នរណាជាឃាតករសំលាប់រាស្រ្តខ្មែរ

eday

hiun sIufan GtItsaÂs†acar¥mF¥msikßabzmPUmi viT¥al&yenty"g' ( Vt'dMbg ) GtItsmaCiksmaKmG~k®sav®Cav‰ksarext†Vt'dMbg

K˘s˘ 1986

B˘s˘ 2529 (rkßasiTiÏ®Kb'y"ag)

លំដាប់ អត្ថបទ សូម ឧទទិស ចំព

ោះ ........................................................................ 1

ពសចក្តី ថ្លែង អំណរគុណ ............................................................... 1 ក្ំណត្់ត្រា ពសេរ ............................................................................. 2 អារមេណ៍ ក្ថា ............................................................................... 3 ពសចក្តី ពផតើម .................................................................................. 5 សនធិសញ្ញា កាត្់បនថយ ត្រពំថ្ែន ថ្មេរ ................................................. 6 ការបំផ្លែញ សមបត្តិ វបបធម៌ សិលបោះ វត្ថុ បុរាណ វបបធម៌ ថ្មេរ ............. 7 1.

សម័យ ថ្មេរ ឥសសរៈ ......................................................... 8

2.

សម័យ សីហនុ -លន់នល់ ................................................. 8

3.

សម័យ ថ្មេរ ត្រក្ហម ......................................................... 9

4.

សម័យ យួន-ពហង សំរ ិន / ហុន ថ្សន .............................. 9

5.

ពួក្ចលនា ត្សូ ថ្មេរ ........................................................ 9

ជំពូក ១ រ ំលឹក្ ត្របវត្តិសាស្តសត......................... 12 យួនូបនិយក្មេ ឬ ែំពណើរ ព្ពោះ មក្ ទិស ខាង លិច ......................... 13 វ ិធានការ ថ្ែល យួន ពត្របើត្រាស់ សំលាប់ ថ្មេរ ពត្រកាម និង ការត្សូ របស់ ថ្មេរ ពត្រកាម ............................................................................ 17 ពវៀត្ណាមូបនិយក្មេ ក្មពុជា ពត្រកាម................................................. 19

ស្សុក្ និង ទីក្ថ្នែង ថ្ែល យួន ានថ្ក្ថ្ត្រប ជា ព្េោះ យួន ............... 20 យួនូបនីយក្មេ ត្របជារាស្តសត ថ្មេរ ពត្រកាម ............................................. 21 ឯក្សារ ពោង - References ........................................................ 22

ជំពូក ២ សាេរត្ី ភ្ញាក្់រលឹក្ ......................... 23 អាណាពា​ាល ារាំង .................................................................. 25 ចលនាត្សូ ថ្មេរឥសសរៈ .................................................................. 34 ត្របវត្តិ សពងេប របស់ ពៅ ត្ក្់ ........................................................... 39 ចលនាត្សូ របស់ ពលាក្ សឺង ងុក្ ថាញ់ ........................................ 43 ឯក្សារ ពោង - References ........................................................ 49 i

ជំពូក ៣ ពោលបំណង របស់ ហូ ជី មិញ ............ 50 សក្មេភ្ញព របស់ ហូ ជី មិញ មក្ ពលើ ថ្មេរ និង ការបែិពសធ របស់ ពលាក្ សឺង ងុក្ ថាញ់ .................................................................... 52 ថ្ផនការ របស់ ហូ ជី មិញ និង ក្លលបិច ពាក្ត្រាស់ ថ្មេរ ............... 54 ថ្មេរ ពវៀត្មិញ ជា ពួក្ណា .............................................................. 60 ថ្មេរ ត្រក្ហម ជា ពួក្ណា ................................................................. 62 ការបោះពារ ពៅ ត្ំបន់ សំឡូត្ ........................................................ 68

ត្របព័នធ ចារក្ិចច យួន ក្ំមុយនីសត ...................................................... 72

ជំពូក ៤ អពាត្រក្ឹត្ លំពអៀង ក្ំមុយនីសត .............. 75 ពសតច សីហនុ និង បែុក្ ក្ំមុយនិសត .................................................. 79

ែំណឹក្ អងករ, ថានំពពទយ, អាវុធ ពៅ ពអាយ ទ័ព ពយៀក្ក្ុង .................. 83 មូលដា​ាន សឹក្ និង អគគពសនាធិការដា​ាន ពយៀក្ក្ុង ពៅ ពលើ ថ្ែនែី ថ្មេរ ............................................................................................... 90 ពសតច សីហនុ និង របប ែឹក្នាំ ពត្រកាយ ត្របពទសថ្មេរ ឯក្រាជ .............. 93

ជំពូក ៥ ពហត្ុពែើម នន ការទំលាក្់ ពសតច សីហនុ........ 102 រែាត្របហារ របស់ ពមទ័ព លន់ នល់ ទំលាក្់ ពសតច សីហនុ .................. 105 ជំពលាោះ រវាង ថ្មេរ ត្រក្ហម និង យួន ក្ំមុយនីសត ................................ 111

ជំពូក ៦ លទធផល នន ថ្ផនការ របស់ ហូ ជី មិញ........ 115 ពហត្ុពែើម នន ជ័យជំនោះ របស់ ថ្មេរ ត្រក្ហម និង នន បរាជ័យ របស់ របប សាធារណរែា......................................................................... 115 បែិវត្ត ឃាត្ក្រ .............................................................................. 122 យួនូបនីយក្មេ ក្នុង សម័យ ពហង សំរ ិន - ហុន ថ្សន ....................... 132 ii

ពសតច សីហនុ ជា ត្របធាន ចលនា ថ្មេរ ចំរោះ ុ (ថ្មេរ ត្រត្ីភ្ញគី) .................. 137 ពោលពៅ និង បំណង របស់ ថ្មេរ ត្រក្ហម នា អនាគត្ ...................... 139

ជំពូក ៧ ពោបល់ .............................. 142 ពវៀត្ណាម ានជួយ រ ំពដាោះ ថ្មេរ ពី ត្រក្ុម ឃាត្ក្រ បុល ពត្ ថ្មន ឬ? . 145 ត្របពទស ថ្មេរ នឹង ត្រត្ូវថ្ត្ កាែយ ជា ពរឿង ចំា ទី ២ ក្នុង អនាគត្ ្ប់ ៗ ខាងមុម ពនោះ ឬ? ក្ងទ័ព ពវៀត្ណាម នឹង ចាក្ពចញ ពី ត្របពទស ថ្មេរ

ពដាយ ស្សួល ៗ ឬ? ....................................................................... 146

iii

sUmåTiÊscMeJH vJ i aÔ Nkn &≈ eÏ lak“Bk u hn ui -nm i safl , Gk ~ ma† y lt ¨µ -savat " , bn ËÌ ®bs u hn ui -sF u I n, hn ui -sh uI n i , hn ui -canf ' a, bn ËÌ ®sI hn ui -canF ' ,I ky Áµ ®bs u hn ui -evahar Edl®tvU bnExrµ ®khm bl u" -Bt, eGog-sar,I exov-sp M n, nn Y -Ca

VneFX √I atTSgexa¬ cpßar .

vJ i aÔ Nkn &≈ EÏ xrµ Cagbl I annak' Edlsa¬ be' TATSgbT w EPk ~ mn i Ct i . vJ i aÔ Nkn &≈ ®Ï BH®KU Vg " -xat,' ®BHvnr† t~ bN u" -ˆ sP M aC EdlBk Y TmL i VneFK √ I t elak enAmx u ®ksg Y eXasnakarPeM~ Bj ng i enAvalcN M tyne† haHEbkcan-Vtd ' b M g . sm U åTs Êi dlv' J i aÔ Nkn &≈ G Ï se' lakGk ~ esh ~ aCatT i SgLay manelaksg uW -gk u " faj' EdlVnlHbgG ' @ √I ®Kby ' a" g rht U dlC ' vI t i paÊ lx ' n Á¬ edm I ∫eI srP I aB edm I ∫rI aÂsE† xrµ edm I ∫I e®sac®sg®' sk u Exrµ B®I kjS¨ km u y ¨µ ns i n † g i BeI KaledAshPaB≤Nc ËÎ n i rbsy ' n Y h-U Cm I j i . sm U åTs Êi dlv' J i aÔ Nkn ≈& ®Ï BH®KG U acar¥Ehm-ecov EdlVnbC U aCvI t i enAekaH®tLace®ka mGN M acGaNanK i mVrSg, elakeGov-eks I Edlsa¬ be' day®KabE' bkBk Y skP †i m U i . sm U åTs Êi dlv' J i aÔ Nkn &≈ eÏ lakåkja®kLaehamKg,' elakåkjaBs i e¨ˆ lakQk U Ed lVnVtb ' gC ' vI t i edaysarsa~ ´dExrµ xV ¨∆M rSg ykelakeTA[VrSgsma¬ b' . sm U åTs Êi dlv' J i aÔ Nkn &≈ eÏ lakåkjasn W -Ky u EdlbC U aCvI t i edm I ∫s I [ uM yn Y ®BmTk u TeM nomTl M ab' vb∫Fm· ng i BT u s Ï asnadlE' xrµ e®kamTSgGs' . ng i Exrµ esh ~ aCatT i SgLayeTot EdlVnbC U aCvI t i edm I ∫®I beTsCatB i t i @ .

esckI†Ef¬gGMNrKuN sUmEfg ¬ esckI†GMNrKuNdl'bNiÎt xar"ul m&rELn (Dr. Carol A. Martland)) nig kJÔa CUDI eLC&rvud (Miss Judy Legerwood)) EdlVnCYysMrYlx¨M∆ VncUleTA®sav®Cav‰ksark~¨gbNˆal&yk&rENl nigVnp†l'dl'x¨Mn ∆ Uv‰ksarmYycMnYnFM CaBiessV np†l'faskmµviFIGkßrExµr sMrab'e®bIk~¨gkMB¥ËT&rm"ak'XintUsenH . sUmEfg ¬ GMNrKuNdl'elak swum-Kin EdlVnCYyCMruj[sMenrenHmanrUbrag nigVncMNay®Vk'kaspÊal'TijkMuB¥ËT&redIm∫IsresrGkßrExµrenH ®BmTSgVnp†l' Bt·manepßg@ BIkalKat'eFb I√ divt†nE_ xµresrIenAP~MdgErkCamYyelaksWug-g"ukfaj' . s U m E fg ¬ esckI†dwgKuNdl'Gs'elakG~kTSgGs' EdlVnp†l'Bt·manepßg@ EdlmannamenAk~¨gGtb ƒ TenH . sUmEfg ¬ GMNrKuNdl'elakbNiÎt kul-epg EdlVnp†l'fas'e®bIkmµviFIKNitU bkrNs _ Mrab'GkßrExµrdl'x¨M∆ .

❉

❉ ❉ -1-

kMNt'esµr eTaHCaenAsm&yNak*eday q~SNak*eday k~¨grbbdwknS®sukExµrNamYy k*eday ebIesµrrs'enAk~¨g®sukExµr sMenrEbbenHminGacsresrVnesaHeLIy sMenrVnsresreLIgedayKµan≤TiÏBlGI√ ®kumbkßNamYy …buKlNamYymk®Kb'sg˚t'elIsn†ancit†KMnitesµreLIy KWVnsresrk~¨gesrIPaB100% tamkaryl'eXIj nigBicarNaditdl'rbs'esµrpÊal' . esovePA « nrNaCaXatkrraÂs†Exµr » enHx¨MV ∆ nsresry"agbnÊan' nig ®sUtCaTIbMput Gs'kML¨gCag®VMmYyEx edIm∫I[Tan'tamkalbriecT œ ´dl®tUv eps I∆ MeNAeTAcUlrYm®bkYtk~¨g « Tivameha®sBExµrq~S1987 » na®kugLgbÈc fl rdΩkalIh&r√ nij"a ehtuenHehIyVnCamantk' kgH√ esckI† xH√ Bt·man ‰CMBUk e®kay@ x¨M∆Vnkat'bny ƒ bM®BYjesckI†[xc I¬ uH . sresrcb'k*epeI∆ cjPa¬ meday KµaneBlepÊøgpÊat'emIlsareLIgvijeLIy eTIbmankMhusGkr≈ aviruTÏi nameQµaH xH¬ ®BmTSgExq~S´n®Bwti†karNx _ H¬ pg . sMeNrenH x¨MV ∆ nepeI∆ TA[®Bwti†b&®t « TsßnExµr » rdΩmInIsUtacuHpßayrhU tq~S1989eTIbcb'. manmit†G~kGanCae®cInVnsMu[eVHBumıesovePAenHTukCa ‰ksar . edaysarx¨MC ∆ ab'rvl'xS¬ gk~¨gsMenrTIbIeQµaH « kal®bvti†viT¥a´n®beTskmı¨Ca » Edllat®tdagbkGa®kat nUveKalbMNg Epnkar nigeKal edAemdwknSyYnk~¨gkarelb®sukExµr etIbbgÌg'sin rhUtdl'ExF~Ëq~S1989 eTI bx¨Me∆ sIerIGaneLIgvij saksYrykBt·man EksMrYl EknameQµaH Gkr≈ aviruTiÏ Ex q~SEdlVnsresrxus CaBiessEfmbJçËlBt·manCae®cIneTot dUcCaTMB&r 27 eLIgCa®VMBIrTMB&r, TMB&r115eLIgCa®VMTMB&rCaedIm, ‰CMBUk5, 6, 7 Vn sresrsarCafIµ edayx¨Mr∆ kßaTukcMNgeCIgnigCMBUkdEdl EkdkecjEtkMhusb"ueNˆaHdUcCaelakEm"nEknEpndI e®kayBIsaksYrmk KWCamnusßEdlela ksWug-g"ukfaj'VnbJËÇnmkxagkMBg'FM BMuEmnCa≤sßr:Ekg ¬ ka¬ yenaHeT ehtu enHehIyeTIbx¨Md ∆ kesckI†®tg'enHecj nigEfmbJçËlnUvplviVkBYkExµr≤sß r: mkelI®KYsaresµr edIm∫ICabnÊal'k~¨gsm&yEdlesµrVnæ VneXIjnigV nrs'enApg . enAPaKxage®kay x¨M∆VnbEnm ƒ Gkr≈ anu®km ( Glossary ) nigCMBUkbEnm ƒ Ed lCaGtb ƒ TvicarNkfax@ I¬ eyagtam®Bwti†karNs _ klelak cMeJHerOgsni†Pa B®beTsExµr EdlVncuHpßayk~¨g®Biti†b&®tTsßnExµrrdΩmInIsUta . mYyeToteQµaH L¨g-rWut CaeQµaHnYn-Ca CaCati´f ( sm&y´fykVt'dMbgq~S1941-46 ) kalCnenHeTAeron®sukesomenaH sUmemt†aEkCa rugelIt vij e®JHsMenogPasa´f x¥l' « r » mansMelgeTACa « l » eTIbG~k xH¬ ehAeQµaHenHfa « lug-elIt » eTAvij .

GrKuN hiun-sIufan -2-

Garm∏kfa karniras®Jt'®Vs'edaykarkab'sm¬ab'rgal´nbgbÌËnExµr Gnuvt†eday®kumExµr®khmcinniym rhUtdl'rlayGs'®sukeTAeToteTAehIyenH etIminTan'®Kb'®Kan'lµmnwg[Exµr®Kb'K~aP∆ak'®tiHriHBicarNa rkbuB√ehtuBit ´ne®KaHmhn†rayenHedIm∫ICaemeron nigCaeKalkarNr_ YbrYmeLIgvij… ?

Exµrm~ak'@suTÏEtF¬ab'VnP&¬kß Vn®bTH nigx¬HeTotVnTSgCYyCMrujdl'e®KaHmhn†rayenHpg x¬HCYyedayGectna x¬HeTotedayectnaEtm†g. sMenrenH®Kan'EtCakarsakl∫g®sav®Cav BicarNa sikßarkkarBitBI buB√ehtu ÚsKl' TMnak'TMngepßg@ EdlCabc&çy Cakt†aeFI√[Exµrs¬ab'Gs' CagbIlannak' nigenATIbJçb'®sukExµrk*®tUvyYn®tYt®ta nigeFI√yYnUbniykmµEfmeTot EdlCadMeNIrQaneTArkkarVt'bg'TwkdInigCatisasnE_ xµr CaBit®VkdeBkNas' ®sbeTAtamniek≈bbTrbs'elaknYn-eXOn k~¨gdMeNIreqıaHeTATisxaglic …≤NÎËcink~¨gq~S2,000 xusEt®tg'mhn†rayenH ekIteLIgmunkarTsßnT _ ayrbs'elakb"ueNˆaH . elakGFikarbzmsikßa Giut-sarink*VnsresrBIkarP&n†®cLMneyaVy BIKMeragbMp¬ajsgmnig ®sukExµredayExµr®hm k~¨gesovePA « ®seNaH®BlwgExµr » k~¨gq~S1973 EdlKµannrNaP∆ak'epIÌlesaH . e®kABI‰ksarsresredayesµrCatiExµr ni gbreTsnana xM∆¨VneFI√karTak'TgpÊal' edaysm∏asnp _ g niyayTUrs&BÊ pg ftcUlk~¨gExßGat'pg sresreqI¬yq¬gpg edIm∫IykBt·manmkbJÇak' GHGagnUv®Bwti†karNe_ pßg@ EdlVnsni~dΩanfaCabuB√ehtu´nmhn†ray´n kar®Jt'®Vs'nirasrbs'ExµrTSgnKrenH . tSgBIVncUlCMrMexA GIudag´f©TI21 viciœka 1979em"¬H xM∆¨Vne®KagTukfa nwgsresrBIerOgra"v´nkarkab'sm¬ab'ExµrenH[Vn . xM∆¨k*cab'®sav®CavsnßM ‰ksarTukbeNI†r@mkedaysMuftcm¬gesovePArbs'mit†P&ki†x¬H rbs'bNˆa l&yk~¨gCMrMnigbNˆal&yenA®kugtaxUmax¬H EtPaKe®cInVnsMuftcm¬g‰ksarBIbNˆal&y´nmhaviT¥al&yK&rENl ( University Library Cornell ) enATI®kugGIutaka ( Ithaca ) rdΩnIvy"k ( New York ) shrdΩGaemrik . sMenrenHxM∆¨EckecjCa®VMBIrCMBUkrYmTSgCMBUkeyabl'pg .

CMBUkTImYybriyayerobrab'rMlwkBIEpnkaryYnUbniykmµk~¨graC¥kß®tIGg mIu …dMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglicelIkTImYy …Epnkarrbs'®BHecAmij-m"ag, e®TOg-mijy"ag, ®BHecAy"a-L¨g nigyYnUbniykmµEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam .

CMBUkTIBIr KWrMlwkBI®bvti†saÂs†sm&ycugstvtßTI19 nigedImstvtß TI20 BIkarbHeVr Gacar¥s√a eJrkMeVr ( deNI†mraC¥ ), kartsflU®bqSgVrSgrbs'elakåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk nigåkja®kLaehamKg' edaykarKS ®TBI®BHVTnerat†m rhUtdl'®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1916, ®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1925 …®Bw ti†karNV _ ed ( Bardez ), ®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1942 Vtukmµ®BHsgÙTamTar[ -3-

edaHElg®BH®KUEhm-ecov, clnarMedaHCati « Exµr≤sßr: » eJlKWvKbriyayBIKMnites~haCatidMbUg .

CMBUkTIbIbriyayBIEpnkarrbs'hU-CImij k~¨gkarelb®beTskmı¨Ca ni iglav edIm∫IsMercnUvkarsƒabnamhac®kyYn ehAfa « shB&nÏ≤NÎËcin ». karbegI˚tExµreyokmij, EpnkaryYneyokmijk~¨grvagq~S1945-50 . CMBUk enHBiBN·naGMBIEpnkar´ndMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglicelIkTI2 rbs'yYnhU CImij k~¨geKaledAbegI˚t «shPaBkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin» .

CMBUkTIbYnGFib∫ayBIneyaVyxusrbs'sem†csIhnu cab'BIq~S1962 mk edayXubXitCamYycin CYyT&Beyokkug edayp†l'es∫øg Gg˚r f~SeB T¥ edaymancinm~ak'eQµaHKYc-Gan rksIup†ac'muxdwkGg˚rf~SeBT¥ edayman karGnuJÔatBIsem†c nigkarcUlhfluneday®kumraCvgßanuvgßx¬H nigG~km~agm"U nicpg . karGnuJÔat[dwkGavuF ®Kab'rMesv kSePI¬gFM edaymannayTahan ExµrCYycat'EcgdMelIg nigdwknSykeTA[eyokkug e®kam®BHraCbJÇarbs'sem†csIhnu . esdΩkicçsÊH ®bCaBlrdΩx√HGg˚rbriePaK karsg˚t'sg˚in rbs'GaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbgeTAelI®bCaCntMbn'sMLËt rhUt[mankarbHeVr eLIg nigkMeNItclnaExµr®khmkumµ¨ynis†em"AniymhYsehtu .

CMBUkTI®VMbriyayCMuvijbuB√ehtu EdlbN†al[mankarTm¬ak'sem†c karb"unb"grbs'sem†cedIm∫Ikan'GMNacvij karBIXatd*Gaf·kMVMgelIrUbela kvr:esniy‰k esg-sflun´f . karvaylukrbs'T&BeyokkugmkelIsaFa rNrdΩelakln'-nl' . rNsirßrMedaHCatiKS®Tedayeyokkug nigmans em†cCa®bFanEtKµanGMNaccat'Ecg sIhnucaj'eVkcin, yYn nigExµr®khm .

CMBUkTI®VMmYysI†BIlTÏplrbs'hU-CImij . karkMeTcGnÊak'TI1rbs' yYn Etb"ul-BtVnF¬ak'cUleTAk~¨gGnÊak'TI2rbs'yYneTotedaymindwgx¬Án . karsMerc´neKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImij …dMeNIeqıaHmkTisxaglicelI kTI2edaysuvtiƒPaB nigEpnkaryYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†ExµrelI®beTs Exµr .

CMBUkTI®VMBIrKWCMBUkeyabl' karsakl∫gEvkEjkrkmuxXatkrraÂs† ExµrCagbIlannak' nigkar®bemIemIlcMeJHneyaVybcç¨b∫n~ nigGnaKtrb s'matu®beTsExµr . etI®beTsExµrnwg®tUvVt'bg'BIEpnTIsklelakdUccM V"… ? esµrxM∆¨sUmeGankayGP&yeTasBIsMNak'bg@ nigCnExµrTSgGs' eTaHbIVnlacakelakenHeTAehIykI† …k*enAmanCIvitrs'enAsB√´f©enAeLIykI† Edlmannamk~¨gGtƒbTenH sUmemt†axnI†sen†asdl'xM∆¨VT Edl®Kan' Etcg'lat®tdagnUvkarBitx¬H@ nigbuB√ehtu´nmhn†rayenHEtb"ueNˆaH ®Ka n'CaBnW¬dl'bÌËn@CMnan'e®kay …ebIehacNas'®Kan'TukCaemeron edIm∫IkMu[ emdwknSExµredIrCan'dan®bvti†saÂs†e®KaHf~ak'mhn†raydEdl@EbbenHeTo -4-

teTAGnaKtkal . eTaHCay"agNak*eday kMhusk~¨gkarsresr karP¬SgP¬at' karsni~dΩan minsmrm¥ EtgEtmanecosminrYc e®JHfamnusßm~ak'@minEmnsuTÏEtyl'®tUvhUtminEdlxusenaHeT L'homme n'est pas parfait . Ga®s&yehtu enH sUmbgbÌËnmit†G~kGanemt†aGP&yeTasedayGnue®KaHdl'xM∆¨VT . ®kugsIuGafil, ´f©TI8 Extula q~S1986

hiun-sIufan

esckI†epI†m eBlenH®beTsExµrVnTTYle®KaHmhn†rayd*FMelIslb' edays¬ab' Gs'ExµrCagbIlan ®BmTSgGs'TSg®sukExµreTAeTot e®JHEtrbbExµr®khmEdlVnrMlaykMeTcCatisasn_ nigvb∫Fm·rbs'ExµrtameKalbMNg rbs'yYn EdlBYkeKVnGnuvt†rYcm†gmkehIy kalenAraC¥kß®tIGgmIuq~S 1840 . yYnVnbJÇa[®BHsgÙExµres¬økJk'dUc®BHsgÙyYn, [mÂnI†Exµr ®bCaraÂs†Exµres¬økJk'dUcyYn, eronPasayYn, [kab'edImeJFi, rMlay®BH, bMp¬ajvt†Garam dUcEdlBYkExµr®khmVneFI√mkk~¨geBlfIµ@kn¬gmkenH . kaleNaHyYneFI√pÊal' Etdl'mkraC¥b"ul-Bt KW®kumExµrveg√gQ¬k'nwg®Tw sI†kal'm"ak-em"AniymhYsehtuenH VnrMlay®KwHsgmExµr, vb∫Fm·nig®b eTsExµrx¬Án‰g Kµan®beTsNamYyelIsklelakeFI√VndUcenAeLIy . ®bCaraÂs†ExµrCit50PaKry®tUveKsm¬ab'ecal . ®kumExµrKMnityYnenHrhUt mkdl'sB√´f©(1987)eKenAEtfa BYkeKminVnsm¬ab'ExµreT KWBYkk∫t'eTEd lVnsm¬ab'Exµr ( sMdIrbs'CYn-eCOn EdlcUlmkk~¨gCMrMexAGIudag enA´f©dM bUgTI21 Exviciœka q~S1979 ) . ( kkn – enA´f©sMucuHcUlCamYyrdΩaPiVlhflun-Esn kalBI´f©TI25 ExF~Ë q~S 1998˘˘˘ exov-sMpnVnsarPaBfa – ®kumExµr®khmrbs'x¬ÁnVn®b®Bwt†GMeBIsm¬ab'rgaleTAelI®bCaBlrdΩExµrBit®VkdEmn . Kat'VnniyaysMu eTas nigsMu[®bCaBlrdΩExµr « bMeP¬cGtitkalecaleTA » . P¬ammYyrMeBC, naykrdΩmÂnI†Exµrhflun-EsnVnEf¬gbJÇak' bnÊab'BIVnTTYlyl'®B mkarcuHcUlfa – ExµrKYrelIkElgeTas edIm∫Isni†PaBnigkarsMruHsMrYlCati TSgmUl ! . enHehIyCaPs†¨tagy"agc∫as' bJÇak'GMBIkl∫l∫icnigkarsflMu ®KlMuK~a rvagBYkExµr®khmTSgBIr®kumEdlCaGay"grbs'cin-yYn ) .

Kµan®KYsarExµrNamYyEdlfaminmansac'jati, “Bukm†ay, bgbÌËn®bus®sI…GflMumamIg s¬ab'edaysars~a´dExµr®khmb"ul-BtesaH . ®KYsarx¬H sl'Etm~ak' x¬HmYy®KYsar®tUvs¬ab'TSgGs' . CaåTahrN_ ®bCaCnExµrCa gdb'BIrmWunnak'EdlExµr®khmCen¬øsecjBI®kugP~MeBj ehIyykmke®V -5-

secalenAvalP~MFibtIenaH ®tUvs¬ab'vinasswgEtTSgGs' . eBlEdlyYn Q¬anJncUlmkyk®sukExµrkalBIedImq~S1979enaH ExµrG~kP~MeBjenAvalP~MFibtIenArs'Et®bmaNCagbIJn'nak'b"ueNˆaH . qÌwgexµacExµrenAecal rat'rayeBjvaleBjKumıs∫Ëv reN†Ax¬HmanexµacBI®VMrynak'eTABIrJn'nak' TSgcas' ekµg TarkbITTwg . eKsm¬ab'eday®Kb'viFI EdlPasa®khmeKniyayfa®Kb'rUbPaB KWcab' yk®tg'@eTAsm¬ab' …dak'XMuk~¨gmnIÊredayeFI√TaruNkmµsB√Ebby"agrhUt dl's¬ab' nigviFIbgÌt'Vy[dac'eJHs¬ab'y"agEsnevTna .l.˘˘˘ sMenrenHCakarsakl∫g®sav®Cav BicarNarkFatuBitnigbuB√ehtuepß g@ EdlCasarvn†nS[®bCaraÂs†Exµr®tUvs¬ab'vinas ®Jt'®Vs'nirasGs' xÊg'®bmaNCagbIlannak'enH . sMenrenH®Kan'Etcg'lat®tdagnUvkarBitx¬H@EdlemdwknSExµrxMbMbwT xMlak'xMsresredIm∫Ilagx¬ÁnBIkaref˚aleTasBIsMNak'kUnExµrCMnan'e®kay, BIkardak'eTasrbs'®bvti†saÂs†Exµr nig®bvti†saÂs†sklelak .

Gnicça®sukExµr etI´f©NaeTIbExµrmanemdwknSEdlecHKitdl'CIvPaBra®s†Exµr dl'karKg'vg'´n®beTsExµr ! eyIgx√HemdwknS pʨyeTAvijemdwknSevotNamVneFI√bricçaK®Kb'y"ag edIm∫I®sukeK [®beTseKrIkFMTUlay !

sniΩsJÔakat'bnƒy®BMEdnExµr sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI18 Exkum∏: q~S1979 – CasniΩsJÔash®btibti†kark~¨gry:20q~S ehIynigbnƒyCasm©at'k~¨g rvag10q~Sm†g . ®tg'xTI4´nsniΩsJÔaenH bJÇak'BIkarkMrit®BMEdnmit†PaB Edle®KagfanwgBinit¥BiPakßaeLIgvij edayyk®BMEdnbcç¨b∫n~eFI√CaeKal sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI7 Exkk˚da q~S1982 – CasniΩsJÔakat'bnƒyEdnsmu®TExµrk~¨gtMbn'ekaHesH EdlCatMbn'ma ne®bgkat . rbbehgsMrin-hflunEsnVn®bKl'eTA[yYn . sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI20 Exkk˚da q~S1983 – sI†BIkarkat'bnƒy®BmEdnExµr®bKl'eTAevotNamCafIµeTot . q~S1984 – eL-DwkfU smaCikkariyal&yneyaVyyYnVnmkeFI√TsßnkicçenA kmı¨Ca ehIyVnBn¥l'ENnSehgsMrin-hflunEsnfa – etagman®KYsaryY nmYy®KYk~¨gcMeNam®KYsarExµrbYn®KYenATICnbT nig®KYsaryYnmYy®KYk~¨g cMeNam®KYsarExµrBIr®KYenAtamTI®bCMuCnnigtamTI®kugnana . sniΩsJÔaExF~Ë q~S1985 – sniΩsJÔakMNt'®BMEdnbnƒydIExµrCafIµeTot nigkaryl'®Bm[niKmyY ncUlmktSgTIlMenAelIEdndIExµr eday[ExµrCYypt'pg'sB√y"agdl'niK-6-

myYnfIµ@enH mankarykpÊHExµr (edjmças'ecj) dkdIFI¬[eTAniKmyYnTSg enaHpg . q~S1985 – emdwknSevotNamVn®bkasfa sniΩsJÔamYysI†BIkarlb'bMVt'®BMEd nrvagevotNamnigkmı¨Ca . sniΩsJÔaenHCameF¥aVyrbs'evotNam[ni KmyYnfIµ@cUlmktSgTIlMenAeday®sbc∫ab'elITwkdIExµr EfmelIcMnYnniKmyYncas'CitBIrlannak'kalBIminTan'mansniΩsJÔaenH . sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI20 Exkk˚da q~S1988 – hflun-Esnnigeg√øg-kUfac'VncuHhtƒelxaelIsniΩsJÔaenH EdlsI†BI karrkdMeNaH®sayvivaT®BM®bTl'Edn rvagsaFarNrdΩsgmniymevotNamnigsaFarNrdΩ®bCamanitukmı¨Ca ehIyVncuHhtƒelxaelIkicç®Bm e®BogmYyeTotsI†BIl&k≈ni†k:®BMEdnfIµ´n®beTsTSgBIr . q~S1991 – niKmyYnk~¨g®sukExµrmancMnYneLIgdl'bIlannak'ehIy @VnTTYl sJÇatiCaCatikmı¨Ca BIrbbGay"gehgsMrin-hflunEsnEfmeTot . cab'BImat'smu®TeLIgrhUteTAdl'®BMrYmbImum (Exµr-lav-yYn) eKVn bg≈itbegalsIma®BMEdncm©ayBI3eTA8KILËEm"®t cUlmkk~¨gdIExµr . kEn¬g x¬Hbg≈itcUldl'eTA30KILËEm"®tpg . eBlfIµ@enH tamry:rUbPaBp˚ayrNb (Satellite) EdlGaemrikSg ftVn@bJÇak'fa evotNamVnbg≈it®BMEdnExµrCafIµ edayVnCIkE®BkmYyTTwg25Em"®t cm©ay550KILËEm"®t tambeN†ay®BMEdnext†kMBt kat' tamext†taEkv kN†al ´®BEvg s√ayerog kMBg'cam . ®bCaraÂs†Exµrk*®tUv Cab'kMENnCamYyraÂs†yYn k~¨gkardΩanCIkE®Bk «vijetTI2» enHEdr . k~¨g eBlGb'rMneyaVyBYkGay"gehg-sMrin ®KUyYnVnBn¥l'ENnS[BYk ehg-sMrineyaKyl'GF¥a®s&ydl'®BMEdnfIµrvagevotNam-kmı¨CaenH sMu kMu[nwkKiteTAdl'®BMEdncas'eFI√GI√ .

karbMp¬ajsm∫ti†sil∫:vtƒ¨ buraNvb∫Fm·Exµr k~¨grbbb"ul-BtkML¨gbIq~S®VMbIEx´m∏´f© ‰ksarGkßrsaÂs†Exµr®tUvbn Exµr®khmbMp¬ajecalexÊcxIÊ eday[®bmUlyktam®Kb'vt†Garam nUv®kSg KmIır saÂs†as¬wkrwt cMNarBuTÏsasna kMNaB¥TUnµan erOgsaÂs†aEl∫g saÂs†aerOgburaNnana ( saÂs†as¬wkrwtBYkGaFmiLbJÇa[ykeTAedreFI√mY kJk'sÊËgnig®cUt®sUv˘˘˘

‰®kSg®kas'@®kdas'eFI√GMBIsMbkmn va®bmUl -7-

ykeTAdutecal˘˘˘ ‰esovePAvijBYkva[mUrVrICk' nigykeTAKrdutecal ( tamp¬ËvVt'dMbg-sIusupun-cMkareck ) CaBiesssaÂs†acarBI®bvti†saÂs† Exµr EdlBMuTan'VneFI√karsikßa®sav®CavenAeLIy tamTIsƒansMxan'@x¬HdUc Ca tamvt†GaramtMbn'fµBYk bnÊayqµar˘˘˘ tamvt†GaramxagtaEkv GgrbUrI, VP~M, vt†har, kac'reTH (cMNarBI®bvti†ecABjasÂgamhuk, vt†e®tol rMlg (cMNarBIerOgrbs'åkjaeteCamas æeteCa®khmk)˘˘˘CaedIm . sm∫ti†Gkßr saÂs†enH KYr[esaks†ayCaBn'eBk nigrkrkGI√mke®bobBMuVn . tSgBIra b'ryq~SmkehIy eTaHbImancMVMgrSgCl'fMy"agNak*eday k*sm∫ti†vb∫Fm· GkßrsaÂs† ®bvti†saÂs†TSgGs'enaH VnenAKg'vg'tamvt†Garamnana rhUtmk. rbbBYkeq√gniymhYsehtulIlaBulk†ÁcxuseKmYysklela k dwknS®sukmindl'bYnq~Spg k*bJÇa[bMpi¬cbMp¬ajnUvekr†m i_ rtkCatiExµrTSg enaHGs'rlIg . ekr†m i_ rtkxag‰ksarGs'TSgenaH eyIgminGacnwgrkmkvi jVnesaHeLIy . erOgKYr[GaeNacGF·mmYyeTot KWsm∫ti†sil∫: cm¬ak'fµ rUbbdimakr tam®VsaTbuerGgrnana ®tUvbMp¬icbMp¬ajdUcteTA – 1- sm&yExµr≤sßr: – BYkGtiExµr≤≤sßr:Vnniyayfa k~¨gkartsflUCamYyVrSg BYkeKVnKa s'ykburaNvtƒ¨bdimatamburaNsƒanbuerGgrk~¨gtMbn'rnamdUnsM Vt'dMbg åt†rmanC&y ykeTAlk'[QµÁjesom ykluyeTATijkSePI¬gc∫SgCamYy VrSgx¬H nigTukCasm∫ti†pÊal'rbs'emExµr≤sßr:eFI√CaG~kman .

2- sm&ysIhnu-ln'nl' – ecAh√ayGnuext†bnÊayqµar hflul-Tn, tamesckI†®bkas[karNr_ bs elaksµi¨k-ey ( naycMNg'enAfµBYkq~S1971-72 ), Vn[TahanKas' ykbdimakrsÌat@ tamburaN®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[BYkesom . k~¨grbr rksIubMp¬ajCati k∫t'CatienH eKmaneFI√lansMgat'sMrab'åTÏm∏aKc®kcuHenA k~¨g´®BCitbnÊayqµar . eBlyb'eTIbåTÏm∏aKc®kesomcuHmkdwkykbdima krExµrenaH . k~¨gerOglYcburaNvtƒ¨ExµrenHmanecAh√ayext†esk-sMeGot VncUlhflunCamYypg . CnNa TahanNaEdldwgerOgenH ®tUvhflulTn[eBCŒXatykeTA®kEblecalGs'

.

tamsMdIelaksµi¨k-ey

fahflul TnVnsm¬ab'bMbwTmat'kUnTahannigG~k®sukGs'e®cInNas' . elaksiµ¨k eyVnbEnƒmfa hflul-TnCaCnk∫t'Cati bMp¬ajCatielx1 . eda ykarkab'sm¬ab'bMbwTmat' nigGMNacp†ac'karx¬SgeBkenaHenAcugq~S 19 72 Ta hank*bHeVrrksm¬ab'hflul-Tnecal EtemBukrlYyesk-sMeGot (1) VnykåTÏm∏aKc®keTAcuHenAfµBYkrMedaHkUnCwgx¬ÁnenH rYcehIyykeTAdak' [lYcCa tienAbr´b"lineTot . CnenH‰gEdlkwbbMVt'ykt∫ËgTMgn'Cag bI rykar"atenaH . ®BHeks®BHBuTÏrUb®bknaKbIGgenAk~¨g®VgkMBUlP~MVNn' nigk∫alG -8-

sur:T T√arVl®tUveKlYc . enACitPUmiGUr®VsaT nayTahans&ki†®VMVnnS TahaneTAb¬n'ykrUbta®Bhµnig®BHPKens . kUn®VsaTbuerGgrmYyenA k~¨gdub´®B Tl'muxbnÊayswkrgsIusupun ®tUvBYkTahanKas'ykbdimakar. enAfµBYk cm©ayBIrKILËEm"®tBI®BMEdn kUn®VsaTbuerGgrCa®VgfµTSg mUlmYy®tUvesomykåTÏm∏aKc®kmksÊËcykeTAtMerobenAk~¨gdIesomeTA k~¨ gsm&y®BHGgexµA …åkjakfafnesk-sMeGot .

