-Øzw ]-e-t∏m-gpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ sX-‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp≠v. s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-sa-∂-Xv s]m-Xp-P-\-Øn-s‚ A-dn-bm-\p-≈ Iu-Xp-I-tam B-Imw-£-tbm A-√. {]-ap-J-cp-sS Xo¿-Øpw hy-‡n-]-c-am-b Im-cy-ß-fpw \m-´p-Im¿-°v A-dn-bm≥ Iu-Xp-Iw Im-Wpw. A-Xv s]m-Xp-Xm-¬-∏-cy-a-√, shdpw B-Imw-£ am-{X-am-Wv. {I-a-k-am-[m-\-]m-e-\w, Ip-‰-hm-fn-I-sf I-s≠Ø¬, Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b kw-`-h-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ A-dnbm-\p-≈ ]u-cm-h-Im-i-am-Wv b-Ym¿-Y-am-bn s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cyw.-

5 C-\n-bpw a-cn-®n-´n-√m-Ø h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ H-cp \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-hpw cm-Py-Øv D-≠m-hp-I-bn-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv A-ta-cn-°-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂- BZy-t`-Z-K-Xn. A-°m-c-Ww sIm-≠p-X-s∂ ^-Ãv A-a≥-Uv-sa≥-Uv F-∂ {]tbm-Kw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]-cym-b-]-Z-am-bn am-dn-bn-´p≠v. C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ^-Ãv A-a≥-Uv-sa≥-d-n-\pw H-- -∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn° - v]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hp-am-bn _-‘-ap-s≠-∂v ]-d-bmw--, A-ta-cn-°-bp-tS-Xn-\v t\sc hn-]-co-X-am-b _-‘w. `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn-¬ h-∂v ]-Xn-\-©v am-k-Øn\-Iw sIm-≠p-h-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn-_n¬ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v Nn-e ]-cn-[nIƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se 19(1)(F) ¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw, H-cmƒ sIm-e-]m-X-I-Ønt\m A-{I-a-Øn-t\m B-lzm-\w sN-bv-Xm¬ t]m-epw in-£n-°m≥ ]-‰m-Øhn-[w k-a-{K-am-sW-∂v tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ hn-[n-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv Nn-e ]-cn-[n-Iƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ _n¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv.a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn-epw H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn-°v ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hp-am-bn _‘-ap-≠v. H-∂mw `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS N¿-®-°n-S-bn-em-Wv, cm-Py-sØ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS A-h-ÿ-sb-bpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ \-S]-Sn-I-tf-bpw Ip-dn-®v A-t\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s\ \n-b-an70

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw °m≥ Xm≥ k-∂-≤-\m-sW-∂v {]-[m-\-a-{¥n P-hm-l¿-em¬ s\-{lp {]-Jym]n-®-Xv. {_n-´-\n-se tdm-b¬ I-Ωo-j≥ Hm¨ {]- n-s‚ am-Xr-I-bn-ep-≈ IΩo-j-\m-Wv X-s‚ a-\- n-ep-≈-sX-∂pw A-t±-lw ]n-∂o-Sv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-Ibp-≠m-bn. C-¥y-bp-sS B-Zy-sØ {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ P-\-\w A-ß-s\-bm-Wv D-≠m-b-Xv. 1947em-Wv {_n-´-\n¬ B-Zy-sØ tdm-b¬ I-Ωo-j≥ Hm¨ {]-kv cq-]-h¬-°cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. \m¬-∏-sØm-º-Xn¬ dn-t∏m¿-´v k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-´p. ]n-∂o-Sv 1961 epw1974 epw tdm-b¬ I-Ωo-j-\p-I-sf \n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. sam-ØØn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v th-≠n Im-cy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-sfm∂pw C-¥y-bn-se I-Ωo-j-\n¬ \n-∂p-≠m-bn-s√-¶n-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿°pw a-‰v ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿-°pw {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-b Nn-e \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ I-Ωo-js‚ ip-]m¿-i-bn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-bn. A-Xn-te-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xv h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰m-Wv. {]-kv-I-Ωo-j-\n¬ \n-∂v D-≠m-b- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßfn¬ C-∂pw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv A-Xv am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw.]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°pw ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿-°pw th-≠n am-{X-am-bn C-Xp-t]msem-cp sXm-gn¬-\n-b-aw th-sd A-[n-Iw cm-Py-ß-fn-en-√. kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cL-´-Øn¬ s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚-bpw {]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚-bpw D-]-I-c-Ww am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w H-cp kz-X-{¥ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-Øv ]q¿W- A¿-Y-Øn-ep-≈ s{]m-^-j≥ B-bn cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-tS-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-ambn-cp-∂p. H-∏w A-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ A¿-Y-]q¿-W-am-°p-∂ t^m¿-Øv FtÃ-‰v Iq-Sn B-th-≠-Xp-≠-t√m. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-h-iyam-b sXm-gn¬-\n-b-a-ßƒ cm-Py-Øv \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xn-te-‰-hpw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xv 1947 ¬ X-s∂ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ sXm-gn¬-X¿-°- \n-b-a-am-Wv. {_nó-jv Im-e-Øv \n-e-hn¬-h-∂ \n-b-a-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, a-‰v sXm-gn¬ hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b [¿-a-hpw Zu-Xyhpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-≠v F-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hm-Wv h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãvkv B-Iv-‰n-s‚ \n¿-am-W-Øn-te-°v \-bn-®-Xv. H-cp kp-{]-`m-X-Øn¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn¬ hn-S¿-∂ B-i-bam-bn-cp-∂n-√ A-Xv. tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬ C-Xn-\m-bp-≈ {]-Nm-c-W-hpw {]-t£m`-hpw \-S-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-°m-e-sØ {]-_-e-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-kw-L-S\ C-¥y≥ s^-U-td-j≥ H-^v h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv (sF.-F-^v.-U-_vfyp.-sP) B-bn-cp-∂p. kw-L-S-\-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv C-Xn-\v th-≠n-bp≈ {]-t£m-`-ßƒ G-sd-bpw \-S-∂-Xv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw Du-ń-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ F-s¥-√mw sN-ø-W-sa-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v B-g-Øn-ep-≈ N¿-® kzm-X-{¥yw In-ń-b \mƒ sXm-´v th-sd-bpw \-S-∂n-´p-≠v. B-Zy-sØ {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ PÃn-kv cm-Pm-[y-£ A-≤y-£-\m-bn 1952 ¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xm-Wv. ]-{X-]-h¿71

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Ø-I¿-°v am-{X-am-bn sXm-gn¬-kw-c-£-W-\n-b-aw th-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sNbv-X-Xv B-Zy-sØ {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv. 1955em-Wv h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãvkv(I-≠o-j≥-kv H-^v k¿-ho-kv) B‚ v an-k-te-\n-b-kv s{]m-hn-j≥-kv BIv-‰v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b-Xv.

t\m¨ P¿-W-en-Ãp-I-fpw P¿-W-en-Ãp-Iƒ B-b ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿ am-{X-am-Wv Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Cu \n-ba-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]-ń-cp-∂-Xv. \n-b-aw \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv t]m-se- P¿-W-enÃp-Iƒ-°m-bn i-º-f-\n¿-W-b-Øn-\v k¿-°m¿ th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv cq-]-h¬-°-cn°p-I-bpw A-Xn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv t]m-se B-Zy-am-bn iº-f-h¿-≤-\ \-S-∏m-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°-I-Øpw ]pd-Øpw C-Xv A-kzm-c-ky-ßƒ-°v Im-c-W-am-bn. H-tc ÿm-]-\-Øn-se c-≠phn-`m-Kw Po-h-\-°m¿-°v c-≠p-X-cw \n-b-a-ß-fpw c-≠v i-º-f-\n¿-W-b-co-Xn-Ifpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv km-am-\y-\o-Xn-°v \n-c-°p-∂-X-√ F-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-´Xn-\m-em-Wv h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-tI-X-c ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m-sc-bpw \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv. \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ t]-cv "Z h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B‚ v A-X¿ \yq-kv t]-∏¿ Fw-tπm-bo-kv (I-≠o-j≥-kv Hm-^v k¿-ho-kv) B‚ v an-k-te-\n-b-kv s{]mhn-j≥-kv B-Iv-‰v-˛1955 " F-∂m-bn. ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m-cpw hy-h-km-b sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ B-sW-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂Xm-Wv Cu \n-b-aw. A-Xv sIm-≠v X-s∂ h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv \n-b-aØn¬ {]-tXy-Iw ]-d-™n-ń-√m-Ø F-√m Im-cy-ß-fn-epw \n-e-hn-ep-≈ a-‰v hy-h-km-b-sØm-gn-em-fn \n-b-a-ß-fm-Wv _m-[-I-am-hp-I. C≥-U-kv-{Sn-b¬ Un-kv-]yq-Sv-kv B-Iv-‰v (1948), tIm¨-{Sm-Iv-‰v te-_¿ (d-Kp-te-j≥ B‚ v At_m-fn-j≥ B-Iv-‰v ), A-{]‚n-kv-jn-∏v B-Iv-‰v 1961, C≥-U-kv-{Sn-b¬ Fw-tπmbv-sa‚ v Ãm≥-Un-ßv Hm-tU-gv-kv B-Iv-‰v 1946, t]-bv-sa‚ v Hm-^v th-P-kv BIv-‰v , t]-bv-sa‚ v H-m-^v t_m-W-kv B-Iv-‰v 1965, Fw-tπm-bo-kv s{]m-hn-U‚ v ^-≠v B-Iv-‰v 1952, Fw-tπm-bo-kv tÃ-‰v C≥-jp-d≥-kv B-Iv-‰v 1948, h¿-Ivsa≥-kv tIm-º≥-tk-j≥ B-Iv-‰v 1923, tS-Uv bq-Wn-b≥-kv B-Iv-‰v 1926 Xp-Sßn-b \n-b-a-ß-tfm-Sv tN¿-Øm-Wv h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v {]-tbm-Kn°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.]-{Xw F-∂m¬ F-¥v, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ F-∂m¬ B-cv F-∂o c-≠v tNm-Zyßƒ-°v D-Ø-cw ]-d-™p-sIm-≠v, A-s√-¶n¬ Cu c-≠v hm-°p-Iƒ \n¿-h-Nn®p-sIm-≠v am-{X-ta Cu \n-b-aw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥ I-gn-bq F-∂-Xv sIm≠v \n-b-aw B [¿-a-am-Wv B-Zyw \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.-

P¿-W-en-Ãpw h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãpw 'H-t∂m A-Xn¬ Iq-Sp-X-tem ]-{X-ß-fp-sS \n¿-am-W-tam, \yq-kv G-P≥-kn-bpsS A-s√-¶n¬ kn≥-Un-t°-‰-n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-tam \-S-°p-∂ ÿm-]-\-amWv' ]-{Xw F-∂v \n-b-aw \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂p. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ B-cv F-∂-XmWv A-Sp-Ø {]-iv-\w. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ≥ ap-X¬ cm-hn-se ]-{Xw ho-Sp-Ifn-se-Øn-°p-∂ G-P≥-kn Po-h-\-°m-c≥ h-sc ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ F-∂ hm°n-s‚ `m-jm-]-c-am-b A¿-∞-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-h-cm-Wv. G-Xv sXmgn¬ sN-bv-Xv Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿-°pw H-gn-hv k-a-b-Øv H-cp {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww \-SØp-I-tbm A-Xn¬ F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-I-tbm sNømw. a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bpƒ-s∏-sS {]-i-kv-X-cm-b ]-e-cpw Cu co-Xn-bn¬ ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. C-h-cp-sS B-cp-sS-bpw D-]-Po-h-\-am¿-Kw ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. C-h¿-°p-th-≠n-b-√ \n-b-aw D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. h-cp-am-\-Øns‚ ap-Jy-]-¶v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v t\-Sp-∂-h-sc kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\m-Wv h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv F-∂ sXm-gn¬-\m-aw D-≠m-b-Xv. h¿-°n-Mv P¿W-en-Ãv B-Iv-‰n-¬ sXm-gn¬ -\n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw A-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. .Ö -.-ap-Jy- D-]-Po-h-\-am¿-Kw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw G-sX-¶n-epw ]{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn-tem ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-hq-am-bn _-‘-s∏-t´m A-ß-s\ \n-b-an-°s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂, F-Un-‰¿, eo-U¿-ssd-‰¿ , \yq-kv F-Un-‰¿, ^o-®¿ ssd-‰¿, dn-t∏m¿-´¿, I-d-kv-t]m-≠‚ v , Im¿-´q-Wn-Ãv , \yq-kv t^m-t´m-{Km^¿, {]q-^v do-U¿ F-∂n-h-cpƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-`m-K-am-Wv h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-ÃpIƒ.-.-.-F-∂m-Wv B-Iv-‰n¬ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Im≥ aq-∂v \n-_-‘-\-I-fm-Wv ]m-en-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. 1 .-sNøp-∂-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ tPm-en B-bn-cn-°-Ww 2. B co-Xn-bn¬ \n-b-an°-s∏-S-Ww. 3. ap-Jy-D-]-Po-h-\-am¿-Kw C-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-Xv aq-∂pw i-cn-sb¶n¬ ]m¿-´v ssSw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-w ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ A¿-l-X t\-Sp-∂p. H-∂mw {]-kv-I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿´n-se ip-]m¿-i-Iƒ-°v A-\p-kr-X-am-bm-Wv ({]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v ]m¿Sv H-∂v, t]-Pv 189) ]-{X-]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.C-Xn-\v ]p-d-sa, hy-h-km-b-X¿-°-\n-b-a-Øn¬ sXm-gn-em-fn B-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°s∏-´-h¿-°v e-`n-°p-∂ F-√m sXm-gn¬-kw-c-£-W-hpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw e`y-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v \n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°pw sXm-gn-em-fn F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ \n-b-a-kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°pw F-∂¿-Yw. th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv B-Iv-‰n-se kp-{]-[m-\-am-b H-cp h-Ip-∏v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø73

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw I-cp-sS th-X-\w \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v k¿-°m¿ Im-em-Im-ew th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. C-¥y-bn¬ \n-c-h-[n -s]m-Xp-ta-J-em-hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ th-X-\-\n¿-W-b-Øn-\v th-Pv-t_m-¿-Up-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶n-epw Ãm-‰yq-´-dn B-b G-I th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv B-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-˛-B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-\-b-ß-fpsS `m-K-am-bn a-s‰-√m hy-h-km-b-ß-fn-epw th-Pv-t_m¿-Up-Iƒ C-√m-Xm-bt∏m-gpw ]-{X-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ A-Xv \n-e-\n¬-°p-I-bm-Wv. k-aq-l-Øn-\v hgn-Im-´n-bm-bn \n¬-°m≥ sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b _m-[y-X-bp-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Isc hn-]-Wn-bp-sS Nm-]-ey-ßƒ-t°m D-S-a-bp-sS C-„m-\n-„-ßƒ-t°m am-{Xam-bn hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-Iq-sS-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hm-Wv C-Xn-\v ]n-∂n¬. 1974 h-sc ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-tI-X-c ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿ B-Iv-‰n-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ A-h-cp-sS th-X-\-\n¿-W-b-Øn¬ C-Ss]-Sm≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-th-Pv-t_m¿-Un-\v I-gn-™p-an-√. an-\n-aw th-P-kv BIv-‰v {]-Im-c-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS th-X-\w \n¿-W-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. h¿-°n-ßv P¿-Wen-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰n¬ h-cp-Øn-b -t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Cu {]-iv-\-Øn-\v ]-cnlm-c-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv. \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øn. t\m¨ P¿-W-enÃv-I-fp-sS th-X-\-\n¿-W-b-hpw th-Pv-t_m¿-Un-\v hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-b-Xp. Xp-S¿-∂v F-√m-X-h-W-bpw H-tc D-Ø-c-hn-eq-sS, H-tc A-≤y£-\v Io-gn¬ c-≠p th-Pv-t_m¿-Up-I-sf \n-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpsS-bpw ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS-bpw i-º-f-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-ip-]m¿-i \¬-In-h-cp-∂Xv. th-Pv t_m¿-Uv ip-]m¿-i sN-øp-∂ i-º-f-kv-sI-bn-ep-Iƒ tI-{µ-sXm-gn¬h-Ip-∏v D-Ø-c-hn-eq-sS \-S-∏m-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-øm-dp-≈-Xv. tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dns‚ hn-⁄m-]-\w \-S-∏n-em-°m-Ø ÿm-]-\-ß-sf in-£n-°m-\pw \n-b-aØn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠v.A-©p-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ th-Pv-t_m¿-Up-I-sf \n-tbm-Kn-®v i-º-f-]-cn-jvI-c-Ww \-S-∏m-°-Ww F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hy-h-ÿ. CS-°m-e-Øv sIm-≠p-h-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn, B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v tXm-∂p-tºm-sg-√mw th-Pv-t_m¿-Un-s\ \n-b-an-°m≥ k¿-°m-dn-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-In. {]-Xy-£Øn¬ C-Xv ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿-°v A-\p-Iq-e-bm-b \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv F-∂v tXm∂mw. ]-s£, ^-e-Øn¬ th-Pv-t_m¿-Uv \n-b-a-\w A-\n-›n-X-am-bn \o-≠pt]m-Ip-I-bpw i-º-f-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww \-S-∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. ]-Øp-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ t]m-epw i-º-f-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww \-S-∏m-Ip-∂n-s√∂v ]-{X-Po-h-\-°m¿ ]-cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂p.sXm-gn¬-k-a-b-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-epw h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v {]74

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. Xp-S¿-®-bm-b \m-ev Bgv-N-Iƒ-°-I-Øv sam-Øw 144 a-Wn-°q-dn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-bw ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-s\ tPm-en-sN-øn-°m-t\m tPm-en-sN-øm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-t\m ]m-Sn-s√-∂mWv \n-b-a-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ. `-£-W-k-a-bw C-Xn¬-s]-Sn-√. G-gv {]-hr-Øn-Znh-k-ßƒ-°p-≈n¬ Xp-S-¿-®-bm-bn 24 a-Wn-°q-dn¬ Ip-d-bm-Ø k-a-bw hn-{iaw A-\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-kv-‰p-I-sf a-‰v sXm-gn-em-fn-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v ]-e Imcy-ß-fn-epw \n-b-aw hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-bn Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. sXm-gn-en-s‚ km-aq-lyhpw cm-{„o-b-hp-am-b {]m-[m-\y-hpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-hpw ]-cn-K-Wn-®m-Wv Cu {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {Km-‰zn-‰n \¬-Ip-∂ Im-cy-am-Wv A-Xnsem-∂v. a-\:km-£n-s°m-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v tPm-en D-t]-£n-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂ h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãn-\v {Km-‰zn-‰n \¬-I-W-sa-∂v h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v \n¿-t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v.h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰n-se hy-h-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-cn-®p X-s∂-bm-Wv ]{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ \-S-°p-∂-Xv F-∂p-d-∏v h-cp-Øm≥ kw-ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ C≥-kv-s]-Iv-‰¿-am-sc \n-b-an-°m≥ {]-kv-Xp-X-\n-b-aw hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂p-≠v. \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ew-Ln-°p-∂ sXm-gn-ep-S-a-I-sf in-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-˛-in-£ \m-a-am-{X-am-sW-¶n-epw-˛-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp≠v.-

]-{X-D-S-a-I-fp-sS am-{Xw kzm-X-{¥y-a-√ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw ]-{X-D-S-a-I-fp-sS am-{Xw kzm-X-{¥y-a-√ F-∂ h-en-b X-Øzw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw ]-{X-hy-h-km-bn-Iƒ-°v Cu \n-b-a-tØm-Sv H-´pw Xm¬-∏-cy-an-√. h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv B-Iv-‰v X-s∂ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v F-Xn-cm-sW-∂ \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-®p-t]m-∂-Xv. th-Pv t_m¿-Uv F-∂ k-¶¬-∏-sØ A-h¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´n-√. X-ßƒ \n-b-an-°p-∂ Po-h-\°m¿-°v F-¥v th-X-\w \¬-I-W-sa-∂v X-ßƒ-X-s∂-bm-Wv Xo-cp-am-\n-t°≠-sX-∂ \-b-Øn¬ A-h¿ H-cp- hn-´p-ho-gv-N-°pw X-øm-d-√. \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn cq]w sIm-≈p-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿ th-Pv-t_m¿-Up-am-bn km-t¶Xn-I-am-bn k-l-I-cn-°m-dp-s≠-t∂-bp-≈q.B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-e-am-b-tXm-sS C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® kw-L¿-jßƒ H-∂p-Iq-Sn I¿-°-i-am-bn-´p-≠v. s]m-Xp-hm-b sXm-gn¬-\n-b-a-ßƒ-°v Xs∂ {]-k-‡n-bn-s√-∂pw hn-]-Wn-bm-Wv \n-b-a-\-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n¿-W-bn-t°≠-sX-∂p-ap-≈ X-Øz-im-kv-{Xw am-[y-a-cw-K-Øpw kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-Øp-∂p75

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ≠v. h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv F-∂ sXm-gn-en-s‚ \n¿-h-N-\-]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv hcp-sa-¶n-epw tIm¨-{Sm-Iv-‰v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\n-b-a-\-ßƒ Cu cw-K-Øv hym-]I-am-bn-´p-≠v. i-º-f-kv-sI-bn¬, sXm-gn¬-k-a-bw, eo-hv \n-b-aw, dn-´-b¿-sa‚ v B-\p-Iq-eyw Xp-S-ßn-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]-e-Xpw C-°m-c-W-Øm¬ {]m-tbm-KnI-a-√m-Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv. h¿-°n-Mv P¿-W-en-Ãv B-Iv-d-dn-s\ X-s∂ In-´p-∂ BZy-k-µ¿-`-Øn¬ Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sm≥ X-øm-dm-Wv sXm-gn-ep-S-a-Iƒ.-

6 ]-{X-am-c-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ-- 1-- 799 ap-X¬ 1977 h-sc B-Zy-sØ C-¥y≥ ]-{Xw P-\n-®-Xv 1780¬ I¬-°-Ø-bn-se sk-cw-t]m-cn-emWv F-∂v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.-v ]-{Xw _w-Kmƒ K-k-‰v, ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ sPbnw-kv A-K-Ã-kv ln-°n. Cu-Ãv C-¥ym I-º-\n-bp-sS `-c-W-Im-ew. K-h¿W¿ P-\-d¬ hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kn-\pw k-l-Nm-cn-Iƒ-°pw F-Xn-cm-b I-S-∂m{I-a-W-Øn-\v Xm-fp-Iƒ \o-°n-sh-® ]-{Xw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS I-Æn¬ Ic-Sm-bn. c-≠p-t]-cpw H-tc cm-⁄n-bp-sS {]-P-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw sIm-´ntLm-jn-°-s∏-´ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-hp-sam-∂pw Im-Wm≥ I-gn-™n-√. _w-Kmƒ K-k-‰v ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ ln-°n an-°-hm-dpw P-bn-en¬ X-s∂bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-{Xw \-S-Øn-b 26 am-k-Øn¬ ]-Xn-\m-dp-am-k-hpw ln-°n P-bnen¬, {]-kv t]m-eo-kv A-[o-\-Øn¬ . ssh-Im-sX A-Xv A-S-®p-]q-´n. G-Xm-≠v H-cp \q-‰m-≠v ap-ºp-X-s∂ Cw-Kv-f-≠n¬ ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-bp-sS sk≥k-dn-ßv A-h-km-\n-®n-cp-∂p. A-®-Sn-®v Xp-e-bp-I F-∂m-bn X-Øzw. F-¥pw A-®-Sn-°q, {]-Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ A-\p-`-hn-°q F-∂¿-Yw. ]-t£, C-¥y-bn¬ `-c-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ Cu-Ãv C-¥y I-º-\n H-cp \q-‰m-≠v ]n-d-In-em-bncp-∂p. \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS ]-{X-hn-a¿-i-\-sØ A-h¿ t\-cn-´p. h-en-b Xma-k-ap-≠m-bn-√, 1799¬ C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy-sØ ]-{X-am-c-W-\n-b-aw {]m-_-eyØn-em-bn.]-{X-Øn¬ F-Un-‰¿, {]n‚¿ B‚ v ]-ªn-j¿, {]n‚¿ F-∂n-h-cp-sS t]-cv D≠m-I-W-sa-∂ C-t∏m-gpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ hy-h-ÿ h-cp-∂-Xv 1799¬ K-h¿77

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw W¿ P-\-d¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂ \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]-{X-Øn¬ A-Sn-°p-∂ F√mw C-¥ym-K-h-s◊‚n-s‚ ap≥-Iq-´n-bp-≈ ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v k-a¿-∏n-°-Wsa-∂pw B \n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. K-h¿-W¿ P-\-d¬ hm-d≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv X-s∂ Cu hy-h-ÿ ]n-∂o-Sv H-gn-hm-°n. 1823¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂ Hm-Un-\≥-kn-em-Wv sse-k≥-kn-ßv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww kw_-‘n-® F-√m-hn-h-c-ß-fpw k¿-°m-dn-\v k-a¿-∏n-®m-Wv sse-k≥-kn-\v At]-£n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-1835 ¬ \-S-∏n-em-b sa-‰v-Im¬-^v B-Iv-‰v sse-k≥kn-ßv H-gn-hm-°n. A-®-Sn-°p-∂ {]-kv kw-_-‘n-® k¿-h-hn-h-c-ß-fpw K-h¿W¿-P-\-d-en-s\ A-dn-bn-®m¬ a-Xn-sb-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. 1857¬ ssek≥-kn-ßv hy-h-ÿ Xn-cn-®p-h-∂p. ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-sS G-Xv `m-jbn¬ A-®-Sn-°p-∂ F-¥pw sse-k≥-kn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°n. 1860 \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ C-¥y≥- ]o-\¬-tIm-Uv am-[y-a-ßƒ-°pw h-f-sc {]m-[m\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. am-\-lm-\n, A-«o-ew Xp-S-ßn Ip-sd hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A-®-Sn-°s∏-Sp-∂ F-√m-‰n-\pw _m-[-I-am-Wv. cm-Py-t{Zm-l-°p-‰w, hn-`m-K-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ kv-]¿-≤ -h-f-¿-Ø¬, tZ-io-b-am-b in-Yn-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\v t{]-cn-∏n-°¬, -X-hnIm-cw {h-W-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ Xp-S-ßn-b-h ]n-∂o-Sv Cu \n-b-a-Øn¬ Iq-´n-t®-¿-°s∏-´p. ]u-c-∑m-¿-s°-∂ t]m-se ]-{X-ß-ƒ-°pw Cu \n-b-a-Øn-se hy-hÿ-I-fm-Wv _m-[-Iw.-

]n.-B¿.-_n. B-Iv-‰v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ-°v _m-[-I-am-b k-a-{K-\n-b-aw cq-]w sIm-≈p-∂-Xv 1867 em-Wv ˛ {]-kv B‚ v d-Kp-te-j≥ Hm-^v _q-Iv-kv B-Iv-‰v. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw \n-b-{¥n-°-em-bn-cp-∂n-√ Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ D-t±-iyw. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°pw A-®-Sn-im-e-Iƒ-°pw \-S-Øn-∏v kw-_-‘-am-b Nn-e hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-h F-√m-Im-e-tØ-°p-am-bn kq-£n-®p-sh-°m≥ kw-hn-[m\-hpw D-≠m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-£yw. sh¿-Wm-°p-e¿ {]-kv B-Iv-‰v h-cp-∂-Xv 1878em-Wv. C-¥y≥ `m-jm-]-{X-ßƒ°v am-{Xw _m-[-I-am-bn-cp-∂ H-cp ITn-\-\n-b-aw. {_n-´o-jv k¿-°m-dn-s\-Xn-sc P-\-ß-sf C-f-°n-hn-Sp-∂ {]-ÿm-\-ß-sf-bpw t\-Xm-°-tf-bpw \n-b-{¥n-°pI X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-£yw. tIm-S-Xn-bp-Ø-c-shm-∂p-an-√m-sX ]-{X-ÿm-]\-Øn¬- I-b-dm-\pw ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øm-\pw t]m-eo-kn-s\ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p \n-b-aw. \n-b-a-Øn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-hm-Im≥ A-]q¿-hw Nn-e ]-{Xßƒ s]m-Sp-∂-s\ Cw-Kv-fo-jv ]-{X-am-°n-am-‰n-. kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bmb kn-kn¿ Ip-am¿ tLm-jn-s‚ A-ar-Xv _-km¿ ]-{Xn-I C-ß-s\ `m-j amdn-b- ]-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. `m-Ky-h-im¬ ap-∂p-h¿-j-ta Cu \n-b-aw \n-e-\n-∂p≈q. F-∂m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ am-c-I-am-b ]-{X-\n-b-a-ßƒ C-Xn-s\ ]n-¥p-S¿-∂p h78

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. sIm-e-]m-X-I-Øn-t\m a-s‰-s¥-¶n-epw X-cw A-{I-a-Øn-t\m t{]-c-W-bm-Imhp-∂ F-s¥-¶n-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v F-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-´m¬ ]-{Xw A®-Sn-® {]-kv ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°m≥ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-s\ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂ Z \yq-kv t]t∏-gv-kv (C≥-ssk-‰v-sa‚ v Sp h-b-e≥-kv ) B-Iv-‰v 1908¬ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p. IqSp-X¬ hn-\m-i-I-c-am-b a-s‰m-cp \n-b-aw c-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw \n-e-hn¬ h∂p. Z C-¥y≥ {]-kv B-Iv-‰v cm-Py-t{Zm-l-°p-‰w ]-{X-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc ^-e-{]Z-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ D-t±-in-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. B-{I-a-tWm-’p-I kzm-X{¥y-k-a-c-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ ]-te-S-Øpw cq-]w sIm-≠-Xm-Wv k¿-°m-dn-s\ Cu hn-[-sam-cp \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv. A-Ø-cw kz-`m-h-ap-≈ hm¿Ø-I-tfm te-J-\-ß-tfm D-s≠-∂v B-tcm-]n-®v kp-c-£m-\n-t£-]-am-bn ]{X-Øn¬ \n-∂v h-en-b Xp-I B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-\pw Ip-‰w B-h¿-Øn-®p F-∂v ]d-™v Xp-I I-≠p-sI-´m-\pw hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p \n-b-aw. \n-c-h-[n ]-{X-ßƒ Cu hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v A-S-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. {In-an-\¬ \-S-]-Sn-®-´-Øn-\v 1913¬ h-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn, H-∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏-´tXm-sS \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ cm-Py-c-£m-\n-b-aw F-∂n-h ]-{X-ß-fp-sS \n-e Iq-SpX¬ tam-i-am-°n. 1908epw 1910epw P-∑w sIm-≠ \n-b-a-ßƒ, Xo-{h-hm-Z-{]-ÿm-\ßƒ Zp¿-_-e-am-b-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v 1922¬ ]n≥-h-en-°-s∏-´p. ]-{X-ß-sf ssIIm-cyw sN-øm≥ H-cp {]-tXy-I-\n-b-aw B-h-iy-an-√ F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv k¿-°m¿ F-Øn-t®¿-∂-Xv. a-‰p-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ Nn-e h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ Iq-ń-t®¿-ØpsIm-≠v t\-cn-Sm-hp-∂-tX D-≈q F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hn-Z-Kv-≤-k-an-Xn-bp-sS D-]-tZiw. {]-kv B‚ v d-Pn-kv-t{S-j≥ Hm-^v _p-Iv-kv B-Iv-‰v, I-Ãw-kv \n-b-aw, t]m-Ãv Hm-ô-kv \n-b-aw Xp-S-ßn-b \n-b-a-ß-fn-em-Wv C-X-\p-k-cn-®v ]p-Xn-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ tN¿-Ø-Xv.ap-∏-Xp-I-fn¬ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-{]-ÿm-\w i-‡-am-b-tXm-sS ]-g-b \n-b-aßƒ ho-≠pw B-h-iy-am-bn h-∂p. \n-b-a-ew-L-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-sØ t\-cn-Sm≥ \-S-∏m-°n-b {]-kv (F-a¿-P≥-kn) ]-th-gv-kv B-Iv-‰v ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn-se F-√m \n-b-a-ß-fn-te-bpw I¿-°-i-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿-°v ]-{X-ß-tfm-Sv Pm-ay-kw-Jy B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-sa-∂v \n-b-aw hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. k¿-°m-dn-t\m-Sv hn-tcm-[-ap≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂v Nq-≠n-°m-ń G-sX-¶n-epw hm¿-Ø-bp-sS-sbm te-J-\Øn-s‚-tbm t]-cn¬ Pm-ay-kw-Jy B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-sa-∂pw ]n-∂o-Sv k-am-\-am-b a-s‰m-cp hm¿-Ø-bp-sS t]-cn¬ A-Xv I-≠p-sI-´m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂pw h-∂p.au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn-√m-Ø Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m kzm-X-{¥y-]q¿-h-Im-ew. A79

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-tam ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-tam Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-≥ ]-‰p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cw-Kv-f-≠n¬ ÿn-Xn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp∂p. {_n-´o-jv ]u-c-s‚ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw kzm-X-{¥y-ß-fpw I-h¿-s∂-Sp°m≥ km-[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]u-c-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]-{X-ßƒ-°pw _m-[-Iam-bn-cp-∂p. A-hn-sS \-S-∏m-°m-Ø \n-b-a-ß-sf-√mw C-¥y-bn¬ F-fp-∏w \S-∏m-°m-\m-bn.1931 se \n-b-aw kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn-te-°pw I-S-∂p-h-∂p. \n-b-a-Øn-se ]-e hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS ew-L-\-am-sW-∂v `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS I-c-Sv X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-t∂m-Sn-bm-bn {]-h¿-Øn-® {]kv tem F≥-Iz-b-dn I-Ωn-‰n I-s≠-Øn-b-n-cp-∂p. C-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1931 se \n-b-aw-˛-Z C-¥y≥ {]-kv B‚ v F-a¿-P≥-kn ]-th-gv-kv B-Iv-‰v ˛-d±m-°-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sN-ø-s∏-´p-sh-¶n-epw B \n-b-aw, 1951 ¬ {]-kv Hm_v-P-£-\-_vƒ am-‰¿- B-Iv-‰ v \n-e-hn¬ h-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc Xp-S¿-∂p. {]-kv Hm-_v-P-£-\-_vƒ am-‰¿- B-Iv-‰n-s‚ B-ap-J-Øn-se {]-kv-Xm-h-\ \n-cp]-{Z-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-{I-a-Øn-\v t{]-c-W-bm-Ip-∂ hm¿-Ø-I-fp-sS-bpw Bt£-]-m¿-l-ß-fm-b a-‰v Im-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-®-Sn-bpw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-hpw XS-bp-I F-∂ e-£y-am-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-\p-≈-sX-∂v am-{Xw. 1931te-Xv ÿn-cw \nb-a-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw C-Xn-\v c-≠p-h¿-j-sØ Im-em-h-[n am-{X-am-Wv \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv F-∂-Xpw {i-t≤-b-am-bn-. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v Pm-ay-ØpI B-h-iy-s∏-Spw ap-ºv sk-j≥-kv P-Uv-Pn-sb sIm-≠v A-t\z-j-Ww \-SØp-∂-Xn-\pw tI-kv hn-[n I¬-∏n-°m≥ Pp-dn-sb \n-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂v B-hiy-s∏-Sp-hm≥ {]-Xn-°v A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw, sk-j≥-kv P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS hn-[n-s°-Xn-sc ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬ A-∏o¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw ]p-Xn-b \n-ba-Øn¬- hy-h-ÿ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v am-{Xw _m-[-I-am-Ip-∂ C-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-b-¥-W-\n-baw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn¬ s]m-Xp-sh tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1952 ¬ \n-b-anX-am-b {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ C-°m-cyw ]-cn-tim-[n-®p. {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ sX-fn-shSp-∏n-\n-S-bn¬ H-cp ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ tcm-j-tØm-sS tNm-Zn-®-Xv {]-kv-I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ D-≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v-˛-R-ß-fp-sS Ip-‰-ßƒ-°v am-{X-am-bn H-cp \n-b-a-ap≠m-°p-I F-∂-Xn-s‚ A¿-Y-sa-¥m-Wv? R-ßƒ {In-an-\¬-tKm-{X-tam a-t‰m B-tWm? tNm-Zy-tØm-Sv I-Ωo-j≥ tbm-Pn-®n-√. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-‡nkzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ÿm-\w X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw \¬-In-bncn-°p-∂-sX-¶n-epw c-≠n-t\-bpw Xp-ey-am-bn Im-Wm-\m-hn-s√-∂v hy-‡-am-Wv. H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-tam B-lzm-\-tam D-≠m-°p-∂ {]-Xn-Ic-W-a-√ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ \-S-]-Sn kr-„n-°p-I. Kp-W-Øn-epw A-f-hn-epw A-Xv hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Ipw. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ ]p-e¿-Øp-∂ i-‡-am-b H-cp-]-I-c-W-sa-

∂ \n-e-bn¬ ]-{X-ßƒ-°v th-≠n {]-tXy-I-\n-b-aw D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX-‰ns√-∂ \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv I-Ωo-j≥ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-

{]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ P-\-\w ]n-∂o-Sv D-b¿-∂ {]-iv-\w N¿-®m-hn-j-b-am-b \n-b-aw ˛-Z {]-kv Hm-_v-P-£-\_vƒ am-‰¿ B-Iv-‰v ˛ \n-e-\n¿-tØ-≠-Xp-t≠m F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. I-Ωo-j≥ ap-ºm-sI sX-fn-hv \¬-In-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-˛-]-{Xm-[n-]-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ ]-{Xßƒ-°v am-{X-am-bn \n-b-a-ap-≠m-I-cp-sX-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv {]-I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. F-∂m¬- N¿-®m-hn-j-b-am-b \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w tZm-j-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂ns√-∂v A-h¿ k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. \n-b-a-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ F-√m -hm-Z-K-Xn-I-tf-bpw k-kq-£v-aw hn-i-I-e-\w sN-bv-X I-Ωo-j≥ ]-{Xß-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v am-{X-am-bn \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv sX-‰m-bn-cp-∂n-√ F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv F-Øn-t®¿-∂-Xv. Z {]-kv Hm-_v-P-£\ -- -_vƒ am-‰¿ B-Iv-‰v D-S-s\ ]n≥-h-en-t°-≠-Xm-Wv F-∂ hm-Zw I-Ωo-j≥ X-≈n. cq-]h¬-°-cn-°-W-sa-∂v {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ip-]m¿-i sN-øm-≥ t]m-Ip-∂ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ sX-‰m-b {]-h-W-X-I-sf \n-b-{¥n°m≥ k-a-bw \¬-In-bn-´v a-Xn Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ Xo-cp-am-\-saSp-°m≥ F-∂v \n¿-t±-in-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. P-Ãn-kv Pn.-F-kv.-cm-Pm-[y-£ sN-b¿-am-\pw kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an A-ø¿, B-Nm-cy \-tc-{µ-tZ-hv, tUm. km°o¿ lp-ss ≥, tUm. hn.-sI.-B¿.-hn. dm-hp, Fw.-sN-e-]-Xn-dm-hp Xp-S-ßnb ]-Xn-s\m-∂v {]-K-¤-a-Xn-Iƒ Aw-K-ß-fpw B-bp-≈ I-Ωo-j-s‚ `q-cn-]-£hn-[n-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. \n-b-aw D-S≥ d-±m-°-W-sa-∂v \yq-\-]-£w Aw-K-ß-fpsS hn-tbm-P-\-°p-dn-∏n¬ \n¿-t±-in-®p. {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´n-se ip-]m¿-i C-¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. 1956 ^n-{_-h-cn-bn¬ em-]v-km-Ipw h-sc \n-b-aw {]m-_-eyØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-¬ \n-e-hn¬ h-cm≥ ]n-t∂-bpw H-cp Z-iI-tØm-f-sa-Sp-Øp. 1965 te Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´p-≈q.{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xn-\v ti-jw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw ]q¿-W-ambn X-S-b-s∏-´ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿm-{]-Jym-]-\w (1975 Pq¨) h-sc-bp-f-f Ime-Øv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ l-\n-°p-∂ Im-cy-am-b \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-\o-°-ßsfm-∂pw D-≠m-bn-√. F-∂m¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw X-I-cm-dm-°m≥ D-t±-in-®p≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏m-°n-b H-cp \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww G-sd hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-hp-I-bpw tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. 1956¬ \yqkv t]-∏¿ ss{]-kv B‚ v t]-Pv B-Iv-‰v b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ k-Zp-t±-i-tØm-sSbm-Wv k¿-°m¿ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv. kzm-X-{¥yw X-S-bp-I F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØmsS-b-√m-sX sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂ \n-b-a-ß-fpw kzm-X-{¥yw X-S-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-Øo81

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw cmw F-∂v Cu \n-b-aw sX-fn-bn-®p.Nn-e h≥-In-S ]-{X-ßƒ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ hn-e Ip-d-®v sN-dp-In-S-]-{X-ß-sf hn]-Wn-bn¬ ]n-¥-≈p-∂ {]-h-W-X A-°m-e-Øpw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xm-Wv ]{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v ò-j-Wn-bm-hp-∂-Xv F-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv k¿-°m-dn-\v am-{X-a-√, ]-{X-cw-K-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ X-s∂ \-√ H-cp hn-`m-K-Øn-\v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \n-b-aw sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv Cu Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-sS k-Ω¿-±-ê-am-bn-´m-Wv. \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1960 C-d-°n-b D-Ø-c-h-\p-kcn-®v ]-{X-Øn-s‚ hn-e I-b-‰m-sX t]-Pp-Iƒ Iq-´m≥ km-[y-a-√m-Ø \n-e-bp≠m-°n. A-Xn-i-‡-∑m-cm-b h≥-In-S-]-{X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v sN-dp-In-S-]-{X-ß-sf kw-c-£n-°m≥ C-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-b-aw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ h≥-InS-°m¿-s°m-gn-sI F-√m-h¿-°pw A-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. a-’-cØn¬ sN-dp-In-S-]-{X-ßƒ ]n-¥-≈-s∏-´m¬ ]-{X-ßƒ G-Xm-\pw Ip-Ø-I-Ifp-sS ]n-Sn-bn-em-Ip-sa-∂pw A-Xm-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v ò-j-Wn-sb-∂pw \-s√m-cp hn-`m-Kw I-cp-Xn. ]-s£, Cu hm-Z-ß-sfm-∂pw tIm-S-Xn kzo-I-cn-®n√. t]-Pv h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v hn-e Iq-´m≥ \n¿-_-‘n-°p-tºmƒ ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿-°v ]-{Xw hm-ßm≥ I-gn-bm-Xm-Ip-sa-∂pw A-Xm-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-\v lm-\n-I-c-am-hp-I-sb-∂pw tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®p. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ h-cn-°mcp-sS F-Æw \n-b-{¥n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv ^-e-Øn¬ kw-`-hn-°p-I F-∂pw CXv `-c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw C-√m-Xm-°p-sa-∂pw tIm-S-Xn I-cp-Xn. \n-b-a-hpw A-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-b D-Ø-c-hp-I-fpw tIm-S-Xn 1962¬ k-ºq¿-W-am-bn d-±m-°n.

A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ 1962 se C-¥ym-˛-ssN-\ bp-≤-Im-e-Øv X-s∂ cm-Py-c-£-bv-°v th-≠n sIm≠p-h-∂ Un-^-≥-kv Hm-^v C-¥y B-Iv-‰v A-\p-k-cn-®v, ssk-\n-I-\o-°-ß-sftbm a-‰p-X-c-Øn¬ cm-Py-c-£-sb-tbm tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂ F-√m-cN-\-I-sf-bpw hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b-sØ-bpw in-£m¿-l-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Im-e-sØ \n-b-a-ß-fn-se-∂ t]m-se {]- p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v Pm-ay-kw-Jy]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°m-\pw Ip-‰-am-h¿-Øn-®m¬ Xp-I I-≠p-sI-´m-\pw Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b Ip-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ {]-kv X-s∂ I-≠p-sI-´m-\pw \n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ sNbv-Xn-cp-∂p. Xp-S¿-∂v aq-∂p h-´w ]m-In-kv-Xm-\p-am-bn bp-≤-ap-≠m-b-t∏m-sg√mw Cu \n-b-aw Nn-e am-‰-ß-tfm-sS {]m-_-ey-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw bp-≤-ß-sf-√mw {l-kz-Im-e-tØ-t° D-≠m-bp-≈q F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v A-h-sbm∂pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v Im-cy-am-b lm-\n-sbm-∂pw D-≠m-°n-bn-√. bp-≤ap-≠m-Ip-tºm-sg-√mw {]-Jym-]n-°m-dp-≈ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- k¿-°m-dn-\v {]tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬-Im-dp-≠v. ]-s£ A-h-sbm-∂pw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{¥y-sØ Im-cy-am-bn l-\n-®n-√. 82

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

B-`y-¥-c-am-b ò-j-Wn cm-Py-Øn-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏v A-]-I-S-Øn-em-°n-sb-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv 1975¬ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv. tZ-io-b cm-{„o-bØn-se kw-L¿-j-\n¿-`-c-am-b kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fm-Wv A-Ø-c-sam-cp A-hÿ-bn-se-Øn-®-Xv. {]-[m-\-a-{¥n C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-s°-Xn-sc cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn h-f¿-∂p-h-∂ {]-Xn-]-£-{]-t£m-`-ßƒ F-gp-]-Øn-c-≠n-\v ti-jw tZ-io-b-cm{„o-b-Øn¬ G-sd tIm-fn-f-°-ßƒ kr-„n-®n-cp-∂p. Kp-P-dm-Øn¬ B-Zy-hpw _n-lm-dn¬ Xp-S¿-∂pw h-ºn-® {]-t£m-`-ßƒ {]-Xn-]-£-I-£n-I-fp-sS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-S-∂p. Kp-P-dm-Øn¬ hn-Zym¿-∞n-{]-t£m-`-am-bn Xp-S-ßn-b-XmWv A-∂-sØ tIm¨-{K-kv a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS cm-Pn-bn-te-°v \-bn-® {]-t£m-àm-bn h-f¿-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\v ]n-d-sI-bm-Wv _n-lm-dn¬ k-a-cw Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Km‘n-b≥ k¿-thm-Z-b am¿-K-Øn-te-°v \o-ßn-bn-cp-∂ ap≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv Xos∏m-cn t\-Xm-hv P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b-W≥ hn-Zym¿-∞n {]-t£m-`-sØ Xp-Wbv-°m≥ F-Øn. k-ºq¿-W-hn-]v-f-h-am-Wv X-s‚ e-£y-sa-s∂-√mw sP.-]n. ]d-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw A-hn-sS D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ tIm¨-{K-kv k¿-°mdn-s\ Xm-sg-bn-d-°m-\p-≈ k-a-c-am-bm-Wv {]-Xn-]-£w C-Xn-s\ D-]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Cu {]-t£m-`w aq¿-[-\y-Øn-se-Øn \n¬-s° Hm¿-°m-∏p-d-Øp-≠m-b H-cp tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n {]-Xn-k-‘n A-Xy-¥w cq-£-am-°n. dm-bv-_-td-en \n-tbm-P-I-afi-e-Øn¬ \n-∂p--≈ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v A-el-_m-Zv ssl-t°m-S-Xn d-±m-°n. Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS t]-cn-em-bn-cp∂p \-S-]-Sn. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂v tkm-]m-[n-I tÃ t\-Sn A-h¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Xp-S¿-s∂-¶n-epw A-h-cp-sS -cm-Pn-°v th-≠n-bp-≈ B-h-iyw AXyq-®-Øn¬ D-b¿-∂p. tIm¨-{K-kv t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂ N-{µ-ti-J-dn-s‚ t\-XrXz-Øn¬ tIm¨-{K- n-\-I-Øpw I-em-]w s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ÿn-Xn \nb-{¥n-°m≥ a-‰p-h-gn-sbm-∂pw Im-Wm-sX C-µn-cm-Km-‘n B-`y-¥-c-A-Sn-b-¥cm-h-ÿ {]-Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv D-≠m-b-Xv.1975 Pq¨ 25\v {]-Jym-]-\w cm-„-]-Xn H-∏p-sh-®-ti-jw c-≠p-Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv k¿-°m¿ sN-bv-X-Xv. B-Zy-am-bn P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b-W≥ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ t\-Xm-°-sf P-bn-en-e-S-®p. ]-{X-ßƒ-°v ta¬ sk≥-k¿-jn-∏v G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn. cm-Pyw ap-gp-h≥ sk≥-k¿-am-sc \n-tbm-Kn-®v ap-gp-h≥ hm¿-Ø-I-fpw te-J-\ß-fpw Im¿-´q-Wp-I-fpw ap-J-{]-kw-K-ß-fpw F-√mw ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[b-am-°n. sk≥-k¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Ø bm-sXm-∂pw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ I-gnbp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1971se bp-≤w ap-X¬ \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Un-^≥-kv Hm-^v C-¥y \n-b-a{]-Im-c-ap-≈ A-[n-Im-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv sk≥-k¿-jn-∏v \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv. Ip-d83

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ®p-am-k-ßƒ-°v ti-jw, Un-kw-_-dn¬ {]n-h≥-j≥ Hm-^v ]-_v-fn-t°-j≥ Hm-^v Hm-_v-P-£-\-_vƒ am-‰¿ Hm-Un-\≥-kv sIm-≠p-h-∂p. 1951 {]-kv Hm-_vP-£-\-_vƒ am-‰¿ B-Iv-‰n-se hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv G-Xm-≠v ap-gp-h-\mbn Cu \n-b-a-Øn-epw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1965 ap-X-¬ {]-h¿-Øn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-bncp-∂ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿm-{]-Jym-]-\-sØ Xp-S¿-∂v ]n-cn®p-hn-´n-cp-∂p. ]-{X-ßƒ-°v kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw A-h-Im-i-Øn-\pw A-∏p-dw Np-a-X-e-Iƒ D-s≠-∂pw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v A-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v A-h-t_m[-ap-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-™n-s√-∂pw ]-{X-ßƒ-°v s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-°m-sa-∂ _m-[y-X \n-d-th-‰n-bn-s√-∂pw Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-Wv k¿-°m¿ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]n-cn-®p-hn-´-Xv. C-tXm-sS ]-{X-ß-fp-sS ta-ep-≈ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-Ww k-ºq¿-W-am-bn. t\-cn-b-hn-a-¿-i-\w t]m-epw H-cn-S-Øp-\n-∂pw D≠m-bn-√. k¿-°m¿-hn-cp-≤-]-{X-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww \n¿-Øn. a-‰p kz-X{¥-am-[y-a-ßƒ k¿-°m¿ A-\p-Iq-e-hm¿-Ø-I-fpw te-J-\-ß-fpw am-{Xw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. h-g-ßm-Ø-h A-Xy-]q¿-h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A-h-bv-°pw A-[n-IIm-ew \n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-bn-√. ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ \-S-Øp-∂ hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ ]-{Xßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-t®-°p-sa-∂v `-b-∂v k¿-°m¿, 1956 ap-X¬ \n-e-\n¬-°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]m-¿-e-sa‚-dn s{]m-ko-Un-Mv-kv s]m-´-£≥ Hm-^v ]-_v-fn-t°j≥ B-Iv-‰v d-±m-°n. ]-Xn-s\-´v am-k-Øn-\v ti-jw A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bp-sS \n-b-{¥-W-ß-fn¬ Ab-hp-h-cp-Øn-bpw ]-{X-sk≥-j¿-jn-∏v am-{Xw ]n≥-h-en-®pw \-S-Øn-b Xn-cs™-Sp-∏n¬ C-µn-cm-Km-‘n Z-b-\o-b-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. cm-Py-Øv h-f¿-∂p-h-∂ A-a¿-j-Øn-s‚ Ku-c-hw sk≥-k¿-jn-∏v Im-c-Ww A-h-c-dn-bm-sX t]m-bn F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p k-Xyw. Xp-S¿-∂v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ sam-dm¿-Pn tZ-im-bn-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ tZ-io-b-ap-∂-Wn k¿°m¿ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw ]u-cm-h-Im-i-hpw A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]e \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw kzo-I-cn-®p. hm¿-Øm-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\v sIm-≠p-h-∂ \n-b-aß-sf-√mw ]n≥-h-en-®p. {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]p-\:ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bvXp.Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ Im-e-Øv tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dn-s‚ `m-K-Øv-\n-∂v Im-cy-am-b ]-{X-kzmX-{¥y-[zw-k-\- \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw D-≠m-bn-√. C-µn-cm-Km-‘n X-s∂ c-≠p h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-jw ho-≠pw A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-s∂-¶n-epw P-\-Xm-k¿-°m¿ d-±m-°n-b H-cp \n-b-aw t]m-epw A-h¿ ]p-\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m≥ {i-an-°p-I-bp≠m-bn-√.-