3- sm&yExµr®khm – BYkExµr®khm tam®TwsI†bdivt†nv_ b∫Fm·rbs'cwkem"A (“Exµr®khm) BYk TmiLenHVnbMp¬ajsm∫ti†bUraNenHy"age®cIn≤tKNna . BYkva®bmUl yktamvt†GaramnUvbdimakrtUcFM dwktamLan®TugykeTAdUrGMbilCamYy esom …e®bg≤nÏn: . vt†bUraNVNn'e®kammanbUraNvtƒ¨Cae®cIn manbdi ma®BHBuTÏrUb®bknaKBIrq¬ak'BIfµPk' ( Sandstone ) kMBs'BIrEm"®t tSgBIst vtßTI14mkem"¬H nigbdimakrCae®cIneTottMkl'Tukk~¨gvihar . k~¨gbrievNvt† manbUraNvtƒ¨Cae®cIn man®BHBuTÏrUbsl'EtEP~nTMhMb"un®BHBuTÏrUbenA®Vsa tV"li´L e®JHTIsƒanVNn'CakEn¬gEdl®BHVTC&yvrµ&nTI7Vnksag åTiÊsdl'BuTÏsasna e®kayBIb®g˚abkarbHeVrenAtMbn'enHrabTabmk . BY kExµr®khmVnerIsykBuTÏrUbtUc@eTAdUresomykGMbil yke®bgsSg m"asflUt ‰bdimakrFM@BYkvavaykMeTcecal CJÇËnykeTAcak'ecalk~¨gsÊwg e®JHBYkCnsaman¥Gs'enHva®tUvkaryk®BHvihareTAeFI√CamnIÊrBiesaFn_ eB T¥vHeJHmnusßrs' [sisßeBT¥l©itl©g'va

sikßaBIviCÇaeBT¥Cak'Es†g .

sarmnIÊrvt†eJFival ®tUvBYkvaerIbMp¬ajykbUraNvtƒ¨eTAdUresom ykvihar eFI√CamnIÊrXMuXSg˘˘˘. ®VsaTvt†‰kP~MEdlCas~a´d®BHVTåTyaTit¥avr&µnk sagk~¨gq~S910 Vn®tUvBYkTmiLGn†rFanGs'enH ykeFI√CaKukXMuXSgExµr EdlBYkvacat'TukfaCasMNl'BukrlYy´nrbbsgmcas' ‰CJÇSgeFI√BIfµ Vye®komEp~kxagt∫Ëg®VsaT®tUvBYkvaerIKas'vaybMEbkykeTAcak'®kal f~l'BIvt†‰kP~MmkJm‰k mkTI®bCMuCndUnTav . karbMp¬icbMp¬ajvtƒ¨bUraN ®VsaTbUraNExµr vt†GaramVneFI√eLIgTUTSg®beTsExµr KWCakarbMp¬aj®KwH sgmExµr[sabsUn¥bg' smtambMNgrbs'emdwknSyYnhU-CImijEt m†g .

4- sm&yyYn-ehgsMrin / hflunEsn – BYkyYnVnerIyksm∫ti†KruP&NÎtamvt†nana rUvcm¬ak'tam®VsaTTen¬V TI, P~MCIsUr, GgrbUrI˘˘˘ sarmnIÊrsalarcnadwkykeTA®sukvabwgbn†ykeTA lk'enAhugkug BYkehg-sMrink*lYcKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨ykeTAlk'[eso m-yYnEdr . BYkyYnVnKas'ykekadimasenAectiytMkl'®BHsarIrikFatu enAmuxsƒaniyrfePI¬g®kugP~MeBj . BYkvalYcykk∫al®BhµBIk~¨gsarmnIÊr vt†eJFival˘˘˘.

5- BYkclnatsflUExµr – -9-

emBYkclnatsflUreb"HreV"HtSgBIq~S1978mk suTÏEtrs'eday[BYkTahanKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[esom b¬n'raÂs†ykmas eB®C . kUnTahanrbs'sI√-eFOn, sB√´f©rs'®kugtakUm"a (rdΩva"siunetan)Vn niyayfa – sI√-eFOnVn[TahancUHeTAKas'mkbdima …vayyk®BHeks (k∫alG~kta) ykmklk'[esom . sB√´fTahanr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘x¬HkMBugEtbMpicbMp¬ajKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨BI®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[esomEdr dUcCaåt†mesniy´L-vir: rYmCamYyTahanvresniyeTavibul eTAKas'bUraNvtƒ¨enA ®VsaTyagdgM (sarBt·manGgrbUrI cuH´f©TI31 mkra 1991), elakEkmEcg, s&ki†bYnsIufa, eQµaH´q nigelakp˚aymYyXYn-erOn VnKas'ykrUb bdimaelakekets√r:®Bhsƒ®VM kMBs'BIrEm"®tBIrtwk eTAlk't´f¬CamYy´f Cat´m¬7lanVt (sarBt·manGgrbUrIcuH´f©TI31 mkra 1991) CaedIm˘˘˘. kUnsem†csIhnu, nerat†m-c®kBgß, k*CaemxagbMp¬ajvtƒ¨buraNExµrm~a k'Edr edaybJÇa[kUnTahaneTAKas'ykburaNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTnana mkl k'[BYkQµÁjesom . TijpÊHt´m¬1lanVtenAsurin[®bBnÏCati´f ( ®bBnÏ TI6 ) ®bBnÏ®VMeTotnigkUnenAV"rIs_ . kMNt' – tMbn'PaKxaglicext†Vt'dMbg fµBYk sMbUredaybUraN®VsaTbu erGgrCae®cIn xÊg'Cit®VMrykEn¬g . ®VsaTbuerGgrGs'TSgenaHe®cInksagBI≤dΩ ®tUvVk'EbkrlMKrCaBMnUk CaTYlG~kta kb'TSgrUbbdimakrenAk~¨g BMnUkenaH . TIbUraNsƒanGs'TSgenaHenABMuTan'VneFI√kMNay®sav®CavenA eLIyk~¨gsm&yekaHsni†PaBrbbsem†csIhnuenaH . esomEtgEtcUlmk lYcCIkKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTGs'enaHCaerOy@dUcCa ®VsaTkMEB g®Jvcm©ayxÊg'db'KILËEm"®txaglics√ayeck, ®VsaTembuN¥, ®VsaT bnÊayTabk~¨g®kum®VsaTbnÊayqµarCaedIm˘˘˘. ebIExµr®Kb'K~a ®Kb'rbb ®Kb'nin~akarnSK~abMp¬ajCati‰gy"agenH etIBYk eKnSK~aeTArMedaHCati …k*nSK~aeTArMedaHykGMNacedIm∫IbMp¬ajCati ?

(1) CaCnBukrlYyCageKmYyk~¨grbbsaFarNrdΩln'-nl' rksIu (minVc'manedImTun) rt'BnÏCa mYynayTunFM@enAVt'dMbgdwkTSgTU@reTHePI¬g rksIuCamYysug-sak'k~¨gkarkab'´®BeQIExµr ykeTAlk'enA®sukesom emlYcburaNvtƒ¨ExµreTAlk'[QµÁjesom . edayBukrlYyx¬SgeBk k*®tUvp¬as'ecjk~¨gq~S1974 (CMnYsedayåt†mesniysr-ehar) EtVnniyay®Vb'BYknayTun enAVt'dMbg rdΩkarext†nana ®KUbe®gonfa xM∆¨nwgvil®tLb'mkvijCaecAh√ayext†Vt'dMbgdEdl . Emnesk-sMeGotVnvilmkvijenAedImq~S1975 BukrlYyelIsedIm . CaecAh√ayext†CYy T&Bsem†c“ (BYkExµr®khm) edaydwkkSePI¬g ®Kab'ral'@Ex eTAp†l'[Exµr®khm BI8eTA10Lan GMC Tahan . CaeBCŒXatsMlab'bMbwTmat'raÂs†Exµr CnNaEdldwgBIGMeBIk∫t'Catirbs'esksMeGot nwg®tUvBYk´ddl'®kEblecal dUcCakUnTahanBIrnak'enAbnÊay´®B®CUk (p¬ËvBIsIusupun eTA®kLaj') EdlhflansUrembJÇakareQµaHm"a-GUn BIerOgdwkkSePI¬gnig®Kab'cUleTAk~¨gtMbn'xµSg . CaCnelµaP®sI, k~¨gkariyal&yext† esk-sMeGotmanelxaFikarpÊal'x¬Án suTÏCa®sIekµg@cM nYn7nak', man®bBnÏcugC√aenAcMkarsMerag,

[eKrk®sI@ykmk[dUcCakUnkat'cinyYnenApßar

-10-

e®kam p¬ËvelxBIrkn¬H ykmk[esk-sMeGotk~¨gl©acmYyenAm"UEtlext†e®kaysalaTkßiN ( l©acenaHesµrkMBugGg¨yelgenAeCIgm"afµmuxpÊHCYl, pÊHelakm"at'-erOmG~keFI√katcinyYn ) . ta mEj"rsaÂs†acar¥kUlab-salIrt~EtminVn EtVnsaÂs†acar¥ecjq~S1973m~ak'enAviT¥al&y Gflab-XuteTAvij . Tak'TgVnG~k®KUbzmsikßam~ak'eQµaHtan'-yk'sflanenATkßiNsala ( Eco le primaire groupe sud ) Tl'muxvt†kMEpgehIyTijpÊHenAkac'®CugsalaTkißN nigp¬ËveTAbr´b"lin nigkUnLanhugdamYy[eTotpg . edaysarCnenHe®bIGMNacCiHCan'p†ac'kar dUcCaes† c®taj'dab-QYn …kfafnQMu (es†c®taj'cuge®kaybgÌs', tMNTI5´n®tkUlecAh√aEbn Edn Vt'dMbg cg√at'bUJ·´nraCaNac®k´f) enaHeTIbesk-sMeGot manrhsßname®kAmYyeTot Edl G~kVt'dMbgdak'[fa ®BHGgexµA .

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CMBUkTI1

rMlwk®bvti†saRs† edaysarEtCem¬aHrvagraCvgßkß®tExµr Edlcg'esayraC¥ eTIbbN†a l[mankare®CotE®CkBIbreTsCitxag EdlcUlmkCYyc∫SgdeNI†mraC¥ [kß®tExµr rYcehIyTaryksrKuN edaysMuykext†enH-ext†enaHeTACa rbs'esom…rbs'yYn . ®beTsExµrk~¨gstvtßTI18-19 Vnk¬ayeTACa®B lancMVMgrvagT&BesomnigT&ByYn . ®bCaraÂs†s¬ab'hinehac®Jt'bg bÌËn kUnecAKµaneBlEl˙ . eBlesomfyeTA®sukvij esomEtgEte Kor yk®KYExµr b¬n'®bmUlykePaK®TB¥ExµrminEdlxan . k~¨gGtItkal raÂs† ExµrminEdlsal'sni†PaBesaH . edaysar®BHraCaGgcnÊcgsıanem®tInwgyYn eTIbnS[®BHGnuCGgGium nig®BHGgdYgePosrt'eTA®beTsesom . ®BHecAGFiraCyYnmij-m"agVn cat'emT&BeQµaHe®TOg-mijy"ag nST&BcUlmktSgenAk~¨g®sukExµr tames ckI†sMurbs'es†cExµrGgcnÊ edIm∫IkarJrGMNaces†cenHE®kgT&B´fcUlmk yayI . ®BHecAyYnmanbMNgnwgyk®sukExµrTSgmUleFI√CaEdndIyYn TukCa rnSgedIm∫ITb'Tl'CamYyesom EdlkaleNaHk*CaGaNac®kx¬SgBUEkmYy Edr enAk~¨gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . min®Kan'EtmanEkalbMNgcg'yk®sukExµr b"ueNˆaHeT es†cyYnVnerobcMEpnkar eFI√yYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†Exµr bM Vt'vb∫Fm· GariyFm· ®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaT GkßrsaÂs† rebobes¬økJk' eJlKWyYn®tUvEtbMVt'nUvGI√@TSgGs'EdlCaExµrecalecj ehIybg≈M[ ExµrsikßaPasayYnEfmeTot edIm∫IsMrYldl'karTak'Tg . k~¨g‰ksaryYn eKehAExµrfa Ganar¥Cn ( Barbarians ) KWCnEdlminsal'Gar¥Fm·rugerOg … Cn´®B´pß . karelIkyk®bvti†saÂs†®tg'vKenHmkPÇab'Cabzmehtuk~¨gkarsresr enH KWxM∆¨maneKalbMNgcg'[ExµrTSgGs' yl'nigVndwg[c∫as'fa yYn VnerobcMnigbMVt'CatiExµr elb®sukExµr rMlayvb∫Fm·Exµrc∫as'Nas' . ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTot xM∆¨cg'bg˙ajfa yYneKVnsikßa eFI√viPaKnUvkarbra C&yrbs'dUntaeK k~¨gkarEdleFI√yYnUbniykmµminsMerc mkelI®beTsExµr k~¨gq~S1840 . ehtuenHehIy eTIbemdwknSyYnhU-CImij VnerobcMEpnkar eFI√yYnUbniykmµ®beTsExµrsarCafIµm†geTot EdlmanEcgenAk~¨gbN†ShUCImij ( Ho's testament ) k~¨geKaledA®tYt®taGasIuGeK~yT _ SgmUl . ehtuEdlxM∆¨elIkyk®bvti†saÂs†®tg'eNHmkrMlwk e®JHcg'bg˙ajBI eKalbMNgBit®Vkdrbs'yYnmkelI®sukExµr . kalenaH®BHecAyYnVn ecjraCbJÇa[emT&ByYnGnuvt†EpnkaryYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†Exµr nig -12-

®beTsExµr Edl‰ksaryYnVnsresrBI®BHraCbJÇamij-m"ageTAT&B®BH Gg (1) fa – BYkGnar¥Cn (k~¨g®sukExµr ) Vnk¬aymkCakUnecArbs'eyIgehIy≤LË venH ehIyelak®tUvEtCYyBYkeK ehIybe®goneKGMBITMenomTm¬ab'rbs'eyI g˘˘˘ CaåTahrN,_ eyIgVnæmkfa dI(ksikmµ)sMbUrehIymanCIrCatiNas' ehIysMbUreKa(sMrab'PÇÁr)˘˘˘ b"uEn†®bCaCnKµankarecHdwgBIksikmµ(Tan's m&y)esaH, eKe®bIEtcb®tesH cbkab' CaCage®bIkm¬SgeKa . eKeFI√E®sEd l®Kb'®Kan'[eKbriePaKBIrdgk~¨gmYy´f© EteKmins†¨k®sUvTukeT . vtƒ¨Edl ®tUvkarcSVc'ral'´f©dUcCa sMBt'Gav, sU®t, Ta nig®CUk´f¬x¬SgNas'˘˘˘. vtƒ¨ kMrGs'enH KWbN†almkBIExµrxiÇl˘˘˘ ehIybJÇarbs'eyIgcMeJHelakKW b e®gonBYkeK[ecHe®bIeKa, be®gonBYkeK[ecHbegI˚npl®sUv[Vne®cIn, b e®gonBYkeK[ecHdSedImmn, ecHciJçwm®CUknigTa˘˘˘. ehIycMeJHPasavij elak®tUvEtbe®gonBYkeK[ecHniyayPasaevotNam . (rebob)es¬økJk' nige®bItutamTMenomeyIg k*®tUEtBYkeKeFI√tamEdr . ebIsinCamanTMenomTMlab'NahYssm&y …CaTMenomTMlab'Edl´®B´pß k*KYrEtEksMrYl …k*b®g˚abkMu[egIbrYc (1) .

yYnUbniykmµ …dMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglic e®kayEdl®BHGgcnÊsuKtedayeraKcuHmYlk~¨gq~S1834(2) elI®BHTI nSgnavakMBg'ekaHs¬aEktmk emT&ByYnGugelA…e®TOg-mijy"ag VnelIk kß®tIGgmIu Cabu®tIbnÊab'[eLIgesayraC¥ edayminykkß®tIEbnbu®tITI1 eT e®JHeKecaTfak∫t' eday®BHmatart'eTAesomCamYy®BHGgGiumnig®BH GgÌdYg . elak David P. Chandler Vn®sg'‰ksaryYnEdlsI†BIkarelIkkß®tI GgmIuenH ®tg'TMB&r125fa – « edIm∫IeFI√CaGFibtIk~¨gkarEtgtSgkß®tIGgmIu enH es†cyYnmiujm"ag VnbJÇËnmÂnI†yYnmkBI®kug´®BnKr ehIyenAk~¨g eragBiFIEdleKsg'eLIgedIm∫I®VrB√karEtgtSgenaH kß®tIGgmIu®BmTSgGa nuCTSgGs'®tUvQrEbr®BHPÂk†eqıaHeTATisxageCIg ®bQmnig®BHraCsar rbs'es†cyYnEdlGnuJÔat[®BHnagesayraC¥ . k~¨geBlenaHtMNagni gGs'mÂnI†yYnQrEbrmuxeTATisxagt∫Ëg dUcEdl®BHecAGFiraCyYnEtg eFI√y"agenH enAk~¨g®BHraCvSg®BHGg‰®kugeh√enaH » . kalVneLIgesayraCk~¨gq~S1835

enaH®BHnagKµanGMNacGI√esaH

(1) G~k®bvti†saÂs†bsçwm®beTssal'fa eQµaHe®TOg-mijy"ag Et‰ksarExµrsal'faeQµaH eg√og-yuSgFuy ( Nguyen Van Thuy ) ehAe®kAfa GugelA@ .

(2) ‰ksarmhabursExµrTMB&r1048 ‰esovePAelakedvId-qan'l&rfa q~S1835 .

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karcat'EcgkicçkarEpndI KWBYkesnabtIEdlsiƒtenAe®kamkar®tYt®tarbs' e®TOg-mijy"agTSgGs' . e®TOg-mijy"agVntSgbnÊay®tYt®taenAP~MeBj ehIy®tiHriHrkEt{kaslÌedIm∫Iyk®beTskmı¨CaeTAeFI√Ca®sukrbs' yYnb"ueNˆaH (2) .

GugelAk*cab'Gnuvt†EpnkaryYnUbniykmµrbs'®BHecAmij-m"ag . edIm∫I sMerckicçkarenH es†cyYnVndak'T&ByYncMnYn50,000(®VMmWun)nak'®tYt®ta elI®sukExµr manbnÊayFMenAP~MeBj nigenAext†eJFisat' . kalebIdUec~H GMNacEpndITSgmUlk*F¬ak'mkelIkN†ab'´dyYnTSgGs' (3) . yYnVnbeJçjGMNacy"ageXareXAmkelIraÂs†Exµr KWbg≈MmÂnI†Exµr[ es¬økJk'CayYn [raCkarExµrrkes∫øgGaharciJçwmTahanyYn yYnVn ebotebonyayI®BHBuTÏsasna edj®BHsgÙExµr[cuHecjBIvt† (3) [®BH sgÙExµres¬økJk'dUc®BHsgÙyYn [kab'edImeJFi rMlayvt†GaramExµryk eTAsg'viharyYn bMp¬aj®BHBuTÏbdimakr [raÂs†ExµrmÂnI†ExµreronPasayYn niges¬økJk'tamyYn ( CaåTahrN_ KWsMNl'GavbMBg'Evg Edl®sIExµr minvHcMehogdUcCaGavpay®sIyYneT EbrCaedrPÇitCab'K~aeTAvij Exµrx¬Hy l'®cLMfaCaGavExµrbUraN ) yYnp¬as'eQµaHTI®kugP~MeBj [ehAfa « NS y"ag » (4) KWyYnerobcMrMlayvb∫Fm· GkßsaÂs† TMenomTMlab'Exµr nigsa snaExµrCamun e®JHvaCa®KwHEdl®T®Tg'nUvkarrs'ran´n®bCaCatiExµrnig®beTsExµr . k~¨gkarGnuvt†nE_ pnkarenH yYnVnbJÇËns~gkarneyaVydb'®VMmYy nak' ®kmkarcitsibnak' nig®KUdb'nak'mkP~MeBj edIm∫IerobcMs~Ël´nEp~krdΩ Vl®tYt®ta®sukExµr . eKEckEpnkareKCabYnvK – vKTI1- KWerobcMext†ExµrCafIµ edaydkecAh√ayext†Exµrecj rYcdak'ecA h√ayext†CayYn . ®sukExµrk¬ayeTACaext†yYnehAfa ®tan' tayfaj' . ex t†TSgGs'®tUvdUreQµaHExµrecj ehIydak'eQµaHCaJk¥yYnCMnYsvij . k~¨g karerobcMenH yYn®tUvrk[mans~gkarf~ak'TabxÊg'´m∏nak' EdlmancMeNHxa geFI√E®s nigxagviCÇaCanayTahan edIm∫IdwknSraÂs†Exµr nigdwknS®tYt®ta ext†ExµrTSgGs' . vKTI2- KWebIkEpnkarvaysMrukB®gIkbg˚begI˚npl, bg˙at'BlTahan Exµr[Vne®cInsMrab'Tb'nwgesom nigs†¨k®sUvTuk[Vne®cInedIm∫IciJçwm kgT&ByYn . vKTI3- karbe®gonExµr[ecHPasayYn edIm∫IsMrYldl'karTak'TgK~a . vKTI4- KWCakarCMrujEpnkareFI√GaNaniKm®sukExµr edayykniKmCn cin nigG~keTasyYn [mktSgTIlMenA@elITwkdIExµr edIm∫Ibe®gonTMenomTM lab'yYndl'®bCaCnExµr[eFI√tam .

(3) tamesovePAseg≈bBgßavta®beTskmı¨Carbs'elakr˘eKaviT faemT&ByYnFM@manbInak'KW e®TOg-mijy"ag, pS-v¥"agy"ag nig v¥"ag-Ng .

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GugeFogKun ( e®TOg-mijy"ag ) GKembJÇakaryYn kalVnCaFMenA ®sukExµrehIy VnerobcMKMeragkary"agc∫as'®VkdNas' k~¨gkaryk®su kExµreFI√Ca®sukyYn . vt†man®BHåbraC(Gium) nig®BHGgdYgenAext†Vt'dMb g Caåbs&KmYyrarSgdl'KMeragkarNe_ mT&ByYnenH (5) . kalenaH®BH ecAesomVncat'[®BHGgGiummkKg'enAext†Vt'dMbg nig®BHGgdYgmkKg' enAext†mglbUrI . e®Tog-mijy"agk*rkåVyklepßg@ nigykyYncMNg®BHhsƒEdles†cyYnVnf√aymk®BHGgcnÊenaHCaP~ak'garnSlixit nigniyayeVk®BHGgGiumCasm©at' fa[®BHGgGiumrt'cUleTA®sukExµrcuH yYnnwgf√ayraCsm∫ti† . edaycg'esayraC¥ ®BHGgGiumk*TUlbg˚ac'®BHG gdYgfa ®bugk∫t'bMrugrt'cUlyYn . ®BHecAesom ®BHBuTÏLitLanPal&y k* cab'®BHGgdYgdak'kI†ykeTA®kugeTB (®kugVgkk) . edIm∫Irt'eTA®sukExµr enaH ®BHGgGiumVncab'yk®kmkarext†Vt'dMbg KWelakVLat'rs'eTACa mYypg k~¨gq~SrkanB√s&kK˘s˘1837 . ®BHGgekoryk®KUExµrtamp¬Ëverog mkdl'eJFisat' . enATIenaHyYnk*cab'XMu®BHGgGium®BmTSgraCvgßanuvgßnSmkP~MeBj dl'eBlyb's©at'k*nS®BHGgGiumnig®BHjaticuHeTA´®BnKr rYcbn†ykeTAXMuTukenA®kugeh√eTA . es†cyYneFov-®TI VnecjraCsarmk e®TOgmijy"agenAP~MeBjbJÇËnsem†cecAh√aTl˙:L¨g1sem†cecABjahflU1 åkja®kLaehamman'1 [cuHeTAKal'es†cenA®kugeh√ rYcXMuesnabtIExµr TukenATIenaH . e®kaymke®TOg-mijy"agcat'esnaTahan[XMux¬Ánkß®tIG gmIu GgEbn GgeBA nigGgs©Án nSykeTA®sukyYnCasm©at'eTot . eTA dl'®kuglg'ehar GugdugdukecAh√ayext†@lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) bJçËn Etkß®tbIGgeTA®kugeh√ Xat'Tuk®BHGgEbne®JHvaecaTfak∫t'va ehIyk* eFI√Kt®BHGgEbn eday®CmuCTwksm¬ab'enA®suklg'eharenaHeTA (6) .

EpnkardkecAh√ayext†Exµr nigkarcab'kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµr ykeTAXMuTukenATI®kugeh√ CabuB√ehtueFI√[Exµrkan'Etyl'c∫as'fa yYn®bu grMlay®beTsExµrEmnETnehIy . esckI†ek†A®khayk*ekItmaneLIgTUTSg®beTsExµr . raÂs†Exµr®Kb'ext† niKmCnbTCMnMuK~akCasµ&®KbkßBYk BI´m∏ hasib …mYyrynak' dwknSedayemEdleKTukcit† bHeVr®cYl®cbl'k~¨ gkML¨gExkJÔanigtula1840 . k~¨gkarbHeVrenH emsµ&®KbkßBYkEtg®bCMu Tak'TgK~aeTAvijeTAmk . karbHeVrCadMbUg elcecjmkBImM†¨ext†PaKxag ekIt®kugådug tamCYrmat'Ten¬ manext†l√a‰m, ®sIsQr, ext†kN†alsÊwg ext†eKons√ay, ext†xßac'kN†al, ext†P~MeBjCaedIm . enAeBlEdlVn dMNwgfa yYnVncab'esnabtI kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµrVt'eTAehIy . dMNwgenHVnpßB√pßayy"agrh&s BI®sukmYyeTA®sukmYy BIext†mY yeTAext†mYyeTot . k~¨gkML¨gExåsPa1841 karbHeVrVneLIgdl'krM i tCaGtimrima. emsµ&®KbkßBYkk*snµt'K~abHeLIg®Bm@K~ak~¨gkML¨gevla8´f© elIkK~aeTAeLamB&TÏbnÊayyYnnana®Kb'®sukext†XMutMbn' kab'sm¬ab'yYn TS -15-

gsIuvilTSgTahan enA®Kb'TIkEn¬gEdleKCYb®bTH . KmnaKmnr_ vagTI®ku g®tUvdac' . BYkExµrbHVneLanB&TÏT&ByYn EdlGac®tYt®taEtTI®kug ‰kg T&ByYntSgenAdac'®sy"al manesckI†PitP&yCax¬Sg . ®kumExµrbHx¬Hman TSg®BHsgÙCaemdwknSpg (7) cMnYnExµrbHeVrkalenaHeLIgdl'CagbImWun nak' EdleFI√[enT&Be®TOg-mijy"ag mindwgrkviFINaedIm∫ITb'Tl'nwgExµr bHeVr[Vns©b'eTAvijVn . (8) yYnEdlrYcCIvitBIT&BExµrbHeVr k*nSK~a rt'mk®CkCamYyT&BFMk~¨gbnÊayext†eJFisat' nigbnÊayFMenAP~MeBj . edaysMNUmBrBImÂnI†ExµrnigecAh√ayext†eJFisat' (9) sMu[®BHecA esom®BHNSgk¬avbJÇËn®BHGgdYg mke®sac®sg'®sukBIkN†ab'´dyYn enaH®BHecAk*bJÇa[Bjab:DineteCanST&Besom 15,000nak' dEg˙r®BHGg dYgcUlmk®sukExµr tamry:V Vt'dMbg nigekNÎraÂs†ExµrbJçËlCamYyT&B esom Vn35,000nak' elIkcUleTAeLambnÊayext†eJFisat'Vneday mWuncabecHeFI√®Kab'kSePI¬gFMVj'ep¬agcUlk~¨geqHbnÊayyYn emT&ByYnk*sMu cuHcaj' minhflanTTYlc∫Sg ®Tg'k*elIkT&BExµr-esombn†mkvaykMcat'yYn ecjBI®kugåd†¨gnigP~MeBjeTot . edayGs'sgÙwmnwgeFI√yYnUbniykmµ®sukExµr nigbraC&yk~¨gkarb"unb"g dak'®BHGgGium[esayraC¥vijenaH ( e®JHExµrElgeCO ) enAcugq~S1841 e®TOg-mijy"agk*dkfyT&ByYn yk®BHGgGium kß®tIGgmIu nig®BHraCvgßanuvgß ®BmTSgeKor®KYExµrCag®VMmYyJn'nak' cuHeTAEdnkmı¨Cae®kam rYc ehIyePpI∆lixiteTA®kugeh√ sMuTTYleTasEdleFI√karminVnsMerc rYcehI ye®TOg-mijy"agk*pwkf~SbMBuleFI√Gt†Xatx¬Áns¬ab'eTA (10) . es†cyYnk*bJÇËnemt&BeQµaH Gug xSsay dayfan' nST&BCae®cInnS ykeTA®BHGgGium nigkß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßExµr BIext†mat'®CUk mkTuk enAbnÊayP~MeBj . cMVMgrvagExµrnigyYn kalenaHmincaj'minQ~H eTIbem t&ByYnnigBjab:DinsuMcrcaK~aQb'c∫Sg ehIyTTYlsal'®BHGgdYgCa kß®tExµrTSgGs'K~a ehIysMu[yYn®bKl'kß®tIGgmIu ®BmTSgraCvgßanuvgß ExµrmkvijCaf~Ër nigeQI¬yswkyYn-camEdlesomXMuTukCaeQ¬Iykalmun enaH . edIm∫IesckI†suxdl'bN†araÂs† ®BHGgdYgk*suxcit†ykesomnig yYneFI√CaGaNaB¥aVlelI®sukExµr .

EpnkaryYnUbniykmµ®tUvbraC&y edayExµrVndwgx¬ÁnTan' EtedIm∫IkMu[ xatTn'x¬SgeBk yYnk*fyeTA EteTAtSgT&Bsg'bnÊaykan'kab'rkßext†Exµr Ednkmı¨Cae®kam CamSmYn tSgBI®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg mat'®CUk ®kmYn -s Jm Twk exµA Bllav ®BH®tJMg E®BkÚsßI˘˘˘ CaedIm . munnwgcUldl'EpnkaryYnUbniykmµ xM∆¨sUmrMlwk®tYs@Edr GMBIclna tsflUrbs'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam Edl®bqSgnwgneyaVybMVt'TMenomTMlab'Exµr bMputBUCExµrmças'®sukenAEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam .

-16-

viFankarEdlyYne®bIsm¬ab'Exµre®kam nigkarts~Urbs'Exµre®kam k~¨gq~S1776 ExµrenAPaKxage®kam´nEdnkUsSgsIunVnbHeVreLIg va ykMcat'yYnEdle®bIviFIeXareXAsm¬ab'Exµr ( ext†®BH®tJMg ) . eq¬øt{ka senaH ®BHGgnn'k*elIT&BExµrcUleTAvaydeNI†mykext†vijL¨g ( L ¨gehar ) nigext†mIufU ( em-s ) mkvij (11) . k~¨grCÇkal®BHGgcnÊTI2 (1806-1834 ) ®sbeBlEdl®BHGgmças' eg√øg-Gan ®bkasx¬ÁnCaes†cyYn ehIyc∫SgCamYyBYkyYnbHeVr´tsWn enaH ecAh√ayext†ExµrenAext†®BH®tJMgeQµaHåkjasYs Vne®kakeLIg ekNÎT&Bc∫SgbeN†jyYnQ¬anJn ‰es†cExµrEbrCabJÇËnT&BeTACYyes† cyYneTAvij . e®kaymkk~¨grCÇkalkß®tIGgmIu (1834-1841 ) edayQWcit†nwgyYn EdlyayIbMp¬ajTMenomTm¬ab' nig®BHBuTÏsasna elakecAh√ayKuy enA ext†®BH®tJMgVne®kakeLIgekNÎT&Bc∫SgbeN†jyYneTot edayman esnaCMnit®VMnak'KW PUQYyKg', hWµn‰k, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars' .

T&BelaktSgTIenAtMbn'p~ËrdUg . kartsflUrbs'elakecAh√ayKuy®tUvbraC&y e®JHPUQYyKg'k∫t'cUl´dnwgGuglUv emT&ByYnEdlsn¥afanwg[PUQY yKg'eLIgTICaåkjaCMnYsecAh√ayKuy . PUQYyKg'Vn®Vb'kicçkarGaf· kMVMgT&BecAh√ayKuydl'yYnGs'Kµansl' rhUtrkmeF¥aVysm¬ab'shkarIrYmtsflUCamYyK~a manhµWn‰k, tam"g', eTsaesam nigmenars'Gs' eTot . ecAh√ayKuy®tUvyYncab' rYcvaEtgtSgCaPUQYyva . eBlEdl®BH ecAyYnmij-m"agecjbJÔati[Exµre®kameVHbg'TMenomTm¬ab' ®BHBuTÏsas naefrvaT enaHelakecAh√ayVnTamTar®bqSgnwgkarEkE®benH elaksux cit†[yYnsm¬ab'elakcuH [EtyYn®Bmsn¥arkßaTukTMenomTMlab'®BHBuTÏsasna[Exµre®kam . GuglUvVn®bharCIvitåkjaKuyenAmuxsalaXMubin Dwk . ®bCaraÂs†VnyksBåkjaKuy mkeFI√buN¥bJç¨Hk~¨gectiymuxvt† eJFisalraC k~¨gext†®BH®tJMg . ‰PUQYyKg'Edlk∫t'ecAh√ayKuy k* ®tUvemT&ByYncab'dak'®Tugsm¬ab'ecalEdr . (12) k~¨gq~S1847 rCÇkal®BHGgdYg Exµrext†®BH®tJMgk~¨g®sukcab'ePI¬gm~a k'eQµaHeLam-esamVne®kakeLIgdwknSkartsflU®bqSgnwgyYn sgswkCY selakåkjaKuypg nigedjyYnecjBIkmı¨Cae®kampg . elakmanes na‰k esnae®Vj nigemOg-esamCaCMnYy . eLam-esamVnvayQ~H yYnehIyVnTSgsm¬ab'ecAh√ayext†yYnGugbUpg . T&BelakeLam-esa mvaycUldl'p~ËrdUg ehIyVnsm¬ab'yYnCae®cInpg . EtyYnVnbJÇËn T&By"age®cInmkBIext†xagekIt mkTb'T&BeLam-esam .

-17-

yYncab'eLam-

esamVndak'®TugykeTA®kugeh√ ehIyes†cyYneFov-®TI k*bJÇa[sm¬a b'elakeTA . (13) k~¨gKMeragkarvatTIcuHmkTisxaglic nigB®gwgsƒanPaByYnpg k~¨gq~S 1856 yYnsg'bnÊayy"agmSenATIrYmext†X¬SgVsak'(Soctrang ) . elak ecAh√ay®suksukVne®kakeLIgekNÎT&BvaykMcat'yYny"agk¬ahan®Kb' TIkEn¬gk~¨gtMbn'TMnb'nigkMBg'®tb' ( Thuan Hoa ) . k~¨gq~S1859 elakesnasYs enAext†X¬SgVne®kakeLIgtsflUvaykMcat'yYnenAmhaTb' (Hoa Thuan)) nigcugVLag ( An Ninh ) . k~¨gkartsflU CagbIq~S ExµrVnsm¬ab'åt†membJÇakaryYnBIrnak'pg mYyeQµaHGugLan'sm nigmYyeToteQµaHGugLan'-binsIu . Ete®kaymkelakesnasYsV n®tUvBYkcam EdlCasmınÏmit†yYnlYcbMBulelaks¬ab'eTA . k~¨gq~S1860 k~¨gext†X¬SgVsak' ( Soctrang ) manbgbÌËnBIrnak'eQµaH esnaTa esnaman' enAeLam BUy"a ( Nhu Gia ) Vne®kakeLIgekNÎT&Bt sflU EtedayT&ByYne®cInsnÏwkeBk elak®tUvbg≈MnST&BfyeTAPUmiL¨g fan' k~¨gtMbn'®ta xa ext†Bllav ( Baclieu ) rYcelakVnnST&Bvay®canyYnrhU tdl'JmbU lIv . edayyYnVnCMnYyT&Bcam C√ar EfmmkCae®cIneTot elakesnaTak*®tUvBYkC∆arVj'elakedaykSePI¬gs¬ab'CIviteTA . BlTaha nVnyksBelak eTAbJç¨HelIkUnekaHmYyEk∫rvt†ExµrenAEx√g bbil k~¨g ext†Bllav . sm&ye®TOg-mijy"ag®tYt®ta®sukExµrenaH ExµrnigyYn®tUvkarCacSV c'nUv E®Bkvijet edayCIkPÇab'BImat'smu®T cUlmkcm©ay53K˘m˘ . k~¨gkar CIkE®BvijetenH emT&ByYnVnTTYldavGaC∆aswkmYy nig®BHsg˙ar®taBI es†cExµr®BHGgcnÊ edIm∫I®tYt®takarCIkE®BkenaH . mnusßCab'kMENnman Exµr nigyYnlayK~a . eKEckCa®kumedIm∫IErkGacmd _ IecjBIk~¨gVtE®Bk . k~¨g®kumnimYy@manyYnm~ak'edIrmux yYnm~ak'edIre®kay nigyYnm~ak'eTotedIr kN†alCYr edIm∫IKk'…tb'[ExµredIreTAmux[elOn . yYnEtgrkerOgecaT Exµrfacg'rt'eKc …mineFI√karCaedIm rYcExµrenaH@k*®tUveTas ehIyykeTA kb'dI®twmkbI@nak' eFI√CamumeCIg®kandSEtGug . eBlEdlyYnvadutePI¬gdS EtenaH ExµrG~keTaserIbMrHedayek†AnwgePI¬g yYnvaE®skfa kMukMerIk « ®by&t~ kMBb'EtGug » KWdSEt[elakFMyYn . enHCarebobsm¬ab'Exµry"agsahav´®B´pß Exµr®Kb'@K~aEtgrMlwkerOg enH®Vb'tkUntecA CabuB√ehtueFI√[ExµrsÌb'yYnrhUtdl'≤LËv . dl'eBl CIkE®BkrYcehIy yYneKlYc®Vb'KI~K~aeKTSgGs'[dwgCamun ‰ExµreKmin[ dwgesaHeT . eKykX~agEvgmkdak'KabkExµrbn†K~adb'nak' ´m∏nak' …rab' rynak'edayykelsfa kMu[Exµrrt'ecalkMENnCIkE®Bk . rYcehIyemT& ByYnk*bJÇa[Tm¬aydImuxTMnb' [Twksmu®ThUrcUlE®BkCIkliclg's¬ab' ExµrvinasGn†rayGs'Kµansl'

e®JHkCab'X~agerIminrYc .

-18-

edaysarkar

sm¬ab'Exµry"ageXareXAEbbenaHehIy eTIbExµrenAtMbn'E®BkCIkvijet nig enAtMbn'CYrP~M®VMBIr manP~MBJl P~MGkyMCaedImekItesckI†QWcab'ek†A®kha ynwgyYnEdleFI√TaruNkmµkab'sm¬ab'Exµry"agsahav´®B´pßdUec~HenaH k* e®kakeLIg®bmUlKI~K~atsflUvaysgswknwgBYkyYn rhUtsm¬ab'VnemT&ByY n nigesnaTahanCae®cInnak' EdlVk'T&Brt'cuHBI®sukExµreTA . kartsflUrbs'Exµre®kammanmkCahUrEhrhUtmkdl'eBlfIµ@enH CaåTahrN´_ nkartsflUmYyk~¨gcugq~S1945 nigedImq~S1946CaedIm EdlyYnku mµ¨ynis†hU-CImij Vne®Kagsm¬ab'Exµre®kameTot . kartsflUenHVnekIt eLIgenAk~¨gEdndIs~† k~¨gext†X¬Sg nigk~¨gPUmiekaH®bhatk~¨gext†Bllav . k~¨gkML¨gExF~Ë 1945 yYneyokmijVnbeJœat®bCaCnExµr®bus@k~¨gPUmi ekaH®bhat y"ar"ay ep~aGEN†t dSKin dSyIuy E®BkhUrpug faykeTATTY lelakFM …faykeTAhat'h√wkh√Wn ehIybJçËlk~¨geragdak'®sUvCb"undut sm¬ab'TSgrs'Gs'rab'rynak' ®Kan'EtG~kPUmiep~aGEN†tEtmYymans¬ab'cMnY nEssibnak'eTAehIy (14) x¬HeTotBYkvabeJœat[eLIgelITUksmu®T rYc vaecaHBni¬cTUksm¬ab'Exµr . eyIgeXIjfa ®Kb'viFankarN_ yYneFI√karsm¬ab'ExµrCanicçKµanQb'Qr esaHeLIy . buB√ehtuedImKWmkEtBIes†cExµrekItvivaTK~adeNI†mraCbl¬g˚ deNI†mGMNacK~arvagraCvg߉g eTIbeTABwgyYn[mkCYy yYnk*Vnels enH‰gcUlmkkan'kab'ext†ExµrTSgLayenAkmı¨Cae®kam nigeFI√karkab'sm¬a b'rgal®bCaCnExµr EtGkuslExµrminecHpßaykarEdlyYnsm¬ab'ExµrenH dl'BiPBelakesaH .

evotNamUbniykmµkmı¨Cae®kam edayeFI√yYnnUbniykmµkmı¨CaelIminVnsMerc yYnVncUleTA®tYt®ta EdndIkmı¨Cae®kamCamSmYnmYyry: eBlEdlExµrkMBugEtsagx¬Án s†ar®beT sEdleTIbnwgrYcBImhn†rayedaysÂgam . tSgBI®BHecAmij-m"agrhUt ®BHecAy"a-L¨g es†cyYnVnGnuJÔat[Exµre®kameVHbg'ecalTMenomTMla b' GkßrsaÂs† kares¬økJk'CaExµr ®BmTSg®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaTpg . Ca dMbUgeKcab'EkE®beQµaHext†CaExµr dak'CaPasayYnvij . ext†ExµrenAkmı¨Ca e®kamTSgGs'man17ext† EtenACMnan'GaNaniKmVrSg eKVnEkE®beTACa 21ext† . ext†TSgLayEdlyYnVnEkE®bmandUcteTA – eQµaHCaExµr 1- ext†kMB b'®ska®tI …cg√ar®tJMg

eQµaHEkE®bCaPasayYn EkCa Bien Hua rYc Phuoc Thanh rYc Phuoc Long

2- ext†eragdMrI

EkCa Tay Ninh

3- ext†´®BnKr

EkCa Saigon rYc Gia Dinh Cholo rYc Ho Chi Minh -19-

4- ext†pßMGMebIs

EkCa Ben Tre rYc Kien Hoa

5- ext†em-s

EkCa My Tho rYc Dinh Tuong

6- ext†ekaHKg

EkCa Go Cong rYc Long An

7- ext†E®BkÚsßI

EkCa Can Tho rYc Phong Dinh

8- ext†lg'ehar

EkCa Vinh Long

9- ext†®BH®tJMg

EkCa Tra Vinh rYc Vinh Binh

10- ext†pßarEdk

EkCa Sadec rYc Kien Phong

11- ext†mat'®CUk

EkCa Chau Doc

12- ext†X¬Sg (Vsak')

EkCa Soctrang rYc Khanh Hung rYc Ba Xuyen

13- ext†TwkexµA

EkCa Camau rYc Quan Long rYc An Xuyen

14- ext†Jm

EkCa Hatien

15- ext†®kmYns

EkCa Rachgia rYc Kien Giang, Chuong Thien

16- ext†Bllav

EkCa Baclieu rYc Baclien

17- ext†JmVr"aC

EkCa Long Xuyen rYcCa An Giang

18- ext†taemak

EkCa Thudomot rYc Binh Duong, Binh Long

19- ®BHsYK·a

EkCa Baria rYc Phuoc Le, Phuoc Tuy, Binh Tuy

20- GUkab'

EkCa Cap St. Jacques rYc Vung Tau

21- (eQµaHfIµ )

EkCa Tan An

®suknigTIkEn¬gx¬HeTot EdlyYnVnEkE®bCaeQµaHyYnKW – val®BUs

EkCa Dong Nai

åkjaDin

EkCa Gia Dinh

ekaH®tLac

EkCa Con Son

ekaH®tl'

EkCa Phu Quoc

®sukGN†ËgTwk

EkCa Long Phu

sg˚at'E®BkKy

EkCa Rachgoi

sg˚at'E®Bkcak

EkCa Chac Vang

sg˚at'ep†AeBn

EkCa Lo Vieng

sg˚at'dgek†ag

EkCa Bai Gi

sg˚at'kUnEkÌk

EkCa Ngang Ho

sg˚at'edImeJFi

EkCa Lam Vo

sg˚at'xi√ntag

EkCa Dinh My

sg˚at'´dng

EkCa Lieu Tu -20-

sg˚at'tanav

EkCa Bang Lang

sg˚at'bwgGnßa

EkCa Bung Sa

sg˚at'Ten¬‰t∫Ëg

EkCa My Than

sg˚at'‰lic

EkCa Lich Hoi Thuong

sg˚at'ep~aGEN†t

EkCa Giang Noi .l.

rUbKMnUrEpnTIenH KUredayelakfac'-sflMu Gtitcagh√agGgrbUrI nigCaGtit®bFan smaKmExµrkmı¨Cae®kam ®bcSrdΩkalIh√&rnij"a

enAeQµaHExµrCae®cIneTotEdleyIgminGacdak'[®Kb'Vn

EpnTIEdndIkmı¨Cae®kamcMnYn17ext† Edlk¬ayeTACaevotNamxagt∫Ëg cMeJHEp~kxagt∫Ëg´®BnKr sPaGaNaniKmVrSgVnsMerc®bKl'eTA[®BH ecAe◊dayk~¨gyb'´f©TI21 åsPa q~S1949 . ( dk®sg'ecjBIsarBt·ma nGgrbUrI rdΩkalIh√&rnij"a GtƒbTrbs'elakfac'-bflunerOg ´f©TI15 mina 87) edaysarx√H‰ksar xM∆¨KµanlTÏPaBnwgerobrab'nUveQµaH ®suk XMu sg˚a t'TSgGs'enAEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam EdlyYnVnEkE®kCaPasayYnenaHeLIy.

yYnUbniykmµ®bCaraRs†Exµre®kam k~¨gsm&ye®TOg-mijy"ag EdlyYnVnGnuvt†Epnkaryk®sukExµreFI√ Ca®sukyYnenaH ‰ksaresomVnehAExµrfa «®bCaCnyYnfIµ» . bEnƒmelI karbg≈M[ExµreVHbg'TMenomTMlab' GkßrsaÂs† ®BHBuTÏsasnaefrvaTecal -21-

nig[ExµreronPasayYn es†cyYnVnbJÔat†[Exµre®kamTSgGs' ykEs®t kUleTAtamJk¥ Edles†cyYndak'[sMrab'ext†nimYy@ . enHCameF¥aVyedIm∫I[yYneKsal'ÚsKl'´n®bCaraÂs† «yYnkMeNItExµr»Gs'enaHEt b"ueNˆaHe®JHExµrext†nimYy@EtgmancritxusBIext†mYyeTot CaåTahrN_ ExµrEdlman®tkUlfac' e®cInmancit†E®b®bYl yksuxykrYcx¬Án ‰ExµrEdlman®tkUlsWne®cInmancit†k¬ahan man:rwgtÌwg mineGank∫al[yYn®tYt ®ta hflanbHeVr .l. ®BHecAmij-m"agVnbJÔati[Exµre®kamykEs®tkU lCayY nmanCag´m∏Es Etcab' BIraC¥®BHecAy" aL¨gmk eKVnrab' ykEt Es®VMmYyeTAvij . KWfaEsExµrd´TeTot Vn®tUvyYnbM´P¬eXasnabMVt'da nfaCaCatiyYnsuTÏ EtExµrTSgGm∫almaNenaH enAEtrkßaTMenomTm¬ab'Ca Exµr nigniyayPasaExµrenAeLIy . EsTSg®VMmYyenaHKW fac', sWn, KIm, Kag, y"aj nigecA . ExßeKat†®tkUlEdles†cyYnbJÔatidak'[raÂs†Exµr enAkmı¨Cae®kammandUcteTA – ‹ ExµrenAext†Bllav

®tUvEtykEsCa

X¬Sg nig®BH®tJMg ‹ ExµrenAext†mat'®CUk

sWn, fac', KIm, Kag˘˘˘åTa hrN_ – sWn-ji¨l, Kag , rinCaedIm˘˘˘

®tUvEtykEsCa

ecA˘˘åTahrN_ : ecA-esam

‹ ExµrenAext†®kmYns

®tUvEtykEsCa

y"aj, daj'˘˘˘ åTa ˘ –daj'-®kUc˘˘˘

‹ ExµrenAext†eragdMrI

®tUvEtykEsCa

kav˘˘˘åTahrN_ – kav-nU˘˘˘

‹ ExµrenAext†E®BkÚsßI

®tUvEtykEsCa

dav˘˘˘å˘ – dav-kan (15)

‰Esd´TeTotenAJseBjkmı¨Cae®kamk*suTÏCaExµrEdr EtyYnminrab'b JçËlKW – yWb, lI, Lwm, Tin, tS, j"ag, hug, vin, ®twg, ega, dU, tU, KI, eyOg, Gug (16) .

‰ksareyag - REFERENCES (1) A History of Cambodia - David P. Chanler page 126 - published in 1983.

(2) Georges Maspero- L'Empire Khmer page 70 - Phnom Penh - Imprimerie du protectorat -1904 (3) Roger M. Smith, Cambodia's foreign policy, published 1965, page 13.

(4) seg≈bBgßavtar®beTskmı¨Ca edayr˘eKaviT TMB&r103 .

(5) J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge Fascicule II, page 131.

(6) ‰ksarmhabursExµr rbs'elakeGg-sut eVHBumıq~S1968 TMB&r1054 .

(7) Roger M. Smith, Camodia's foreign policy, page 14-15.

(8) A History of Cambodia, David P. Chandler, page 131.

(9) M. Giteau, Histoire du Cambodge, page 155.

(10) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, page 134.

(11) Memorandum of Cambodia on her territories in South Vietnam-Cochinchina 1954 Imprimerie Gloor- Geneva, page 4.

(12) sUmGanesovePAåkjaKuy rbs'elakEkv-suvtiƒ nigfac'-kan' eVHBumıq~S1966 .

(13) kUsSgsIunCaEdndIrbs'Exµr®tUv®bKl'[Exµrvij TMB&r63, 64, 65 edaysSg-m"ak'sag, eVHBumıq~S1973 .

(14) sUmGanesovePA «rs'e®JHhflans¬ab'» rbs'elak´m"-pat' q~S1972 .

(15) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksWn-eL nigelakKim-Fwm rdΩva"siunetan GtItEm"Kh√k .

(16) EdndIkmı¨Cae®kam TMB&r118 q~S1971 edayKwm-saGflul .

-22-

CMBUkTI2

sµartIPa∆ k'rÆk karEdlxM∆¨elIkykvK®tg'enHmk e®JHCabzmehtuEdlbN†al[ma nCaclnaes~haCatiP∆ak'rÆk e®kakeLIgtsflU nigkarCiHCan'´nGaNaniKm VrSg rhUtbegI˚tCaclnaExµr≤sßr:,, ExµresrI, Exµreyokmij, Exµr®khmt @mk . k~¨gK˘s˘1857 ®BHGgdYgVnBwg®BHsgÙkatUliknam m"ugEsgj&r mIs˙ ( Monseigneur Miche)) nS®BHraCsareTAsMuCMnYykgT&BVrSg mkvay ®suk´®BnKr ebIVnsMercraCkar®kugkmı¨CanwgecjCa®Vk'500ENn CUn raCkarVrSg . ‰ext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg Vsak'(X¬Sg) ®BH®tJMg ®kmYns ma t'®CUkm≈agTl'nwgmat'smu®T m≈agTl'nwg®sukE®BnKrenaH raCkar®kugkmı¨Canwgcat'kgT&BeTAvayB&TÏvageTATl'nwgEdn´®BnKr . ®BHecANab"UeLGu gTI3 k*®Tg'emt†ae®Vstam®BHraCsar®Kb'®bkar . ®BHecAnerat†mVncat' åkjaer CaesdΩIEkb ecAh√ayext†@JmCaemT&BnigesnaTahan ®Bmeda ysaÂs†avuFbMruge®sc cat'åkjaymraCm"uk CaG~kbJÇËnes∫øgGaharbMru gcSkgT&BBI®kugVrSgEssmkdl' nigvaypÊb'K~a (1) . dl'q~SmmIsMriTiÏs&kK˘s˘1858 ®BHecANab"UeLGugVncat'åt†mnavI‰k Admiral Doudart de Lagrée nSesnaTahancuHkV"l'eTAvay®kug´®BnKr . ‰raCkar®kugkmı¨ Cak*elIkT&BeTAvayext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg, Vsak', ®BH®tJMg, ®kmYns, mat' ®CUk (2) EtT&BExµr®tUveTIenA®tg'E®BkCIkvijet k*tSgVj'kSePI¬gFM-tUceTA vijeTAmk EtCaGkusl®BHGgdYgsuKtenA´f©TI19tula1860 ‰åkjaEk bk*®tUv®BHnerat†mtMeLIggarCaåkjac®kI (1) ehIy[elIkT&BeTAvayext† ®TSgt∫ËgteTAeTot . ®VMbIExe®kay®BHGgdYgsuKteTAenaH ®BHsIusuvtƒa CaGnuC ®BHerat†mVncat'[s~gsUr menaEkv CajatixagmataekNÎT&BBI tMbn'VP~M sg˚t'ext†e®tIyxagekIt edIm∫Ic∫SgdeNI†mraC¥BInerat†mtamkar Bn¥¨HKS®Trbs'esom . k~¨gExmina1861 menaEkv®tUveKcab'Vn ‰s~gsUr nigbkßBYkrt'eTABwgVrSgenAbnÊayext†eragdMrI ( Tai Ninh ) VrSgk*nSdak ' (1) k~¨gEp~krdΩVlExµr man®BHmhakß®tCaFM rYcbnÊab'mkKWmhaåbraC (CYnman-CYnKµan) rYcKW sem†cecAh√flaTl˙: …CYnkalehA GKmhaesnabtI EdlmanmuxgaresIµnwgnaykrdΩmÂnI† ( Prime Monister ) . e®kamsem†cecAhfl√a manesnabtI(rdΩmÂnI†)bYnnak'KW åkjac®kI Caesna xagkgT&BeCIgeKak nwgdwknSeCIgeKak, åkja®kLaeham CaesnaxagkgT&BeCIgTwknwgdwk nSp¬ËvTwk, åkjaymraC CaesnabtI®ksYgtulakar, åkjavSg CaesnabtIxagkicçkar®BHraC vSgnighirJÔvtƒ¨ ( sUmGanesovePA «kal®bvti†viT¥Ë´nkmı¨Ca» rbesµr®tg'vKTI1 EdlEcgc∫as' las'BIrdΩVl®kug ext† eKarm¥gar, zann†rs&ki†mÂnI†, ecAh√ayext†, es†c®taj'TSg®VM, kMENn kgT&B´nrbbski†PUmibUraNExµr ) .

-23-

'kV"l'ykeTAbMbrbg'ecal‰ekaH®tLaceTA . k~¨gExemsa1862 sem†csuTsV"bHeVrekNÎT&BenAext†sMeragTg (ext†kMBg'sWı) Et®tUvbraC&ycab'Vnsm¬ab'ecal . k~¨gq~SkurbJçs&k1864 VvelakåkjaeteCasuk, ext†kMBg's√ay, eQµaHs√a rt'eTAext†®TSge®tIyt∫Ëg tSgx¬ÁnCaGgPwm (2) bJç¨HbJçËlraÂs† [VnT&Be®cIn elIkmktSgenA®sukeCIgkJçM¨sg˚t'ykext†Jm bnÊaymas ®TSg ´®Bkb∫as . evlayb's©at' embHenHnSesnalukåkjac®kIEkb GnicçkmµenAext†®TSgeTA . ecAh√ayext†yYnenAext†mat'®CUk ( Chaudoc ) VnKS®TclnabHeVr enH (3) . edayVrSgeFI√karKMramx¬Sg eTIbåbraCyYn®Bm®bKl'x¬ÁnGacar¥ s√aenAExsIha1866 . EtenAExmkra mun®bKl'x¬ÁnGacar¥s√a yYnbegI˚t clnabHeVrmYyeTot edaybeJçH[®KUGaKmeQµaHedImnU tSgx¬ÁnCaeJr kMeVr ekNÎT&BtMbn'eragdMrIc∫SgdeNI†mraC¥ . ‰eJrkMeVrBitenaH Cabu®ta ®BHGgc&nÊTI2 VnsuKtenA®kugåt†¨gtSgBI®BHCnµ8Exem"¬H (4) . åbraCyYn ext†lg'eharVnKS®TclnabHeVrenH (5) . cMVMgenHsIueBlGs'Cit2q~S TMrSsm¬ab'eJrkMeVrVnen AExF~Ë1867 enATYlbg'bt' PUmis√ayePI¬g tSg eKak edayåVyrbs'elakåkjaeteCaGIext†kMBg's√ay ‰mÂnI†raCkar ®bCaraÂs†s¬ab'vinasGs'Cae®cInnak' . eyIgVneXIjfa ®BHGgDYgVn[åkjaraCaesdIΩEkbvayykext†kmı¨Cae®kamvij Eteday®Tg'suKtk~¨gq~S1860eTA åkjaEkbk*pÌaksÂgam enaHsin e®kaymkh¬Ágnerat†mVntemI¬ggaråkjaEkb CaesnabtITahan eCIgeKakCaTIc®kIeBjys rYc[elIkT&BeTAvayext†®TSge®tIyt∫ËgeTot. ehtuenHehIy edIm∫IkMu[ExµreTAvayykext†kmı¨Cae®kamVn mhaåbraCyY nEdltSgenAext†lg'ehar ( Vinh Long ) enaHk*rkmeF¥aVyKS®TembH eVrGacar¥s√a [eTAluksm¬ab'åkjac®kIEkbTal'EtVn . e®kaymkeTo tyYnKS®TclnabHeVreJrkMeVreTot KWk~¨geKalbMNgeFI√[Exµrmancla clk~¨g®suk ehIyKµan{kasnwgvayykext†kUsSgsIunmkvij . Exµrk*F¬a k'k~¨gåVyklyYn Edle®bIkl∫ykF¥Ëglabmuxman'[Cl'K~a Exµrk*c∫S gkab'sm¬ab'EtK~a‰g ehIyKµan{kasnwgvayykext† EdlyYnb¬n'yk enaHmkvijeLIy . cMVMgk~¨g®sukExµrsB√´f© ( 1979-1990 ) k*Caneya VydEdlEdlyYnykmke®bI[Exµrsm¬ab'EtK~a‰g .

(2) GgPwmCabu®tarbs'åbraCGgGwum EdllYcePosecjBIVt'dMbg (esom) edaycaj'åVy klyYn ®tUve®TOg-mijy"agXMuTukenAext†lg'ehar ehIyenATIenaH .

-24-

‰GgPwmBit®VkdenaHVnsuKtrYceTA

GaNaB¥aVlVraMg edIm∫I[rYccakBICMerotCMErkbreTsCitxag ®BHnerat†mk*dak'®beTskmı¨ Cae®kamGaNaB¥aVlVrSg edaysniÏsJÔacuH´f©TI11 ExsIha q~S1863 . edaysarkarbHeVrTSgBIrelIkenaH VrSgVnef˚aleTasfa mkBIEp~k rdΩVlExµrexßay . VrSgyl'eXIjfa rebobrdΩVlrbs'®BHnerat†mmin lÌ k*manbMNgesIerIEkE®brdΩVlEbbfIµ . enAq~S1883 elak Charles VnmkCaGPiVl≤NÎËcinEp~krdΩVlsIuvil . elaksMercfa®tUv ThomsonV Etbg≈M[®BHnerat†mLay®BHhtƒelxak~¨gkar®bKl'kicçkarEpndIExµreTAV rSgkan'kab'TSgGs' . eKVne®KagTukfa ebI®BHnerat†mmin®BmeTenaH eK nwgbg≈M[®BHGgdak'raC¥ rYcehIyelIk®BHsIusuvtiƒEdlKS®TVrSgenaH[ eLIgesayraC¥vij . tSgBIyb'ebotP¬W´n´f©TI17mifunaq~S1884 edIm∫IGnuvt†karenaH elakFumsunVnebIkkaV"l'eQµaHsIulUEGtmkctenAcMmuxvSg P~MeBj (6) . dl'em"ag®bEhl10yb' elakkan'sMNMulixitcUleTACYb ®BHnerat†m edaymanTahan®bdab'GavuFsML¨t ( T√arVlnigåkjavSgmin [cUle®JHes†ckMBugpÊM elakFumsunykeCIgQUsT√ar®kLabnÊMeLIg®KSg ) . ebI®BHnerat†mmin®BmcuH®BHhtƒelxaeTenaH ®Tg'®tUvEtdak'raC¥ ®BH nerat†mk*®BmcuHhtƒelxaTSgeTIsTal'nigBieraF (7) edaysuxcit†®bKl' GmNackicçkarEpndIeTAraCkarVrSgcat'EcgerobcM . ®VMmYyExe®kaymk ®Tg'k*temI¬ggarPkI†QUk Camhatlwk[®KggarCaåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk Ca

kV"l'eQµaH sal¬ËEGt EdlVrSgVnCiHmkbg≈M®BHkruNa®BHVTnerat†m [Lay ®BHhtƒelxaelIGnusJÔaq~S1884 .

-25-

ectiytMkl'Fatu®BHecABjay"atelIP~MdUneBj ( rUbftq~S 1885 ) xaglic®BHvihar VrSgVn[eFI√CaeFI~enAkectiy edIm∫I[Tahan®sYlemIlcl naBYkbHeVrsm&yBisˆ¨elak QUk nig®kLaehamKg' edayelIgtamCeNI†rÚsßIEpÌkni gectiy . kMBUlectiy®tUv rnÊHVj'Vk'k~¨gsm&ysaFar NrdΩln'-nl'q~S1970 .

es†c®taj'EdndI®TSg®tYtext†®VMBIrKW – bnÊaymas VTI ´®Bkb∫as Jm kMBt kMBg'esam nigekaHkug ehIy[elakcat'Ecg®bmUlekNÎT&BeFI√sÂgamtsflUvayVrSg edIm∫IykGMNacmk[®BHGgvij . k~¨geBlCamYyK~a enaHEdr G~kEdlCYyåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUkk~¨gcMVMgrvagT&BVrSg KWmanV Lat'Eg"t åkjahIug VLat'Qub vgßaGKraCEkv ehIysuTÏEtmankgT&B erog@x¬Án ‰cineQµaHlIx√agXwm k*manT&BcinenAtMbn'kMBtbHeVrvayVrSgEdr (8) . edayQWcit†nwgVrSgdkykbwgLËensaT Edl®bCaraÂs†Exµr F¬ab'rk®tIpt'pg'®KYsar ehIylk'eTA[deg≈AyYn elakåkjanraFibtI®Vk' ®BmTSg®kmkare®kambgab'k~¨gext†´®BEvgVnrt'ecalraCkar

ehIyeTAk

T&BvayVrSgEdr (9) . k~¨geBlenaHmanExµrCae®cIneTotEdlkT&BvayVrS -26-

gdUcCabNiÎtnUenAVP~M åkjasYK·aelakenAext†eJFisat' Gacar¥esgenA l√a‰mCaedIm (10) . ´f©mYyeBledjBYkbNiÎt®Vk'Edlrt'eKcVt'®tg'mM†¨vt†ekaH®kbI ela ks&ki†BIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelak®KUecAGFikarKg' EdlkMBugEtqan'Gahar´f©®tg' elakVn®Vb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS genaHsML¨t ehIyyk®mam´deTAcg̨lf©aselak . ´f©mYyeBledjBYkbNiÎt®Vk'Edlrt'eKcVt'®tg'mM†¨vt†ekaH®kbI ela ks&ki†BIrVrSgm~ak' VncUleTAsaksYrrkecarenaH BIelak®KUecAGFikarKg' EdlkMBugEtqan'Gahar´f©®tg' elakVn®Vb'faBMuVneXIjeT TahanVrS genaHsML¨t ehIyyk®mam´deTAcg̨lf©aselak . edayesckI†®bmaf enH k~¨gyb'enaH elak®KUecAGFikarKg' EdlsuTÏCasisßCMnitrbs'elak pÊal' . TIkEn¬gkT&BdMbUgKW enAe®kamedImGMBilevoc PUmiGMBilevoc k~¨g®suk kN†alsÊwg (4) . e®kaymkelak®bmUlVnåVskCae®cInCakgT&B ®BmTSgreTH®kbI esH dMrI Cae®cInsMrab'dwkes∫øgpg . garCaåkj"a®kLa eham KWCagarEdlraÂs†Vndak'[elakCabeN†aHGasn~eT edIm∫IkMu[Gn' CaåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUkEtb"ueNˆaH . emT&BrgeQµaHebgrbs'elak k*TTY lgarCavibulebgEdr . T&Brbs'elakeFI√skmµPaBenAtMbn'sÌag tMbn'ray db ext†kN†alsÊwg . e®kaymk edayVrSgvaybMEbkbnÊayEdlelak kMBugsg'enAtMbn'®kSgtapU åkja®kLaehamKg'k*bJÇaT&BdkfycUleTA k~¨gext†VTI . yb'eLIgelaknST&Bvayqµk'sm¬ab'TahanVrSg-yYn Edl sMrakenAk~¨gvt†Ten¬VTI . e®kaymkelakrYbrYmT&BCamYyåkjaBisˆ¨elak QUk rayGnÊak'cSsÊak'vayT&BVrSg rhUtVnC&yCMnHenAsÊwgs¬aKU sm¬ab' TahanVrSgCae®cInnak' kat'k∫aledatenAmat'sÊwgs¬aKUenaHpg . xagext†t∫ËgXMµ¨k*manecAh√ay®suknig®kmkar ekNÎT&BbHeVrvayV rSgEdr dUcCaVLat'enA ( q¬Ëg-®kecH ), Gacar¥eBA ( ®kUcqµar ), VLat'm"a ( kMBg'cam ), VLat'®sI ( xageCIg´®BEvg ) (5) . elakåkjamhaviC&y ®suk´®BQr nigemT&BTn'k*ekNÎT&BvayVrSgEdr (10) . T&BtsflUman®b maNCa®VMmYyeTA®VMbIJn'nak' eKmanEtkSePI¬gbUraNtictYc lMEBg dav ExlCaGavuF .

(4) elakta nU CItarbs'G~k®KUCa-sIunI F¬ab'VnniTan[xM∆¨s†ab'k~¨gq~S1964-65 . pÊHKat'nigpÊHxM∆¨ enACitK~a enATnwÊmnwgpÊHelaksWg-ePOkf (Gtitcagh√agsarBt·manmatuPUmi) p¬Ëvelx290 xag ekItsalabzmsikßaGgeGg. elaktaenHcSerOg®kLaehamKg'BIedImdl'cb' EtKYr[s†ayeda yelaktaVnVt'bg'CIvitk~¨gsm&yExµr®khm CamYynigkUnecA enAsl'EtbÌËn®sIG~k®KUBIrnak' Edlrs'enAk~¨grbbehg-sMrin . tanUVnåTanBIåVyEdlT&Bcinx√agXIm eFI√CadYls¬ab'Gs' eBlVrSgVj' dl'TahanyYnVrSgedIrcUleTAemIlexµacedaymin®by&t~ T&Bcink*egIbeLIgka b' sm¬ab'VrSgnigPaBl©g'´nExµrkalenaH eXIjT&BVrSgedkdak'kSePI¬gecal eKminlbeTAy kkSePI¬geT EbCaeraTs i_ rykC&ymunVrSgP∆ak'eLIgTajkSePI¬gVj's¬ab'Cae®cIn .

(5) Etude Cambodgienne. No.11, Juillet - Septembre, 1968, page 39

-27-

tMbn'EdlclnatsflUrbs'åkja®kLaehamKg' nigåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk eFI√skmµPaB®bqSgnwgGaNaniKmVrSg edIm∫IykGMNacmk[h¬Ágnerat†mvij

xagext†kMBg's√ay ®BHGgmças'sIuvtƒa Edlc∫SgdeNI†mraC¥BI®BHneratm † Ca ®BHramenaH enAEtkan'kab'T&BenAtamdgsÊwgEsnenAeLIy Et‰ksarminVnbJÇak'fa mças'sIuvtƒaVncUlrYmk~¨gclnatsflUq~S1884-1886 …eT . ext†eJFisat'manåkjasYK·aelakC&yekNÎT&Bvayqµk'sg˚at'nigb"us†i_ VrSgCajwkjab' . VrSgminGacedIr …ecjq©ayBIext†eJFisat'VneLIy ‰ext†kMBg'q~Sgvij manT&BelakVLat'dun garCapÊavsÂgam tSgbnÊa yenAtMbn'®kYs ®bmUlT&BBIreloebÌør ®bugelIkeTAvay®kugkMBg'q~Sg . enAJk'kN†alq~S1886 T&Besna®Vk'nigesnasux -28-

ykVn®suk

®kg, T&BVLat'Ek-Tl', vgßa®sI-kuy, esnavuTÏ enAP~M®kvaj . T&Belak åkjab"ul CaecAh√ay®suk tSgenA®sukTTwg´f© (6) . edayx√Hsh®btibti†karrYmrvagclnabHeVrTSgGs' nigPaBxßt'exßa yxagsJ√vuFenaH clnatsflUminGacvaytTl'CamYyT&BVrSgVneLIy eKe®bImeF¥aVytamkaryl'eXIjrbs'emT&B …embHeVrm~ak'@ nige®bIviFI kgT&Bqµk'Etb"ueNˆaH EdleFI√[T&BVrSgmankarlMVkCax¬Sg k~¨gkarb®g˚a bclnatsflUExµreBlenaHNas' . kalenaHVrSgVncMNayCIvitTahan VrSg-yYnGs'xÊg'bYnJn'nak' (11) ehIy enaEtbÂg˚abExµrminVneTot eTI bVrSgEkE®bneyaVy . elak Piqet Caer"sIudg'sfluEb"rIeyIur VnepI∆lixit eTAraCkarVrSgraykarNB _ IerOgExµr®bqSgnwgkMENTMrg' . k~¨g´f©esAr_ 10 ekIt Exkti†k q~ScGdΩs&k K˘s˘1886 VrSgeFI√Ca®bKl'GMNackicçkarEpn dImk®BHnerat†mvij . ®BHnerat†mVneTAsg'®BHBn¬aenA´®BTTwg (kMBg'sıW) ehIyekaHehA[emclnatsflUTSgGs'cUlKal' nigbJŒb'kartsflUteTA eTot . emdwknSkartsflUExµrTSgGs' VncUlmkKal'®BHnerat†m elIkElg EtåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk nigåkja®kLaehamKg' Edlsn¥afanwgcUlKa l'enA‰®kugP~MeBj´f©e®kayvij . h¬ÁgVnsn¥afa nwgerobBiFIp†l'zann†r s&ki†®kLaehamKg'nigåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk [eBjysCaesnabtI

enA

h¬ÁgVnsn¥afa nwgerobBiFIp†l'zann†r s&ki†®kLaehamKg'nigåkjaBisˆ¨ elakQUk[eBjysCaesnabtI enAraCvSg®kugP~MeBj . kartsflUenHVn sIueBlevlaGs'BIrq~S . raCaNac®ksiƒtenAk~¨gsPaBetaky"ak ehIybN†al[raÂs†enAext†e®kAmanesckI†lMVkCax¬Sg . eBl®btibti†karswk TahanVrSgVneFI√VbKMramkMEhgnigdutpÊHsMEbg . G~k®sukrt'eKcbYnk~¨ g´®B . ®KYsar®tUvVk'Ebk®Jt'®Vs'K~a nigVt'bg'CIvitGs'Cae®cIn .

G~kEdlVnVt'bg'GI√@Gs'rlIgenaH k*cUlrYbrYmCamYy®kumG~ktsflUEdlma nncas'@ ÂsI†nigkUnekµgCYypt'pg'xages∫øgGahar (12) . edayesckI†®cENnx¬ac®kLaehamKg'VnFMCag

namWunvSgm~ak'k*nS

elakfaeTAedIrelgtammat'Ten¬ eBleTAdl'kV"l'cMVMgVrSg namWunk∫ t'ExµrenaHk*[TahanVrSgcab'elakdak'ex~aH cgeGabbMBg'Epßg rYcsN†Ën fµTm¬ak'ecalk~¨gTwkTen¬eTA. ‰åkjaBisˆ¨elakQUkVneTAsMNak'nwgpÊH elak®besIrsuriyvgßem"A Edl®tUvCa“BukmaelakenApßarkab'eKa e®kaym kenApÊHelakEdlmaelakVnsg'[enACitvt†bTumvtI† . ´f©mYyedayGs' km¬SgeBk (e®JHeBlyb'elakminsUvVnsMran†®by&t~x¬Án) eBlelakTMertx¬ÁnelIk†aregO manXatkrm~ak'VneLIglbtampÊHVy eTAVj'sm¬ab' elaks¬ab'eTA (7) . edaysarVrSgemIleXIjfa rbbrdΩVlrbs'Exµrsm&yh¬Ágnerat†m (6) Etude Cambodgienne. No.12, Octobre - décembre, 1967, pasge 27 (7) sUmGanesovePAåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk, D-Kam nig Etude cambodgienne No.18, 1969

-29-

ådug  EdndI®TSg ( ext†es†c®taj' )

kN†alsÊwg

k~¨gq~S1884

P~MeBj ®kSgsMEr KgBisI

VTI

sÌag ekaHFM

P~M®sYc Kus

QUk

´®Bkb∫as ®TSg

kMBt

Jm

QUgsmu®T´f

kUsSgsIun

enaHCarbbcas' minEmnCakariyal&yniym ehIyCarbbBukrlYyEfmeTo t

eTIbVrSgsMerceFI√karEkE®bEp~krdΩVl tulakar JNiCÇkmµ ‰BnÏdar

Qb'[ecAh√ay®sukTarykBIraÂs†pÊal'

bnƒycMnYnecAh√ayext†

(

kaledIm ehAfaecAh√ay®suk åTahrNe_ cAh√ay®suksMeragTg .l. ) edayyk ext†tUc@x¬HmkrYmbJçËlCaext†mYydUcCa ext†sÊwgE®tg ext†kMBg'esom ext†eCIg´®B rYmCaext†kMBg'camCaedIm . kMENTMrg'rdΩVlEbbenH eFI√[mankarb"HJl'dl'pl®beyaCnB _ Ykm ÂnI†nahµWnext† ®kug nig®BHraCa ®BmTSg®BHraCvgßanuvgß EdlsYysarGakrVnmkBIkarTarBnÏBIraÂs†edayBYkecAh√ayext†

rYcext†eLIgsYyeTAm

ÂnI†k~¨g®kug tamEdl®BHraCaVnkMNt' [ext†NaeLIgmkmÂnI†NamYy …eLIg eTA®BHraCadUcCaEdndI®TSg®tUveLIgsYyeTAåkjaymraCCaedIm .l. (13) karEdlelakfumsunVneLamvSg ehIyKMram®BHnerat†m[Lay®BHh tƒelxaelIsniÏsJÔa´nkMENTMrg'enaH VneFI√[®BHnerat†m®bqSgtbvij e®JHeFI√[®BHGgGs'GMNacrlIg ®BHGgk*cat'[bMbHraÂs†ExµreLIgvayV rSgedIm∫IykGMNacmkvij . edIm∫IQancUlk~¨gkarBicarNarkbuB√ehtuCasarvn†nana EdlbN†al [mankarkab'sm¬ab'rgal®bCaraÂs†ExµrCagbIlannak'enaH Kb∫IelIkykKM nit®bqSgtbskmµPaBbHeVrtsflUEdlraÂs†ExµrVneqI¬ytbeTAnwgrbbCiH Can'GaNaniKmVrSgenAedImstvtßTI20enH e®JH®Bwti†karNT _ SgGs'enaH ehIyEdlCakt†abegI˚t[manclnaes~haCati rMedaHCati manclnaExµr≤sßr: Exµrevotmij ExµresrI Exµr®khmCalMdab'hUrEhmk . fI√ebIsÂgamelakelIkTI1minVnb"HJl'dl'EdndI≤NÎËcink*eday Et -30-

kMBg'FM sMbUr ®kecH

ekaHsUTin

clnatsflUenAext†t∫ËgXMµ¨nigext†kMBg's√ay k~¨gq~S1885 edIm∫ICYydl'sƒanPaBesdΩkicçenA®sukVrSgGaNaniKmVrSgVntemI¬gB nÏ Gakry"agF©n'enA≤NÎËcin . ®bCaksikrExµrsm&yenaH®kI®kNas' k~¨gmY yq~S@ ®KYsarGaclk'®sUvVn®bEhl40erol ‰BnÏeLIgdl'eTA12erol eTAehIyk~¨gmYyq~S . ksikrk*ekItmankarminsb∫aycit† ehIyVnelIk K~ab'Jn'nak' mkBItMbn'ext†kMBg'q~S ext†xagekItTI®kugP~MeBj cUlmkTUl sMuh¬ÁgsIusuvtiƒbnƒyBnÏdar . ®Bwti†karNC _ adMbUgekIteLIg enAedImExviciœka 1915 edayman®bCaraÂs†®bmaNbIrynak' cUleTATamTarsMu[h¬ÁgbJç¨H BnÏ . e®kaymkeTotenAedImq~S1916 karTamTarVnraldaldl'ext†PaK xagekItTI®kugP~MeBj edayman®bCaraÂs†rab'mWunnak' cUlrYmk~¨gk∫ÁnVtukmµ edIrcUlmkk~¨gTI®kugP~MeBj . eKBMuVnsal'emVtukmµenaHeT ehIykarTam TarenaHk*minTan'c∫as'fa eFI√eLIgedIm∫I®bqSgnwgVrSgenAeLIyEdr EteK sMKal'dwgfa BYkVtukrVneJlfa VrSgVneFI√[eyIgminsb∫aycit†Ca x¬SgGs'eBlCae®cInq~SmkehIy

edayykEtmnusßGa®kk'mkeFI√Caes†c

esayraC¥ nigmÂnI†raCkar ehIyKMramkMEhgsg˚t'sg˚ineFI√VbEtmnusß lÌ (14) . enA´f©TI18emsaq~A1925 edayehtuG~k®suk®kSglavmin®Bmbg'BnÏ elaker"sIudg' ext†kMBg'q~Sgk*GeJIÇjeTApÊal'edaymanG~kbkE®bPasam~ak' nigV"TIsg'm~ak'eTApg . elakVncab'G~k®sukx¬HEdlmin®Bmbg'BnÏdak' ex~aHenAelIsala ehIykMEhgfanwgykeTAdak'KukeTotpg . Kat'minGnu-31-

JÔat[G~keTasTTYlTanVyeLIy EtpʨyeTAvijKat'Ga®s&yVy´f©®tg'eFI√GWgeGIy . kMhwgdl'k ®bCaraÂs†®kI®kTSgenaH®bmaNsamsibnak' k*eLamvayelaker"sIudg'Bardez ®BmTSgshkarIs¬ab'eTAehIykab'ciÂJçS saksBexÊcxIÊEfmeTot . h¬ÁgsIusuvtiƒVnbJÇËn®BHGgmças'sIusuvtiƒ-munIv gßCaraCbu®t[eTABinit¥ehtukarN_ . e®kaymkh¬Ágk*ecjraC®kit¥dak' TNÎkmµG~k®suk®kSglavTSgGs' bJçËlCaG~kgarCab'kMENn edIm∫IeFI√buN¥rMlwk´f©Edlelak Bardez ®tUvsm¬ab' ehIyE®beQµaHPUmi®kSlav[ ehAfa « PUmitircœan » vijtSgBI´f©enaHmk (15) . bnÊab'BIsni~siThßWENv PUmi®kSglavk*k¬aymkCamUldΩanbdivt†nB _ YkExµr®khm ehIykUn®sIm~ak' ´nG~kPUmienHVnk¬aymkCa®bBnÏrug-elIt (nYn-Ca) .