7 B-[p-\n-I-am-[y-aw, ]u-cm-Wn-I-\n-b-aw hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-ep-≠-m-b-Xp t]m-ep-≈ hn-]v-fh-I-c-am-b am-‰w a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw cw-K-Øp-≠-m-tbm F-∂-dn-bn-√. F-¶n-epw, \Ωp-sS cm-Py-Øv ]-{X-ß-fp-sS {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-sØ kw-_-‘n-®v \n-e-\n¬°p-∂ \n-b-aw 1867¬ {_n-´o-jv k¿-°m¿ sIm-≠-p-h-∂ \n-b-a-am-Wv. Z {]-kv B‚ v c-Pn-t{Ã-j≥ Hm-^v _p-Iv-kv B-Iv-‰v ]-e t`-Z-K-Xn-I-tfm-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. am-[y-a-kw-_-‘n-bm-b \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°ap-≈ \n-b-a-an-Xp-X-s∂.]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-t∑¬ \n-b-{¥-Ww sIm-≠-p-h-cn-I-sb-∂ D-t±-iy-ta \n-ba-Øn-\n-s√-∂v \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ B-ap-J-Øn-epw hym-Jym-\-Øn-epw hy-‡-am°p-∂p-≠v. ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw B-\p-Im-en-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw ti-J-cn-®v kq-£n-t° ≠-Xm-sW-∂ Nn-¥-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv \n-b-aw D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. Cw-Kvf-≠-n¬ sse-{_-dn Hm-^v C-¥ym lu-kn¬ A-Xn-\v kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {]-km-[-I¿ kz-ta-[-bm ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw sse-{_dn-I-fn-te-°v A-b-°-W-sa-∂v B-Zy-Im-e-Øv ]-e-h-´w A-`y¿-∞n-s®-¶n-epw A-Xv hn-P-bn-®n-√. Xp-S¿-∂m-Wv Cu-Ãv C-¥ym-I-º-\n \n-b-aw sIm-≠-p-h-∂Xv. e--≠-\n-se tdm-b¬ G-jym-‰n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n-bm-Wv C-Xn-\v ap≥-ssI FSp-Ø-Xv. {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ F-√m ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw aq-∂p tIm-∏n-ho-Xw, {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn 48 a-Wn-°q-dn-\-Iw A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°W-sa-∂m-Wv N-´w. H-cp tIm-∏n Cw-Kv-f-n-se sse-{_-dn-bn¬ kq-£n--°pw. cs≠-Æw I¬-°-Ø-bn¬ kq-£n-°p-I-bpw ap-∂p-am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ ]p-kv85

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw X-I-ß-fp-sS Im-‰-tem-Kv {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øpw F-∂m-Wv N-´Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. C-X-\p-k-cn-®v B-Zy-am-bn 1862¬ B-bn-cØ-™q-dp ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS Im-‰-tem-Kv {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠-v. ]-Xn-\-©p h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXm-bn-cp-∂p B ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ. Xp-S-ßn-b Im-e-Øp-t]m-epw Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-ambn-cp-∂n-√ \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \-S-Øn-∏v . cm-Py-sØ-ºm-Sp-am-bn \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v {]-km-[-I¿ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ C-°m-eØv C-Xv Xo¿-Øpw A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw \n-b-aw \n-e-\n¬-°pI-bm-Wv. ]p-kv-X-Iw kq-£n-°p-I F-∂-Xv k¿-°m¿ _m-[y-X-b-√m-Xm-bn-°gn-™n-´p-≠v. F-{X {]-km-[-I¿ ]p-kv-X-Iw A-b-°p-∂p-≠-v F-∂pw hy-‡-a√. 1954¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂ U-en-h-dn Hm-^v _p-Iv-kv B≥v-dv \yq-kv-t]-t∏-gv-kv BIv-‰v A-\p-k-cn-®,v- C-¥y-bn-se-hn-sS G-Xv `m-j-bn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ ]pkv-X-I-Øn-s‚-bpw Hm-tcm tIm-∏n I¬-°-Ø-bn-se \m-j-\¬ sse-{_-dn-°v A-b-°-W-sa-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. {]m-tbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ C-Xpw h-epXm-sbm-∂pw hn-P-bn-®n-ń-√. \n-b-aw ]m-en-°p-∂p F-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-dn-√. ]p-kv-X-Iw A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-h-cp-sS ta¬ ]n-g-Np-a-Øm-≥ \nb-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-s≠-¶n-epw C-ß-s\ sN-øp-I km-[y-tam B-im-kytam A-√. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-® tI-{µ-\n-b-aw 1867 ap-X¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂p-s-¶n-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS c-Pn-t{Ã-j≥ kw-_-‘n-® N-´-ßƒ \ne-hn¬-h-∂-Xv 1956em-Wv. C-Xn-\p-≈ tI-{µo-Ir-X kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xpw - A-t∏mƒ am-{X-am-Wv. C-X-\p-k-cn-®v {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿ A-s√-¶n¬ c-Pn-{Ãm¿ Hm-^v \yq-kv-t]-t∏-gv-kv \n-b-an-X-\m-bn. H-∂mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ 1955¬ k-a¿-∏n-® dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ \n¿-t±-in-® {]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv.{]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿ B-Wv B-\p-Im-en-I-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS c-Pn-t{Ã-j≥ \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. H-tc t]-cp-≈ c-≠p {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww C-¥y-bn-ep-≠mIm≥ ]m-Sn-√. {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿ A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ t]-cn¬ am-{X-ta {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ A-®-Sn-°m-\pw hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm-\pw ]m-Sp-≈q. \n-›n-Xt^m-d-Øn¬ Pn-√m-a-Pn-t{Ã--‰v ap-tJ-\ th-Ww C-Xn-\p-≈ A-t]-£ {]-kv cPn-{Ãm¿-°v k-a¿-∏n-°m≥. t]-c v A-\p-h-Zn-®p-In-ń-bm¬, A-Xv Pn-√m-a-Pn-tÃ‰n-\v Un-Iv-f-td-j-\m-bn \¬-In ÿn-co-I-cn-t°--Xp-≠v. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ c-Pn-t{Ã--j≥ \-º-dpw c-Pn-{Ã-m-dm-Wv A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I. Zn-\-]-{X-am-sW-¶n¬ aq∂p-am-k-Øn-\-I-hpw a-‰p-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ B-dm-gv-N-°-I-hpw {]-kn-≤o-Ic-W-am-cw-`n-°-Ww. A-X-s√-¶n¬ ho-≠pw Un-¢-td-j≥ \¬-I-Ww. A-\p-h-Zn°-s∏-´ t]-cn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥- cq-]w h-ep-Xm-bn {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Im-Wn-®n86

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw cn-°-Ww F-∂m-Wv hy-h-ÿ. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Zn-h-kw, ÿ-ew, e-°-Øn-s‚ \-º¿ F-∂n-h-bpw t]-cn-\-Sp-Øm-bn sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. ]-‰p-t∂-S-tØm-fw A-h-km-\-t]-Pn¬ {]n‚ v-sse≥ B-bn D-S-a-ÿ≥, {]n‚¿, ]-_v-fn-j¿, F-Un‰¿ F-∂n-h-cp-sS-bpw A-®-Sn-°p-∂ {]- n-s‚-bpw t]-cv sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°-Ww. t]-cp-Iƒ Pn-√m-a-Pn-t{Ã--‰n-\v \¬-In-b Un-¢-td-j-\n¬ D-≈-Xv X-s∂ B-bncn-°-W-sa-∂p-≠v.-

]o-Un-∏n-°m≥ th-≠-{X ]-gp-Xp-Iƒ F-√m-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-bpw tIm-∏n A-®-Sn-®v 48 a-Wn-°q-dn-\-Iw {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿-°v F-Øn-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-ap-≠v. F-√m-h¿-j-hpw ^n-{_-h-cn A-hkm-\-Zn-h-k-Øn-\v ti-j-ap-≈ B-Zy-e-°-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ D-S-aÿ-X kw-_-‘n-® hn-h-c-ßƒ {]-tXy-I-t^m-an¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-tØ--Xp-≠-v. F-√m {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw h¿-jw tXm-dpw \n-›n-X-t^m-d-Øn¬ hm¿-jnI-dn-t∏m¿-´pw \¬-In-bn-cn-°-Ww. D-S-a-ÿ≥, {]n‚¿, ]-_v-fn-j¿, F-Un-‰¿ F-∂n-h-cm-sc-¶n-ep-tam A-®-Sn-°p-∂ {]-t m am-dp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-°m-cyw Pn-√m-a-Pn-t{Ã-‰n-s\ A-dn-bn-®v ]p-Xn-b Un-Iv-f-td-j≥ \¬-tI--Xp-≠v. Zn-h-khn¬-∏-\ c-≠m-bn-cw tIm-∏n-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ Nm¿-t´Uv A-°u-‚ n¬ \n-∂p-≈ k¿-´n-^n-°v-‰v k-ln-X-am-Wv hm¿-jn-I-dn-t∏m¿-´v \yq-kv t]-∏¿ c-Pn-{Ãm¿-°v \¬-tI--≠-Xv. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww \n¿-Ø-em-°p-tºmƒ t]m-epw hn-h-cw \n-›n-X-t^m-dØn¬ A-dn-bn-°p-I-bpw Un-Iv-f-td-j≥ \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-tø--Xp-≠-v. Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]m-en-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ip-‰-hn-Nm-c-W sN-øm-\pw in-£-\¬-Im-\pw hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠-v. s]m-Xp-sh A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v k¿-°m-dp-Iƒ hn-e I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠-v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf A-Sn-®-a¿-Øm≥ Cu \n-b-aØn-se hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn-s√-¶n-epw- F-s¥-¶n-epw Nn-√-d ho-gv-N-sb-¶n-epw h-cp-Øp-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-°m-sc ]o-Un-∏n-°m≥ th-≠{X ]-gp-Xp-Iƒ Cu \n-b-a-ß-fn-se-√mw D-s≠-∂v Im-Wmw. C-¥y-bn-se ap-gp-h≥ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-ap-≈ hn-h-c-ß-f-Sßn-b c-Pn-k-‰¿ {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿ kq-£n-°p-∂p. F-√m- h¿-jm-h-km-\-hpw cm-Py-sØ am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS \-S-Øn-∏v, D-S-a-ÿ-X F-∂n-h {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ dnt∏m¿-´v c-Pn-{Ãm¿ tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dn-\v \¬-I-Ww. Cu \n-b-a-ß-sf-√mw A-®-Sn-® {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ-°v am-{X-am-Wv _m-[-Iw. Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ßƒ-t°m C‚¿-s\-‰v am-[y-a-ßƒ-t°m {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿ c-Pn-tÃj≥ \¬-Ip-∂n-√. sS-en-hn-j≥ I-º-\n- \-S-Øn-∏n-\v hm¿-Øm-hn-X-c-W-hIp-∏n¬ \n-∂pw a-‰v tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿-A-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw A-\p-a-Xn hm87

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw tß--≠-Xp-≠v. F-∂m¬ C‚¿-s\-‰v am-[y-a-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®v \n-e-hn¬ \nb-a-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°-Øn-\v ]q¿-W D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw F-Un-‰¿-°mWv. ]n.-B¿.-_n \n-b-a-tam a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw \n-b-a-tam hm¿-Ø-tb-bpw ]-c-kytØ-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂n-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠-p-X-s∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fn¬ kw-`hn-°m-\n-S-bp-≈, A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-apƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS ew-L-\ßƒ-°v F-Un-‰¿ B-Wv D-Ø-c-hm-Zn. {]n‚ v sse-\n¬ t]-cp-≈ {]n‚¿, ]_v-fn-j¿, am-t\-Pn-ßv F-Un-‰¿ F-∂n-h¿-°v hm¿-Ø-bp-sS Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]-¶p-≠-v F-∂v sX-fn-bn-®m¬ am-{X-ta A-Xn-se \n-b-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ-°v D-Øc-hm-Zn-Øw h-cp-∂p-≈q. F-Un-‰¿-°m-h-s´, hm¿-Ø kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw {]-kn-≤s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-≈ Np-a-X-e a-s‰m-cm-sf G¬-∏n-®m¬ X-s∂-bpw \n-b-a-]-c-amb D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬ \n-s∂m-gn-™p-am-dm-\m-hn-√.

Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´ \n-b-aw \n-b-aw Im-e-Øn-s\m-Øv ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-tbm D-t]-£n-°p-I X-s∂-tbm sN-øm≥ k¿-°m¿ a-Sn-°-cp-sX-∂v hn-Z-Kv-≤-°-Ωn-‰n-I-fpw tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-I-fpw ]-e-h-´w Hm¿-a-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠-v. \n-b-aw k-a-{K-am-bn A-gn-®p-]-Wn-bp-sa-∂v tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dn-\v th-≠-n a-{¥n-am¿ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ D-d-∏v \¬-In-bn-´p-≈-Xpam-Wv. sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬ a-\-:ÿn-Xn ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xpw Cu P-\m-[n-]-Xy-bp-K-Øn¬ \n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Im-Wm-t\ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-≈-Xm-Wv ]n.-B¿.-_n \n-b-a-sa-∂v C-≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v Nm¿-t´-Uv A-°u-‚ v-kn-s‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww kw-_-‘n-®v D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ H-cp tI- n¬ U¬-ln ssl-t°mS-Xn Nq-≠-n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. '{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpw {]-km-[-I-cpw X-ß-fpsS sNm¬-∏-Sn-bn-em-sW-∂ Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´ sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬ a-t\m-`m-h-ap≈ hy-h-ÿ-I-ƒ \n-b-a-ß-fn¬ C-\n-bpw Xp-S-tc--Xp-t≠m F-∂v k¿-°m¿ Xo-cp-am-\n-°-Ww' - P-Uv-Pn ap-Iƒ ap-Uv-K¬ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-WØn-s‚ Un-¢-td-j-\n¬ Hm-tcm am-‰w h-cp-tºm-gpw {]-km-[-I≥ t\-cn-t´m GP‚ v ap-tJ-\-tbm a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰v ap-ºm-sI lm-P-cm-bn ]p-Xn-b Un-¢-td-j≥ \¬-I-W-sa-∂v Xp-S-ßn-b h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ C-t∏m-gpw \n-b-a-Øn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-Xn-te-°m-Wv tIm-S-Xn {i-≤ £-Wn-®-Xv. \n-b-a-Øn-se Nn-e hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \-S-∏m-°p-I X-s∂ A-km-≤y-am-bn-´p-≠v. {]-kv c-Pn-{Ãm¿-°v {]-kn-≤o-I-cWw A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ho-gv-N h-cp-Øn-bm¬ Hm-tcm X-h-W-bv-°pw A-ºXp cq-]-ho-Xw ]n-g Cu-Sm-°-W-sa-∂v \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠v. H-cn-°¬ t]m-epw Cu hy-h-ÿ \-S-∏m-°m≥ C-{X-bpw Im-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v I-gn-™n-´p-≠m-hn-√.

sse-k≥-kpw A-\p-a-Xn-bp-sa-√mw hm-ßn hy-h-km-b-ßƒ t]m-se {]-kv XpS-ßn-b Im-ew t]m-bv a-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. I-ºyq-´¿ bp-K-Øn¬ ho-´n-en-cp-∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-an-°m-\pw hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm-\pw I-gn-bp-w . kz-¥w {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww I-ºyq-´-dn¬ \n¿-an-®v C‚¿-s\-‰n¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ D-≈ C-°m-e-Øv X-s∂-bm-Wv 1867se \n-b-aw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv.-

8 {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]-√n-√m-∏p-en ? A-km-[m-c-W-am-b A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw A¬-∏w am-{Xw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øz-hp-ap-≈ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ÿm-]-\-am-Wv am-[y-a-ßƒ F-∂p ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. F-s¥-¶n-epsam-s° \n-b-{¥-W-ßƒ ]-{X-ßƒ-°v ta¬ th-Ww F-∂v H-cn-°-e-s√-¶n¬ a-s‰m-cn-°¬ Nn-¥n-®p-t]m-bn-´n-√m-Ø-h¿ Np-cp-°-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ \n-b-{¥-Wß-fp-≠m-°m≥ B-sc-¶n-epw H-cp-sº-´n-d-ßn-bm¬, \n-b-{¥-Ww th-Ww F∂v t\-c-sØ- I-cp-Xn-b-h¿-°pw ho-≠p-hn-Nm-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. Im-cy-ßƒ ]-g-b-]Sn Xp-S-cpw. am-[y-a-ßƒ- kz-X-{¥-ß-fm-bn Xp-S-cp-∂p-h-t√m F-∂v F-√m-h-cpw B-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. ]-{X-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v ]-cm-Xn-bp-≠m-bm¬ ]u-c-\v F-¥m-Wv t]mw-h-gn? tIm-SXn-sb k-ao-]n-°m-a-t√m F-∂v a-dp-]-Sn In-´pw. ]-d-bp-∂-{X F-fp-∏-a-√ C-Xv. hm¿-Ø-I-sf kw-_-‘n-®v Ir-Xy-am-b \n-b-a-ß-fn-√m-Ø-Xv sIm-≠p-X-s∂ hm¿-Ø-I-fn-¬ \n-b-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ D-s≠-∂v ÿm-]n-°p-I {]-bm-k-am-hpw. A-]-Io¿-Øn-bpw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-hpw t]m-ep-≈-h am-{X-am-hpw tIm-S-Xn-Ifn-¬ tNm-Zyw sN-øm-hp-∂-h. a-‰-t\-Iw ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ]n-s∂-bpw A-h-ti-jn°pw. C-h F-ß-s\ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øpw? Hm-tcm-∂n-\pw \n-b-a-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂-Xv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ Zp¿-_-e-am-°pw. \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn k-Zm- X-e-bv-°v aosX Xq-ßn-\n-∂m¬ am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v kz-X-{¥-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°m-\m-hn-√ . F¶n-epw, ]u-c-∑m-cp-sS ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm≥ F-s¥-¶n-epw kwhn-[m-\w D-≠m-I-W-a-t√m. Cu Nn-¥-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ F∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ D-Z-bw. 90

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

kzo-U-\n-em-Wv B-Zy-sØ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ˛-B t]-cn-e-s√-¶n-epw-˛ cq-]w sIm-≠-sX-∂v am-[y-a-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 1916¬ tIm¿-´v Hm-^v Hm-W¿ F-∂ t]-cn¬ am-[y-a-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ kz-bw-k-∂-≤-am-bn cq-]s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ B-Zy-cq-]w. 1969¬ {]-kv Hmw-_p-Uvkv-am≥ F-s∂m-cp Hm-ô-kv C-Xn-t\m-Sv Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp. t\-c-sØ ]u-c-∑m¿ ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ t\-cn-´v {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v \¬-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmw-_p-Uv-kvam≥ {]m-Y-an-I-]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn-b ti-jw A-t\z-j-W-am-h-iy-ap-≈-h am{Xw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v \¬-Ip-I F-∂ ]-cn-jv-Im-cw A-∂m-Wv \n-e-hn¬h-∂-Xv. kzo-Un-jv \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ ]-ªn-tj-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥, Z am-Kko≥ ]-ªn-tj-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥, kzo-Un-jv bq-Wn-b≥ Hm-^v P¿-Wen-Ãv-kv, Z \m-j-\¬ {]-kv ¢-∫v F-∂n-h tN-¿-∂m-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ sN-e-hp-Iƒ h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. H-cp P-Uv-Pn A-[y-£-\pw Cu kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS Hm-tcm {]-Xn-\n-[n-bpw ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bn H-cp _-‘-hp-an-√m-Ø aq-∂v s]m-Xp-P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpw A-S-ßn-b `-c-W-k-an-Xn-bm-Wv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. kzo-U≥ H-scm-‰-s∏-´ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn \m¬-∏-Xv h¿-j°m-ew \n-e-\n-∂p. A-º-Xp-I-fn¬ B-Wv {_n-´-\n-epw a-‰pw k-am-\-kw-hn-[m\w \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv. C-∂v A-º-tXm-fw cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Cu kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≠v. C-¥y-bpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ k¿-°m¿ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-sX-¶n-epw kzo-U-\n-epw a-‰p-]e cm-Py-ß-fn-epw A-h k-∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fm-Wv.F-√m P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-epw ]-{X-ßƒ-°v t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰v F-∂ \ne-bn¬ {]-tXy-I-]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. A-Sn-ÿm-\ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ÿm-]\-ß-fm-b \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bpw Pq-Uo-jy-dn-bpw `-c-W-\n¿-hm-l-I-hn-`m-Khpw P-\-ßƒ X-øm-dm-°n-b Ir-Xy-am-b \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øm-Wv {]-h-¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. ]-{X-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®v A-Ø-cw Ir-Xy-am-b \n-b-a-ßƒ F-ßp-an-√. a-‰p- aq-∂p s\-Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn ]-{X-ßƒ ]q¿-W-am-bpw kz-Im-cy-hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-am-Wv. k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ hm-Wn-Py-Xm¬-∏-cyw kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ _-en-I-gn-°-s∏-S-cp-Xv F-∂ D-t±-iy-hpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ t]m-sem-cp \n-b-{¥-W-kw-hn-[m-\w cq-]-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xn¬ ]-¶v h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.s]m-Xp-hm-bn, am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\w kw-_-‘n-® ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-c-ap≠m-°p-I-bpw am-[y-a-[m¿-an-I-X D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I-bpw B-Wv -{]-kv Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-sX-¶n-epw Hm-tcm cm-Py-Øpw A-h hy-Xy-kv-X-co-Xn-bn-emWv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS ta¬ k¿-°m-dp-I-fp-sS B-[n-]-Xyw C-√m-sX th-Ww am-[y-a-kw-_-‘n-bm-b ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wms\-∂ X-Øzw s]m-Xp-hm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep91

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Iƒ X-s∂ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-sW-∂ Xo-{hm-`n-{]m-b-°m-cpw am-[ya-cw-K-Øp-≠v. 'hm¿-Øm-kw-_-‘n-bm-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ A-h-Im-iw A-h-\n¬ \n-s∂-Sp-Øp-am-‰n {]-kvIu¨-kn¬ Dƒ-s∏-sS G-Xv ÿm-]-\-sØ G¬-∏n-°m-\p-≈ \o-°-tØbpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ sN-dp-t°-≠-Xm-W-v' F-∂v sIm-fw-_n-b k¿-h-I-emim-e-bn-se tPm¨ kn sa-dn¬ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. (Z Cw-]-td-‰o-hvkv Hm-^v {ô-Uw:F ^n-tem-k-^n Hm-^v P¿-W-en-Ãn-Iv Hm-t´m-W-an) C-Xv hf-sc sN-dn-b H-cp \yq-\-]-£-Øn-s‚ am-{Xw A-`n-{]m-b-am-sW-∂ \n-e-bn¬ Im-cy-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√.B-[p-\n-I-{]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v am-Xr-I-bm-b-Xv 1953 ap-X¬ {]-h¿-Øn®p-h-cp-∂ {_n-ó-jv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-em-Wv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw ^-e-{]-Z-am-°p∂-Xn-\p-≈ \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿-t±-in-°m≥ {_n-ó-jv K-h-s◊‚ v \n-tbm-Kn® tdm-b¬-I-Ωo-j≥ Hm¨ -{]-kv 1949¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v k-a¿-∏n-® dn-t∏m¿ń-em-Wv {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. IΩo-j-s‚ ip-]m¿-i H-‰-b-Sn-°v \-S-∏m-°-s∏-ń-√. ]-{X-D-S-a-Iƒ h¿-j-ß-tfmfw N¿-® sN-bv-Xn-´pw A-`n-{]m-b-sF-Iy-ap-≠m-bn-√. Xp-S¿-∂v {_n-ó-jv ]m¿e-sa-‚ n¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m≥ kz-Im-cy-_n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n®-t∏m-gm-Wv Im-cy-ßƒ-°v th-K-X Iq-Sn-b-Xv. Xp-S¿-∂v 1956¬ {_n-ó-jv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]w sIm-≠p. B-Zy-sØ ]-Øp-h¿-j-hpw Iu¨-kn-en¬ ]{X-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1963se \n-b-at`-Z-K-Xn-sb Xp-S¿-∂v s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°pw Iu¨-knen¬ Aw-K-Xzw \¬-I-s∏-´p. A-[y-£-]-Z-hn ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\n¬ \n-∂v PÃn-kp-am-cn-te-°v -am-‰n. 1991¬ {_n-´-\n¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ C-√m-Xm-bn. {]-kv Iw-]v-f-bn‚ v-kv I-Ωoj≥ F-∂m-bn ]p-Xn-b kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-kw-c-£-Wsa-∂ _m-[y-X Cu I-Ωo-j-\n-√. ]-{X-ß-fp-sS [m¿-an-I-X \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I, s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p-I F-∂o Np-a-X-e-Ifn¬ H-Xp-ßp-∂p {]-kv Iw-]v-f-bn‚ v-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w. F¨-]-XpI-fn¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw am¿-K-\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ß-fpw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ]-c-s° ew-Ln-°p-∂ km-l-N-cy-ap-≠m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv {]kv Iu¨-kn¬ C-\n-bpw Xp-S-c-W-tam F-∂ ]p-\-cm-tem-N-\-bp-≠m-b-Xv. \nb-a-]-c-am-b A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≈ Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m F∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ k¿ tU-hn-Uv Im¬-°-´v X-e-h-\m-bn Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚¬ I-Ωn-‰n-sb K-h-s◊‚ v \n-tbm-Kn-®p. k-a-{K-am-b H-cp s]-cq-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m°n-b-ti-jw am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]w \¬-Ip-∂ Iu¨-kn-en-s\ A-Xns‚ \-S-Øn-∏v ]-co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ G¬-∏n-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv {]-kv-Xp-X I-Ωn-‰n ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. A-Xv ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´m-te \n-b-am-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ I-

Ωo-j-s\ \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Im-cyw B-tem-Nn-t°-≠-Xp-≈q F-∂pw I-Ωn-‰n \n¿-t±-in-®p.-

in-£n-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-an-√ in-£n-°m≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ I-Ωo-j≥ h-t∂-°p-sa-∂ `o-j-Wn \n-e-hn-ep≈-Xp-sIm-≠v {]-kv- Iw-]v-f-bn≥-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn ap-t∂m-´v sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Im-cy-am-bn {i-an°p-∂p-≠v. {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv {]-kv Iw-]v-f-bn‚ v-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ sN-e-hv ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hm¿-jn-I se-hn-bn-eq-sS h-ln°p-∂-Xv. sX-‰p-Iƒ Xn-cp-Øp-hm≥ ÿm-]-\-ßƒ k-∂-≤-X {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv sIm-≠v I-Ωo-j-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w G-Xm-≠v Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn ap-t∂m-´v t]m-Ip-∂p-≠v. sX-‰n-s‚ t]-cn¬ ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf in-£n-°m-\p-≈ A-[nIm-c-sam-∂pw C-t∏m-gpw I-Ωo-j-\n-√.--A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw D-d-∏n-°m-\p-≈ am¿-K-ßƒ \n¿-t±-in°m≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ H-cp I-Ωo-j-\-m-Wv ˛-l-®n≥-kv I-Ωo-j≥-˛-{]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-Ww ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ H-cp \n-b-a-hpw D-≠m-°-cp-sX-∂v `-c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿbp-≈ A-hn-sS A-t\-I-h¿-j-sØ N¿-®-°v ti-j-ta {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq]-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v A-`n-{]m-b-k-a-\z-bw D-≠m-bp-≈q-˛-l-®n≥kv I-Ωo-j≥ ip-]m¿-i \¬-In-b-Xv 1947¬ , \m-j-\¬ \yp-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]w sIm-≠-Xv 1973¬.{_n-´-\n-epw A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-sa-∂ t]m-se H-cp {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv C-¥y-bnepw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ cq-]-h¬-°-c-Ww ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. \n-b-a-\n¿am-W-Øn-eq-sS Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw ]-{Xm-[n-]-kzm-X{¥yw, hm¿-Ø-bp-sS h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-kz-`m-hw, A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn¬ a-cymZ, ]-{X-ß-sf ssh-tZ-in-I-k-Ω¿-±-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v kz-X-{¥-am-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-b e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-t°-≠-sX-∂v I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ ]-d-™n-cp-∂p.C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® ip-]m¿-i {]-kv -I-Ωo-j≥ 1956¬ k-a¿-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-c-Ww 1966 h-sc \o-≠p-t]m-bn. kp-{]owtIm-S-Xn kn-‰n-ßv P-Uv-Pn sP.-B¿. ap-t[mƒ-°¿ B-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-sN-b¿am≥. I-Ωo-j-s‚ L-S-\ kw-_-‘n-® X¿-°-ßƒ tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xns\ Xp-S¿-∂v -sN-b¿-am≥ 1968¬ cm-Pn-sh-°p-I-bpw dn-´.-P-Uv-Pn F≥.-cm-P-tKm]m-e-A-ø-¶m¿ sN-b-¿-am-\m-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ]n-∂o-Sv dn-´-tb-Uv P-Uv-Pn-amcm-Wv sN-b¿-am≥ ÿm-\-tØ-°v \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv. A-[y-£-\v ]p-d-sa 22 93

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Aw-K-ßƒ Iu¨-kn-en¬ D-≠m-I-W-sa-∂m-Wv 1965 se \n-b-aw hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. D-S-a-ÿ-Xm-_-‘-an-√m-Ø B-dp ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ Dƒ-s∏-sS ]-Xn-aq-∂p-t]¿ h¿-°n-ßv P¿-W-en-Ãp-I-fm-I-W-sa-∂pw B-dn¬ aq-∂p-t]¿ `m-jm-]-{X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-{X-DS-a-ÿ-cm-b B-dp-t]-cpw bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n {Km‚ v I-Ωo-j≥, _m¿- Iu¨kn¬ Hm-^v C-¥y, tI-{µ-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an F-∂n-h \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øp∂ aq-∂p-t]-cpw aq-∂p ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-ß-fpw I-Ωo-j-\n-ep-≠m-I-Ww.]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-t_m-[-hpw s]m-Xp-tk-h-\-a-t\m-`m-h-hpw h-f-¿-Øp-I, [m¿-an-I-\n-e-hm-cw ]p-e¿-Øm≥ ]-{X-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-I F-∂n-h-bv-°v ]p-d-sa ]-{X-]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°m-bn H-cp [m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I F-∂-Xpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ Np-a-X-ebm-bn-cp-∂p. tIm-S-Xn-°v D-≈-Xp-t]m-se km-£n-I-sf hn-fn-®p-h-cp-Øm-\pw tc-J-Iƒ lm-P-cm-°n-°m-\pw I-Ωo-j-\v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. C-X-√m-sX a-‰p Imcy-am-b A-[n-Im-c-sam-∂pw I-Ωo-j-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sX-‰p-sN-øp-∂-h-sc imkn-°mw ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-Im-w. 1970¬ H-cp t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS hm¿-Øm G-P≥kn-I-sf-bpw I-Ωo-j-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂p. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-hpw ]-{X]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂, hy-h-km-b-X¿-°-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[nbn¬ h-cm-Ø X¿-°-ß-fn¬ a-[y-ÿw- h-ln-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-c-hpw I-Ωoj-\v \¬-I-n.-

]n-cn-®p-hn-S-epw ]p-\:ÿm-]-\-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v th-≠n {]-kv Iu-¨-kn¬ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®v ]-Øp h¿-j-Øn-\-Iw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw \n-t»-jw C-√m-Xm-Ip-∂ \n¿-`m-KyI-c-am-b ÿn-Xn- D-≠m-bn. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw am-{X-a-√, {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ X -- s∂ Cu L-´-Øn¬ C-√m-Xm-bn. 1975¬ B-`y-¥-c-A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ {]-Jy-m]n-®-t∏mƒ "F-¥n-\v th-≠n-bm-tWm ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv, B e-£y-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ k-ºq¿-W-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p' F-∂ B-tcm-]-W-Øn-\v hn-t[-bam-hp-I-bpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]n-cn-®p-hn-S-p-I-bp sN-bv-Xp. s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w cq]-h¬-°-cn-°p-I F-∂ e-£yw t\-Sm≥ I-gn-™n-s√-¶n-epw, ]--cm-Xn-I-fp-am-bn k-ao-]n-® P-\-ßƒ-°v Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-b tk-h-\w \¬-Im≥ {]-kv Iu¨-knen-\v I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-bn-s√-¶n-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v [m¿-an-I-am-b A-Sn-Ø-d th-Ww F-∂ t_m-[w ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°n-S-bn-epw P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-epw D-≠m-°m≥ Iu¨-kn-en-\v I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. A-Sn-b-¥-cmh-ÿ-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw H-´p-an-√m-Ø L--´-Øn¬ Iu¨-kn¬ D-≠m-ImXn-cp-∂-Xv \-∂m-sb-∂v I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cpw D-≠v. A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ A-h-km-\n-® ti-jw, 1978 ¬ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS 94

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]p-\:ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p. Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ Aw-K-kw-Jy C-cp]-Ø-©m-bn-cp-∂-Xv C-cp-]-sØ-´m-°n-b-Xn-\v ]p-d-sa A-[y-£-s‚ \n-b-a-\-coXn-bn¬ Im-cy-am-b am-‰w h-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. t\-c-sØ A-[y-£-s\ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-km-Wv \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hyh-ÿ 1978¬ am-‰n. cm-Py-k-`m-[y-£-\pw tem-Iv-k-`m-[y-£-\pw Iu¨-kn¬ \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw sN-øp-∂ H-cw-K-hpw tN¿-∂m-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ A-[y-£s\ \n-›-bn-°p-I. A-[y-£-\v tbm-Ky-X-sbm-∂pw \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-ń-ń-s√-¶nepw h-ln-°p-∂ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-s‚ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b kz-`m-hw I-W-°n-seSp-Øm-Wv P-Ãn-kv ]-Z-hn h-ln-®n-cp-∂-h-sc \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]-{X-ß-fn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-tXm hm¿-Øm-G-P≥-kn-Iƒ hn-X-cWw sN-øp-∂-tXm B-b hm¿-Ø, te-J-\w, Nn-{Xw, Im¿-´q¨, ]-c-kyw XpS-ßn- F-¥pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ [m¿-an-I-X ew-Ln-°p-∂-Xm-bn tXm∂n-bm¬ G-sXm-cmƒ-°pw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en¬ ]-cm-Xn-s∏-Smw. ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-cw-K-Øp-≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bpw ]-cm-Xn \¬-Imw. {_n-´-\n-se {]kv Iu¨-kn-em-Wv C-¥y-bpw am-Xr-I-bm-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-sX-¶n-epw C-¥y-bnse \n-b-aw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. {_n-´-\n¬ ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc A-√msX ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\-Xn-sc ]-cm-Xn {]-kv Iw-]v-f-bn‚ v-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ]-cn-KWn-°p-I-bn-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øz-hpw Ahn-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂p.]-{X-Øn-se hm¿-Ø-sb Ip-dn-t®m hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-t®m ]-cm-Xn-bp-≠m-bm¬ t\-cn-´v {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ k-ao-]n-°p-I F-∂-X-√ kzo-Im-cy-am-b co-Xn. ]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc-bm-Wv B-Zyw k-ao-]n-t°-≠-Xv. A-hn-sS Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-b ]-cn-lm-cw D-≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n-te {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ k-ao-]n-°m≥ ]m-Sp-≈q. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚-tbm ]{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚-tbm kzm-X-{¥y-sØ l-\n-°p-∂ \-S-]-Sn A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sS `m-K-Øp-≠m-bm-epw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en¬ ]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v k-ao-]n-°m-hp-∂Xm-Wv. {]m-Y-an-Im-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ I-g-ºp-s≠-∂v sN-b¿-am-\v t_m-[y-s∏-´mte G-sXm-cp ]-cm-Xn- kw-_-‘n-®pw hn-i-Z-am-b A-t\z-j-W-hpw \-S-]-Sn-bpw D-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-ep-≈ H-cp ]-cm-Xn-bpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bn-√. C-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v F-√m l-c-Pn-°m-cpw kXy-{]-kv-Xm-h-\ F-gp-Xn ]-cm-Xn-tbm-sSm-∏w k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. I-g-ºp-s≠-∂v tXm-∂p-∂ F-√m ]-cm-Xn-I-sf-Ip-dn-®pw D-]-k-an-Xn A-t\z-jWw \-S-Øpw. F-Xn¿-I-£n-°v t\m-ó-kv sIm-Sp-Øv A-h¿-°v ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv tIƒ-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. B-h-iy-ap-≈ tc-J-Iƒ hn-fn-®p-h-cp-Øp-w. D-]-k-anXn-bp-sS A-t\z-j-W-dn-t∏m¿-´v Iu¨-kn-en-¬ -k-a¿-∏n-°pw. dn-t∏m¿-´v ]-cn-KWn-® ti-jw Iu¨-kn-em-Wv tI- n¬ hn-[n ]-d-bp-I. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en95

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s‚ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-°v tIm-S-Xn-\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS A-tX Ku-c-h-hpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b {]m-[m-\y-hpw D-s≠-¶n-epw in-£m-[n-Im-c-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. sX-‰p-Iƒ Xn-cpØm≥ D-Ø-c-hp \¬-Ip-I-tbm tam-i-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf ]-c-ky-am-bn im-kn-°p-I-tbm H-s°-tb sN-øm-dp-≈q . Iu¨-kn-en-se `q-cn-]-£-{]-Im-cw hn-[n-]-d-bm≥ \n-b-a-Øn¬ hy-h-ÿ-bp-s≠-¶n-epw -[m¿-an-I-am-b A-[n-Imcw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn Iu¨-kn¬ G-I-I-WvT-am-b Xo-cp-am-\-ß-tf kzo-I-cn-°m-dp-≈q.

]-cn-l-kn-°p-∂-h-tc-sd h-f-sc ]-cn-an-X-am-b A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≈ C-Ø-c-sam-cp {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ sIm-≠v {]-tbm-P-\-ap-t≠m F-∂ tNm-Zyw \n-c-¥-cw D-b¿-∂p-h-cm-dp-≠v. am[y-a-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ C-{X-bpw Im-e-sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\w sIm-≠v {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v I-gn-t™m F-∂ tNm-Zy-hpw {]-k-‡-am-Wv. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ X-e-∏-Øn-cp-∂-h¿ C-°mcy-Øn¬ Xr-]v-X-c-√. s]m-Xp-sh am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p-≠m-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-h-cpw Xr-]v-X-c-√. I-S-em-kp-]p-en, ]-√n-√m-∏p-en, d-∫¿-]-√p≈ I-S-em-kp-]p-en Xp-S-ßn-b {]-tbm-K-ß-fn-eq-sS {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-h-tc-sd-bm-Wv. H-cp D-]-tZ-in-kw-L-Øn-\-∏p-d-ap-≈ {]m-[m-\y-sam-∂pw ]-e-cpw {]-kv Iu¨kn-en-\v I¬-∏n-°m-dn-√. Ku-c-h-ap-≈ ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ A-Xn-te-sd Ku-c-h-tØmsS A-t\z-jn-®v X-øm-dm-°-p-∂ dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ-°v am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F-¥v hn-e-bm-Wv I¬-∏n-°m-dp-≈-Xv? ]-e-cpw A-Xv A-h-K-Wn-°m-td D-≈q. Iu¨kn-en-s‚ hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂ ]-{Xw -t]m-epw Nn-e-t∏mƒ B hna¿-i-\w {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn-√. C-Ø-cw A-\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ {]-tbm-P-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ {]-Xo-£- sI-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. ]-Iq-Xn ]-{Xßƒ t]m-epw Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ hn-[n A-\p-k-cn-°m-dn-s√-∂v 1998¬ -{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ sN-b¿-am≥ P-Ãn-kv km-h-¥v tI-{µ-k¿-°m-dn-\v \¬-In-b H-cp dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-cp-∂p. hn-[n ew-Ln-°p-∂-h-cp-sS ta¬ ]n-g- Np-aØm≥ {]-kv- Iu¨-kn-en-\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-I-W-sa-∂v {]-kv-Xp-X dn-t∏m¿ń¬ ip-]m¿-I -sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw A-Xv kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-ń-√. ]n-g Np-aØp-∂ co-Xn hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-∏m-°n-b H-cp cm-Py-am-Wv, {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ P-∑-\m-sS-∂v ]-d-bm-hp-∂ kzo-U≥. ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm∏n-h-sc-bp-≈ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS ta¬ ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw t{Im-W-dpw A-Xn-\v ap-I-fn-ep≈-h-bv-°v 25000 t{Im-W-dp-am-Wv ]n-g Cu-Sm-°p-∂-Xv. (H-cp t{Im-W¿ k-aw 6.-22 cq-]) ]n-g G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv F-√m {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ ]-cn-lm-c-am-Ip-sa-∂ hm-

Zw B¿-°p-an-√. hy-‡n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc X-Øz-Zo-£-bn-√m-sX B-t£-]-ß-sfgp-Xp-I, I-≈-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b- Zp-jv-{]-h-W-X-Iƒ \n-b{¥n-°m≥ ]n-g {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-t´-°mw. F-∂m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Ku-c-h-ap-≈ am[y-a-a-cym-Zm-ew-L-\-ßƒ F-ß-s\ X-S-bm-\m-hp-sa-∂v \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. sXm-Æq-dp-I-fn¬ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ Np-a-X-e ]-c-ky-hn-`m-Kw amt\-P-sc G¬-∏n-® H-cp ln-µn-]-{X-Øn-s\-Xn-sc \m-j-\¬ bq-Wn-b≥ Hm-^v P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en¬ \¬-In-b ]-cm-Xn- Iu¨-kn¬ i-cn-shs®-¶n-epw ]-{X-am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v A-Xv tI-´-Xm-bn \-Sn-t®-bn-√. {]-kv Iu¨-knen-s‚ \n- -lm-b-X sh-fn-hm-°n-b kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. ]n-g-in-£-sb-¶n-epw \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂ B-h-iyw {]-Xy£-Øn¬ h-f-sc \ym-b-am-bn tXm-∂p-sa-¶n-epw A-Xv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ {]h¿-Ø-\-sØ X-f¿-Øp-sa-∂ \n-co-£-W-Øn-em-Wv I-g-tº-sd-bp-≈-Xv. in£n-°-s∏-´-h¿ tIm-S-Xn-I-sf k-ao-]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ A-[y-£≥ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿- tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS km-£n-°q-ń-epw {]-Xn-°q-ńepw sN-∂p-\n¬-t°-≠n-h-t∂-°pw. hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ k-a-b-hpw Du¿-P-hpw hn-`-h-hpw sN-e-h-gn-°m≥ C-Xv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-°pw. Iu¨kn¬ X-e-∏-Øp-≈-h-cp-sS D-t±-i-ip-≤n tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-t´-°pw. G-Xv sNdn-b tIm-S-Xn-bpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v ta-se-bm-sW-∂ \n-e-bpw D-≠m-Ipw. B-I-∏m-sS C-Xv Kp-W-tØ-°m-tf-sd tZm-j-am-Wv sN-øm-\n-S-bm-°p-I. Cu N¿-® C-¥y-bn¬ am-{X-ap-≈-Xp-a-√. ]n-g, ]-c-kyw X-S-b¬ , Aw-K-Xzw d±m-°¬, A-{I-Un-t‰-j≥ X-S-b¬ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv Iu¨-kn-en-\v \¬-Imhp-∂ h-en-b in-£. Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ hn-[n-]q¿-W-cq-]-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-SpØ-W-sa-∂v ]-{X-tØm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw {_n-ó-jv {]-kv Iw]v-f-bn‚ v I-Ωo-j-\p-≠v. im-k-\m-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-sS [m¿-an-I-_-e-Øn¬ X-s∂bm-Wv tem-I-sØ-ßpw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-Iƒ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. F-¶n¬t]m-epw, {]-kv Iu¨-kn-ep-I-fp-sS X-e-∏-Øv C-cp-∂-h¿-s°-√mw H-cn-°-es√-¶n¬ a-s‰m-cn-°¬ Iu¨-kn-en-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ A-[n-Im-cw th-Ww F-∂v tXm-∂n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-e L-´-ß-fn¬ C-Xv kw-_-‘n-® ip-]m¿-i-Iƒ k-a¿-∏n°-s∏-ń-´p-ap-≠v. F-∂m¬ Im-cy-ßƒ h-f-sc-sbm-∂pw ap-t∂m-´v t]m-hp-I-bp≠m-bn-√. sN-dn-b ]n-g-bv-°-∏p-d-ap-≈ G-Xv in-£m-\-S-]-Sn-bpw ]-{X-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-s‚ ew-L-\-am-bn \ym-b-am-bpw hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bp-≠v.-

Iq-Sp-X¬ A-[n-Im-cw A-\m-im-ky-am-b co-Xn-Iƒ A-\p-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ]-{X-ß-sf-bpw ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-sc-bpw im-kn-°m≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-I-W-sa-∂v H-∂mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-X-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ hy97

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw h-ÿ B-Zy-{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ B-Iv-‰n¬ X-s∂ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iu¨-kn-ens‚ Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]-{X-sØ \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-\v \¬-In-s°m-≠p-≈ hy-h-ÿ 1970 ¬ D-ƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. C-Xn¬ \n-∂v Im-cy-ßƒ h-f-sc-sbm-∂pw apt∂m-´v t]m-bn-√. sX-‰m-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-°p-≈ in-£-bm-bn ]-c-ky-tam A-{IUn-t‰-j-t\m \yq-kv-{]n-t‚m- t]m-Ã¬-ku-P-\y-tam X-S-b-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sN-øm≥ Iu-¨-kn-en-\v A-[n-Im-cw th-Ww F-∂v 1980¬ Iu¨-kn¬ {]ta-bw h-gn A-`y¿-∞n-®p. A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ `-c-W-L-S\m-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv \n¬-°p-∂ in-£m-[n-Im-c-ß-tf th-≠q F-∂v Iu¨-kn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw Xo-cp-am-\-sam-∂-ap-≠m-bn√. Iu¨-kn¬ ip-]m¿-i sN-øp-I-bpw k¿-°m¿ in-£n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ co-Xn km-[m-c-W-am-bm¬ Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ kz-X-{¥-kz-`m-h-am-Wv C-√m-Xm-hpI F-∂pw k¿-°m-dp-am-bn H-Øp-{]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ H-cp ÿm-]-\-am-bn {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ A-[:∏-Xn-°p-sa-∂pw ]-e-cpw Nq-≠n-°m-´n. aq-∂p-X-h-W-sb-¶n-epw Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ im-k-\-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂ ]-{XØn-s\-Xn-sc am-{X-ta in-£m-\-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-hq F-s∂m-cp D-]m-[n 1982se {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ ip-]m¿-i-bn¬ ap-t∂m-´v sh-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xm-Wv. F-¶nepw C-°m-cy-Øn¬ A-`n-{]m-b-k-a-\z-bw D-≠m-b-tX-bn-√. in-£m-[n-Im-cßƒ Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-´-Xp sIm-≠v A-Ø-cw A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ th-Ww F-∂ B-h-iyw X-ßƒ ]n≥-h-en-®-Xm-bn 1982 se hm¿-jn-I-dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.a-s‰-√m s{]m-^-j-\p-I-fn-epw [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-sS ew-L-\w s{]m-^-j\n¬ \n-∂v ]p-d-¥-≈-s∏-Sm≥ a-Xn-bm-b Im-c-W-am-Wv. Kp-cp-X-c-am-b B-tcm]-W-ßƒ sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-´m¬ tUm-Iv-‰¿-t°m A-`n-`m-j-I-t\m sXm-gn-en¬ Xp-S-cm-\m-hn-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v Xp-S-cm-\m-hpw. F-¥p-sIm-≠v F-∂ tNmZyw ]-e-t∏m-gpw D-∂-bn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. a-‰p s{]m-^-j-\p-I-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xykv-X-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w. h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-b [m¿-an-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n-›bn-°p-∂-Xv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw C-√m-Xm°pw. hm-b-\-°m¿, P-\-ßƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv Cu s{]m-^-j-s‚ hn-[n-I¿-Øm°ƒ F-∂pw am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ X-Øz-ßƒ F-∂pw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. H-cp "A-S-®' sXm-gn¬ B-bn ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ am‰p-∂-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\pw k-aq-l-Øn-\pw tZm-j-ta sN-øq.C-sX-√mw ]-d-bp-tºm-gpw, {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´ H-cp hm-¿-Ø-bn-se Kp-cp-X-cam-b A-[m¿-an-I-X-bv-s°-Xn-sc {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s\ k-ao-]n-°p-∂ H-cp ]u-c-\v F-¥v B-izm-k-am-Wv e-`n-°p-I F-∂ tNm-Zyw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ hm-Zw sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v tc-J-Iƒ ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D98

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]-tZ-iw tX-Sp-I-bpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ U¬-ln h-sc k-©-cn-°p-I-bpw tI-kv hmZn-°m≥ G¿-∏m-Sv sN-øp-I-bpw F-√m-‰n-\pw ]p-d-sa h¿-j-ß-tfm-fw Im-Øn-cn°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]u-c-\v F-¥v B-izm-k-am-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ hn-[nbn¬ \n-∂v e-`n-°p-∂-Xv? Im-cy-am-bn H-∂p-an-√. tI- n-se {]-kv Iu¨-knen-s‚ hn-[n Iq-‰-°m-cm-b ]-{X-ÿm-]-\w ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cp∂m¬ t]m-epw ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-\pw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ X-s∂-bpw \n- -lm-b-cmbn t\m-°n-\n¬-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. Cu \n-e am-d-Ww F-∂v X-s∂-bm-Wv Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≈-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw.

s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-°-em-Wv {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ {]m-Y-an-I-Np-a-X-e F-∂ [m-c-W-bpw \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v \ym-bo-I-c-W-am-bn 1975¬ tI-µ-k¿°m¿ Nq-≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv, s]-cp-am-‰-®-´-Øn-\v cq-]w-\¬-Ip-I F-∂ Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ Iu¨-kn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬, A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°v ti-jw ]m- m-°n-b {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ B-Iv-‰v A-ßs\-sbm-cp _m-[y-X {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ Np-a-en¬ sh-°p-∂n-√. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv? hn-j-b-Øn¬ ]T-\w \-S-Øn-b-h¿-°v t_m-[y-s∏-´ H-cp- Im-cy-ap-≠v. F-√m-h¿-°pw kzo-Im-cy-am-Ip∂-Xpw k-a-{K-hpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ \n-e-hm-c-ap-b¿-Øp-∂-Xp-am-b Hcp s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-°p-I {]-bm-k-am-Wv. h-√- hn-t[-\-bpw D-≠m-°n-bm¬ X-s∂ A-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-]m-e-\w A-Xn-te-sd {]-bm-k-am-Wv. am-dp-∂ Im-e-Øn\pw A-`n-cp-Nn-°pw km-aq-ly-am-b B-h-iy-ß-ƒ-°pw km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bv-°pw hn-Im-k-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®v aq-ey-ß-fpw am-[y-a-k-Zm-Nm-cw X-s∂-bpw am-‰-Øn\v hn-t[-b-am-Wv. s]m-Xp-sh kzo-Im-cy-am-b Ip-sd X-Øz-ßƒ ]-d-bp-I- am{Xw- sN-øp-∂ s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ A-¿-∞-iq-\y-X- t_m-[y-s∏´-Xn-s‚ Iq-Sn A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv B-Zy-{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ A-Xn¬-\n-∂v am-dn-\n-∂-Xv. H-cp N-´w ]p-d-Øv \n-∂v A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°p-I-b-√, am-[y-a-ßƒ kz-bw D-≠m°p-I-bm-Wv th-≠-sX-∂p-ap-≈ \n-e-]m-Spw i-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. {_n-´o-jv {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ F-°m-e-Øpw A-ß-s\ H-cp tIm-Uv Hm-^v tIm¨-U-Iv-‰v A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \n-e-]m-Sv Xs∂-bm-Wv C-¥y≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-epw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿbn¬ Nn-e-sc D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn H-cp s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°m≥ {iaw \-S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-Xv \n-jv-^-e-am-Wv F-∂v A-Xn-s‚ D-]-⁄m-Xm°ƒ-°v X-s∂ t_m-[y-s∏-´p. 99

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw -- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-bp-≈-t∏mƒ k¿-°m¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv A-tX-]-Sn ]-{X-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-°pw, A-Xn-\v N-´-sam-∂pw th-≠. A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ I-gn-™m¬ F-¥p-N-´-ap-≠m-°n-bm-epw ]-{X-ßƒ A-\p-k-cn-°p-I-bp-an-√. k¿-°m¿ ]t£ {i-aw D-t]-£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. 1982¬ s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w D-≠m-t°-≠-Xns‚ B-h-iy-I-X Nq-≠n-°m-´n tI-{µ-hm¿-Øm-hn-X-c-W-{]-t£-]-W-h-Ip-∏v a{¥m-e-bw {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ sN-b¿-am-\v I-sØ-gp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw B k-¶¬-∏-sØ X-s∂ tNm-Zyw sN-bv-Xn-´p≈-h-cm-Wv. D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-sX-∂pw A-h¿°v s]-cp-am-‰-®-´-Øn-s‚-sbm-∂pw B-h-iy-an-√ F-∂p-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS hy-‡am-b \n-e-]m-Sv. B-sc-¶n-epw -D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-an-√m-sX s]-cp-am-dn-bm¬ ]-{Xwhm-bn-°p-∂ P-\-ßƒ X-s∂ A-Xn-\p-≈ ]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°pw F-∂-Xm-Wv P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b \n-e-]m-Sm-bn A-h¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

9 ]-{X-ß-fpw ]m¿-e-sa‚pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-I-bpw in-£n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]-e k-µ¿-`-ß-fp-ap-≠v. aq-∂p k-µ¿-`-ß-fm-Wv hf-sc {]-[m-\-am-b-h. aq-∂n-epw hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ. km-[m-c-W-KXn-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn‚-bpw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚-bpw kw-c-£-I-cm-b aq-∂v Iq-´-cm-Wv am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS F-Xn¿-]-£-Øv h-cn-I F-∂Xm-Wv C-Xn-se c-k-I-c-am-b h-iw. B-Zy-tØ-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ H-∂mw s\-Spw-Xq¨ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ P-\-{]-[n-\n-[n-k-`-Iƒ. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ \-S-]-SnI-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ Nn-e hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ew-L-\-am-Ipw. A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-Øn-\v \-S-]-Sn D-≠m-Imw, ]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-s\ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v hn-fn-®p-h-cp-Øp-I-bpw in-£n-°p-I-bpw sN-ømw. th-sd Nn-e A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fpw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb B-Wv {]-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-I. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw F-∂ Ip-‰-Øn-\v in-£ e-`n-°mw. aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, B¿-°v th-≠n-bm-tWm P-\m-[n-]-Xyw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv B P\w X-s∂-bm-Wv F-Xn¿-]-£-Øv h-cn-I. Iq-´-am-bn-´-√ F-∂p-am-{Xw. A-`n-{]mb-ßƒ A-]-Io¿-Øn B-Ip-tºm-gpw {]-Xn-°q-´n¬ \n¬-°p-I an-°-t∏m-gpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Wv.Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-Xn-s‚ ew-L-\-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ß-fpw B-Wv \mw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v D≠m-°p-∂ \n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw \nb-a-⁄¿ th¿-Xn-cn-®v Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. c-k-I-c-am-b Im-cyw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ßƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v D-≠m-°n-b-X-√ F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]m¿e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS ew-L-\-ß-fpw kw-_-‘n-®v H-cp \nb-a-hpw C-¥y-bn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-t∂ C-√ F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ 101

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw k-Xy-am-hp-I.]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw a-‰pw G-Xv \n-b-aw hm-bn-®p-a-\- n-em-°n-bm-Wv A-h-Imi-ew-L-\-ßƒ D-≠m-Im-sX t\m-t°-≠-Xv F-∂v \ym-b-am-bn tNm-Zn-°mw. C¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v C-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v \n-b-a-ßƒ H-∂pw D-≠m-°n-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw {_n-´-\n¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ \n-b-a-Øn-s‚-bpw Io-gv-h-g-°-Øn-s‚-bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn¬ B-fp-Iƒ in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-Xy-]q¿-h-hpw AXn-hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-b A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv Cu cw-K-Øv \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv. {_n-ó-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚pw C-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n-b-a-ßƒ ]m- m-°n-bn-ń-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv a-s‰mcp hn-Nn-{X-k-Xyw. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b \n-b-a-a-√, Im-e-ß-fm-bp-≈ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS cq-]-s∏-´ Io-gv-h-g-°-ß-fpw Xo-cp-am-\ß-fp-am-Wv {_n-´-\n-epw \n-b-a-am-bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv. C-Ø-cw \n-b-a-ß-sf tIm-a¨ tem F-∂p-w ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS \n-e-hn¬ h∂-h-sb Ãm-‰yq-´v tem F-∂pw ]-d-bpw. ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fp-sSbpw \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS-bpw Im-cy-Øn¬ 'ss_-_vƒ' B-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv F¿-kn-In≥ ta bp-sS ']m¿-e-sa‚-dn {]m-Iv-‰o-kv' F-∂ {K-Ÿ-am-Wv. C-h- Xs∂-bm-Wv C-¥y-bn-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-bpw A-h-bpsS ew-L-\-ß-sf-bpw kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ßƒ.{_n-´-\n¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ F-√m Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-sa-∂ t]mse ]-{X-ß-fpw ]m¿-e-sa‚p-am-bp-≈ _-‘-hpw {I-am-\p-K-X-am-bn cq-]-s∏-´Xm-Wv. ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ Xm-ßn-\n¿-Øp-∂ s\-Spw-Xq-Wp-Ifn¬ H-∂m-b t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰m-bn am-[y-a-ß-sf I-W-°m-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Xp-S-°-Øn¬ A-sXm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ A-h-ÿ. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS ti-J-cW-hpw hn¬-∏-\-bpw B-W-t√m am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\w. Xp-S-°-Øn¬ C-X-{X ]¥n-bm-b G¿-∏m-Sm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√-. Hm-tcm L-´-Øn-epw k¿-°mdn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-W-hpw kzm-[o-\-hpw C-Xn-s‚ F-√m ta-J-e-I-fn-epw D-≠m-bncp-∂p. hm¿-Ø A-®-Sn-°p-∂-Xp X-s∂ cm-P-Io-bm-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-sS ta-ep-≈ I-S-∂p-I-b-‰-am-bn I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂ Im-ew Cw-•-≠n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-®Sn-∏-{Xw Xp-S-ßn-b-Im-e-Øv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se N¿-®-Iƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xv in-£ In-´p-∂ Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b Ip-‰-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv , hm¿-Ø A-®-Sn-°m≥ Nn-e¿-°v sse-k≥-kv sIm-Sp-°p-∂ Im-ew h-∂p. ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ I-b-dn-s®-∂v \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ te-J-I∑m¿-°v A-h-Im-iw e-`n-°p-∂-Xv ]n-t∂-bpw h-f-sc-°m-ew I-gn-™m-Wv. s]m-Xp-k-`-bn-se-tbm {]-`p-k-`-bn-se-tbm 'A-⁄m-X-cp-sS ' (k-µ¿-i-I¿F-∂v kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ {_n-ó-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn `m-j-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv A-⁄m-X-≥, A-]-cn-Nn-X≥, A-\y≥ F-s∂-√mw A¿-∞w h-cp-∂ kv-s{S-bnt©-gv-kv F-∂ hm-°m-bn-cp-∂p. 2000¬ am-{X-am-Wv Cu {]-tbm-Kw D-t]-£n102

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw °m≥ {]-tXy-I k-`m-k-an-Xn ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. F-∂m¬ C-¥y≥ ]m¿-esa‚n-s‚ \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-® tc-J-I-fn¬ C-t∏m-gpw s{Ã-bv-©¿ F-∂ hm-°v {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.-) dn-t∏m¿-´¿-am¿-°v Km-e-dn-bn¬ C-cp-∂v N¿-® -tIƒ-°mw. ]n-∂o-Sv Hm¿-a-bp-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ ]-{X-Øn¬ sIm-Sp-°mw F∂ D-Zm-c-hy-h-ÿ D-≠m-bn. ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ C-cp-∂p dn-t∏m¿-´¿-am¿ H-∂pw Fgp-Xn-sb-Sp-°-cp-Xv F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hy-h-ÿ. \-√ Hm¿-a-i-‡n-bp-≈-h¿-°v ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ dn-t∏m¿-´¿-am-cm-Imw F-∂ \n-e-bpw C-Xp-aq-e-ap-≠m-bn.F-s¥-√mw dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-ømw, F-{X-tØm-fw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-am-Imw Fs∂-√m-ap-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Im-e-{I-ta-W-bm-Wv Ip-sd-sb-√mw hy-‡-X-bp≠m-b-Xv. C-t∏m-gpw ]-t£, kw-L¿-j-ßƒ Xo-cp-I-tbm F-√m Im-cy-ß-fnepw Ir-Xy-X-bp-≠m-hp-I-tbm sN-bv-Xn-´n-√. dn-t∏m¿-´n-ßv kw-_-‘n-®v G-Xm≠v [m-c-W-bp-≠m-bn-°-gn-s™-¶n-epw t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw ho-Un-tbm Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw kw-_-‘n-®v B-i-b-°p-g-∏-hpw kw-L¿-j-hpw \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p.

A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bp-sS kz-X-{¥-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-≈ P-\m-[n-]-Xym-hIm-i-hpw k-`-bn-¬ F-¥p-\-S-°p-∂p F-∂v A-dn-bm-\p-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS A-hIm-i-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ H-Øp-Xo¿-∏m-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\-kw-_-‘n-® am-[y-a-\nb-a-ßƒ. G-Xv \n-b-a-hpw \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚m-b-Xv sIm-≠v ]m¿-esa‚n-s‚ \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°pw Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ-°pw ap≥-K-W-\ e-`n-°p-∂-Xv kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{Xw. F-∂m¬ P-\-ß-fpw P-\-ß-fp-sS A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Imiw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂ am-[y-a-ß-fpw Hm-tcm C-©pw s]m-cp-Xn-bm-Wv ]m¿-esa‚-dn \-S-]-Sn-I-sf A-dn-bm-\pw P-\-ß-sf A-dn-bn-°m-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-iw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv . C-t∏m-gpw B t]m-cm-´w A-h-km-\n-®n-ń-√. ]m¿-e-sa‚m-Wv P-\-ln-X-sØ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv F-∂ k-¶¬-∏-Øn-s‚ A-Snÿm-\-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ ap≥-ssI \n-e-\n-¿-Øp-∂p-≠v.C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS \n¿-am-W-th-f-bn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-hIm-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v N¿-® \-S-∂n-cp-∂p. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \n-b-aw D-≠m-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc {_n-ó-jv s]m-Xp-k-`bv-°v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ D-≈ F-√m A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-fpw C-¥y≥ P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-Iƒ-°pw D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bvXp. `-c-W-L-S-\ D-≠m-bn B-dp ]-Xn-‰m-≠m-hm-dm-sb-¶n-epw ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v C°m-cy-Øn¬ C-Xp-h-sc \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°n-bn-ń-√. A-Xp sIm-≠p-X-s∂, {_n-ójv \n-b-a-k-`m-km-am-Pn-I-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-am-bn {]-h¿103

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Øn-°m≥ C-hn-S-sØ P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°v I-gn-bp-∂p. \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°m≥ ]p-d-s∏-´m¬ C-Xn¬ G-sX-√mw A-h-ti-jn-°pw F-∂v ]-d-bm-\m-hn-√. am-{Xhp-a-√, ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°p-∂ G-Xp-\n-b-a-hpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tNm-Zyw sNøm-sa-∂n-cn-s° ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-ahpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-t´-°mw. Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \¬-Ip-∂ in-£-I-fpw tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-t´-°pw. C-Ø-cw A-ku-I-cy-ß-sfm∂pw C-t∏m-gn-√. A-Xp sIm-≠m-h-Ww ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-ißƒ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°-Ww F-∂v F-°m-e-hpw B-h-iyw D-b-cm-dp-s≠-¶n-epw A-ß-s\-sbm-cp \-S-]-Sn-°v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ap-Xn-cm-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. "]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-iw \n-b-a-am-°p-tºmƒ A-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS au-en-Im-hIm-i-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-∂v sIm-t≠ ]-‰q. kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw A-t∏m-gXv Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-h-tem-I-\-Øn-\pw Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ-°pw hn-t[-b-am-°s∏-Spw' ˛ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v {]n-hn-te-P-kv I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´v D-≤-cn-®psIm-≠v , H-tc k-a-bw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-K-hpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\p-am-bn {]h¿-Øn-°p-∂ tUm. sk-_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛"C-Xm-Wv ImX-em-b {]-iv-\w' (t^m¿-_n-V≥ tkm¨-kv-˛-t]-Pv 61 ) cm-{„-]-Xn-sb-t∏m-epw P-\-ßƒ-°v hn-a¿-in-°m-sa-∂n-cn-s° , P-\-ß-fp-sS \n-Xm-¥-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-tI-≠- ]m¿-e-sa‚ v tIm-S-Xn-°v Xp-eyam-b {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv G-Xv km-l-N-cy-Øn-emsW-∂-Xv ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠ Im-cy-am-Wv. Cw-•-≠n-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v C-Xp kw_-‘n-®v hy-‡-am-b \n-b-a-sam-∂pw D-≠m-°n-bn-´n-√. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-esa‚n¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn Cw-•-≠n-se ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v Pp-Uo-jy¬ A[n-Im-c-ß-fpw D-≠v. H-cp-]m-Sv Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {_n-´o-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v A-h-km-\sØ A-∏o¬ tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-°pw ta-se D-≈ ]-Z-hn-bm-bXn-\m¬ tIm-S-Xn-°v D-≈ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚pw A-h-Im-is∏-´-Xv \ym-b-am-sW-∂v I-cp-Xmw. F-∂m¬, C-¥y-bn-se ]m¿-e-sa‚ v tIm-SXn-bp-tS-Xm-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßƒ H-∂pw \n¿-h-ln-°m-sX X-Øp-ey-am-b {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv.]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßƒ ew-Ln-®-Xm-bn B-t£]n-°-s∏-Sp-I G-sX-√mw k-µ¿-`-ß-fn-em-sW-∂p t\m-°mw.1). ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-® hm¿-Ø-bp-sS {]-kn-≤o-I-c-WØn¬ B-Wv C-Xv {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn kw-`-hn-°m-\n-S-bp-≈-Xv. k-`-bp-sS tc-JI-fn¬ \n-∂p \o-°w sN-bv-X ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn°p-∂-Xv Ip-‰-am-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚ v I-W-°m-°p-∂p 2)k-`mw-K-ß-f-√m-Ø hy-‡n-I-fp-sS k-`-bn-se km-∂n-≤yw kw-_-‘n-®

]q¿-Wm-[n-Im-cw k-`-bv-°m-Wv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v {]-th-i-\m-\p-a-Xn \¬-Ip∂-Xn¬ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-Sm-≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ kv-]o-°-dpw k-`bpw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. k-`-bv-°v ln-X-I-c-a-√m-Ø A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßƒ \-S-Øn-bm¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v k-`-bn-¬ {]-th-i-\-w \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-t´°mw.3) k-`-bp-sS A-¥- v sI-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw P-\-ßƒ-°v k-`-bn-ep-≈ hn-izm-kw X-I¿-°p-∂-Xp-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fpw {]-kn-≤-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am--Wv.tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ km-Zr-iyw C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´mdp-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-sØ tIm-S-Xn F-ß-s\ Im-Wp-∂p-thm A-Xp-t]mse ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-sØ Im-Wp-∂p F-∂p s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-bmw. F-∂m¬, H-cp hy-Xym-kw -{]-[m-\-am-Wv. F-s¥-√m-am-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-Ip-I F-∂-dn-bm≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v \n-b-aw F-¥p-]-dbp-∂p F-∂p t\m-°n-bm-¬-a-Xn. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-sØ Ipdn-®-dn-bm≥ C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v ]m- m-°n-b \n-b-a-ß-fn-√. {_n-ń-jv \n-ba-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpw ]-›m-Ø-e-hpw ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.k-`-bp-sS A-¥- v sI-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw P-\-ßƒ-°v k-`-bn-ep-≈ hn-izm-kw XI¿-°p-∂-Xp-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fpw {]-kn-≤-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-Wv F-∂v F-fp-∏w ]-d-bm-sa-¶n-epw C-Xv Xo-cm-Ø X¿-°-ßƒ-°v C-S-bm-°p-w. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v B-Wv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ A-h-km-\-hn[n ]-d-bp-I. Im-e-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®pw hy-‡n-°-\p-k-cn-®pw hn-[n- am-dmw. C¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ A-Ø-cw tI-kv ªn-‰v-kv ]{Xm-[n-]¿ B¿.-sI.-I-c-©n-b-s°-Xn-sc D-b¿-∂p-h-∂ tI- m-Wv. (apw-ss_bn¬ \n-∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂ {]-Nm-c-ta-sd D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ cm-{„o-b-hm-cn-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p ªn-‰v-kv. ªn-‰v-kv hm¿-Ø-Iƒ G-sd hn-hm-Z-ßƒ kr-„n-®n-cp∂p) ap-Xn¿-∂ t\-Xm-hm-b B-Nm-cy Ir-]-em-\n ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ sN-bv-X {]kw-K-sØ ]-cn-l-kn-®p-sIm-≠v 'Z Ir-]-eq-Wn Cw-]o-®v-sa‚ v' F-∂ X-e-s°ń¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® -te-J-\w k-`-bp-sS A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-am-sW-∂v k-` hn[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]-[m-\-a-{¥n s\-lv-dp-hn-s\ ]n-¥m-ßp-∂ B-fm-bn-cp∂p I-c-©n-b. F-¶n-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ H-´pw Hu-Zm-cyw Im-ń-bn√. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v hn-fn-®p-h-cp-Øn A-t±-l-sØ im-kn-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bvX-Xv. kq-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n-®v im-k-\ tÃ sN-øn-°m≥ I-c-©n-b {ian-s®-¶n-epw A-Xp \-S-∂n-√. ªn-‰v-kv {]-Xn-\n-[n-bp-sS ]m¿-e-sa‚ v dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm-\p-≈ ]m-kv X-S-™p-sh-°p-I Iq-Sn sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ I-c-©n-b-bv-°v 105

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v h-g-ßp-I-tb \n-hr-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.-1960 G-{]n¬ c-≠n\m-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ lm-P-cm-bn I-c-©n-b im-k-\ G-‰p-hm-ßn-b-Xv.

k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ am-‰w C-cp-]-sØm-∂p h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-jw C-¥y≥ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv F-Un-‰¿ A-cp¨ ju-cn F-gp-Xn-b H-cp te-J-\-sØ Ip-dn-®v B-t£-]-ap-b¿-∂p. A-∂-sØ al-m-cm-{„ ap-Jy-a-{¥n F.-B¿. B-¥p-se-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂ {S-Ãp-I-sf Ip-dn-®v tI-{µ-[-\-Im-cy-a-{¥n ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ sN-bv-X {]-kw-KsØ ]-cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p te-J-\w. 'en-‰n¬ sse-kv C≥ ]m¿-esa‚ v ' F-∂ B te-J-\-w ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßƒ ew-Ln-°p-∂p F-∂v B-tcm-]n-®v t\m-´o-kv sIm-≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b \n-e-]m-SmWv k-`m-[y-£≥ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. 'C-Ø-cw te-J-\-ßƒ km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bpw \nb-a-]-c-am-bpw ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS ew-L-\w X-s∂ B-sW-¶nepw F-√m sN-dn-b Im-cy-ß-fn-epw X-e-bn-´v in-£n-°m≥ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ]m¿e-sa‚n-s‚ A-¥- n-\v \n-c-°p-∂-X-√' F-∂m-Wv cm-Py-k-`m-[y-£≥ hn-[n-®Xv. P-\-ß-fp-sS I-Æpw sN-hn-bp-am-b ]-{X-ßƒ-°v B-tc-bpw hn-a¿-in-°m≥ kzm-X-¥yw D-≠m-I-W-sa-∂pw F-√m s]m-Xp-Im-cy-ßƒ-°pw ta¬ {]-kn-≤oI-c-W-Øn-s‚ sh-fn-®w F-Øn-t°-≠-Xv am-[y-a-[¿-aw B-Wv F-∂p-t]m-epw cm-Py-k-`m-[y-£≥ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.]m¿-e-sa‚ v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ t\-Sn-b ]-Iz-X-bp-sS \-√ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn C-Xv. F-∂m¬ \n-b-a-k-`-Iƒ ]-e-t∏m-gpw D-b-c-Øn-te-°-√, Io-tg-°m-Wv t]m-bns°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu-\m-Sv ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ cm-tam-Pn dm-hp-hn-\v F-Xn-sc 1983¬ B-{‘-\n-b-a-k-`-bpw ln-µp ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ F≥. dm-an-\v F-Xn-sc 2003¬ X-angv-\m-Sv \n-b-a-k-`-bpw kzo-I-cn-°m≥ {i-an-® in-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ C-Xv sh-fnhm-°p-∂p. \ym-b-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-ß-tfm-Sv t]m-epw \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-Iƒ A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-¬ {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ 1954¬ X-s∂ A-kwXr-]v-Xn {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. A-c-\q-‰m-≠n-\v ti-j-hpw A-Xv Nn-e-cp-sS Im-cy-Øn-se-¶n-epw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.`-c-W-L-S-\ {]-Im-cw ]u-c-s‚ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw F-∂n-cn-s° F-ß-s\-bm-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ kw-_-‘n-® Im-cy-ßƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w \-SØp-∂-Xn-epw hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-epw ]-cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xn-ep-sa-√mw ]m¿-e-sa‚n\v \n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-sem-∂p-an-√m-Ø \n-b-¥-W-ßƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gnbp-I ? ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ ]q¿-Wm-[n-Im-cw ]m¿-e-sa‚-n-\v X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂ ]-g-b k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv Cu A-hIm-iw D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. c-l-ky-tbm-Kw tN¿-∂v {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww ]q¿-W-am106

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw bn \n-tcm-[n-°m-t\m N¿-®-bn-se Nn-e `m-K-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv X-Sbm-t\m A-[y-£≥ tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°n-b `m-K-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂-Xv Ip-‰-am-bn I-W-°m-°n in-£ \¬-Im-t\m G-sX-¶n-epw ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-\v k-`-bn-te-°v {]-th-i-\w \n-tj-[n-°m-t\m H-s°-bp-≈ A-[n-Im-cw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv Cu k-¶¬-∏-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. {I-am-\p-K-X-am-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv Cu Im-cy-Øn¬ D-≠m-b-Xv. C-Xn-eq-sS am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v ap-sºm-∂p-an-√m-Ø \n-c-h-[n A-h-Im-i-ßƒ B-cp-tS-bpw t_m-[-]q¿-h-am-b {i-a-Øn-s‚ ^-e-a-√m-sX e-`n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. k-`m-N¿-®-Iƒ dnt∏m¿-´v sN-bv-X-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ am-[y-a-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc am-\-\-„-Øn-\v tI-s Sp-Øp Iq-Sm F-∂v hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠v. C-Xv b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn \-S]-Sn-I-fp-sS ]-{X-°p-dn-∏v X-øm-dm-°p-∂ ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn D-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚ kw-c£-W-Øn-\v th-≠n am-{Xw Xp-S-ßn-sh-® hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. ]-{X-ßƒ-°v HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn hn-h-cw \¬-Ip-∂ D-tZym-K-ÿ-\v In-´p-∂ kw-c-£-Ww B hnh-cw A-tX-]-Sn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ ]-{X-Øn-\pw In-t´-≠-Xm-Wv F-∂ Nn-¥bp-≠m-b-Xv kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{Xw. 1952¬ C-Xv {_n-´-\n-se A-]-Io¿-Øn \n-ba-Øn-se H-cp hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn am-dn. C-∂v tem-I-sØ-ßpw Cu kw-c-£-Ww am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v e-`y-am-Wv.

am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v kw-c-£-Ww C-¥y-bn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ B-Zy-Im-e-Øv C-Ø-cw- kw-c-£-Ww am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bn-¬ ]-d-™ Im-cyßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v {_n-´-\n¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-Øn¬ In-´p-∂ C-f-hv C-¥y-bn¬ e-`y-am-hn-s√-∂v 1956¬ I¬-°-Ø ssl-t°m-S-Xnhn-[n- hy-‡-am-°n. C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-b-a-Øn¬ A-Ø-cw H-cp hy-h-ÿ-bn√ F-∂-Xp-X-s∂ Im-c-Ww. Xp-S¿-∂m-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn s{]m-ko-Un-ßv-kv (s{]m-´-£≥ Hm-^v ]-ªn-t°-j≥) B-Iv-‰v 1956¬ ]m- m-°n-b-Xv. ]-{X-Ønepw td-Un-tbm-hn-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn \-S-]-Sn-I-sf Ip-dn-®v k-Xy-k-‘-am-bn dnt∏m¿-´v sN-bv-Xm¬ A-Xn-se H-cp ]-cm-a¿-i-hpw am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw Ip-‰I-c-am-hn-s√-∂v \n-b-aw hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xp. Xp-S¿-∂v kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-Ifpw k-am-\-hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-°n. C-cp-]-Xp-h¿-j-Øn-\v ti-jw C-µn-cm-Km‘n {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏m-ƒ P-\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°v t\-sc \-S∂ I-S-∂m-{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ Cu \n-b-a-hpw c-‡-km-£n-bm-bn. {]-[m-\-a-¥nbpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿-s°-Xn-sc ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ \-S-°p-∂ hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ ]-{Xß-fn¬ h-cm-Xn-cn-°-W-sa-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-sS A-h¿ Cu \n-b-aw d-±m-°p-Ibm-Wv sN-b-X-Xv. ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ \¬-In-b A[n-Im-cw ]-{X-ßƒ Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn F-∂v Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-Wv \n-b-aw A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-e-Øv d-±m-°n-b-Xv. 1977 ¬ A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ107

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s°-Xn-cm-b P-\-Io-b-hn-[n-bn-eq-sS A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ P-\-Xm-k¿-°m¿ Cu \n-b-aw ]p-\-:ÿ-m-]n-®p. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-se \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-® k-Xyk-‘-am-b dn-t∏m¿-ń-s‚ t]-cn¬ kn-hn-tem {In-an-\-tem B-b H-cp \-S-]-Snbpw am-[y-a-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Cu \-S-]-Sn-tbm-sS km-[y-a-√m-sX h-∂p. {_n-ó-jv \n-b-aw A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \n-∂v am-{X-am-Wv kw-c£-Ww \-¬-Ip-∂-Xv . F-∂m¬ C-¥y-bn-se \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v ]m¿-e-sa‚nse \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-® k-Xy-k-‘-am-b dn-t∏m¿-ń-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-«oew, A-{I-a-Øn-\v t{]-cn-∏n-°¬, cm-Py-t{Zm-lw, Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-l-kyw Xp-Sßn-b-h kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw am-[y-a-ßƒ-s°-Xnsc \-S-]-Sn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ km-[y-a-√. B-h-iy-am-b `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xnbpw C-tXm-sSm-∏w kzo-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v kw-ÿm-\-\n-b-a-k-`-I-fp-sS dn-t∏m¿ń-ßn-\pw C-X-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-®p. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v lm-fn¬ sh-dp-sX ]-d-bp-∂-sX-√mw Cu hn-[w kw-c-£-Ww In´p-∂ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-]-Sn-bm-bn I-W-°m-°m-tam F-∂ tNm-Zyw D-b-cm-dp-≠v. k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS `m-K-a-√m-sX Aw-K-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂ ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ-°v \nb-a-kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°n-√ F-∂v {_n-ó-jv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ ]-e-h-´w hy-‡-am°n-bn-´p-≠v. F-∂m¬ N¿-®-bn¬ {]-k-‡-a-√m-Ø Im-cy-am-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw a-{¥n-am-cpw Aw-K-ß-fpw N¿-®-bn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp-\-S-Øp-∂ ]-cm-a¿-ißƒ-°pw kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°pw.--- A-tX-k-a-bw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ D-]-k-an-Xn-Ifn¬ \-S-°p-∂ N¿-®-Iƒ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ \n-b-a-kw-c-£-W-ap-≠m-In-√. F-∂m¬ D-]-k-an-Xn-Iƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ-°v kwc-£-Ww D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.Zp-cp-t±-i-]q¿-h-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\pw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ c-l-ky-k-tΩ-f-\w dnt∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw \n-b-a-kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°p-I-bn-√ F-∂v hy-‡-am-°s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Cw-•-≠n-se co-Xn A-\p-k-cn-®v 'A-\y-∑m-tcm-Sv ' ]p-d-Øv t]mIm≥ ]-d-™-Xn-\v ti-jw \-S-°p-∂ k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚ \-S-]-Sn-bpw Xo-cp-am\-ß-fpw {]-tXy-Iw \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´m-te dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øm≥ ]m-Sp-≈q F∂p-≠v.-

A¨- ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ \-S-]-Sn-`m-K-ßƒ am-[y-a-ßfn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]m-Sp-t≠m? ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p≈ N¿-®-bn¬ H-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xm-Wv Cu tNm-Zyw. k-`-bp-sS A-¥ n-\v \n-c-°m-Ø-Xpw A-]-Io¿-Øn-I-c-hpw A¨-]m¿-e-sa‚-dn-bp-am-b ]-cma¿-i-ßƒ k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w sN-øm≥ C-¥y-bn¬ \n-b-a-{]Im-cw kv-]o-°¿-°v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Cw-•-≠n¬ C-ß-s\ H-c-[n-Im-cw kv-]o-

°¿-°v C-√. F-∂m¬ k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS G-Xv `m-K-hpw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-cpXv F-∂v I¬-∏n-°m≥ {_n-´-\n¬ P-\-k-`-bv-°v A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.kv-]o-°¿ k-`m-tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w sN-bv-X {]-kw-K-`m-K-ßƒ {]-kn-≤s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v _n-lm-dn¬ 1959 ¬ D-≠m-b tI-kv C-∂pw C-Xpkw-_-‘n-® N¿-®-I-fn-se-√mw D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ H-∂m-Wv. kv-]o-°¿ \o-°w sN-bv-X `m-K-ßƒ ]n-s‰ Zn-h-kw k¿-®v-sse-‰v ]-{Xw ]q¿-W-cq-]-Øn¬ {]-kn≤o-I-cn-®-Xv h-en-b hn-hm-Z-am-bn. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ Fw.-F-kv.-Fw. i¿-a \n-b-a-k`-bn-te-°v hn-fn-°-s∏-´p. ap-Jy-a-{¥n Ir-jv-W kn-” B-bn-cp-∂p A-[y£≥. `-c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ew-L-\-amWv \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS \-S-]-Sn F-∂v B-tcm-]n-®v ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xnsb k-ao-]n-®p. {_n-ó-jv Io-gv-h-g-°-a-\p-k-cn-®v C-¥y≥ P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-Ìƒ-°v {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-‡-am°n-bn-´p-≈-Xp sIm-≠v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS ew-L-\-an-√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS `q-cn-]-£-hn-[n. i¿-a-tI- v F-∂v \n-b-a-{K-Ÿß-fn¬ [m-cm-f-am-bn ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu hn-[n ]-{X-ß-fpw ]m¿-esa‚pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \m-gn-I-°-√m-bn. {_n-ójv ]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \n-∂v am-dn kz-¥w ]m-X-bn¬ A¿-∞-]q¿-W-am-b P-\m[n-]-Xym-\p-`-hw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ a-lm-cm-Pyw C-t∏m-gpw {_n-ó-j-\p-`-h-ßfn¬ bp-‡n-bpw \ym-b-hpw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xp-X-s∂ A¿-Y-iq-\y-am-bn I-cp-Xp∂-h-tc-sd-bm-Wv. P-\-ßƒ-°v A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v X-s∂ \n-b-a-am-°p-tºm-gpw A-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v `m-Kn-I-am-tb _m-[-I-am-hq F-∂ hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-se A-∞-iq-\y-X-bpw N¿-®m-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ D-®-cn-°p-∂ hm-°p-Iƒ-°v \n-b-a-kw-c-£-W-ap-≠v. am-\-\-„Øn-t\m a-s‰-s¥-¶n-epw \-S-]-Sn-t°m tI-kv sIm-Sp-°m≥ km-[n-°n-√. A-XpsIm-≠p-X-s∂, Aw-K-ßƒ am-\y-am-b `m-j-bn¬ th-Ww hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ \-SØm-s\-∂v sh-Ãv-an≥-Ã¿ k-{º-Zm-bw Aw-Ko-I-cn-® cm-Py-ß-fn-se-√mw hy-hÿ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. k-`-bp-sS A-¥- n-\v \n-c-°p-∂-tX ]-d-bm-hq F-∂mWv s]m-Xp-hm-b hy-h-ÿ. F-∂m¬, A-Xn-\v \n-c-°m-Ø-h G-sX-√m-am-Wv F-∂v Ir-Xy-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°p-I km-[y-am-hn-√. s]m-Xp-sh, F-√m cm-Py-ßfn-epw C-Xv k-`m-[y-£-s‚ hn-th-N-\-Øn-\v hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv ]-Xn-hv. C-Xm-h-s´, cm-Py-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®pw Im-e-Øn-\v A-\p-k-cn-®pw am-dn-s°m-≠ncn-°pw. Cu hn-th-N-\w bp-‡n-k-l-am-°p-I F-∂-Xv kv-]o-°¿-am¿-°v h-enb ]-co-£-W-am-Im-dp-≠v. hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ß-fn-se ]m¿-e-sa‚p-I-fn¬ A¨]m¿-e-sa‚-dn B-bn {]-Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈ Ip-sd hm-°p-Iƒ hn-°n-]o-Un-b F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. I-≈w ]-d-bp-∂p F-∂v Ip-‰s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-epw {_n-ó-jv ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ A¨-]m¿-e-sa‚-dn-bm-bn I-W-°m-°p-∂p. C-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-°m≥ ]-‰n-b hm-°p-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ 109

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw hn-Z-Kv-[-cm-bn-cp-∂p hn≥-Ã¨ N¿-®n¬ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ Nn-e {]-Xn-`m-im-enIƒ. I-≈w ]-d-™p F-∂m-t£-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-I-cw N¿-®n¬ H-cp-X-h-W ]-d-™-Xv ' Aw-Kw k-Xy-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ h-en-b ]n-ip-°v Im-´n' F-∂mbn-cp-∂p. A-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

\o-°w sN-øp-∂-Xv i-cn-tbm ? ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ H-cw-Kw A¨-]m¿-e-sa‚-dn `m-j D-]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ A-Xv k-`tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°p-I-bpw ]-{X-ß-fn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv X-S-bp-Ibp-am-Wv \n-e-hn-ep-≈ co-Xn. C-Xm-Wv i-cn-bm-b co-Xn F-∂v F-√m-h-cpw `mhn-°m-dp-ap-≠v. C-Xn-s‚ i-cn-sX-‰p-I-sf Ip-dn-®v hy-Xy-kv-Xm-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v. P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ sN-bv-X-Xpw ]-d-™-Xpw B B-sf Xn-c-s™Sp-Ø-b-® P-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v a-d-®p-sh-°p-∂-Xm-tWm i-cn-bm-b P-\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn ? Aw-K-ß-fp-sS ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ kv-]o-°¿ k-`m-tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o°w -sN-øp-∂-Xp-X-s∂ i-cn-bm-b co-Xn-bm-tWm ? tam-i-am-bn kw-km-cn-®m¬ A-Xn-\p-≈ in-£-bm-Wv Aw-Kw A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xv. A-Xv tc-J-bn¬ \n-∂v \o-°n Aw-K-sØ A-Xn-s‚ A-\-¥-c-^-e-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v c-£n-°p-I F-∂-X√ i-cn F-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yØn-\pw ap-I-fn-em-bn kv-]o-°¿-°v F-hn-sS \n-∂m-Wv C-{X-bpw hn-]p-e-am-b sk≥-k-dn-ßv A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂ tNm-Zy-hpw D-b-cm-dp-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v t]m-epw C-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv Cu A-[n-Im-cw. tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ samgn ]-d-bp-∂ B-fp-sS ta¬ H-cp \n-b-{¥-W-hp-an-√. H-∂pw P-Uv-Pn sk≥-k¿ sN-øp-∂n-√. G-sX-¶n-epw ]-cm-a¿-iw 'A¨-Pp-Uo-jy¬' F-∂v ap-{Z-Ip-Øn tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°p-∂n-√. A-h ]-{X-ß-fn¬ {]-kn-≤o-Icn-°p-I-bp-am-Imw. tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-X-s∂ \o-°w sN-øp-I F-∂ \-S-]-Sn an-°-t∏m-gpw P-\-ß-fp-sS A-dn-bm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-Øn-\v ta-ep-≈ I-S-∂m-{Ia-W-am-Wv. kv-]o-°-dp-sS Xo¿-Øpw B-fl-\n-jvT-am-b k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[-Øns‚ A-f-hp-tIm-ep-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv Nn-e-Xv k-`m-tc-J-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o°w sN-øp-∂-Xv. ]-fin-‰v s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚ hm-°p-Iƒ t]m-epw H-cp-]-s£ Cß-s\ \o-°w sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-Imw. am-\-h-N-cn-{X-Øn-\pw ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn N-cn{X-Øn-\pw hn-e-s∏-´-Xm-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ A-aq-ey-am-b B-i-b-ßƒ \o°w sN-ø-s∏-Smw. C-Xp N-cn-{X-tØm-Sv X-s∂ sN-øp-∂ A-]-cm-[-am-tb I-W°m-°m-\m-hq. C-∂-sØ A¨-]m¿-e-sa‚-dn {]-tbm-Kw \m-sf H-cp a-lm-kXy-am-bn D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ am-{Xw h-en-b Im-cy-am-tb-°mw. "F-√m a-lm-k-Xyß-fpw Xp-S-°-Øn¬ ssZ-h-\n-µ-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p' F-∂v _¿-Wm-Uv jm ]-d™n-´p-≠v.k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v kv-]o-°¿ \o-°w sN-bv-X Nn-e ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ {]110

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ]-{X-te-J-I-\v F-Xn-sc k-`m-A-e-£y-Øn-\v \-S-]-Sn-sb-SpØ A-\p-`-h-ßƒ \n-b-a-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 1959 ¬ D-≠mb tI- n¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®-Xv A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-t\-°mƒ {]m-[m-\yw ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°m-Wv F-∂m-Wv. C-Xn-\v A-Sn-ÿm\-am-bn tIm-S-Xn Nq-≠n-°m-´n-b-Xv, ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc {_n-´o-jv Io-gv-h-g-°-ß-fm-Wv _m-[-I-am-hp-I F-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se h-Ip∏m-Wv. C-t∏m-gpw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n-b-a-ap-≠m-°m-Ø-Xp sIm≠v Cu hn-[n {]m-_-ey-Øn-ep-≠v F-∂p th-Ww I-cp-Xm≥.-

am-dp-∂ Im-ew, am-dp-∂ hn-Zy-Iƒ k-`-bn-se N-¿-®-°n-S-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ A¨-]m¿-e-sa‚-dn B-Wv F-∂v ]-d-™v tc-J-I-fn¬- \n-∂v \o-°p-∂-Xpw A-h {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp X-S-bp-∂-Xp-sa-√mw ]p-Xn-b km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy A-{]-k-‡-am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn°p-I-bm-Wv. k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS t^m-t´m F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\am-bn-cp-∂p. C-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ sse-hv B-bn sS-en-hn-j≥ kwt{]-j-Ww sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kv-]o-°¿ k-`-bn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xpw tIƒ-°p-∂-Xpw A-tX \n-an-jw-X-s∂ P-\-ßƒ Im-Wpw, tIƒ-°pw. A-Xn-\v ti-j-am-Wv A-Xv k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v \o-°w sN-bv-X-Xm-bn kvv-]o-°¿ {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. ]n-t‰-∂v cm-hn-se C-d-ßp-∂ ]-{X-Øn¬ Im-Wn-√m-bn-cn°pw. ]-s£ P-\-ßƒ F-√mw Im-Wp-I-bpw -tIƒ-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠mIpw.]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ Ip-dn-t®m ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-K-sØ Ip-dn-t®m F-gp-Xp-∂ hm¿Ø-bpw A-`n-{]m-b-hpw F-t∏mƒ A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-am-hp-∂p F-∂-Xm-W-t√m {i-≤n-t°-≠ Im-cyw. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Ir-Xy-am-b \n¿-h-N-\w km-[y-a-√. Xmsg tN¿-Ø Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv s]m-Xp-hm-bn {i-≤n-t°-≠-Xv.1). H-cp ÿm-]-\w F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ P-\-a-[y-Øn¬ C-Sn-®p-Xmgv-Øp-∂- F-¥p -c-N-\-bpw A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-am-Wv. 2). ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-ß-fp-sS \-S-]-Sn-I-sf tam-i-am-°n Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv k`m A-e-£y-am-tb-°mw. Aw-K-Øn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv \ymb-am-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ Aw-K-ßƒ tIm-g hm-ßn-tbm a-Zy]n-t®m B-Wv k-`-bn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv F-∂v s]m-Xp-hm-bn Ip-‰-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv k-`m-A-e-£y-am-Wv. H-tcm dn-t∏m¿-´n-s‚-bpw km-l-N-cyw, ]-›m-Ø-ew, A-Xn¬ s]-´n-´p-≈ hy‡n-bp-sS D-t±-iy-sØ-Ip-dn-®p-≈ [m-c-W, cm--{„o-b-km-l-N-cyw, k-`-bp-sS 111

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw cm-{„o-b-\n-e Xp-S-ßn H-´-\-h-[n km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°v A-\p-kr-X-am-bm-Wv k` \n-K-a-\-ß-fn¬ F-Øp-I F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS hn-[n-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-t]m-ep-≈ s]m-Xp-X-Øz-ßƒ D-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I ]m¿-esa‚n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ {]-bm-k-am-Wv. ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v hn-a¿-i-\]-c-am-bn H-∂pw ]-d-™p-Iq-Sm F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-tØ-≠ Im-cy-an-√. AwK-Øn-s‚ ho-gv-N-I-fpw ]m-cm-P-b-ß-fpw sX-‰m-b \-b-ß-fpw \-S-]-Sn-I-fpw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂ \ym-b-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fm-Wv. Aw-K-sØ Ip-dn-®v, ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn {]-h¿-Ø-\-hp-am-bn _‘-an-√m-Ø Im-cy-Øn¬ B-t£-]-I-c-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-ap-≠m-bm¬ \-S-]-Sn kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-am-Wv, k-`m-A-e-£y-Øn-\-√ F∂pw hy-‡-am-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. Aw-K-ß-fp-sS k-`-bn-se kz-X-{¥-am-b {]-h¿Ø-\-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂ {]-Nm-c-W-ß-fpw k-`m-A-e-£y-am-Wv. G-sX-¶n-epw {]-iv-\-Øn¬ kzo-I-cn-® \n-e-]m-Sn-s\-tbm thm-´v sN-bv-X-Xn-s\-tbm Ip-dn-®v h-f-sc lm-\n-I-c-am-b {]-Nm-c-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-Xv Aw-K-sØ _m-[n-°p-a-t√m. ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \-S-]-Sn-I-sf Ip-dn-®p-≈ Zp-cp-t±-i-]q¿-h-am-b dn-t∏m¿-ń-ßv k-`mA-e-£y-am-Ipw. G-sX-¶n-epw H-cw-K-Øn-s‚ {]-kw-Kw am-{Xw dn-t∏m¿-´v sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-I, H-cp hym-P-tc-J ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ tc-J-bm-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I, G-sX-¶n-epw D-]-k-an-Xn-tbm A-t\z-j-W-k-an-Xn-tbm Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn ka¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv A-Xn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°pI, c-l-ky-kn-‰n-ßv \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-t´m A-Ø-cw tbm-K-Øn¬ -sh°p-∂ G-sX-¶n-epw dn-t∏m¿-t´m {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv k-`m-A-e-£y-amIpw. A-tX-k-a-bw ]m-¿-e-sa‚n-\v ap-ºm-sI k-a¿-∏n-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂ H-cp _n-√n-s‚-tbm {]-ta-b-Øn-s‚-tbm D-≈-S-°w ap≥-Iq-ń {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv k-`m-A-e-£y-a-√. tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ k-_v-Pp-Uo-kv F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se k-`-bn¬ A-[y-£-s‚ ]-cn-K-W-\-bn¬ D-≈ Im-cy-ß-fp-sS i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ kw-_-‘n-®v A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w k-`m-A-e-£y-am-tb-°pw.

A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ A-Xy-km-[m-c-W-am-b km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ c-l-ky-am-bn k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hy-h-ÿ C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ dpƒ-kv Hm-^v s{]m-kn-Py-dn¬ Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C-Ø-c-sam-cp k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚ H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´v {]-kn-≤o-I-cW-Øn-\v \¬-Im≥ kv-]o-°¿-°v am-{X-ta A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-Iq. a-‰m¿-°pw AXp kw-_-‘n-®v Ip-dn-s∏-Sp-°m≥ t]m-epw A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-In-√. ]n-∂o-sSmcp L-´-Øn¬ B k-tΩ-f-\w kw-_-‘n-® c-l-ky-m-fl-I-X Xp-S¿-∂v \n-e\n¿-tØ-≠-Xn-√ F-∂v tXm-∂n-bm¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v H-cp {]-ta-b-Øn-eq-sS A-Xv A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A-t∏mƒ am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v A-Xp-kw-_‘n-®v F-gp-Xm-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv.-

tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-t°- p-I-fn-se-∂ t]m-se ,]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ewL-\-t°- p-I-fn-epw Ip-‰w B-tcm-]n-°p-∂ hy-‡n- X-s∂-bm-hpw hn-[n-I¿Øm-hpw. C-Xp c-≠pw H-cm-fm-h-cp-sX-∂m-Wv s]m-Xp-X-Øzw. F-∂m¬ ]m¿e-sa‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-ß-fn¬ Cu X-Øzw X-S- -am-bn D-∂-bn-°m-hp-∂X-√. G-Xp-tI- n-epw Ip-‰m-tcm-]n-X-\v ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv tI-´ ti-j-ta hn-[n-]d-bm-hq F-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚ v A-e-£y-t°- p-Iƒ-°v C-Xv _m-[-Ia-s√-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-am-h-en-bn¬ hy-‡am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. F-√m-‰n-\pw ]p-d-sa, ]-{X-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ h-∂- Bt£-]-I-c-am-b hm¿-Ø-tbm ]-cm-a¿-i-tam ]n≥-h-en-°p-I-bpw te-J-\-I¿Øm-hv am-∏p-]-d-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ in-£-bn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-°-W-sa-∂pw \n-b-am-h-en A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ kz-X-{¥-hpw Im-cy-£-a-hp-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v A-\n-hmcy-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv ]m-¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚ C-cp-k-`-Iƒ-°pw Aw-K-ßƒ-°pw {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂v C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® ]m¿-e-sa‚dn tc-J-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. F-∂m¬ \m-´n-se \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚w-K-ßƒ-°v km-[m-c-W-]u-c-∑m¿-°v Xp-ey-am-b A-[n-Im-cm-h-Imi-ß-tf D-≈q F-∂pw hy-‡-am °n-bn-´p-≠v.