®BHVTss uI vu tƒi

-32-

®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1916nigq~S1925 CalMGan[ExµrecHP∆ak'rlwk ecHtva"®bqS gnwgkarsg˚t'sg˚inBIrbb®tYt®ta . ®Bwti†karNT _ SgBIrenHCaedImGaTi´nKMni tKMnites~haCati EdlVncab'bdisniÏeLIgCadMbUgbgÌs'k~¨gcMeNameromc∫ gbJÔv&n†ExµrenAcugq~S1930 ehIycab'rIkduHdaly"agx¬Sg bnÊab'BIkarbegI˚t Bt·manExµrCadMbUgk~¨gq~S1936eQµaH « nKrvt† » eday®kum®bCaFibety¥ma

ã

nnin karesrIniym®bqSges†c dwknSedayelakV"c-QWnnigelakswumva"r EdleBlxage®kaybni†cmk manelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ( GtitsuPacarbursext†eJFisat' nigGtitnisßit®sukVrSg ) VncUlrYmpgEdr (16) nig ®BHsgÙecHdwgCan'xıs'xagBuTÏc®kmYycMnYnman elak®KUV"g-xat', Gacar¥ exov-CMu, Gacar¥Gfluk-Ca, elak®KUGacar¥Ehm-ecovCaedIm˘˘˘. e®kaymkG~k®sIsfluysan-kaeBIels ( Suzanne Karpeles ) VnsMu ykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'[mkeFI√CabNˆaKar&kßenAviCÇasƒanBuTÏsasnbNiÎ t EdlCa{kas[elakeFI√karTak'Tgsal'elak®KUGacar¥Ehm-ecov Edl maneQµaHl∫Il∫ajBUEkeTsnaNas'enAsm&yenaH ehIymanBuTÏsasni kCnCae®cIncUlcit†s†ab'FmµeTsnarbs'elak®KUenHNas' (17) . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnykKMnites~haCati eTApßB√pßaynwg®BHsgÙ CasmNsisßenABuTÏikviT¥al&yBuTÏsasnbNiÎt edayeFI√karTak'TgCamY yelak®KUGacar¥Ehm-ecov edIm∫ICYyeTsnaBn¥l'[ExµrP∆ak'rlwkeLIg . edayehtuenHehIy eTIbExµrnigKijVrSgVneTATUlBitVrSg [mkcab'Ga car¥Ehm-ecovpßwkenA´f©TI17 kk˚da 1943 (5) rYcP¬ammYyrMeBcenaH eKk*nS elakdak'LanbJÇËneTA´®BnKr ehIybJÇËneTAKukekaH®tLack~¨gExmifuna 1943 . ®VMmYyExe®kaymk elakmanCm©WraKmYlrhUtVt'bg'CIviteTA . esovePAelakKg'-sm∏arVnsresrfa sem†csIhnuCaG~kxßwb[VrSgcab' Gacar¥Ehm-ecov (6) . bI´f©e®kaymk ®BHsgÙsmNsisßCag®VMryGg rYmCamYy®Khsƒ Cag500nak' VnedIrEhrk∫ÁnsMedAeTAGaKarer"sIudg'VrSgenAvt†P~M TamTar[ VrSgedaHElgGacar¥Ehm-ecovmkvij . edayx√Hreboberobry karTamTar k*minVnplelakV"c-QWn, elakbfluNˆcnÊm"ul, elakGacar¥nYn-DYgk*®tUv VrSgcab'ykeTAdak'KukeTot . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'rt'cUlBYnenAk~¨gbnÊay GavuFhtƒCb"un nayTahanCb"unCYylak'ehIybeN†aHelaksWg-g"ukfaj' [eTA®CkekanneyaVyenA®kugtUk¥Ë®beTsCb"un . ‰elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul, elakV"c-QWn, Gacar¥nYn-DYg ®tUvbJÇËneTAXMuenAKukekaH®tLacmunelak Gacar¥Ehm-ecovbni†c .

(5) Gacar¥Ehm-ecov niBnÏedayKg'-sm∏ar TMB&r43 .

(6) Gacar¥Ehm-ecov niBnÏedayKg'-sm∏ar TMB&r42 .

-33-

clnats~UExµr≤sßr: ®Bwti†karN´_ f©9 mina 1945 Cb"uncgVrSgenA≤NÎËcinTSgmUl . enA´f© enH es†cekµgsIhnumankarP&yPit ehIyePosx¬ÁnecjBIvSgctumuxeTABYn lak'x¬ÁnenAkudisem†cvt†bTumvti† emT&BCb"untameTArkeXIjehIyk*ykmk [Gg¨yelIbl¬g˚raC¥vij enHebItamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnÏesovePA «Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmças' » . Cb"unVnCYyelaksWgg"ukfaj'[vil®tLb'BICb"uncUlmkk~¨g®sukExµrk~¨gExåsPa1945 (7) e®kayBIelaks~ak'enAtUk¥ËkalBIsm&yVrSgcab'Gacar¥Ehm-ecovmk . enA´f© TI13 mina 1945 Cb"unVn[®BHecAlav, sem†csIhnu niges†cyYne◊day ®bkas®beTs‰kraC¥ EtkalenaHBYkevotmijmin®Bm ehIyhU-CImijk*vaydeNI†mykTI®kughaNUyVn (18) . ´f©TI20 kk˚da 1945 elakV"c-QWn, bfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul, nYn-DYg Vn®tUveK edaHElgmkvij . es†csIhnuVneFI√Ca®bFank~¨gkarCYb®bCMurMlwkdl'Vtukmµ®BHsgÙkalq~S1942 edaymanelakV"c-QWnCaG~kEf¬gsunÊrkfarMlw kBIkarbHeVr®bqSges†ck~¨gq~S1860, kartsflUvayVrSgq~S1884-1886, ®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1916, ®Bwti†karN_ Bardez,, Vtukmµ®BHsgÙq~S1942 . enA´f©TI8-9sIha rdΩaPiVlGwug-GIuEdlrNbVrSg®tUvrlM . es†csI hnuVnEtgtSgelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CardΩmÂnI†karbreTs rYcCanaykrdΩmÂnI† (19) tamkaresI~rrbs'Cb"un . enAJk'kN†alExtula1945 T&BsmınÏmit†Ed lmanTahanGg'eK¬s-≤NÎacUlmkdl'´®BnKr . elakXwm-TitEdlTTY lebskkmµeTAcrcaCamYyVrSgVnk∫t' ( sIhnucUlrYmpg ) . ®Kab'Ebk mrmaNUBIr®Kab'Tm¬ak'enAGIur"UhßIm"a-NahasaKI eFI√[Cb"uncuHcaj' . ´f©TI16 tula1945 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanaykrdΩmÂnI†®tUvVrSgcab' (20),, Gacar¥Gfluk-Ca, Gacar¥exov-CMuePos®BHGgeTAesom, elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"u l, nYn-DYgeKcx¬ÁneTAVt'dMbg EdlkaleNaHsiƒtenAe®kamkar®tYt®tarb s'´f . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'®tUvtulakarVrSgenA´®BnKrecaTfaCaG~kcUl´d CamYyCb"un ehIyskmµPaBelakCakarKMramkMEhgdl'sni†sux´nkgT&Bs mınÏmit† Etes†csIhnuVnsMuVrSg[nireTselaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTA®sukVrSgenAtMbn' Poitiers (21) Gs'ry:6q~S KWrhUtdl'q~S1951 (22) . G~kEdl (7) namedImKW Kg'-QYn CaGtItTahanVrSgk~¨gsÂgam´f-VrSgq~S1942 rt'eTAcUl´fedaycg' VnbuN¥s&ki†xıs'Jk'®twmnaydab (eday) ehtuenHKg'-QYnk*yks&ki†naydabeFI√Canam®t kUlvij . dab-QYnk*rt'cUlExµr≤sßr: rYccuHcUlCamYysIhnuk~¨gq~S1949 ehIyVnTTYlbu N¥Caes†c®taj' emT&Bext†esomrabnigkMBg'FM . enAcugq~S1958 sIhnuVncaj'kgT&Bexmr PUminÊeTAB&tÏpÊHdab-QYn e®JHVnk∫t'®bugeFI√rdΩ®bhar edaymankarKS®TBI®kumesGIuGaGaemrikSg nigsgß&yfaelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlrYmpg . cMerIn-siunVncat'[s&ki†BIrehg CaCMnitdab-QYntameTAsm¬ab'Vn rYcTak'kGUstamLanmk .

-34-

cUlrYmtsflUCamYyelak k*eKcEbkK~aCaBIr®kum . ®kumTI1 ePosx¬ÁneTAVsa k'kmı¨Cae®kam manelakV"c-QWn, ecAEsn-kuslQMu, G~k®sIsWg-g"ukfa j'namedImLS-FIGfluk nigbkßBYkCae®cInnak'eTot . ®kumTI2eKceTAVt'dMbg manelakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul, nYn-DYgCaedIm (23) . kalenaHVt'dMbgsiƒtenA e®kamkar®tYt®ta´ftSgBIq~S1941dl'1946 . edIm∫IeFI√kartsflUnwgVrSgeTot

edaymankarKS®TBIelakb"uk-XunCama

pgnigkarKS®TBIraCrdΩaPiVl´fpg elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ulk*begI˚tclnatsflU rMedaHCatiehAfa « Exµr≤sßr: » eLIg nacugq~S1945 . tamelakm"ulfa Exµr ≤sßr:mann&yfaFM, minkJÇHeK, CaG~kCa (24) maneKaledArMedaH®sukBInwm GaNaniKmVrSg . k~¨gesovePA « critExµr » elakcnÊm"ulVnerobrab'eQµaH emExµr≤sßr:dMbUgKWman – Ehm-savag, Ehm-savat, sarU, ®Tg'cnÊrgßI, eQog, cnÊ-etae®ts, pan-say, rs'-yin, hflU, Gfluk-san, BMu, ePaK-nI.l. e®kaymkTak'TgVn ekA-tk', sIuv-ehg, dab-QYn EfmeTot (7) . elak bfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul nigb"uk-Xun CaG~krt'karTak'TgcuHeLIgVgkk sMukSePI¬gx¬HBI GaC∆aFr´f nigTijkSePI¬gEfmBIVgkkmkeTot . elakcnÊm"ulVnsresrBI kMhkcit†y"agx¬Sgrbs'elak elIskmµPaB´®B´pßrbs'BYkExµr≤sßr: xusca kKMnitedImk~¨gkartsflUCamYyVrSg . e®kaymkeTotedaykar®cENnK~arvag BYk≤sßr: kar®bTUs†raykab'sm¬ab'K~a‰gk*ekItmaneLIg ®BmK~aCamYykar lUk´dy"age®CA´n®kumyYneyokmijmkk~¨gclnaExµr≤sßr: . k~¨gcMeNam em≤sßr:EdlelakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ulnigb"uk-XunCaG~kbegI˚t manEtekA-tk'ni gdab-QYneT EdlmaneQµaHl∫Il∫ajCageK . dab-QYnmaneQµaHl∫I xagsahavkab'sm¬ab'K~a‰g edIm∫IkMu[G~kNaelIsCagx¬Án mankarbeJœat ykEhm-savag, Ehm-savat eTAsm¬ab'ecalCaedIm . e®kaymkBYk≤sß r:k*Vk'EbkK~amanT&Berog@x¬Án eTAtSgenATId´TBIK~a – elakcnÊrgßIenAc∫ar mnkMBg'sıW, dab-QYnenAesomrab, ekA-tk'enAåt†rmanC&y˘˘˘. edIm∫Irkesa hfluyTb'Tl'karcMNayciJçwmT&B Exµr≤sßr:k*eFI√kar´rGgas…CYnkaleTA b¬n'Etm†g . dl'e®kaymkmanekIt≤sßr:Ek¬gk¬ay EdlraÂs†samJÔxßwbK~a fa « ≤sßer"acak' » ®Klas'mkfa « ≤sßr:eecar » . ‰esovePA « critExµr » rbs'elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ulk*VnsresrBI®tg'enHEdr, dUcCaBYkecaryIenAkMB g'cam-´®BEvg, nigkMeNItBYk≤sßr:Edleq¬øt{kasksagnigtSgx¬ÁnedIm∫I rklaPsk˚ar: dUcCaBYk But-qay ( GtItCneV"EL El∫gsIusg ), s&ki†mYy Fij (GtItTahanVrSg), s&ki†bIsflab (GtItTahanVrSg) CaedIm edIrb¬n'G~k ®sukcinpßar G~kmanbgÁrenAtamCnbT mancab'[ykluyeTAelaHCaedIm .l. ®bCaCnmanesckI†rgTuk≈evTnaNas' eBlyb'eLIgKWnSK~aPitP&y mindwgfaetIe®KaHGn†raynwgF¬ak'mkelI®KYsarx¬Án…mYyk*eT. emExµr≤sßr:T TS gGs'k~¨gsm&yenaH, dUcK~anwgsm&ybHeVrq~S1884-86Edr KWBYkeKmincuH sMrugrYbrYmK~aCakm¬SgkMcat's®tUvrYmeT, enHehIyCacritmYyrbs'Exµr, m~ak'@ -35-

xitxMksagkm¬Sgnigkiti†ysx¬Án[Vnxıg'xıs'l∫IxÊ&rxÊarBUEk edayeCOsflb' eTAelImn†GaKmKafa Vj'minmutdutmineqH bMVMgx¬Án˘˘˘dUcCaBut-qayEdl l∫ÁgsMukUn®bBnÏx¬Án‰gman´pÊeJH

rYcehIyerobcMeFI√ehamBiFIraneTvta

VysI12f~ak' nige®KOgsk˚ar:bUCay"age®cIneTot rYck*sm¬ab'®bBnÏx¬ÁnenaH vHykkUnrMuGMeVHeqA

eqIÌrTukCab'nwgx¬ÁnCakUn®kk

EdlKat'manCMenOfa

GacCYyKat'dwgCamunnUve®KaHGasn~dl'x¬Án nigCYy[rYcBIkarBYnsÊak'edaHcM eNamCaedIm˘˘˘ nigCMenOe®cIneTot mankEnßg y&n† x¬¨ketC: (8) , Exßkfa, nagBYnEckac'(9), kN†aj'sk'elI, kN†aj'sk'e®kamrbs'®s I(10), kas®k bIkasmnusß(11), x~aytan'(12),, ®BHsMriTiÏ(13 ), kUnsg˚t'(14), nx√ak'(15), Eb"tdansardan (16) TSgGs'enHsuTÏEtCavtƒ¨EdlBYkbHeVr≤sßr:x xMs√HEs√ grkedIm∫IeFI√[x¬ÁneKx¬SgBUEk . e®kABIenHeTot BYk≤sßr:EtgeFI√karkab'sm¬a b'K~aeTAvijeTAmk dUcCas&ki†mYyFij®tUvBut-qaybeJœatykeTAsm¬ab'ecalCaedIm . EfmelIkar®bTUs†raybMVk'K~akMu[maneKx¬SgelIsCagx¬Ánm~ak'@ enaH BYkyYnevotmijVnlUkcUlmky"age®CAk~¨gclnaExµr≤sßr: labmux BYkenH[sm¬ab'K~aeTAvijeTAmk . But-qaymaneQµaHl∫Ixagkab'sm¬ab'BYk GaNikCnCatiyYny"agcas'´d ( sUmGankMBb'EtGug) (17) BYkevotmijk*rk ®sI®kmMuyYny"agsÌateTACUn[eFI√Ca®bBnÏcug eTIbBut-qayQb'sm¬ab'yYn tSgBIenaHmk . kalBIxM∆¨Gayu7q~S k~¨gcugq~S1951 xM∆¨enAcSfa KWBYkecarGacar¥yIenH‰g EdlmanK~a®bEhl´m∏nak' elIkK~aeTAb¬n'pÊHcwkNS EdlsiƒtenATl'muxpÊH kMeNItxM∆¨ k~¨gXMul√a ®suk´®BQr ( ext†kMBg'cam ) . kab'bMEbkT√arpÊH cUl eTAcab'cwkNSnig®bBnÏkUncgkab'bMEbkTUykmas®Vk' ehIyVj'mYy®Ka b'sMedAmkpÊHxM∆¨Ebkek∫Øg edayx¬ac®KYsarxM∆¨cuHeTACYy e®JHCItaxagm†ayxM∆¨ Caeyak∫at'sala®suk´®BQr nigmankSePI¬g®bmaj'enAelIpÊHpg . xM∆¨enAcS VneTotfa kalenaHedaypÊHkMeNItxM∆¨FMeBk ( CItaxM∆¨VneTAenA‰´®BTTwg edaysala®sukVnerIp¬as'ecjBITYlcak'Gg˚reTA´®BTTwg e®kaymkTYl cak'Gg˚rk¬ayCasalaeronbzmsikßaXMul√a )(18) “BukxM∆¨Vnkat'p†ac'ranha lEdlPÇab'eTApÊHVyxage®kay ehIydak'eQIsYeTApÊHVyeBl´f© eBl yb'hUteQIs~ÁenaHcUlmkpÊHFMvij dak'rnukT√ary"agmS rYcnSK~aeLIgeTAsMra kenAelIeLAEdlcak'sIum"g' . enATIenaH“BukxM∆¨VnTSg®bmUlykdMufµCae®cIn eTAKrTuk eFI√s~dgy"agEvgsMrab'cak'BIelIpÊH ebIBYkecarcUlb¬n'sMrab'Tukt Tl' ‰XMuvijpÊHmanrbgbn¬ay"ag®kas' rbgmanT√arnigrnuky"agmS ehIy“ BukxM∆¨EfmTSgVnciJçwmEq˚Cagdb'sMrab'karJrpÊHpg . k~¨gsm&y≤sßr:enaH G~kmanbgÁr cinpßar nSK~art'cakecjBIpßarf~l' Ebk XMul√a eVHbg'ecalpÊHetom nSK~aeTAenAkMBg'camx¬H ´®BTTwgx¬H P~MeBj x¬HenAsl'Et®KYsarcinbI-bYn®KYb"ueNˆaHEdl®tdrrs'enATIenaH dUcCa®KYsar cwkmuy ( GtItemXMul√a ), ®KYsarcwkNS nig2-3®KYsareTotEdlxM∆¨mincS .

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®bCaCnenAPUmik~¨g@VnnSK~aEsgpÊHeQIerImktSgenAtamdgp¬ËvCatiEdlmansni†suxCag . erOg≤sßr:enHk*CabuB√ehtuFMEdleFI√[®KYsarxM∆¨eVHbg'®sukkMeNItmk rs'enAP~MeBj kalBIJk'kN†alq~S1952Edr edayBMuGac®TS®Trs'enATIenaH ekIt . sUmCMrabfa e®kayCb"uncgVrSg kML¨gq~S1945 ( tamsMdI“BukxM∆¨ dMNal®Vb' ) “BukxM∆¨EdlCabuKlikksikmµenAekaHE®cg ®kecH k*mankar PitP&yx¬ackgT&BCb"uncab' k*lak'x¬ÁnEhkGt†sJÔaNb&NˆsMKal'x¬Ánecal rYceKcmksm©MenApÊHXMul√a . e®kayCb"uncaj' mincUleFI√karvijeT ehIy yk®Vk'snßMxÊg'®VMmWunerolrYmnwg®Vk'mit†Pki†CMnYyx¬H mkrksIueFI√Cadeg≈A ®sUv ®bmUlTij®sUvkinnigt∫al'kinsamJÔ nScuHeTAlk'‰´®BnKr . mnusß m~ak'eQµaHfIsn CaTMnukcit†Edl“BukxM∆¨CYl[edIr®bmUl®sUv VneVkyk ®Vk'CagbImWunrYcrt'cUl≤sßr:Gacar¥yI ehIyp†S[“BukxM∆¨tameTAykluy enaHBIBYkecarEfmeTotpg . rbrTij®sUvenAsm&y≤sßr:k*®tUvxatbg'TSg edImTSgcug nigCMJk'mit†Pki†EfmeTot EdlCabuB√ehtueFI√[®KYsarxM∆¨suxcit† cakecal®sukkMeNIt eday“BukxM∆¨VncUleFI√CabuKlikKNeny¥enAebs kkmµTahanVrSg ( Mission Militaire Française : MMF ) enAxaglicCab'Ga Kar er"sIudg' VrSgenAvt†P~M . edaysarcg'VnbuN¥s&ki† BYkExµr≤sßr:k*Vt'bg'KMnites~haCatiGs' r l I g d U c C a k r NI d a b - QY n E d l m k s M u c u H c U l C a m Y y s I h n u k ~ ¨ g q ~ S 1 9 4 9 ehIyVnsIhnuelIkCaes†c®taj'®tYtext†kMBg'FMnigesomrab . BYkBut-qa y, c&nÊ-rgßI k*cuHcUlCamYysIhnuenAk~¨gq~S1952 . e®kaymkenAq~S1955 dab-QYnVnsm¬ab'ekA-tk'(19) enACitpßarBYk esomrab eBlkMBugerobcM QrCaebk≈CntMNagraÂs†mNÎl®kLaj'-BYk . kalBI2ExmunXatkmµenH eBlekA-tk'kMBugebIkLanhßIbmkVt'dMbg manLan GMC TahanmYymk BIesomrabekorLanekA-tk'Tm¬ak'eTAk~¨gs~ameP¬aH . eQµaHGunEdl®tUvCakµÁy®bsarekA-tk' VnF¬ak'BIelILaneVkk∫alnwgfµs¬ab'eTA . mYyGaTit¥ e®kaymk eBlekA-tk'eLIgCiHLanQ~Ál eFI√dMeNIreTAsalaext†esomrab edIm∫IeFI√lixitepßg@ k~¨gkarQrebk≈CntMNagraÂs†enaH BYkdab-QYnEdl tamekA-tk'BIrExmkehIyenaH VndkkSePI¬gxI¬PÇg'ekA-tk' nScuHBILanQ~Ál cUldub ( bIKILËEm"®teTotdl'pßarBYk ) . dwgfaeK®bugsm¬ab'x¬ÁnehIy ekAtk'k*®byuTÏ´dTeTedaHx¬Án . ehtuEtmindwgx¬Án faeKtam®bugB¥aVTsm¬ab'x¬Á nenaH eTIbekA-tk'minmandak'GavuFkarJrx¬Án .

(8) CabnÊHsMNmas…Tg'Edgcarmn†GaKmyn† mUrbg˙kk~¨gExßevjCamYybeJIÔEkÌk duHelIeQIkMr dUcÚsßI, eJFi, x¬imes~ar˘˘˘ ®Clk'C&r®mak' Jk'enAk∫alk~¨gkar®byuTÏrbs'Exµrsm&yGgr .

(9) dMrI®sukExµrEdlKµanP¬¨k manEtEcEdlminGacduHEvgVn e®JHvaeFI√[dMrIenAminsuxnwgEcenH k* bukkb'eTAk~¨gedImeQI kac'bMVk'ecal ehAfaEckac' . ebIsMbkeQIduHkb'Vt' eKehAnagBYn . eK manCMenOfa GacCYybeJÇøs®Kab'kSePI¬gF~Ës~aVn .

(10) eKeCOfaman®bsiTiÏPaBGacbeJÇøs®Kab'kSePI¬g ( kM†¨s&ki†®bBnÏdab-QYn mankN†aj'enH ) .

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(11) qÌwg®kGUmmat'ragsMEb"tb"unkak' ( eKa®kbI…mnusßEtkMrmanNas' ) GackarJr®Kab'rMesv .

(12) x~ay®CUkPaKe®cIn@®behag kMrmantan' eKeCOfaGackarJrePI¬geqHnig®Kab'rMesvVn .

(13) Cavtƒ¨ksageLIgtSgBICMnan'sm&yGgr sMrab'BYkTahankan'karJrx¬ÁneBlsÂgam . eKsa gBIsMriTÏi edaymanbJç¨HGaKmnigelahFatuCae®cInmux nigerobehamBiFItamsasna®Jhµ s¬TMhM biun®mam´dCarUb®BHBuTÏ ®BHsiGar¥ nigGaTieTBsasnahiNÎËCae®cIn dUcCa®BH≤sUr ®BHnrayN_ ®BHPKens ®BHxÊm(bwTmux) ®BHkcçay ®BH®kg'˘˘˘ Cavtƒ¨kMrEdlCnCatiesomnigExµrs√HEs√grkTuk karJrx¬Ánnwge®KaHf~ak'sB√y"ag nigkarJrkSePI¬g®Kab'rMesv .

(14) CadMusMNmUl EdleKcary&n†nigGaKm rYcdMluj[mUl erobehamBiFI®bsiTIÏ[x¬SgBUEk .

(15) CatYB¥JÇn: n EtxusK~aTSgragTSgGkßrGm mancMnYn108tY kMrmanG~kecHnx√ak'nimYy@man kare®bIepßgBIK~a tSgBIkarJrGMeBI es~h_ s®tUv st√sahav karJr®Kab'kSePI¬g .

(16) mindwgBICMnan'Namk eKykFm·®BHBuTÏ nemaBuTÏay mGå ≤tibiesa˘˘˘ PKvati tSgCa8@ ®tUv Ca64tY rYceKTajcuHeLIgcMnYn108y"agepßgK~a dUcCa Eb"tdan sardan Tak'dan vg'dan fyl&g mha≤sßera sMNaj'eB®C ≤tibiesaelateCIgesH mhaBuTÏa rnSgeB®C ≤tibiesamUreq√g mUrs†S m˚¨d®BH nigy&n†≤tibiesamYycMnYn eKeCOfas&ki†siTiÏBUEkGackarJr®Kab'rMesv .

(17) sUmGanesovePA kal®bvti†viT¥a´n®beTskmı¨Ca rbs'esµr®tg'TMB&r127 .

(18) ehtuVnCaVrSgykTItSgTYlcak'Gg˚rCasala®suk´®BQr e®JHXMul√aCalMenAsƒanåja mhaviC&y GtItecAh√ay®suk´®BQrBICMnan'h¬Ágnerat†mmk . eBlVrSgeFI√kMENTMrg' rdΩVl ExµreKk*begI˚tsala®sukenATIenaH . TITYlsiƒtenAxÊg'400Em"®tcuHBIp¬ËvCati TICMuvijCavalE®s Ca cMNuce®KaHf~ak' ebIkalNaBYkbHeVreFI√karhflMuB&TÏ eTIbVrSgelIksala®sukeTAenA´®BTTwgvij k~¨grvagq~S1948 cm©ay23KILËEm"®tBI®kugkMBg'cam 18KILËEm"®tBI®bCMuCnpßarsn' .

(19) Bt·manenHpʨyBIsMeNrbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ulk~¨gesovePAcritExµr EdlfaekA-tk' VneTAsMuxIç®Vk' dab-QYnmkrksIu ehIydab-QYnk*sm¬ab'ekA-tk'ecaleTA e®JHx¬acFMCagx¬Án . elaksiumKin®tUvCakµÁyekA-tk' nigCaGtitExµresrIVn[karfa elaks&ki†®VMm"m-sara"t EdlsB√´f©rs'enA rdΩ Origan shrdΩGaemrik CaTahanCMnitdab-QYnVnniyay®Vb'fa karsm¬ab'ekA-tk' KWsem†csIhnuVnbJÇaBIP~MeBj mk[dab-QYnsm¬ab'ekA-tk'[Vn e®JHCaemT&Bx¬Sgrbs'sWg g"ukfaj' Edlsem†csIhnucat'TukCas®tUvTI1rbs'®Tg' .

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®bvti†seg≈brbs'ekA-tk' G~krs'enACayEdnExµr´f etagEtCaG~kka¬ han ( G~kelg…degA≈ ) . k~¨gsm&yGaNaniKmVrS g G~kelgCayEdnekA-tk' CaG~krksIunS®bhuk ®tIegot ®tIeqIÌr BIVt'dMbg esomrab dwkykeTAlk' enAext†surin®sukesom rYcTij®kNat'nS®tLb'mkvij . enAeBlCb"unvayyk≤NÎËcinenaH ´fEdlCa smınÏmit†Cb"un k*vaykgT&BGaNaniKmVrSgEdr . k~¨gsÂgamQa¬ nJnenH ´fVnrkekA-tk'eFC I√ aG~k nSpˬvkgT&B´fcUlvayT&BVrSgenA®sukExµr . q~S1941 VrSgsuxcit†®bKl'Vt'dMbg esomrabeTA´f . eBlenaH´fVnsMu[ekA-tk'eFC I√ aTahan´f EtekA-tk'min®Bm ®Kan'EtsMusiTiÏGaCa∆ Fr´f[elakGac cuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg esomrab nS®bhuk ®tIegot ®tIeqIÌr eTAlk'enA®suk´fdUckalBImun ´fk*yl'®Bm ehIyVnCUnemdaykiti†ysmYydl'ekA-tk'pg . ®Bwti†karNq _ ~S1945 T&BsmınÏmit†VrSg-Gg'eKs cUlmk≤NÎËcinvij

elaksWg-

g"ukfaj'EdleTIbeLIgCanayk rdΩmÂnI† ®tUvVrSgcab'nireTseTA ®sukVrSg . buN fl ˆ-cnÊm"ul, Gaca r¥nYn-DYgVnePosxÁ¬ ncUlmkex t†Vt'dMbg ehIyVnp†ÁcepI†mbegI˚ tclnaExµr≤sßr:CamYymab"ukXun . G~kTSgBIrk*rkG~kEdlma nsiTiÏGaccuHeLIgBIVt'dMbg eso mrabeTA®suk´f e®JH®tUvkarTij kSePg I¬ . ekA-tk'k*VnCYbCamYy nigGacar¥nYn-DYg enAVt'dMbg . e®kaymkEtgeTACYbBiPakßaK~aena bNˆaKarlk'esovePAmYyeQµaH « bNˆaKarExµrGUre®CA» enApßare®ka m-Vt'dMbg . buN fl ˆ-cnÊm"ulnignY n-DYg k*bJç¨HbJçËlykekA-tk' [eFC I√ aem≤sßr:m~ak'eTACamYynwg sIuv-ehg Edlsal'K~aenAVt'dM bg

ehIy®KYsarTSgBIrVnrs'

enACamYyK~ak~¨gCMrM≤sßr: . q~S19 50-51 e®kayBImanBYkevotmij cUlmke®CotE®Ckk~¨gclnaExµr≤ sßr:enaH lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn, mIu-pU VncUlCamYyevotmij eda ymanP~ak'garrbs'yYnCaTI®bwkßa

elakekA-tk'

nigkgT&ByYnenACamYypg . ekA tk' niglavEkv-munI k*EbkVk'K~a

CaBIr®kum Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~¨gesovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER fa buBe√ htu´n karEbkVk'K~a KWbN†almkBIerOg®Vk'600,000erol nigekA-tk'eFV I√ bG~k®suk . ‰kar®byuTÏK~ak* esovePAenHsresrxusEdrfa BYkekA-tk'®byuTÏK~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munI enA®tg'®sukbI

tamBitBYk

lavEkv-munIcUlmkxagEdndIekA-tk' ehIyedjVj'BYkekA-tk'EdlmanK~atic ®tg'PUmi®kUcqµar cm©a y15KILËEm"®tBIPUmi®sukbI (tamsMdIkUnTahanBIrnak'EdlenACamYyekA-tk'k~¨gkar®byuTÏenaH sB´√ f© rs'enA Everett rdΩva"siunetan . EdndIlavEkv-munI nigEdndI®tYtedayekA-tk' EckK~a®tg'sÊwg . BYk lavEkv-munIqg ¬ sÊwgcUlmkmanK~ae®cIn k*edjVj'BYkekA-tk' @®tUvrbYsePA¬ kMeb"HKUfk*dYlcuH . nwk sµanEtsa¬ b'ehIy BYklavEkv-munIk*cUlmkykkSePg I¬ ekA-tk'edkenAdIk*TajkSePg I¬ kar"abInVj'sa¬

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b'Gs'®VMbYnnak'vij . BYklavEk-munICagdb'nak'eTotk*®Vs'rt'ykrYcxÁ¬nEterog@xÁ¬neTA . BYkkUnecA k*nSK~a®KaEsgekA-tk'sMedAeTACayEdn TahanExµr-VrSgm~ak'EdlFa¬ b'CYy≤sßr: Vn[f~SnigCYyrMu rbYs . eKnSekA-tk'qg ¬ EdncUleTA®suk´f eTAVgkkedkB¥aVlenAk~¨geBT¥mYyenAe®tIyxaglic Tene¬ cA®bHy"a eQµaHsirIur"at' ( tamsMenogPasa´f ebIExµrfa sirIrdΩ ) G~kEdlnSekA-tk'eTAB¥aVl ni genAbMerIk~¨geBT¥´fenaH KWmYyeQµaH sM-put ( CIdUnmYynigelakV"n'-suFI ) edaypa¬ s'b†ËrK~aCamYy eQµaHpl-bun fl tU ( sB´√ f©rs'enA Puyallup rdΩva"siunetan ) . ‰esovePA HoOW POL POT CAME TO i Channa fa ekA-tk'mkedkeBT¥®sukExµreTAvij . ebIekA-tk'edkeBT¥®sukExµr k*nwg®tUv POWER ng TahanExµr-VrSgcab'sma¬ b'ecalCaminxan k~¨gedIm ( ´f©13 kum∏: tam‰ksar®ksYgsm©at'VrSg ) q~S 1951enaH . mYyeTotyYnevotmijVnTSgykkµÁylavEkv-munIBIrnak'eTAbÂJçk®TwsI†yYnUbniykmµenAhaNU yeTotpg mYyeQµaH bU nigmYyeToteQµaHeQOg edayeFd I√ MeNIrcUleTA®suk´f vageTAcUlxageJ Fisat' kMBt eTAtaEkv rYceTA®sukyYn . ‰eQµaH pl-bun fl tU ( sB´√ f©rs'enArdΩva"siunetan ) k*®buge®bo berobcMxÁ¬necjBIåt†rmanC&yeTA®sukesom rYcbn†eTAhaNUyeTot Ete®kaydwgfa BYklavEkvmunIcUl´dCamYyyYn nigmanP~ak'garyYnevotmijenAeFk I√ arCamYyk~¨g®kums~ËldwknSpgenaH k*®kajmi n®BmeTA . esovePA HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER sresr®tg'TMB&r95 faekA-tk'niglavEkv munIeQµaHK~aedaysarb"uk-Xunyk®Vk'600Jn'erol sMrab'TijkSePg I¬ nigedaysarekA-tk'eFV I√ b ®bCaCn . G~kniBnÏecosvagminsresrBICMerotCMErkyYnmkk~¨gclnaExµr≤sßr:eT eBlenaHsIuv-eh gVnecjeTAeronenAhaNUyput . k~¨gkarTak'TajykBYkExµr≤sßr:tMbn'esomrab-Vt'dMbg hU-CImijVncat'P~ak'garcMnYn®VMnak'. emdwknSenHmaneQµaHfa GugsWug ( Nguyen Thanh Son ) . edIm∫IsMerckicçkarenH BYkP~ak'garyYnVn rk®sIBIrnak' EdlmanG~k®sukcUlcit†®sLaj's†ab'e®cIn KWm~ak'eQµaH m"a-mUn ®tUvCam†aymIgekA-tk' eTAniyayTak'TajekA-tk'[Vneday[®Vk'mYycMnYny"agFMeTAm"a-mUn edIm∫IecosvagedIm∫Iecosva gE®kgeKdwg

luyenaHyYnxçb'nwgsw¬ keck

Etpl-bufl ntUsB´√ f©enArdΩva"siunetanCakµÁym"a-

mUnVnlb emIleXIj . ekA-tk'Vn®bEkkdac'Ghg˚anwgkarbJç¨HbJçËlEdlm"a-mUnxMniyaylYgelambJç¨H bJçËl tambMNgrbs'P~ak'garyYnevotmijenaH rhUtTajkSePg I¬ rkVj'm"a-mUnecaleTotpg . edayKMeragkarbraC&y emP~ak'garhU-CImijeQµaHGugsWug k*[K~avam~ak'eQµaH egø√ g mkTak'TgCamYyya yTMu-Xun ( enAPUmi®tMu XMue®CaynaggYn ®suk®sIs~M ) eTot EdlmanG~k®sukcUlcit†rab'Gans†ab'e®cIn nigCitditCamYyekA-tk'pg . yYnegø√ genaHVns˚at'rkCYbekA-tk'enACMrMT&B≤sßr:enA´®BeQµaH®tJM gEkg ¬ BN·Cae®cIndg EtekA-tk'Vn[BYkT&B≤sßr:edjP~ak'garyYnevotmijenaHecjBItMbn'enaHpg . kUn®busTMu-XunBIrnak' ( TMu-sg nig TMu-sIun ) sB´√ f©rs'enA Everett rdΩva"siunetan CasakßIEdlV nenACab'CamYynwgekA-tk' eBlVj'K~aCamYyBYklavEkv-munIenA®tg'PUmi®kUccar åt†rmanC&yenaH . q~S1946 VrSgykVt'dMbg esomrabvij BYkG~kmanxÁ¬n®bqSgVrSgdUcCam"a-mUn, TMu-Xun, ekA-tk'˘˘˘ k*dwknSbJËÇn®bBnÏkUnecAeTArs'ext†surin ®sukesom ‰®bus@enAEteFs I√ kmµPaBclnaExµr ≤sßr:tMbn'åt†rmanC&y sMeragcugkal'dEdl rhUtmkdl'q~S51 eTIbVnCYb®tUvr"UvK~anwg®kumsWg-g"u kfaj' . e®kaysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 k*vil®tLb'mkrs'enAk~¨g®sukExµrvijxH¬ enAsMeragcugkal' åt†rmanC&y xH¬ mkrs'enA®kLaj'kMBg'f˚Ëvvij dUcCaekA-tk'CaedIm elIkElgEtyaym"a-mUn EdlkayCaG~kmanbgÁr ( edaysarluyyYnevotmij[ ) k*rs'enAsurinrhUt ehIyCrasa¬ b'k~¨gq~S1977 . kalsaFarNrdΩrlMq~S1975 nayTahan ecAha√ yext† rt'cUleTA®sukesom m"a-mUnVneTACYbehI yniyayfa – « BYkGs'elakeFrI√ dΩ®bharTma¬ k'sIhnu eBlsIhnuenAk~¨g®sukelakmineFeI√ T elakTu k[sIhnuecjBI®suk eTIbelaknSK~aTma¬ k' rhUtsIhnucUlCamYyyYn CamYyExµr®khm elakc∫Sg em"cnwgQ~H » . rhUtdl'q~S1955 ekA-tk'Edl®bugQrCaebkC ≈ ntMnagraÂs†CamYyb"uk-Xun, lavEkv-munI k*®tU vsem†cbJaÇ mkdab-QYn [sma¬ b'ekA-tk'ecalk~¨gExmkra ®tUvnwgExbusß q~SmmIr ebItamsMdI[kar rbs'G~k®sIhgß-Funhak' CakUn®sIekA-tk' sB´√ f©rs'enArdΩ Oregon nigG~k®sIGIuv-y"ag naedImekAsa´v CakµÁyekA-tk', sB´√ f©rs'enA®kugV"rIs_ ®sukVrSg VncUlrYmTSgclnaExµr≤sßr: TSgCYybMerI

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clnasWg-g"ukfaj' ( bMerIVyTwkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) kalBIv&yCMTg' nigVnsal'®KYsarelaksIuv ehg, PriyaeQµaHCus-Gwug nigkUn®busbgeQµaHlag-m"anit y"agCitditeTotpg .

esovePAcritExµrrbs'elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ulsresrfa ®bsinekA-tk'man kSbit…dMbgCab'nwg´denaH KµannrNaGaccUlCitKat'VneLIy . mnusßda b-QYneQµaHedayEr"m ( eFµjmaseBjmat' ) x¬ac®byuTÏminQ~Hk*Vj's m¬ab'ekA-tk'eTA . exµacecalenATIenaHCagbI´f©KµannrNahflaneTACiteLIy. bI´f©e®kaymk eTIb®kum®KYsareTAlblYcyksBmkbJç¨Hs©at'@enAvt†®Tg' V®t Citp~ËrkµÁyGun EdlF¬ak'BIelILanhßIbs¬ab'Cag10´f©munenaH . bIq~S e®kay eTIb®kum®KYsarhflaneTAKas'sBTSgBIrmkbUCaeFI√buN¥åTiÊskusl enAk~¨gvt†®Tg'V®t . ‰®kumsIuv-ehg, ®Vk'-xan' ( sm&yln'-nl'Kat'Jk's&ki†bYn eFI√ecAh√a y®sukVNn' ), Lac-saern ( Gacar¥saern ), Lac-savn, mUl-sm∫ti†, Gacar¥e®bs, bflug-ePOk, lavEkv-munI, m"a-mUn (m†aymIgekA-tk' ), mIu-pU, rugelItCaedIm˘˘˘ VnTak'TgCamYyyYnevotmij edaysarcaj'åVyeXasnarbs'BYkhU-CImij nigedaucg'VnkSePI¬gBIyYnmkvayGaNaniKmVrSgpg (20) nigm"¥ageTot edaysaryYneXIjExµrkMBugVt'emdwknS ( VrSgcab'sW g-g"ukfaj'nireTseTA®sukVrSgenAPoitier ) yYnk*eq¬øt{kasd*kMrenHe®Cot E®CkcUlk~¨gs~ËldwknSExµr≤sßr: edaye®bIluypg niyaybJç¨HbJçËlpg cak'BYkExµr≤sßr:[eQ¬aHK~a nigrkkl∫l∫icsm¬ab'Exµr Edlmin®BmcuHcUl CamYyyYnevotmijecal[Gs' . k~¨gq~S1947 elaksIuv-ehgVneTAGnÊgbJç¨HbJçËlkµÁybegI˚trbs'P riyaelakm~ak'eQµaHrug-elIt EdlCanisßitenAmhaviT¥al&yFmµsat ( sM enog´f ebIExµrKWmhaviT¥al&yFmµsaÂs† …mhaviT¥al&yc∫ab' ) na®kugVg kk (10) .