G-‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v tIm-S-Xn-bpw P-\-{]-Xn\n-[n-k-`-I-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ G-‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-tbm-sS B-cw-`n®-Xv C-t∏m-gpw Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-‡-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-®n-ń√m-Ø-Xp-w ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn A-h-Im-i-ßƒ \n-b-a-Øn¬ k-am-l-cn-®n-ń-√m-ØXp-am-Wv C-Xn-\v Im-c-Ww. P-Uv-Pn-sb A-d-Ãv sN-øm≥ \n-b-a-k-`-bpw kv-]o°-sd A-d-Ãv sN-øm≥ tIm-S-Xn-bpw D-Ø-c-hn-´ k-µ¿-`-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cu kw-L¿-jw Xo-cm≥ km-[y-X Im-Wp-∂n-√. `-c-W-L-S-\ X-s∂-bpw enJn-X-am-bn C-√m-Ø {_n-´-\n-epw Cu kw-L¿-jw D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. k-`m-h-Imiw ew-Ln-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v F-∂v D-d-∏m-bm¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Imcw ]q¿-W-am-bn k-`-bv-°v X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂m-Wv {_n-´-\n¬ F-Øn-t®¿-∂ncn-°p-∂ \n-K-a-\w. F-∂m¬ k-`-bv-°v G-sX-¶n-epw Im-cy-Øn¬ {]-tXy-Imh-Im-iw D-t≠m F-∂-Xv kw-_-‘n-®v X¿-°-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Xo¿-∏v I¬-∏n°m≥ tIm-S-Xn-bv-°m-hpw A-[n-Im-cw.k-`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-ƒ kz-X-{¥-hpw Im-cy-£-a-hp-am-bn \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Im\m-h-iy-am-b kw-c-£-W-hpw Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ \-S-∏m-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b kw-hn[m-\-hpw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ kw-i-b-an-√. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ 113

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw \n-e-\n¬-∏v X-s∂ C-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. A1-Xn-\-∏p-dw k-`-bp-sS A¥- n-s‚ t]-cn¬ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ th-W-sa-∂v hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv i-cn-bs√-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw i-‡-am-Wv. hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv \ym-bo-I-cn-°m≥ ]-‰n-√. A-°m-c-Ww sIm-≠p-X-s∂ k-`bp-sS {]-tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°p-I-b-√, {]-tXy-Im-[n-Im-c-sam∂pw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\n-√ F-∂v {]-Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv th-≠-Xv F-∂ A-`n-{]mb-hpw D-b¿-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. P-\-{]-[n-\n-[n-Iƒ P-\-ßƒ-°n-√m-Ø ]-Z-hn Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv H-cp X-cw hn.-sF.-]n tImw-π-Iv-kv B-sW-∂ hm-Z-Øn¬ H´pw I-g-ºn-√ F-∂pw ]-d-™p-Iq-S.]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-aw t{Im-Uo-I-cn°p-I-bm-Wv A-h-bp-sS Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw X-S-bm-\p-≈ am¿-K-sa-∂ hm-Zw Nn-e \n-b-a-⁄¿ tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂p-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®n´p-s≠-¶n-epw A-Xn-s‚ Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw \-S-°p-∂p F-∂ B-t£-]w C-t∏m-gpw D-b-cp-∂n-t√ F-∂-Xm-Wv A-h¿ D-∂-bn-°p-∂ tNm-Zyw. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \n-b-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xp h-sc {_n-´o-jv hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Xp-S-cpw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\v {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-iw F°m-e-Øpw \n-e-\n-dp-Øn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂pw A¿-∞-an-√. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v Aß-s\ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ th-s≠-∂v sh-°m-\pw Cu h-Ip-∏v A-[n-Im-chpw A-h-k-c-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p. {_n-´-\n¬ ]-g-b Im-e-Øv {]-tXy-I-km-l-N-cyØn¬ cq-]w-sIm-≠ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-iw B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-sØ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv \ym-b-a-s√-∂ hm-Z-hp-ap-≠v. {]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-{¥y-a-√m-sX ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfm-∂pw B-h-iy-an-√ F-∂ hm-Zw Cw-•≠n¬ X-s∂ D-b-cp-∂p-≠v. A-hn-S-sØ H-cp tPm-b‚ v ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn I-Ωn-‰n 1999¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ d-±m-°-W-sa-∂v ip-]m¿-i sNbv-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. A-hn-sS C-∂pw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v kp-{]nw tIm¿-´v Hm-^v dn°m¿-Uv-kv F-∂ ]-Z-hn-bp-≠v.-tIm-S-Xn-°v Xp-ey-am-b Nn-e A-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v D-≠m-b km-l-N-cy-a-Xm-Wv. C-¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v H-cn-°epw B ]-Z-hn D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \n-b-aw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp sIm-≠p-am-{Xw B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ Xo-cp-sa-∂ [m-c-W-bpw i-cn-b-√. B-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ßƒ 1958¬ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ B-i-b-°p-g-∏w h¿-≤n-°p-I-bm-Wv D≠m-b-Xv. hn-hm-Z-ß-sf Xp-S-∂v \n-b-aw X-s∂ d-±m-°p-I-bpw {_n-´o-jv k-{ºZm-b-Øn-te-°v Xn-cn-®p-t]m-hp-I-bpw B-Wp-≠m-b-Xv-˛-\n-b-a-⁄-\m-b F-®v. Fw ko¿-hm-bn-sb D-≤-cn-®v A-Uz. Im-fo-iz-cw cm-Pv Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p(\yq- C¥y≥ F-Iv-k-{]-kv Un-kw.-8, 2003){_n-´-\n¬ t]m-epw ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn {]-tXyIm-h-Im-i-ßƒ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-°m≥ 1997¬ Xp-S-ßn-b {i-aw ]-Ip-Xn-h-gn-°v Dt]-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 114

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

{]-tXy-Im-h-Im-iw kw-_-‘n-® `-c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-ÿ-bn-epw Nn-e am-‰ßƒ h-cp-Øn-b-Xv \n-b-a-⁄¿ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. '{]-tXy-Im-h-Im-iw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS ]m¿-e-sa‚ v \n¿-h-Nn-°pw' F-∂Xv '.-.-.-.-Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øpw' F-∂v am-‰n. \n-ba-\n¿-am-W-Øn-eq-sS-b-√m-sX-bpw C-°m-cyw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cam-Wv ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v `-c-W-L-S-\ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂ hm-Z-hpw \n-ehn-ep-≠v. ' tem Hm-^v Z {]-kv C≥ C-¥y' F-∂ Ir-Xn-bn¬ Zp¿-Km-Zm-kv _kp C-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v ]-d-™p.-.-. ' H-cp Im-cyw am-{Xw hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p.-. H-∂pw hy-‡-a-√ F-∂ Im-cyw '.-

115

10 tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw A-[n-Im-cw ssI-bn-ep-≈-h¿ hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v c-£-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ ap≥-Icp-X-ep-Iƒ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw F-Sp-Øp-t]m-∂n-´p-≠v. {_n-´-\n¬ P-\m-[n-]-Xyÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ L-´-ß-fn¬ aq-∂p- {]-[m-\-`-c-Whn-`m-K-ß-fpw X-ßƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b kw-c-£-W-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿbp-sS `m-K-am-bn-Ø-s∂ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw am-[y-aß-sf-bm-Wv Cu \n-b-a-ß-sf-√mw e-£yw sh-®n-cp-∂-Xv. X-ß-fm-Wv G-‰-hpw ap-I-fn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m-ÿm-]-\w F-∂ A-lw-`m-hw aq-∂p-hn-`mK-ßƒ-°p-w A-∂pw C-∂pw D-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-ßƒ Pp-Uo-jy-dnsb-bpw \n-b-a-k-`m-A-e-£yw P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-I-sf-bpw Hu-tZym-Kn-I-c-lky-kw-c-£-W-\n-b-aw F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hn-s\-bpw ]u-c-∑m-cn¬ \n-∂v h-f-sc Db-c-Øn¬ \n¿-Øm≥ D-t±-in-®v cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-sW-∂ hn-a¿-i-\w ]-et∏m-gpw D-b¿-∂p-h-∂-Xm-Wv. Pq-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS-bpw e-Pn-t…-‰o-hn-s‚-bpw Imcy-Øn¬ H-cp A-]q¿-h-X Iq-Sn-bp-≠v. \n-b-a-ew-L-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]-cm-Xn-s∏Sp-∂ Pp-Uo-jy-dn-°pw P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bv-°pw- \n-b-a-ew-L-I¿-s°-Xn-sc tI-s -Sp-°m-\pw hn-Nm-c-W-\-S-Øm-\pw in-£n-°m-\pw A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. FIv-kn-Iyq-´o-hn-\v Cu ku-I-cy-an-√. tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ t]m-tb A-h¿-°v Ip-‰-°msc in-£n--°m≥ I-gn-bq. \n-b-a-k-`m A-e-£yw kw-_-‘n-®v C-¥y-bn¬ C-∂pw H-cp \n-b-aan-√ F-∂v \mw I-≠p-I-gn-™p. A-X-√ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ A-hÿ-sb-¶n-epw C-h X-Ωn¬ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ Nn-e km-Zr-iy-ß-fp-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-

b-e-£y-\n-b-aw th-≠-{X hy-‡-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂v am-{X-a-√, F-√m-bvt∏m-gpw tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS B-fl-\n-jvT-\n-K-a-\-ßƒ-°v hn-t[-b-hp-am-Wv. c-≠pcw-K-sØ-bpw A-hy-‡-X-I-fpw A-en-Jn-X-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-Is\-bm-Wv an-°-t∏m-gpw {]-Xn-°q-ń-epw X-S-h-d-bn-ep-sa-Øn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ _-en-bm-Sm-Ip-∂-Xv km-[m-c-W-]u-c-\pw A-h-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m-ZØ-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-hp-am-Wv.tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-˛-\n-b-a-k-`m-A-e-£y-k-¶¬-∏-ßƒ-°v A-®-Sn-am[y-a-ß-fp-sS h-f¿-®-bp-am-bn A-Sp-Ø _-‘-ap-≠v F-∂-v {_n-ó-jv \n-b-a-ßfp-sS km-aq-ly-hn-Im-kw ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-h¿ Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p-≠v. ]-Xn-t\-gmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ A-®-Sn- h-cp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw km-[m-c-W-tI- mbn-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv hn-Nm-c-W sN-øm-dp-≈-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-sb A-h-tl-fn-°p-∂-hsc A-∏-t∏mƒ A-hn-sS-sh-®p-X-s∂ in-£n-°p-∂ co-Xn ]n-∂o-Sv tIm-S-XnIƒ kz-bw \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. P-Uv-Pn X-s∂ tI- n-se ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-\pw t{]m-kn-Iyp-´-dpw \ym-bm-[n-]-\pw B-Ip-∂-Xv A-{X kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn-´-√ Bfp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. F-¶n-epw A-Xv \n-e-\n¬-°p-I-bpw C-¥y≥ tIm-S-Xn-Ifn-te-°v Iq-Sn I-S-∂p-h-cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. P-Uv-Pn-am¿-s°-Xn-sc ]-cn-lm-khpw hn-a¿-i-\-hpw \-S-Øp-∂-h-sc A-hn-sS sh-®v B P-Uv-Pn X-s∂ in-£n°p-I-bm-Wv th-≠-Xv F-∂ Nn-¥ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ X-s∂ {]-_-e-am-°n. H-cp {]tXy-I-X-bpw C-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B-Zy-Im-e -]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬ \s√m-cp-]-¶v A-`n-`m-j-I¿ B-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ tI- p-I-fpw tI p-I-fn-se P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw hm¿-Ø-I-fn¬ \n-d-™p-\n-∂p. tIm-S-Xn-bn-se hn-tcm-[w Xo¿-°m≥ ]-e-cpw ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-I-sf D-]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p F-∂-Xpw P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-®n-cn-°mw.-

C-¥y-bn-se \n-b-a-\n¿-am-Ww 1926 h-sc C-¥y-bn¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v {]-tXy-I-am-b \n-b-aap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A-∂v \n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p-sh-¶n-epw \n-b-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿-® ]-e-X-e-ß-fn-epw A-\-¥-am-bn Xp-S¿-∂p. ]-e-h-´w am-‰n-bn-´pw AXp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-hm-Z-ßƒ C-t∏m-gpw D-≠m-Ip-∂p. kzm-X-{¥yw In-´n-b D-S-s\-X-s∂ \n-b-a-w am-‰-W-sa-∂ ap-d-hn-fn D-b¿-∂-Xv `-c-W-L-S-\ hy-h-ÿ -sN-bv-X A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw a-‰p ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ß-fpw tIm-S-Xnb-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-epw {]-Xn-^-en-°-Ww F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. A-ßs\-bm-Wv 1952 ¬ ]p-Xn-b tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw h-∂-Xv. B \n-b-a-Øn-se hy-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ D-b¿-∂p. c-≠p Hu-tZym-Kn-I-k-an-XnIƒ \n-b-a-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]T-\w \-S-Øn. hy-‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS kp-K-a-am-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-≈ km-l-N-cy-hpw k-a-c-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ \n-baw F-∂ D-t±-iy-tØm-sS ]p-Xn-b tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw 1968¬ ]m¿-e117

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw sa‚n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. 1971 em-Wv \n-b-aw ]m- m-b-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn¬ F-√m- L-´-ß-fn-epw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-b C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ am-[y-a-]-£-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. 1952 ¬ \n-b-an-°-s∏-´ H-∂mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ Xm¬-∏cy-ß-fn¬ Du-∂n-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v \n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn-se A-]-cym-]v-X-X-I-fpw A-]-I-S-ß-fpw hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-hpw I-Ωo-j-s‚ Io-gn-se {]-kv tem I-Ωn-‰n B-g-Øn-¬ ]Tn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ]-{X-ß-fn-se hna¿-i-I-cp-sS hm-b-S-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw D-]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-sX-∂ B-t£-]w I-Ωo-j≥ ap-ºm-sI D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶n-epw IΩo-j≥ A-Xv kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. H-cp P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS ]-cm-Xn a-s‰m-cp P-Uv-Pn-tb ]-cn-K-Wn-°m≥ ]m-Sp-≈q F-∂ \n¿-t±-i-hpw {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\v kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-√. F-¥m-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw F-∂v Ir-Xy-am-bn \n-b-aw \n¿-h-Nn-°W-sa-∂-Xm-Wv I-Ωo-j-\v ap-∂n¬ h-∂ H-cp {]-[m-\-\n¿-t±-iw. am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ a-m-{X-a-√, \n-b-a-cw-K-Øp-≈-h-cpw Cu B-h-iyw D-∂-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ir-Xy-am-b \n¿-h-N-\w km-[y-a-√ F-∂v ap≥-Im-e-Øv tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-X-s∂ hn-[n-®n-´p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v A-°m-cy-Øn¬ hr-Ym-]-cn-{i-aw th-≠ F-∂m-Wv IΩo-j-\pw ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-X-Xv. \o-Xn-\ym-b-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-s‚ kp-K-a-am-b \o-°-sØ X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv F-s¥-√m-am-Wv F-∂v P-Uv-Pn-°v t_m-[ys∏-Sp-∂p-thm A-sX-√mw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-bn I-W-°m-°m-sa-∂ hn-[n-Iƒ {_n-´o-jv-˛ C-¥y≥ tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ D-≠m-b-Xm-bn \n-c-h-[n D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsS I-Ωo-j≥ t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]-cm-Xn-°m-c≥-X-s∂ t{]m-kn-Iyq-´dpw P-Uv-Pn-bpw B-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ B-im-ky-X-bpw I-Ωo-j≥ ap-ºm-sI D-∂-bn°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C-sX-√mw tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \-√-_p-≤n-°v hn-´p-sIm-Sp-°pI-bm-Wv th-≠-sX-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv I-Ωo-j≥ {]-I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. \o-Xn-\ym-b-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-a-Xm¬-∏-cy-ßƒ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v th≠n A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-bn am-{Xw D-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠- B-bp-[-am-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e£y-\n-b-aw F-∂ -Nn-¥-I-cm-b \n-b-a-hn-Z-Kv-≤-cp-sS D-]-tZ-iw I-Ωo-j≥ Bh¿-Øn-®v D-≤-cn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. C-¥y≥ ]-{X-tem-Iw tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS A-¥- pb¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂pw h-√-t∏m-gpw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v B-im-ky-a-s√-∂v tXm-∂p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ sN-øp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xv A-⁄-X-sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw Zp-cp-t±-i-tØm-sS-b-s√-∂pw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ A-an-Xm-[n-Im-cw {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-bn t_m-[y-s∏-´ A-\p-`-h-ßƒ A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-sW-∂pw A-Xn-\m¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e£y-\n-b-a-Øn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw am-‰w ip-]m¿-i sN-øp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-Wv {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. F-¶n-epw \n-b-aw am-‰-W-sa-∂ ap-d-hn-fn ]-c-s° D-b¿-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv c-≠v Z-im-–-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ ]p-Xn-b \n-b-a-hp118

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw am-bn k¿-°m-dn-\v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s\ k-ao-]n-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv. 1968 ¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´ \n-b-a-sØ {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ k-a-{K-am-bn ]Tn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\n¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS k-ao-]-\-tØm-Sv hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I-ambm-Wv {]-Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw P-Uv-Pn-am-cpw A-h-cp-sS A-¥- n-s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ B-im-ky-a-√m-Ø -ssh-Im-cn-I-X {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv A-`n-{]m-bkzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v tZm-j-I-c-am-Ip-∂p-≠v F-∂v {]-kv-Iu¨-kn¬ Nq-≠n-°m´n. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v A-\p-tbm-Py-a-√ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-se ]e hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw F-∂pw Iu¨-kn¬ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-XØzw Ip-sd-°q-Sn Ir-Xy-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°-W-sa-∂pw H-tc k-a-bw ]-{X-kzm-X{¥y-hpw tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS A-¥- pw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ D-≠mI-W-sa-∂pw Iu¨-kn¬ B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v \n¿-h-N-\w 1971 em-Wv aq-∂m-a-sØ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-Xv. ]-g-b c-≠p-\n-b-a-ß-fn-epw F-¥m-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw F-∂v \n¿-h-Nn-®n-cp∂n-√. Cw-•-≠n-se-bpw C-¥y-bn-se-bpw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ C-°m-cyw \n-c-h-[n hn[n-I-fn-eq-sS hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v \n¿-h-N-\-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-an-√ F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS k-ao-]-\w. 1971 se \n-b-aw F-¥m-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw F-∂v \n¿-h-Nn-®p. c-≠v X-c-am-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw. H-∂v kn-hn¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw, c-≠-v {In-an-\¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw. tIm-S-Xn-bpØ-c-hp-Iƒ ew-Ln-°p-I-tbm A-\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm sN-ø-em-Wv knhn¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw. A-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v Im-cy-am-b kw-i-b-ß-tfm hn-hm-Zß-tfm D-≠m-Im-dn-√. {In-an-\¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-Wv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpam-bpw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fp-am-bpw _-‘-s∏-´p-≠m-Im-dp-≈-Xv. aq-∂p X-cØn¬ s]-Sp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-Ipw-˛1. tIm-S-Xn-sb I-f-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm C-Sn-®p-Xm-gv-Øp-∂-tXm B-b-h 2.-tIm-S-Xn \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v X-S- -ap-≠m-°m-\n-S-bp-≈-tXm \-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ C-S-s]-Sp-∂-tXm B-b-h 3. a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw X-c-Øn¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h.\ym-bm-[n-]-\n-epw \o-Xn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-ep-w P-\-ßƒ-°p-≈ hn-izm-kw X-I¿-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈ ap≥-I-cp-X-em-Wv s]m-Xp-hm-bn-∏-d™m¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-w. hn-a¿-i-\w G-Xv km-l-N-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn, F-{X-tØm-fw {]-N-c-Ww A-Xn-\v e-`n-®p F-∂p-≈-sX-√mw {]-k-‡-am-Ipw. ]-cm-a¿-iw aq-∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ tI-´m¬ a-Xn A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw _m-[-I-amIpw. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v A-Xp-t]m-c. s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬ A-Xv Zp-kzm-[o\w sN-ep-Øp-Ib -- pw \o-Xn-\ym-b-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v X-S- w kr-„n-°p-I-bpw 119

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-S-Ww. \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿-°pw hn-[n-\ym-b-ßƒ-°pw F-Xn-sc P-Uv-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]-cm-a¿-iw P-Uv-Pn-sb-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ {]-h¿Ø-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Xp-X-s∂-bm-h-W-sa-∂n-√. Xo¿-Øpw hy-‡n-]-c-amb Im-cy-Øn-em-sW-¶n-epw, \ym-bm-[n-]-s‚ \o-Xn-t_m-[-Øn-tem k-Xy-k‘-X-bn-tem kw-i-b-ap-W¿-Øn-bm¬ A-Xv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-sW-∂v hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Smw. hy-‡n-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hn-iz-kn-°m-≥ sIm-≈m-Ø Bƒ B-Wv \ym-bm-[n-]-s\-∂ \n-e-bn-epw A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xv kzm-`m-hnIw-. an-°-t∏m-gpw hy-‡n-]-c-sa-∂pw sXm-gn¬-]-c-sa-∂p-ap-≈ th¿-Xn-cn-hv km-[y-am-hn-√. P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS kz-`m-h-sØ-bpw k-Xy-k-‘-X-sb-bpw Ip-dn-®v ]u-c-\v ]-cm-Xn-bp-≠m-bm¬ F-¥m-Wv t]mw-h-gn F-∂ tNm-Zyw D-b-cp-∂p-≠v. ta¬-t°m-S-Xn-°v ]-cm-Xn-\¬-Imw. ]-cm-Xn Ku-c-h-]q-¿-hw ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´ns√-¶n¬ F-¥v sN-øpw? ]u-c-\v A-Xv s]m-Xp-{i-≤-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ _m[y-X-bn-t√? D-s≠-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿-X-s∂ D-≠v. F-∂m¬ A-ßs\ s]m-Xp-{i-≤-bn¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xn-\v in-£n-°-s∏-´ A-\p-`-h-ß-fp-ap-≠v. C-Ø-cw Im-cy-ßƒ \n-b-a-Øn¬ G-Xm-≠v Ir-Xy-am-bn-Ø-s∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-epw B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ \n-e-\n¬-°pw. P-Uv-Pn-am¿ t]m-epw Nn-e-t∏mƒ \n-b-aw th-≠-hn-[-Øn¬ a-\- n-em-°m-dn-s√-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂ A-\p-`-h-ß-fp-≠v. Xo-h-≠n-bn¬ dn-k¿-th-j≥ \¬-Im-™-Xn-\v sd-bn¬-sh D-tZym-K-ÿ-s\ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v hn-Nm-c-W sN-øm≥ ]p-d-s∏-´ P-UvPn-sb-°p-dn-®v ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssa-kq¿- ssew-Kn-Im-]-hm-Zw CXn-s‚ a-s‰m-cp h-i-am-Wv. hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c-Øn-\v t]m-b P-Uv-Pn-am¿-s°-Xnsc k-Zm-Nm-c-ew-L-\w B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´m¬ A-Xv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂ Im-cy-am-tWm A-X-√ A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂-tXm? ssakq-cn¬ G-Xm-\pw P-Uv-Pn-am¿-s°-Xn-sc s]-cp-am-‰-Zq-jyw D-∂-bn-® ]-{X-ß-ƒ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v tIm-S-Xn I-b-dn-bn-d-ßp-I-bm-Wv. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yt°- n¬ B-tcm-]-W-Øn-s‚ k-Xyw -{]-k-‡-am-Wv F-∂ A-h-ÿ h-cp-∂Xn-\v ap-ºm-Wv Cu kw-`-h-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂-Xpw k-¶o¿-W-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-¥n-a-hn-[n-h-sc A-\n-›n-X-Xzw \n-e-\n-¬-°pw. F-∂m¬, Hcp P-Uv-Pn- hy-`n-Nm-cn-bm-tWm F-∂-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ hy-‡n-]-c-am-b Im-cyam-sW-∂pw A-Xp -tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-¥- n-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂-X-s√-∂pw hm-Zn°m≥ {]-bm-k-ap-≠v. A-tX-k-a-bw, Pp-Uo-jy¬ \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-w hn-[n-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw D-≈ \ym-b-am-b-Xpw Im-cy-Im-c-W-k-ln-X-hp-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ Ip-‰-I-c-a-s√-∂v \n-b-aw hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ am-[y-a-Øn-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw ]u-c-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn¬ \n-∂v H-´pw ap-I-fn-e-√. hn-a¿-i-\w P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS

D-t±-i-ip-≤n-sb-tbm k-Xy-k-‘-X-sb-tbm tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂-Xm-h-cp-Xv F∂pw hy-‡-am-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. sk-{I-t´-dn-b-t‰m t]m-eo-kv tÃ-j-t\m t]m-se tIm-S-Xn-°pw A-Xn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w kp-K-a-am-bn \-S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-I am-{X-a-√ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ e-£y-sa-∂v hy-‡-am-Wv.-tIm-S-Xn-°v D-b¿-∂ H-cp ÿm-\-am-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \¬-Ip-∂Xv. A-Xv tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-¥- p-b¿-Øm≥ th-≠n-b-√, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-hÿ B-tcm-Ky-tØm-sS \n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-Wv.

am-dm-Ø A-\n-›n-X-Xzw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-t°m cm-{„-]-Xn-°p-X-s∂-tbm A-Ø-c-sam-cp \n-b-aØn-s‚-bpw kw-c-£-W-an-√. hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ-°v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v A-I-Øpw ]pd-Øpw am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ t\-cn-´v {]-Xy-£-s∏-´pw a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm-≥- {]-[m-\-a{¥n-°v A-h-k-c-ap-≠v. cm-{„-]-Xn-°v t]m-epw hn-a¿-i-\-ß-sf t\-cn-Smw. tImS-Xn-°v H-cp s]m-Xp-hn-hm-Z-Øn¬ Xm-tg-°v C-d-ßn-h-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w \-S-Øm-\m-hn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-sb a-‰p P-\m-[n-]-Xy-`-cW-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn Im-Wp-∂-Xv. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-¥ v F-∂-Xv I-S-em- n¬ am-{Xw \n-e-\n-¬-t°-≠ H-cp X-Øz-a-√. A-Xv {]-IS-am-t°-≠-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \-S-Øn-∏n¬ A-Xv sX-fn-™p-ImWmw. s]-cp-am-‰-Øn-epw B-Nm-c D-]-Nm-c-ß-fn-epw C-cn-°p-∂ I-tk-c-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-sa-√mw A-Xp-Im-Wmw. 2007 Pq¨ am-kw h-sc ssl-t°m-S-Xnbn¬ P-Uv-Pn-sb A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv ssa tem¿-Uv F-∂m-bncp-∂p. {_n-ó-jv `-c-Ww t]m-bn A-dp-]-Xp-h¿-jw th-≠n-h-∂p Cu ]-cn-jv-Imcw a-\- n-√m-a-\-t m-sS \-S-∏m-°m≥. C-\n-bpw A-dp-\q-dp-h¿-jw I-gn-™mepw tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw hn-t√-Pv Hm-ô-kn-s‚ \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw t]m-se B-Im≥ km-[y-a-√. Ip-sd-sb-√mw A-Xv {]-Xo-Im-fl-I-hpw Nn-e k-tµ-ißƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-am-bn \n-e-\n-t∂ ]-‰q. \n¿-h-N-\-w D-≠m-sb-¶n-epw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-¬ F-°m-e-hpw \n-e\n-∂ A-\n-›n-X-Xz-hpw A-hy-‡-X-bpw C-√m-Xm-°m≥ 1971se \n-b-a-Øn\pw I-gn-™n-√. am-[y-a-tem-I-Øn-s‚ A-kzm-ÿy-ßƒ C-√m-Xm-°m-\pw \nb-a-w k-lm-b-I-am-bn-√. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v in-£n-°m-\p-≈ tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A-[n-Im-cw `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW-∂pw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v A-Xp -]-cn-anX-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A-[n-Im-c-an-s√-∂p-ap-≈ hm-Zw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂p-X-s∂ Db¿-∂p-h-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v k-a-{K-am-b \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-Øn-\v tI-{µ-K-h-s◊‚ v X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. {_n-ó-jv-co-Xn A-\p-k-cn-®v F-√m 'tIm¿-´v Hm-^v sd-°m¿Up'Iƒ-°pw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-Øn-\v in-£n-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. kp-{]nw tIm-S-Xn 'tIm¿-´v Hm-^v sd-°m¿-Up' B-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ tI- p-I-fn¬ in-£n-°m≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw 121

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ 129mw h-Ip-∏n¬ hy-h-ÿ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-cw \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- `-c-W-L-S-\m-kr-X-am-hn-s√-∂ hm-Zw Cu h-Ip-∏n-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv D-∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xv.1982 se c-≠mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j-\pw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-tZm-j-ß-fn-te-°v I-S-∂p-sN-√p-I-bp-≠m-bn. an-° tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y ]cm-Xn-I-fpw km-[m-c-W tI-kv B-bn Io-g-vt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ hn-Nm-c-W sN-tø≠ Im-cy-ta D-≈q F-∂pw \o-Xn-\ym-b-\-S-Øn-∏n¬ K-Wy-am-b C-S-s]-S¬ Ds≠-¶n¬ am-{X-ta G-sX-¶n-epw hn-a¿-i-\w tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-bn I-W-°mt°-≠-Xp-≈q F-∂pw c-≠mw {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ \n¿-t±-in-°p∂p-≠v. ]-{X-am-[y-a-ß-fn-se hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ {In-bm-fl-I-am-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√ F-∂ Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°v B-[m-c-am-b-Xv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y\n-b-a-sØ kw-_-‘n-®v tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ D-≠m-b hym-Jym-\-am-Wv. tIm-S-Xnt°m P-Uv-Pn-t°m F-Xn-cm-bn ]-d-bp-∂ H-cp Im-cyw k-Xy-am-sW-¶n¬-t]mepw A-Xv Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-¥-kv C-Sn-®p-Xm-gv-Øp-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ in-£m¿-l-am-Wv F-∂v tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-I-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kp-{]nw tIm-S-Xn X-s∂ Cß-s\ hn-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. cm-{„-]-Xn-s°-Xn-sc t]m-epw k-Xy-k-‘-am-b B-t£-]w D-∂-bn-®m¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-∂v c-£s∏-Sm≥ hn-a¿-i-I-\v I-gn-bpw. tIm-S-Xn-s°-Xn-sc I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-Xv h-en-b hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\v F-∂pw Im-c-W-am-bn-. {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ 1982¬ C¥y≥ tem C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´p-am-bn-t®¿-∂v tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-sØ °p-dn-®v \S-Øn-b ]T-\-Øn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ C-°m-cyw Nq-≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. k-Xyam-b-tXm k-Xy-am-sW-∂ D-Ø-a-t_m-[y-tØm-sS-tbm \-S-Øp-∂ hn-a¿-i-\ßƒ in-£-°v Im-c-W-am-bn-°q-sS-∂v Iu¨-kn¬ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xp. {]-ikv-X A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-b cm-Po-hv [-hm≥ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ am-[y-a-ß-sf F-ß-s\ _m-[n-°p-∂p F-∂v k-a-{K-am-bn ]Tn-®v {]-kv Iu¨kn-en-\v 1980 ¬ \¬-In-b dn-t∏m¿-ń-epw C-°m-cyw Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂o-Sv G-sd-°m-ew C-Xv A-°m-Z-an-Iv N¿-®-I-fn¬ am-{Xw H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂p. `-cW-L-S-\-bp-sS ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\-Øn-\v \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ I-Ωo-j≥ 2002 ¬ \¬-In-b dn-t∏m¿-ń-epw C-°m-cyw ip-]m¿-i-sN-bv-X-Xn-s‚ Iq-Sn A-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ 2003 ¬ C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn ]m-¿-e-sa‚n¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n°-s∏-´p. \o-≠ N¿-®-Iƒ-°v ti-jw C-Xv ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-I-gn™p. k-Xyw ]-d-™m¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-hn-√ F-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´m-epw -\n-b-aw kw-_-‘n-® am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS B-i-¶-Iƒ A-h-km-\n°p-I-bn-√ F-∂v \n-b-a-]-fin-X¿ A-t∂ Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xv i-cn-bm122

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw sW-∂v 2007 k-]v-Xw-_-dn¬ D-≠m-b kw-`-h-ßƒ t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. dn-´-b¿ sN-bv-X kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn No-^v P-Ãn-kv ssh.-sI.-k-_¿-hm-fn-s\-°p-dn-®p \-S-Øn-b hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS t]-cn¬ an-Uv-sU ]-{X-Øn-s‚ d-kn.-F-Un-‰¿ hnZp-j H-_-tdm-bv, kn-‰n F-Un-‰¿ Fw.-sI.-X-bmƒ, ]-ªn-j¿ F.-sI.-A-Jv-X¿, Im¿-´q-Wn-Ãv C¿-^m≥ F-∂n-h-sc U¬-ln ssl-t°m-S-Xn in-£n-®p. P-Ãnkv k-_¿-hmƒ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn P-Ãn-kpw No-^v P-Ãn-kpw B-bn-cp-∂ Ime-sØ \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p dn-t∏m¿-´v F-¶n-epw dn-t∏m¿-´v {]-kn-≤oI-cn-®-Xpw A-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v hn-Nm-c-W \-S-∂-Xpw A-t±-lw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v hn-c-an-® ti-j-am-Wv. dn-´-b¿ sN-bv-X P-Ãn-kpw kp-{]nw-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS `mK-am-sW-∂v tI- n¬ hn-[n-°-s∏-´p. kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn U¬-ln-bn¬ A-\-[nIr-X-sI-´n-Sw s]m-fn-°¬ \-S-Øn-b-Xv k-_¿-hm-fn-s‚ hn-[n-I-sf-Øp-S¿-∂mWv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-°-fp-sS dn-b¬ F-tÃ-‰v tem-_n-bp-am-bp-≈ _-‘-ßfpw A-—-s‚ Pq-Uo-jy¬ \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS a-°ƒ-°p-≠m-b km-º-Øn-I-t\´-ß-fp-sa-√mw hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ' an-Uv-sU ' dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ. tIm-S-Xnb-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-g-b A-h-ÿ-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ kw-i-b-sam-´pw D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ P-Uv-Pn-am¿-s°-Xn-sc ]-d-bp-∂ kw-K-Xn-Iƒ Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-¥ n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-¶n-epw A-Xv k-Xy-am-sW-∂v sX-fn-bn-°m-\m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-In-√ F-∂v \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn h-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ , ' anUv-sU ' bp-sS B-tcm-]-Ww k-Xy-tam F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Spw F-∂m-bncp-∂ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-bpw \n-b-a-⁄-cp-sS-bpw {]-Xo-£. A-Xp-≠mbn-s√-∂v am-{X-a-√, tIm-S-Xn B-tcm-]-W-ß-fp-sS A-I-tØ-°v I-S-°m≥ Xs∂ X-øm-dm-bn-√. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-Øn-se kp-{]-[m-\-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn-°v ti-jhpw ]-g-b \n-e Xp-S-cp-I-bm-sW-∂-Xv ÿn-Xn Kp-cp-X-c-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. \n-b-a\n¿-am-W-sØ-bpw a-dn-I-S-∂v ]-g-b A-h-Im-i-ßƒ \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ X-s∂-bmWv Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bn¬ H-cp hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ {i-a-sa-∂v I-cp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS hn-Nm-c-W tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-en-cn-°p-∂ tI- n-s\-°p-dn-®v am-[y-aßƒ ]-cn-[n-hn-´v \-S-Øp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-sf tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v D-Zm-cX-tbm-sS Im-Wm-\m-hn-√. \o-Xn-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v X-S- -am-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®v kz-¥-am-bn A-t\z-j-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bpw \n-K-a-\-ß-fnse-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Zr-iy-am-[y-a-ß-fn-epƒ-s∏-sS [m-cm-f-ambn Im-Wm-dp-≠v. ]-{X-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂ Ip-‰-hn-Nm-c-W F-∂v ({S-b¬ ss_ Z {]-kv) hn-fn-°m-dp-≈ Cu {]-h-W-Xs-- °-Xn-sc tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ F-°m-e-Øpw ap∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-Im-dp-≠v. tIm-S-Xn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂ tI- n¬ {]-Xn Ip-‰-°m-c123

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw \-s√-t∂m B-sW-t∂m Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂ hm¿-Ø-I-fpw ô-®-dp-I-fpw {]-kn≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn-epw km-£n-I-fn-epw \ym-bm-[n-]-cn¬ Xs∂-bpw ap≥-hn-[n-Iƒ D-≠m-°p-sa-∂pw A-Xv \o-Xn-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v X-S- am-Ip-sa-∂pw I-cp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ sX-‰n-√. tIm-S-Xn-se-Øp-∂ H-cp tI- n-s\-°p-dn-®pw hn-[n-h-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc ]pd-Øp-≈-h-cm-cpw an-≠n-t∏m-I-cp-sX-∂v, Cu X-Øzw h-en-®p-\o-ń B-⁄m-]n°p-∂-Xv H-cp-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ Pq-Uo-jy¬ Xo-{h-hm-Z-am-tb I-W-°m-°m-\m-hq. s]m-Xp-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-bm≥ ]u-c-∑m¿-°pw A-Xv {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ am-[y-a-ß-ƒ-°pw D-≈ A-h-Im-iw X-S-bm≥ tImS-Xn-Iƒ-°v A-[n-Im-c-an-√. ]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-epw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v s]m-Xp-{]m[m-\y-an-√m-Ø tI- p-I-fn¬ t]m-epw, am-[y-a-ßƒ \-S-Øn-b A-t\z-j-WØn-eq-sS ]p-d-Øv h-∂ hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p-\¿-hn-Nm-c-W \S-Øn hn-[n am-‰n-sb-gp-tX-≠n-h-∂ A-\p-`-h-ß-fp-≠v. A-km-[m-c-W -km-l-Ncy-ß-fn¬ A-km-[m-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-tS-≠n-h-t∂-°pw. s]m-XpXm¬-∏-cy-sa-¥v F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-®v kz-¥w Xo-cp-am-\-ß-fn¬ F-Øm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p-≠v. s]m-Xp-\-∑ F-∂-Xv H-cp \n-b-a-{]-iv-\-a-√. A-sX-¥v F-∂v tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ C-cn-°p-∂-h-tc-°mƒ \-∂m-bn P-\-{]-[n-\n[n-Iƒ-°pw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°pw A-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-øpw.tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tI-kv F-Øn-°-gn-™m¬ A-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® F-√m N¿-®-bpw A-h-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂ ]-g-b-kn-≤m-¥w Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´p-sh-∂v tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ ]-e-t∏m-gpw \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≠v. 1972 ¬ Cw-•-≠n¬ Xm-en-tUmssa-Uv F-∂ cm-k-]-Zm¿-Yw aq-ew F-Æ-a-‰ Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v Aw-K-`w-Kw kw-`-hn®-Xv kw-_-‘n-® tI- n-s‚ hn-Nm-c-W \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°, C-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]-{X-ß-fn¬ te-J-\-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv tIm-S-Xn X-S-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]-{X-ß-fn¬ h-∂ hm¿-Ø-I-fpw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw tI- n-s‚ KXn X-s∂ am-‰n-a-dn-®n-cp-∂p. tIm-S-Xn-°v sh-fn-®-ta-In-b H-t´-sd h-kv-Xp-XIƒ ]p-d-Øv sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv ]-{X-ß-fm-Wv. hn-Nm-c-W-bn-ep-≈ tI- n-s\-°pdn-®m-bm-epw ]u-c-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-c-a-{]-[m-\-sa-∂v Cu tI- n¬ bq-tdm-]y≥ tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.a-‰p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Cu cw-K-Øv F-s¥-√mw am-‰-ß-fm-Wv D-≠m-b-sX∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A-ta-cn-°≥ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ ap-ºp-X-s∂-bpw hna¿-i-\-ß-fn¬ {]-tIm-]n-X-cm-Im-dn-√. A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-am-Wv tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-hp-am-bn an-°-t∏m-gpw G-‰p-ap-´m-dp-≈-sX-∂v I-≠p-ht√m. A-ta-cn-°≥ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn C-Ø-cw k-µ¿-`-ß-fn¬ km-[m-c-W-tImS-Xn-bp-sS A-¥- n-t\-°mƒ {]m-[m-\yw I¬-∏n-°m-dp-≈-Xv A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-Wv. \o-Xn-\ym-b-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v hy-‡-am-b A-]-I-Sw

D-S≥ D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂ L-´-Øn¬ am-{X-t-a A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{¥y-Øn-t∑¬ \n-b-{¥-Ww G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m-Sp-≈q F-∂ X-Xzw s]m-Xpsh Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm-≠v, tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS A-¥- n-Sn-°p-∂p F-∂ Bt£-]-Øn-\v \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \n-e-\n¬-∏n-√m-Xm-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv. 'hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww X-S-™p-sIm-≠v P-Uv-Pn-am-sc kw-c-£n-°m-sa-∂pw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-¥- v \n-e-\n¿-Øm-sa-∂p-ap-≈ [mc-W A-ta-cn-°≥ s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ sX-‰n-≤m-c-W-bn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. s]m-Xp-Im-cy-sØ-°p-dn-®v Xp-d-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w \-S-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xv A-ta-cn-°≥ P-\-X-bp-sS hn-e-a-Xn-°-s∏-´ kz-`m-h-am-Wv. A-Xn-√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xpw au-\w A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ _-lp-am\-w D-≠m-°p-I-b-√, D-≈ _-lp-am-\w C-√m-Xm-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-I' F-∂v kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1941¬ H-cp tI- n¬ D-≠m-b A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w C-∂pw D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. C-¥y≥ P-\-X-bv-°pw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-°pw _m-[-I-am-Wv Cu A-`n-{]mbw. s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn¬ kzm-[o-\n-°-s∏-Sm≥ am-{Xw A-`n-{]mb-ÿn-c-X-bn-√m-Ø-h-c-√ P-Uv-Pn-am-sc-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v tI- p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w ]q¿-W-am-bn \n-tcm-[n-t°-≠-Xn-s√-∂ \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv Ahn-sS tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. \n-b-a-]-fin-X-c-√m-Ø Pq-dn-am-cmWv tI-kv tIƒ-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ am-{X-ta s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-hpw ]p-d-sØ N¿-®-bp-sa-√mw tI- n-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ {]-iv-\w D¬-`-hn-°p-∂p-≈q. C¥y-bn¬ B k-{º-Zm-bw C-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v k-_v-Pp-Uo-kv F-∂-Xv A-Xn{]m-[m-\yw I¬-∏n-t°-≠ Im-cy-a-s√-∂p-h-cp-∂p.-

\n-b-aw D-Zm-c-am-Ip-∂p {_n-´-\n-epw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-hpw A-Xn-s‚ hym-Jym-\-hpw DZm-c-am-bn h-cn-I-bm-Wv. \ym-bm-[n-]-s\ \ym-bm-[n-]-s\-∂ \n-e-bn¬ tam-i-ambn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv Ip-‰-I-c-am-b tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw X-s∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Xn-I-®pw hy-‡n-]-c-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-sØ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-bn I-W°m-°-n-√. tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-t°-kp-I-fp-sS-bpw in-£-I-fp-sS-bpw F-Æw Ip-d™p-h-cp-∂-Xm-bm-Wv Im-Wp-∂-Xv. '\o-Xn F-∂-Xv A-S-™ k-\ym-kn-aT-Ønse k-Zm-Nm-c-a-√, km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-cp-sS B-Z-c-]q¿-h-am-b, F-∂m¬- Xp-d∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w tIƒ-°m≥ A-h-sf A-\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v' . {_n-´ojv P-Uv-Pn A-‰v-In-≥ {]-`p-hn-s‚ Cu \o-co-£-Ww tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw kw-_‘n-® G-Xv N¿-®-bn-epw \n-c-¥-cw D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. G-‰-hp-sam-Sphn¬, 1981 se ]-cn-jv-I-cn-® tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yØn-\pw s]m-Xp-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp-N¿-®-bv-°p-am-Wv ]125

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw c-a-{]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv F-∂v A-¥m-cm-{„-\n-b-a-Im-cy-\n-co-£-I-cn¬ {it≤-b-\m-b D-Z-b-cm-Pv dm-bv A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-(tIm¿-Sv-kv, e-Pn-t…-t®-gv-kv B‚ v ao-Un-b {ô-Uw). Pp-dn hn-Nm-c-W \-S-Øp-∂ {In-an-\¬ tI- p-I-fnsem-gn-sI, am-[y-a-ß-fn-se N¿-®-tbm A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-tam tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS a-\- n-s\ kzm-[o-\n-t®-°p-sa-∂ B-i-¶- C-t∏mƒ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°n-√.F-√m P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-epw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-ßƒ D-Zmc-am-Ip-tºmƒ C-¥y-bn¬ am-{Xw A-Xv I¿-i-\-am-hp-I-bm-Wv F-∂v Nn-e \nb-a-Im-cy-te-J-I-¿ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. {]-i-kv-X km-ln-Xy-Im-cn-bpw s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I-bp-am-b A-cp-‘-Xn tdm-bv \¿-a-Z A-W-s°-´v \n¿-am-W-{]iv-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v F-gp-Xn-b te-J-\-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc kp-{]nw-tIm-S-Xn-bnse P-Ãn-kv tUm.-F.-F-kv. B-\-µv \-S-Øn-b hn-a¿-i-\-ß-sf ]-cm-a¿-in-®v {]-i-kv-X- tIm-f-an-Ãv F.-Pn. \q-dm-\n X-s∂ C-Ø-c-sam-cp A-`n-{]m-bw {]-ISn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ({^‚ v sse≥-˛2000 G-{]n¬ 28).{_n-´-\n¬ \n-∂m-W-t√m \m-an-sX-√mw kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. {_n-´-\n¬ s]mXp-{]-iv-\-ß-fn-ep-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚-tbm hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-s‚-tbm t]-cn¬ F-gp-]-Xp-h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ B-cpw in-£n-°-s∏-ń-ń-√ F-∂v F.-Pn.\q-dm-\n Cu te-J-\-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. {_n-´-\n-se {]-i-kv-X \n-b-a]-fin-X-\m-b F-dn-Iv _-dm≥-Un-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw A-t±-lw D-≤-cn-°p-∂p.-˛ 'tIm-S-Xn-s°-Xn-sc A-]-hm-Zw ]-d-s™-∂ Ip-‰-Øn-\v {]-tbm-K-Øn-¬ Cs∂m-´pw {]m-[m-\y-an-√m-Xm-bn-°-gn-™-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xv N¿-®-sN-øm≥ k-abw I-f-tb-≠ Im-cy-an-√' ( {ô-Uw Hm-^v kv-]o-®v-˛-t]-Pv 222) {_n-´≥ 1982¬ \-S-∏m-°n-b \n-b-aw, s]m-Xp-{]-iv-\-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®v tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ tI- p≠m-bm-epw A-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-am-hpI-bn-√ F-∂v kw-i-b-Øn-\v C-Sw-sIm-Sp-°m-sX hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠ C-¥y-bn¬ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ H-cp s]m-Xp-k-ao-]-\w kzoI-cn-®n-ń-√ F-∂p-Im-Wmw. dn-e-b≥-kv I-º-\n-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ tI-kv tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-en-cn-s°-X-s∂-bm-Wv C-¥y≥ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv ]{Xw \n-c-h-[n A-t\z-j-Wm-fl-I-dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-®v {]-kn-≤o-Icn-®-Xv. C-¥y≥ F-Iv-k-{]- n-s\ X-S-bm≥ tIm-S-Xn X-øm-dm-bn-√. {]-kn-≤oI-cn-®-Xn-\v ti-jw tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£yw D-s≠-¶n¬ hn-Nm-c-W sN-ømw F-∂mWv tIm-S-Xn ]-d-™-Xv. F-∂m¬ cm-Pyw ap-gp-h≥ h¿-j-ß-fm-bn B-i-¶-tbmsS N¿-®-sN-bv-Xp-h-cp-∂ _m-_v-cn a-kv-Pn-Zv tI- n¬ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-cp-sX-∂v D-Ø-c-hn-S-m-≥ A-e-l-_m-Zv ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS eJv-\u _-©v 2002 B-K-kv-‰n¬ X-øm-dm-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. cm-Py-sØ ]m¿-esa‚pw \n-b-a-k-`-I-fpw cm-{„o-b-]m¿-ń-I-fpw ]u-c-kw-L-S-\-I-fpw am-[y-a-ßfp-sa-√mw _m-_v-cn a-kv-Pn-Zv {]-iv-\-hpw A-Xn-\v km-[y-am-b ]-cn-lm-c-\-S-]-Sn126

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw I-fpw N¿-® sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v C-S-bn-em-Wv tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \n-tcm-[-\-ap-≠m-b-Xv. A-c-\q-‰m-s≠-¶n-ep-am-bn A-tbm-[y-t°-kv tIm-S-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠v F-∂-Xpw tImS-Xn-bp-sS Xo¿-∏v ssh-In-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv cm-Py-sØ- ap-gp-h≥ A-]-I-S-Ønem-°p-∂ {]-Xym-Lm-Xw Cu tI- n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v D-≠m-b-sX-∂p-ap-≈ h-kvXp-X-Iƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´n-√. tIm-S-Xn-°v A-Xn-s‚ I¬-∏-\ \-S-∏m-°m-\mbp-an-√. N¿-® ]-g-b-Xp-t]m-se Xp-S-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. k¿-°m-dn-s‚ X-e-∏-Øn-cn-°p-∂ -hy-‡n k¿-°m-dn-s‚ Xo-cp-am-\sØ \ym-bo-I-cn-®-Xn-\v in-£n-°-s∏-´ A-\p-`-h-hpw \-Ωp-sS \m-´n-ep-≠v. 1950 ¬ ]-›n-a _w-Kmƒ ap-Jy-a-{{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]n.-kn.-sk≥ `-£y-h-kv-Xp°ƒ-°v td-j-\n-ßv G-¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ k¿-°m¿ Xo-cp-am-\-sØ td-Untbm {]-t£-]-W-Øn¬ \ym-bo-I-cn-®-Xm-Wv Ip-‰-am-b-Xv. X-’-a-bw I¬-°Ø tIm-S-Xn C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® l-c-Pn ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xv I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv ap-Jy-a-{¥n au-\w ]m-en-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p F-∂m-Wv tIm-SXn ]-d-™-Xv

C.-Fw.-F- pw ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈-bpw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v h¿-K-kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-∂ \n-co-£-W-w \-S-Øn-b-Xn-\v C.-Fw.-i-¶-c≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s\ tIm-S-Xn in-£n-®-Xn-s‚ \ym-bm-\ym-bßƒ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ Im-e-tØm-fw N¿-® sN-ø-s∏Spw. C.-Fw.-F- n-s‚ A-∏o¬ hn-Nm-c-W sN-bv-X kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn-se PÃn-kv ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-a-sØ-°p-dn-®-√, am¿-Iv-kn-ksØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv hn-[n-\ym-b-Øn¬ N¿-® sN-øm≥ sa-\-s°-´-Xv. am¿-Iv-knk-sØ-°p-dn-®v C.-Fw.-F- n-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-™ A-dn-th P-Ãn-kn-\p-≈q F∂v P-Ãn-kv A-dn-tb-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F-¥m-bm-epw, X-s‚ hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-a\p-k-cn-®v tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS kz-`m-hw hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xn-\v sN-dp-X-√m-Ø in-£b-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂p C.-Fw.-F- n-\v. ]n¬-°m-e-Øv C-Xn-t\-°mƒ cq-£-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ dn-´-b¿-sNbv-X P-Ãn-kp-am¿ Pp-Uo-jy-dn-sb-°p-dn-®v \-S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbn-se P-Uv-Pn-am¿ k-º-∂-h¿-K-Øn¬ \n-∂v h-cp-∂-h-cm-sW-∂pw A-h-cp-sS kzm-`m-hn-I- A-\p-`m-hw ap-X-em-fn-am-tcm-Spw `q-hp-S-a-I-tfm-Sp-am-sW-∂pw B{‘-{]-tZ-iv _m¿ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚ N-S-ßn¬ {]-kw-Kn-®-Xv tI-{µ-\n-b-aa-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]n.-in-h-i-¶-dm-Wv. in-h-i-¶¿ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y--°p-‰w sN-bvXn-´n-s√-∂m-Wv kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®-Xv. B-Z¿-i-ßƒ-°-\p-kr-X-am-b hna¿-i-\-ßƒ Ip-‰-I-c-a-√ F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv P-Ãn-kv k-_y-km-Nn apJ¿-Pn F-Øn-t®¿-∂-Xv. in-h-i-¶-dn-s‚ \n-co-£-W-ßƒ Zu¿-`m-Ky-I-c-am-bn F-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, A-h \o-Xn-\n-¿-h-l-W-Øn-\v D-S≥ A127

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]-I-S-ap-≠m-°p-∂-X-√ F-∂v P-Ãn-kv hy-‡-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1975˛77 se A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿm-\p-`-hw tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS k-ao-]-\-Øn¬ auen-I-am-b Nn-e am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øn-b-Xm-bn \n-co-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. C-¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßƒ `-c-W-Iq-Sw A-Sn-b-¥-cm-hÿ-bn¬ \n-jvTq-cw A-Sn-®-a¿-Øn-b-t∏mƒ \n- w-K-am-bn t\m-°n-\n¬-°p-Ibm-Wv Pp-Uo-jy-dn sN-bv-X-sX-∂ B-t£-]w I-g-ºp-≈-Xm-Wv. A-Sn-b-¥-cmh-ÿ-°m-e-Øv H-cm-sf sh-Sn-sh-®p-sIm-√p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-t]m-epw ]u-c-\v `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b kw-c-£-Ww D-≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂ A-t‰m¿-Wn-P-\-d¬ \nc¨-sU-bp-sS hm-Zw ]-c-tam-∂-X-tIm-S-Xn \n--i-–w Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. H-cp-]-s£ B ho-gv-N D-≠m-°n-b Ip-‰-t_m-[w sIm-≠m-hmw, A-Sn-b-¥cm-h-ÿ-°v ti-jw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-Øn-\v h-en-b {]m-[m-\yw I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn I-≠p. t\-c-sØ, th-≠-{X Ãm-ºv C-√m-sX k-a¿-∏n-°p∂ l-c-Pn H-∂p-I-tÆm-Sn-®p-t\m-°p-I-t]m-epw sN-øm-sX \n-c-kn-°m-dp-≈ tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ l-c-Pn-tb th-≠, H-cp I-Ø-b-®m-epw tI-s -Sp-°mw F-∂ \ne-]m-Sn--se-Øn. ]-{X-dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fpw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-s°-gp-Xn-b I-Øp-I-fpw t]mepw l-c-Pn-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-®v \-S-]-Sn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ A-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn.