BYk®kumelaksIuv-ehgenHk*Vnk¬ayeTACa « Exµrevotmij » EtenAk~¨g karXMu®KgdwknSedayyYnevotmij . TItSgrbs'BYkenHenAtMbn'sMLËt ®kjË g ext†Vt'dMbgCitTl'Ednesom . esckI†bJÇak'rbs'elakbfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul k~¨gesovePA « critExµr » k*VnsarPaBfa Exµr≤sßr:m mankarTak'TgCamYy yYnevotmijEdr (11) . edaysarmanTMnas'cg'eFI√FMEterogx¬ÁnenaH Exµr≤sßr :k k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'. dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk åt†rmanC&y

®kLaj'

(' 20) tamsMdI[karrbs'elaklag-m"anit ®tUvCakUn®busc∫gsBelaksIuv-ehg sB√´f©rs'enA rdΩnIv-y"k shrdΩGaemrik .

(10) rug-elIt ( CaeQµaH´f ) enH‰gEdle®kaymkeKsal'fa nYn-Ca ‰eQµaHedImKWeLA-ebg Kn pÊHenAxagelIvt†Krbni†c cm©ay®bEhlCa2KILËEm"®tBIpßarelIVt'dMbg .

(11) sUmGanesovePA « critExµr » rbs'bfluNˆ-cnÊm"ul ®tg'TMB&r81 .

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esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-sm∫ti†, bflug-ePO edaysarmanTMnas'cg'eFI√FMEterogx¬ÁnenaH Exµr≤sßr:k*Vk'EbkK~aGs'. dab-QYneTAtSgTIenAP~MKUEln, ekA-tk'enAP~MdgErk åt†rmanC&y ®kLaj' esomrab . enAVt'dMbgmanlavEkv-munI, sIuv-ehg, mUl-sm∫ti†, bflug-ePO kCaedIm . ext†kMBg'FMman gYn-hug, saL¨t-qay (12) , s&ki†bIsflab e®kay mkmancUlBIP~MdgErkEfmm~ak'eToteQµaHEm"n Edlykrhsßnamfa Em"n EknEpndI≤sIGKIen®t . ‰s&ki†bIsflabe®kaymkmincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"uk faj'eT enA‰kaCamYykUnT&B≤sßr: edayykelsfa vin&yclnaelaksW g-g"ukfaj'twgEtgeBk . BYkExµrevotmijenAtMbn'bUJ· enAxags√ayerog ´®B Evg dUcCa esam-Pwm, ®kumehg-sMrin˘˘˘

k*mincUlrYmCamYysWg-g"ukfaj'

Edr edayyYnVnGb'rMb JçËl®TwsI†[bMerIvaeTAehIy . ext†kMBg'sWı manc&nÊ rgßIenAbnÊayc∫armn, savag-vgß ( ≤sßr:K KS®TVrSg ), But-qay enAcen¬aH P~MtµatBgmktMbn'Vt'dwg P~M®bsiTiÏ . ext†kMBg'cammanesam-Pwm, Gacar¥yI emecar . ext†kMBtmanNub-bUpan, Gacar¥emon (sWg-g"ukmij) e®kaymk mannisßitBI®sukVrSgmkcU lrYmeTotKW vis√krCI-KimGan nigsaL¨t-sr (b"ul-Bt) . eyIgeXIjfa k~¨geBlEdlExµrVt'em yUnevotmijVnlUk´dcUlmk e®CotE®CkbJç¨HbJçËlykExµr≤sßr: ExµrevotmijVn ehtuenHehIyeTIb elakfaj'minGaceFI√karb®gYbb®gYmclnaExµr≤sßr:TSgGs'k~¨g®beTsExµr Vn .

(12) saL¨t-qay ®tUvCabgbegI˚trbs'saL¨t-sr ( b"ul-Bt ) .

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clnats~UelaksWg-g"ukfaj' edayGn†raKmnB _ I®kumbkß®bCaFibety¥ nigKMehIjBYkevotmijcUlmk e®CotE®Ckx¬Sgk¬apgenaH sem†csIhnuVnsMuVrSgGnuJÔat[elaksWg-g"u kfaj'Vnvil®tLb'mkmatuPUmivij edaysn¥afamincUlLËkLMerOgneyaV yeToteLIy . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VncUlmk®sukExµrvijenA´f©TI29tula 1951 . ´f© enaH‰g emdwknSyYnVn[P~ak'gareKEdlCakUnciJçwmnigCabMerIpÊal'elakr"a ym"ug vaysm¬ab'elak Jean de Raymond eBlelakkMBugsMran† . ‰esov ePA How Pol Pot came to power Vnsresr®tg'TMB&r95 faKWCabkßBYk elaksWg-g"ukfaj' CaG~ksm¬ab'eTAvij . e®kayBICYbCMuK~aCamYyelakV"c-QWn, swum-va"r nigBYk®bCaFibety¥ mk k*®suHmtiK~afa ®tUvEtecjeTA´®B®bmUlb®gYbb®gYmExµr≤sßr:vvayVrSg edIm∫I‰kraCpg nigkMu[yYncUlmklUk´dk~¨gerOgExµrVnpg .

elaksWg-g"ukfaj'

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sUm®Cabfakalelakfaj'enACaCnnireTs‰®sukVrSgenaH elakVn Tak'Tg®bwkßaCamYybJÔv&n†Exµrekµg@

EdlVneTAsikßaenA®sukVrSgman

elakhgß-Funhak', elakGIuv-y"agCaedIm˘˘˘

ehIyVnsal'cit†efI¬mK~aCa

mun . eBlmk®sukExµrvij elakfaj'Vncat'[elakGIuv-y"ageTArkemIl kEn¬gEdlGaceFI√mUldΩantsflUVn . elakGIuv-y"agVneTArkemIleXIjTI kEn¬gBIr – 1- tMbn'kMBg'sıW P~M{r"al' EtCakEn¬gBiVktemI¬gb"usv†i_ iT¥¨pßaysem¬gpg CatMbn'Edl®bCaCnminsUv®CYt®CabnwgclnatsflUrMedaHCati BIGaNaniKm pg nigCatMbn'EdlBiVkk~¨gkarTak'TgCamYyBiPBbreTsedIm∫IrkCMnYypg 2- tMbn'esomrab GUrsµac' P~MdgErk : CaTIkEn¬glÌGactSgCamUldΩanV n e®JH®bCaCnk*P∆ak'rlwke®cIn edaymanclnaExµr≤sßr:tSgBIq~S1945 pg CaTIGactemI¬gb"us†vi_ iT¥¨pßaysem¬gVn®sYl ehIynigCap¬ËvmYyGacTak' TgCamYyBiPBbreTstamry:®sukesompg . ehtuenHehIyeTIbelakfa j'sMercykGUrsµac' eFI√CamUldΩantsflUCamYyVrSgedIm∫I‰kraC¥ . elakGIuvy"agVnniyay®tUvr"UvK~aCamYyemExµr≤sßr:ekA-tk' nigTI®bwkßasamut-bflun fan' (12) rYcCae®sc ®sbeBlnwgkart´f¬rbs'elakln'-nl'CaecAh√ay ext†Vt'dMbg . enA´f©TI9 mina 1952 evlaem"ag1P¬W elakfaj'VncakecjBI®kugP~MeBj edaymanshkarIrYmdMeNIrKW elakeGor-sIucUv, hgß-Funhak', KS-er"t ni gsSg-savat (13) tamrfyn†sIu®tUEGnbIrbs'elakfaj', elakeGor-sIucU v nigKS-er"tpÊal' . ´f©TI10 TSgGs'K~aVneTAdl'eKak®tMu enAcen¬aH®kLaj' nig´®B®CUk . eBlenaHekA-tk'nigsamut-bflunfan'

VnCiHesHmkcSTTYl

(12) elaksamut-bflunfan'sB√´f©rs'enA®kugLgbflÈcrdΩkalIh√&rnij"a .

(13) elaksSg-savatVnniBnÏerOg®belamelakBIrd*BieraHcab'cit† es~haxıg'xıs' åt†mKties~haCatiemaHmt' KWerOg « eteCa®khm » nig « mhaecarenATl'Edn » . erO gmhaecarenATl'EdnenH kalBIdMbUgeVHCaBIrExß EtenAq~S1972 ®kumsarBt·man « nKrFM » Vn®bmUleVHrYmK~aEtmYyesovePAeTAvij . k~¨gerOgmhaecarenATl'Edn viessk¬ahan “BuknageTvI (sgßarmannÊ) CatMNagelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Etm†g e®JH ®tg'vKEdlelak[BrkUn ®tg'TMB&r86 KWCasMdIelakfaj'EdlEtgEtniyay[BrKU s√amIk~¨gCYrtsflUrbs'elak . elaksSg-savat Vn®tUvelakesk-sMeGot ( bcç¨b∫ n~CasmaCik®BwTÏsParbbhflun-Esn) cab'ykeTAsm¬ab'ecalk~¨g´f©20-21 mkra 1959 rYmK~anwgkarcab'cgk~¨g´f©CamYyK~a ´nBYkGtitExµr≤sßr:Ca´m∏nak'epßgeTot . ‰G~kx¬HeTotVneKcrt'eTA®sukyYnxagt∫Ëg rYmeFI√Ca «ExµresrI» CamYyelaksWgg"uk faj' . x¬HeTot®tUvCab'KukdUcCa elakGIuv-y"ag, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nÊsaratCaedIm˘˘˘. G~k Edl®tUveKsm¬ab'CamYyelaksSg-savatKW – Tav-Twgsan, ®KYmYn, sarI, Gacar¥®buk tamsMdIG~k®sIGIuv-y"agfa ln'-NunCaG~keTAcab'GIuv-y"ag ´f©TI20 mkra1959 .

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k~¨gevlayb'em"ag®VMbI

ehIynScuHtamp¬ËvreTHeTAk~¨g´®B . ´f©enaHLanmYy®tUvxUcedaydac'cg˚Ët k* nSK~arujlak'Tukk~¨g´®BkMu[VrSgdwgdan . ´f©bnÊab' VnmksMNak'enAk~¨g vt†e®CaynaggYnxÊg'bIem"agk*æsUrkSePI¬gVj'cMruHenA®kLaj' TSgGs'K~ak* bn†dMeNIreTAmuxeTot .

BIr´f©e®kaymk elakGIuv-y"agVnykrfyn†Lg'r"UEvrmYydwkb"us†iv_ iT¥¨ pßaysem¬gmYyBI®ksYgeXasnakar ( elakV"c-QWnCardΩmÂnI†®ksYg eXasnakar ) mkQb'enAPUmi®Tg'V®t (®kLaj') . G~kTSgGs'K~ak*eTACYb CMuK~aenAxagekIt®sukcugkal'®tg'sÊwgdac' tamdgsÊwgE®sg rYcykb"usv†i_ iT¥¨ eTAtemI¬genA®tg'kUnP~MrUgs¬EdkBIbUraNCabeN†aHGasn~sin edayelakeb" g-KitCaG~ktMelIg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vndak'eQµaHclnarbs'elakfa – « clna≤sßr: rYmExµrbMerICati » EdlmanVvcna : ‰kraC¥-®bCaFibety¥-sgmExµrfIµ-vin& y´f¬f~Ër-k¬ahan . ‰karcat'tSgk~¨gclnatsflUmandUcteTA – 1- elaksWg-g"ukfaj' Ca®bmuxclna .

2- elakeGor-sIucUv Ca®bmuxrg CaG~kcg®kg®TwsI†k∫ÁnclnatsflU vin&y nigkarTTYlxus®tUv xagEpnkarneyaVyb®gYbb®gYmBYkG~ktsflU Exµr≤sßr: .

3- elakGacar¥exov-CMu (14) CaGKelxaFikar manelakyn'-hflagCaPU QYy .

4- elakhgß-Funhak' TTYlxus®tUvxagEp~kGb'rM vb∫Fm· sil∫: nig erobcM®kumel≈anGb'rMdas'stiG~ktsflU nig®bCaraÂs†enAtMbn'enaH .

5- elakGIuv-y"ag CaembJÇakar®Kb'®KgTTYlbnʨkxagEp~ksni†suxTUeTA (15) nigembJÇakarPUmiPaKbsçwmTis (ext†Vt'dMg eJFisat') 6- elakeb"g-Kit CaG~kbecçkeTsxagtMelIgnigCYsCulb"us†vi_ iT¥¨pßaysem¬g . elakXI-tSglwm TTYlxus®tUverobcMxagkmµviFIpßaysem¬gcMerog clnatsflU eP¬g GtƒaFib∫ayneyaVy nigCMhrclnatsflUedIm∫I‰k raC¥ ®bqSgGaNaniKmVrSg ( bcç¨b∫n~eFI√CardΩmÂnI†®ksYgsaFarN kar´nrdΩaPiVlhflun-Esn ) .

(14) elakGacar¥exov-CMu kalq~S1942 VnePosCamYyGacar¥Gfluk-Ca eTAKg'enA®su kesom (®kugVgkk) k~¨gsm&yEdlVrSgcab'Gacar¥Ehm-ecov . eBlelaksWgg"ukfaj'vilmkBI®sukVrSg (Gn†raKmnB _ Yk®bCaFibety¥) ehIycUl´®B (q~S1952) elakGacar¥exov-CMuVncUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtelakBMuVnlacaksik≈abTeTeBlenaH (15) naTIembJÇakar®Kb'®Kg KWTTYlxus®tUvxagrdΩVlsIuvil sgmkicç nigxagneyaVy .

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7- elakdYg-c&nÊsara"t (16) CanayGKesnaFikarkgT&B manPUQYy …GKesnaFikargKWelak lav-FansW (17) .

8-elakekA-tk' CaemT&BnigCaembJÇakarswkeyaFPUmiPaKbsçwmTis. 9- elaksSg-savat ( e®kayq~S1954 Cacagh√agsarBt·manExµr Ca G~kniBnÏerOg «eteCa®khm» nig «mhaecarenATl'Edn» .

edImq~S

1959 ®tUvGtits&ki†bIesk-sMeGotsm¬ab'ecal . elakCaembJÇakarPUmiPaKåt†rTis (esomrab) manelakLwk-sMeGOn ( rhsßnam p˚ay®Bwk, sB√´f©rs'enArdΩm"asßaQUEst ) CaPUQYy .

10- elakKS-er"t embJÇakar®Kb'®Kg nigCaembJÇakarPUmiPaK¯san Tis ( kMBg'FM, kMBg'q~Sg, kMBg'cam ) EdlmanembJÇakar®bcSext†nimYy@ KWelakEm"n (18) (rhsßnamEm"nEknEpndI≤sIGKIen®t®tUv BYkb"UlIsGaNaniKmVrSgB&TÏcab'sm¬ab'k~¨gq~S53), elakGflum-sIum (19) ( ®tUvCabgelakGflum-hak', sB√´f©eFI√karenAxag®kumGvkas NA (16) elakdYgc&nÊ-sar"at ( GnuesniyeTa ) nigelaklav-FansW kalenaHkan'TahanmYykgvr:esnatUcenAsIusupun VnnSTahan®BmTSgGavuF LanesGiumes10 nigLanhßIb2e®KOg rt'eTAcUlrYmCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . kar®bKl'GavuFeFI√enA PUmip̨g ®sukcugkal' ext†åt†rmanC&y . ‰TahanEdlmin®Bmtamelak@VnGnuJÔa t[®tLb'mkCYb®bBnÏkUnvij sl'EtTahan30nak'Edlsuxcit†tamelak . e®kay mk edayminGac®TSVnnwgkarlMVksIuGt'sIuX¬an edk´®B ®Jt'®bBnÏkUn Tahanx¬H k*rt'ecjEfmeTot enAsl'Et7nak'b"ueNˆaH .

(17) CaGnuesniy®tI CakUnelaklav-FansflU emXMukMBg'fµ ®sukVray ext†kMBg'FM . m†ayeQµaHeKol . elakmanbgbÌËn®bus®sI®VMbInak'KW – lav-FaneGg, lav-FansIu lav-FaneGom nigbÌËn®sIBIrnak'KW – lav-KwmQun niglav-KwmQI . lav-FanGIum nisßitevCÇbNiÎtq~S1955-56 VnTak'Tges~haG~k®KUexov-b"uNˆarI ( e®kaymkCa®b BnÏTI1rbs'b"ul-Bt edayx√HmenaseJçtnabI†®bBnÏ eTIbk~¨gq~S1978k¬ayCaqÁtvk' b"u l-Btk*man®bBnÏfIµeTot ) EtGMueKolCam†ayminyl'®Bm e®JHmanrUbsm∫ti†minsÌat smeFI√CakUn®bsarKat' . ®tg'enHehIyEdleFI√[exov-b"uNˆarItUccit†nwgx¬Án‰g man KMnitsSj¨S(complex)s sÌb'BYkvNˆ:G~kman Caehtu[G~k®KUGP&B√es~he_ nH®sbeyabl'K~aCamYysaL¨t-sr EdlmanbMNglagCMrHsgmBukrlYy nigksagsgmkumµ¨ ynis†eTAtam®TwsI†cMkYtlIlarbs'Karl Max nig®TwsI†em"AniymrevIrvayeq√ghYsehtu (18) elakEm"n Ca≤sßr:EdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'bJÇËnmkBIP~MdgErk minEmnCaExµr ≤sßr:BImunmkeT .

(19) elakGflum-sIum Camit†elaklav-FansWu VncUlbnM¬eFI√CakUnTahanelaklavFansWu edIm∫ICarnukk~¨gnSrt'mkP~MdgErk . kalenaH elakesg-sflun´f ( ®tUvln'-Nu neFI√XatenA´f©TI24 mina q~S1970 edayx¬acelakeFI√rdΩ®bharykGMNaceTA[elak sWg-g"ukfaj'vij e®kaykar®bkasTm¬ak'sem†csIhnurYc ) k*VnnSkUnTahanrt'mkP~M dgErkEdr EtedayKµanG~knSp¬Ëv k*®tUvVrSgtammkTan'cab'ykeTAvijenA®tg'P~MEt∫gmanC&y ehIybJŒb'Elg[kan'kUnTahaneTot [eTAkan'xagEp~ksm∏ar:nignSsar vij .

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SA,, rdΩ FLORIDA ) nigelakem"A-efn . edaysaresckI†GMJvnavnUvkarb®gYbb®gYm, ExsIha1952 elakgYnhug manPUQYyeQµaHsarin nigsaL¨t-qay (20) xagkMBg'FM VnnSTahan≤sßr:150nak'®BmTSgGavuFpg mkcUlrYmCamYy . ‰nerat†m-c&nÊrgßI xagkMBg'sWı k*cg'T&B≤sßr:m mkcUlrYmCamYyEdr Etelakfaj'VnsMu[c&nÊrgßItSgenAbnÊayc∫armn (xaglix®kugkMBg'sıW)dEdl ehIyelakVnbJÇË nelakeGor-sIucUvxagneyaVy (21) nigCMnYyxagEp~keyaFam~ak'eQµaH EcmeTACYy . karelIkykclnatsflUelaksWg-g"ukfaj'mkGFib∫ay®tYs@enH xM∆¨®Ka n'Etcg'bJÇak'fa elakfaj'mancit†es~haCatiemaHmut CaemdwknSKMrUm~ak' (rhU tsB√´f©ExµrKµanemdwknSKMrUeT) mannin~akarxagrbbsaFarNrdΩesrIniym EdlCae®KaHf~ak'cMeJHrbbraCaniymp†ac'kar . karerobcMd*x¬Sgk¬anigcMNuHcuH cUl´nBYkbJÔv&n†ExµrCamYyelakfaj' VneFI√[sIhnuVrm∏x¬acVt'bg'GMNa ck*cat'Tukelakfaj'Cas®tUvTI1rbs'®Tg' . ehtuenHehIy VnCaenAe®ka ysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 BYkGn†rCatiVnnSelakfaj'cUlmkCitdl'®ku gP~MeBj EtsIhnumin®BmTTYl . cugq~S1954 elakfaj'Vnsresrlixit CnmksIhnusMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtsIhnumin®BmCadac'xat ehIycat' Tukelakfaj'CaCnk∫t'Cati e®JHVn®bqSgnwg®BHmhakß®t . mkEtBIela kfaj'mancit†eTarTn' minhflaneFI√[dUcrdΩ®bhar´f ( 1932 ®BHecATI7rt'eTA GWr"ub- q~S1941 ®BHecATI8Edl®Vf~adeNI†mykGMNacmkvijenaH®tUveKeFI√ Kt) edIm∫Iecosvagkarsm¬ab'rgalK~a‰g

eTIbneyaVyelak®tUvbraC&y

(20) saL¨t-qay ®tUvCabgbegI˚trbs'saL¨t-sr (b"ul-Bt) .

(21) enAq~S1953 edaycg'VnbuN¥s&ki† c&nÊrgßIVnnSTahannigGavuFmkcuHcUlCa mYysem†c edayykTSgelakeGor-sIucUvmkpg Etsem†cmin®BmTTYl e®JHelak eGor-sIucUvCabkßBYkrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' ehIysIhnuVn[b"UlIsnSelakmk ®bKl'[®kumP~MdgErkvij . ‰But-qay tMbn'ext†kN†al P~M®bsiTiÏk*VnmkcuHcUlCa mYysIhnuk~¨grvagq~S1952-53enaHEdr . ‰dab-QYn (dabCaJk¥esomCazann†rs& ki†Tahaneday)VncuHcUlCamYysIhnutSgBIq~S1949 ehIysem†cVnEtgtSg[eFI√ Caes†c®taj' CaemT&B®tYt®taext†esomrabnigkMBg'FM .

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(22) . elakfaj'Vnhamdac'xatmin[sm¬ab'ExµrK~a‰geT elakEtgeJl bJÇak'fa CaGnÊak'rbs'xµSgyYnkumµ¨ynis†Edlcg'[ExµreQ¬aHK~a nigTajExµr bJçËlk~¨gshB&nÏ≤NÎËcin e®JHhU-CImijkalenACakmµkr‰®sukVrSg V nbbYlelakm†g [begI˚tclnatsflUrYmK~ayYn-Exµr-lav vayGaNaniKmV rSg Etelakmin®Bm . e®kaymk eBlelakbegI˚tclna≤sßr:rYmExµrbMerI Cati hU-CImijVnbJÇËntMNagbYnnak' (ExµrBIrnak'yYnBIrnak') mkTak'Tg elakm†geTot EtelakenAEtmin®BmcUlrYmCamYyBYkyYnevotmijCadac'xat e®JHExµrmanEtxatKµancMeNjesaH nigm"¥ageTot elakCaExµre®kamEdl Vnrs'enA nigsal'Butt∫¨temdwknSyYnc∫as'Nas' . e®kaymkeTot k~¨gq~S1957 elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnsresrlixitcMnYn bI briyay®BmanBIdMeNIrneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu EdlkMBugeCOtamkar lYgelamrbs'CU-eGgLaynigem"A-esTug [sIhnuCYyhU-CImijk~¨gsÂgamrMedaHevotNamxagt∫Ëg . lixitTSgbIenaH VnbJÇak'®Vb'sIhnuBI e®KaHf~ak'yYnhU-CImij vt†mankgT&ByYnkumµ¨ynis†enAelITwkdIExµr ®sukExµr nwgk¬ayCalancMVMgrvagb¬¨kesrInigb¬¨kkumµ¨ynis† nigbmNgrbs'hI-CImi jk~¨gkarelb®sukExµr rYmeFI√shB&nÏ≤NÎËcineTotpg . lixitTSgbIenaH sI hnuKµanVnykcit†Tukdak'sUm∫Ibni†cesaHeLIy e®JHeCOtamkarFanaGHGag rbs'emdwknScin nighU-CImij Edlsn¥afanwgeKarBbUrNPaBTwkdIExµr nig KS®T[sIhnuenAelIGMNacrhUt . ehtuenHedayeCOsMdIeVk®Vs'rbs' emdwknSyYn100PaKryenaH sIhnuenAEtbn†CYyyYnkumµ¨ynis†kan'Etx¬Sg eLIg@EfmeTot .

(22) k~¨grCÇkal®BHecA Pracha Thipok, Rama VII manrdΩ®bhardkhUtGMNacBI®BHm hakß®tdwknSeday Pya Bahol nig Song Varadeth . ®BHecA®bCaFIb"ukVnePos®BH GgeTAGWr"ub (sI√s, Gg'eK¬s) . Casm&yelIkdemI¬gGMbUr´f . eKeFI√karEkT®mg'Gkßr saÂs†´f EktYB¥JÇn:x¬HdUcCa x, q, p, f˘˘˘. ®kumG~keFI√rdΩ®bharVnbegI˚t®kumraCanu siTiÏ[CMnYsrhUtdl'q~S1940 eTIbeKelIk®BHecA Ananda Mahidol [eLIgesayra C¥Ca®BHecArCÇkalTI8 ( Rama VIII ) . mYyq~Se®kaymk, ®bEhledaysar®BHecAenH manbMNgdeNI†mykGMNacraCsiTiÏmkvijenaH eTIb®tUveKeFI√Kt . rYcehIyeKk*GPi esk®BHecAPUmibul GduletC rCÇkalTI9 (Rama IX)) rhUtdl'sB√´f©enH . ®beTs ´f, fI√ebIekIte®kayExµr ( q~S1238´n®Kis†skraC ) EtemdwknS´fmankarvag´v EkE®b®beTseTAtamTMenar´nneyaVysklelak ( Flexibility))eTIb®beTsenHenA Kg'vg'Vn TSgrbbraCaniymk*Kg'vg'Canimit†rUbrbs'®beTs´frhUtsB√´f© eday®BH raCaminkan'GMNacdUcCa®BHraCnIeGlIhßaEbtEdr .

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‰ksareyag - References (1) eGg-sut, ‰ksarmhabursExµr TMB&r 1087-1088 (2) eGg-sut, ‰ksarmhabursExµr TMB&r 1092-1093 (3) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmère - publié en 1904 - page 90 (4) Gwum-qMu, eJrkMeVr eVHBumıq~S1966 TMB&r38 (5) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmère - publié en 1904 - page 90 (6) Milton E. Osborne, the French presence in Indichina 1859 - published 1905 page 90 (7) D˘ Kam, åkj"aviNˆ¨QUk eVHBumıq~S1971 TMB&r46-59 (8) Etude Cambodgienne - 1967 Avril-Juin No 10, page 27-28 (9) D˘ Kam, åkj"aviNˆ¨QUk eVHBumıq~S1971 TMB&r78 (10) D˘ Kam, åkj"aviNˆ¨QUk eVHBumıq~S1971 TMB&r142 (10') emT&BTn'CaCItaTYtxag“BukxM∆¨

tamesckI†dMNalBICItaxag“Buknig“BukxM∆¨pÊal'

fa taTn'CamYyåkj"amhaviC&y CaecAh√ay®sukVnT&BvayVrSg VnelIkT&B eTAeLamT&BVrSgenAelIP~Msnʨk . e®KOgxµ¨ketC: GavetC: davkMNan'x¬ÁnxM∆¨Vn eXIj ehIydavenaH xM∆¨VnykmkrkßaTukpÊal'x¬Án davenaH®tUvBYkb"ul-BtJy&y¥TisdkhUtykenAcugq~S1978 e®JHx¬ac®bCaCnbHsm¬ab'BYkvavij sUm∫IEt BUefA kSbitpak' Ex√v k*BYkvadkhUtTukEdr enAmuneBlT&ByYncUlQ¬anJn®suk Exµrbni†c .

(11) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 34 David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 144 (12) Etude Cambodgienne - 1969 Avril-Juin No 18, page 31 (13) Milton Osborne, the French presence in Indichina and Cambodia 1859-1905 (14) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 154 (15) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 159 (16) Kg'-sm∏ar, ®BH®KUGacar¥Ehm-ecov, TMB&r 33 (17) Kg'-sm∏ar, ®BH®KUGacar¥Ehm-ecov, TMB&r 28 (18) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (19) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (20) b"uNˆ-c&nÊm"ul, critExµr, TMB&r20 (21) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (22) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 47 (23) b"uNˆ-c&nÊm"ul, critExµr, TMB&r21 (24) b"uNˆ-c&nÊm"ul, critExµr, TMB&r35 (20) b"uNˆ-c&nÊm"ul, critExµr, TMB&r36

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CB M k U T3 I eKalbMNg rbs'hU-CImij enAkg ¨~ vKm  n u @eyg I VneXj I ehy I fa CnCaty i n Y emdk w nSyn Y enAEtb ns † Âga mrht U Kaµ nsJaÔ Namy Y bJaÇ kf ' a CnCatei nHQbe' Fs √I Âga mesaH eLy I . sÂga mEdlCnCatei nHVneFm √I kGs®' Vs M tvtßehy I enaH KC W as Âga mB®gk I Tk w dI sÂga mb®gb Y b®gm Y evotNamxageCg I ng i evotNamxagt∫Ë g . nKrcV M " (1) Vn®tvU rlayVtBEI pnTs I klelakkg ¨~ qS~ 1696 yn Y Tk u Etexts † amlcamBrI , CasrKN u dle' mTB & k∫tc ' am EdlCy Y yn Y [elb ®sk u cam, KeW xtp † anr' I ng i panr' ag " . exts † amlTSgBrI enH ®tvU yn Y rl M ayeTo tkg ¨~ qS~ 1725 (1) . tSgEtBm I n i Tane' lb®sk u camrc Y ral®' sl Y bl Y pg CnCaty i n Y VncHu m kCanK i mCn ehy I mktSgTl I eM nAya" gesø© msa© tk ' g ¨~ ext®† ska®tI cga√ ®tJM g (2) enAedm I stvtßT1 I 7 edaysarEtkareFs √ ®bEhsrbse' cAha√ yext† Exrµ enATeI naH ehy I ng i edaysarsÂga mrvagraCvgßExrµ EdleQa¬ HKa~ deN†I mraCblg ¬ e˚ nAkg ¨~ qS~ 1651 . kß®tExrµ VneTAsC uM n M y Y TB & esc † yn Y [mkCy Y c∫SgykGN M ac[xn Á¬ esc † egø√ g-evOgkb * Jn ËÇ kgTB & yn Y my Y kgBlFm M kCY yc∫Sg[esc † Exrµ ehy I eqø¬ teBlenaHkd * eNm †I ykext®† ska®tn I g i cga√ ®t Jg M eTATk u CasrKN u EdleKVnCy Y esc † Exrµ [VnGgy ¨ elrI aCblg ¬ ˚. † sh I nk u V * neFd √I c U Ka~ EdrkalBq I S~ 1970 edayrte' TABg w kgTB & ( kkn – esc eyokkg u -eyokNamxageCg I [cl U mkvay®bharrbbsaFarNrdEΩ xrµ edI m∫y I kGN M ac®tLbm ' kvj i . GeM BeI nHVnbNa† l[Vtb ' gG ' ayC u vI t i ng i ®T B¥sm∫tE†i xrµ ya" gseM bm I rht U dle' F[ √I ®sk u Exrµ ka¬ yeTACa<Tl I anBX i at> ´nstvtßT2 I 0 . enHehy I Kn M t i esc † elaPln' ng i seuI Carcajk ' lxSµ g ) .

GaNaextE† xrµ Ebk " xagekt I Vnrbt U my Y mg † @eTAkg ¨~ kNa† b´' dyn Y – kB M g®' kb´I ®BnKr (1696), extJ † m, raCa, em-s, lge' har (1731), pßarEdk, mat®' Ck U (1696), ®TSge®ty I t∫g Ë , extT † k w exAµ (1840) . deM NrI eqaı HmkTs i xagt∫g Ë ´nCnCaty i n Y Vncbs ' B®√ KbC ' asaƒ Br enAeBlEdlyn Y kank ' abV ' ntb M ne' ®CayTk w exAµ EdlCaEdncg u xagt∫g Ë bp M t u ´nEdnd≤ I Nc ËÎ n i . emdk w nSyn Y kc * abe' robcd M eM NrI cHu mkTs i xaglc i Cabne† Tot e®JHvacSVc[ ' CnCa ty i n Y rs' .

(1) ®beTscam…cV M " kans ' asna≤sa¬ menA®tge' votNamkNa† l man®VsaTcam Catk w tag .

(2) KeW xte† bonha√" dn U Nay Vero sB´√ f© .

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e®kayesc † Ggc  nT Ê 2 I sK u tqS~ 1834 kg ¨~ raCkß®tG I gm  uI yn Y ®tt Y ®ta®sk u Exrµ TSgml U dc U CaGaNaexty † n Y ehAfa®tan' tayfan' ehy I ®kg u PeM~ BjVn E®beQaµ HeTACaNSya" g . enHCadeM NrI eqaı HmkTs i xaglc i elk I T1 I rbs' yn Y . kg ¨~ CB M k U T1 I eyg I eXj I fa kareFe√I votNamb U ny i km®µ beTsExrµ kar eF[ √I Exrµ ka¬ yeTACayn Y edaymeF¥aVyekA† rbse' sc † mj i -ma" g, ya" -Lg ¨ ng i eTOg-mj i ya" gVn®tvU braCy & edaysar®bCara®sE† xrµ bHeVrJseBj ´p®Ê beTs kabs ' ma¬ by ' n Y TSgsvuI l i TSgTahan ng i edaysarvtm † an®BHGg Dg Y Camy Y kgTB & Exrµ -´f

EdlmanB¥a" b:D Dn i eteCaCaemTB & cl U mk®sk u Exrµ

qS~ 1841 . vtm † anVrSgEdlvayyk®sk u yn Y dakC ' aGaNanK i m V n kg ¨~ qS~ 1859 VnbgaÌ k' seM NrI eqaı HmkTs i xaglc i ´nBk Y yn Y my Y ry : . kg ¨~ s my & G a N a nK i m yn Y kV * n e Fk √I artsvUfl ayVrSgmn i Q bQ ' rEdr Etmane®cn I ®km u e®cn I bkß , manEtbkßkm u y ¨µ ns i e† votNamdk w nSedayhU CI mj i eT EdlmaneQaµ Hl∫C I ageK ng i mansmaCk i e®cn I CageKpg . emdk w nS yn Y enHmanbN M gdF * eM FgNas' Kb W g " begt ˚I mhac®kevotNam ( Viet EmM n & f † a shBn & k Ï m u y ¨µ ns i ≤ † Nc ËÎ n i …shBn & ≤ Ï Nc ËÎ i pire ) edaydake' Qaµ HbP n (Federation of Indochina)) edaymeF¥aVyelb®beTsExrµ ng i lavbJËç lKa~ . kg ¨~ smy & VrSg yn Y VnCrM j u bJn ËÇ nK i myn Y [mktSgenAelEI dndI ks U Sgsn uI kanE' te®cn I eLg I @ ng i bNa† kK ' a~ eKcl U eTACt i Cy Y eFk √ I arVrSg y kct i V † rSgkg ¨~ EpnkarB®gk I Tk w deI nH . kg ¨~ vKe nHxn ¨∆M g w ravrknvU Tn M akT ' n M gsk mP µ aBEdlhU Cm I j i bg " ykclnatsEUfl xrµ -lav[rb Y rm Y Camy Y yn Y eFC √I aTB & rm Y clnats≤ Ufl Nc ËÎ n i vayVrSg[ecjB≤ I Nc ËÎ n i TSgml U Etkg ¨ ~ eBlenaH yn Y Caemdk w nS®Kbv' s i y & . c∫asN ' as' hU Cm I j i Vnsk i ßaBc i arNa®bvts †i a®sd † n U taeK braCy & PaBdn U taeK kg ¨~ EpnkarseM rc´nyn Y b U ny i km®µ sk u Exrµ kalBJ I kk ' Na† l stvtßT1 I 9enaH . edm I ∫s I eM rcnvU Epnkaryn Y nb U ny i kmk µ g ¨~ deM NrI eqaı Hmk Ts i xaglc i elk I T2 I kg ¨~ GnaKtenaH hU Cm I j i Vn®tHi rHi ng i erobcK M eM ragkar ya" ght µ c ' tN ' as' edaysk i ßadlC ' eM rAsgm  Exrµ cN M c u exßay, karKt i Et ®beyaCnp _ aÊ lx ' n Á¬ ´nemdk w nSExrµ rc Y sresrbNS† Tk u [savk & Katb ' ne† vnneyaVyenHeTot .