tIm-S-Xn-I-sf-bpw hn-a¿-in-°-Ww s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-hy-h-lm-cw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-¥- p-b¿-Øp-Ibpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-cy-£-a-am-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp F-∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kw-i-b-an-√. F-∂m¬, C-Xv a-‰p-Nn-e {]-iv-\-ß-fpw D-b¿-Øp-∂p-≠v. s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-hy-h-lm-c-Øn-eq-sS tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- h≥-tXm-Xn¬ F-Iv-kn-Iyq´o-hv A-[n-Im-cw ssI-b-S-°p-∂p. t\-c-sØ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-Iƒ B-Wv C-Ø-cw Im-cy-ß-ƒ N¿-® sN-bv-Xv s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-bw Iq-Sn t\m-°n `q-cn]-£-{]-Im-cw Xo-cp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. \n-b-a-]-c-a-√m-Ø Im-cy-ß-fn¬ s]m-Xp-\-∑-tbm s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-tam C-∂-Xm-sW-∂v I-s≠-Øm≥ F-¥v kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv Pp-Uo-jy-dn-°p-≈-Xv ? C-ß-s\ A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-w \-S-Øp-∂ tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ N¿-® sN-øm-t\m hn-a¿-in-°m-t\m ]mSn-√ F-∂v I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ km-am-\y-X-Øz-ßƒ-°p--Xs∂ F-Xn-cm-hn-t√? \n-b-aw \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv P-\-ß-fm-Wv. P-\-ßƒ-°v H-cp ]¶m-fn-Ø-hp-an-√m-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, P-\-ß-fp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-sam-∂pw ]-cn-KWn-°m-sX, A-h¿-s°m-cp s]m-Xp-N¿-® \-S-Øm-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw t]m-epw \n-tj-[n-®v, A-h-sc _m-[n-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv P-\m[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-≤-am-b \-S-]-Sn-bm-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ kw-i-b-an-√. C-Xv \n-b-aØn-s‚ {]-iv-\-a-√, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ {]-iv-\-am-Wv. F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv Xocp-am-\-ß-fp-sS i-cn-sX-‰p-I-fp-sS t]-cn¬ P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F-{X-tØm-fw

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw hn-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-thm A-{X-tØm-fw P-Uv-Pn-am-cpw C-Ø-cw Xo-cp-am-\-ßfp-sS t]-cn¬ hn-a¿-in-°-s∏-Smw, hn-a¿-in-°-s∏-S-Ww. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F-ß-s\ A-h-cp-sS A-[n-Imcw {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p F-∂p- \n-co-£n-°m-\pw A-Xv P-\-ß-sf A-dn-bn-°m-\pw am-[y-a-ß-ƒ-°v Np-a-X-e-bp-≠v. B Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n-b-{¥-Wßƒ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xn-\v a-Xn-bm-b \ym-bo-I-c-Ww D-≠m-IWw. A-tX-k-a-bw, kp-{]-[m-\-am-b H-cp Im-cyw No-^v P-Ãn-kv B-bn-cp-∂ ssh.-_n.-N-{µ-N-q Uv H-cp hn-[n-bn¬ hy-‡-am-bn ]-d-™n-´p-≠v-˛ 'Pp-Uo-jy-dnsb hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-h¿ Hm¿-t°-≠ H-cp Im-cy-ap-≠v. \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-bp-sS \n-e\n¬-∏n-\v A-\n-hm-cy-am-b-sX-¶n-epw kz-bw \ym-bo-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø Hcp -ÿm-]-\-sØ-bm-Wv A-h¿ hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv. Xp-d-∂ H-cp bp-≤-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-hm-t\m kz-bw \ym-bo-I-cn-®v {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fn-d-°m-t\m tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°v C-∂-sØ \n-e-bv-°v I-gn-bn-√'.P-Ãn-kv K-tP-{µ-Km-Uv-I-dp-sS kp-{]-[m-\-am-b \n-co-£-Ww Pp-Uojy¬ D-tZym-K-ÿ¿ {i-≤n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n-¬ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-t°- p-Iƒ Ip-d-bp-I X-s∂ sN-øpw. A-h am-[y-a-hn-cp-≤-hy-h-lm-c-ß-f-√m-Xm-Ip-I-bpw sN-øpw. P- n-kv ]-d-™p-˛ " hn-[n-\ym-b-Øn-s‚ D--∂-X-\n-e-hm-c-w sIm-≠pw \ym-bm-[n-]-s‚ [o-c-X, \o-Xn-t_m-[w, B-fl-\n-b-{¥-Ww, ]-Iz-X F-∂n-h sIm-≠pw s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fp-sS B-Z-c-hn-\v A¿-l-X t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbm-Wv X-ß-fp-sS D-tZym-K-Øn-s‚ A-¥- pw a-l-Xz-hpw \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\m-hpI-sb-∂v ⁄m-\n-I-fm-b \ym-bm-[n-]-∑m¿ H-cn-°-epw a-d-°m-dn-√".a-lm-flm-Km-‘n ap-X¬ C-µn-cm-Km-‘n h-sc-bp-≈ H-´-\-h[n t\-Xm-°ƒ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-t°-kp-I-fn¬ {]-Xn-ÿm-\-Øv \n¬-t°-≠nh-∂n-´p-≠v. X-s‚ a-\- m-£n-°v i-cn-sb-∂v t_m-[y-ap-≈ Im-cyw ]-d-™-Xn\v am-∏-t]-£n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ P-bn-en¬ t]m-Im-\m-Wv Xm-\n-„-s∏-Sp-Isb-∂m-Wv Km-‘n-Pn tIm-S-Xn-tbm-Sv ]-d-™-Xv. sX-‰v sN-bv-X-Xn-\v Km-‘n-Pnsb im-kn-°p-I-bm-Wv B P-Uv-Pn sN-bv-X-Xv. N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Km-‘n-Pn-bpƒs∏-sS-bp-≈ a-lm-flm-°ƒ F-hn-sS \n¬-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw B P-Uv-Pn-am¿ Fhn-sS -\n¬-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw hn-kv-X-cn-t°-≠ Im-cy-an-√.P-\-ßƒ-°v hn-h-c-ßƒ F-Øn-°m-\p-≈ _m-[y-X \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xns‚ t]-cn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-w Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-s√-∂v am-[y-a-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw kw-c-£n°p-∂-Xn-\v \¬-Ip-∂ {]m-[m-\yw-X-s∂ a-‰v P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS kw-c-£-W-Øn-\pw am-[y-a-ßƒ \¬-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.129

11 am-\-\-„-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-\-„-hpw \o-Xn-]oT-Øn-s‚-bpw P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se ]u-c-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ßfpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp--∂-Xm-bn A-\p-`-h-s∏Sm-dp-≠v. Io¿-Øn-bpw am-\-hpw ]u-c-s‚ A-h-Im-i-hpw k-º-Øpw B-sW∂--Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xp-kw-c-£n-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂- \n-b-a-ßƒ ]-cn-jv-Ir-Xk-aq-l-ß-fn-se-√m-ap-≠v. Cu \n-b-a-ßƒ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ ]-cn-anX-s∏-Sp-Øp--∂-Xm-hmw. ]u-c≥ F-∂- \n-e-bn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw Nn-e-t∏msg-√mw Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ kw-c-£-Ww tX-Sm-dp-≠v F-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp-Im-cyw. hy-‡n-bp-sS am-\w A-bm-fp-sS kz-Øm-sW-∂-Xv H-cp \n-b-a-k-¶¬-∏-am-Wv. kz-Øn-\v t\-sc-bp-≈ ssI-tb-‰-ß-sf ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp--∂-Xp-t]m-se am-\Øn-\v t\-sc-bp-≈ ssI-tb-‰-ß-sf-bpw \n-b-aw ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂p. kzØp-\-„-Øn-\v ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn ]-Ww A-\p-h-Zn-°p--∂-Xp-t]m-se am-\-\-„Øn-\pw -]-cn-lm-c-a-\p-h-Zn-°mw. {In-an-\¬-Ip-‰w B-sW-∂ \n-e-bn¬ X-S-hpin-£ -th-sd-bpw \¬-Imw. {In-an-\¬-Ip-‰-sa-∂- \n-e-bn-ep-≈ -hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-b-a-Øn-se 499 mw h-Ip-∏n¬ A-°-an-´v \n-c-Øn-bn-´p-≠v-. F-∂m¬, \-„-]-cn-lm-cw kw-_-‘n-® kn-hn¬-\n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ C-¥ybn¬ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®n-´n-√. {_n-´o-jv s]m-Xp-\n-b-a-am-Wv C-°-m-cy-Øn¬ _m[-I-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. a-‰p \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-Øn-epw ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I-\v {]-tXy-I ]-cn-K-W-\-sbm-∂-p-an-√. A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ 130

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Im-cy-Øn¬ km-[m-c-W-]u-c-\v _m-[-I-am-b \n-b-{¥-W-ß-sf-√mw ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I-\pw _m-[-I-am-Wv. F-∂-m¬, A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-se -\n-b-{¥W-ßƒ G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\-bm-sW--∂-Xv ]-et∏m-gpw {i-≤n-°-s∏-Sm-dn-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-≥ X-s‚ sXm-gn¬- \n¿-h-ln-°p∂-Xv A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥yw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv. ]u-c-\v th≠n A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv ]-e-t∏m-gpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-Wv. ]-e cm-Pyß-fn-epw `-c-W-Iq-Sw G¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ \n-b-{¥-W-ß-tf-°m-tf-sd A-]-Io¿Øn-\n-b-a-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s‚ sXm-gn-¬-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v `o-j-Wn-bmIm-dp-≈-Xv. A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w, A-]Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw in-£m¿-l-am-Ip-∂-Xv A-]-Io¿-Øn-bp-≠m-°p-∂ H-cp ]-cm-a¿-i-a-√, A-]-Io¿-Øn-bp-≠m-°p-∂ ]-cm-a¿-i-Øn-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wam-Wv. F-s¥-√m-am-Wv A-]-Io¿-Øn-bm-Ip-I F-∂v X-e-\m-cn-g-Io-dn ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI-b-√ Cu ]T-\-Øn-s‚ D-t±-iyw. A-Xp -\n-b-a-]-fin-X-cp-sS Np-a-X-e-bn¬ h-cp-∂- Im-cy-am-Wv. \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿-h-l-Ww F-ß-s\ A-h-s‚ Np-a-X-eI-sf {]-bm-k-I-c-am-°p-∂p F-t∂ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\v hn-h-cn-°m-\m-hq. F-¶n-epw, A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ F-s¥-√m-am-Wv h-cn-I-sb∂-v {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \n-b-a-]-c-am-b \ym-bo-I-c-W-tam a-Xn-bm-b Im-c-W-tam C-√m-sX A-k-Xy-am-b-Xpw am-\-t°-Sp-≠m-°p--∂-Xp-amb Im-cy-ßƒ B-sc-°p-dn-s®-¶n-epw {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv Ip-‰-am-Wv. H-cp hy-‡n-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]-cm-a¿-iw hm-bn-®m¬ B hy-‡n-tbm-Sv hn-tcm-[-tam ]-cn-lm-k-tam ]p-—-tam A-bm-fp-am-bn k-aq-ly-am-bn k-l-h-kn-t°-≠ F-∂ tXm-∂-tem t\-cmw-h-Æw Nn-¥n-°p-∂ B-fn¬ D-≠m-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ A-Xn-\¿Yw ]-cm-a¿-iw in-£m¿-l-am-b A-]-Io¿-Øn-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂p F∂m-Wv. A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X-\n-°v D-t±-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ F-∂-v ]-d™-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{Xw in-£-bn¬ \n-∂-v c-£-s∏-Sm-\m-sb-∂p-h-cn-√. H-cm-sf t\-cn-´v A-h-a-Xn-°p-∂-Xv Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw Ip-‰-I-c-a-√. A-h-a-Xn-°¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bpw aq-∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ A-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºm-tg A-Xv A]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cq. A-h-a-Xn-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn A-Xn-\v hn-t[-b-\m-b Bƒ-°v tXm-∂n-bm¬ t]m-c, t\-cmw-h-Æw Nn-¥n-°p-∂ (ssd‰v Xn-¶n-Mv t]-gv-k¨-kv) a-‰m-fp-Iƒ-°pw A-ß-s\ tXm-∂-Ww. A-Xn-\v Ah-a-Xn-bp-sS {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. A-Xp-sN-øp-∂-Xv A-ha-Xn \-S-Øn-b Bƒ-X-s∂ B-bn-cn-°-p-I-bpw th-Ww.-

U-tam-¢o-kn-s‚ hmƒ-t]m-se A-]-Io¿-Øn-bp-sS \n-b-a-]-c-am-b km-[y-X-Iƒ k-¶o¿-W-hpw A-\-¥-am-b 131

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw N¿-®-Iƒ-°pw hym-Jym-\-ßƒ-°pw A-h-k-c-ta-Ip--∂-Xp-am-Wv. F-¶n-epw, am[y-a-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-®v G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\w hm¿-Ø-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´p-≠mIp-∂- A-]-Io¿-Øn-\-S-]-Sn-I-fm-W-t√m. ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp-≤-am-tb-°m-hp-∂ cm{„o-b-˛-\n-b-a-k-¶¬-∏-ß-fm-Wv C-Xn¬ an-°-t∏m-gpw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ {]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°p-I. s]m-Xp-cw-K-Øp-≈ hy-‡n-I-sf-°p-dn-®v A-dn-bm-\p≈ A-h-Im-iw ]u-c-∑m¿-°p-≠v. A-h-cp-sS \-√-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- am-{X-a-√ No-Ø\-S-]-Sn-I-fpw A-dn-bn-°m-\p-≈ _m-[y-X am-[y-a-ßƒ-°p-≠v. A-gn-a-Xn \-SØp--h-sc-°p-dn-®v P-\-ß-sf A-dn-bn-°p-I t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰n-s‚ Np-a-X-e-X-∂-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬, \n-b-aw t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰n-\v {]-tXy-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sfm∂pw \¬-Ip-∂n-√. k-Xyw F-gp-X-W-sa-∂v B-lzm-\w sN-ø-s∏-Sp-sa-¶n-epw k-Xy-am-sW-∂-v D-Ø-a-t_m-[y-ap-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ F-gp-Xn-bm¬-t∏m-epw Nn-et∏mƒ A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ hmƒ X-e-bv-°v ap-I-fn¬ ]-Xn-°mw. Utam-¢o-kn-s‚ hmƒ-t]m-se A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw F-t∏m-gm-Wv h-∂p-ho-gp-Isb-∂-v ]-d-bm-\m-hn-√.tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-˛-\n-b-a-k-`m-A-e-£y-˛-am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-ßƒ A-£cw-{]-Xn ]m-en-°m-\p-d-®m¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\w G-Xm-≠v A-km-[y-am-hpw. Cu \n-b-a-ß-sf Xo¿-Øpw A-h-K-Wn-®m-epw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\w A-km-[yam-Ipw. c-≠n-\pw a-t[y i-cn-bm-b am¿-Kw I-s≠-Øp-I-tb \n-hr-Øn-bp-≈q. am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw ÿm-]-\-hpw C-°m-cy-Øn¬- F-{X-tØm-fw t]m-Im≥ X-øm-dp-s≠--∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p F-√mw. k-Xyw-]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-hcm≥ F-¥v Xym-K-Øn-\pw am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ X-e-∏-Øp≈-h-cp-w X-øm-dm-bn-cn-°mw. F-∂m-epw, tI- pw in-£-bpw H-gn-hm-°p-∂ coXn-bn¬ Np-a-X-e \n¿-h-ln-°m≥ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A-dn-hp-≈-h-cp-sS D-]-tZ-iw k-lm-b-I-am-hpw. H-tc-Im-cyw c-≠p-X-c-Øn¬ sN-øm≥ I-gn-t™-°pw, H-cp co-Xn-bn¬ sN-bv-Xm¬ in-£ D-d-∏v. a-s‰m-cp co-Xn-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ in-£n-°s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Ip-d-hv. am-[y-a-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´"v D-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-[m-\-{]-iv-\w hm¿-Ø kw-_‘n-® Im-cy-ß-fnƒ A-[n-Im-c-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Ipw ]-e-t∏m-gpw tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ {]-Xn-°q-´n¬ I-b-dn-\n¬-t°-≠n-h-cn-I F-∂-p-≈-Xm-Wv. Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-h¿in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-ømw.am-[y-a-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc h-cp-∂- am-\-\-„-˛ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-t°- p-I-fn¬ {]Xn-bm-Im-dp-≈-Xv te-J-I-\-√. {]n‚¿ B‚ v ]-ªn-j¿, am-t\-Pn-Mv F-Un-‰¿, F-Un-‰¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cm-Wv. dn-t∏m¿-´v F-gp-Xn-b- te-J-I-\pw {]-kn-≤-s∏-SpØm≥ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø- k-_v F-Un-‰-dp-w hm-b-\-°m¿-°v A-⁄m-X-cm-bncn-°mw. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ A-h-cp-sS t]-cn¬ h-°o¬ t\m-´o-tkm tIt m D-≠m-bn F-∂p-h-cn-√. hm¿-Ø A-®-Sn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw 132

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Nn-e-t∏mƒ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ t]m-epw hm-bn-°p--∂-Xv. F-√m-hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-{Xm-[n]¿ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\v ap-ºv hm-bn-°p-I km-[y-a-√. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°pw amt\-Pn-Mv F-Un-‰¿-°pw [m¿-an-I-am-bpw \n-b-a-]-c-am-bpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap-s≠∂-v ]-d-bp-I-sb-¶n-epw sN-ømw. {]n‚¿ B‚ v ]-ªn-j¿ Xo¿-Øpw \n-c-]-cm[n-bm-Wv F-∂-v \n-b-a-cw-K-Øp-≈-h¿-°pw A-dn-bmw. ]-ªn-jv sN-øm≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv F-¥m-Wv F--∂-dn-bm-Ø B-sf-bm-Wv ]-ªn-j¿ F-∂-v hn-fn-°p-I Fs∂m-cp X-am-i A-®-Sn-am-[y-a-°m¿-°n-S-bn-ep-≠v. km-[m-c-W -{]n‚n-Mv {]- pIƒ-°v _m-[-I-am-b \n-b-a-X-Øz-ßƒ ]-{X-ßƒ-°pw _m-[-I-am-°p-∂-Xv sIm-≠p-≈ {]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wn-sX-√mw.F-¥m-Wv ]-c-ky-Øn¬ D-≈-Xv F--∂-dn-bm-Ø ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ ]-c-ky-ß-fn-se \n-b-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ-°v tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ k-am-[m-\w ]-d-tb-≠n-h-t∂-°pw. A-]Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-sem-cn-S-Øpw A-Uz¿-ss´-kn-Mv am-t\-P-sc-°p-dn-®v ]-cm-a¿in-°p-∂-n-√. 1988 ¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂ am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-hpw A-«o-e-{]-kn-≤o-I-cW-w kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-hp-sa-√mw ]-{X-Øn-s‚ \n-b-a-ew-L-\-Øn-\v ]-{Xwhn¬-°p-∂ G-P‚n-s\-t∏m-epw Ip-‰-°m-cm-°p-∂-p-≠v F-t∂m¿-°p-tºmƒ CsXm-∂pw A-{X Ku-c-h-ap-≈-√. \yq-kv G-P‚p-am¿ ]-{X-Øn-se D-≈-S-°-Øn\v D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-I-f-√, A-h¿ D-≈-S-°w A-dn-™p-sIm-≠-√ ]-{Xw hn¬-°m-dp≈-Xv F-∂-v ]-e cm-Py-ß-fn-se-bpw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠v.-.

Nn-e c-£m-am¿-K-ßƒ ]u-c-s\ Im-Wp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-Is\-bpw Im-Wp-∂-Xv F-∂p-]-d-™p-sh-¶n-epw \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS-bpw \n-b-a-Øns‚ Im-e-ß-fm-bp-≈ hym-Jym-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw Nn-e c-£m-am¿-K-ßƒ ]-{X{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v Xp-d-∂p-In-´n-bn-´p-≠v. F-gp-Xn-b-Xv k-Xy-am-sW-∂v sX-fn-bn°m-\m-Ip-sa-¶n¬ -in-£n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-Xp-a-Xn-bm-b \ym-b-am-Wv. \ym-b-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-hpw Ip-‰-a-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w, km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, Iem-hn-a¿-i-\w Xp-S-ßn-b ta-J-e-I-fn¬ C-Xv {]m-[m-\-am-Wv.-am-\-\-„-\n-b-a {]-Im-c-ap-≈ in-£-sbm-gn-hm-°m≥ D-∂-bn-°m-hp-∂ {]-[m-\ F-Xn¿-hm-Zßƒ \n-b-a-⁄¿ A-°-an-´v \n-c-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 1.-{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xn-\v am-{X-am-Wv A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw _m-[-I-am-Iq-I. {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´n-√ F-∂v hm-Zn-°mw. 2. F-Xn¿ I-£n-sb A-√ D-t±-in-®-Xv F-∂v hm-Zn-°mw. 3. am-\-t°-Sv D-≠m-°n-b-Xm-bn ]-d-bp-∂ hm-°p-Iƒ-°v AX-√ A¿-Y-sa-∂v ÿm-]n-°mw. 4. ]-d-™-Xv ]q¿-W-am-bpw k-Xy-am-Wv F∂pw A-Xn¬ s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≠v F-∂pw sX-fn-bn-°mw. 5. ]-cm-a¿-iw hf-sc Ip-d-®p-t]¿-°v am-{Xw e-`n-°p-∂ D-tZym-K-]-c-am-b c-l-ky-hn-h-c-am-Wv F-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Ømw. 6. Zp-cp-t±-i-an-√m-sX D-Ø-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS B133

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw bn-c-p-∂p F-∂v sX-fn-bn-°mw. 7. s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-≈ hn-j-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p D-t±-iy-ip-≤n-tbm-sS \-S-Øn-b \ym-b-am-b hn-a¿-i-\-tam \n-co-£-W-tam Bbn-cp-∂p - F-∂p sX-fn-bn-°mw. 8. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-b B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-sStbm ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-s‚ k-Ω-Xn-tbm-sS-tbm \-S-Øn-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-bn-cn-cp∂p - F-∂p sX-fn-bn-°mw.Cu co-Xn-bn¬ F-√mw \ym-bo-I-cn-®m-epw hy-‡n-°v am-\-lm-\n D-≠m-bn F∂ bm-Ym¿-Yyw A-h-ti-jn-t®-°pw. hy-‡n-tbm-Sv £-a ]-d-™v {]-iv-\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-hp-∂ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b ]-gp-Xv Cw-Kv-fo-jv \n-b-a-Øn-ep-≠v. C-¥ybn-en-√. F-∂m¬, C-¥y-bn-epw C-Xv \ym-bm-[n-]-s‚ Xo-cp-am-\-sØ kzm-[o\n-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. £-am-bm-N-\w C-¥y-bn-epw am-\-\-„-Øn-\p-≈ \-„-]-cnlm-c-Øp-I-bn¬ Im-cy-am-b Ip-d-hv h-cp-Øp-I-tbm C-√m-Xm-°p-I-X-s∂-tbm sN-øm≥ Im-c-W-am-Im-dp-≠v. C-h-sb-√mw G-Xv ]u-c-s\-bpw _m-[n-°m-hp-∂ Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv. F-∂m¬, s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°pw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°pw a‰v Np-cp-°w Nn-e hn-`m-K-ßƒ-°pw am-{Xw _m-[-I-am-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b H-cp \ymbo-I-c-Ww am-\-\-„-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. s]m-Xp-Xmev-]-cyw D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv F-s¥-¶n-epw hn-a¿-i-\w D-∂-bn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ A-Xn-\v in-£-bp-≠m-hn-√. F-∂-Xm-W-Xv. A-ta-cn-°≥ \n-b-a-Øn¬ C-Xv Hcp hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-Ø-s∂ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v. C-¥y≥ tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw Ct∏mƒ C-Xv kzo-I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. hy-‡n-tbm-Sp-≈ ]-I-tbm sh-dp-t∏m {]-I-Sn∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ a-d-bm-b-√ s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cyw D-∂-bn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-b-Ww. s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-∏-cyw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®v amm-[y-a-ß-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ hn-a¿-i-\-w km[m-c-W A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚ am-\-Z-fi-ßƒ am-{Xw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v hn-ebn-cp-Øn-°q-Sm F-∂v \n-b-a-tem-Iw C-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1960 ¬ A-tacn-°-bn¬ H-cp ]-{X-]-c-ky-sØ- Xp-S¿-∂p-≠m-b tI-kv h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. I-dpØ h¿-K-°m-cm-b hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ am¿-´n≥ eq-X¿ In-ßn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]u-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°v th-≠n A-∂v sX-°≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]-t£m-`w \-S-Øp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-h¿-s°-Xn-sc t]m-eo-kv \-S-Øp-∂ {Iq-c-am-b ASn-®-a¿-Ø-ep-Iƒ Xp-d-∂p-Im-´p-∂-Xpw hn-Zym¿-Yn-{]-t£m-`-Øn-\v ]n-¥p-W \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b, 64 ]u-cm-h-Im-i-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ H-∏p-sh-® ap-gp-h≥-t]-Pv ]c-kyw \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. A-Xn¬ Nn-e h-kv-Xp-Xm]-c-am-b ]n-i-Ip-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-c-ky-Øn¬ ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´ H-cp k¿°m¿ D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-b F¬.-_n. k-≈n-h≥ Cu sX-‰p-Iƒ B-bp-[-am-°n, \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn-s\-bpw \m-ev I-dp-Ø-h¿-K-°m-cm-b ]p-tcm-ln-X-sc-bpw F-Xn-¿-I-£n-tN¿-Øv tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \-„-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v tI-kv sIm-Sp-Øp. {]m-Y-an-I-tIm-S-Xn A-©p-e-£w tUm-f¿ \-„-]-cn-lm-c-w \¬-Im≥ hn-[n-°pI-bpw sN-bv-Xp. C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc A-∏o¬ sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ 1964 ¬ ]p-d-Øp-h134

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ∂ hn-[n, tem-I-sa-ßp-w ]n-∂o-Sv A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw kw-_-‘n-®v \-S-∂ F-√m Ku-c-h-ap-≈ N¿-®-I-fn-epw D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ X-c-Øn¬ A-Xn-{]-[m-\am-bn-cp-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-bpw ]-{Xkzm-X-{¥y-sØ-bpw ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv tI- n¬ Io-gv-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬ D-≠m-b hn-[n F-∂v kp-{]ow -tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-bn-¬ P-Ãn-kv hn-eyw sP {_Æ≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p.G-sXm-cp s]m-Xp-N¿-®-bn-epw Ip-sd-sb-√mw A-kw-_-‘-ßƒ ]p-dØp-h-cp-sa-∂pw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw \n-e-\n¬-°W-sa-¶n¬ A-h Ip-sd-sb-√mw A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-s≠-∂pw B-bn-cp-∂p tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \n-co-£-Ww. D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS-tbm K-h-s◊‚n-s‚ X-s∂-tbm \-S-]-Sn-I-sf hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-h¿ A-h-cp-sS {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fn¬ H-cp sX-‰p-t]mepw h-cp-Ø-cp-sX-∂pw h-cp-Øn-bm¬ Xm-ßm-\m-Im-Ø h-en-b Xp-I \-„-]cn-lm-cw \¬-tI-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂pw D-≈ \n-e D-≠m-bn-°q-Sm. hn-a¿-i-I¿ kz-bw sk≥-k-dn-Mv \-S-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. C-Xv A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw A-]-I-S-Øn-em°pw-˛ tIm-S-Xn \n-co-£n-®p. ]n-∂o-Sv kz-Im-cy-hy-‡n-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw Cu X-Øzw kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn _m-[-I-am-°n. F-√m-‰n-epw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-bn tIm-S-Xn D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®-Xv s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-∏ -- -cy-am-Wv. hn-a¿-i-I-cp-sS hm-b-aq-Sns°-´m≥ A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v F-Xn-sc {_n-´o-jv kp{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ Xp-S¿-∂pw \n-c-h-[n hn-[n-I-fp-≠m-bn.-

F-s¥-√mw H-gn-hm-Ipw ]-Øp- \ym-bo-I-c-W-ßƒ A-]-Io¿-Øn-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn¬ \n-s∂mgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. k-Xy-am-Wv ]-d-™-sX-¶n¬ A-Xv A-]-Io¿-Øn-bm-In-s√∂-Xm-Wv H-∂m-a-tØ-Xv. sh-dpw k-Xy-am-bm¬ t]m-c, s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈ k-Xy-am-h-Ww. A-[n-Ir-X-cp-sS \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®v D-Ø-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS \-S-Øp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßƒ A-]-Io¿-Øn-bm-bn I-W-°m-°n-√. s]mXp-Xm¬-∏-cy-ap-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ B-cp-sS \-S-]-Sn-sb-°p-dn-®pw s]-cp-am-‰-sØ°p-dn-®pw hn-a¿-in-°p-∂-Xv, hn-a¿-i-\w s]m-Xp-Im-cy-Øn¬ H-Xp-ßn-\n¬-°pt∂-S-tØm-fw Ip-‰-I-c-a-√. tIm-S-Xn-bn-se \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ k-Xy-k-‘-am-bn dnt∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂-Xv am-\-\-„-ap-≠m-°n-bm-epw Ip-‰-I-c-am-hn-√. tIm-S-Xn Xo-cpam-\n-®p-I-gn-™ tI- p-I-fn-se \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-sØ-tbm hn-[n-tb-tbm-Ip-dn-®v DØ-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS hn-a¿-i-\-tam \n-co-£-W-tam D-∂-bn-°p-∂-Xpw A-]Io¿-Øn-I-c-am-hn-√. s]m-Xp-{]-Z¿-i-\-Øn-\v F-Øp-∂ I-em-kr-„n-I-sf kw_-‘n-®pw A-Xn-s‚ kr-„n-I-¿-Øm-°-sf-°p-dn-®pw \-S-Øp-∂ \-√ D-t±-iytØm-sS-bp-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-ßƒ Ip-‰-am-hn-√. \n-b-a-]-c-am-tbm A-Øc-sam-cp I-cm-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Ø-n-tem a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS ta¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-Im-[nIm-c-ap-≈ Bƒ B B-fp-sS Ir-Xy-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ-°p-dn-t®m I-gn-hp-I-sf135

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw °p-dn-t®m \n-co-£-W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw dn-t∏m¿-´v \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw Ip-‰-I-cam-hn-√. B-sc-sb-¶n-epw Ip-dn-®v, \n-b-a-]-c-am-b A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈ B-cp-sS-sb¶n-epw A-Sp-Øv D-Ø-a-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS ]-cm-Xn \¬-Ip-tºmƒ ]-cm-Xn-bn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-am-hn-√. A-dn-bp-∂ H-cp hy-‡n-sb°p-dn-®v a-s‰m-cmƒ-°v ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-Ip-∂-Xv Ip-‰-am-hn-√, \-S-]-Sn k-Zp-t±--i]-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. kn-hn¬ am-\-lm-\n kw-_-‘n-® \n-b-a-ßƒ C-¥y-bn¬ k-am-l-cn-°-s∏-ńń-√ F-∂v ]-d-™-t√m. {_n-ó-jv s]m-Xp-\n-b-a-am-Wv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ C-¥y ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂-sX-¶n-epw tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-b hn-[n-Iƒ ]-e ]p-Xn-b hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw kr-„n-®n-´p-≠v. X-an-gv-\m-ń-se \-°o-c≥ F-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-cW-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ tI- n-se kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n C-Ø-c-Øn¬ s]-´ H-∂m-Wv. k¿-°m¿ h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ-t°m ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-t°m D-tZym-K-ßƒ-t°m Hu-tZym-Kn-I-Ir-Xy-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fp-sS t]-cn¬ am-\-lm-\n-°v \-„-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\v A¿-l-X-bn-s√-∂-v kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn hn-[n®p. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v 499, 500 h-Ip-∏p-I-f-\p-k-cn-®v A-]-Io¿Øn-°v \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-sa-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ am-\-lm-\n-bp-≠mIp-sa-∂-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ F-¥n-s‚-sb-¶n-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww ap≥-Iq-ń X-Sbm≥ A-[n-Im-c-an-s√-∂pw tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fn¬ Ip-d-s®-√mw sX-‰p-I-fp-≠m-bm-epw ]-I-tbm hn-tZy-j-tam C-√m-sX-bm-Wv hna¿-i-\-sa-¶n¬ {In-an-\¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn {]-tbm-Kn-®p-Iq-sS-∂v Cu hn-[n-bn¬ tIm-S-Xn A-k-∂n-Kv-Z-am-bn hy-‡-am-°n. \n-c-h-[n sIm-e-t°- p-I-fn¬ in-£n-°-s∏-´v P-bn-en¬ I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ Hm-t´m-i-¶¿ t]m-eo-kv-˛-sF.-F.-F-kv D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-am-bpw a-‰pw X-\n-°p≈ c-l-ky-_-‘w sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ B-fl-I-Y \-°o-c≥ hm-cn-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂ A-dn-bn-∏v h-∂-t∏mƒ A-Xp- X-S-bp-hm≥ A-[n-Ir-X¿ kzo-I-cn-® \-S-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b tI- n-s‚ A-Snÿm-\w. Ir-Xn- Xm≥ F-gp-Xn-b-X-s√-∂v Hm-t´m-i-¶-sd-s°m-≠v F-gp-Xn-hmßn-°p-I-bpw Ir-Xn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®m¬ \-°o-c-s\-Xn-sc tI- v F-Sp-°p--sa∂v ò-j-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv A-[n-Ir-X¿ sN-bv-X-Xv. C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc \°o-c≥ ^-b¬-sN-bv-X tI- n¬ Io-gv-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ A-\p-Iq-e-hn-[n In-´m™-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.

kn-hn-tem {In-an-\-tem am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´v Cu cw-K-Øv D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂ tNm-Zyw am-\-lm-\n-°v {In-an-\¬ \-S-]-Sn F-{X-tØm-fw \ym-bo-I-cn-°mw F-∂p-≈-XmWv. C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® N¿-® h-f-sc-°m-e-am-bn \-S-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. A-ta-cn-° 136

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ H-´-\-h-[n cm-Py-ß-fn¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn H-cp kn-hn¬ \n-b-a-{]iv-\-am-Wv. A-Xn-\v \-„-]-cn-lm-cw hn-[n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv F-ßpw Aw-Ko-Icn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈ \n-b-a-]-c-am-b ]-cn-lm-cw. C-¥y-bn-epw A-Xv A-ß-s\-bm-bncp-∂p-sh-∂v \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-aw \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≈-h¿ km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. 1860 ¬ C-¥y≥- in-£m-\n-b-a-Øn-se C-cp-]-Øn-sbm-∂mw h-Ip-∏n-eq-sSbm-Wv A-sXm-cp {In-an-\¬ Ip-‰-hp-am-°n-b-Xv. \n-b-a-Øn¬ A-Xn-\v h-Ip-∏ps≠-¶n-epw, am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\v F-Xn-sc A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ {In-an\¬ \n-b-aw {]-tbm-Kn-°m-\n-S-bn-√ F-∂v \n-b-a-⁄-\pw Nn-¥-I-\p-am-b tPym-^v-sd tdm-_¿-´v-k¨ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn {]-ap-J-\n-b-a-te-J-I-\m-b F.-Pn.-\q-dm-\n Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p-≠v({^-≠v-sse≥-˛1996 G-{]n¬ 5).{_n-ó-jv K-h-s◊‚ v t]m-epw sN-bv-Xn-ń-√m-Ø H-cp Im-cyw kzm-X-{¥y-e-œnbp-sS B-Zy-\m-fp-I-fn¬-Ø-s∂ \-Ωp-sS k¿-°-M-‡ -sN-bv-Xp. Hu-tZym-Kn-IIr-Xy-\n¿-h-l-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ-°v {In-an-\¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn°v \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ a-{¥n-am¿-°pw D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿-°pw A-[n-Im-cw \¬Ip-∂ hy-h-ÿ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp. {]-kv I-Ωo-j≥ C-Xv `m-Kn-I-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw i-cn-sh-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. d-±m-t°-≠ \n-b-aw Iq-Sp-X¬ I¿-°-i-am°p-∂ \-S-]-Sn-bm-bn A-Xv. am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v F-Xn-sc H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-PyØv {In-an-\¬ \-S-]-Sn D-≠m-Im≥ C-S-bn-s√-∂m-Wv I-gn-™ \q-‰m-≠n¬ {_n´-\n-se \n-b-a-⁄¿ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬, A-Sp-Ø \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ B-cw-`Øn-¬ X-an-gv-\m-ń¬ k¿-°m¿ sI-ń-tb¬-∏n-® {In-an-\¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn-t° p-I-fp-sS F-Æw C-cp-\q-dn-te-sd D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xv \n-b-a-Im-cy-Nn-¥-Icp-sS I-Æp-Xp-d-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS-tb A-]Io¿-Øn-°v {In-an-\¬ \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]m-Sp-≈q F-∂v hy-h-ÿ sN-øp-∂ \n-b-a-t`-Z-K-Xn {_n-´-\n¬ 1888 ¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Kp-cp-X-c-am-b \nb-a-ew-L-\-ap-≠m-bm-te A-Xv A-h-n-sS A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. ]-Øp-h¿jw I-gn-™m-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ tIm-Uv Hm-^v {In-an-\¬ t{]m-kn-Py¿ \n-e-hn¬ h-∂-sX-¶n-epw Cu hy-h-ÿ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. {_n-ó-jv Im-ew apX¬ C-t∂m-fw A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-aw A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ ]-£-tØ-°v Nm™p-\n¬-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Im-Wm-\m-hp-I-sb-∂v F.-Pn.-\q-dm-\n Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p-≠v.kn.-B¿.-]n.-kn.-bn¬ 1955 ¬ h-cp-Øn-b am-‰w C-°m-cyw {]-I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. {]-kn-U‚ v, ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v, K-h¿-W¿, a-{¥n F-∂n-h¿-s°-Xn-sc-tbm Hu-tZym-Kn-I Ir-Xy-\n¿-h-l-W-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ K-h-s◊‚ v D-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v F-Xn-sc-tbm am-\-lm-\n-bp-≠m-°p-∂ ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ sk-j≥kv tIm-S-Xn-°v tI-kv F-Sp-°mw. sk-j≥-kn-te-°v tI-kv I-an-‰v sN-øp-Isb-∂ \-S-]-Sn-bpw ]-cm-Xn-°m-c≥ X-s∂ ]-cm-Xn-bp-∂-bn-°-W-sa-∂ hy-hÿ-bpw C-hn-sS H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´p. t{]m-kn-Iyq-´¿ k¿-°m¿ A-\p-a-Xn-tbm-sS 137

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-cm-Xn-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tI-s -Sp-°mw. {]-kv I-Ωo-j-s‚ dn-t∏m-¿-´v h-cm≥ t]m-epw Im-Øp-\n¬-°m-sX-bm-Wv tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿ \n-b-at`-Z-K-Xn-°v ap-Xn¿-∂-Xv.C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-b-a-Øn-se 499 mw h-Ip-∏v {]-Im-cw A-]-Io¿-Øn-°v kzoI-cn-®p-h-cp-∂ {In-an-\¬ \-S-]-Sn-bp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b \ym-bo-I-c-Ww ]-e X-e-Øn¬ tNm-Zyw sN-ø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. B h-Ip-∏v d-±m-°-W-sa-∂ B-hiyw tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ-°v A-I-Øpw ]p-d-Øpw D-∂-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. tI-{µ-a-{¥nbm-bn-cp-∂ kp-{_-“-Wy≥-kzm-an-s°-Xn-sc X-an-gv-\m-ń-se tIm-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \nc-h-[n am-\-\-„-t°- p-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ 1993˛94 Im-e-Øv 499 mw h-Ip-∏ns‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b km-[p-X tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂ kp-{_-“-Wy≥-kzm-anbp-sS l-c-Pn kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn ]-cn-K-W-\-s°-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {In-an-\¬-\S-]-Sn kw-_-‘n-® h-Ip-∏p-X-s∂ tIm-S-Xn d-±m-°n-tb-°p-tam F-∂v `-b-∂mhmw X-an-gv-\m-Sv k¿-°m¿ ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-\v F-Xn-cm-b F-√m tI- p-I-fpw ]n≥h-en-°p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv. 2004 ¬ Z ln-µp Zn-\-]-{X-Øn-s\-Xn-sc I¿-WmS-I-bn-se ssl-t°m-S-Xn P-Uv-Pn {In-an-\¬ am-\-lm-\n-°v tI-kv sIm-Sp-Øt∏m-gpw C-Ø-c-sam-cp l-c-Pn kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. {]-kv-X-p-X-h-Ip-∏n-s‚ km-[p-X ]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v F-∂v tIm-S-Xn {]m-Y-an-I-L-´-Øn¬-Ø-s∂ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F-¶n-epw tI- n¬ A-hkm-\-hn-[n D-≠m-bn-√. `-c-W-L-S-\ D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v 'tÃ-‰v kv-t]m¨tk-Uv ' A-]-Io¿-Øn-t°- p-Iƒ ò-j-Wn-bp-b¿-Øp-∂p F-∂v - P-\m-[n-]Xym-h-Im-i-ßƒ-°v th-≠n \n-e sIm-≈p-∂-h¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. {In-an\¬ B-bm-epw kn-hn¬ B-bm-epw am-\-\-„-t°- p-Iƒ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-Itcm-Sv ]-I-t]m-°m-\pw A-h-cp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v Iq-®p-hn-e-ßn-Sm-\pw km-º-Øn-I-ti-jn-bpw A-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≈-h¿ F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw D-]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n- m-c-Im-cy-ßƒ-°v t]m-epw ]-{X-te-J-I-s\-bpw ]{Xm-[n-]-sc-bpw D-S-a-sb-bpw tI- n¬ Ip-Sp-°n-bn-Smw. H-cp tI-kv Xo-cm≥ h¿j-ß-sf-Sp-°pw. Hm-tcm tI- n-\pw th-≠n A-t\-I-h-´w tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ lm-Pcm-Ip-I-bpw a-Wn-°q-dp-I-tfm-fw tIm-S-Xn-h-cm-¥-bn¬ k-a-bw Nn-e-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sN-tø-≠-Xm-bn-h-cpw. h-en-b km-º-Øn-I-_m-[y-X-bpw D-≠m-°p-∂-XmWv am-\-\-„-t°- p-Iƒ. sN-dn-b ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-°v h≥-Xp-I sN-e-h-gn-®v Cu tI- p-Iƒ \-S-Øm-\m-hp-I-bn-√. t\-cmw-h-Æw hm-Zn-®n-s√-¶n¬ Nn-et∏mƒ hn-[n F-Xn-cm-Imw. h≥-Xp-I \-„-]-cn-lm-cw \¬-tI-≠n-h-t∂-°mw. Nn-e-t∏mƒ X-S-hp-in-£-bpw In-´pw. am-\-\-„-t°- p-I-fn¬ in-£n-∏n-°p-I A-{X F-fp-∏-a-s√-¶n-epw tI- n¬ Ip-Sp-°n-bn-Sp-I F-fp-∏-am-Wv. hy-h-lm-cw s]m-Xp-Im-cy-ß-fn-se Xp-d-∂ N¿-®-sb-bpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b A-`n-{]m-bcq-]o-I-c-W-sØ-bpw tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-°p-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-hr-Øn-bp138

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s≠-¶n¬ H-gn-hm-°-s∏-tS-≠ H-∂m-bm-Wv am-\-\-„-t°- p-I-sf I-W-°mt°-≠-Xv. {]-tXy-In-®pw s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ A-sXm-cp \-b-am-bn kzo-I-cnt°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv an-° hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈-Xv. Btcm-]-W-ßƒ s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-Øp-≠m-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{X-amsW-∂pw am-[y-a-ßƒ C-{X-tb-sd hn-I-kn-® Cu Im-e-Øv B-t£-]-ßƒ-°v a-dp-]-Sn-]-d-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ tI-kv sIm-Sp-°m≥ H-cp-sºSp-∂-Xn-\v \ym-bo-I-c-W-an-s√-∂p-ap-≈ Im-gv-®-∏m-Sv h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.am-\-\-„w H-cp kn-hn¬-hy-h-lm-c-am-bn ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂ Im-gv-®-∏mSn-\v tem-I-sa-ßpw kzo-Im-cy-X h¿-≤n-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ t\-csØ-X-s∂ C-Xv kzo-I-cn-®p-I-gn-™-Xm-Wv. {In-an-\¬ am-\-\-„-hy-h-ÿ d-±m°-W-sa-∂v 1975 ¬ {_n-´-\n¬ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xn-cp∂p. A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-™-Xn-s‚-tbm s]m-Xp-Im-cy-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®v hm¿-Øsb-gp-Xn-b-Xn-s‚-tbm t]-cn¬ H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw P-bn-en-¬ t]m-tI≠n-h-c-cp-sX-∂m-Wv tem-I-am-k-I-e-ap-≈ am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ B-h-iy-s∏´p-h-cp-∂-Xv. A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw {In-an-\¬ am-\-\-„-Øn-\pw H-cp-an®p-t]m-Im-\m-hn-√. X-S-hn-em-°-s∏-Smw F-∂ `o-j-Wn \n-e-\n-¬-°p-tºmƒ kz-X-{¥-am-bn A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\w \-S-Øm-t\m \n¿-`-bw Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n¿-hln-°m-t\m km-[y-am-hn-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-s\ {In-an-\¬ B-bn ap-{Z-Ip-Ø-pI-bpw {In-an-\-ep-Iƒ-s°m-∏w X-S-h-d-bn-em-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bmWn-Xv. h≥-Xp-I-Iƒ-°p-≈ kn-hn¬ \-„-]-cn-lm-c-hn-[n-I-fpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\-Øn-\pw A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw lm-\n-I-c-am-sW-¶n-epw C-√m-bv-a sN-tø-≠ H-cp Zp-jn-® \n-b-a-{I-a-am-Wv {In-an-\¬ am-\-\-„w. an-° hn-I-knX-cm-Py-ß-fpw am-\-\-„-t°- p-I-fn¬ P-bn¬-in-£ C-t∏mƒ H-gn-hm-°p-Ibm-Wv. hy-‡n-I-fp-sS b-i- v kw-c-£n-°p-I, Xp-d-∂ k-aq-lw \n-e-\n¿-ØpI, A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥yw ]p-e¿-Øp-I F-∂o aq-∂p-e-£y-ßƒ t\-Sm-\pw kn-hn¬ am-\-\-„-\n-b-aw ]-cym-]v-X-am-sW-∂v A-¥m-cm-„-\n-b-a-ßƒ Aw-KoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-bm-sW-∂v tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-kw-L-S-\-bm-b C‚¿-\m-j-\¬ s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v P¿-W-en-Ãv-kv (sF.F-^v.-sP) tem-I-hym-]-I-am-bn ]T-\w \-S-Øn X-øm-dm-°n-b am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I-am¿-K-tc-J-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p.am-\-t°-Sp-≠m-°n-b B-sf P-bn-en-en-´-Xp-sIm-≠v H-cm-fp-sS am-\w kw-c-£n°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-Xp-X-s∂ sX-‰m-b B-i-b-am-sW-∂ hm-Z-Øn-\m-Wv \n-b-a-hrØ-ß-fn¬ C-t∏mƒ Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv. bq-tdm-]y≥ I¨-sh≥-j≥ Hm¨ lyq-a≥ ssd-‰v-kv ]-e L-´-ß-fn¬ am-\-\-„-Øn-\v X-S-hp-in-£ \¬-Im-\p≈ \o-°-sØ X-≈n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. a-‰p an-° \n-b-a-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ H-cp {]-[m\-\yq-\-X am-\-\-„-\n-b-a-Øn-\p-ap-≠v. k-aq-l-Øn-se k-º-∂-cpw kzm-[o-\ti-jn-bp-≈-h-cp-am-Wv Cu \n-b-aw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\139

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw sØ C-√m-bv-a sN-øm-\pw X-ß-fp-sS ÿm-]n-X-Xm¬-∏-cy-ß-ƒ kw-c-£n-°p∂-Xn-\p-am-Wv C-Ø-c-°m¿ \n-b-a-sØ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v km-am-\yw i-‡n-bpw kzm-[o-\-hpw D-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v \n-£n-]v-X-Xm¬-∏-cy°m¿-°v tI- p-I-fn¬ Ip-Sp-°n am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\w X-S-bp-I A-{X F-fp-∏-a-√. F-∂m¬ H-‰-s∏-´ a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw kw-L-ß-fp-sS-bpw {]-Xn-tcm[-sØ X-I¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-Ø-c-am-fp-Iƒ A-]-Io¿-Øn-\n-b-a-tØm-sSm-∏w, {In-an-\¬ Kq-Vm-tem-N-\, _n-kn-\-kv X-I¿-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-b Ip-‰-ßƒ Iq-Sn D-∂-bn-®v [-\-hpw kzm-[o-\-hpw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn e-£yw t\-Sp-∂-Xm-bn Nn-e ]T-\-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-{X-ßƒ-t°m ÿm-]-\-ßƒ-t°m FXn-cm-bn km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°v kn-hn-em-bm-epw {In-an-\-em-bm-epw am-\-\-„-\nb-aw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bn-√. hy-h-lm-cw sN-e-th-dn-b {]-{In-b-bmsW-∂-Xv X-s∂ Im-c-Ww.-

{In-an-\¬ Ip-‰-a-√ am-\-\-„w {In-an-\¬ Ip-‰-a-√m-Xm-°n-b cm-Py-ßƒ \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wv. _ƒ-tK-dn-b, {^m≥-kv, Lm-\, {io-e-¶, t_m-kv-\n-b-sl¿-k-tKm-hn-\ F-∂ocm-Py-ßƒ C-°q-´-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂p. bq-tdm-]y≥-bq-Wn-b-\n¬ tN-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n-b-a-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS `m-K-am-bn ]-e cm-Py-ß-fpw \n-b-aw t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂p-≠v. C-‰-en-bn-epw t]m-f-≠n-epw A-]-Io¿-Øn {In-an-\¬ Ip-‰-am-bn \n-e-\n-¬-°p-∂p. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b Ah-Im-i-am-°p-I-bpw kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-X-s∂ am-\-\-„-Øn-\v {In-an-\¬-\-S-]-Sn ]m-Sn-s√-∂p hn-[n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw ]-Xn-t\-tgm-fw tÃ-‰p-Ifn¬ am-\-\-„-Øn-\v {In-an-\¬-tI- v hy-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xm-bn sF.-F^v.-sP. Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p. bp-tdm-∏n-te-bpw A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-bpw am-[y-a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ B-`y-¥-c Hmw_p-Uv-kv-am≥ kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-[m-\yw \-¬-In-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w IqSp-X¬ kp-Xm-cy-am-°m-\pw ]-cm-Xn-Iƒ Ip-d-bv-°m-\pw tem-I-hym-]-I-am-bn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. am-\-lm-\n-bp-≠m-°n F-∂v ]-cm-Xn-bp-≈h¿-°v X-ß-fp-sS `m-Kw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\pw sX-‰p-Xn-cp-Øn-°m-\pw A-h-kcw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv G-sd tI- p-Iƒ H-gn-hm-°m-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Z lnµp H-gn-sI C-¥y-bn-se ]-{X-ß-sfm-∂pw C-Xp-h-sc Cu kw-hn-[m-\w kzo-Icn-®n-´n-√. {In-an-\¬ am-\-\-„-hy-h-ÿ C-t∏m-gpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw {_n-´\n¬ k-ao-]-Im-e Pq-Uo-jy¬ hym-Jym-\-ßƒ am-[y-a-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\v Gsd k-lm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. ]n-∂o-Sv h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-a-s√-∂v sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-´m140