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skmµPaBhU-CImijmkelIExµr nigkarbdiesFrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfan' tSgBeI nACakmk µ rkVl " ‰ ' ®sk u VrSgemH¬" hU Cm I j i maneKalbN M gdF * eM F gkg ¨~ kar®bqSgng w VrSg ng i b®gb Y b®gm Y ®beTsTSgbI (yn Y -nav-Exrµ ) eFC √I a shBn & k Ï m u y ¨µ ns i ≤ † Nc ËÎ n i Edlmanyn Y CaGk ~ dk w nS . hU Cm I j i VnTSgsr esrvc i arNkfakg ¨~ sarBtm · anpßayenA®sk u VrSgfa ≤Nc ËÎ n i VrSgng w ®tvU eFe√I votNamb U ny i kmeµ Totpg . tamsd M eI lakTt i -Gn Y EdlCaelxaFk i ar paÊ lr' bse' laksg W -gk u" fanf ' a kalenA®sk u VrSgCakmk µ redrI kVl " e' nAeLI yrvagqS~ 1935 hU Cm I j i VneTAbbl Y ®Tgs ' p U aNvu gß (lav) ng i elakfan' e dm I ∫rI b Y rm Y Ka~ begt ˚I clnatsrUfl eM daH≤Nc ËÎ n i T S g ml U BG I a N a nK i mVrSg Et edaydg w kll∫c i rbsy ' n Y elaksg W -gk u" fanV ' nbdei sFseM NrI rbsh ' U Cm I j i edayny i ayfa s[ uM yn Y eFk √I arreM daH‰®sk u yn Y cHu ‰Exrµ vj i eyg I ng w eFk √I artsrUfl eM daHenA®sk u Exrµ Edr eyg I ng w vayVrSgTSgGsK ' a~ edaymn i QanJnKa~ Ky W n Y mn i ®tvU ykkgTB & mkenAelT I k w dEI xrµ ‰Exrµ vj i km * n i ykkgTB & eTAtSgenAelT I k w dy I n Y Edr . e®JHelaksg W -gk u" fane' ml I eXj I fa ebEI xrµ ng i laveTArb Y rm Y clnatsC Ufl amy Y yn Y enaH Exrµ ng i lavkn * g w ®tvU yn Y elbGs' TSgkgkmS¬ gtsUfl GsT ' SgTk w deI TAeTot edaysaryn Y man®bCaCne®cn I Cag Exrµ ng i lav ehy I my Y eTotvaCaeKalbN M gemdk w nSyn Y kg ¨~ EpnkarB®gk I Tw kdIsMrab'®bCaCnyYn®sYlrs'enAteTAGnaKtpg . elaksWg-g"ukfan'man kMeNItenAEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam EdlyYnF¬ab'b¬n'ykenaH, Vnsal'nigyl' c∫as'Nas'nUvcit†KMnitemdwknSyYn nigeKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImijenH EthU-CImijenHmineVHbg'bMNgd*FMeFgenaHeLIy

emdwknSyYnenHEf

mTSgVnsresrbnÊat'neyaVy nigbN†STuk[sav&kKat'Gnuvt†teTAGnaKt KWdMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglic tamlMGandUntayYn ( ®BHecAmij-m"ag, y"a-L¨g, e®TOg-mijy"ag ) enaHrhUtTal'EtVnsMerc . e®kaymkeTot eBlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnvil®tLb'mkBICIvPaBnireT s‰®sukVrSgk~¨gq~S1951 ehIycUl´®BP~MdgErkbegI˚tclna≤sßr:rYmExµr bMerICatienaH (1) ®bmaNCa6Exe®kaymkelakcUl´®B hU-CImijVnbJÇËn (1) elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnvil®tLb'BICIvPaBnireTs‰®sukVrSgenA´f©TI20tula19 51 ehIyVncUl´®BtsflUenA´f©TI9mina1952 . BYkKNbkß®bCaFibety¥VnerobcM TTYlelakenAePaCniydΩankuk-em"g k~¨geBlenaHelakminVneFI√sunÊrkfaEvgeLIy ®Kan'EteJlJk¥GrKuNdl'KNkmµkarTSgGs' rYcelakp†Sfa – ebI®bsinCaelak m~ak'dYl sUmG~kTSgGs'K~akMuQb' ®tUvnSK~abn†rs'eTAmuxeTot . enHCaesckI†[karN_ rbs'elaksflam-hYt KNkmµkarbkß®bCaFibety¥®bcSTI®kugP~MeBj sB√´f©rs'enA ®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

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tMNagbYnnak' (yYnBIrExµrBIr) mksMuCYbCamYy . elaksWg-g"ukfan'Vn[ tMNagevotmijTSgbYns~ak'enAk~¨gCMrMGUrsµac'sin . luH®BwkeLIgelakfan' cat'EpnkarCMnMuCaelIkTI2 . k~¨gsm&y®bCMueBjGgelIkTI1 elakVn[tMNagyYn2nak'enAe®kAsin cScUlrYmenA´f©TI2vij e®JH´f©TI1Cakar®bCMu´n emdwknSExµrsuTÏ . Etdl'´f©TI2 yYnBIrnak'enaHmin®BmcUl®bCMu edaysMGag faeKminVncUlrYm®bCMuenAelIkTI1 . k~¨g´f©TI1 ExµrBIrnak'enaHVnesI~tam sMeNIryYneyokmijfa – 1- sMubJÇËnkgT&BevotmijmkCYyc∫SgbeN†jVrSgecjBI®sukExµr 2- sMu[ExµrCYyp†l'es∫øgGaharsMrab'kgT&ByYnenA‰®sukyYn 3- sMu[T&BevotmijcuHeLIgeFI√skmµPaBtam®BMEdnExµredIm∫IvayVrSg elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnbdiesFnUvsMeNIrrbs'yYnevotmijenH ehIy VnBn¥l'ExµrevotmijTSgBIr BIKMeragkarminesµaH®tg'rbs'emdwknSyYnmk elI®beTsExµr . elakbJÇak'fa ExµrmincSVc'eTAeFI√kumµ¨ynis†eT, ®bCaraÂs† Exµrc∫as'CamineBjcit†Cadac'xat ebIBYkeKyl'fa kumµ¨ynis†CaGI√enaH ? . ebIcg'nSExµr[cUlkumµ¨ynis† manEte®bIFm·ek†Ab"ueNˆaH (2) e®JH®bCaraÂs† Exµr®sLaj'esrIPaB raÂs®ExµrminTan'x√Hm˙ËbGahardUcCaraÂs†yYnenAeLIy eKeFI√E®sm†gk~¨gmYyq~S rYcsMrak5-6Ex ‰dIFI¬bg˚begI˚tplk*enAFMTUlay Nas' rdΩaPiVl®Kan'EtCYy[ksikrExµrecHeFI√E®stambecçkeTsTMenIb bMVt'QµÁjkN†al sMNUksUkV"n'BukrlYy enaHk*nwgGacedaH®saybJ˙a CIvPaBksikrExµrVnehIy . eBl®tLb'eTAvij ExµrTSgBIrnak'enaHk*®tUvyYnykeTAsm¬ab'ecal eda yvaminTukcit†nigecaTfa VncUlrYm®bCMusm©at'CamYyelaksWg-g"ukfan' .

2) cMNuc®tg'enH b"ul-Bt…saL¨t-srVnemIleXIjEdr (2

ehAe®bImeF¥aVyek†A

bg≈MExµrTUTSg®beTs[TTYlykrbbkumµ¨ynis†em"Aniym edayCadMbUgCnenHminbeJç jeKaledAneyaVyeK[ExµrTSgGs'dwgdUcCaswg-g"ukfaj'eT eKEckEpnkareKCa dMNak'@ rhUtrlay®suk .

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EpnkarhU-CImij nigkll∫iceVk®Vs'Exµr elakKIm-Epn manedImkMeNItenAkmı¨Cae®kam F¬ab'VnbYseron ehIy 'VnTak'Tgsal'BYkyYnnigExµre®kamx¬H EdlVnbMerIclnatsflUevotmij rhUtelakVnTTYl‰ksarCaPasayYnsI†BIclna nigskmµPaByYnevotmi j k~¨geKalbMNgelbTwkdIExµrniglav . edayemIleXIje®KaHmhn†ray EdlyYnkMBugEteFI√mkelIExµrdUec~HenaH elakk*VngakmkcUlrYmCamYyclnaExµresrIrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'vij . elakVnsresrcuHCaGtƒbT®b cS´f©k~¨gTMB&rsarBt·man « ekaHsni†PaB » sI†GMBIe®KaHf~ak'EdlyYnkMBugerob Epnkaryk®sukExµr . esµrxM∆¨k*F¬ab'VnGanGtƒbTenaHEdr ehIyk~¨gGtƒbT enaH manPs†¨tagftcm¬gCab'TSgeQµaHsarBt·man nigGtƒbTrbs'hU-CImi j EdlVnsresrcuHpßayenA®sukVrSg tSgEtBIkalhU-CImijenAeFI√Ca kmµkr‰®sukVrSgem"¬H . cMNgeCIgenaHsresrCaPasaVrSgfa – L'Indochine française sera vietnamisee . k~¨gsm&ysaFarNrdΩ elakKwm-Epnmanzann†rs&ki†CaGnuesniy‰k ( s&ki†bI ) eFI√kark~¨gkariyal&yTI2 (3) xagEp~kykBt·man e®kaymkelakCa b'eq~atCatMNagraÂs†mNÎlviharsYK· . edayesckI†esI~rsMuBIG~kGanCae®cI n elakVnerobcM®bmUlsMenrrbs'elak EdlcuHk~¨gsarBt·manekaHsni†Pa B enaHcg®kgCaesovePAmYyeLIg . sMeNAGtƒbTVncUleTAk~¨geragBumı edIm∫IeVHCaesovePAeTAehIy EtGkusl®beTsExµr®tUvGn†rkb∫ Exµr®khm Q~HrbbsaFarNrdΩ®tUvrlM elakk*VnVt'bg'CIvitk~¨grbbb"ul-BtEfm eTot . elakKwm-EpnVnbkE®b‰ksarsresrCaPasayYnenaH sI†BIdMeNIrb s'KNkmµkaryYn EdlVncuHmkeFI√skmµPaBCadMbUgk~¨g®sukExµr rvagq~S 1947 . GtƒbTenaHsresrfa KNkmµkaryYnevotmijenaHmanBIr®kum mYy ®kummanK~aCag10nak' . ®kumTI1VncuHmk ehIytSgTITak'TgbegI˚tKNkmµkars~Ël k~¨gtMbn'ext†s√ayerog, ´®BEvg, kMBg'cam, Cb', emmt' e®JHenA TIenaHmanyYnCae®cIn CakmµkrcMkarekAsflUVrSgenACb'-emmt' . ®kumTI2Vn bn†dMeNIreTAext†kMBt edayq¬gkat'tamext†taEkv . enAtaEkvBYkeKVnTSg cUlrYmsb∫ayk~¨gBiFIbuN¥cUlq~SExµrk~¨gPUmiCnbTmYy rYceTIbBYkevotmij bn†dMeNIreTAext†kMBteTot . enATIenaHeKVnTak'TgbegI˚tKNkmµkars~Ël (3) naykariyal&ytI2 KWelakKwm-eGgKUrunedt CaP~ak'garsm©at'´pÊk~¨grbs'Exµr®khm ehtuenHehIyeTIb®Kb'®btibti†kareyaFaecnLa1 ecnLa2 ®tUvbraC&yrhUt .

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evotmij edayerIsBYkGnikCnyYnekItk~¨g®sukExµr k~¨gcMeNamniKmyYnCa e®cIn EdlVncakecjBIext†Jm ( Hatien ) . k~¨genaHmanyYnekIt®sukExµr m~ak' F¬ab'bYssikßaFm·vin&yenABuTÏikviT¥al&y ecHniyayExµrsÊat'c∫as'la s' EdlExµreyIgx¬Hsal'eQµaHfa « Gacar¥emon » .

Gacar¥Gn-emon … sWg-g"ukmij CakUnrbs'niKm yYnmkBIext†Jm ( Hatein ) ekItenAext†kMBt . hU-CImijVn[CnenHEkg ¬ eQµaHbnM¬ faCabÌËnrbs' elaksWg-g"ukfaj' edIm∫IdwknSclnaExµrevotmij ( bMerIyYn ) .

eTArs'enAhaNUye®kaysni~siT

hßWENv (20kk˚da1954) . emdwknSyYnVnbJËÇ nmk (CamYyGtitExµrevotmijBIrJn'nak') [dwknS clnaExµr®khmk~¨gq~S1970 . sa¬ b'k~¨gq~S1972 edayb"ul-BtbMBul .

edayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaemdwknSExµr®bqSgnwgGaNaniKm ehIy®tUv VrSgcab'eTA ExµrkMBugVt'emenaH hU-CImijk*[Gacar¥emonenHmkEk¬g eQµaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIyeXasnafaCabgËÌnbegI˚trbs'elaksWg-g"ukfa n' edIm∫ITak'TajykExµreTAbMerIclnayYnevotmij . k~¨gq~S1952 ExµrBIrnak' EdleTACYbelaksWg-g"ukfan' ( CamYyyYnBIrnak' ) VnsYrelakfa – etI sWg-g"ukmijEdlmYnbn†¨b[eFI√CaemdwknSenAkMBtenaH ®tUvCabÌËnelakEmn eT ? . elaksWg-g"ukfan'eqI¬ytbvijfa – ebIsWg-g"ukmijeFI√karedIm∫IExµr bM erIpl®beyaCnE_ xµr bMerIåt†mKtiExµr mineFI√kar[yYn enaHeTIbsWg-g"ukmij CabÌËnxM∆¨ EtsWg-g"ukmijeFI√karbMerIhU-CImij ehtuenHehIysWg-g"ukmijmin EmnCabÌËnxM∆¨eT . hU-CImijVn[Gacar¥emonEkeQµaHCasWg-g"ukmij k~¨gbMNgeVkykExµrEdlkMBugVt'em dwknS[cUlk~¨gGnÊak'yYn bMerIclnanig pl®beyaCny _ Yn e®JHgaynwgsMercmhiciœtad*FMeFgrbs'hU-CImij k~¨gKM nitB®gIkTwkdI begI˚tCa «shBnÏ≤NÎËcin» edayemdwknSyYnenHemIleXIjfa teTAGnaKtraÂs†yYnminGacrs'enAelIEdndId*tUccegÌøtp†l'plitpl ksikmµciJçwmmat'min®Kb'®Kan'enaHeT KWmanEtyk®sukExµrniglaveTeTIbyY nrs' . tamBitelaksWg-g"ukfan' KµanbÌËnbegI˚teQµaHsWg-g"ukmijTal'Et esaH KWyYnhU-CImijeFI√bMP&n†Exµr[yl'®cLM ehIynSKI~K~acUleTArYmbMerIcl natsflUyYn k~¨geKaledAyk®sukExµrbJçËleTAk~¨gshBnÏ≤NÎËcinEtb"ueNˆaHnaGnaKt enA eBlyYnmanC&yCMnHelIGaNaniKmVrSgnigc®kBti†Ga -55-

emrikSgrYcral'ehIy . dUec~HKµansJÔaNamYybJÇak'fa emdwknSyYnnwgbJŒb'sÂgamB®gIkTwkdIesaHeLIy . e®kaybni†cmkeTot BYkevotmijVnmkbN†¨HKNkmµkars~ËlenAsMLË t GaeK~ye_ xt†Vt'dMbg edaybJÇËnyYn®VMnak'mkTak'TgVnExµr≤sßr: – sIuv-ehg, mUl-sm∫ti†, lav-EkvmunI, Gacar¥e®bs, bflug-ePOk, rug-elIt ( nYn-Ca ) . Exµr≤sßr:TSgenaH k*maneQµaHfIµfa « Exµrevotmij » . BYke®kay enHeFI√skmµPaBkab'sm¬ab'raÂs†Exµrdak'mIneFI√[reTHePI¬gpʨH®kLab's¬ab'Exµr s¬Ët®tg'Cae®cIn tamExßjak'rbs'evotmij . enHCakarcab'epI†mrbs'yYnk~¨g neyaVyxIç´dExµrlabmuxExµr ( dUceKlabmuxman'®bCl'K~a ) [sm¬ab'Exµr ehIy . yYnVnTukclnaExµrkumµ¨ynis†niglav®khmdUckUnrbs'eK . yYnVn erobcMe®KagkarNl _ ÌitlÌn'Nas' k~¨gkarbN†¨Hs~ËlExµrevotmijenH . e®ka yBIkarTak'ykVnExµr≤sßr:mYycMnYnehIy yYnk*cab'Gb'rMEp~kstiGarmµNB _ YkenH[®sLaj'yYnevotmij edIrtammaK·ayYn . BYkExµrevotmijrab'ry nak' VneTAsikßa®TwsI†evotmijk~¨gsalaneyaVy®kughaNUyk~¨gq~S1947 (2) ‰sIuv-ehgVneTAhaNUyk~¨gq~S1951 x¬HVneTAsikßaenA®sukcin eb"kSgeTotpg dUcCaGacar¥saern ( Lac-saern ) VnecjeTAhaNUyrYc bn†eTAeb"kSgk~¨gq~S1955 ‰®bBnÏeQµaHelOt kUn®busBIr ( LacvIr:, LacvrvIr: ) kUn®sIBIr ( Lac-tara, Lac-vIrtara ) VncakecalpÊHenAvt†Kr ®suk sEg˚ Vt'dMbg ( CitpÊHm†aynYn-Ca ) eTAtambI†k~¨gq~S1960 tamry:Exßcar kicçyYnenAVt'dMbg rYceTAsMNak'pÊHjatienAP~MeBj nigeLIgyn†ehaHeTA haNUy . Gacar¥saernmankMeNItenAPUmicMkarsMerag Cab'DIb¬ËmsalaV lI®kugP~MeBj ( Diplome de l'Ecole Suprême de Pali à Phnom Penh ) (4) kalenAk~¨g´®BmanmuxgarCaKNneyaVyrbs'evotmij enA®suksMLËtex t†Vt'dMbg .

EfmBIelIkarenHeTotenaH emdwknSyYnhU-CImij®bEhlCaeKminTukcit† BYkExµrevotmijk*mindwg eTIbeKerobcMKMeragkarNs _ Mrab'ry:eBlEvgmYyeTo t . BYkyYnVnedIrcab'kumarExµr …bJç¨HbJçËlekµgCMTg'Exµr ykeTAhaNUyGb'rMxYrk∫alsMrab'bMerIneyaVyyYn . bg@x¬H®bEhlenAcSVnfa rvag q~S1951-55 m†ayExµrEtg®BmankUnmin[edIrelg x¬ac®bmat'®bmg'…Gara"b' cab'kUnekµg . evotmijVnCYl[cab'ekµgExµrykeTAGb'rMedIm∫IsMercEpnkar evotNamUbniykmµraÂs†nig®sukExµr eFI√CashBnÏ≤NÎËcinnaGnaKt eday ykekµgExµr EdlvaGb'rMTukenaH[dwknS®suk Ete®kamkar®tYtBinit¥rbs'yYn . BYkekµgExµrGs'TSgenaH rhUtmkdl'sB√´f© x¬Hmanv&y30…40q~S

ehIy

(4) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnÏesovePA « Vt'dMbgsm&yela kmças' » sB√´f©enAvt†Kr .

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eFI√kark~¨grbbehg-sMrin x¬HminTSgsal'Em"“ bgbÌËnbegI˚t …®sukPUmikMeNItx¬ÁneLIy elIkElgEtmanv&yCMTg' k~¨gcMeNamenaHmanEb"n-suvNˆ, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&y EdlyYndwknSykBI®suklaC eJFisat'eTA ( tamsM dI[karNr_ bs'elakeLA-Qin ) . enAedImq~S1979 EdlT&ByYnvayQ¬anJn®beTsExµrenaH b"ul-BtV ndwkCJÇËnekµgkM®JFM@ekormktam kat'´®BGt'Gahars¬ab'Gs'Cae®cIn ‰ekµg kM®JtUc@ Edlva®bmUlminTan' k*cak'esarXMuTukk~¨gmnIÊr . dl'kgT&ByYn cUlmk vak*®bmUlykekµgkM®JxÊg'1,000nak'eTAhaNUy (5) edIm∫IGb'rMb ÂJçk®TwsI† TukeFI√Cas~ËlbMerIEpnkaryYnteTAGnaKteTot . yYneFI√dUcK~aenA ‰®suklav cMeJHkUnkM®Jlav . BYkExµrevotmijmaneQµaHsWg-g"ukmijCa emdwknS dUec~HyYnCaG~kbegI˚tExµrniglavkumµ¨ynis† . bkßkumµ¨ynis†TSgbI ®beTs ( yYn-lav-Exµr ) ®tUvrYmbJçËlK~aehAfa « bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin Indochinese Communist Party … ICP ) . bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinVnbegI˚t eLIgenAq~S1930 enA®kughugkug . kaleNaHenAminTan'mansmaCikCaCati ExµrenAeLIyeT . luHe®kaymk k~¨grvagq~S1940V¬y eTIbyYneVkVnExµr mYycMnYn EtPaKe®cInCaExµr®khmedaybeJœatfayYnnwg®bKl'dIkmı¨Cae®ka mmkExµrvij kalNac∫SgQ~HVrSg . enAq~S1945-47 yYnevotmijVnKS®TclnatsflUedIm∫IesrIPaBenA®beT sExµr (niglav) edaysarExµrkMBugVt'emdwknS e®JHelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ®tUvVrSgcab' yYnk*Vn{kaslUk´dmkkkUr´pÊk~¨gclnaExµr≤sßr: Tak'TajVnBYklav-EkvmunI, mIu-pU, m"a-mUn, sIuv-ehg, mUl-sm∫ti†, esa-Pwm˘˘˘ .l. enAk~¨gq~S1950 BYkExµreq√gniymVnrIkduHdaly"agx¬Sg edaymanTMna k'TMngCits~iTÏCamYyBYkV"eftLav nigbkßlanevot ( Lien Viet Front of Vietnam ) . enA´f©TI17emsa1950 Exµr≤sßr: EdlPaKe®cInCaGtitsmaCikkumµ¨y (5) CaBiessBYkkUnkM®JEdl“Bukm†ayvil®tLb'mkBIbreTs ( PaKe®cInmkBI®beT sVrSg k~¨gcMeNamenaHmankµÁybegI˚txM∆¨mYyEdr Edl“Bukva ( hiun-sIuhfln ) VnnS ®tLb'mkBI®kugV"rIsk~¨gq~S1976 k~¨grvagExemsa tamkareVkbeJœatrbs'eGogsarI fa®tUvkarbJÔv&n†ExµrenAbreTsmkCYy ksags†ar®sukeTsEdlexÊcxÊSeday sÂgam . ®VMmYyExe®kaymk BYkExµr®khmVnykbÌËnxM∆¨enHeTAsm¬ab'ecalVt'eTA ehIyykkµÁyhiun-evaharGayuBIrq~S eTAdak'k~¨gmnIÊPUmimYyCiteragc®keFI√EkvcMkardUg . ®VMmYy-®VMBIrExe®kayEdlyYnvayQ¬anJnkan'kab'®sukExµr G~k®sIeGlIsaEb t-ebck&r ( Elizabeth Becker ) VneXIjekµgkM®JExµrCag700nak'enAhaNUy dUc G~k®sIVnsresrk~¨gGtƒbT ( How Vietnamese create a regional communist Empire - The Hanoi Pact ) cuHk~¨g The New Republic ´f©TI20 tula 1986 ®sab' .

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nis†≤NÎËcin VnebIksmaCTI1enAsMLËtVt'dMbg Cab'®BMEdn´f edIm∫IbegI˚ trNsirßrYbrYmExµr≤sßr: ( United Khmer Issarak Front ) . smaCelIkTI 1enHdwknSedaysWg-g"ukmij . ®tg'enHehIyEdleFI√[Exµr≤sßr:eekA-tk' VnVk'EbkK~aBIBYklav-EkvmunI rhUtmankarVj'K~aenAPUmi®kUccar minEmn enAPUmi®bI nigminEmnedaysar®Vk'600,000 Edl Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~¨gesovePA How Pol Pot came to power enaHeT . tam‰ksar®bvti†b kßkumµ¨y nis†ExµreVHpßayk~¨gq~S1973fa kaleNaHmanbk≈CnExµrkumµ¨yni s†EtcMnYn40nak'b"ueNˆaH ( KµankarecHdwge®CA®CH

nigmindwgBIeKalbMNg

yYnerobEpnkarelb®sukExµrpg) . edayExµrmin®BmenAe®kamkardwknSyYn @k*erobcMEpnkarfIµ KW[bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinrMlayx¬ÁnenAedImq~S1951 ehIybegI˚tCabkßkumµ¨ynis†Exµr lav nigevotNamerog@x¬Án Etbkßkumµ¨yni s†yYnenAEt®tYt®tadEdl dUcEdl‰ksarevotNamVnbJÇak'k~¨gExviciœka 1951 fa – bkßkumµ¨ynis†evotNamenArkßasiTiÏ emIlkarxus®tUvelIskmµ PaBbkßbgbÌËnkmı¨Caniglav . e®kaymk, eTaHbIy"agNak*eday ebIlk≈&N GnuJÔat[enaH bkßbdivt†nT _ SgbInwgrYbrYmK~aeFI√bkßEtmYy KWbkßshB&nÏevo tNam Exµr niglav (The Vietnam-Khmer-Laotian Federation's Party ) (3) b&kßbdivt†n®_ bCaCnExµr ( Khmer's People Revolution Party - KPRP ) VnekIteLIgenAExkJÔaq~S1951 ‰lk≈ni†k:K KWcm¬gecjmkbIbkßkumµ¨ynis† evotNam (5) . tam®bvti†rbs'bkßkumµ¨ynis†ExµrenAq~S1952 BYkeKmansmaCikxÊg'mYyJn'nak'Cae®sc . enA´f©TI3 Exmina 1951 rNsirßrYbrYmCatiExµr evotNam niglav VnCY b®bwkßaK~a ehIybegI˚tCabkßsmınÏevotNam-Exµr-laveLIg rYck*®bkas ehA®bCaCn®beTsTSgbI[eFI√sh®btibti†karvayrMlMGaNaniKm . eyal elIkarsMerccit†enH EdleKVneVHpßayenA´f©TI11 Exmina 1951enaH kg T&ByYnevotmijk*VnelssMGagcUlmkk~¨g®sukExµrniglav edIm∫ICYyc∫S gBYkExµr®khmEdle®kaymkk¬ayCakgT&BrMedaHCatikmı¨Ca ( The Khmer National Liberation Army ) nigCYyc∫SgBYklav®khmV"eftLavpgEdr (6) . enAq~S1958 BYkyYnevotmijVneTAeXasnaeVkBYkExµrkmı¨Cae®kamfa BYkeKeFI√kar[sem†csIhnu ehIyVnbg˙ajb&NˆKNkmµkarBiessEdl manrUbftsem†cenAelIenaHpg . Exµre®kammYycMnYnFMVncUlrYbrYmk~¨gcl nayYnevotmij . (6) eKeXasna[ExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kammkvij . enHCal∫ic ®BYjmYyVj'Vnst√BIrrbs'yYnevotmij . mYyKWBYkevotmijbMpus[Exµr bHeVreLIg edIm∫I[mankarvwkvrk~¨gEp~krdΩVl-sgmyYnxagt∫Ëg .

BIrKW

(6) esckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksWn-EL vresniyeTaEm"kh√k sB√´f©rs'enAtaxUm"a rdΩ va"siunetan .

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rdΩkaryYn´®BnKrk*nwgcat'viFankarbÂg˚abkab'sm¬ab'Exµre®kam y"agcas'´d eTot. G~kcMeNjKWevotkug-evotNamxageCIg‰eNaHesaH e®JHExµrEdl bHeVrenaHk*nwg®tUvs¬ab'vinaspg ehIyG~kEdlrt'rYcx¬Án nwgrt'mkcUlbMerI BYkevotkugvij . enHCal∫icy"aggaybMputrbs'yYnkumµ¨ynis†k~¨gkarsm¬ab' Exµr . kalenaH elaksWg-g"ukfan'eTIbnwgvilcUlmk BICIvPaBlak'x¬ÁnenA ‰ext†L¨gnij . eBlenaHelakVndwgfa Exµre®kamcaj'eXasnaeVkbeJœatrbs'BYkevotkugehIy@®bugnwgbHeVrEfmeTot edaymanemdwknSm~ak' eQµaHfac'-ENg (7) . BYkKijsm©at'yYnxagt∫ËgVnrkcab'elakfac'ENg ®BmTSgbkßBYkEdlrt'eKclak'x¬ÁntSgP&yPit . elaksWg-g"ukfa n'Vn[eKehAelakfac'-ENgeTACYbelakenA‰´®BnKr . elakk*VnniyaysMrYledaH®sayCamYyrdΩkar´®BnKr[Vn®sYlbYleTAvij . elak VnBn¥l'BIe®KaHf~ak' EdlCal∫icrbs'yYnkumµ¨ynis†®bugnwgsm¬ab'ExµrenH dl'Exµre®kam®Kb'@K~a[®bug®by&t~®Kb'@CMhan (8) .

(7) b"UlIstSgBIsm&yVrSg Exµrext†®BH®tJMgs†ab'eCOtamNas'- Kat'®BmcUlrYmnw gelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .

(8) esckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksim-Kin enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

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Exµrevotmij KWyYnevotmijEdlCaG~kbegI˚tBYkExµrevotmijenHk~¨grvagq~S1946-19 47 EtkalenaHmanExµr EtxÊg'Essibnak' EdlCasmaCikk~¨gclna≤NÎËcin kumµ¨ynis† ( Indochinese Communist Party - ICP ) . BYkyYnevotmijVncU lmkbegI˚tmUldΩanbIenAk~¨g®sukExµr – 1- mUldΩanE®kk emmt'-Cb' manCnCatiyYnCae®cInCakmµkrrbs'cMkar ekAsflUVrSg . mUldΩanenHeFI√skmµPaBenAk~¨gtMbn'ext†®kecH sÊwgE®tg rtn KIrI mNÎlKIrI kMBg'cam ´®BEvg s√ayerog . mUldΩanenHkan'kab'edayBYkyY nevotmijpÊal'Etm†g .

2- mUldΩanTI2enAkMBt EdldwknSedayyYnekItenA®sukExµreQµaHGacar¥Gn-emon EdlyYn[Ek¬geQµaHfa sWg-g"ukmij CaemdwknSrbs'BYkExµr evotmij . mUldΩanenHeFI√skmµPaBk~¨gmNÎlext†taEkv, kMBt, ekaHkug, kM Bg'sWı . e®kaymkeTotmanelakvis√krCI-KimGan nigsaL¨t-sr mkBI®su kVrSg mkcUlrYmk~¨gmUldΩanenHEdrenAq~S1953 (2) .

3- mUldΩanTI3KWenAEb"kxagliceqogxagt∫Ëgext†Vt'dMbg ®tg'tMbn' sMLËt ®kjËg . yYnVne®CIserIsKNkmµaFikarEdlCaGtitExµr≤sßr: Ed lmanelaksIuv-ehg(9) CaembJÇakarswkPUmiPaKJyB¥Tis, mUl-sm∫ ti†CaemT&B, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca ) CanayEp~kesdΩkicç, Gacar¥Lac-saern nig Lac-sar"n CaKN:neyaVy . mUldΩanenHeFI√skmµPaBk~¨gext†eJFisat' Vt'dMbg esomrab . saL¨t-sr …b"ul-Bt VnvilmkcUlrYmk~¨gclnaExµrevotmij Edl manemdwknSyYneQµaHsWg-g"ukmij k~¨gExmkra q~S1953 enAmUldΩankMBg' ®tac . k~¨gsni~siThßWENvq~S1954 BYkExµrevotmijKµanekAGIeT edayBYkenH KµanEdndIrMedaHkan'kab'dUcyYnhU-CImij . ‰V"eftLavmanekAGI edayeKma nmUldΩanrMedaHenAEb"kxageCIgCab'nwgTl'EdnyYn . cMeJH®beTsExµr man EtrdΩaPiVlsem†csIhnueTEdltMNagekAGIExµr edayykExµr≤sßr:cuH cUlmandab-QYn, c&nÊrgßI, But-qay CabnÊal'min[EbgEck®beTsExµrCa BIr dUcCa®beTslavnigyYneT . enHCaemeronmYyrbs'BYkExµrevotmijEdl e®kaymk k¬aymkCaExµr®khm . emeronenHehIyEdlCMruj[®kumb"ul-Bt Gnuvt†nUvEpnkarvayrMedaHyktMbn'CnbTeLamB&TÏTI®kugBukrlYy rhUtdl' VnsMerceCaKC&yCasƒaBrk~¨g´f©TI17 emsa q~S1975 ( tam{vaTem"A-esTu g).

(9) svuI -ehgcl U rm Y Camy Y ln' nlk ' g ¨~ qS~ 1970 eFC √I avresny i eTaenAbnaÊ ysk w rgsuI sp u n u .

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e®kaysni~siThßWENv yYnVnykExµrevotmijrab'Jn'nak' [eTA®Ck ekanenAhaNUy rg'cS{kaslÌelIke®kayeTot . k~¨genaHmanemdwknSExµr evotmijeQµaHsWg-g"ukmij ( Gacar¥Gn-emon ) k*eTArs'enA®kughaNUy Edr . ®kumTI2Exµrevotmijman saL¨t-sr, rug-elIt (nYn-Ca), sIuv-ehg, mU l-sm∫ti† ( rs'-jwm …taekA ), Gacar¥Lac-sav"n, Lac-saernCaedImmin eTAhaNUytamBYkyYnevotmijeLIy . KW®kumTI2enH‰g Edle®kaymkk¬a yCaExµr®khm . BYke®kayenHEckecjCaBIr®kumeTAeTot – 1- ®kumTI1man elaksIuv-ehg, mUl-sm∫ti†,Gacar¥Lac-saern, Lac sav"n Vnrs'enArksIuCaCnsamJÔeFI√E®scMkar®kUcenAPUmivt†Krx¬H enArUgknWÊ kg'htx¬H ( tamdgsÊwgsEg˚eTAelI ), enAPUmif√akx¬H k~¨gext†Vt'dMbg .

2- ®kumTI2man saL¨t-sr (b"ul-Bt), rug-elIt (nYn-Ca) nigK~aeKmY ycMnYneTot bn¬Mbg˚b'x¬Ánk~¨gTI®kugP~MeBjedIm∫IerobcM®KwHbdivt†n_ . BYkeKCYl pÊHenACit@K~a®tg'mM†¨emePI¬gxage®kameBT¥cin . BYkeKbg˚b'x¬Án eFI√skmµPaB Bn¥l'Tak'TajBYkyuvsisß®kI®k EdlPaKe®cInminsal'fakumµ¨ynis†CasIÌ pg .

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Exµr®khm enAk~¨g®kugP~MeBj saL¨t-sr nigeLa-ebgKn (10) VnbegI˚tviT¥al& y‰kCnBIrenACitemePI¬ge®kameBT¥cinKW : viT¥al&ykmı¨Cabu®t nigviT¥al&y cMerInviCÇa . eLA-ebgKn enAbe®gon®bvti†saÂs†k~¨gviT¥al&yTSgBIr, KWCn enHehIyEdlbJç¨HbJçËlsisß®kI®kKµan®Vk'bg'´f¬sala eFI√Ca « clna yuvCnkumµ¨ynis†kmı¨Ca - Gkßrkat'ehAfa : yuvkk » (11) eLIg . BYksma Cikclna « yuvkk » KWCaclnas~Ëlbdivt†nr_ bs'saL¨t-sr . e®kayEd lBYkExµr®khmmanC&yCMnHrMlMrbbsaFarNrdΩln'nl' enA´f©TI17 emsa 1975mk GgkarExµr®khmVnykBYk yuvkk enHmkeFI√CaKN:®suknana …CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrNp _ g.

(10) CaeQaµ HBt i rbsn ' n Y -Ca e®JH≤Bk u eQaµ H eLA-lvI enAPm U vi tK † r extV † td ' b M g .

(11) sd M eI qy ¬I qg ¬ KN:®sk u eqgCamy Y ma† ynn Y -Ca enAJkk ' Na† lqS~ 1974 . kal eNaHbl u" -BtVnykeyaFamCŒm w bkßeTABT & c Ï abm ' l U -sm∫t†i PaKJyB & ¥ng i KN:tb M n,' KN:shkrN,_ KN:®sk u , KN:X,uM kgQb ¬ ng i kgeyaFa dkht U GavF u Gsr' c Y ykeTA sma¬ be' cal elk I ElgEtKN:®sk u yan EdlCt i dt i ng w ma† ynn Y -Ca eKmn i Vncabc ' g …eFe√I TasGe√I Ly I . kalenaHesrµ xe¨∆M nAeFC √I akmk µ rkg ¨~ eragCagXvuM tK † r tSgenABrI KL I x Ë ag elX I vuM tK † r . ´f1 © 8mf i n u a1978 KN:Xd uM akT ' s i [eTAcl U erEI dk kats ' b M krfynt † c U @ ykmkeFC √I aEbl " cakd ' EI ckcay[Bk Y kgclt & ng i esnaCnXvuM tK † r . ®sabE' tmanrf-

M 113 Cag´me∏ ®KOgng i Bk Y eyaFaxg Ê 5 ' ,000nak' cl U mkkg ¨~ Gtt I ®kg u Vtd ' b M gedae®kaH yKaµ n[dN M g w Camn u cabc ' gBk Y KN:JNC i ,Ç KN:®sk u nana ehy I eTAcabm ' l U -sm∫t†i enApHÊ KatE' k∫rck M arCbn u" Ct i Pt M~ c U PF M~ M . kalenaHBk Y eyaFaVnedjBk Y Cagx[ ¨∆M vl i mkXuM vj i . ehtk u arNe_ nHVneF[ √I xm ¨∆M anescke†I gOgql © N ' as' edayvacabs ' ma¬ bE' tKa~ va Km W a~ k@ ' ylf ' a CaeBorevrarbsB ' k Y va QamE®skEs∫kehA e®JHBk Y JyB & ¥Ts i enHks * ma¬ b' ®bCaCnExrµ Gse' ®cn I seM bm I NasE' dr . edaykarBc i arNatamehtk u arN_ e®kaymkeTb I xd ¨∆M g w fa mkBd I ng ¬ rbsm ' l U -sm∫t†i eQaµ Hesa-Pm w Vnk∫t®' bg u eFr√I d®Ω bharkg ¨ ~ rvagEx vc i k œi aqS~ 1977 Etbl u" -Btvadg w xn Á¬ mn u ‰esa-Pm i KN:Pm U P i aKbJ U T · s i k®* tvU eyaFaesaµ H ng w bl u" -Btsma¬ bV ' neTA . ‰kn U ®bs u ml U -sm∫tm †i y Y eQaµ Hmt i q † S~ g (eQaµ Hbdvi tn † )_ Vn erobkarCamy Y kn U ®seI sa-Pm i . ml U -sm∫tn †i g i esa-Pm i Caekn ¬I g w Ka~ pg tSgBs I my & Exrµ evotmj i mk . eBlenaHeKykBk Y yvu kkBP I m U P i aKnri tt I aEkv-kB M t mkCn M s Y KN:epßg@ enAJyB & ¥Ts i . KN:®sk u eqg EdleTb I Vnmkkank ' a† b®' sk u Vtd ' b M g Cn M s Y KN:®sk u ehOn ( ®tvU cabs ' ma¬ be' calCamy Y ml U -sm∫t†i ) enaH Vncl U eTAKrY smyayJj ( ma† ynn Y -Ca ) . yayJjVnsrY KN:®sk u eqgfa – kn U eGy I , ya" gNaVnCakn U ‰gVn mkCb Y JkB ' n & C Ï amy Y ng w Ggk  ar ? . KN:®sk u eqgVneqy ¬I tbvj i fa – G!U ma" eGy I xk ¨∆M * kC * aGtt i kn U ecAkg ¨~ clnayvu kkrbsG ' C u˜fl aEdretI . kalenaHxe¨∆M nAeronsalaceM rn I vC i aÇ . ma" eGy I Bk Y Kj i bl U" s I rbss ' h I nn u g i GaEql ˚ n' nl' Kaµ ndg w x¥lG ' eI saHEtmg † Bk Y xe¨∆M F√I vei cT œ kmµ vT i g Ï ßna®kLk ¨ bgc ˚ lna Bk Y enHKaµ ndg w GeI saH ehy I ebc I abV ' nBk Y xx ¨∆M H¬ yklu yeTAsk U vaElg[rc Y xn Á¬ mkvj i Gs' Bk Y vaeml I eXj I ly u CaFeM ls I G@ √ I TSgGs' .

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k~¨gq~S1960 manBYkbJÔv&n†®khmx¬Hvil®tLb'mkBI®sukVrSg dUcCa – ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hflU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hflU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk kumµ¨ynis†ExµrVnbegI˚tbkßm"assIs†-eLnInenAk~¨g®kugP~MeBj . k~¨gq~S1960 manBYkbJÔv&n†®khmx¬Hvil®tLb'mkBI®sukVrSg dUcCa – ecA-esg, exov-sMpn, hflU-yn', ePaK-qay, Kat-qun, hflU-nwm . q~SenaHBYk kumµ¨ynis†ExµrVnbegI˚tbkßm"assIs†-eLnInenAk~¨g®kugP~MeBj . tSgBIq~S enaHmk clnayuvkkVnlUtlas'Cax¬Sg . BYkenHCaem®kmIe®CotcUlmk TisGgkar cUleTAbn¬Mx¬YnenAk~¨g®Kb'skmµPaBnana Edlman®beyaCnd _ l' bkßeK dUcCaVtukmµvaysƒanTUtGaemrikSgk~¨gq~S1963 (12), Vtukmµsisß k~¨gq~S1972-73 rhUteFI√Xatelakfac'-Ca nigevCÇbNiÎtEkv-sSgKIm k~¨g brievNviT¥al&y18mina ( GtitviT¥al&y®BHyuKnÏr ), VtukmµbuKliksikßa k~¨gq~S1973-74 edIm∫IbMEbrTisVtukmµ [k¬ayCaQ~an'bMerIpl®beyaCnr_ b s'bkßkumµ¨ynis†ExµreTAvij .

BYkyuvkkecHEtTak'Tgbn†tamExßry:eK edIm∫I®bmUlsmaCik[Vn kan'Ete®cInEfmeTot . eKe®CotcUleTAk~¨gcMeNamBYknisißt dUcCakrNI CMu-rMePIy (13) k~¨gKNkmµkarsmaKmnisßitenAmhaviT¥al&yGkßrsaÂs† P~MeBjCaedIm .

BBYkyuvkkx¬HeTotEdlVnk¬ayeTACa®KUbe®gon saÂs†acar¥ k*Vnsa b®BYsmenaKmviCÇakumµ¨ynis†k~¨gcMeNammit†Pki†®KUbzmsikßa…saÂs†acar¥ . k~¨gcMeNamsaÂs†acar¥ manelak®KUFuc-rin ( saÂs†acar¥m˘s˘b˘P˘ ), ela kyI-y"un (14) ( briJÔab&®tGkßrsaÂs†Exµr )˘˘˘. e®kaymk´f©TI17mina19 73 e®kayEdlBYkkUnecAelakln'-Nun VnKb'®Kab'EbkbMEbkh√ËgVtukmµ®KU EdlkMBugEteFI√mITIg manK~aCag400nak' k~¨gbrievNmhaviT¥al&yKru ekasl¥xagt∫Ëg mans¬ab'®KUBIrnak'nigrbYsCae®cInnak'mk BYksaÂs†acar¥ ®KUbe®gonmYycMnYneTotyl'eXIjfa ebI®TSenAteTAeTot nwg®tUvBYkln'Nunsm¬ab'ecal ehIyEfmBIelIenHeTAeTot rbbsaFarNrdΩelakln'nl'BukrlYyGyuti†Fm·Nas' minTSgeKarBlk≈&N EdlcarelIs†ËbsaFar NrdΩ enAmuxGtitbrmraCvSgesaH ehIyteTAmuxKµansgÙwmQ~HBYkrN: sirßrMedaHCatieLIy eTIbBYkenaHk*rt'cUlExµr®khmbeN†aydUcCanYn-eXOn (12) kalenaHsemc † bJaÇ Tahanhg Á¬ esø¬ kJks ' vuI l i cl U eTAkg ¨~ vT i ¥aly & nana nSss i ß ecjeTAvaysaƒ nTt U Gaemrk i Sg manelakXm w -Tt i CaGk ~ dk w nSeF√I tamsd M eI lakeV" fn ng i elaksm ui -Kn i .

(13) CuM reM Py I CaGtt i ss i ßxk ¨∆M g ¨~ qS~ 1968-69 kalCabm ' F¥msk i ßab®& tPaKT2 I kg ¨~ qS~ 1972 VneTAbnv† C i aÇ enAmhavT i ¥aly & GkßrsaÂs† Epk ~ ®bvtv†i T i ¥a-Pm U vi T i ¥a maCuM reM Py I ma~ ke' Qaµ Hmt i e† hOn CaGtt I Exrµ ®khmenAsL M t Ë . smy & bl u" -Btmt i e† hOneFC √ I aKN:®su kPs M~ eM BA extV † td ' b M g .

(14) elakyI yn u" ®tvU Cabg´fe¬ lak‰k-sG M l u GKe lxaFk i armhavT i ¥aly & GkßrsaÂs† .

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elakEkv-sg'KIm

elakfac'-Ca

(G~kniBnÏ «dMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglic …≤NÎËcink~¨gq~S2,000»), elakkuleyOt (briJÔab&®tGkßrsaÂs†Exµr), elakesam-sMGflun (briJÔab&®t®bvti†viT¥a) bInak'e®kayenHecjBIVt'dMbgenAedImExmina1975 . k~¨gcMeNamBYkbecçkeTsvis√kr k*mannin~akar®khmEdrdUcCa elakKa t-qun, elakCI-KwmGan (15), elakevCÇbNiÎteFµjDI-pun (16), elakgYneGg (vis√kr), elakEm"n-nIfU (vis√kGKIsnI), elakesog-eV"Es (vis√krnig nayk®ksYgsurieyadI), elakcnÊ-buVπ (ecA®km) .l.˘˘˘ emdwknSclnayuvkkKW eLA-ebgKn (nYn-Ca) . CnenHrs'enAbg˚b'x¬Án k~¨g®kugP~MeBjrhUtmkdl'q~S1972-73 eTIbecjeTA´®B EtenAEtlbcUl mkm†g@eTot edIm∫ITak'TgBYkExßry:k~¨g®kug . enAk~¨g®kugP~MeBj e®kABIeFI√ Ca®KU‰kCnenAviT¥al&ycMerInviCÇanigkmı¨Cbu®t CnenHbn¬Mx¬ÁneFI√CaG~kciJçwmma n'-Ta lk'ÚsßI ep†A s¬wk®bk'pÊHenAm†M¨Citvt†sÊwgmanC&y .

(15) Gk ~ ®sC I I Km w Gan CasaÂsa† car¥ msbP kg ¨~ qS~ 1972 .

Gk ~ ®sV I npa¬ sB ' P I eM~ Bj

mkbe®gonenAvT i ¥aly & ent-yg " ' Vtd ' b M gEdr . ®bEhledayxs u eKalbN M gEdlbg u" ®Vfa~ Bm I n u m k e Tb I æ f a e l a k CI Km w G a n V n c g k e FG √I tX † a t xn Á ¬ ‰ g kg ¨~ rvagqS~ 1973 enAtb M nG ' rU GNg Ë † eTA ? .

(16) elakevCb Ç Nt Îi DI pn u Vnrtc ' l U ´®Bkg ¨~ qS~ 1972 ehy I e®kaymk®tvU Vtx ' n Á ¬ eday Gafk · V M g M kg ¨~ rvagqS~ 1973-74 . Gk ~ ®sD I I pn u CasaÂsa† car¥rk u C ≈ vI vT i ¥a ( Biologie ' k ¨∆M alxe¨∆M nACans i ßt i Epk ~ r˘v˘K˘F˘ ( SPCN ) enAmhavT i ¥aly & vT i ¥asaÂs† végétale ) rbsx kg ¨~ qS~ 1966-67 . eBlcl U CrM eM xA-Gd uI ag kg ¨~ qS~ 1979 ´fT © 2 I 1 Exvc i k œi a xV ¨∆M nCb Y Gk ~ ®sD I I pn u ehy I VnsaksrY Btm · anxH¬ @Bs I a√ mI Gk ~ ®s®I KanE' t®Vbf ' a sa√ mK I at®' tvU sa¬ bb ' u" eNaˆ H ehy I mn i ®Bmpl † B ' tm · anerOgneyaVyesaH (xa¬ c®khmsma¬ b)' .

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‰®bBnÏeFI√CaG~klk'bEgÌmcMNIesom . y"agehack~¨gmYyEx CnenHEt gmkelgpÊHbÌËn®sIeQµaHPU-BUn ( s√amIJk's&ki†®VMeQµaHKIm-san xagp†l' sm∏ar:sSg ) enApßarGULSBik ehIycak'®saeheNsIu…sMV"jbÌËn´f¬pwk .

CnenHlak'kEn¬grs'enAy"agCit (17) . ebIdwgfabgbÌËnlYctameTAemIlpÊH CnenHk*b†ËrTIlMenAP¬am . bkßkumµ¨ynis†ExµrVnerobEpnkareKy"agliÌtlÌn'Nas' k~¨gkardeNI†m GMNacbIes†csIhnu . eKbN†ak'K~ae®CotcUleTAenAekoknwgsIhnu k~¨g®b B&nÏrdΩaPiVl (exov-sMpn, hflU-yn'˘˘˘ ) tamExßry:sem†cvSgEb"n-nut Edl CaG~knS[eTACYbsIhnu . BYkExµr®khmVnerobcMkMNt'eKaledAeKdUcteTA enH – 1- erobcMbegI˚tyuvCns~Ëlbdivt†ne_ nATI®kugP~MeBj (begI˚tviT¥al&y‰k CncMerInviCÇa nigkmı¨Cbu®t) nigenATIrYmext†x¬H dUcCakMBg'cam (®sukkMeNIthflU yn'), taEkv, kMBt (mUldΩanyYnevotmij), Vt'dMbg (ExµrevotmijenAsMLËt) eKe®CIsykEtsisß®kI®kmkBg√k'bMb"nsµartI (clnayuvkk = yuvCnkumµ¨y nis†kmı¨Ca) . BYkenHehIyEdlCaG~kbg˚GnaFibety¥ Vcxitb&NˆeFI√[claclk~¨gTI®kug edIm∫IbMEbrTisVtukmµ…kUdkmµnana Ca®beyaCnb _ kßkumµ¨y nis†ExµreTAvij .

2-bN†ak'K~acUleTAk~¨grdΩaPiVl edaye®bIl∫iccUlCitxµSgedIm∫IkMcat' (17) tamsMdIrbs'G~k®sIKIm-san CabÌËn®sIbegI˚teLA-ebgKn Edlx¨MV ∆ nCYbk~¨geBl EdlkgT&ByYn cUlmkyk®sukExµrenAedImq~S1979enaHfa Kat'manesckI†ek†A®khay nigeCr®beTcbN†asarbg®busenHsBE√ bby"ag e®JHyksa√ mIKat'eTAsma¬ b' kalEdl Exµr®khmcUldl'P~MeBjPa¬ m . sUmCMrabfa G~k®sIPU-BUnVnCayk®tkUlxusBIeLA-eb gKnenaH e®JHGMuPU-eyOg (GMuekµkrbs'esµr) VnsMuBIyayJjmkeFC I√ akUn ‰Priyarbs' GMuPU-eyOg ®tUvCabÌËn®sIbegI˚trbs'yayJj . eBleyaFaExµr®khmedj®bCaCn[ec jBITI®kugenaH ®KYsarKat'enAe®kayeKbgÌs' e®JHsMGagfa bg®busKat'mkdl'ehIy. bÌËn®sInYn-Cam~ak'eToteQµaHeLA-KImnI CaPriyaelakekaH-Jj (bÌËn®buselakekaHQYn) k*VnmkCYbCMuK~aenApÊHG~k®sIPU-BUnEdr . nYn-CaVne®bIeyaFa[mknSykelak KIm-saneTACYb . edayminsal'NamYyCaelakKIm-sanenaH eyaFak*nS®bus@TSg Gs'®VMnak'eTA[nYn-Ca EdlenAcMeNamenaHman elakekaH-Jj, KIm-san, buflnrit-xS L¨n (bg´f®¬ busrbs'esµrenAlIv) nigkµÁyBIrnak'eTot . nYn-Cakat'TukEtelakKim-san rYcedaHElgG~kbYnnak'[vil®tLb'mkvij . nYn-Cak*sma¬ b'bÌËn´fs ¬ &ki†®VMxagdwkCJËÇn sm∏ar:enHeTA edIm∫IsMEdgesckI†esµaH®tg'CamYyb"ul-Bt . G~k®sIKIm-sancSbI†mineXI jvil®tLb'mkvijesaH . luH®BwkeLIgeXIjEteyaFamkbeN†jTSgGs'K~a[ecjBI pÊH . elakekaH-Jjmksa¬ b'enAext†eJFisat'edayKµanf~SB¥aVl . sB´√ f©G~k®sIPUBUnrs'enApßarelI CitPUmivt†Kr Vt'dMbg . kUn®busm~ak'Cacl&t edayBYkvae®bIKµaneBl sMrak k*QWrt'mkrkm†aydYldac'x¥l'sa¬ b'enAnwgkSCeNI†rxÊm . ‰kUnm~ak'eTot BYkvaeca Tfaxl iÇ ehIycab'ykeTAvayeFT I√ aruNkmµ rYcdutsma¬ b'ecalTSgrs' . ‰G~k®sIekaHJj (sl'EtkUn®sIm~ak') sB´√ f©Vnmkrs'enArdΩkalIh&r√ nij"a shrdΩGaemrik .

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BYks†Sniymmun rYcrMlMsem†cCae®kay . eKcUlekoksem†c bJç¨HbJçËlbeJÇarsem†c[gakeTArkBiPBkumµ¨ynis† rhUt®Tg'VnTak'TgCamYycinCadMbUgk~¨gq~S1956 . Bn¥l'sem†c[eFI√CatUbniykmµsh®Kasnana, eragc®k, begI˚tshkrNt _ amEbbkumµ¨ynis†˘˘˘ edaybJçËlexov-sMpnCardΩmÂnI†JNiCÇkmµ, Kat-qunCardΩmÂnI†åsßahkmµ, ecA-esgCardΩmÂnI†®ksYgGb'rMCati. dMNak'karmYyeTot BYkeKe®CotcUleTAdeNI†mekAGIk~¨gmnIÊrrdΩsPaeFI√ CatMNagraÂs† edIm∫IVnCitditnigTak'TgCamYy®bCaCn

k~¨gEpnkarerobcM

nigB®gIkmUldΩanbdivt†ne_ nAtamCnbTE®scMkar EdlrbbdwknSminsUveGIeBI enaH .

3- Eb"gkMcat'BYks†Sniym man®kumelakswum-va"r, Ey"m-sMbUr, sWnsan, ln'-nl', XI-tSglIm [xÊatq©ayBIsem†csIhnu BIrdΩaPiVl BIrdΩs Pa ehIynigeFI√y"agNa[sIhnusÌb'BYkTSgenHeTotpg .

Epnkarrbs'eKmandMNak'karc∫as'las'Nas' k~¨gkar®bqSgnwgsIh nu . luHdl'®bB&nÏbdivt†n´_ pÊk~¨geKrwgmSKYrCaTITukcit†VnehIy emdwknSExµr ®khmk*beN†aHK~aePosx¬ÁnecjeTA´®B enATICnbTrYmrs'CamYy®bCaCnedI m∫IravrkcMNucexßay®bCaCn gay®sYlnwgTak'TajdwknS . kalebI®bCa CncUlcit†BYkeKehIy eKk*cab'epI†mqakbN†¨HkMhwgbdivt†nv_ Nˆ:GFn[sÌb' vNˆ:G~kdwknS vNˆ:s&ki†PUmi G~kman G~k®kug G~kecHdwg˘˘˘. eKelIkykåTa hrNC _ ak'Es†gmklat®tdag Bn¥l'®bCaCn cg̨lbg˙ajBIrebobekg®b v&Jç CiHCan' bMbwTsiTiÏ nigGyuti†Fm·BukrlYyrbs'BYkvNˆ:ski†PUmikan'GMNa c . eKBn¥l'®bCaCn BIBYkb"UlIs Kij Ky eb"Gwum EdlKµaneFI√karbMerIrkßa sni†sux[®bCaraÂs†Tal'EtesaH KW®cak'K~acSEt®cVc'k CiHCan' cab'cgraÂs†Exµr CMritykluykak'CaedIm . edayeXIjåTahrNC _ ak'Es†g ®bCa CnCaBiessBYkyuvCnk*eCOTukcit† cUlbMerICaeyaFatamkarPUtPrrbs'Ggkarfa eTArMedaHExµr[rYcBIc®kBti†GaemrikSg BIvNˆ:ski†PUmiCiHCan'CJÇk'Qam raÂs†enaH . kalebIkMhwgvNˆ:BuHkeÂJÇalk~¨g®sTab'®bCaCnehIy BYkeKcab'Bn¥ l'BImeF¥aVyy"agNa edIm∫IrMedaHerIbMrHx¬ÁnecjBIkarCiHCan'enaH@edayelI kykkartsflUvNˆ:[eQµaHfa – kgT&B®bdab'GavuF®bCaCnvNˆ:GFn Ca meF¥aVy eJlKWeK®tUvEt®byuTÏsm¬ab'xµSgCadac'xat eTIbrMedaHx¬ÁnVn . ®tg'enHehIyEdlBYk®khm[eQµaHfa (kmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥) enaH . k~¨g karBn¥l'bMpuskMhwgvNˆ:enaH BYkeKVnbM´P¬®bvti†saÂs†[®sbeTAnwgTis edAsµartItsflUbdivt†nb _ kßkumµ¨ynis†Exµr dUcCakarbM´P¬®bvti†tsflUbHeVrk~¨graC¥nerat†m manGacar¥s√a eJrkMeVr ( yYnKS®T[bg˚clnak~¨g®suk kMu[Exµr man{kaseTAvaydeNI†mykkmı¨Cae®kammkvij ), karsm¬ab'elakVed enA PUmi®kSglav (VrSgCiHCan'TarBnÏF©n'eBk), Gacar¥Ehm-ecov (Bn¥l'Exµr[P∆a -66-

k'rÆkrhUtVrSgcab'pßwkdak'Kuk suKtenAekaH®tLac)˘˘˘ faVn®tYs®tay bdivt†nm _ uneK . dl'eBlenH ®bCaCnk¬aymkCaåbkrNr_ bs'bdivt†ne_ KehIy e®sc EtnwgeK´l´q~e®bItamesckI†®tUvkar edayykvin&yrwgdUcEdk nrNak∫t'TisedAGgkar®tUvkat'eTasx¬Án‰g˘˘˘ ebHdUgfµ KµanmenaseJçtna Kµanemt†a Gnue®KaHesaHeLIy . ‰kgQ¬bnigeyaFa eKbe®gonEtBIviFIsm¬ab'xµSgb"ueNˆaH . k~¨gq~S1962 saL¨t-srVnePosx¬ÁnBI®kugP~MeBjcUl´®B erobcMe®tom lk≈N:®bqSgnwgsem†csIhnu . K~aKat'Cae®cIneTotVnrt'ecjCabn†bnÊa b'EdrdUcCaExk-Eb"n (saÂs†acar¥ msbP) (18) rt'cUl´®Bk~¨gq~S1963 . e®kaymkeTotmanTIv-Gul (saÂs†acar¥TutiyPUmiEp~kGkßrsaÂs†Exµr), Fucrin (saÂs†acar¥ msbP)˘˘˘ k*nSK~aePosx¬Ánecjbn†bnÊab'K~aedIm∫IerobcMkm¬Sg bdivt†nv_ ayykGMNacBIsem†csIhnuenA‰TICnbT . k~¨gq~S1967 exov-sMpn, hflU-yn'k*ePosx¬ÁnecjBI®kugP~MeBj cUleTA BYnsm©Mk~¨gsƒanTUtcinxÊg'bIEx eTIbcinbeN†aHecjeTA´®BeTot edayx¬acBY kKijsem†csm¬ab'ecal e®JHCab'ecaTfa VnbMbHra®s†enAsMLËt ®kjËg Vt'dMbg .

(18) eQµaHbdivt†ne_ hAfa mit†sUfl VnnSkgT&BcUl®kugVt'dMbgmuneKenAl©ac´f©TI17em sa 1975 VneFC I√ aKN:tMbn'4 (KWEp~kxage®kam®kugVt'dMbg eTAdUnTav EckK~aCamYy tMbn'3 edayykpˬvreTHePg I¬ CaeKal) mYyry: . ®VMmYyExe®kaymk mUl-sm∫ti†cat'[ eyaFaeTAcab's©at'@ ykeTAsma¬ b'ecal ehIykuhk®bCaCnfa GgkarVnbJËÇn[eTA eFT I√ UtenA®suk´f .

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karbHeVrenAtMbn'sL M Ët karbHeVrenAtMbn'sMLËt ®kjËgenHehIy EdlCaedImePI¬g´nsÂgam sIuvilk~¨g®sukExµr …sÂgambdivt†nB _ YkExµr®khm . GMeBIBukrlYynigGMeBI Gyuti†Fm·CiHCan'rbs'BYkGaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbgsm&yelakEy"m-munIr&t~Vn eFI√[®bCaraÂs†®suksMLËt manesckI†ek†A®khayy"agx¬Sg . mUlehtuenH k¬ayCa{kasy"aglÌkMrrkVnmYy EdlBYkExµr®khmrg'cSGs'eBlCayUr mkehIy .

BYks~ËlExµr®khmenA®kugP~MeBj VnbJÇËnK~aeKmkbMbHraÂs†[ e®kakeLIgtsflU®bqSgnwgGaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbg . ehIykarbHeVrenAtMbn'sM LËtenHVnraldalcUleTAk~¨gext†nanaeTot dUcCaext†ekaHkug, kMBt(QUk) kMBg'sWı, taEkv, kMBg'q~Sg(kMBg'®tLac), kMBg'cam, kMBg'FM˘˘˘ EdlmanmUldΩa nExµr®khm …mandMNagraÂs†nin~akar®khm . k~¨gq~S1967 ®bCaCn®suksMLËtVnnSK~aTSgPUmi@rt'cUl´®B ehIy®tUv BYkGaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbglabBN·K~afa «Exµr®khm» . k~¨gesovePA «ksikr nigneyaVyenAkmı¨Ca, 1942-80» ( Peasants and Politics in Kampuchea, 1942-80 ), elakEbn-eXokNan' ( Ben Kiernan ) VnsresrBIkarbHeVr enaHfa VnekIteLIgcMeBlEdlkgT&ByYneyokkugenAevotNamkMBugEtCa b'´dtTl'CamYynwgkgT&BGaemrikSgkn¬Hlannak' . enAk~¨gExmifuna1967 ®bCaraÂs†CagbYnJn'nak' Vnrt'cUl´®BGs'CagmYyEx . e®kaymkVn®BH ®KU®BHv&n†rtn_ GIuv-TYt emKNext†Vt'dMbgnimn†eTAsMruHsMrYlbJç¨HbJçËl ExµrbHeVrTSgenaH EdlmanTSg®BHsgÙpg [cUlmkrs'enAk~¨gPUmim˚rvij edaycg'TUlkarBit G~k®suksMLËtVne®CIserIstMNagBIrnak' ehIy cat'[eFI√dMeNIrnSdMNwgeTATUlsem†cenA‰®kugP~MeBj Et®tUvbkßBYkelak ln'-nl'cab'sm¬ab'ecalVt'eTA . tamBitelakln'-nl'minVndwgesaH eT KWCabkßBYkelakGPiVlext†Vt'dMbgEy"m-munIr&t~ nignayTuneT Edl XubXitK~aeFI√karbMbwTmat'tMNagG~k®suksMLËtTSgBIrnak'enaH e®JHx¬ac sem†c®CabBIerOgEdlBYkeKb¬n'kmµsiTiÏ b¬n'®bv&JçykdIcMkar®bCaraÂs†®suk sMLËt . k~¨gq~S1968 esµrxM∆¨ecjBImhaviT¥al&yKruekasl¥ CasaÂs†acar¥mF¥ msikßabzmPUmi mkbe®gonenAviT¥al&yGflabXut-enty"g' Vt'dMbg®kug ma nelakyin-pU Cacagh√ag . kalenaHGaC∆aFrext†VnekNÎkgb"UlIsext† kgs√&y®taNtamPUminana ®KUbe®gonbzmsikßa [eTAeFI√karbÂg˚abG~k®su ksMLËt nigeFI√kareXasnabJç¨HbJçËl[G~k®sukmkrs'enAk~¨gPUmidUcFmµta vij . eK[eQµaHskmµPaBenaHfa ®btibti†karsni†PaB . tamelakEbneXokNan' EdlVnsm∏asnC _ amYyGFikarFuy-bflunsUr enATI®kugV"rIsq~S -68-

1980 faBYkelak®KUbzmsikßaVncUlrYmedaysµ&®Kcit† EtebItamxM∆¨dwgvij enaH KWsµ&®Kcit†edaybg≈M ( volontaire obligatoire ) eTAvijeT e®JHGs'elak ®KUbzmsikßax¬acGMNacelakGFikarbzmsikßaNas' . ‰elakGFikars†a b'bgab'nigpab'ecAh√ayext† . ‰elak®KUmF¥msikßaminVncUlrYmk~¨g®bti bti†karsni†PaByklÌemIlenaHeT . elakmas-m"un EdlsB√´f©rs'enA®kugtaxUm"a rdΩva"siunetan CaGtitkg s√&y®taNXMuVydMrS ®sukVNn' VnCab'kMENneTAbÂg˚abraÂs†enAtMbn' sMLËtEdrk~¨gq~S1968 . elakmas-m"unVnsarPaBfa kgs√&y®taN b"U lIs Vncab'man'Ta®CUk Kas'ykcanq~Sg ®TB¥sm∫ti†EdlG~k®sukCIkdI kb'lak'Tuk k~¨gevlaEdlrt'lUn tamkarbeJçHrbs'BYkExµr®khmenaH . etIbuB√ehtuBitenaHy"agNa eTIbbN†al[mankarbHeVrenAsMLËt ? sUmemt†a®Cabfa cab'tSgBIq~S1960mk G~k®sukenAext†Vt'dMbgVnnS K~aB®gIkdIcMkarsMrab'dMNS ®kUc s√ay m~as'˘˘˘ e®cIneLIg@ ehIynSK~acab'dI fIµ@manCIrCatienAGeNI†kEhb, efI©(m~as' ekAsflU), kMBg'Kl' rhUtdl'sMLËt . karenHk*raldaldl'BYkGs'elakEp~krdΩVlEx®t nayk®ksYgsurieyadI nayTunExµr cin manelakhU-tughan', hU-tughab'CaedIm . tSgBIyUryar mkehIy G~k®sukenAsMLËtmandIcMkarekr†B i_ IdUntaEm"“eKmk edIms√ayKl' biunkg'reTH edImFUernFMxıs'l´l, cMkareck m~as' savm"av˘˘˘ EtdIcMkarTSg enaHminEdlmanb¬g'kmµsiTiÏsMKal'eT e®JH®bCaraÂs†rs'enAtMbn'dac'®syal Kµanp¬Ëvf~l' (x¬HminEdlsal'pßarpg) enAl©g'ex¬AeBkk~¨gerOgkmµsiTiÏ b¬g'dIenH . edaycg'VndItMbn'sMLËt (dI®khm) d*manCIrCatienaH buKliksalaex t† sala®sukVt'dMbg ecA®ksYgnana nayTunExµr cin

CaBiessnayk

®ksYgsurieyadI ( ®ksYgEpnTI ) VnXubXitK~aeFI√b¬g'kmµsiTiÏvatb¬n'ykdI cMkarG~k®suksMLËtTSgbMJnnigGyuti†Fm· . edaysMGagelIb¬g'kmµsiTiÏ®tw m®tUv®sbc∫ab' BYkeKVn[®tak'T&reTAQUsruj®BlMdMNScas'vateFI√rbg eFI√®BMdIrbs'eK . G~k®suksMLËtdl'eXIjeKmkQUsykdIcMkarx¬ÁnTSgbM Jn k*nSK~amkXat' Etmças'kmµsiTiÏfIµsMGagelIb¬g'dI®twm®tUvmin®Bms†ab' ehIyrwtEtbn†karQUsdIteTAeTot . edayXat'mins†ab' G~k®sukk*nSK~abH kab'sm¬ab'G~kebIkbr®tak'T&rs¬ab'eTA . GaC∆aFrext†k*bJÇËnkgb"UlIseTAb®g˚ab manVj'sm¬ab'nigcab'mkdak'Kukpg . ®bus@k*nSK~art'cUlBYn´®BGs' enAsl'Et®sI@ ekµg nigcas'enAcSpÊHsMEbg®TB¥sm∫ti† . edaykarsM ruHsMrYl ®bus@VnnSK~acUlmkenAk~¨gPUmi®sukvij . bni†cmk k~¨gBiFIbuN¥ cUlq~SrSvg'mYy (tamesckI†raykarNr_ bs'elakEm"-esArI ®kUbzmsikßaTki≈ Nsala) fab"UlIsVncab'rMelaPkUn®kmMuG~k®suksMLËt . karbMJnenH VnbegI˚tCaGFikrmYyEfmeTot . kMNan'narIenaHVnkab'b"UlIsnwgBUefAs¬a -69-

b'eTA . BYkkgb"UlIsk*elIkK~amkVj'sm¬ab'G~k®sukGs'Cae®cIn . G~k®su kk*bHeVrm†geTot nSK~aTSg®bus ®sI ekµg cas' TSgPUmi@nSK~art'cUl´®B . eXIj{kaslÌehIy BYkExµr®khmk*cUlmkbn¬MTak'TgBn¥l'G~k®suksMLË t j¨Hjg'bEnƒm bMpuskMhwgsgswk®bqSgnwgBYkGaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbgbeN†ay . enHehIyCaerOgBitEdleKxMnSK~alak'rhUtdl'sB√´f© . enA´f©TI30 emsa 1967 sem†cmanbnÊËlfa – minEmnmanEtBYkExµr®k hmeTEdlxwgenaH KW®bCaCnsamJÔenAext†Vt'dMbg k*mancit†exrxwgnwg GaC∆aFrext†Edr . elakEbn-eXokNan'Vndk®sg'®BHbnÊËlrbs'sem†c tamsem¬gviT¥¨bIubIusIu ®tg'TMB&r177fa – BYkGaC∆aFrext†TSgenaH VnCYyKS ®Tdl'BYkmUlFnEdr edayGnuJÔat[BYkeKsg˚t'sg˚in®bCaraÂs† CaåTahr Ne_ Kyl'®Bm[BYkmUlFnTTYlp†ac'mux …mansiTiÏBiessk~¨gkardwknS®tI nig≤va"n'epßg@eTot )eTAlk')k~¨gtMbn'GeNI†kEhb nig´b"lin . ehIyman GMeBIGyuti†Fm·FM@Edrk~¨gkarEckdIFI¬ . BYkG~kmanTSgenaHVn®k´LdIFI¬eKeTA CakmµsiTiÏ®sbc∫ab' EdleFI√[xUc®beyaCnd _ l'CIvPaB´nCn®kI®k Edlrs' enA@k~¨gtMbn'enaH@ . enAemagÚsßIk*manbJ˙arvagecAtMbn'nig®bCaraÂs†samJÔEdr eFI√[®bCa CnmankarQWcab'nwgGMeBIGyuti†Fm·˘˘˘. tamkarBit GanaFibety¥eBjTI nigkarrMeCIbrMCYlVnekItmaneLIgenAk~¨gext†Vt'dMbg . xM∆¨sMu®Vb'fa

xMƬnwg

p¬as'GaC∆aFrTTYlxus®tUvext†Vt'dMbgmYyrMeBC . elakEy"m-munIr&t~ k*®tUvp¬as'ecj ehIyelakTwm-gYnVnmkCMnYs®b Ehl®VMmYyEx sem†ck*cat'elakGiun-tS mkeFI√CaGPiVlext†Vt'dMbg edIm∫ICYyedaH®sayrMgab'GFikrnigkarbHeVrenAsMLËt . elakPun-Kg' GtItesµønsala®sukGUre®CA sB√´f©rs'enA®kugtaxUm"a Vn[karNf _ a kalenaHmanG~kbHeVrenAsMLËt VnnSkSePI¬gmYyedImmk cuHcUl ehIyVnniyayfa BYkeKminEmnCaExµr®khmeT eKrt'cUl´®Bk* e®JHEtek†A®khaynwgBYkGaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbgXubXitCamYynayTun eTA b¬n'ykdIekr†ri_ bs'eK nigkarb®g˚aby"ag´®B´pßVj'sm¬ab'®bCaraÂs†enAsMLËt . karbHeVrenHhak'dUcCarg'cSEt{kasnwgpʨHkalNaebImanemdwknS NamYymkBn¥l'bEnƒm . enHehIyCabuB√ehtuBit´nkarbHeVrenAsMLËt ehIyEdlBYkExµr®khm mYyk†ab'tUceq¬øtqk'yk{kasd*lÌenH mkeFI√CaQ~an'bdivt†nb _ eN†ay . BYk GtitExµrevotmijman mUl-sm∫ti†, Gacar¥e®bs, Fuc-rin˘˘˘ ®BmTSgsmaCik clnayuvkk VncUle®CotE®Ckk~¨gerOgenH . BYkeKlUk´dkkUrbMbHraÂs†[ e®kakeLIgtsflU ehIyBYkeKk*begI˚tkgT&BExµr®khmCadMbUgk~¨gq~S1968enA VydMrS ®sukVNn' edayekaHehAKI~K~aeKCaGtitExµr≤sßr:, Exµrevotmijmi nVnbuN¥s&ki†GI√bni†cesaHBIsem†c e®kaysni~siThßWENvbJçb'sÂgam -70-

®bB&nÏcarkicçyn Y kumµ¨ynis† tSgBIq~S1947 mkem"¬H EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgVnnSGavuFcUlmkk~¨g ®sukExµr (11)) ehIybegI˚tmUldΩanbIk~¨g®sukExµrKW Cb'-emmt'mYy, enAtMbn' kMBg'®tac-kMBtmYy nigenAsMLËt-Vt'dMbgmYy . bnÊab'mkyYnevotmij VnbegI˚tExµrevotmij nigraybN†ajcarkicçyYnenAesIÊr®Kb'TIrYmext†Exµr Ca BiessenAk~¨g®kugP~MeBjEtm†g . eKykBYkyYnEdlmankMeNItenA®suk Exµr [mkeFI√kicçkarTSgGs'enH . CadMbUgeK[yYnm~ak'ekItenAext†kMBt cUl mkbYseFI√Ca®BHsgÙExµrKNefrvaT rYccUlmkeronCab'sJÔab&®tsalaVlIenA®kugP~MeBj . yYneFI√y"agenHe®JHkalenaH BYkG~kneyaVyExµrEdl ®bqSgnwgVrSg e®cInecjmkBI®bPB®BHsgÙ dUcCakrNIVtukmµ®BHsgÙ k~¨gq~S1942, krNIGacar¥Ehm-ecov, Gacar¥exov-CMu, ®BH®KUV"g-xat', Gacar¥ Gfluk-Ca, ®BH®KUsUr-hayCaedIm . eK[yYnEdlmanmaneQµaHe®kAehAfa Ga car¥Gn-emon ykeQµaHCasWg-g"ukmij ehIybn¬MfaCabÌËnrbs'elaksWgg"ukfaj'eTot e®JHkalenaHelakfaj' manekr†ei_ QµaHl∫IsMebImNas'k~¨g kar®bqSgVrSg ehIyeBlenaHExµrkMBugVt'emedaysWg-g"ukfaj'®tUvVrSg cab' . elaksgÙmYyGgeQµaHcUvCatiyYnbYseFI√®BHsgÙExµr enAelIP~MsMeBA Vt'dMbg ( lÌagelaktacUv ) k*CaExßry:bN†ajcarkicçyYnevotmijEdr . sni~siThßWENvq~S1954 VnsMerc[kgT&BbreTsTSgGs'ecjBI kmı¨Ca EtkgT&ByYnxageCIgminVneKarBesckI†sMercenHeLIy . eBlT&B FMyYndkfyeTA yYnevotmijVnTukbN†ajcarkicçeFI√skmµPaBs©at'@enA tamext†nana CaBiessk~¨g®kugP~MeBjEtm†g . edIm∫ICasJÔasMKal'K~a enA muxpÊHeK@EtgdSedImÚsßIEkvmYy…BIrKumıCanicç . BYkyYnTSgenaHenAbn¬Mx¬Án eFI√Ca®bkbrbrkMbiukkMb"uk ebIkhagkat'edrsMelokbMJk'bursm"UdGWr"ub, enA pßarcas', Citviman‰kraC¥, enAtamext†dUcCahagkat'edr´tl&renAesomrab, hageFI√LSgErkTwkenAp¬ËvelxBIrkn¬Hext†Vt'dMbg (20) , nigbn®sIeBs¥a EdlPaKe®cInmanemCa®sIyYnemIlkarxus®tUv ehIynarIeBs¥ayYnKWCacar narIEtm†g . evotmijVnGb'rM®sIyYnmYycMnYn ehIyElg[mkeFI√karTak'Tgy"ag Na[VnCa®sIkMNan' Ca®bBnÏcugGs'elakFM namWunmÂnI† ecA®ksYgb"UlIs Kij Ky CaBiess®bBnÏcugnayTahanExµr . emeronenHminEmnfIµeLIy ExµrF¬ab'sal'm†grYcmkehIy sm&yes†cC&yeCdΩaTI2EdlVnnagkU-Cinsiu n bu®tIes†cyYnCamehsI rhUtdl'Gs'dIkMBg'®kbI´®BnKr cg√ar®tJMg ®BH sYK·a åkjaDin˘˘˘ eTAehIy . enAsm&yVrSg k*Exµrdwgm†geTotEdr . nay (20) ®bBnÏnigkUnGacar¥saernVneTAtambI†nig“Bukm†aytamry:enH k~¨gq~S1960 .