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw epw, dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øp-∂ k-µ¿-`-Øn¬ ]-c-am-h-[n {i-≤n-®pw th-≠ ap≥-I-cpX¬ F-Sp-Øpw Zp-cp-t±-i-an-√m-sX-bpw B-Wv dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈-sX-¶n¬ A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-Sp-Øn F-∂ B-tcm-]-Ww in-£-bn-te-°v \-bn-°p-I-bn-√ F-∂v k¨-sU ssSw-kpw B¬-_¿-´v sd-bv-t\mƒ-Uv-kpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ tI n¬ (2001) {_n-´o-jv {]-`p-k-` hn-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-ß-s\ hn-[n-®-t∏mgpw am¿-K-Z¿-i-I-ß-fm-bn Ip-sd-X-Øz-ßƒ k-` ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®n-cp-∂p. am-[ya-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw hy-‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ ]-c-amh-[n D-Zm-c-am-bn tI- p-Iƒ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øm-\m-Wv {]-`p-k-` am¿-K-\n¿-t±i-I-X-Øz-ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv. F-∂m¬ Cu X-Øz-ßƒ A-`n-{]m-b-kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ h-en-b `m-c-am-bn am-dp-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv Io-gv-t°m-S-XnIƒ hym-Jym-\n-®-Xv. {]-`p-k-` G-‰-hpw H-Sp-hn¬ \¬-In-b hym-Jym-\w hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw am-[y-a-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\pw i-‡-am-b ssI-Øm-ßmbn am-dn. ]-g-b ]-Øv X-Øz-ßƒ-°v ]-I-cw aq-∂v X-Øz-ß-fm-Wv C-t∏mƒ ap-t∂m-´v sh-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\w kw-K-Xn-bn¬ s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cyap-t≠m F-∂-Xp-X-s∂. hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ k-a-b-sØ D-Nn-X-am-b F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ Xo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-Øn-´p-t≠m F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ tIm-SXn-sb _m-[y-ÿ-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. h-f-sc \m-fp-Iƒ-°v ti-jw A-I-se-bn-cp-∂v P-Uv-Pn-am-¿-°v Im-cy-ßƒ km-h-[m-\w ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. ]-t£, FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS aq¿-≤-\y-Øn¬ A-Xn-s‚ Nq-Spw ]p-I-bpw Xo-bpw A-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. tI- n-s‚ hn-[nsb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ C-Xv ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-S-Ww.-A-tX-k-a-bw, hm¿-Ø-bp-sS kXym-h-ÿ ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ B-h-iy-am-b {i-a-ßƒ \-S-∂n-´p-t≠m F-∂v ]cn-tim-[n-t® Xo-cq. F-Xn¿-I-£n-°v a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bm≥ A-h-k-cw \¬-In-bn-´pt≠m F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bpw th-Ww. C-{X-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-¬ s]m-Xp-Xm¬-∏-cy-tØm-sS X-øm-dm-°p-∂ A-t\z-j-Wm-fl-I-dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fp-sS t]-cn¬ am-[y-a-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc in-£n-°-cp-sX-∂m-Wv hn-[n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.hmƒ-kv-{So-‰v P¿-W-en¬ h-∂ H-cp dn-t∏m¿-´m-Wv tI- n-\v B-[m-cam-b-Xv. k-]v-X-º¿ 11 kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Nn-e ku-Zn I-º-\nI-fp-sS I-W-°p-Iƒ k¿-°m¿ ]-cn-tim-[n-®p F-∂ hm-¿-Ø-bm-Wv A-]-Io¿Øn-t°- n-\v Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hm¿-Ø-bp-sS k-Xym-h-ÿ sX-fn-bn-°m≥ ]-{X-Øn-\v I-gn-bm-sX h-∂-t∏mƒ h≥-Xp-I {]kv-Xp-X I-º-\n-°v \-„-]-cn-lm-cw \¬-I-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Io-gv-t°m-S-Xn Ppdn-bp-sS hn-[n. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se tIm-So-iz-c-\m-b Im¿- hym-]m-cn sam-lΩ-Zv P-ao¬ B-bn-cp-∂p ]-cm-Xn-°m-c≥. Cu hn-[n-tbm-sS, k-Xy-am-sW-gp-Xn-b-Xv F-∂v ]q¿-W-am-bn sX-fn-bn-°m≥ I-gn-™n-s√-¶n-epw in-£-bn¬ \n-∂v c-£-s∏-Sm-\m-hp-sa-∂v hy-‡-am-bn. {_n-´o-jv {]-`p-k-`-bn-em-Wv hn-[n-bp-≠m-b-sX-¶n-epw tIm-a¨-sh¬-Øv cm141

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw Py-ß-fn-se-√mw C-Xn-s‚ Kp-W-h-i-ßƒ am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v e-`n-°p-sa-∂v t•m_¬ P¿-W-en-Ãv am-kn-I-bp-sS 2006 Un-kw-_¿ e-°-Øn-se-gp-Xn-b A-htem-I-\-Øn¬ tI- n¬ hmƒ-kv-{So-‰v P¿-W-en-s‚ A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂ am¿-°v Ão-^≥-kv A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ku-c-h-ap-≈ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\w \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°v A-t\z-j-Wm-fl-I ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w sIm-≠v {]-Xn-°q´n¬ ]-g-b-Xp-t]m-se A-[n-I-k-a-bw sN-e-h-gn-t°-≠n h-cn-s√-∂-Xp-X-s∂ {]-[m-\-t\-´w.-

142

12 ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ A-∂pw C-∂pw Cw-•o-jn-se F-Un-‰¿ F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-\v ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ F-∂v A¿-Yw \¬-In-bXv B-cm-Wv F-∂-dn-bn-√. t\-cmw-h-Æw Cw-•o-jv A-dn-bm-Ø B-fm-hpw F-∂v tXm-∂n-t∏m-Ipw B hm-Iym¿-Y-Øn--te-°v sN-∂m¬. F-Un-‰-¿-°v F-Un-‰v sNbv-Xm¬ a-Xn. F-Un-‰¿ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ A-[n-]-scm-∂p-a-√. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ ]-{X-Øns‚ A-[n-]-cm-Wv, ]-t£ ]-{Xw F-Un-‰v sN-ø-W-sa-∂n-√. hm-Iym¿-Y-Øn¬ \n-∂v hn-`n-∂-am-Wv C-Xn-s‚ {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b A¿-Y-ßƒ. F-Un-‰n-ßv F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv, hm-°p-Iƒ sh-´p-I-tbm am-‰p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂ bm-{¥n-I-{]-hrØn-b-√. A-Xv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w Xo-cq-am-\n-°p-I-sb-∂ A-Xn-{]-[m-\am-b Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv. B A¿-Y-Øn¬ F-Un-‰¿ sh-dpw F-Un-‰v sN-øp-∂ Bf-√, ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ X-s∂-bm-Wv.C-hn-sS ]-{Xw F-∂ ÿm-]-\-hpw hm-b-\-°m-c-s‚ ssI-bn¬ F-Øp-∂ hkv-Xp-hpw c-≠m-Ip-∂p. ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ A-√ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ A-[n-]≥. A-Xv ]-{X-D-S-a-tbm I-º-\n-tbm B-Wv. F-∂m¬, P-\-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂ D-Xv-]-∂-Øns‚ A-[n-]≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øneq-sS I-tÆm-Sn-®m¬, C-Xv Im-e-{I-ta-W ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b H-cp B-i-b-hpw X-Øz-hpw B-sW-∂v a-\- n-em-Ipw. ]-{X-ßƒ B-cw-`n-®n-´v \m-\q-dn-te-sd h¿-j-ß-fm-bn. \q-dp h¿-jw ap-ºp-h-sc ]-{X-ap-S-a X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°-hpw Xo-cp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. km-aq-ly-hpw cm-{„o-b-hpw B-b e-£yß-fpw B-Z¿-i-ß-fpw D-≈-h¿ A-Xn-s‚ {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\v th-≠n ]-{Xw \-SØp-tºmƒ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w kw-_-‘n-® sXm-gn¬-]-c-am-b th¿-Xn-cnhp-Iƒ-°v A¿-Y-an-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ≥ X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{Xm143

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw [n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-Øv s{]m-^-j-\-enkw F-∂ B-i-bw D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv F-Un-‰¿ F-∂ sXmgn-en-s‚ Np-a-X-e-bn-epw \n¿-h-N-\-Øn-epw am-‰-ap-≠m-b-Xv.h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-b ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w, kz-X-{¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w Xp-S-ßn-b B-i-b-ßƒ k-ao-]-Im-e-Øm-Wv cq-]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw kw-_‘n-® H-∂mw t`-Z-K-Xn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ Im-e-Øpw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ kz-X{¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-cp-sS B-i-bØn-\v hn-cp-≤-am-b B-i-b-ßƒ ]-{X-ßƒ-°v {]-N-cn-∏n-°m≥ kzm-X-{¥y-ap≠v F-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I- am-{X-am-Wv ^-Ãv A-a≥-Uv-sa‚n-eq-sS sN-bv-X-Xv. G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp ]-£-Øv \n¬-°p-I-bpw B ]-£-Øn-\v th-≠n s]m-cp-XpI-bpw sN-øp-I-bm-Wv ]-{X-ßƒ A-∂v sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. A-Xv [¿-a-am-bn kzoI-cn-®m¬ F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv k-Xy-tam \ym-b-tam F-∂-Xv A-{]-k-‡-am-bn-Øocp-∂p. A-ta-cn-°≥ kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c- Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v, A-hn-S-sØ P¿-Wen-kw sS-Iv-‰v-_q-°p-Iƒ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn-se C-cp-≠ Im-e-L-´w F-∂m-Wv. C-cp-≠ Im-e-L-´w ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Im-ew Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hn-]-Wn-bn¬ hn-‰-gn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚ ]-e-bn-c-´n {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv C-d-ßnbn-cp-∂-Xv. ]p-Xp-Xm-bn [m-cm-fw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ-°v Xp-S-°-an-´p. K-hs◊‚ v \¬-In-t∏m-∂ t]m-Ã¬-˛ {]n-‚ n-ßv k-_v-kn-Un-Iƒ [m-cm-f-am-fp-Isf Cu cw-K-tØ-°v B-I¿-jn-®p. ]-sØm-º-Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a-[y-Øn¬ ]-e h≥-\-K-c-ß-fn-epw F-´pw ]-Øpw {]-`m-X-Zn-\-]-{X-ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ Kp-W-]-c-am-b X-I¿-®-bv-°v Im-c-W-am-bn. hn¬∏-\ Iq-´m-\p-≈ a-’-cw sk-≥-tk-j-\-en-k-Øn-\v h-gn-sh-®p. cm-{„o-bw ]nd-tIm-´v t]m-Ip-I-bpw em-t`-— ap-∂n¬-h-cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Iq-Sp-X¬ hm-b-\°m-sc B-I¿-jn-°m≥ F-¥pw F-gp-Xmw F-∂ \n-e h-∂p. C-cp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ \n-e-am-dn. h-ºn-® a-’-cw sN-dp-In-S-°m-sc ]n-¥≈n, ]-{X-ß-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™p. H-∂mw tem-I-bp-≤-tØm-sS ]-{X-ß-fpsS em-`-hpw Ip-d-™p. C-sXm-cp {]-Xn-k-‘n-bm-bn h-f¿-∂p.

' ssN-\o-kv h-∑-Xn¬ ' Hm-tcm \-K-c-Øn-epw H-t∂m c-t≠m ]-{X-ßƒ am-{X-ta D-≈q, A-h-bm-I-s´ Xo-¿-Øpw ]-£-]m-X-]-c-am-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-h-bpw F-∂ \n-e H-cp {]-Xnk-‘n-bm-bn am-dn. k-º-∂-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ]-{X-ß-sf-√mw. sXm-gn-em-fn-hn-cp≤-am-b Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ A-h a-Sn-®-Xp-an-√. ]-{X-ß-fp-sS ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-sØ kz-X-{¥-Nn-¥-I-cpw cm-{„o-b-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw ]-c-ky-am-bn hn-a¿-in-®p-Xp-S-ßn. hn-izm-ky-X-sb-bpw I-®-h-S-sØ-bpw C-Xv _m-[n-®p-Xp-S144

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ßn-bn-´p-≠v F-∂v B-Zyw Xn-cn-®-dn-™-Xpw ]-{X-\-S-Øn-∏p-Im¿ X-s∂-bm-bncp-∂p. ]-{X-\-S-Øn-∏pw ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w \n¿-W-bn-°-epw H-tc Bƒ sN-tø≠-Im-cy-a-√ F-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hn-te-°m-Wv C-Xv \-bn-®-Xv. s{]m-^-j-\¬ P¿W-en-kw C-Xv B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂v A-h¿ Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. ]-{X-D-S-a-sbbpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-tc-bpw c-≠m-°-W-sa-∂pw A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬ 'ssN-\m-h≥-aXn¬' D-≠m-°-W-sa-∂p-ap-≈-Xv hn-π-h-I-c-am-b B-i-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-ta-cn°≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-f-f ' {Sm-P-Un B‚ v ^m-gv-kv' F-∂ IrXn-bn¬ tPm¨ \n-t°m-f- pw tdm-_¿-´v U-_v-fyq sa-Iv-sN-kv-\n-bpw \n-co£n-°p-∂p. D-S-a-I-fp-sS hn-`m-Ko-b-am-b Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ-°v A-\p-k-cn-®-√, ]cn-io-e-\w kn-≤n-®, ]-£-]m-Xn-I-f-√m-Ø s{]m-^-j-\¬ P¿-W-en-Ãp-Iƒ Xß-fp-sS ]T-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw ]-cn-N-b-Øn-eq-sS-bpw B¿-Pn-® hn-th-N-\-_p-≤nbp-]-tbm-Kn-®v \-S-Øp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv hm¿-Øm-am-[y-a-sØ ssI-Im-cyw sN-tø-≠-sX-∂ B-i-bw ap-t∂m-´v sh-®-Xpw \-S∏m-°n-b-Xpw Zo¿-L-ho-£-W-ap-≈ ]-{X-D-S-a-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-{X-D-Sa U-tam-{Im-‰v B-bn-cp-∂m-epw dn-∏-ªn-°≥ B-bm-epw hm¿-Ø-bp-sS D-≈-S°-Øn¬ h-en-b hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-In-√ F-∂ \n-e-h-∂p. ]-{X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS hn-izm-kw h-f¿-tØ-≠-Xv X-ß-fp-sS _n-kn-\-kv h-f¿Øm≥ B-h-iy-am-Wv F-∂ t_m-[y-Øn¬ \n-∂m-Wv s{]m-^-j-W¬ P¿-Wen-kw h-f¿-∂-Xv. G-sX-¶n-epw cm-Py-Øv H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂n-√ Cu {]-Xn-`m-kw. an-°-hm-dpw P-\m-[n]-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn-se-√mw Cu X-Øzw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ]-{X-ßƒ h≥hy-h-km-b-ß-fm-bn h-f¿-∂ L-´-Øn-em-Wv {_n-´-\n¬ ]-{Xm-[n-]-˛-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v [¿-a-ß-fp-sS th¿-Xn-cn-hv s]m-Xp-X-Øz-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. kmº-Øn-I-h-i-am-Wv am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v t\m-t°-≠-Xv, D-≈-S-°w ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ Xo-cpam-\n-°-s´ F-∂ B-i-bw {_n-´-\n-epw {]m-h¿-Øn-I-am-bn. ssSw-kv, k¨sU ssSw-kv Xp-S-ßn-b ]-{X-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-bm-bn-cp-∂ tem-Uv tXmw-k¨ C°m-cy-Øn¬ A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-b ]-e Io-gv-h-g-°-ß-fpw kr-„n-®n-´p-≠v. ]{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ kz-X-{¥-cm-h-Ww F-∂ X-Øz-Øn-e-t±-lw D-d-®p-\n-∂p. ]n-∂oSv ]-{Xw dp-]¿-Sv a¿-tUm-°n-\v hn¬-°p-tºmƒ I-cm-dn¬ F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Ø H-cp hy-h-ÿ, ]-{Xm-[n-]-kzm-X-{¥yw \n-e-\n-dp-Øpw F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xv F{X-tØm-fw ]m-en-®p F-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp hn-j-b-am-Wv.e-≠≥ ssSw-kv ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂ l-tcmƒ-Uv C-hm-≥-kn-s‚ 'KpUv ssSw-kv, _m-Uv ssSw-kv' F-∂v B-fl-I-Ym-]-c-am-b Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]-{Xm-[n]-cp-sS kzm-X-{¥yw F-∂ X-Øzw F-ß-s\ Xm≥ B-Zym-h-km-\w ap-dp-sI∏n-Sn-®p F-∂v hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. tem-l-J-\-\-hy-h-km-bn Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]145

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw {X-D-S-a X-\n-°v tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v ]-h≥ em-`-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ I-cm¿ kw-_-‘n®v H-cm-{^n-°≥ cm-{„-Ø-e-h-\p-am-bn N¿-® \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-em-Wv A-t±l-Øn-s‚ ]-{X-Øn¬ B cm-{„-Ø-e-h-s‚ G-Im-[n-]-Xy-{Iq-c-X-Iƒ Xp-d∂p-Im-´p-∂ te-J-\-]-c-º-c {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. {]-Xym-Lm-Xw A-\p-`-hn-°p-I am-{X-ta ]-{X-D-S-a-bv-°v \n-hr-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.-

F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ {ô-Uw C-¥y-bn¬ 1867 ¬ {_n-ó-jv k¿-°m¿ sIm-≠p-h-∂ {]-kv B‚ v c-Pn-t{„j≥ Hm-^v _q-Iv-kv B-Iv-‰n¬ ]n¬-°m-e-Øv h-cp-Øn-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eq-tS F-Un-‰-dp-sS Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n¿-h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-t°-≠ hm¿-Ø-Iƒ Xn-c-s™-Sp-t°-≠ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw F-Un-‰¿-°m-Wv. C-Xn-\v A¿-Yw, F-s¥-¶n-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa-t∂m {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-cp-sXt∂m ]-{X-D-S-a \n¿-_-‘n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xv F-Un-‰-dp-sS \n-b-a-\w kw-_-‘n-® I-cm-dn-s‚ ew-L-\-am-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv. \n-c-h-[n tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ C-°m-cy-Øn¬ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. tem Hm-^v Z {]-kv C≥ C-¥y F-∂ Ir-Xnbn¬ Zp¿-Km-Zm-kv _-kp C-°m-cyw Nq-≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p-≠v. (t]-Pv 243) " A person is an editor only if the contract of his employment under the proprietor gives him control over the selection of matter that is to be published in the newspaper. It follows that if the proprietor unduly interferes with the right of the editor to select or to reject a matter, it would constitute a breach of contract "

]-{Xm-[n-]-sc \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv ]-{X-D-S-a B-sW-¶n-epw D-S-a-bn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xykv-X-am-b A-h-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ D-≈ B-fm-sW-∂ k-¶¬-∏w \n-b-a-]-c-ambn X-s∂ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v F-∂v C-Xn¬-\n-∂v hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. tImS-Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ C-Xv D-d-∏n-®v ÿm-]n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. ]-{X-D-S-a-bv-°v ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS \n-b-a-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ ]q¿-W-kzm-X-{¥y-ap-≠v. \n-b-an-® ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc am-‰m\pw kzm-X-{¥y-ap-≠v. F-∂m¬ X-s‚ Cw-Kn-X-ßƒ ap-gp-h≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS ta¬ A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√. ]-{X-Øn¬ F-¥v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww, {]-kn≤o-I-cn-t°-≠ F-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ]-{X-D-S-a ssI-IS-Øm≥ ]m-Sn-√. Hm-tcm Zn-h-k-hpw cm-hn-se tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ t]m-bn ÿm-]ns®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-X-√ Cu kzm-X-{¥yw. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\w A-dn-™v A-\p-h-Zn-®psIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ {^o-Uw B-bn tem-I-sa-ßpw Aw-KoI-cn-®n-´p-≈ Cu X-Øzw kzo-I-cn-°-W-tam th-≠-tbm F-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°p∂-Xv ]-{X-D-S-a X-s∂-bm-Wv. Im-c-Ww, ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw ]-{X-D-S-a-bpw c-≠m-bncn-°-W-sa-∂v H-cp \n-b-a-hpw A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂n-√. ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS I-tk-cbn¬ ]-{X-D-S-a-bv-°v X-s∂ C-cn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. H-cp-]m-Sv ÿm-]-\-ßfn¬ C-Xv ]m-c-º-cy-am-bn-Ø-s∂ \-S-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß146

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw fn¬ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-t°-≠ A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-hpw k-Xy-k‘-X-bp-w h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-dn-t∏m¿-ń-ßpw \n-jv-]-£-X-bpw kw-_-‘n-® D-Øc-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-b ]-{X-D-S-a G-s‰-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p am-{Xw. C-Xv P\-ß-ƒ ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂ Im-cy-am-sW-∂v Aw-Ko-Icn-°m-sX ]-{X-Øn-\v hn-]-Wn-bn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-hn-√ F-∂v D-S-a-I-fpw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-{Xw P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ kzm-[o-\w t\-Sn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-Wv B t]-cn¬ {]-i-kv-X-\m-hm-dp-≈-Xv. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I ]e-t∏m-gpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-Wv. C-Xn-\v F-{X-tbm D-Zm-l-c-W-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-´m\m-hpw. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn-se A-]q¿-hm-[ym-b-am-Wv 'kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n'bp-tS-Xv. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n F-∂ t]-cv Iq-ń-t®¿-°-s∏-´-Xv ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-b cm-a-Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-bp-sS t]-cn-t\m-Sm-Wv, D-S-a-bm-b h-°w au-ehn-bp-sS t]-cn-t\m-S-√. F-√m \n-e-bn-epw cm-a-Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-tbm-sSm-∏w a-lm\m-bn-cp-∂p h-°w-au-e-hn. k¿-°m-dp-am-bn G-‰p-ap-´p-∂ ]m-X kzo-I-cn-®-Xv ]{Xm-[n-]¿ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-bm-Wv, F-∂m¬ h-°w au-e-hn-bp-sS {]- pw sI-ń-S-hp-am-Wv I-≠p-sI-ń-b-Xv. F-√mw \-„-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v A-dn-™n-´pw cm-a-Irjv-W-∏n-≈-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ H-cn-°-¬-t∏m-epw ssI-I-S-Øm-Xn-cp-∂ ]{X-D-S-a-bm-Wv h-°w au-e-hn. N-cn-{Xw h-°w au-e-hn-tbm-Sv \o-Xn sN-bv-Xp F-∂v ]-d-bm-\m-hn-√. A-t±-lw ÿm-]n-® ]-{Xw N-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-\-iz-c-X t\-Sn-b-Xv ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-∏n-≈-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

P-\-ß-fp-sS ]-£-Øv ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v e-`n-°p-∂ Cu {]m-ap-Jy-Øn-s‚ Im-c-W-sa-¥m-Wv? ]-{X-ap-Sa-sb em-`-\-„-Øn-s‚-bpw A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚-bpw kzm-[o-\-ß-ƒ ]-e `m-KtØ-bv-°v ]n-Sn-®p-h-en-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬, ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚-bpw [¿-aØn-s‚-bpw s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚-bpw A-¥:kØ D-ƒ-s°m-≠v k-Xy-k-‘-am-bpw \o-Xn-]q¿-h-I-am-bpw \n-jv-]-£-am-bpw {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-t° I-gn-bq F-∂-Xm-Wv Im-cyw. A-s√-¶n-¬ Aß-s\ I-gn-bp-∂ B-fm-Wv b-Ym¿-Y- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ F-∂pw ]-d-bmw. Nn-e-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw ]-{X-D-S-a-bp-sS Xm-ev-]-cyw A-h-K-Wn-°m-\pw P-\-ß-fp-sS Xm-ev-]-cyw D-b¿-Øn-Sn-°m-\pw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ k-∂-≤-\m-tI-≠n-h-cpw. P-\-ßfp-sS Xm-ev-]-cy-Øn-\pw ]-{X-[¿-a-Øn-\pw \o-Xn-°pw th-≠n ]-{Xw \n-e-sIm≈-Ww. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ am-[y-a-ßƒ t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ‰v B-Ip-∂-Xv.147

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS Np-a-X-e-Iƒ am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v Np-a-X-e-I-fn¬ \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v C-¥y≥ {]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-a-cym-Z-Iƒ kw_-‘n-® am¿-K-tc-J-bn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ]-{X-D-S-a- A-s√-¶n¬ ÿm-]\w ]-{X-Øn-s‚ hn-im-e-\-b-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn°-gn-™m¬, ]n-∂o-Sv D-S-a-tbm a-‰m-sc-¶n-ep-tam ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS-tbm ]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-tbm {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ C-S-s]-Sm≥ ]m-Sn-√ F-∂v am¿-K-tc-J ]-d-bp-∂p. ]-{Xm-[n-]-\-b-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ F-Un-‰¿ ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv, C-°m-cy-Øn¬ ]-{X-D-S-a-bp-sS-bpw ap-I-fn-em-Wv F-Un-‰-dp-sS ÿm-\w-˛ tc-J kw-i-b-Øn-\v C-Sw-sIm-Sp-°m-sX hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn B-`y-¥-c-tam _m-ly-tam B-b k-Ω¿-±-ßfn¬ \n-∂p-ap-≈ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS kzm-X-{¥yw X-s∂-bm-Wv. Cu kzm-X-{¥yw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bm-te P-\-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ _m-[y-X \n-d-th-‰m≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v I-gn-bq. ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ F-√m-‰n-\pw \n-b-a-]-c-am-b D-Ø-c-hmZn-Øw h-ln-°m-\pw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v F-¶n¬ am-{X-ta I-gn-bq-˛ Iu¨-kn¬ hy-‡-am-°n. ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw D-S-a-bpw H-cm-fm-sW-¶n¬-Ø-s∂, ]-{X-Øn-se am-t\-Pn-cn-b¬ hn-`m-Kw F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ ssI-I-S-Øm≥ ]m-Sn-√. ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ _n-kn-\-kv Xm¬-]-cy-ßƒ A-Xn-s‚ F-Unt‰m-dn-b¬ _m-[y-X-Iƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\v X-S- -am-Im-\pw ]m-Sn-√. F∂m¬ Cu X-Øz-ßƒ hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-∏m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v ˛ F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ hn-`m-K-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ ]-c-kv-]-cw a-\- n-em-°n-bp-≈ k-l-Ic-Ww B-h-iy-am-Wv; C-Xv am-t\-Pv-sa≥v B-Wv D-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xpw.Cw-•-≠n¬ ]-e Hu-tZym-Kn-I-I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS kzm-X-{¥yw ]{X-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1977 se {_n-´o-jv tdm-b¬ I-Ωo-j≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-ßƒ F-s¥-√m-am-bncn-°-W-sa-∂v A-°-an-´v \n-c-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv Np-h-sS-t®¿°p-∂p.1.-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\v am-t\-Pv-sa‚ v \¬-Ip-∂ am-‰¿ \n-c-kn-°m-\p-≈ Ah-Im-iw.2. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-\p-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw(]-{X-Øn-s‚ AwKo-Ir-X-\-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n-∂p-sIm-≠v) 3.-Aw-Ko-I-cn-® H-cp _-P-‰n-\v D-≈n¬-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v sN-e-hp-Iƒ Np-a-X-e-s∏Sp-Øm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw.4.-A-t\z-j-Wm-fl-I-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Øm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw.5.-]-{Xm-[n-]-\-bw kw-_-‘n-®v e-`n-°p-∂ D-]-tZ-iw kzo-I-cn-°m-\pw \n-c-kn°m-\p-ap-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw.6.-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-sc \n-b-an-°m-\pw ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm-\p-ap-≈ kzm-X-{¥yw. 148

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

]-{Xm-[n-]-Xyw Rm-Wn-t∑¬-°-fn C-h-sb-√m-tam C-h-bn¬ ap-Jy-am-b-h-sb-¶n-ep-tam C-¥y-bn-epw h≥-In-S-]-{Xß-fn¬ X-Øz-Øn-se-¶n-epw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. F-{X-X-s∂ X-ØzØn¬ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®m-epw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn C-Xv \n-c-¥-cw G-‰p-ap-´-en-te-°v \-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. \n-c-¥-c-am-b k-Ω¿-±-ß-sf-bpw \n-b-{¥-W-ß-sf-bpw t\-cn-´p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv. ]-{X-D-S-a-bpsS Xm-ev-]-cy-ß-fpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-[¿-a-hpw H-tc-k-a-bw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-I F∂ A-km-am-\y-]m-S-h-am-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc B sXm-gn-en¬ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv. C-Xv h-en-sbm-cp Rm-Wn-t∑¬-°-fn-bm-Wv. C-cp-]-£-tØ-°pw H-cp ]-cn-[n-°∏p-dw t]m-Im≥ I-gn-bn-√, H-∂p-In¬ hm-b-\-°m¿ ]-{X-tØ-bpw ]-{Xm-[n-]sc-bpw ssI-hn-Spw, A-s√-¶n¬ ]-{X-D-S-a th-sd ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc tX-Sn-t∏m-Ipw. hn-]-Wn-bn¬ hn-P-bn-°m-\pw I-gn-bp-∂n-√, ]-{X-D-S-a-bp-sS Xm-ev-]-cyw kw-c£n-°m-\pw I-gn-bp-∂n-√ F-∂ \n-e-h-∂m-em-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS \n-e A-]I-S-Øn-em-hp-I. ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS-bpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-I-s‚-bpw B-flm-`n-am-\w kw-c-£n-°em-Wv ]-{X-Øn-se D-tZym-K-sØ-°m-fpw A-hn-sS-\n-∂p-In-´p-∂ {]-Xn-^-esØ-°m-fpw h-ep-sX-∂v D-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-°p-∂ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v k-Zm cm-Pn-°Øv t]m-°-‰n-en-´v \-S-t°-≠n-h-cpw. F-t∏mƒ- th-W-sa-¶n-epw C-d-ßn-t∏mIm≥ X-øm-dp-≈ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-t° Ip-d-s®-¶n-epw X-s‚ hn-izm-k-{]-am-Wßƒ-s°m-Øv {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-≈q. F-√m ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿-°pw t]m-Ø≥ tPm-k-^p-am-cm-Im≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√. C-¥y-bn-en-∂pw H-∂mw-In-Sbn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ A-c-U-k≥ ]-{X-ßƒ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-epw h-f¿-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]-¶p-h-ln-® A-t±-lw sN-dn-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ t]m-epw hn-´p-ho-gv-N-°v Xøm-dm-Im-Ø-Xn-s‚ t]-cn-em-Wv Hm-tcm ]-{X-Øn¬ \n-∂pw C-d-ßn-t∏m-tI-≠nh-∂-Xv. sam-Øw 26 ]-{X-ß-fn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-®n-´p-≠v a-lm-\m-b B tI-c-fo-b≥.]-{X-Øn-eq-sS h≥-em-`w sIm-øp-I-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ X-ß-fp-sS hym-h-km-bnI-Xm-ev-]-cyw kw-cw-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b cm-{„o-b-kzm-[o-\w h-f¿-ØpI-tbm B-Wv C-∂-sØ ]-e ]-{X-D-S-a-I-fp-sS-bpw D-t±-iyw. [-\-k-ºm-Z-\-amWv ]-{X-[¿-aw F-∂v ]-c-ky-{]-Jym-]-\w \-S-Øm≥ a-Sn-°m-Ø-h-cp-sS Im-ew h-cp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºm-Wv t]m-Ø≥-tPm-k-^n-\v ]-{X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂n-d-ßn-t∏m-tI≠n-h-∂-Xv. tZ-io-b ]-{X-ß-fn¬ tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-® ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cp-sS Iq-´Øn¬ D-S-a-ÿ-∑m-cp-sS Nm-´-hm-d-Sn G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ G-ev-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv t]m-Ø≥ tPm-k-^n-\m-sW-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Po-h-N-cn-{X-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Sn.sP.-F-kv.-tPm¿-Pv ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. (]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ ]mT-ßƒ-˛-t]mØ≥ -tPm-k-^n-s‚ I-Y). D-S-a-I-fp-am-bn G-‰p-ap-´n C-d-ßn-t∏m-tI-≠n-h-∂ 149

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw A-h-km-\-sØ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√ t]m-Ø≥ tPm-k-^v. _n.-Pn.-h¿-Kokpw Fw.-hn.-Im-a-Øpw Pn.-F-kv.-`m¿-K-h-bpw A-cp¨ ju-cn-bpw G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™p-ap-≈ A-f-hn¬ ]-{Xm-[n-]-kzm-X-{¥yw F-∂ X-Øzw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn®-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-

am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-hpw H-tc hy-‡n X-s∂ \n¿-h-ln-®n-cp-∂-h-bmWv a-e-bm-f-Øn-se an-°-hm-dpw ]-{X-ß-fpw. {]-tXy-In-®v I-gn-™ \q-‰m-≠ns‚ B-Zy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ P-∑-sa-Sp-°p-I-bpw h-f-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-X-h. ]-ªn-Iv enan-‰-Uv I-º-\n-bm-bn c-Pn-k-‰¿ sN-bv-Xv {]-h¿-Ø-\w Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n-e\n-∂-Xv am-Xr-`q-an t]m-se A-]q¿-hw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. I-º\n B-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬ D-S-a-ÿ-\pw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw F-∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n-√ _-‘-ßƒ. H-tc X-Øz-im-kv-{X-hpw cm-{„o-bm-Z¿-i-hpw e£y-ß-fpw ]-¶p-sh-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv F-√m-h-cpw. A-h¿ X-Ωn¬ kq-£v-a-am-b sXm-gn¬ th¿-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F-∂n-´v t]m-epw- ÿm-]-\w cq-]w sIm-≠v \m-e-©p-h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cpw ÿm-]-\-`-c-Ww \n¿-h-ln-®p-t]m∂ I-º-\n-bp-sS U-b-d-Iv-‰-dpw X-Ωn¬ ]-{X-Øn-s‚ tIm-f-ß-fn¬ Nn-e cm{„o-bm-Z¿-i-ß-fp-sS t]-cn¬ G-‰p-ap-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. a-e-bm-f-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\N-cn-{X-Øn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-t°-≠-Xm-Wv Cu G-‰p-ap-´-¬. a-{Zm-kv K-h-s◊‚n¬ \n-b-a-sa-º¿ B-bn-cp-∂ B-fp-sS Nn-e A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ K-h¿-W¿ F-Sp-Øp-I-f-™-Xn-s\ am-Xr-`q-an cq-£-am-bn hn-a¿-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. K-h¿-W-dp-sS \-S-]-Sn-bn¬ A-]-am-\n-X-\m-b A-t±-lw \n-b-a-sa-º¿-ÿm\w cm-Pn-sh-®p. cm-Pn-sb A-`n-\-µn-®p-sIm-≠v am-Xr-`q-an {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® apJ-{]-kw-Kw A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv C-ß-s\-bm-Wv. 'kzm-`n-am-\-sØ _-en-I-gn®pw Cu ÿm-\-sØ Cu \n-e-bn¬ ssI-tb¬-°m≥ B-sc-¶n-epw D-≠m-ImXn-cn-°n-s√-∂v R-ßƒ-°-dn-bmw. B-b-Xv B-cm-sW-∂v A-dn-bm≥ R-ßƒ Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv' am-Xr-`q-an-°v A-[n-Iw Im-Øn-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-√. {]-apJ-\m-b H-cp a-e-bm-fn-X-s∂ B-ÿm-\w G-s‰-Sp-Øp. kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn {_n´o-jv `-‡-∑m-cm-b ]-e-cpw A-t±-l-sØ A-I-a-gn-™v A-`n-\-µn-®p. A-sXm∂pw B-tc-bpw A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. F-∂mƒ H-cm-fp-sS {]-iw-k am-Xr-`pan-sb-Ø-s∂ A-º-c-∏n-®p. ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ÿm-]-I≥ F-∂p-X-s∂ hn-tijn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ am-t\-Pn-ßv U-b-d-Iv-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂ sI.-am-[-h≥-\m-b¿ 'a-e_m¿ ap-gp-h-\pw \n-ß-fp-sS \n-b-a-\-Øn¬ k-t¥m-jn-°p-∂p' F-∂ {]-iwk-tbm-sS A-b-® I-ºn-k-tµ-iw ]-{X-Øn-\pw tIm¨-{K- n-\v X-s∂-bpw hn\-bm-bn, h-en-b hn-hm-Z-hp-am-bn. am-[-h≥-\m-b¿ hy-‡n-]-c-am-b ku-lr-ZØn-s‚ t]-cn¬, h-en-b B-tem-N-\-sbm-∂pw Iq-Sm-sX sN-bv-X-Xm-sW-¶n150

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw epw ]-{X-Øn-\v A-Xv A-h-K-Wn-°m≥ I-gn-bn-s√-∂v \n-e-]m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂ ]n.-cm-ap-Æn ta-t\m-t‚-Xv. U-b-d-Iv-‰-dp-sS \n-e-]m-Sn-s\ cq£-am-bn hn-a¿-in-°p-∂ ap-J-{]-kw-K-hpw te-J-\-ß-fpw am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬ XpS¿-®-bm-bn {]-Xy-£-s∏-´p. ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc C-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ tNm-Zyw sN-ømt\m X-S-bm-t\m U-b-d-Iv-‰¿ t_m¿-Uv Xp-\n-™n-√. hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b\m-b U-b-d-Iv-‰¿ am-[-h≥-\m-b¿ X-s∂-]-{Xw kzo-I-cn-® \n-e-]m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p i-cn F-∂v ]n-∂o-Sv k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. H-cp ]-t£, ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-S-aÿ-sc-Ø-s∂ ap-J-{]-kw-K-Øn¬ hn-a¿-in-® Cu kw-`-hw a-e-bm-f-]-{X-{]h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ-Xpw A-h-km-\-sØ-Xpw B-bn-cn-°mw.

ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v kzm-X-{¥yw In-´n ]-Øn-cp-]-Xv h¿-j-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬-Ø-s∂ ]-{X-ß-fp-sS kz`m-hw Im-cy-am-bn am-dn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂ Im-e-Øn-s‚ kz-`mh-sØ-°p-dn-®v A-∂v ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-In-b ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿-°v sX-‰v ]-‰n-bn´n-√ F-∂v \-ap-°v C-∂v a-\- n-em-Ip-∂p. h-cm≥-t]m-Ip-∂ hn-]-Øn-s\ aq∂p-]-Xn-‰m-≠v ap-ºv I-≠-h-cn¬ H-cm-fm-Wv \m-j-\¬ sl-dmƒ-Un-s‚ ]-{Xm[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂ sI.-cm-a-dm-hp. 1965 ¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® 'Z s]≥ Cu-kv ssa tkzm-Uv' F-∂ B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ A-t±-lw C-ß-s\ F-gp-Xn-˛ 'C-¥y≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ i-co-c-sØ i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw A-Xn-\v A-e-¶m-c-am-Ip-∂-Xp-am-b ]-e am-‰-ß-fpw \-S-∂p-I-gn-™p. F-∂m¬, A-Xns‚ B-flm-hn-s\ H-cp Zp-c-¥-am-Wv hn-gp-ßm≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. ]-g-b Im-e-sØ ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿-°v ]-I-c-an-Xm, G-Im-[n-]-Xn-bp-sS kz-c-ap-≈ hn-\m-i-Im-cnIƒ h-cn-I-bm-bn. s]m-Xp-P-\-tk-h-\-sØ-b-√, [-\-sØ-bm-Wv C-°q-´¿ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv. A-h¿ ]n-¥n-cn-∏-∑m-cm-Wv. H-cp Ip-™p-sl¿-°p-en-kv B-b C-¥y≥ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ I-gp-Øm-Wv A-h¿ sR-cp-°p-∂-Xv. ]-W-an-S-]mSp-Im-c-s‚ a-\-t m-sS-bm-Wv A-h¿ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ t£-{X-Øn-te°v I-S-°p-∂-Xv. H-∂p-In¬ ]-{X-tem-Iw A-h-cp-sS ]n-Sn-bn¬ s]-Spw, A-s√¶n-¬ P-\-ßƒ D-W¿-s∂-gp-t∂-‰v A-h-sc A-Sn-t®m-Sn-°pw. c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ a-s‰m-cp h-gn-bn-√.-' cm-a-dm-hp-hn-s‚ {]-h-N-\w tZ-io-b am-[y-a-tem-I-Øv ]n¬-°m-e-Øv bm-Ym¿Yy-am-bn. ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m¿-°p-≈ {]m-[m-\yw Ip-d-™p-Ip-d-™p ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ B-h-iy-an-√ F-∂ \n-e-bn-te-°v Im-cy-ßƒ F-Øn-bn- ´p-≠v.]-g-b Im-e-Øv \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn ]-{Xw tem-I-sØ-ßpw h≥ aq-e-[-\\n-t£-]w B-h-iy-ap-≈ hy-h-km-b-am-bn am-dn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. km-aq-ly {]Xn-_-≤-X-tb-°mƒ {]-[m-\w aq-e-[-\-\n-t£-]-Øn-s\m-Øv em-`w t\-Sp-I151

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw bpw hn-]-Wn-bn-se a-’-c-Øn¬ P-bn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv F-∂ \n-e- kw-Pm-X-ambn-´p-≠v. am-[y-aw F-∂-Xv H-cp tk-h-\-cw-K-a-√ C-∂v. A-sXm-cp hy-h-km-bam-Wv . \yq-kv-t]-∏¿ C≥-U-kv-{Sn F-t∂m ao-Un-b C≥-U-kv-{Sn F-t∂m D≈ hn-ti-j-Ww sX-‰m-Wv F-∂m¿-°pw tXm-∂p-∂n-√.Im¬-\q-‰m-≠v ap-ºv B-cw-`n-®-Xm-Wv Cu {]-h-W-X. X-ßƒ hm¿-Øm-hy-hkm-b-Øn-e-√, hn-t\m-Z-hy-h-km-b-Øn-em-Wv F-∂v G-jy-bn¬ G-‰-hpw hn¬∏-\-bp-≈-Xv F-∂v A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂ ssSw-kv Hm-^v C-¥y ]-{X-Øn-s‚ A[n-]-∑m¿ ]-d-™n-´p--≠v. hm-b-\-°m-c-√ X-ß-fp-sS e-£y-sa-∂pw hm-b-\°m-sc ]-c-ky-°m¿-°v Zm-\w-sN-ø-em-Wv X-ß-fp-sS e-£y-sa-∂pw ]-d-bm≥ A-h¿ H-cn-°-epw a-Sn-®n-´n-√. hm¿-Ø-sb hn-t\m-Z-am-°n ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv hm-b-\-°m-sc ]nSn-®n-cp-Øm-\p-≈ F-fp-∏-am¿-K-am-bn A-h¿ Im-Wp-∂-Xv. kn-\n-a-bv-t°m \m-SI-Øn-t\m Im-bn-I-a-’-c-ßƒ-t°m km-aq-ln-I-_m-[y-X-I-fn-s√-∂n-cn-t° F-¥n-\v hm¿-Ø-bv-°v am-{Xw km-aq-ln-I-_m-[y-X F-∂ tNm-Zy-hpw A-h¿ Db¿-Øp-∂p-≠v. Iq-Sp-X¬ hm-b-\-°m¿, Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-c-ky-h-cp-am-\w F-∂ e£yw t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°-em-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS-bpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚-bpw Np-a-X-e F-∂p h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.C-X-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ am-‰w ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS Np-a-X-e-I-fn-epw h-∂n-´p-≠v. hm-b-\°m-sc hm¿-Ø-bpw hn-h-c-ß-fpw A-dn-bn-°p-∂, k-aq-l-Øn-\v th-≠n s]mcp-Xp-I-bpw am¿-K-Zo-]-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ A-dn-hpw Zo¿-L-ho-£-Whpw A-√ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°v th-≠ tbm-Ky-X. Iq-Sp-X¬ tIm-∏n hn¬-°p-∂-Xn\pw A-Xp-h-gn Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-c-ky-h-cp-am-\w B-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xn-epw D-f-f ss\]p-Wy-am-Wv ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-Im-\p-≈ tbm-Ky-X F-∂v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

152

13 ]-c-kyw \n-b-aw [¿-aw D-ev-]m-Z-\-s®-e-hn-t\-°mƒ Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°v hn¬-°- s∏-Sp-∂ G-I-D-ev-∏∂w ]-{X-am-Wv F-∂v ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. aq-∂-c cq-]-bv-°v hn¬-°p-∂ Zn-\-]-{Xw D≠m-°m≥ H-cp- ]-t£ ]-Xn-\-t©m C-cp-]-tXm cq-] sN-e-hp-h-∂n-cn-°mw. ]c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv ]-{X-ÿm-]-\w Cu \-„w -\n-I-Øp-∂-Xv F-∂v A-dnbm-Ø-h-cn-√. ]m-N-I-hm-X-Iw Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°v ho-Sp-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ hne-bp-sS H-cp ]-¶v k¿-°m¿ k-_v-kn-Un-bm-bn \-¬-Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se Ip-d-™ hn-e-bv-°v hm¿-Ø e-`y-am-°m≥ ]-c-ky-°m¿ k-_v-kn-Un \¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-bmw. ]-{X-hm-b-\-°m-c≥ Ip-d-™ hn-e-sb-¶n-epw \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v, sS-en-hn-j≥ t{]-£-I≥ Xo¿-Øpw ku-P-\y-am-bm-Wv hm¿-Ø hm-ßn-°p-∂Xv. tem-I-sØ ]-e h≥-\-K-c-ß-fn-epw ]-{X-hpw ]q¿-W-ku-P-\y-am-bn hn-Xc-Ww sN-øp-∂p-≠v. sN-e-hv ap-gp-h-\pw, t]m-cm-Ø-Xn-\v em-`-hpw ]-c-kyØn¬ \n-∂v In-´p-∂p.]-Ww sIm-Sp-Øv ]-{Xw hm-ßp-∂ hm-b-\-°m-c≥ an-°-bv-t∏m-gpw Cu h-iw Nn-¥n-°m-dn-√. F-∂v am-{X-a-√, B-h-iy-Øn-te-sd ]-c-kyw sImSp-Øv X-\n-°v hm-bn-°m-\p-≈ hm-¿-Ø-bv-°pw te-J-\-Øn-\pw ÿ-e-an-√m-Xm°p-∂p F-∂v ]-cn-`-hn-°m-dp-ap-≠v. ]-c-ky-tØm-Sv i-{Xp-X ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xv Hcp hn-`m-Kw hm-b-\-°m¿ am-{X-a-√, \-s√m-cp hn-`m-Kw ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-amWv. ]-{X-Øn¬ hm¿-Ø sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ÿ-ew C-√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xv ]-c-kyØn-s‚ B-[n-Iyw aq-e-am-sW-∂ k-Xyw A-h-sc t£m-`n-∏n-°p-I X-s∂ sNøm-dp-≠v. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS t\-sc F-Xn¿-{[p-h-am-Wv ]-c-ky-Øn-t‚-Xv. _-lp-`qcn-`m-Kw hm¿-Ø-I-fpw ]-Ww -In-´m-sX \¬-Ip-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fm-Wv F-∂-Xpw 153

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]-c-ky-Øn¬ \n-∂v In-´p-∂ h-cp-am-\-am-Wv ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-¿-°v \-√ i-º-fw hm-ßm-\p-≈ km-l-N-cyw ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-°p-∂-sX-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-bpw hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dm-Wv ]-Xn-hv. ]-c-ky-sa-∂-Xv am-[y-a-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n-®v 'Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hm-Ø Xn-∑'bm-sW-∂v ]-d-bmw. F-s¥-√mw Ip-‰w ]-d-™m-epw H-cp k-Xy-a-h-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠v ˛ Hcp ]-c-kyw t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø ]-{Xw hm-bn-°m≥ sIm-≈n-√. ]-c-ky-hpw Hs∂m-gn-bm-sX hm-bn-®m-kz-Zn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv \-s√m-cp hn-`m-Kw hm-b-\-°m-¿. Hcp-]m-Sv ]p-Xn-b Im-cy-ßƒ ]-c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-dn-bp-∂-Xv. A-∂-∂p≈ kw-`-h-ßƒ am-{X-am-Wv hm¿-Ø-I-fm-bn {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv. km-ºØn-I-cw-K-sØ am-‰-ß-fpw ]p-Xn-b {]-h-W-X-I-fpw ]p-Ø≥ {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsa-√mw ]-e-t∏m-gpw ]-c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv \m-a-dn-bm-dp-≈-Xv. H-cp {]-ap-J-]{Xw ]-c-ky-t∏-Pn-\v ap-I-fn¬ sIm-Sp-Øp-t]m-∂ X-e-hm-N-Iw '\yq-kv Zm-‰v Cu-kv Hm-^v bq-kv' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. {]-tbm-P-\-ap-≈ hm¿-Ø ˛ b-Ym¿-Yhm¿-Ø hm-bn-°p-∂-Xv sIm-≠v h-en-b {]-tbm-P-\-sam-∂p-an-√ F-∂ Ip-Øphm-°pw A-Xn-¬ H-fn-™n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-e ]-{X-hm-b-\-°m-cpw A-dn-bm-Ø-Xpw an-°-t∏m-gpw Hm¿-°m-ØXp-am-b a-s‰m-cp Im-cy-hp-ap-≠v. H-cp Zn-h-kw ]-{X-Øn¬ F-{X t]-Pv th-Ww, Hm-tcm t]-Pn-epw F-{X hm¿-Ø th-Ww F-s∂-√mw Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv ]{Xm-[n-]-tcm hm¿-Øm-hn-`m-K-tam A-√; ]-c-ky-hn-`m-K-am-Wv. F-{X hm¿-Øbp-≠v F-∂v t\m-°n-b-√, F-{X ]-c-ky-ap-≠v F-∂v t\m-°n-bm-Wv ]-{X-Ønse t]-Pp-I-fp-sS F-Æw Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I. h-en-b kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂ A]q¿-h-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ am-{X-ta hm¿-Ø Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th-≠n t]-Pv Iq-´q-I ]-Xn-hp-≈q.

Du-∂¬ am¿-°-‰n-ßn¬ Im¬-°m-in-s‚ h-cp-am-\-ap-≠m-°p-I-bn-s√-¶n-epw F-√m sN-e-hp-Ifpw h-cp-Øp-∂ ap-Sn-b-\m-b ]p-{X-\m-Wv ]-{X-ß-fn-se F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ hn-`mKw F-∂v ]-Ip-Xn Im-cy-am-bn ]-e-cpw ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. hn¬-°p-∂ tIm-∏n-I-fpsS F-Æ-hpw ]-c-ky-h-cp-am-\-hpw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈ cq-£-a’-cw \-S-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ hm¿-Øm-ti-J-c-W-tØ-°mƒ {]-[m-\w ]-c-ky-tiJ-c-W-am-Wv F-∂ \n-e h-∂n-´p-≠v. hm¿-Øm-hn-`m-K-tØ-°mƒ {]m-[m-\yhpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw am¿-°-‰n-ßv -hn-`m-K-Øn-\v e-`n-°p-∂p. \¬-Ip-∂ i-º-fØn¬-t∏m-epw Cu hy-Xym-kw Im-Wp-∂p-. P-\-ßƒ ]-{Xw- hm-ßp-∂-Xv hm¿Ø-bv-°v th-≠n-bm-sW-∂pw B ]-{Xw hm-bn-°m≥ B-fp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv ]-c-kyw In-´p-∂-sX-∂pw am-[y-a-ß-sf t^m¿-Øv F-tÃ-‰pw hy-Xy-kv-X kmaq-ly D-ev-]-∂-hpw B-°p-∂-Xv hm¿-Ø-tbm-Sp-≈ A-Xn-s‚ k-ao-]-\-am-sW154

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ∂pw ]-e-t∏m-gpw hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hm¿-Ø-bn¬ \n-∂p-≈ Du-∂¬ ]-cky-Øn-te-°pw hn-t\m-Z-Øn-te-°pw am-‰p-∂-Xv ]p-Xn-b Im-e-sØ H-cp cm{„o-b-k-ao-]-\w Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\pw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-i-‡nIƒ-°pw th-≠-Xv \n-c-¥-c-hn-a¿-i-\-hpw Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-hpw \-S-Øn F-t∏mgpw P-\-ß-sf C-f-°n-hn-Sp-∂ ]-{X-ß-sf-b-√, F-t∏m-gpw X-am-i-bpw hn-t\mZ-hpw ]p-Ø≥ D-ev-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-c-ky-hpw \-ev-In P-\-ß-sf tjm-∏n-ßv amfp-I-fn¬ a-b-°n-\n¿-Øp-∂ am-[y-a-ß-sf-bm-Wv. Cw-•o-jv am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ km¿-h-{Xn-I-am-bn-°-gn-™n-´p-≈ Cu {]-h-W-X tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v I-S-∂n-´p≠v.Im-cy-ß-fn-ß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw ]-c-ky-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ \n-b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw am-dn-bn-´n-√. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w F-∂v hn-im-e-am-bn ]d-bp-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-c-ky-hpw s]-Spw. ]-{X-Øn-se D-≈-S-°-Øn-\v \n-b-a]-c-hpw [m¿-an-I-hpw B-b D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw C-t∏m-gpw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°p-X-s∂bm-Wv. ]-c-ky-ß-fn-se \n-b-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ-°pw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°m-Wv D-Ø-chm-Zn-Xzw. in-£-bpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°m-Wv In-´p-I. ]-t£, an-°t∏m-gpw ]-c-ky-sØ-°p-dn-®v ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ H-∂pw A-dn-™n-t´ D-≠m-In-√. Adn-™m-epw, ]-c-kyw sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-t∂m sIm-Sp-°-cp-sX-t∂m ]-d-bm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw an-° ]-{X-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-ep-w ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°n-√. C-Xn¬ {]-I-S-am-b H-cp ssh-cp-≤y-ap-≠v. ]-c-ky-\n¿-am-W-tam A-Xns‚ hn-]-W-\-tam ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-a-√. F-∂m¬ ]-c-ky-Øn-se \n-b-a-ew-L-\-Øn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-°m-sW-∂-v \n-b-aw A-\pim-kn-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw. kp-{]-[m-\-am-b a-s‰m-cp tNm-Zyw D-b¿-∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v. ]-{X-kzm-X-{¥yw `-c-W-L-S-\m-Z-Ø-am-b A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv, F-∂m¬ ]-c-ky-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\v A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-sa∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ kw-c-£-Ww e-`n-°p-tam ? ]-c-ky-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww A-`n{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-s‚ \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ s]-Sp-sa-¶n-epw A-Xv ]-Ww sIm-SpØv sN-øp-∂-Xpw hym-]-tcm-t±-iy-tØm-Sv Iq-Sn-b-Xpw B-Ip-tºmƒ A-`n-{]mb-{]-I-S-\-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]-Sm-sX t]m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂v kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn hn-[n-®n-´p-≠v. s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-≈ A-dn-hn-s‚ t\-S-epw \¬I-ep-am-Wv A-`n-{]m-b-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]-Sp-I F-∂pw tIm-SXn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

]-c-ky-kw-_-‘n-bm-b \n-b-a-ßƒ tIm-S-Xn-b-e-£y-\n-b-aw, \n-b-a-k-`m-e-£y-\n-b-aw A-]-Io-¿-Øn-\nb-aw Xp-S-ßn hm-¿-Øm-c-N-\-bn¬ Ku-c-h-]q¿-hw I-W-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠ \n-ba-ß-sf-√mw ]-c-ky-ßƒ-°pw _m-[-I-am-sW-∂v s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-bmw. Cu \n155

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw b-a-ß-sfm-∂pw ]-c-ky-sØ-bpw hm¿-Ø-sb-bpw Ir-Xy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-°p∂n-√. F-∂m¬, hm¿-Øm-c-N-\-bn¬ s]m-Xp-sh I-S-∂p-h-cm-Ø H-´-\-h-[n \nb-a-ßƒ ]-c-ky-ßƒ-°v _m-[-I-am-bn \n-e-hn-ep-s≠-∂v ]-e-t∏m-gpw {i-≤n°m-dn-√. Xm-sg-t®¿-°p-∂ {]-[m-\-\n-b-a-ß-sf-Ip-dn-s®-¶n-epw ]-c-ky-cw-K-Øp-≈-h¿ A-dn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.1.-b-Mv t]-gv-k¨-kv ( lmw-^pƒ ]-ªn-t°-j≥-kv ) B-Iv-‰v 1956 Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v am-\-kn-I-am-bn lm-\n-bp-≠m-°p-∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\ X-S-bp-I-bm-Wv \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ D-t±-iyw. {]-[m-\-am-bpw A-«o-e-{]-kn≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ. D-≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bm-sX C-Ø-cw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ]-c-kyw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®m¬ {]-km-[-I¿ in-£n-°-s∏-Smw.2.-{U-Kv-kv B‚ v am-Pn-°¬ d-a-Uo-kv (Hm-_v-P-Iv-j-\-_vƒ A-Uz¿-ssS-kvsa‚ v-kv) B-Iv-‰v 1954 Im-cy-am-bn B-cpw ]-cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-I-tbm \n-b-a-]m-e-I¿ {i-≤n-°p-I-tbm sNøm-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v am-{X-am-Wv Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw \-Ωp-sS ]-{X-ßƒ in-£n°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. an-°-hm-dpw ]-{X-ß-fn¬ Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[nbn¬ h-cp-∂ am-{¥n-I-G-e- p-I-fpw Zn-hy-h-kv-Xp-°-fpw kw-_-‘n-® ]-c-kyßƒ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. K¿-`-[m-c-Ww, ssew-Kn-I-ti-jn-h¿-≤-\, ssew-KnI-tcm-K-Nn-In-’ Xp-S-ßn-b Im-cy-ßƒ-°p-≈ N-c-Sp-Iƒ, a-{¥-tam-Xn-cw, I-hNw, A-¤p-X-]-cn-lm-cw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-sb-√mw Cu \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[nbn¬ h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.3.-ss{]-kv tImw-]-‰o-j≥-kv B-Iv-‰v 1955 am-k-Øn¬ B-bn-cw cq-]-bn-te-sd k-Ωm-\-am-bn \¬-Ip-∂ a-’-c-ßƒ ]-cky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw Ip-‰-I-c-am-Wv. t{Im-kv th-Uv, an- n-Mv th-Uv, ]n-Iv-N¿ ss{]-kv Xp-S-ßn km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \n-cp-]-{Z-h-sa-∂p-t]mepw tXm-∂p-∂ a-’-c-ßƒ sse-k≥-kv F-Sp-°m-sX \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw A-Xp kw-_-‘-am-b hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw Ip-‰-am-Wv. 4.-Fw-ªw-kv B-‚ v s\-bnw-kv({]-h≥-j≥ Hm-^v Cw-t{]m-∏¿ bq-kv)1950 tZ-io-b-Nn-”-ßƒ, \m-a-ßƒ, ]-Xm-I-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b-h hm-Wn-Py-]-c-ky-ßfn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw Ip-‰-I-c-am-Wv. sF-Iy-cm-{„-k-` ap-X¬ X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ h-sc-bp-≈-h-bp-sS Nn-”-ßƒ-°v Cu \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ kw-c-£-W-ap-≠v. K-h-s◊‚p-am-bn _-‘-an-√m-Ø ÿm-]-\-ßƒv-°v A-Xp-s≠-∂v sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv X-S-bp-I-bm-Wv D-t±iyw. 156

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

Km-‘n-P-b-¥n-Zn-\-Øn¬ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS Nn-{X-a-S-ßn-b ]-ckyw {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b I-Æq-cn-se H-cp B-`-c-W-°-S-bv-s°-Xn-cm-b ]-cmXn-bn¬ {]-kv-Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ hn-[n ]-cm-Xn-°m-c-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. tZio-b-t\-Xm-°-fp-sS Nn-{X-ßƒ hym-]m-cm-h-iy-ßƒ-°v D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv sX-‰m-Wv F-∂v 1999 B-K-Ãv B-dn-\v \¬-In-b hn-[n-bn¬ {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v Ip-sd \n-b-a-ßƒ H-cp t]m-se hm¿-Ø-tb-bpw ]c-ky-ß-sf-bpw _m-[n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ X-Ωn¬ kv-]¿-≤-bp≠m-°p-∂-Xv in-£m¿-l-am-°p-∂ C-¥y≥ in-£m-\n-b-a-hy-h-ÿ, h-\n-X-Isf tam-i-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ C≥-Uo-k‚ v dn-{]-kt‚-j≥ Hm-^v hn-a≥(t{]m-ln-_n-j≥) B-Iv-‰v 1986 F-∂n-h Cu hn-`m-KØn¬ s]-Spw.

{]-kv Iu¨-kn¬ am¿-K-tc-J hm¿-Ø-bn¬ \n-∂pw Xo¿-Øpw A-\y-am-b H-∂m-bn {]-kv Iu¨kn¬ ]-c-ky-sØ Im-Wp-∂n-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v th-≠n X-øm-dm-°n-b am¿-K-\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ßƒ t]m-se ]-c-ky-ßƒ kw-_-‘n-®pw Iu¨kn¬ Nn-e s]m-Xp-X-Øz-ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. cm-{„o-b-˛-km-º-Øn-I-˛km-aq-ly hn-h-c-ßƒ t]m-se {]-[m-\y-ap-≈-h X-s∂-bm-Wv ]-c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS e-`n-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-fpw. C-h-bpw Po-hn-X-sØ-bpw k-aq-l-sØ-bpw _m[n-°p-∂-h X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, ]-c-ky-sØ hm¿-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v th¿-Xn-cn-®v \n¿-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. c-≠n-s\-bpw th-¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ hm-b-\°m¿-°v I-gn-bp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ am-{X-ta A-h {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-hq F-∂m-Wv kw-ln-X-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.a-Zyw, ]p-I-bn-e F-∂n-h- A-S-ßn-b D-ev-]-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-c-kyw am-[ya-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°-cp-sX-∂ hy-h-ÿ {]-kv Iu¨-kn-em-Wv B-Zyw ap-t∂m-´v sh-®-Xv. k¿-°m¿ ]n-∂o-Sv A-Xn-\v \n-b-a-{]m-_-eyw \-¬-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. G-sX-¶n-epw k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-tbm k-aq-l-Øn-se G-sX-¶n-epw hn-`mK-sØ-tbm A-[n-t£-]n-°p-∂ bm-sXm-∂pw hm¿-Ø-bn-se-∂ t]m-se ]-cky-Øn-epw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-Iq-S. \n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-tam A-[m¿-an-I-tam s]m-Xpk-Zm-Nm-c-Øn-\v \n-c-°m-Ø-tXm B-b-h ]-c-ky-am-bn kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-S. A-‘hn-izm-k-]-c-am-b Nn-In-’m-]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ-°v ]-c-ky-ß-fn-eq-sS {]-Nm-cw \¬-Im≥ ]m-Sn-√. 157

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ]-{X-]-c-ky-Øn-\v kzo-I-cn-® \n-c-°p-Iƒ s]m-Xp-P-\-w A-dn-tb-≠Xp-≠v. Aw-Ko-Ir-X-\n-c-°n¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-cn¬ \n-s∂-¶n-epw hm-ßp-∂p-s≠¶n¬ A-Xv B ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v, A-s√-¶n¬ ]-c-kyw \¬-Ip-∂ k¿°m-dn¬ \n-∂v A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ k-lm-b-[-\-am-Wv. A-Xv hmb-\-°m¿-°v A-dn-bm≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. ]-Ww \¬-Im-sX-bpw B-sc-¶n-epw Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-sX-bpw U-Ωn ]-c-ky-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv am-[y-a-k-Zm-Nm-cØn-\v hn-cp-≤-am-Wv. ]-c-ky-ß-fp-sS Hu-Nn-Xyw kw-_-‘n-®v ]-{X-Øns‚ ]-c-ky-hn-`m-K-hpw F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ hn-`m-K-hpw X-Ωn¬ B-h-iy-am-Iptºm-sf-√mw Iq-´m-b B-tem-N-\- \-S-tØ-≠-Xpw Pm-{K-X ]p-e¿-tØ-≠-Xp-amWv. A-«o-e-sa-t∂m am-\y-a-√m-Ø-Xv F-t∂m ap-{Z Ip-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ C-S-bp-≈ ]-c-ky-ßƒ \n-c-kn-°-W-sa-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ A-h-Im-i-Øn-¬ ]-{Xm[n-]-¿ hn-´p-ho-gv-N sN-ø-cp-Xv. ]-c-ky-apƒ-s∏-sS ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-SpØp-∂ F-√m-‰n-s‚-bpw D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]¿ k-∂-≤\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F-s¥-¶n-epw Im-cy-Øn¬ D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw C-s√-¶n¬ A-Xv ap≥-Iq-´n hy-‡-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Ãm≥-tU-Uv-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X {]-kv-Iu¨-kn-en-t\-°m-tf-sd A-Uz¿-ssS-kn-ßv Ãm≥-tU-Uv-kv Iu¨-kn¬ Hm-^v C-¥y-bm-Wv am-[y-a-ß-fn-se ]-c-ky-ß-sf kw-_-‘n-® [m¿-an-I-\n-b-a-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xpw. A-[m¿-an-I-amb ]-c-ky-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc \-S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ F.-F-kv.-kn.-sF.-°v A-[n-Im-cap-≠v. 1985 ¬ B-Wv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t_m¿-Uv Hm-^v K-h¿-tW-gv-kv tbm-Kw tN¿-∂v ]-c-kyw kw-_-‘n-® s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv. ]-e-h-´w C-Xn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v.D¬-∏-∂-ß-fp-sS hn¬-∏-\-sb \n-b-{¥n-°-e-√, D¬-∏-∂- ]-c-ky-ß-fp-sS KpW-\n-e-hm-cw ]-cn-]m-en-°p-I-bm-Wv s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-bp-sS D-t±-iy-sa-∂v Iu¨-kn¬ hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚ Xm-ev-]-cyw kw-c-£n°p-I-bpw ]-c-ky-ta-J-e-bp-sS hn-izm-ky-X h-f¿-Øp-I-bpw B-Wv e-£yw. am-\y-X-bp-sS-bpw s]m-Xp-k-Zm-Nm-c-Øn-s‚-bpw ]-cn-[n-°-I-Øv ]-c-ky-ß-sf \n-dp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. km-aq-ln-I-\-∑-bm-h-Ww F-√m-‰n-epw ap-I-fn-ep-≈ e£yw. hn-]-Wn-bn-se a-’-cw B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-tI-≠-Xv D-ev-]m-Z-I-s‚-bpw D-]t`m-‡m-hn-s‚-bpw Xm¬-∏-cy-am-Wv. kw-ln-X-bn-se hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]m-en-°p∂p F-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xv {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn ]-c-kyw \¬-Ip-∂-h-cp-sS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-bn-se {]m-[m-\-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Np-h-sSt®¿-°p-∂p.158

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw

]-c-kyw k-Xy-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. A-Xn-se A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ß-fpw hn-h-cW-ß-fpw Xm-c-X-ay-ß-fpw, h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmsW-¶n¬ A-ß-s\ sN-øm≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Iu¨-kn¬ B-h-iys∏-´m¬ C-Xn-\v sX-fn-hv lm-P-cm-°m≥ ]-c-ky-ÿm-]-\w _m-[y-ÿ-am-Wv. A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ kz-X-{¥-am-b ]T-\-Øn-s‚-tbm K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚-tbm A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ A-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-W-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]-c-ky-Øn¬ \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. hy-‡n-I-sf-tbm ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-tbm Ip-dn-®v A-h-cp-sS k-ΩX-an-√m-sX ]-cm-a¿-in-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ `m-Kn-I-am-bn \¬-In-tbm h-f-s®m-Sn-t®m D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. D-ev-]-∂w hm-ßn-b D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-¬ I-Sp-Ø ss\-cmiyw D-≠m-°p-∂ X-c-Øn¬ A-Xn-i-tbm-‡n B-h-cp-Xv A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒv. ku-P-\yw F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ D¬-∏-∂w Xo¿-Øpw ku-P-\yw Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. am-\y-X-bpw Hu-Nn-Xy-hpw kw-_-‘n-® s]m-Xp-k-¶¬-∏-ßƒ-°v \n-c° -- m-Ø ]-c-ky-ßƒ am-[y-a-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. P-\-ß-fn¬ A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw A-{I-a-hpw h-f¿-Øp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-X-√. Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ßsf a-l-Xz-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xpw A-\p-I-cn-°m≥ Ip-ń-I-sf t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpam-b ]-c-ky-ßƒ ]m-Sn-√. hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w tam-i-am-°p-∂h-bm-bn-°q-S ]-c-ky-ßƒ. A-]-cn-N-n-X-cn¬ \n-∂v F-s¥-¶n-epw ti-J-cn-°mt\m A-h-cp-am-bn _-‘w ]p-e¿-Øm-t\m sIm-®p-Ip-ń-I-sf t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-hbm-I-cp-Xv. A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ sN-øm-t\m A-]m-b-ap-≠m-°p-∂ hkv-Xp-°ƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-t\m e-l-cn-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-gn-°m-t\m Ip-ń-I-sf t{]-cn-∏n-®p-Iq-S.B-tcm-Ky-kw-_-‘n-bm-b ap-∂-dn-bn-t∏m-sS am-{Xw hn¬-°p-∂-tXm {]m-b-]q-¿-Øn-bm-bn-ń-√m-Ø-h¿ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-tXm B-b D-ev]-∂-ß-fp-sS ]-c-ky-ß-fn¬ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv, kw-Ko-Xw, kn-\n-a Xp-S-ßn-b taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hy-‡n-I-sf Im-Wn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. a-Zyw, ]p-I-h-en ]-cky-ß-fn¬ Ip-ń-I-sf Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°-cp-Xv. \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´ H-cp D-¬-∏-∂-hpw ]-c-ky-Øn¬ D-≠m-I-cp-Xv.]-c-kyw sN-øm≥ \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn ]m-Sn-√m-Ø D¬-∏-∂w, a-s‰m-cp D¬-∏-∂-am-Wv F-∂ a-ń¬ ]-c-kyw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v am-[y-a-ßƒ Iq-´p-\n¬-°cp-Xv. ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ h-kv-Xp ]-c-ky-sØ \ym-bo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂ A-fhn¬ D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂pw hn-]-Wn-sb-se-Øp-∂p-t≠m F-∂pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-sX ]-c-kyw kzo-I-cn-®p-Iq-S. a-Zy-am-Wv F-√m-bv-t∏m-gpw C-ß159

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw s\ ]-c-kyw sN-øm-dv. a-Zyw \n-tcm-[n-®n-´n-√; F-∂m¬ a-Zyw ]-c-kyw sN-øp∂-Xv \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v.a-s‰m-cp D¬-∏-∂-hp-am-bp-≈ Xm-c-X-ayw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. F-∂m¬ G-tX-Xv h-i-ß-fm-Wv Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv F-∂v kw-i-bc-ln-X-amw- hn-[w hy-‡-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-a-√m-Ø Xm-c-X-ayw Bh-cp-Xv, A-Xv sX-fn-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]-c-kyw \o-Xn-c-lnX-am-bn a-s‰m-cp D¬-∏-∂-sØ-tbm D¬-∏m-Z-I-s\-tbm A-]-Io¿-Øn-s∏-Sp-ØpI-tbm C-Sn-®p-Xm-gv-Øp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂-Xm-h-cp-Xv. a-s‰m-cp-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ t]-tcm Nn-”-tam A-Xn-te-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp `m-K-tam ]-c-ky-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®v \ym-b-a-√m-Ø \n-e-bn¬ t\-´-ap-≠m-°m≥ ]m-Sn√. a-s‰m-cp ]-c-ky-sØ A-\p-kv-a-cn-∏n-°p-I-tbm A-Xm-sW-∂v sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n°p-I-tbm sN-øp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ ]-c-ky-Øn-s‚ cq-]-Øn-epw L-S-\-bn-epw km-ayw D-≠m-h-cp-Xv.-

am-[y-a-\-b-ßƒ am-dp-tºmƒ ]-c-ky-ßƒ am-[y-a-\-b-Øn¬ sN-ep-Øp-∂ kzm-[o-\-sØ sN-dn-b H-cp ]-cn-[n h-sc-tb s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-Iƒ-°v \n-b-{¥n-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bq≈q. Cu s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-I-tf-sd-bpw am¿-K-\n¿-t±-i-I-X-Øz-ßƒ am-{X-amWv. kw-ln-X-bp-sS ew-L-\-Øn-\v kz-ta-[-bm tI-s -Sp-°p-I-tbm in-£n-°pI-tbm sN-øp-∂n-√. hm-b-\-°m¿-°v C-h kw-_-‘n-® hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Im-cy-ambn A-dn-bm-Ø-Xv sIm-≠v ]-cm-Xn-I-fpw Ip-d-hm-Wv. am-[y-a-ß-sf \n-e-\n-dpØp-∂-Xv ]-c-ky-ß-fm-Wv F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ ]-c-ky-°m-cp-sS H-‰-bv-°pw Iq-´m-bp-ap-≈ \n-b-{¥-W-ßƒ-°pw kzm-[o-\-ßƒ-°pw A-dn-™pw A-dn-bmsX-bpw am-[y-a-ßƒ-°v h-g-tß-≠-Xm-bn h-cp-∂p-≠v. tem-I-sa-ßpw am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn-¬ Iq-Xn-®p-Nm-´-am-Wv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. t\-c-sØ ]-{X--ßƒ am-{X-am-Wv ]-c-kyw tX-Sn-s®-∂n-cp-∂-sX¶n¬ C-∂v C‚¿-s\-‰pw sS-en-hn-j≥ Nm-\-ep-I-fpw td-Un-tbm-bpw Dƒ-s∏-sSbp-≈ am-[y-a-ßƒ cw-K-Øp-≠v. kv-t]-kv am¿-°-‰n-ßv cw-Kw ]-c-kyw \¬-Ip∂-h-cp-sS hn-]-Wn-bm-Wv. A-h¿ hn-]-Wn-bp-sS \n-b-a-ßƒ D-≠m-°p-∂p. \ne-\n¬-∏n-\v th-≠n I-gp-Ø-d-∏≥ t]m-cm-´w \-S-Øp-∂ am-[y-a-ß-fm-I-s´, hgn-hn-´pw ]-c-ky-Zm-Xm-°-fp-sS C-—-°pw \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\pw h-g-ßn-s°m-Sp°m≥ k-∂-≤-cm-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.kz-X-{¥-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-Øn-se ]u-c-∑m-cm-bm-Wv P-\-ß-sf am[y-a-ßƒ Im-tW-≠-Xv. A-Xn-\v ]-I-cw,A-h-sc G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™pw hm160

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ß¬-ti-jn-bp-≈ D-]-t`m-‡m-hm-bm-Wv ]-{X-ßƒ Im-Wp-∂-Xv. C-Xm-Wv ]{X-ß-fp-sS k-ao-]-\-Øn-ep-≠m-b Im-X-em-b am-‰w. ]-{X-ß-fp-sS D-≈-S-°sØ C-Xv Im-cy-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂p-≠v. G-Xv P-\-hn-`m-K-am-Wv ]-{Xw hm-ßp∂-Xv F-∂-Xv ]-{X-Øn-\v In-´p-∂ ]-c-ky-Øn-s‚ A-f-hpw hn-e-bpw \n¿-Wbn-°p-∂-Xn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p. am-Xr-`q-an-sb-°m-fp-tam a-t\m-c-a-tb-°m-fptam Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°mw Z ln-µp hn-s‚ h-cn-°m-cp-sS-bpw hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS-bpw F-Æw. ]-t£, ln-µp-hn-\v a-e-bm-f-]-{X-ßƒ-°v B-sI In-´p-∂-Xn-te-sd ]c-ky-h-cp-am-\w e-`n-°p-∂p. ln-µp hm-ßp-∂-h-cp-sS ]¿-t®-kn-ßv ]-h¿ a-ebm-f-hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS ]-Xn-∑-S-ßm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv Im-c-Ww. k-º-∂¿ G-Xv ]-{X-am-Wv hm-ßp-∂-Xv F-∂-v ]-c-ky-Øn-\v ]-Ww ap-S-°p-∂-h¿ kq-£v-a-Xtbm-sS \n-co-£n-°p-∂ Im-cy-am-Wv. ]-{Xm-[n-]-\-b-ß-fm-Wv ]-{Xw G-Xv hn`m-K-Øn-\v kzo-Im-cy-am-Ipw F-∂v \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. km-º-Øn-I-ti-jn Ip-d™ B-bn-cw Zn-h-k-°q-en-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ hm-ßp-∂ ]-{X-tØ-°mƒ ]-cky-Zm-Xm-hn-\v kzo-Im-cy-w km-º-Øn-I-ti-jn-bp-≈ \q-dp-hym-]m-cn-Iƒ hmßp-∂ ]-{X-am-Wv. am-[y-a-ß-fp-sS \-b-cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-sØ-bpw ssZ-\w-Zn-\ cm-{„o-b-{]-iv-\-ß-fn-se \n-e-]m-Sp-I-sf-bpw C-Xv Im-cy-am-bn kzm-[o-\n-°p∂p-≠v; B-cpw A-Xv k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bn-s√-¶n-epw.

D-]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv, ]u-c-\-√ Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-c-kyw In-´m≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂ \-bw kzo-I-cn-°m≥ tem-I-sa-ßpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cpw \yq-kv dq-ap-I-fpw \n¿-_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. A-h-cn-Xn-s\ sN-dp-°m≥ {i-an-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. am-[y-a-]-fin-X-∑m¿ Cu t]m-cns\ '\yq-kv dqw th-gv-k-kv t_m¿-Uv-dqw' F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. tI-cf-Øn-te-Xv t]m-se sIm-®p-I-º-\n-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈-X-√ tZ-io-b-˛A-¥¿-tZ-io-b-am-[y-a-ßƒ. tI-c-f-Øn¬-t∏m-epw ÿn-Xn am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°ptºmƒ B-tKm-f-\n-e-sb-¥v F-∂v Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. tIm¿-∏-td-‰v Iº-\n-I-fm-Wv am-[y-a-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. A-h-cp-sS Hm-l-cn-I-fpw hn-]-Wnbn¬ hn¬-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ _m-e-≥-kv jo-‰v t\m-°n-bm-Wv, A-√m-sX, ÿm-]-\-Øn-se F-{X te-J-I-∑m¿-°v C≥-sh-Ãn-tK-‰o-hv dn-t∏m¿´n-ßn-\v A-hm¿-Uv e-`n-®n-´p-≠v F-∂p t\m-°n-b-√ hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Hm-l-cn-bpsS hn-e-bpw Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-I-fp-sS em-`-ho-X-hpw \n-›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. I-º\n-bp-S-a-ÿ¿ A-t∏mƒ e-£y-an-Sp-I em-`w Iq-´m-\m-Wv, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w Zp¿-_-e-am-°n-bn-´m-bm-epw em-`w Iq-´pI-X-s∂-bm-Wv D-t±-iyw.

ap-X-em-fn-Øw am-{X-am-bn Np-cp-ßp-∂ P-\m-[n-]-Xyw em-`-h¿-[-\ e-£yw sh-®p-≈ ]m-®n-en¬ B-Zyw _-en-I-gn-°-s∏-Sp161

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw I aq-ey-ß-fm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-tb-≠-Xn-√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ [m¿-an-I-amb kw-ln-X-I-fn¬ A-°-an-´v ]-d-™n-´p-≈ Im-cy-ßƒ Hm-tcm-∂m-bn C-Xn-\v th-≠n h-en-s®-dn-b-s∏-Spw. {]-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰-kw-ln-X-bm-Is´, A-Uz-ssS-kn-ßv Ãm≥-tU-Uv-kv Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ kw-ln-X-bm-I-s´ F√mw Xr-W-k-am-\-am-Ipw. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw k¿-°p-te-j-\pw h-cp-am-\-hpap-≈ Cw-•o-jv ]-{X-sØ ˛-ssSw-kv Hm-^v C-¥y-˛ kw-_-‘n-®v ]p-d-Øv h-∂ H-cp k-Xyw, B ]-{Xw H-∂mw t]-Pn¬ h-en-b X-e-s°-´pw Nn-{X-ß-fp-am-bn sIm-Sp-°p-∂ ]-e hm¿-Ø-I-fpw ]-Ww hm-ßn \n-c-Øp-∂ ]-c-ky-ß-fm-Wv F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. hm¿-Ø-bp-sS th-jw sI-ń-b ]-c-ky-ßƒ. hm-b-\-°m-c-s\ C-Xn-te-sd hn-Uv-Vn-bm-°m-\n-√. hm¿-Ø-bpw ]-c-ky-hpw th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ hm-b-\-°m-c-\v I-gn-bpw-hn-[-ta A-h te-Hu-´v sN-øm-hq F-∂v \n-jv-I¿-jn°m-Ø ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-[m¿-an-I-kw-ln-X-bn-√. hm¿-Ø {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]-Ww hm-ßp-I-sb-∂-Xv G-‰-hpw h-en-b- lo-\-Ir-Xy-am-bm-Wv am-[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv. k-¶¬-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ sh-t®-‰-hpw tam-i-am-b Im-cy-am-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv F-∂v ssSw-kv Hm-^v C-¥y-sb Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-¶nepw G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™p-w \n-c-h-[n ap-Jy-[m-cm-am-[y-a-ßƒ sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xv. tem-I-am-[y-a-ß-fn¬ C-Xn-s\-Xn-sc sN-dp-Øp-\n¬-∏pw \-S-°p-∂p≠v. tem-kv B-©-e-kv ssSw-kn¬ G-Xm-\pw h¿-jw ap-ºp-≠m-b kw-`-hw Hm¿-a-bn¬ \n-∂v a-d-bm≥ Im-e-am-bn-ń-√. 1999 Un-kw-_-dn¬ ]-{Xw {]-kn-≤oI-cn-®-Xv ]-Xn-\m-ev t]-Pp-≈ H-cp Xn-cp-Øm-Wv. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-N-cn-{X-Ønse G-‰-hpw h-en-b Xn-cp-Øv F-∂p-]-d-bmw. Im-cy-an-Xm-Wv. ]-{X-Øn-s‚ am¿°-‰n-ßv hn-`m-Kw B-hn-jv-I-cn-® ]p-Xn-b [-\m-K-a-am¿-K-ß-fn¬ H-∂v ]-c-kyhp-am-bn _-‘n-X-am-b Ip-sd ô-®-dp-Iƒ k¨-sU am-K-ko-\n¬ {]-kn-≤s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. H-cp ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v ]-c-ky-h-cp-am-\-Øn-s‚ ]-¶v ]{Xw \¬-Ip-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-c-kyw \¬-Ip-sa-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv ô®-dp-Iƒ \¬-In-bn-cp-∂-Xpw. ssh-In hn-h-c-a-d-™ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ {]-Xntj-[-hp-am-bn ÿm-]-\-D-S-a-sb k-ao-]n-®p. ssSw-kv D-S-a Hm-Sn-kv jm≥-Uv-e¿°v Im-cy-Øn-s‚ Ku-c-hw t_m-[y-s∏-´p. A-t±-lw B ]-≤-Xn D-S≥ D-t]£n-°p-sa-∂v {]-Jym-]n-°p-I am-{X-a-√, ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS B-i-¶-Iƒ \ym-b-am-sW-∂v k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ \-b-ß-fn¬ h∂ ]m-fn-® P-\-ß-tfm-Sv ]-¶p-sh-°p-∂-Xn-\pw ]-c-kyw kw-_-‘n-® F-Unt‰m-dn-b¬ t]m-fn-kn ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-Wv ]-Xn-\m-ev t]-Pv A-\p-h-Zn-®psIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Cu \-b-am-I-s´ ]q¿-W-am-bn X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿-Um-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. sXm-gn-en-s‚ aq-ey-Øn-\v ap-I-fn¬ ]-W-Øn-s‚ aq-ey-Øn-\v ÿm\w e-`n-°p-∂p F-∂m-Wv C-Xn-s‚-sb-√mw A¿-Y-sa-∂v am-[y-a-[m¿-an-I-{]162

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ÿm-\-Øn-\v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-® am-[y-a-\n-co-£-I-cm-b tSmw tdm-k≥-Ão-epw _n¬ tIm-hm-°pw H-cp te-J-\-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. P-\m-[n-]Xyw ap-X-em-fn-Øw am-{X-am-bn Np-cp-ßp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bn-bn¬ tem-kv B-©e-kv ssSw-kn-\v t]m-epw `m-hn-bn¬ hn-]-Wn-°v Io-g-S-tß-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂v Ah¿ ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p. em-`w am-{Xw e-£y-an-´v km-aq-ly-_m-[y-X ]q¿-W-am-bn ssI-sh-Snbm-t\m km-aq-ly-_m-[y-X \n-d-th-‰m≥ th-≠n km-º-Øn-I-h-i-sØ ]q¿-Wam-bn A-h-K-Wn-°m-t\m H-cp am-[y-a-Øn-\pw I-gn-bn-√. P-\-ßƒ A-s√-¶n¬ D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ ]-{X-sØ Im-Wp-∂-Xv X-ßƒ-°v th-≠n i-–-ap-b¿-Øp-∂ ÿm-]-\-am-bm-Wv. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-se [¿-aw ]-{Xw \n¿-h-ln-°-Ww F-∂v hm-b-\-°m¿ B-{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. \q-dp-\q-dp Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-i-¶I-fpw {]-iv-\-ß-fpw {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-am-bn Po-hn-°p-∂ a-\p-jy-¿ \n-d-™-XmWv k-aq-lw, A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv hn-]-Wn-bpw.hm-b-\-°m-c-\pw _m-[y-X-bp-≠v km-aq-ly-am-bn {]-Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≈ am-[y-a-ßƒ C-°m-c-W-ß-fm¬Ø-s∂ X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-b am¿-K-tc-J-Iƒ-°v cq-]w \¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv F-t∏m-gpw \-√-Xv. ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ ]-{Xm-[n-]-\-b-hp-am-bn s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww ]-c-kyw kw-_-‘n-® \-b-hpw. a-Zy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc D-d-® \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°pI-bpw a-Zy-\n-tcm-[-\w th-W-sa-∂v ap-J-{]-kw-K-sa-gp-Xp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ a-Zy-Øn-s‚ hyw-Ky-]-c-ky-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv ]{X-Øn-s‚ hn-izm-ky-X X-I¿-°p-w. cm-{„o-b-]m¿-´n-I-fp-sS ap-J-]-{X-ß-fn¬t]m-epw ]-{Xw F-¥v \-bw {]-N-cn-∏n-°m-\m-tWm {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv A-Xns\-Xn-cm-b ]-c-ky-ßƒ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I km-[m-c-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. B-Z¿-itØ-°m-fpw \-b-tØ-°m-fpw h-ep-Xv ]-c-ky-Øn-s‚ ]-Ww-X-s∂-bm-Wv F∂v ]-{X-ß-fpw Xp-d-∂p-]-d-bp-∂ k-aq-l-Øn¬ P-\-ßƒ F-¥n-em-Wv hn-izmk-a¿-∏n-t°-≠-Xv ? A-tX k-a-bw ]-{X-hm¿-Ø-sb-bpw ]-c-ky-sØ-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-®v a\- n-em-°m≥ hm-b-\-°m-c-\v I-gn-b-Ww. ]-{X-Øn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ ]c-ky-ß-fp-sS k-Xy-k-‘-X-sb-tbm A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS \n-P-ÿn-Xn-sb-tbm Ip-dn-®v k¿-´n-^n-°-‰v \¬-Im≥ tem-I-Øn-sem-cp ]-{X-Øn-\pw I-gn-bn-√. C∂ ]-{X-Øn¬ h-∂ hm¿-Ø-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v Rm≥ hn-iz-kn-®p-t]m-bn Fs∂m-cp hm-b-\-°m-c≥ ]-d-™m¬ hm-b-\-°m-c-s\ Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-bn√. F-∂m¬, C-∂ ]-{X-Øn-em-b-Xp-sIm-≠v ]-c-kyw hn-iz-kn-®v Rm≥ a-Isf kn-\n-am-\-Sn-bm-Im≥ ]-d-™-b-®p F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ c-£n-Xm-hv I-Sp-Ø DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-an-√m-bv-a-bm-Wv {]-I-Sn-∏n-®-sX-∂v I-cp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]-c163

]-{Xw [¿-aw \n-b-aw ky-°m-cp-sS {]-I-S-a-√m-Ø X-ń-∏p-Iƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I am-[y-a-Øn-\v km-[y-ambn F-∂p-h-cn-√. F-∂m¬, ]-Ww ssI-am-dp-I-tbm a-‰pw sN-øpw -ap-ºv D-]-t`m‡m-hm-Wv ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y-ÿn-Xn-sb-¥v F-∂v A-t\z-jn-®-dn-tb≠-Xv.hn-hm-l-∏-c-ky-Øn¬ D-∂-bn-® A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ hn-iz-kn-®v aI-sf sI-ń-®-b-® ]n-Xm-hv A-sX-√mw X-ń-∏m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ ]c-kyw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® ]-{X-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bm-Wv tI-kv ^-b¬ sN-bv-X-Xv. hnhm-l-]-c-ky-Øn-se F-√m A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ß-fp-sS-bpw \n-P-ÿn-Xn ]-{X-Øn\v A-t\z-jn-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂v tIm-S-Xn k-Ω-Xn-®p. F-∂m¬ ]-c-ky-Øn-se A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ kz-bw A-t\z-jn-®v B-fp-Iƒ t_m-[y-s∏-S-W-sa-∂v ]{Xw ]-c-ky-tØm-sSm-∏w A-dn-bn-∏v \¬-I-W-sa-∂v U¬-ln ssl-t°m-S-Xn 1998 ¬ H-cp tI- n¬ hn-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn-hm-l-]-c-ky-Øn-\v am-{X-a-√, F-√m ]-c-ky-ßƒ-°pw Cu ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v _m-[-I-am-sW-∂-Xv sIm-≠m-hmw ]-{X-ßƒ Cu \n¿-t±-iw ]m-en-°p-I-bp--≠m-bn-√. am-[y-a-kw-kv-Im-cw X-s∂ aq-e-[-\m-`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-tºmƒ Nn-√-d X-Øz-ew-L-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v F-¥n-\v hn-j-an-°p-∂p F-∂v tNm-Zn-°p-∂-h¿ Im-Wpw. am-[y-a-ß-fm-Wv F-ßpw B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-W-Øns‚ ap-Jym-bp-[w. ]-c-ky-ß-fpw hm¿-Ø-bpw ssI-]n-Sn-®m-Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Im¿-D-]-tbm-Kw h¿-≤n-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ A-]-I-S-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-´p∂ H-cp ]-c-kyw {Ko≥-]o-kv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ \-¬-In-b-Xv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ H-cp ]-{X-hpw Iq-´m-°n-bn-√. C-Xp-am-b _-‘-s∏-´ H-cp {lkz-Nn-{Xw kw-t{]-j-Ww sN-øm≥ H-cp Nm-\-epw X-øm-dm-bp-an-√. t^m¿-Uv Iº-\n Im¿-]-c-ky-Øn-\v \¬-Ip-∂ A-tX \n-c-°v \¬-Im-sa-∂v ]-d-™n-´mWv Cu {]-Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-b-sX-t∂m¿-°-Ww.tI-c-f-an-t∏m-gpw C-{X ]p-tcm-K-an-®n-ń-√-t√m F-∂m-iz-kn-°p-I-. \Ωp-sS ]-c-ky-°m¿ A-{X- i-‡-cm-bn-ń-√. \-Ω-fn-t∏m-gpw Ip-d-s®-¶n-epw BZn-hm-kn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw I¿-j-I-B-fl-l-Xy-sb-°p-dn-®pw F-gp-Xp-∂p-≠-t√m.

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]-{Xw \n-b-aw [多-aw

APPENDIX 1 PRESS COUNCIL GUIDELINES NORMS OF JOURNALISTIC CONDUCT

The 2005 edition of "Norms of Journalistic Conduct" updates the norms evolved by Press Council of India since 1996 on the basis of adjudications and other pronouncements Principles and Ethics The fundamental objective of journalism is to serve the people with news, views, comments and information on matters of public interest in a fair, accurate, unbiased, sober and decent manner. To this end, the Press is expected to conduct itself in keeping with certain norms of professionalism, universally recognised. The norms enunciated below and other specific guidelines appended thereafter, when applied with due discernment and adaptation to the varying circumstance of each case, will help the journalist to self-regulate his or her conduct. 1.

Accuracy and Fairness

i) The Press shall eschew publication of inaccurate, baseless, graceless, misleading or distorted material. All sides of the core issue or subject should be reported. Unjustified rumours and surmises should not be set forth as facts. 2.

Pre-publication Verification i) On receipt of a report or article of public interest and benefit containing imputations or comments against a citizen, the editor should check with due care and attention its factual accuracy apart from other authentic sources- with the person or the organisation concerned to elicit his/her or its version, comments or reaction and publish the same alongside with due correction in the report where necessary. In the event of lack or absence of response, a footnote to that effect may be appended to the report. ii) Publication of news such as those pertaining to cancellation of examinations or withdrawal of candidates from election should be avoided without proper verification and cross checking . iii) A document, which forms a basis of a news report, should be preserved at least for six months.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 3.

Caution against defamatory writings

i) Newspaper should not publish anything which is manifestly defamatory or libellous against any individual/organisation unless after due care and verification, there is sufficient reason/evidence to believe that it is true and its publication will be for public good. ii) Truth is no defence for publishing derogatory, scurrilous and defamatory material against a private citizen where no public interest is involved. iii) No personal remarks which may be considered or construed to be derogatory in nature against a dead person should be published except in rare cases of public interest, as the dead person cannot possibly contradict or deny those remarks. iv) The Press has a duty, discretion and right to serve the public interest by drawing reader's attention to citizens of doubtful antecedents and of questionable character but as responsible journalists they should observe due restraint and caution in hazarding their own opinion or conclusion in branding these persons as 'cheats' or 'killers' etc. The cardinal principle being that the guilt of a person should be established by proof of facts alleged and not by proof of the bad character of the accused. In the zest to expose, the Press should not exceed the limits of ethical caution and fair comment. v) The Press shall not rely on objectionable past behaviour of a citizen to provide the background for adverse comments with reference to fresh action of that person. If public good requires such reference, the Press should make pre-publication inquiries from the authorities concerned about the follow up action, if any, in regard to earlier adverse actions. vi) Where the impugned publication is manifestly injurious to the reputation of the complainant, the onus shall be on the respondent to show that it was true or to establish that it constituted fair comment made in good faith and for public good. (vii) Newspapers cannot claim privilege or licence to malign a person or body claiming special protection or immunity on the plea of having published the item as a satire under special columns such as 'gossip', 'parody', etc. (viii) Publication of defamatory news by one paper does not give licence to others to publish news/ information reproducing or repeating the same. (ix) Insertion of out -of -context, uncalled for and irrelevant statements likely to malign a person or an organisation must be eschewed.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw (x)

Freedom of Press does not give licence to a newspaper to malign a political leader or mar his future political prospects by publishing fake and defamatory writings.

(xi) Locus Standi In cases involving personal allegations /criticism, only the concerned person enjoying the locus standi can move the plaint or claim right to reply. However a representative organisation of persons attached to an organisation or a sect / group has the locus standi to move complaints against a publication directly criticising the conduct of a leader. xii

Public Interest and Public Bodies As a custodian of public interest, the Press has a right to highlight cases of corruption and irregularities in public bodies but such material should be based on irrefutable evidence and published after due inquiries and verification from the concerned source and after obtaining the version of the person/authority being commented upon. Newspapers should refrain from barbed, stinging and pungent language and ironical /satirical style of comment.

4.Parameters of the right of the Press to comment on the acts and conduct of public officials i) So far as the government, local authority and other organs/institutions exercising governmental power are concerned, they cannot bring charge of defamation for reports critical of their acts and conduct relevant to the discharge of their official duties unless the official establishes that the publication was made with reckless disregard for the truth. However, judiciary, which is protected by the power to punish for contempt of court, and the Parliament and Legislatures, protected as their privileges are by Articles 105 and 194 respectively of the Constitution of India, represent exception to this rule. ii) The central and local bodies are not entitled to bring a civil or criminal action for defamation in respect of article/report criticising their functioning. iii) Publication of news or comments/information on public officials conducting investigations should not have a tendency to help the commission of offences or to impede the prevention or detection of offences or prosecution of the guilty. The investigative agency is also under a corresponding obligation not to leak out or disclose such information or indulge in misinformation.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw iv) The Official Secrets Act, 1923 or any other similar enactment or provision having the force of law equally bind the press or media though there is no law empowering the state or its officials to prohibit, or to impose a prior restraint upon the Press/media. v) Those who hold public office and by their own conduct give scope for criticising them, cannot be heard to complain against such criticism. 5.Criticism of Public Figures/Music Reviews An actor or singer who appears on a public stage submits his performance to the judgement of public and as such the critics' comments having proximate nexus with the merits of artists performance can not be held to be defamatory. However, the critics should refrain from writing anything, which could, be construed as remotely casting cloud on the artist's personal credibility. 6. Right to Privacy i) The Press shall not intrude or invade the privacy of an individual, unless outweighed by genuine overriding public interest, not being a prurient or morbid curiosity. So, however, that once a matter becomes a matter of public record, the right to privacy no longer subsists and it becomes a legitimate subject for comment by the Press and the media, among others. Explanation: Things concerning a person's home, family, religion, health, sexuality, personal life and private affairs are covered by the concept of PRIVACY excepting where any of these impinges upon the public or public interest. ii) Caution against Identification: While reporting crime involving rape, abduction or kidnap of women/females or sexual assault on children, or raising doubts and questions touching the chastity, personal character and privacy of women, the names, photographs of the victims or other particulars leading to their identity shall not be published. iii) Minor children and infants who are the offspring of sexual abuse or 'forcible marriage' or illicit sexual union shall not be identified or photographed. 7. Privacy of Public figures i)

Right to Privacy is an inviolable human right. However, the degree of privacy differs from person to person and from situation to situation. The public person who functions under public gaze as an emissary/representative of the public cannot expect to be afforded the same degree of privacy as a private person. His

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw acts and conduct as are of public interest ('public interest' being distinct and separate from 'of interest to public') even if conducted in private may be brought to public knowledge through the medium of the press. The press has however, a corresponding duty to ensure that the information about such acts and conduct of public interest of the public person is obtained through fair means, is properly verified and then reported accurately. For obtaining information in respect of acts done or conducted away from public gaze, the press is not expected to use surveillance devices. For obtaining information about private talks and discussion while the press is expected not to badger the public persons, the public persons are also expected to bring more openness in their functioning and co-operate with the press in its duty of informing the public about the acts of their representatives. ii) The interviews/articles or arguments pertaining to public persons which border on events that are in public knowledge, if reported correctly, cannot be termed as intrusion into private life. There is a very thin line between public and private life and public persons should not to be too skinned to criticism iii)

Newspapers are allowed latitude in criticising persons who are in seats of power because their conduct discloses public interest provided their criticism is not motivated to gratify private spite of opponent/rival of public figure.

8. Recording interviews and phone conversation i) The Press shall not tape-record anyone's conversation without that person's knowledge or consent, except where the recording is necessary to protect the journalist in a legal action, or for other compelling good reason. ii) The Press shall, prior to publication, delete offensive epithets used by a person whose statements are being reported. iii) Intrusion through photography into moments of personal grief shall be avoided. However, photography of victims of accidents or natural calamity may be in larger public interest. 9. Conjecture, comment and fact i)

Newspaper should not pass on or elevate conjecture, speculation or comment as a statement of fact. All these categories should be distinctly identified.

ii)

Cartoons and caricatures depicting good humour are to be placed in a special category of news that enjoy more liberal attitude.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 10. Newspapers to eschew suggestive guilt i) Newspapers should eschew suggestive guilt by association. They should not name or identify the family or relatives or associates of a person convicted or accused of a crime, when they are totally innocent and a reference to them is not relevant to the matter being reported. ii ) It is contrary to the norms of journalism for a paper to identify itself with and project or promote the case of any one party in the case of any controversy/dispute. 11. Reporting-Proceedings of Legislature The newspapers have a duty to report faithfully the proceedings of either House of Parliament, Legislative Assembly and in this regard the newspapers shall not be liable for any proceedings civil or criminal in any court unless it is proved that reportings have been made with malice. However, the newspapers should not publish any report based on proceedings of a sitting of either House of Parliament or Legislative Assembly or as the case may be either House of the Legislature of a State, which is not open to the media. 12. a) Caution in criticising judicial acts i) Excepting where the court sits 'in-camera' or directs otherwise, it is open to a newspaper to report pending judicial proceedings, in a fair, accurate and reasonable manner. But it shall not publish anything :-which, in its direct and immediate effect, creates a substantial risk of obstructing, impeding or prejudicing seriously the due administration of justice; or -is in the nature of a running commentary or debate, or records the paper's own findings conjectures, reflection or comments on issues, sub judice and which may amount to abrogation to the newspaper the functions of the court; or -regarding the personal character of the accused standing trial on a charge of committing a crime. ii) Newspaper shall not as a matter of caution, publish or comment on evidence collected as a result of investigative journalism, when, after the accused is arrested and charged, the court becomes seized of the case: Nor should they reveal, comment upon or evaluate a confession allegedly made by the accused. iii) While newspapers may, in the public interest, make reasonable criticism of a judicial act or the judgement of a court for public good; they shall not cast scurrilous aspersions on, or impute improper motives, or personal bias to the judge. Nor

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw shall they scandalise the court or the judiciary as a whole, or make personal allegations of lack of ability or integrity against a judge. iv)Newspaper shall, as a matter of caution, avoid unfair and unwarranted criticism which, by innuendo, attributes to a judge extraneous consideration for performing an act in due course of his/her judicial functions, even if such criticism does not strictly amount to criminal Contempt of Court. b) Reporting News pertaining to Court Proceedings Before publishing a news item about court proceedings, it will be appropriate for the correspondent and editor to ascertain its genuineness and, correctness and authenticity from the records so that the concerned person can be held guilty and accountable for furnishing incorrect facts or wrong information about the court proceedings. 13. Corrections When any factual error or mistake is detected or confirmed, the newspaper should suo-motu publish the correction promptly with due prominence and with apology or expression of regrets in a case of serious lapse. 14. Right of Reply i) The newspaper should promptly and with due prominence, publish either in full or with due editing, free of cost, at the instance of the person affected or feeling aggrieved/or concerned by the impugned publication, a contradiction/reply/ clarification or rejoinder sent to the editor in the form of a letter or note. If the editor doubts the truth or factual accuracy of the contradiction/reply/clarification or rejoinder, he shall be at liberty to add separately at the end, a brief editorial comment doubting its veracity, but only when this doubt is reasonably founded on unimpeachable documentary or other evidential material in his/her possession. This is a concession which has to be availed of sparingly with due discretion and caution in appropriate cases. ii)However, where the reply/contradiction or rejoinder is being published in compliance with the directions of the Press Council, it is permissible to append a brief editorial note to that effect. iii) Right of rejoinder cannot be claimed through the medium of Press Conference, as publication/coverage of a news of a conference is within the discretionary powers of an editor.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw iv) Freedom of the Press involves the readers' right to know all sides of an issue of public interest. An editor, therefore, shall not refuse to publish the reply or rejoinder merely on the ground that in his opinion the story published in the newspaper was true. That is an issue to be left to the judgement of the readers. It also does not behove an editor to show contempt towards a reader. 15.

Letters to editor

i) An editor who decides to open his columns for letters on a controversial subject, is not obliged to publish all the letters received in regard to that subject. He is entitled to select and publish only some of them either in entirety or the gist thereof. However, in exercising this discretion, he must make an honest endeavour to ensure that what is published is not one-sided but represents a fair balance between the views for and against with respect to the principal issue in controversy. ii) In the event of rejoinder upon rejoinder being sent by two parties on a controversial subject, the editor has the discretion to decide at which stage to close the continuing column. 16.

Editors' Discretion

i) In the matter of writing an editorial , the editor enjoys a good deal of latitude and discretion. It is for him to choose the subject and it is also for him to use such language as he considers appropriate, provided that in writing the editorial he doesn't transgress the law and violate the norms of journalism and editorial comments published in the newspaper should be couched in sober and dignified language. ii) Selection of the material for publication as reports/articles/letter is within the discretion of an editor, therefore it is his duty to see that on a controversial issue of public interest, all views are given equal prominence so that the people can form their independent opinion in the matter. iii) The editor should not publish the news report/article if his mind is in doubt about the truth of the news report/article. If the veracity of any part of the news report/article is in doubt, that portion should be omitted and rest be published provided the editor is satisfied that the remainder is substantially true and its publication will be for public benefit. 17.

Obscenity and vulgarity to be eschewed

i) Newspapers/journalists shall not publish anything which is obscene, vulgar or

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw offensive to public good taste. ii) Newspapers shall not display advertisements which are vulgar or which, through depiction of a woman in nude or lewd posture, provoke lecherous attention of males as if she herself was a commercial commodity for sale. iii ) Whether a picture is obscene or not, is to be judged in relation to three tests; namely a) Is it vulgar and indecent? b) Is it a piece of mere pornography? c) Is its publication meant merely to make money by titillating the sex feelings of adolescents and among whom it is intended to circulate? In other words, does it constitute an unwholesome exploitation for commercial gain. Other relevant considerations are whether the picture is relevant to the subject matter of the magazine. That is to say, whether its publication serves any preponderating social or public purpose, in relation to art, painting, medicine, research or reform of sex. iv)

The globalisation and liberalisation does not give licence to the media to misuse freedom of the press and to lower the values of the society. The media performs a distinct role and public purpose which require it to rise above commercial consideration guiding other industries and businesses. So far as that role is concerned, one of the duties of the media is to preserve and promote our cultural heritage and social values.

Columns such as 'Very Personal' in a newspaper replying to personal queries of the readers must not become grossly offensive presentations, which either outrage public decency or corrupt public moral.

18. (a) Glorification/encouragement of social evils to be eschewed Newspapers shall not allow their columns to be misused for writings which have a tendency to encourage or glorify social evils like Sati Pratha or ostentatious celebrations. (b) Reporting on natural calamities Facts and data relating to spread of epidemics or natural calamities shall be checked up thoroughly from authentic sources and then published with due restraint in a manner bereft of sensationalism, exaggeration, surmises or unver-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw ified facts. 19. i)

Violence not to be glorified Photo Coverage on Terrorist Attack, Communal Clashes and Accidents While reporting news with regard to terrorist attacks or communal riots, the media should refrain from publishing/telecasting pictures of mangled corpses or any other photographic coverage which may create terror, or revulsion or ignite communal passion among people.

ii) Newspapers/journalists shall avoid presenting acts of violence, armed robberies and terrorist activities in a manner that glorifies the perpetrators on their acts, declarations or death in the eyes of the public. Publication of interviews of antisocial elements by the newspapers glorifying the criminals and their activities with the resultant effects are to be avoided. 20) Covering communal disputes/clashes i) News, views or comments relating to communal or religious disputes/clashes shall be published after proper verification of facts and presented with due caution and restraint in a manner which is conducive to the creation of an atmosphere congenial to communal harmony, amity and peace. Sensational, provocative and alarming headlines are to be avoided. Acts of communal violence or vandalism shall be reported in a manner as may not undermine the people's confidence in the law and order machinery of the State. Giving community-wise figures of the victims of communal riot, or writing about the incident in a style which is likely to inflame passions, aggravate the tension, or accentuate the strained relations between the communities/religious groups concerned, or which has a potential to exacerbate the trouble, shall be avoided. ii) Journalists and columnists owe a very special responsibility to their country in promoting communal peace and amity. Their writings are not a mere reflection of their own feelings but help to large extent in moulding the feelings and sentiments of the society at large. It is, therefore, of utmost importance that they use their pen with circumspection and restrain. iii) The role of media in such situations (Gujarat Carnage/Crisis) is to be peacemakers and not abettors, to be troubleshooters and not troublemakers. Let the media play their noble role of promoting peace and harmony among the people in the present crisis in Gujarat. Any trend to disrupt the same either directly or indirectly would be an anti-national act. There is a greater moral responsibility

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw on the media to do their best to build up the national solidarity and to recement the communal harmony at all levels remembering the noble role they had played during the pre-independence days. iv) The media, as a chronicle of tomorrow's history, owes an undeniable duty to the future to record events as simple untailored facts. The analysis of the events and opinion thereon are a different genre altogether. The treatment of the two also thus has necessarily to be different. In times of crisis, facts unadorned and simply put, with due care and restraint, cannot be reasonably objected to in a democracy. However, a heavy responsibility devolves on the author of opinion articles. The author has to ensure that not only are his or her analysis free from any personal preferences, prejudices or notions, but also they are based on verified, accurate and established facts and do not tend to foment disharmony or enmity between castes, communities and races. 21.

Headings not to be sensational/provocative and must justify the matter printed under them

i) In general and particularly in the context of communal disputes or clashes a. Provocative and sensational headlines are to be avoided; b. Headings must reflect and justify the matter printed under them; c. Headings containing allegations made in statements should either identify the body or the source making it or at least carry quotation marks. 22.

Caste, religion or community references

In general, the caste identification of a person or a particular class should be avoided, particularly when in the context it conveys a sense or attributes a conduct or practice derogatory to that caste.

ii)

Newspapers are advised against the use of word 'Scheduled Caste' or 'Harijan' which has been objected to by some.

iii)

An accused or a victim shall not be described by his caste or community when the same does not have anything to do with the offence or the crime and plays no part either in the identification of any accused or proceeding, if there be any.

iv)* Newspaper should not publish any fictional literature distorting and portraying the religious characters in an adverse light and offending the religious susceptibilities of large sections of society who hold those characters in high esteem, invested with attributes of the virtuous and lofty. change made on

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 16/12/04. i)

Commercial exploitation of the name of prophets, seers or deities is repugnant to journalistic ethics and good taste.

vi)

It is the duty of the newspaper to ensure that the tone, spirit and language of a write up is not objectionable, provocative, against the unity and integrity of the country, spirit of the constitution seditious and inflammatory in nature or designed to promote communal disharmony. It should also not attempt to promote balkanisation of the country.

vii)

One of the jobs of the journalists is also to bring forth to the public notice the plight of the weaker sections of society. They are the watchdogs on behalf of the society of its weaker sections.

Paramount national interest

i) Newspapers shall, as a matter of self-regulation, exercise due restraint and caution in presenting any news, comment or information which is likely to jeopardise, endanger or harm the paramount interests of the State and society, or the rights of individuals with respect to which reasonable restrictions may be imposed by law on the right to freedom of speech and expression under clause (2) of Article 19 of the Constitution of India. ii) Publication of wrong/incorrect map is a very serious offence. It adversely affects the territorial integrity of the country and warrants prompt and prominent retraction with regrets. 24

Foreign Relations Media plays a very important role in moulding public opinion and developing better understanding between countries. Objective reporting so as not to jeopardise friendly bilateral relations is therefore desirable.

25.

Newspapers may expose misuse of diplomatic immunity The media shall make every possible effort to build bridges of co-operation, friendly relations and better understanding between India and foreign States. At the same time, it is the duty of a newspaper to expose any misuse or undue advantage of the diplomatic immunities.

26. Investigative journalism, its norms and parameters Investigative reporting has three basic elements.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw a. It has to be the work of the reporter, not of others he is reporting; b. The subject should be of public importance for the reader to know; c. An attempt is being made to hide the truth from the people. The first norm follows as a necessary corollary from (a) That the investigative reporter should, as a rule, base his story on facts investigated, detected and verified by himself and not on hearsay or on derivative evidence collected by a third party, not checked up from direct, authentic sources by the reporter himself. (b) There being a conflict between the factors which require openness and those which necessitate secrecy, the investigative journalist should strike and maintain in his report a proper balance between openness on the one hand and secrecy on the other, placing the public good above everything. (c) The investigative journalist should resist the temptation of quickies or quick gains conjured up from half-baked incomplete, doubtful facts, not fully checked up and verified from authentic sources by the reporter himself. (d)

Imaginary facts, or ferreting out or conjecturing the non-existent should be scrupulously avoided. Facts facts and yet more facts are vital and they should be checked and cross-checked whenever possible until the moment the paper goes to Press.

(e)

The newspaper must adopt strict standards of fairness and accuracy of facts. Findings should be presented in an objective manner, without exaggerating or distorting, that would stand up in a court of law, if necessary.

(f) The reporter must not approach the matter or the issue under investigation, in a manner as though he were the prosecutor or counsel for the prosecution. The reporter's approach should be fair, accurate and balanced. All facts properly checked up, both for and against the core issues, should be distinctly and separately stated, free from any one-sided inferences or unfair comments. The tone and tenor of the report and its language should be sober, decent and dignified, and not needlessly offensive, barbed, derisive or castigatory, particularly while commenting on the version of the person whose alleged activity or misconduct is being investigated. Nor should the investigative reporter conduct the proceedings and pronounce his verdict of guilt or innocence against the person whose alleged criminal acts and conduct were investi-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw gated, in a manner as if he were a court trying the accused. (g)

In all proceedings including the investigation, presentation and publication of the report, the investigative journalist newspaper should be guided by the paramount principle of criminal jurisprudence, that a person is innocent unless the offence alleged against him is proved beyond doubt by independent, reliable evidence.

(h) The private life, even of a public figure, is his own. Exposition or invasion of his personal privacy or private life is not permissible unless there is clear evidence that the wrong doings in question have a reasonable nexus with the misuse of his public position or power and has an adverse impact on public interest. (i) Though the legal provisions of Criminal Procedure do not in terms, apply to investigating proceedings by a journalist, the fundamental principles underlying them can be adopted as a guide on grounds of equity, ethics and good conscience. 27.

Confidence to be respected

If information is received from a confidential source, the confidence should be respected. The journalist cannot be compelled by the Press Council to disclose such source; but it shall not be regarded as a breach of journalistic ethics if the source is voluntarily disclosed in proceedings before the Council by the journalist who considers it necessary to repel effectively a charge against him/her. This rule requiring a newspaper not to publish matters disclosed to it in confidence, is not applicable where: (a) consent of the source is subsequently obtained; or (b) the editor clarifies by way of an appropriate footnote that since the publication of certain matters were in the public interest, the information in question was being published although it had been made 'off the record'. 28. Newspapers to avoid crass commercialism i)

While newspapers are entitled to ensure, improve or strengthen their financial viability by all legitimate means, the Press shall not engage in crass commercialism or unseemly cut-throat commercial competition with their rivals in a manner repugnant to high professional standards and good taste.

ii)

Predatory price wars/trade competition among newspapers, laced with tones disparaging the products of each other, initiated and carried on in print, assume the colour of unfair 'trade' practice, repugnant to journalistic ethics. The

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw question as when it assumes such an unethical character, is one of the fact depending on the circumstances of each case. iii) 29.

The practice of taking security deposit by an editor from the journalists at the time of their appointment is unethical. Fraudulent activities

Defrauding the public by closing down a publication subsequent to collection of subscription is unethical on the part of management of the paper/periodical/magazine. If the closure is inevitable, the subscription amount due should be returned to the subscribers. 30.

Professional misconduct

Blackmailing or extortion of money from people under threat of maligning them through the columns of newspaper amounts to gross violation of journalistic norms. 31

Professional rivalry

Newspaper columns should not be misused by rival newspapers to gratify their private spite against each other out of commercial rivalry. 32. i) ii)

Plagiarism Using or passing off the writings or ideas of another as one's own, without crediting the source, is an offence against ethics of journalism. Violation of copyright also constitutes violation of journalistic norms.

33.Unauthorised lifting of news i) The practice of lifting news from other newspapers publishing them subsequently as their own, ill-comports the high standards of journalism. To remove its unethicality the 'lifting' newspaper must duly acknowledge the source of the report. ii) The position of features articles is different from 'news': Feature articles shall not be lifted without permission/ proper acknowledgement. 34. Illegal reproduction The Press shall not reproduce in any form offending portions or excerpts from a proscribed book.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 35.Non-return of unsolicited material i) A paper is not bound to return unsolicited material sent for consideration of publication. However, when the same is accompanied by stamped envelope, the paper should make all efforts to return it. ii) Whenever articles from the contributors are published free of remuneration, there must be an agreement not to pay and the newspaper should follow this practice as a rule. 36.Advertisements i) Commercial advertisements are information as much as social, economic or political information. What is more, advertisements shape attitude and ways of life at least as much, as other kinds of information and comment. Journalistic propriety demands that advertisements must be clearly distinguishable from news content carried in the newspaper. ii) Newspaper should not publish Liquor & Tobacco Advertisements No advertisement shall be published, which promotes directly or indirectly production, sale or consumption of cigarettes, tobacco products, wine, alcohol, liquor and other intoxicants. iii) Newspaper shall not publish advertisements, which have a tendency to malign or hurt the religious sentiments of any community or section of society. iv) Advertisements which offend the provisions of the Drugs and Magical Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 1954, or any other statute should be rejected. v) Newspapers should not publish an advertisement containing anything which is unlawful or illegal, or is contrary to public decency, good taste or to journalistic ethics or propriety. vi) Journalistic propriety demands that advertisements must be clearly distinguishable from editorial matter carried in the newspaper. Newspapers while publishing advertisements should specify the amount received by them. The rationale behind this is that advertisements should be charged at rates usually chargeable by a newspaper since payment of more than the normal rates would amount to a subsidy to the paper. vii) Publication of dummy or lifted advertisements that have neither been paid for, nor authorised by the advertisers, constitute breach of journalistic ethics spe-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw cially when the paper raises a bill in respect of such advertisements. viii) Deliberate failure to publish an advertisement in all the copies of a newspaper offends against the standards of journalistic ethics and constitutes gross professional misconduct. ix) There should be total co-ordination and communication between the advertisement department and the editorial department of a newspaper in the matter of considering the legality propriety or otherwise of an advertisement received for publication. x) The editors should insist on their right to have the final say in the acceptance or rejection of advertisements, specially those which border on or cross the line between decency and obscenity. xi) Newspapers to carry caution notice with matrimonial advertisements carrying following text * "Readers are advised to make appropriate thorough inquiries before acting upon any advertisement. This newspaper does not vouch or subscribe to claim and representation made by the advertiser regarding the particulars of status, age, income of the bride/bridegroom". xii) An editor shall be responsible for all matters, including advertisements published in the newspaper. If responsibility is disclaimed, this shall be explicitly stated beforehand. xiii) Tele-friendship advertisements carried by newspapers across the country inviting general public to dial the given number for 'entertaining' talk and offering suggestive tele-talk tend to pollute adolescent minds and promote immoral cultural ethos. The Press should refuse to accept such advertisements. xiv) Classified advertisements of health and physical fitness services using undignified languages, indicative of covert soliciting, are violative of law as well as ethics. The newspaper should adopt a mechanism for vetting such an advertisement to ensure that the soliciting advertisements are not carried. xv) Advertisements of contraceptive and supply of brand item attaching to the advertisement is not very ethical, given the social milieu and the traditional values held dear in our country. A newspaper has a sacred duty to educate people about precautionary measures to avoid AIDS and exhibit greater far sight in accepting advertisement even though issued by social welfare organisation.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw * Foot note: - The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi in connection with FAO No 65/1998 of Smt Harjeet Kaur Vs Shri Surinder Pal Singh directed the Press Council of India to instruct the newspaper to publish classified/matrimonial advertisment by advising them to alongside publish the said Caution Notice in their newspapers. 37.Management-Editor Relationship i)

There is a well-recognised distinction between the editor and the journalists on the one hand and the Manager, the Executive or the Administrator on the other, whatever the nomenclature that they may carry in a particular newspaper establishment. The duties and responsibilities of the editor and the management differ and whatever the co-ordination may be required to efficiently manage the establishment to bring out the journal, the functions of the two are separate and have to kept as such.

Once the owner lays down the policy of the newspaper for general guidance, neither he nor anybody on his behalf can interfere with the day to day functioning of the editor and the journalistic staff working under him. It is well established that the freedom of the press is essentially the freedom of the people to be informed accurately and adequately on all issues, problems, events and developments. In discharge of the editorial functions the editor is supreme and superior even to the owner. The independence of the newspaper, is essentially the independence of the editor from all internal and external restrictions. Unless the editor enjoys this freedom he will be unable to discharge his primary duty which is to the people and without such freedom, he can be held responsible in law for all that appears in the newspaper. In the running of the newspaper, the managerial, administrative or business side of the newspaper has to be kept independent of its editorial side and should not be allowed to encroach upon or interfere with the editorial section. This precaution is to be taken even when the owner and the editor is the same. The proprietor must not allow his business interests and considerations to either dominate or interfere with the newspapers obligation to the people. That is why there is also an obligation on the management to select a person as the editor who is competent and bears integrity of character and independence of mind.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw The successful working of any arrangement in the ultimate analysis would depend on mutual understanding, cooperation and goodwill between the management, the editor, editorial journalist staff and all those who are faithfully working in the production of a paper. If the co-ordination between the different departments including the editorial is effected by the Brand Management without in any way interfering with the freedom of the editor to include or exclude news or views, the length or details as well as their language and the place where they are to be published, and the prominence with which they should appear, there may not be much grievance that such co-ordination is in violation of the freedom of the editor. However, if the choice of the editor with regard to selection of material in any manner is sought to be interfered with, it is undoubtedly an unwarranted encroachment on the said freedom. (ii) The editor under no circumstances can be asked by the proprietor to serve his private interests. To require an editor to cater to the personal interests of the proprietor is not only to demean the office of the editor but also to encroach upon his status as a trustee of the society in respect of the contents of the newspaper. In any country which swears by the freedom and the independence of the press, an attempt by any proprietor of a newspaper to use his editor as his personal agent to promote his private interests and to compel him to act and to write, to serve them is both offensive and reprehensive. Any editor or for that matter any journalist who accepts or condescends to do such jobs not only degrades himself but also the profession of journalism and does not deserve the calling. He betrays the trust the society keeps in him for furnishing fair, objective and comprehensive news and views.

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]-{Xw [Âż-aw \n-b-aw GUIDELINES ON SPECIFIC ISSUES Financial Journalism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1996 The Press Council of India has counselled reporters/financial journalists/newspaper establishments to refrain from receiving any gifts/ grants/concessions/facilities, etc., either in cash or kind which are likely to compromise free and unbiased reporting on financial matters. 2. The Council in its Report has observed that the financial journalists today enjoy considerable influence over readers' minds and, therefore, they owe it to them to present a balanced and objective view of the financial dealings, status and prospects of a company. It observed that some companies are given excessive news coverage in the newspapers/magazines because they have issued advertisements to that print media. Sometimes, adverse reports are published of those companies which do not give advertisements to the newspapers or magazines. Again, when a media is not happy with any company/ management for whatever reason, the negative aspects of the company are highlighted, while in the reverse situation, no negative aspects are brought to light. Some companies are also known to give gifts, loans, discounts, preferential shares, etc., to certain financial journalists to receive favourable and positive reports of the companies. At the same time, there is no mechanism for investors' education or for raising public opinion against such unhealthy practices. 3.

The Council feeling concerned over the malpractice in the Corporate Sector and after holding detailed deliberations and discussions with the representatives of financial institutions and journalists, has recommended the guidelines enumerated below for observance by the financial journalists:

1) The financial journalists should not accept gifts, loans, trips, discounts, preferential shares or other considerations which compromise or are likely to compromise his position. 2) It should be mentioned prominently in the report about any company that the report is based on information given by the company or the financial sponsors of the company. 3)When the trips are sponsored for visiting establishments of a company, the author of the report who has availed of the trip must state invariably that the visit was sponsored by the company concerned and that it had also extended the hospitality as the case may be.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 4) No matter related to the company should be published without verifying the facts from the company and the source of such report should also be disclosed. 5) A reporter who exposes a scam or brings out a report for promotion of a good project should be encouraged and awarded. 6) A journalist who has financial interests such as share holdings, stock holdings, etc., in a company, should not report on that company. 7) The journalist should not use for his own benefit or for the benefit of his relations and friends, information received by him in advance for publication. 8) No newspaper owner, editor or anybody connected with a newspaper should use his relations with the newspaper to promote his other business interests. 9) Whenever there is an indictment of a particular advertising agency or advertiser by the Advertising Council of India, the newspaper in which the advertisement was published must publish the news of indictment prominently. Election Reporting-1996 i) General Election is a very important feature of our democracy and it is imperative that the media transmits to the electorate fair and objective reports of the election campaign by the contesting parties. Freedom of the Press depends to a large measure on the Press itself behaving with a sense of responsibility. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure that the media adheres to this principle of fair and objective reporting of the election campaign. The Press Council has, therefore, formulated the following guidelines to the media for observance during elections: 1. It will be the duty of the Press to give objective reports about elections and the candidates. The newspapers are not expected to indulge in unhealthy election campaigns, exaggerated reports about any candidate/party or incident during the elections. In practice, two or three closely contesting candidates attract all the media attention. While reporting on the actual campaign, a newspaper may not leave out any important point raised by a candidate and make an attack on his or her opponent. 2. Election campaign along communal or caste lines is banned under the election rules. Hence, the Press should eschew reports which tend to promote feelings of enmity or hatred between people on the ground of religion, race, caste, community or language.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 3. The Press should refrain from publishing false or critical statements in regard to the personal character and conduct of any candidate or in relation to the candidature or withdrawal of any candidate or his candidature, to prejudice the prospects of that candidate in the elections. The Press shall not publish unverified allegations against any candidate/party. 4. The Press shall not accept any kind of inducement, financial or otherwise, to project a candidate/party. It shall not accept hospitality or other facilities offered to them by or on behalf of any candidate/party. 5.The Press is not expected to indulge in canvassing of a particular candidate/party. If it does, it shall allow the right of reply to the other candidate/party. 6. The Press shall not accept/publish any advertisement at the cost of public exchequer regarding achievements of a party/ government in power. 7. The Press shall observe all the directions/orders/instructions of the Election Commission/Returning Officers or Chief Electoral Officer issued from time to time. ii) Guidelines on 'Pre-poll' and 'Exit-polls' Survey-1996 The Press Council of India having considered the question of desirability or otherwise of publication of findings of pre-poll surveys and the purpose served by them, is of the view that the newspapers should not allow their forum to be used for distortions and manipulations of the elections and should not allow themselves to be exploited by the interested parties. The Press Council, therefore, advises that in view of the crucial position occupied by the electoral process in a representative democracy like ours, the newspapers should be on guard against their precious forum being used for distortions and manipulations of the elections. This has become necessary to emphasize today since the print media is sought to be increasingly exploited by the interested individuals and groups to misguide and mislead the unwary voters by subtle and not so subtle propaganda on casteist, religious and ethnic basis as well as by the use of sophisticated means like the alleged pre-poll surveys. While the communal and seditious propaganda is not difficult to detect in many cases, the interested use of the pre-poll survey, sometimes deliberately planted, is not so easy to uncover. The Press Council, therefore, suggests that whenever the newspapers publish pre-poll surveys, they should take care to preface them conspicuously by indicating the institutions which have carried such surveys, the individuals and organisations which have commissioned the surveys, the size and nature of sam-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw ple selected, the method of selection of the sample for the findings and the possible margin of error in the findings. 2. Further in the event of staggered poll dates, the media is seen to carry exit-poll surveys of the polls already held. This is likely to influence the voters where the polling is yet to commence. With a view to ensure that the electoral process is kept pure and the voters' minds are not influenced by any external factors, it is necessary that the media does not publish the exit-poll surveys till the last poll is held. 3. The Press Council, therefore, requests the Press to abide by the following guideline in respect of the exit polls: Guideline: No newspaper shall publish exit-poll surveys, however, genuine they may be, till the last of the polls is over.

ON UNDUE FAVOURS TO JOURNALISTS-1998 The power of the press has prompted the policemen through the ages to try to cultivate and curry its favours through overt, and more often than not, covert means. It is only if the press accepts its responsibility of serving the public interest as an independent observer, informer and educator of people as a watchdog of the interest of the society that it can discharge its true role as a mass communicator. Ultimately the strength of the moral fabric of the press itself shall decide whether or not to be swayed by the inducements and enticements thrown in its way by those in power. The media persons must realise that the burden of whether favours and facilities they receive, whether they are showered on them by the public or the private organisations or the individuals in authority, is ultimate borne by the people. The private organisations recover their costs by adding to the cost of the products and services they sell. The ultimate allegiance of the press has therefore to be of the people and not to immediate benefactors. To distinguish between the facilities made available to the members of the fourth estate for due discharge of their professional duties and favours granted with a view too influence them, is not always easy. However, the simple and intelligible demarcation may be a uniform profferment of help to journalists in discharge of

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw their professional duties made within the parameters of well laid down policies, without discrimination from person to person constitutes facility but when it is restricted to any or some individuals or establishments, it becomes a favour. Based on the report given out by the Council in January 1998 in favour extended to journalists by various authorities over the period 1985 to 1995, the Council has framed the following guidelines for future guidance: 1.

Accommodation-houses/flats/land:

The Government is not obliged to provide accommodation to the journalists as it is the responsibility of the newspaper establishment to provide accommodation to their employees. Whenever such a facility is provided to the journalists by the authorities it should be gradually phased out. Land allotments at concessional rates to the newspaper establishment /individuals for the purpose of installing printing presses should not be a source of undue/illegal enrichment of the allottees. Therefore, the proposal of allotment of land to newspaper establishment/individuals should be scrutinized by the authorities very carefully. No land should be allotted to newspaper establishments/individuals at concessional rates if the land is proposed to be put to commercial use as well along with its use for press purpose by the allottees. 2.

Allotment of Shares in Companies:

The shares allotted at a special price or given under any quota is a favour. 3. Bus Travel/Rail Travel/Transport: This is a favour so far as big and medium newspapers are concerned. Further the journalists attached to the newspapers which are in profit have no justification for availing free bus/rail/transport facility. Such costs must be borne by the concerned newspaper. However, in the case of small newspaper this may constitute a facility. 4. Foreign travel: Extending the facility of air travel by companies, corporations and airlines is an inducement to write favourably about their products and services. As regards official foreign tours undertaken by the President, the Vice President, the Prime Minister and the External Affairs Minister or any other Minister, only eligible journalist should be nominated for coverage once the newspaper has been selected on the basis of the criteria laid down. The management personnel of

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw the newspapers should not be selected/ nominated for coverage of such tours. 5. Free Air Tickets by Domestic Travel Airlines and Others: It induces journalists to write favourable reports to commercially promote the airlines and the commercial enterprise offering such tickets and should not be accepted by the journalists. 6. Cash Disbursement from Chief Minister's Discretionary Fund: Disbursement of money from the Discretionary Fund of the Chief Minister other than by way of relief to the indignant and helpless journalists encourage unfaithfulness to the mission of journalism and promotes corrupt practices. This could be discouraged by the Chief Ministers. 7. Cash Disbursement Financial Assistance: The financial assistance, even if given for medical treatment, constitute a favour, unless, medical aid is given under a clear cut policy uniformly applicable to the destitutes or sick persons who cannot afford the medical treatment, and the journalists happens to be one of such beneficiaries. Extending CGHS facility to journalists is illogical since this facility to its employees is the responsibility of the newspaper establishments and should be provided by the authorities. 8-9.

Funds for media centres and grants to journalists associations is favour and should be discontinued, unless it is given for promoting the journalistic skills.

10.

Gift cheques including those given by the advertisement agencies for publication of material relating to their clients or otherwise is a favour and deserve outright condemnation. The journalists should not accept them.

11. 12. 13.

Gifts in any form, irrespective of their value, are to be condemned. Free parking is a favour, if journalist use this facility for the purpose other than his professional work. Guest Hospitality

The working journalists, as a rule should not be treated as State Guests. However, when Press teams are invited to a place to discharge their professional duties, making due arrangements for them would be an exception. The stay in government guest houses by accredited journalists, is permissible if it is for discharging professional duties.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 14.

Import of duty free cameras and computers:

It is the duty of the newspaper establishment to provide cameras/computers to its personnel. Allowing duty free cameras and computers to a particular class of persons by the Government is a favour. However, this facility may be extended to the accredited freelance journalists, small newspapers, provided it is not misused. 15.

Insurance Premium:

It is not for the governments to pay premium of the insurance of the journalists. The newspaper establishments or the individual concerned should make the payment of the same. 16.

Giving jobs to journalist's relatives, for considerations, and other than on merits is an outright attempt to induce and should be curbed.

17.

The grant of loans within the ambit of a policy already laid down for all citizens is permissible. But when the loan is given only to journalists or at reduced rates of interests or when the interest due or the principal amount is waived/written off/condoned, such a practice amounts to undue favour and should be stopped.

18.

Nomination on Committees:

In some states the journalists are nominated on some organisations and institutions like Public Service Commission and are also given the status of State Minister or Cabinet Minister, which is a wrong practice. Except for nomination by professional organisations on Committees, which have a quota to represent the various professions, this practice constitutes a favour and should be stopped. 19. 20.

Allotting PCO/Fax/Phone booth or centre to a journalist is a favour. This practice should be stopped. Pensionary benefits:

Since the media is not part of the government, the benefit given only to media persons constitutes a favour when extended by the government. 21.

Press Clubs-Donation of Funds:

This practice is prevalent all over the country and funds are being donated lavishly by Chief Ministers/Ministers, political leaders, companies and corporations not only to genuine Press Clubs but also to the Press Clubs of dubious nature. In the latter case it constitutes an attempt to induce the journalists to give favourable

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]-{Xw [Âż-aw \n-b-aw reports about the donors. This should be stopped. 22.

Prizes:

The practice of giving spurious awards has to be curbed. There are instances of sale of awards and prizes by the racketeers making money out of it. Not only the racketeers but the awardees often contribute towards the value of the prize. 23.

Allotment of shops to persons for reasons of their position as journalist is a clear cut favour and should be stopped forthwith.

24.

The grant of Accreditation Cards, Government and Public Authority Advertisements according to rules, facility during election meeting, expenses for journalistic conventions, seminars, etc. providing press rooms, inviting press parties, giving publication material, providing for training of journalists do not constitute favours. They are essential facilities offered to journalists for the discharge of their professional duties.

RIGHT TO PRIVACY â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PUBLIC FIGURES AND THE PRESS-1998 The issue has been under heated debate at both national and international level. It appears certain that right to privacy cannot be absolute, yet the media itself has to show self-restraint, and respect the privacy of the public figures. Where there is clash between the public person's privacy and public's right to know about his personal conduct, activities, habits and traits of character, impinging upon or having a bearing on public interest, the former must yield to the latter. It will, however, be necessary to bear that what is of 'interest to the public' is not synonymous with 'public interest' and that must be the ultimate test that the journalists must themselves apply in the circumstances of each individual case. Drawing out of the above, the Council draws up the following guidelines: "Right to privacy is an inviolable human right. However, the degree of privacy differs from person to person and from situation to situation. The public persons who function under public gaze as an emissary/representative of the public cannot expect to be afforded the same degree of privacy as a private person. His acts and conduct as are of public interest ('public interest' being distinct and separate from 'of interest to the public') even if conducted in private may be brought to public knowledge through the medium of the press. The press has,

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw however, a corresponding duty to ensure that the informations about such acts and conduct of public interest of the public person is obtained through fair means, is properly verified and then reported accurately. For obtaining the information in respect of acts done or conducted away from public gaze, the press is not expected to use surveillance devices. For obtaining information about private talks and discussions, while the press is expected not to badger the public persons, the public persons are also expected to bring more openness in their functioning and co-operate with the press in its duty of informing the public about the acts of their representatives." The above broad guidelines emulated in true spirit are certain to strike a balance between the right of the press to have access to information and the public persons' right to privacy.

(Press Council has issued guidelines on subjects like Allotment of houses to journalists(1996), AIDS and the media 1993, Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid Dispute(1993), Media in Relation to Communal Disturbances(1991), Norms for observance by the Press in the wake of communal disturbances 1969) also) LAWS RELATING TO PRESS 1. Constitution of India i) Art. 19(1)(a) read with Art. 19(2) (Freedom of speech and expression) ii) Art. 361-A (Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislature) 2. Press Laws/Acts i) Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 ii) Punjab Special Powers (Press) Act, 1956. iii) The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 iv) The Dramatic Performances Act, 1876 v) The Indian Telegraph Act, 1898 vi) The (Indian) Post Office Act,1898 vii) The Police (Incitement of Disaffection) Act, 1922 viii) Official Secrets Act, 1923 (Act No. 1923) ix) The Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use)Act, 1950 x) Representation of the People Act, 1951 xi) The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries)Act, 1954

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw xii) The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 (No. 21 of 1954) xiii) The Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees(Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955 xiv) The Prize Competitions Act, 1955 (Act No. 42 of 1955) xv) Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 xvi) The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956 xvii) The Copyright Act, 1957. xviii) Children Act, 1960 xix) Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1961 as amended in 1990. xx) Atomic Energy Act, 1962 xxi) Customs Act, 1962 xxii) The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 xxiii) The Civil Defence Act, 1968 xxiv) The Contempt of Courts Act,1971 xxv) The Press Council Act, 1978 xxvi) The Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978 xxvi) National Security Act, 1980 (xxvii) Right to Information Act,2003 3. Relevant Provisions of Indian Penal Code, 1860 a) Sec. 124-Assaulting President, Governor etc. with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power. b) Sec. 153A-Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language etc. and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony. c) Sec. 153B-Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration. d) Sec. 171G-False statement in connection with an election. e) Sec.228-Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding. 228(a) Disclosure of identity of the victim of offences, u/s 376, 376-A, 376-B, 376-C or 376-D. f) Sec. 292 Sale etc. of obscene books etc. g) Sec 293 Sale etc. of obscene objects to young person. h) Sec. 294A-Keeping lottery office. i) Sec. 295A-Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs. j) Sec. 299 Culpable homicide. k) Sec. 499 Defamation. 1) Sec. 500 Punishment for Defamation.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw m) Sec. 501 Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory matter. n) Sec. 502 Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory substance. o) Sec.505:(i) Statements conducing to public mischief. (ii) Statements creating or promoting enmity, hatred or ill-will between classes. (iii) Offence under sub-section (2) committed in place of worship. 4. Relevant Provisions of Cr. P.C., 1973 (Act No. lI of 1974) a) Sec. 91 -Power to take bond for appearance. b) Sec. 93 -Summons and warrants of arrest. c) Sec. 95 -Procedure as to letters and telegraphs. d) Sec. 96 -When search warrants may be issued. e) Sec. 108 Security for good behaviour from persons disseminating seditious matters. f) Sec. 144 Power to issue orders absolute at once in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger g) Sec. 177 to 187 Place of inquiry or trial. h) Section 195 Prosecution for contempt of lawful authority of servants. i) Sec. 199 prosecution for adultery or enticing a married women. j) Sec. 327 Power to summon another set of jurors. k) Sec. 340 Right of person against whom proceedings are instituted to be defended and his competency to be a witness. 1) Sec. 345 Compounding offences. m) Sec. 349 Procedure when Magistrate cannot pass sentence sufficiently severe. n) Sec. 350-Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another. o) Sec 351-Detention of offenders attending court

Appendix 2 The Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions ACT,1955 Act to regulate certain conditions of service of working journalists and other persons employed in newspaper establishments. Be it enacted by parliament in the sixth year of the Republic of India as follows:

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY 1.

(1) This Act may be called the Working journalists and other Newspaper Employees] (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955 (2)

It extends to the whole of India In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a)

"Board" means-

(i) in relation to working journalists, the Wage Board constituted under section 9;and (ii) in relation to non-journalist newspaper employees, the Wage Board constituted under Section 13c; (b "newspaper" means any printed periodical work containing public news or comments on public news and includes such other class of printed periodical work as may, from time to time, be notified in this behalf by the Central Government in the Official Gazette; (c) "newspaper employee" means any working journalist, and includes any other person employed to do work in, or in relation to, any newspaper establishment; (d) "newspaper establishment" means an establishment under the control of any person or body of persons, whether incorporated or not, for the production or publication of one or more newspapers or for conducting any news agency or syndicate; (dd) "non-journalist newspaper employee" means a person employed to do any work in, or in relation to, any newspaper establishment, but does not include any such person who(i)

is a working journalist, or

(II) is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity, or (iii) Being employed in a supervisory capacity, performs, either by the nature of the duties attached to his office or by reason of the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial nature;]

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw (e) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act; (f) "working journalist " means a person whose principal avocation is that of a journalist and who is employed as such in, or in relation to, any news paper establishment, and includes an editor, a Leader Writer, News Editor, Sub Editor, Feature-Writer, Copy-Tester, Reporter, Correspondent, Cartoonist, NewsPhotographer and Proof Reader, but does not include any such person who _ (i) is employed mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity, or (ii) being employed in a supervisory capacity, performs, either by the nature of the duties attached to his office or by reason of the power vested in him, functions mainly in managerial nature; (g) all words and expressions used but not defined in this Act and defined in the Industrial Disputes Act,1947(14 of 1947),shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act.

CHAPTER II WORKING JOURNALISTS 3

(1) The provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act,1947(14 of 1947), as in force for the time being, shall, subject to the modification specified in sub-section (2), apply to, or in relation to, working journalists as they apply to, or in relation to workmen within the meaning that Act. (2) Section 25-F of the aforesaid Act, in its application to working journalists, shall be construed as if in clause (a) thereof, for the period of notice referred to therein in relation to the retrenchment of a workman, the following periods of notice in relation to the retrenchment of a working journalist had been substituted, namely(a) six months, in the case of an editor, and (b) three months, in the case of any other working journalist.

Where at any time between the 14th day of July ,1954 and the 12th day of march,1955 any working journalist had been retrenched, he shall be entitled to receive from the employer-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw (a) wages for one month at the rate to which he was entitled immediately before his retrenchment, unless he had been given one month's notice in writing before such retrenchment ; and (b) compensation which shall be equivalent to fifteen days average pay for every completed year of service under that employer or any part thereof in excess of six months. 5

(1) Where (a) any working journalist has been in continuous service, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, for not less than three years in any newspaper establishment, and_ (i) his services are terminated by the employer in relation to that newspaper establishment for any reason whatsoever, otherwise than as a punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action, or (ii) he retires from service on reaching the age of superannuation; or (b) any working journalist has been in continuous service, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, for not less than ten years in any newspaper establishment, and he voluntarily resigns on or after the 1st day of July, 1961, from service in that newspaper establishment on any ground whatsoever other than on the ground of conscience; or (c) any working journalist has been in continuous service, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, for not less than three years in any newspaper establishment, and he voluntarily resigns on or after the 1st day of July, 1961, from service in that establishment on the ground of conscience; or (d) any working journalist dies while he is in service in any newspaper establishment; the working journalist or, in the case of his death, his nominee or nominees or, if there is no nomination in force at the time of the death of the working journalist, his family, as the case may be, shall without prejudice to any benefits or right accruing under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947), be paid, on such termination, retirement resignation or death, by the employer in relation to that establishment, gratuity which shall be equivalent to fifteen days' average pay of every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months: Provided that in the case of a working journalist referred to in clause (b), the

197

]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw total amount of gratuity that shall be payable to him shall not exceed twelve and half months' average pay: Provided further that where working journalist is employed in any newspaper establishment wherein not more that six working journalists were employed on any day of the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of this Act, the gratuity payable to a working journalist employed in any such newspaper establishment for any period of service before such commencement shall not be equivalent to fifteen days average pay for every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months but shall be equivalent to(a) three days' average pay of every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months, if the period of such past service does not exceed five years; (b) five days' average pay for every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months, if the period of such past service exceeds five years but does not exceed ten years; and (c) seven days' average pay for every completed year of service or any part thereof in excess of six months, if the period of such past service exceeds ten years. Explanation- For the purposes of this sub-section and sub-section (1) of Section 17, "family" means(i) in the case of a male working journalist, his widow, children whether married or unmarried, and his dependent parents and the widow and children of his deceased son: Provided that a widow shall not be deemed to be a member of the family of the working journalist if at the time of his death she was not legally entitled to be a maintained by him; (ii) in the case of a female working journalist, her husband, children, whether married or unmarried ,and the dependent parents of the working journalist or of her husband, and the widow and children of her deceased son: Provided that if the working Journalist has expressed her desire to exclude her husband from the family, the husband and his dependent parents shall not be deemed to be a part of the working journalist's family, and in either of the above two cases, if the child of a working journalist or of a deceased son of a working journalist has been adopted by another person and if under the personal law of

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw the adopter, adoption is legally recognised, such a child shall not be considered as a member of the family of the working journalist. (2) Any dispute whether a working journalist has voluntarily resigned from service in any newspaper establishment on the ground of conscience shall be deemed to be an industrial dispute within the meaning of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947(14 of 1947) , or any corresponding law relating to investigation and settlement of industrial disputes in force in any State. (3) Where a nominee is a minor and the gratuity under sub-section (1) has become payable during his minority, it shall be paid to a person appointed under sub-section (3) of Section 5-A: Provided that where there is no such person, payment shall be made to any guardian of the property of the minor appointed by a competent court or where no such guardian has been appointed to either parent of the minor or where neither parent is alive, to any guardian of the minor: Provided further that where the gratuity is payable to two or more nominees, and either or any of them dies the gratuity shall be paid to the surviving nominee or nominees. *************** 6.

(1) subject to any rules that may be made under this act, no working journalist shall be required or allowed to work in any news paper establishment for more than one hundred and forty -four hours during any period of four consecutive weeks, exclusive of the time for meals. (2) Every working journalist shall be allowed during any period of seven consecutive days rest for a period of not less than twenty-four consecutive hours, the period between 10 p.m. and 6a.m. being included therein.

Explanations. For the purpose of this section, "week" means a period of seven days beginning at mid-night on Saturday. 7.

Without prejudice to such holidays, casual leave or other kinds of leave as may be prescribed, every working journalist shall be entitled to(a) earned leave on full wages for not less than one-eleventh of the period spent on duty. (b) leave on medical certificate on one half of the wages for not less than one -eighteenth period of service.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 8.

(1) The central Government may, in the manner hereinafter provided,(a) fix rates of wages in respect of working journalists: (b) revise, from time to time, at such intervals as it may think fit, the rates if wages fixed under this section or specialised in the order made under Section 6 of the Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act, 1958 (29 of 1958). (2) The rates of wages may be fixed or revised by the Central Government in respect of working journalists for timework and for piecework.

For the purpose of fixing or revising rates of wages in respect working journalists under this Acr, the Central Government shall as and when necessary, constitute a Wage Board which shall consist of _ (a) two persons representing employers in relation to news paper establishment; (b) two persons representing working journalists; (c) three independent persons, one of whom shall be a person who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or the Supreme Court and who shall be appointed by that Government as the Chairman thereof.

10. (1) The Board shall, by notice published in such manner as it thinks fit, call upon newspaper establishments and working journalists and other persons interested in the fixation or revision of rates of wages of working journalists to make such representations as they think fit as respect the rated of wages which may be fixed or revised under this Act in respect of working journalists. (2) Every such representation shall be in writing and shall be made within such period as the Board may specify in the notice and shall state the rates of wages which, in the opinion of the person making the representation, would be reasonable, having regard to the capacity of the employer to pay the same or to any other circumstances, whichever may seem relevant to the person making the representation in relation to his representation. (3) The Board shall take into account the representation aforesaid, if any, and after examining the materials placed before it make such recommendations as it thinks fit to the Central Government for the fixation or revision of rates of wages in respect of working journalists; and any such recommendations may specify. whether prospectively or retrospectively, the date from which the rates of wages should take effect.

200

]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw (4) In making any recommendations to the Central Government, the Board shall have regard to the cost of living the prevalent rates of wages for comparable employment, the circumstances relating to the newspaper industry in different regions of the country and to other circumstances which to the Board may seem relevant 11. (1) Subjects to the provisions contained in sub-section (2) , the Board may exercise all or any of the powers which an Industrial Tribunal constituted under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1974 (14 of 1947) , exercises for the adjudication of an industrial dispute referred to it and shall, subject to the provisions contained in this Act, and the rules, if any, made there under , have power to regulate its own procedure. (2) Any representations made to the Board and any documents furnished to it by way of evidence shall be open to inspection on payment of such fee as may he prescribed, by any person interested in the matter. (3) If, for any reason, a vacancy occurs in the office of Chairman or any other member of the Board, the Central Government shall fill the vacancy by appointing another person thereto in accordance with the provisions of Sector 9 and any proceeding may be continued before the Board so reconstituted from the stage at which the vacancy occurred. 12. (1) As soon as may be after the receipt of the recommendations of the Board, the Central Government shall make an order in terms of the recommendations or subject to such modifications, if any, as it thinks fit, being modifications which, in the opinion of the Central Government, do not effect important alterations in the character of the recommendations. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section ( 1 ), the Central Government may, if it thinks fit,(a) make such modifications in the recommendations, not being modifications of the nature referred to in sub-section ( 1 ), as it thinks fit: Provided that before making any such modifications, the Central Government shall cause notice to be given to all persons likely to be affected thereby in such manner as may be prescribed, and shall take into account any representations which they may make in this behalf in writing; or (b) refer recommendations or any part thereof to the Board, in which case, the Central Government shall consider its further recommendations and make an

201

]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw order either in terms of the recommendations, or with such modifications of the nature referred to in sub-section ( 1 ) as it thinks fit. (3) Every order made by the Central Government under this section shall be published in the Official Gazette, together with the recommendations of the Board relating to the order and the order shall come into operation on the data of publication or on such date, whether prospectively, or retrospectively, as may be specified in the order. 13. On the coming into operation of an order of the Central Government under Section 12, every working journalist shall be entitled to be paid by his employer wages at the rate which shall in no case be less than the rates of wages specified in the order. 13A. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, where the Central Government is of opinion that it is necessary so to do, it may, after consultation with the Board, by notification in the Official Gazette, fix interim rates of wages in respect of working journalists. (2) Any interim rates of wages so fixed shall be binding on all employers in relation to newspaper establishments and every working journalist shall be entitled to be paid wages at a rate which shall, in no case, be less than interim rates of wages fixed under sub-section ( 1 ). (3) Any interim rates of wages fixed under sub-section ( 1 ) shall remain in force until the order of the Central Government under section 12 comes into operation.)

Chapter II A NON-JOURNaLIST NEWSPAPER EMPLOYEES 13B

(1)The Central Government may, in the manner hereinafter provid ed,(a)fix rates of wages in respect of non-journalist newspaper employees ;and (b)revise, from time to time, at such intervals as it may think fit, the rates of wages fixed under this section.

(2)The rates of wages may be fixed or revised by the Central Government in respect of non-journalist newspaper employees for timework and for piece-

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw work. 13C. For the purpose of fixing or revising rates of non-journalist newspaper employees under this Act, the Central Government shall, as and when necessary, constitute a Wage Board, which shall consist of(a) two persons representing employers in relation to newspaper establishments; (b) two persons representing non-journalist newspaper employees; and (c) three independent persons, one of whom shall be a person who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or the Supreme Court and who shall be appointed by that Government as the chairman thereof. 13D.The provisions of Sections 10 to 13A shall apply to and in relation to, the board constituted under section 13C, the central Government and non-journalist newspaper employees, subject to the modifications that(a) the references to the Board and working journalists therein, whenever they occur, shall be construed respectively as references to the Board constituted under section 13C and to non-journalist newspaper employees; (b) the references in sub-section (3) of section 11 section 9 shall be construed as a reference to section 13C;and (c) the references in section 13 and 13A to Section 12 shall be construed as references to section 12 read with this section.)

chapter III APPLICATION OF CERTAIN ACTS TO NEWSPAPER EMPLOYEES 14. The provisions of the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders)Act, 1946 (20 of 1946),as in force for the time being, shall apply to every news paper establishment wherein twenty or more newspaper employees are employed or were employed on any day of the preceding twelve months as if such newspaper establishment were an industrial establishment to which the aforesaid Act has been applied by a notification under sub-section (3) of Section I thereof, and as if a newspaper employee were a workman within the meaning of that Act.

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw 15. The Employees' provident funds Act,1952(19 of 1952),as in force for the time being, shall apply to every news paper establishment in which twenty or more persons are employed on any day, as if such news paper establishment were a factory to which the aforesaid Act had been applied by a notification of the central Government under sub-section (3) of section 1 thereof, and as if a newspaper employee were an employee within the meaning of that Act.

CHAPTER 1V MISCELLANEOUS 16. (1) The provisions of this Act shall have effect not withstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law or in the terms of any award, agreement or contract of service, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act: Provided that where under any such award, agreement, contract of service or otherwise, a newspaper employee is entitled to benefits in respect of any matter which are more favorable to him than those to which he would be entitled under this Act, the newspaper employee shall continue to be entitled to the more favorable benefits in respect of that mater, notwithstanding that he receives benefits in respect of other matters under this Act. (2) Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to preclude any newspaper employee from entering into an agreement with an employer for granting him rights or privileges in respect of any matter, which are more favorable to him than those to which he should be entitled under this Act. 17. (1) Where any amount is due under this Act to a newspaper employee from an employer, the newspaper employee himself or any person authorized by him in writing in this behalf, or in the case of the death of the employee, any member of his family may, without prejudice to any other mode of recovery, make an application to the state Government, or such authority, as the state Government may specify in this behalf, is satisfied that any amount is so due, it shall issue a certificate for that amount to the collector, and the collector shall proceed to recover that amount in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue. (2) If any question arises as to the amount due under this Act to a newspaper employee from his employer, the state Government may on its own motion or upon application made to it. refer question to any labour court constituted by it

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw under the Industrial Disputes Act ,1947(14 of 1947) or under any corresponding law relating to investigation and settlement of industrial disputes in force in the state and the said Act or law shall have effect in relation to the labour court for adjudication under that Act or law. (3) The decision of the Labor court shall be forwarded by it to the state government which made the reference and any amount found due by the Labour court may be recovered in the manner provided in sub section (1). 17A.

Every employer in relation to a newspaper establishment shall prepare and maintain such registers, records and muster -rolls and in such manner as may be prescribed.

17B. (1) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint such persons as it think fit to be Inspectors for the purposes of this Act and may define the local limits within which they shall exercise their functions. (2) Any Inspectors appointed under sub-section (1) may for the purpose of ascertaining whether any of the provisions of this Act or of the Working Journalist (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act, 1958(29 of 1958), have been compiled with in respect of newspaper establishment --(a) require an employer to furnish such information as he may consider necessary; (b) at any reasonable time enter any newspaper establishment or any premises connected therewith and require any one found in charge thereof to produce before him for examination any accounts , books ,registers and other documents relating to the employment of persons or the payment of wages in the establishment; (c) examine with respect to any matter relevant to any of the purposes aforesaid ,the employer , his agent or servant or any other person found in charge of the newspaper establishment or any premises connected therewith or any persons whom the inspector has reasonable cause to believe to be or to have been an employee in the establishment ; (d) make copies of or take extracts from any book ,register or other documents maintained in relation to the newspaper establishment; (e) exercise such other powers as may be prescribed. (3) Every Inspector shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw of the Indian Penal CODE (45 OF 1869). (4) Any person required to produce any documents or thing or to give information by an Inspector under sub-section (2) shall be legally bound to do so.] 18. Penalty .-[ (1) If any employer contravenes any of the provision of this Act or any rule or order made hereunder, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees . (1-A)Whoever, having been convicted of any offence under this Act, is again convicted of an offence involving the contravention of the same provision, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees. (1-B)Where an offence has been committed by a company, every person who, at the time the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence as shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly: Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided in this section, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence. (1-C)Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1-B), where an offence under this section has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or that the commission of the offence is attributable to, any gross negligence on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of such offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. (1-D)For the purpose of this section,(a) "company means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and (b) " director " in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm.] (2) No Court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate of a Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence punishable under this section. (3) No Court shall take cognizance of an offence under this section, unless the compliant thereof is made within six months of the date on which the offence is

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]-{Xw [多-aw \n-b-aw alleged to have been committed. 19. Indemnity,- No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the Chairman or any other member of the Board or an Inspector appointed under this Act for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done. 19A. Defects in appointments not to invalidate acts- No act or proceeding of the Board shall be questioned on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of the Board. 19B. Saving.-Nothing in this Act or the Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of wages) Act, 1958 (29 of 1958), shall apply to any newspaper employee who is an employee of Government to whom the Fundamental and Supplementary Rules, Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, Civil Services (Temporary Service) Rules, Revised Leave Rules, Civil Service Regulations, Civilians in Defense Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules or the Indian Railway Establishment code or any other rules or regulations that may be notified in this behalf by the Central Government in the Official Gazette, apply.

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