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TahanFM@VrSg EdlcUlcit†eVyyYn kMNan'®sIyYn ®bBnÏyYn ®tUvs¬ab' Gs'minticEdr dUcCakrNIelak Jean De Raymond ®tUveVyEdlelak®s Laj'eFI√CakUnciJçwmenaH vayelaksm¬ab'eBlkMBugsMran†lk' (1952) BMuEmn®kumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'sm¬ab'dUcesovePA How Pol Pot came to power sresrenaHeT . mças'bNˆaKarhug-yU pßarcas' Cas&ki†®VMevotkug . kUnhug-yUGacec jcUlcMkarmndUcCapÊHrbs'eK e®JHeKCa®KUbe®gonbu®tG~km~agm"Unic . hug yUenHeTotæfaVnebIk®kumhflunrksIuCamYyG~km~agnigGMu-m"aNUrin rt'BnÏrbs'BIbreTstamkV"l' EdlcUlmkctk~¨gkMBg'EpÂh√g'sIu (EprYcBnÏ) enAmux vSgP~MeBj . kalsm&yenaH manelakCYn-Ey"m CaemKyFMenAP~MeBj . eQµaHfg-XWn enAext†esomrabCaExßevotmij . k~¨gbI…bYnExm†gEtg EteLIgcuHeTAhaNUy ‰BYkGaC∆aFrExµrdUcCaKµandwgx¥l'GI√bni†cesaH(21) .

CnCatiyYne®cInrs'enACashKm minrs'layLMCamYyExµreT . enA®ku gP~MeBjmansg˚at'yYnFM@ m†M¨eBT¥cin viharekAday GUrÚsßI pßartUc eKman begI˚tCasmaKmsasna smaKm‰kCnnana EdleFI√skmµPaBneyaVy PaKe®cInCagskmµPaBsgmkicç . viharekAdayCitbnÊays¬wk pßaredImKr VnTSgnSkSePI¬gtUcFM ®Kab'rMesvmklak'Tuky"age®cIn edaylak'k~¨gk†armQUs eFI√CaEhrexµacnScUleTAlak'Tukk~¨gvihar dl'e®kaymkeTIbEbkkar ( q~S1959 ) . enAkMBg'q~Sg enAxßac'eJyVt'dMbg CMuvijbwgTen¬sabsuTÏEtyYn . k~¨gq~S1963 eBlsem†cyageTAsemıaFTIlankILaVl'eVHenAext†kM Bg'FMenaH

ecAh√ayext†kMBg'FMVnf√ayyYnm~ak'eQµaHeL-Dwk CaemcugePA

y"agl∫I . sem†cVnnSykyYnenHmkf√aymataelak sMrab'eFI√®kyaf√ay ral'´f©k~¨gvSgenAP~MeBj . eL-Dwk enHCas&ki†bIcarbursyYnevotkugm~ak'Edr. vaVnTSgnS®kum®KYsarva tSgBIm†ayekµk ®bBnÏmkenAk~¨gvSg bMerIkß®tIbuVπ eTvIenAe®kammha®VsaT . dMbUgBYkb"UlIsext†Vncab'yYneQµaHeL-Dwk mkdak'Kuk edayvalYccUlmkenAkMBg'FM edayKµanGt†sJÔaNsMKal'x¬Án. enAk~¨gKuk yYnenHVnniyayfa vaecHeFI√m˙Ëbq©aj' . emPUXMuk*ykva[eFI√m˙Ëb [ . e®kaymkl∫Idl'ecAh√ayext†@k*nSykeTAeFI√CacugePApÊal' . dl'eB lsem†c®Tg'yageTAext†kMBg'FM k*sresIrCab'mat'nwgm˙Ëb EdlelakecAh√ayext†erobf√ay ehIysYrrkmuxG~keFI√ . ecAh√ayext†kMBg'FM BU-tughav k*f√ayeL-DwkenHbeN†ay . yYncarburseL-DwkenHminecHniyayExµreT . eBlln'-nl'eFI√rdΩ®bharTMlak'sIhnuk~¨gq~S1970 TahanVncab'eL(21) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksamut-bun fl fan' sB´√ f©rs'enArdΩkalIh&r√ nij"afa – fg-XWnCa bkßBYklav-EkvmunI . fg-XWnekItenAPUmie®CaynaggYn ®suk®sIs~M ext†esomrab . bMerIyYnevotmij m†geTotk~¨gq~S1972 . eBlb"ul-BtQ~H eKk*sma¬ b'fg-XWneTA .

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Dwkdak'Lan edayGagx~gP~ak'garyYnenHminx¬acG~kcab'eT E®skeCrke®JÇa lF¬ak'BIelIrfyn†Ebkk∫als¬ab'eTA . erOgmYyeTot KWmaneQµaH®sIp¬y CaKNkmµkarevotmijEdr F¬ab'bMerI clnaenHenACb' emmt' E®kk VmTTYlkarGb'rMBIBYkevotmijfa – eyIgCa G~ktsflUvayVrSgdUcK~a cUrkMu®bkan'eyIgCa®bCaCnevotNam Exµr lav ®tUv ®sLaj'K~adUcCabgbÌËnbegI˚t dIyYnk*dUcCadIExµr dIlavEdr

®bCaCnyYnk*

dUcCa®bCaCnExµrEdr eyIgebIkcMh[®bCaCnTSgbIrs'enAsux®sYlCamYy K~aebIeyIg®bkan'hYsehtu nwgnS[®bCaCneyIgTSgbIeQ¬aHK~aKµaneBlcb' eLIy . tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin (sIuGafil) fa ®sIp¬yenHman kMeNItenAåt†rmanC&y . sm&yyYnVneFI√CaKNext†åt†rmanC&ymYyry: . KW®sIp¬yenHehIyEdleFI√CaExßry:C CamYyhagkat'edrEfl&renAeso mrab®kug . eyIgeXIjfayYnxageCIgVndak'carCneK[cUleTAenAekoknwgemdwk nSExµr edIm∫Isal'cMNucexßay Gt†critemdwknSExµr nigykkarsm©at'BIExµr eTIbemdwknSyYnsal'®keyAk∫alemdwknSExµry"agc∫as'dUc®keyAVt´dva GIcwg . kalVtukmµvayTUtevotkug-yYnxageCIg eKykVn‰ksarEdl yYnsikßaBIemExµrfa emExµrcUlcit†luy, ®sI, ®sa, GMNac Et®kumsm©at'Exµr bMbwTecaleTA .

KMeragkarNe_ nHeKerobcMCayUryarNas'mkehIy tSgBIsm&ycMVMg CamYyGaNaniKmVrSgem"¬H KWyYnxageCIge®Kagyk®sukExµr[Vnk~¨gGna Kt . eBlyYnemIleXIjfa eKCitVnsMerceCaKC&yrMedaHb®gYbb®gYmevo tNamxagt∫Ëg emdwknSyYnk*sMercdMNak'karTI2tambN†ShU-CImij Ed lmunnwgs¬ab'Vnp†SehIyp†SeTot [sav&kKat'bn†karrMedaHyk≤NÎËcinTSg mUl (Exµr lav) rYmeFI√CashB&nÏ≤NÎËcinenaH eTIb®bCaCnyYnTSgxageCIg nigxagt∫ËgcMnYnCag60lannak'Gacrs'enAVn®sYl e®JHdIExµrCadIx¬aj'xa gp†l'®sUv-®tI Edlmat'raÂs†yYn®tUvkarCacSVc' ehIymYyeTotTSgemdwk nSTSgraÂs†ExµrminVnKitKUrBIvasna®beTsrbs'eKeT e®JHmnusßenAtic elITwkdIFMTUlay VneFI√[ExµrmanKMnitxI¬ xiÇl rs'enAsb∫ayeP¬cx¬Án TSg emdwknS (eGabGMNac) TSgraÂs† .

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CMBUkTI4 GB¥a®kwt¥lMeGogkumµ¨ynis† kalEdlelalsWg-g"ukfaj'vil®tLb'mkBI®sukVrSg BICIvPaBCaCn nireTsenA´f©TI20 Extula q~S1951 enaHsem†csIhnuVnham®Vmmin[ eKeTATTYlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eLIy Etsisßanusisß ®bCaraÂs†rab'Jn' mWunnak'VneTATTYlelak . tSgBIvalcMNtyn†ehaHeJFicintugmkdl'ra CFanIP~MeBj manmnusßQrGmp¬ËvCaBIrCYrrhUt (1) . sIhnumanesckI†®cENnNas'nwg®bCa®biyPaBrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k~¨g®beTsExµr Ca e®KaHminlÌdl'®BHGgnigrbbraCaniym . teTA´f©mux®BHGgnwgVt'muxmat' Vt'raCbl¬g˚ Vt'GMNacCaminxan e®JHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'hak'mankm¬Sg ®sUbTak'TajBBYkbJÔv&n†Exµr[mkrYbrYmCamYyVn . ehtuenHehIyeTIbsI hnucat'TukelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Cas®tUvTI1rbs'®Tg' nigrbbraCaski†PUmiEd lman®Tg'CatMNag . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnecjeTA´®B´f©TI9 mina 1952 edIm∫IvayVrSg TamTar‰kraC¥ . VrSgcaj'sÂgameDonebonPU enA´f©TI7 åsPa 1954 eFI√ [GMNacGaNaniKmrgaHregIGs'Bis . karTamTar‰kraC¥snßwm@rbs's em†ck¬ayCamaneCaKC&y . edayVrSgcaj'sÂgamCamYyhU-CImijy"agF©n' k*suxcit†®bKl'‰kraC¥mk®beTskmı¨Ca sfly‰BYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' Ed lkT&BenAGUrsµac'P~MdgErkeTAvij . sIhnuVnk¬ayCamhavIrbursrdΩ Cabita‰kraC¥Cati man®bCa®biyPaBd*Gsçar¥ EdlraÂs†Exµrl©g'ex¬AnSK~aeCOfa ®Tg'CaFmwµkraC VrSgsMucuHj"me®kamGnuPaBkSePI¬geQIBYkCIvBl-narIk¬aha n. rdΩFmµnuJÔEdlerobcMeLIgeday®Tg'sIusuvtiƒ-yuti†vgß (2) nigbkß®bCa Fibety¥ ehIy®bkase®bIk~¨gq~S1947

Vndk'GMNacCae®cInBI®BHmha-

kß®t ®bKl'eTA[®bCaraÂs† EdlmansPaCatMNag . rdΩFmµnuJÔEdl®bka se®bImkenaH minCaTIsB√®BHhÚT&ysem†ceLIy . sIhnuVnEkE®b®tL n'®tLincuHeLIgCae®cInsaredIm∫IkarJrEtpl®beyaCnn _ igzan:B BYkkß®t . sPaCatinItikalTI1 cab'ebIkBI´f©TI21 Exmkra 1948 ehIymansmaCikPa Ke®cInCabkß®bCaFibety¥ . eday®cENnnwgbkß®bCaFibety¥man®bCa ®biyPaBCag ehIyedaysmaCikPaKe®cInmin®BmeFI√tambMNg®Tg' sIhnu k*®bkasrMlayrdΩsPanItikalTI1enaHeTAenA´f©TI17 kJÔa q~S1949 (1) .

(1) tamesckI†[karrbs'elaksafl m-hYt GtItKNkmµkarbkß®bCaFibety¥®bcS®kugP~MeBj sB´√ f© elakrs'enAk~¨g®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

(2) sUmGanTMB&r76

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e®kaymkeTotenA´f©TI14 mkra 1950 Cnm~ak'Vnyk®Kab'EbkeTAKb'cUlTI cat'karKNbkß®bCaFibety¥sm¬ab'elakeGov-ekIs, Gtit®bFanrdΩsPa nigCaGKelxaFikarKNbkß®bCaFibety¥, enHk*Cas~a´drbs'sem†cEdr(2) EtTm¬ak'eTaseTAelI®Tg'nrinÊedteTAvij . k~¨gkardeNI†mGMNacBIraÂs†enH sIhnuVnGnuvt†GMeBIkacsahavNas' eFI√Tuk≈bukem~jBYk®bCaFibety¥ ca b'dak'Kuk (ekg-va"n'sak'˘˘˘), sm¬ab'ecalGs'Cae®cIn manelakeGov-ekIs, Gacar¥GflU-cug (kUnta®kmg"uy˘˘˘), bwTsarBt·manExµre®kakCaedIm . edaysar sPanItikalTI2min®BmeFI√tambMNgrbs'®Tg' sIhnuk*®bkasbwTsPaniti kalTI2enaHeTot enA´f©TI13 mkra 1953 (3) ehIycab'smaCiksPaCae®cIn EdlCMTas'nwg®Tg'jat'KukGs' k~¨gcMeNamenaHmanelakbflun-cnÊm"ulpg Edr . sUmCMrabfa kalsm&yenaH manKNbkßneyaVye®cInbkße®cIn®kumNas' (4) EtmanEtbkß®bCaFibety¥eT Edlman®bCa®biyCageK . bkßTSgenaHKW – 1- KNbkß®bCaFibety¥ sJÔak∫aldMrIkan'p˚aQUkbI manelakeGovekIsCa®bFan .

2- KNbkßesrIPaB sJÔarUb®VsaTkMBUlbI man®Tg'nerat†m-nrinÊed tCa®bFan .

3- KNbkßexmrb"un~kar sJÔarUbnagKg˙Ig manelakln'-nl'dwknS .

4- KNbkßdMekIg®bCaCati sJÔahnuman®TEpnTI®sukExµr manelak Eym-sMbUrCaG~kdwknS .

5- KNbkßcMerInCati sJÔarUb®BYjTm¬¨HkgbYn manelakCa-Cinkuk Ca G~kdwknS .

(2) ®Tg'yuti†vgßCaG~k®VCE∆ xµrm~ak' EdlVnsikßadl'åt†mviCaÇ mansJaÇ tiVrSg manPriyaVrSg . kaleNaHhU-CImijk*TTYlsal'Edrfa Exµrmanp˚aymYyrHEdr Etp˚ayenaHedIrpˬvpʨyBIhU-CImij . ®Tw sI†bTyuti†vgß ( Théorèmes de Youthevong ) xagKNitviT¥a manenAk~¨gkmµviFIEp~kåt†msikßa enA mhaviT¥al&yviT¥asaÂs† . ®Tg'yuti†vgßVnnSyklTiÏ®bCaFibety¥ Edl®Tg'ekatsresIrtSgBIenA ‰®sukVrSgenaHcUlmk®sukExµr . ®Tg'CaG~kbegI˚tKNbkß®bCaFibety¥muneKCamYyelakeGovekIs nigCaG~kEdlVne®BogsMeNArdΩFmµnuJÔExµrCadMbUg edayykrdΩFmµnuJÔrbs'saFarNrdΩVrS gTIbICaeKal . eday®Tg'minjejItVrSg nigecHrarSgkicçkarrbs'VrSg eTIbVrSge®KageFK I√ tela k . tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksafl m-hYt fa®Tg'manCm©WsYt Edlmin®tUvK~anigFatuGakas®tCak' eLIy . VrSgk*rkelscak'cuc[Priya®Tg'CatiVrSgenaHerobcM eFB I√ iFICb'elogmYyenAeBlra®tIha lsenßIm . ®Tg'yuti†vgß®tUvEteTAcUlrYmxanminVn e®JHPriyaelakVnNat'CamYyG~kFMVrSgrYc eTAehIy . eday®tUvFatu®tCak'eraKelakk*erIberIeLIgvij VrSgeKmanf~SEdr EteKmincak'f~SenaH[ Tuk[elaksuKttamsMrYleTAenAk~¨gExkk˚daq~S1947 . ectiyelakenAelIP~M®BHraC®TB¥®sukåt†¨g. sem†ce®tkGrNas'Edl®Tg'yuti†vgßsuKteTA KWelakVt's®tUvmYyehIy . tSgBI®Tg'yuti†vgßsuKt eTA sem†cminEdlecj®BHvacarMlwkBI®Tg'yuti†vgßTal'EtesaH . m~ag®Tg'yuti†vgß®BmTSgbu®tBIrnak' VnvileTArs'enA®sukVrSgrhUtdl'sB´√ f© .

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6- KNbk߯sanmanC&y sJÔarUbTg'C&yBIrEx√g®Tm˚¨d manelak em"A-cy CaG~kdwknS .

7- KNbkßsMbukXMµ¨rbs'elakm"m-suTÏ .

8- KNbkßkN†ab'®sUv dwknSedayelaksm-jan (3) .

9- KNbkßrYbrYmCati .

10- KNbkßrUbkeNÎøv .

11-KNbkß®bCaCn sJÔarUbng&l rbs'®kumExµrevotmij EdldwknS eday®kum Nub-bUpan, ng-sYn ( mIu-pU, m"a-mYn, lav-EkvmunI˘˘˘ ) . eKalbMNgrbs'sem†cKW ek†abykGMNacTSgGs' nigrMlayKNbkßTSgGs' [mkenAe®kam≤TiÏBlrbs'®Tg' . edIm∫Ihk'cUlmkykGMNac [eBj´d sIhnuk*dak'raC¥f√aymatabitaelakenAq~S1955 rYc®Tg'k*begI˚tK NbkßsgmraÂs†niym nige®bIGMNac´®B rMlayKNbkßd´TeTot[cUl mkCamYy .

BYk®bCaFibety¥EdlmincUlrYmCamYyKNbkßsgmraÂs†niym ®tUv bYkKijb"UlIstamrab'yb'´f© eFI√Tuk≈bukem~jeKobsg˚t'®Kb'viFI˘˘˘˘. sIhnuV nbg≈M[eFI√kareVHeq~at®bCamtie®CIserIsykKNbkßneyaVysgmraÂs†niym . k~¨gkareXasnaKNbkßenaH sIhnunigBYk´cvSgVne®bIGMeBI ´®B´pßbMputk~¨gkarpçaj'pçalBYkeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ . tamesckI†[ karNr_ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKliksikßaPM~eBj sB√´f©rs'enA Montreal kaNada Vnniyayfa – kalenACasisßviT¥al&ysIusuvtiƒ Vn tameTACamYy®kumeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ Edlmanelakekg-va"n' sak', G~k®KUexov-b"uNˆarI (GtIt®KUrbs'elakyU-sMbUr)˘˘˘ nigK~amYycMnYneTo teTAeXasnatamext† . elakyU-sMbUrVneXIjBYk´cvSgyk®kumqSyuS eTATH vaysrtMLg'rMxanqaeqAkMu[®bCaraÂs†s†ab'kareXasnaBYk®bCaFibet t¥ekIt . enAesomrab sIhnubJÇamkdab-QYn @k*e®bIb"UlIsGUs®cvak'va"v cuHra"veLIgkat'muxeXasnik®bCaFibety¥ eXasnik®bCaFibety¥P&yk*rt' ®Vs'ykrYcx¬Án . enAP~MeBjCit®ksYgeXasnakar sIhnubJÇa[sm-sarI ( “Bukrbs'elaksm-rgßI¨ ) nSBYkKijeTAVj'elakeGor-sIucUv nigekgva"n'sak' EdlkMBugeFI√kareXasnaelIevTika . enAVt'dMbg, elaktUc-QYg G~kniBnÏesovePA « Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmças' » sB√´f©rs'enAXMuvt†Kr ext† Vt'dMbgVn[karNf _ a – kalenACasisßGnuviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß VncUl rYmCYyeXasnakNbkß®bCaFibety¥ . eBlkMBugeXasnaenApßare®kam Vt'dMbg BYkb"UlIsext†VnekNÎmnusßmYy®kumxÊg'´m∏nak' [ykfµedj Kb' k*nSK~art'ykEtrYcx¬Án . erOgEbbenHman®Kb'TIkEn¬geBj®sukExµr k~¨gq~S1955 rhUtmansm¬ab'eXasnik®bCaFibety¥eTotpg dUcCaenAeso (3) Ca“Buksm-sarI ‰sm-sarIxwgnwgsem†chUtgarTUt k*rt'eTAcUlCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .

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mrabCaedIm . sIhnuVnQ~Heq~at®bCamti edaymeF¥aVyd*eXareXAEbb enH . enAcugExkJÔa GKelxaFikarKNbkß®bCaFibety¥ VneFI√BiFItUcmY ycMeJHmuxsmaCik Ef¬grMlayKNbkß®bCaFibety¥ EdlelakeTogeLam"an'CakµÁy, sB√´f©rs'enA®kugsIuGafil, VnrMlwksMdIGKelxaFikarbkß ®bCaFibety¥fa – edayehtusgmraÂs†niymQ~Heq~at®bCamti GMeNIHt eTAmanEtKNbkßneyaVyEtmYyKt'dwknSneyaVy®sukExµr ®beTs Exµrk~¨gGnaKt c∫as'Canwg®tUvTTYlrge®KaHB¥¨HsgÙraGn†rayCaBMuxan . munhk'cUl®bLËkk~¨gerOgneyaVydeNI†mGMNacenH es†csIhnuV ncUleTAsikßacMeNHBuTÏc®k GaNac®k BIsMNak'sem†csgÙCYn-Nat ral'@ra®tI cab'BIrMlgGa®FateTA . k~¨gq~S1955 sem†cCYn-NatVn®BmansIhnufa – ®Tg'enAekµgesckI† Nas' KYrkMuGaleFI√neyaVyGI E®kgnwgnSe®KaHmhn†raydl'®beTsExµrni g®bCara®s†Exµr ! . sIhnu, kalenaHx∆al'Cax¬Sg, k*rMelIksarKuNtbfa – buN¥TICasem†csgÙenH KWsIhnuCaG~k®beKn mYyeToterOgeFI√…mineFI√neyaVyenaH CaerOgpÊal'x¬ÁnsIhnu sem†csgÙsUmkMulUkmke®CotE®Ck erOgenH .

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sIhnunigb¬¨kkumµ¨ynis† ®beTsyYnnigcin®khmmineKarBesckI†sMercrbs'sni~siTTI®kughßW ENveLIy . yYnevotmijenAEtbn†neyaVysm©at'teTAeTot edaymanbM Ngyk®sukExµr eFI√CamUldΩanrMedaHyYnxagt∫Ëg . cin®bCamanituVnrk Exßry:c cinEdlF¬ab'ecjcUlvSgm~ak' pÊHenAmuxvSgeQµaH Kuc-CI ®bBnÏeQµaH Lan' [eFI√CaemF~ak' . k~¨gq~S1956 sem†cVnTak'Tgcin®khm . elakCUeGgLayVnmkeFI√TsßnkicçenA®sukExµrk~¨gcugq~S1956 (5) kaleNaHcin niyaysMu[sem†cCYyyYn k~¨gkarvayrMedaHevotNamxagt∫ËgEtm†g (4) . tamsMdI“BukxM∆¨ G~kniyayviT¥¨eb"kSgCaPasaExµr CacinekItenAkMBg'cam eron GkßrExµrenAvt†e®CayfµBI®BHsgÙGacar¥enA ( “BukxM∆¨sMNak'enAkudikalenA Casisßbzmsikßa ) . ®ksYgsm©at'GaemrikSgeXIjsem†cTak'TgcinCYyyYnehIy k*cab'rk Exßry:rMlMsem†c . k~¨gEpnkarenHeKTak'TgVndab-QYnenAcugq~S1957 eKp†l'luykak'nigGavuF viT¥¨Tak'TgCae®cIndwktamyn†ehaHBIeyokNamxa gt∫Ëgmk[dab-QYnenAesomrabeBlra®tI . dab-QYnKµancMeNHEfmTS gKµanG~kecHdwgCYyesaH eTIbGaemrikSgyknayTahanyYnxagt∫ËgBIrnak' mkCYy eFI√[sem†csIhnumankarsgß&y (5) . e®kaymkG~kCMnajkarGaemrikSgVn[rdΩaPiVl´fCYyrkelaksWg-g"ukfaj' eday[elak®kumt®mY t´fCYypg . elakr"gq:N N:V VneTAykelaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIext†L¨knij (6) mk . GaemrikSgsMu[elaksWg-g"ukfaj'eTACYydab-QYn

edIm∫Ip†l'

(4) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esniy‰knigCaG~kcat'EcgkarTTYlbdisNΩarkicçePø∆ vbreTsnanasm&ysem†csIhnu .

(5) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

(6) e®kaysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 Exµr≤sßr: Exµrevotmij ®tUvcuHcUleTArYbrYmk~¨gsgmCativij . e®kayBIeFb I√ uN¥‰kraC¥enAelIP~MdgErkrYc kgT&B≤sßr:rrYmExµrbMerICatirbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vnda k'GavuFcuHcUleTArs'k~¨gsgmCatiedayxH¬ eTAeronbn†viCaÇ eTot manCaGaTi lav-FanGIumCaedIm Edl eronbn†CanisßitevCb Ç NiÎt . KµannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuN¥s&ki†BIsem†cesaHeLIy eTaHCaBYkExµrevot mijk*eday . enAk~¨gBiFIbuN¥enaH elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnniyayEp†p†Sfa – eBlenHkartsUrfl bs'eyI g®tUvcb'mYyry: eday®beTsExµrVn‰kraC¥ehIy EtebskkmµkUnExµrenAminTan'cb'enAeLIyeT k~¨ gkarkarJrTwkdIExµr[Kg'vg' . sIhnusuxcit†TTYlkgT&B≤sßr:rYmExµrbMerICatiTSgGs' elIkElgEt sWg-g"ukfaj'ecj ®Tg'hammin[cUlmk®sukExµresaHeLIy ehIyecaTelaksWg-g"ukfaj'fa Ca Cnk∫t'CatieTotpg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*rs'enAelIP~MdgErkCamYyTahanCMnit30nak' nSK~aeFc I√ MkarciJçwmCIvit . k~¨gq~S1956 sem†ce®bI[dab-QYnnST&BeTAvaybnÊayelakeqHexÊcxIÊ . elakfaj' k*ePosxÁ¬ncUleTAk~¨gdI´f elaknayt®mYt´fkalenaHCas&ki†bIraCt®mYt VnykåTÏm∏aKc®keTATTYl elaksWg-g"ukfaj' [lak'xÁ¬nenAk~¨g®kugVgkk . e®kaybni†cmksem†c®BHmhakß®tIyanIkusum:V V nyageTAefT I√ sßnkicç®kugVgkk ehIyVnsMu[raCrdΩaPiVl´fcab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'®bKl'mk[

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rdΩaPiVlExµr eTaHCa´fcg'VnsKuNCamasb"unµanKILËk*eday . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnlbmkCYb TahanCMnitelakenACayEdnvij Ep†p†S[eTArs'enAbnMe¬ FC I√ a®bCaCnenAk~¨g®suk´fsin .

rYceday

elakminTukcit†elaknayt®mYt´feTot xa¬ cykelakeTAlk'[ExµrsIhnu eBlra®tIelakk*lYceKc eLIgreTHePg I¬ cUleTA®sukPUma rYcTak'TgTUtCb"uneTAsMNak'enAtUk¥ËmYyry:t tUc rYck*eFd I√ MeNIreTA®su kyYneyokNamxagt∫Ëg eTACYbnwgbÌËnelakeQµaHsWg-fayegø√ genA®kug´®BnKr sMNak'enATIenaH mYyry:eTot eTIbelakecjeTAsm©Mlak'xÁn ¬ enAk~¨gext†L¨knij eFc I√ MkarCamYyG~kCMnitm~ak'eQµaHta hy enAk~¨gPUmibusßFM . elakEtgEttamdan®sukeTsCanicç edayGansarBt·manyYnnigVrSgEd lbÌËnelakepm I∆ k[ . enATIenaHelakVneps I∆ Mbu®teTA®Vb'TahanCMnitenA´fnamjwk-KimL¨g ( Ek eQµaH´f vIra"t'-fgDI ehAe®kAfa sara"t' ) ®BmTSgelakLwk-sMeGOn EdlenATIenaHEdrfa elaksB√ ´f©rs'enAshrdΩGaemrik . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VneXIjesckI†®bkasrkrUbelakcuHk~¨gsarBt·ma nCaPasaVrSg EdlbÌËnelakepm I∆ k[ . elakk*e®tomxÁ¬nehIyerIsTahanxH¬ @cSCae®sc . ehtuenH ehIyeTIbelaknayt®mYt´fGaceTArkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'eXIj ehIynSmkCYbnwgtMNagshrdΩGa emrik EdlkMBugEtrkrUbelak [eTACYydab-QYneFrI√ dΩ®bharTma¬ k'sem†c EtelakminTukcit†dabQYneTIbelakraErk . rhUtdl'eBlEdlelakyl'®Bm ehobnwgeLIgyn†ehaHeTAcuHenAesomrab EteBlenaHEpnkardab-QYn®tUvEbkkar ehIysem†cVn[b"UlIsext†nigTahaneTAB&TÏcab'dab-QY n . kalenaHdab-QYnVneKcecjBIviman rYceLIgeTAP~MKUElnfa√ ybgM®BHsMriTÏBIrGg EdldabQYnEtgeCOnigeKarBNas' ehAfanagecknagcm . elakcMerIn-siun[elaks&ki†bIehgtameTArk dab-QYn e®JHCaCMnitnigsal'TIkEng ¬ enaH . mYyedayxa¬ cEbkkark~¨gerOgrYm´d nigmYyedayxwg nwgdab-QYnrMelaPkUn®kmMuxÁ¬npg s&ki†bIehgk*sma¬ b'dab-QYnTak'kGUsmk . kalsm&ysaFarNrdΩ elaksWg-g"ukfaj'EtgEteJl®Vb'shkarIelakfa – kalenaHk*CakMhusrbs'elakEdr eda yxa¬ cdab-QYneBk EtenHk*CavasnaGkusl®sukExµr Edlnwg®tUvEtvinasGn†raye®kams~a´dsIh nu . Bt·manenHp†l'edayelaksuim-Kin ( enATI®kugsIuGafil ) nigelaktSg-bun fl eFOn . elaktSgbun fl eFOnCaG~kVncUlrYmk~¨gkarh˜uflB&TÏvimandab-QYn kalelakenACakgb"UlIsext†esomrab sB´√ f© rs'enATI®kugtaxUm"a rdΩva"siunetan .

eyabl'nigerobcMKMerageFI√rdΩ®bharTm¬ak'sem†c EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'min ®Bm e®JHdab-QYnCamnusßcit†eqAGacnwghflansm¬ab'elak . tamsunÊrk farbs'sem†cEdlEf¬genAkMBg'cam´f©TI13mkra1959 fasm-sarIVnk∫t' cUlrYmCamYydab-QYn eFI√rdΩ®bharedaymantMNagevotNamxagt∫ËgenA P~MeBjeQµaHeg"a-®TughIuv ( Nho Trong Hieu ) e®kaymkrdΩmÂnI†sgmkicçnig skmµPaBcit†saÂs†k~¨gkariyal&yelakega-DineDom (6) nigP~ak'sm©at'sIu GayeG (CIA)) vicT&r-m"at'sflU ( Victor Matsui ) k~¨gsƒanTUtGaemrikSgenAP~MeBjCYyerobcMk~¨gkar®bugeFI√rdΩ®bharenH . EpnkarenHBn¥aeBlGs'Cag®VMmY yEx k*®tUvEbkkarN_ edayG~kebIkLansm-sarIk∫t' (7) . G~kebIkLan VnyksMbu®tsMgat'Edlsm-sarIepI∆eTAelakGIuv-y"ag eTAf√aysem†c .

B Y k G t I t ≤ s ß r : r Y m E x µ r b M e r I C a t i ® t U v s e m † c c a b ' c g ® B m K ~ a E t m † g k ~ ¨ g J k ' k N† a l Ga®Fatman elakGIuv-y"ag, sSg-savat, KS-er"t, dYg-c&nÊsarat nigK~amYy cMnYneTot .

(7) Bt·manmYyeTotfa ®bBnÏdab-QYn (yayk†M¨s&ki†kN†aj'e®kam) VnmkTUlsem†c‰P~MeBj . enH CaesckI†bJaÇ k'rbs'elaksium-Kin enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

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munenHmYyEx elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnepI∆sMbu®tsMgat'mkelakGIuvy"ag [qab'nSK~aecjeTAe®kAEdr e®JHsƒankarN®_ sukeTsnwgmankarE®b ®bYl EtBMudwgfay"agNaeTIbmankaref¬aHeF¬ayEbbenH (7) . eBlEdlsem†cbJÇa[nayTahaneTAcab'elakTSgkN†alGa®FatenaH elakVnlak' sMbu®tsMgat'enaHTan'eBl . elakGIuv-y"ag®tUvCab'BnÏnaKarGs'kML¨g7q~S kn¬H, elakKS-er"tGs'bIq~S edaymanExßTak'TgCamYyBYkes†c, elakdYgc&nÊsarat5q~S . ‰elakhgß-Funhak'VnrYcx¬ÁnedaysarmansKuNk~¨g sil∫:el≈anCamYy®BHmhakß®tIyanI, elakeb"g-Kit rYcx¬ÁnedaysarecH temI¬gb"us†vi_ iT¥¨ nigelakeGor-sIucUvk*VnrYcx¬ÁnEdr ®bEhledaymansrKuNCamYynwgh¬Ágsura®mit ? . G~kx¬HeTot®tUveKsm¬ab'ecalbeN†aydUcCa elaksSg-savat ( esk-sMeGotVnsarPaB®Vb'elakLwk-sMeGOnq~S 1969 enA®BMEdn´fkalBYkExµresrIeFI√CamksMucuHcUlnwgsem†csIhnu ) nig G~kGtIt≤sßr:rYmExµrbMerICatiTSgGs'´m∏nak' ( sUmGan®bvti†ekA-tk'k~¨gelx munkn¬gmk ) . sUmbJÇak'Edrfa sm-sarIEdlE®bCa®bqSgnwgsem†csIhnu ehIy eTAcUl´dCamYydab-QYn ehIyrt'rYcx¬ÁneTAcUl´dCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfa j'eTot KWedaysarEterOgpÊal'x¬ÁnesµaH . edaysarsm-sarIF¬ab'mansr KuNCaTI®bwkßapÊal'rbs'sem†ck~¨gkarTamTar‰kraC¥ mYyeTotsm-sarIV nCYysem†ckMcat'BYk®bCaFibety¥ (9) sm-sarIVn®tUvcat'tSgCaGKraC TUt®bcS®beTsGg'eK¬s . eBlrt'eTA®sukyYnxagt∫ËgenaH elaksWg-g"uk faj'mincg'TTYleT e®JHF¬ab'sal'critbuKlenHc∫as'Nas' Etedaysm sarICaG~k®bqSgnwgsem†cEdr enaHeTIbelak®BmTTYl[rYmCamYyelak Et [eTAkan'kab'CamYykgT&BExµresrIenA®beTs´f . tamsMdIelakLwk-sM eGOnfa – sm-sarIVnlYcsresrsMbu®tsMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYysem†cvij eday[G~kebIkbrLanCati´fykeTAdak'b"us†i_ EteKminepI∆k*yk®bKl'[GaemrikSg . sMbu®tEdlsm-sarIsresrmksem†cmancMnYnbIhibEs∫k ( ta mJk¥elakLwk-sMeGOn ) esGIuGayl'fa sm-sarImancit†min®tg' Gacrt' eTAcUlCamYysem†cvij eTIb´fk*nSsm-sarIeTACayEdnlav famkemIlTI tSgfIµ rYck*sm¬ab'sm-sarIecalenATIenaHeTA (10) . karmin®BmTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExµreday®beTsGg'eK¬s CaBies (9) k~¨gBiFICb'elog sm-sarIVnTHkMePø¬ g®bBnÏcug (bvrkJÔaExµrsm&yenaH) ehIyniyay®Vb'G~k sarBt·manfa karvay®sIbMerIEdleFk I√ arminsmrm¥ CakarFmµtarbs'ExµrTUeTA . G~ksarBt·manVnva yTUrelxmksYrsem†c@k*ekaHehAsm-sarI mk®beTsExµrvij rYchUtgarTUt . sm-sarIxwgk*begI˚t sarBt·mansresredomdam[sem†c . e®kaymkcUlrYmCamYydab-QYn ®bugeFrI√ dΩ®bharrMlMsem†c k~¨gcugq~S1958 ehIyrt'cUlnwgsWg-g"ukfaj' .

(10) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin rs'enATI®kugsIuGafil rdΩva"siunetan .

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sshrdΩGaemrik bUkrYmnwgKMeragrdΩ®bharminsMercenH

rwtEteFI√[sem†c

yl'fa b¬¨kelakesrICae®KaHf~ak'dl'®beTskmı¨Ca ( tamBite®KaHf~ak'cMeJH ®BHGgpÊal'eTAvijeT ) . sem†ck*gakeTArkcab'´dCamYyb¬¨kkumµ¨ynis†rwtEt iCitditeTot CaBiessCamYy®beTscin®bCamanitu Edlhflansn¥anwgsem† cfa nwgeKarBTTYlsal'bUrNPaBTwkdIExµr . cincab'epI†p†l'CMnYyesdΩkicçdl'®beTskmı¨Ca mankarsg'p¬ËvreTHePI¬gBI P~MeBjeTAkMBg'esam ®kug®BHsIhnu, eragc®ktm∫ajenAkMBg'camCaedIm . ral'eBlEdlsem†cyageTAsemıaFsmiTiÏnana‰ext†e®kA sem†cEtgEtGYt sresIr®Vb'®bCaraÂs†Exµrfa CMnYyrbs'cinCaCMnYyKµancMNg mindUcCaCMnYyc®kBti†GaemrikSgeT . enHehIyCal∫icTak'yksIhnurbs'b¬¨kkumµ¨yni s†edayviFIminecjmux edayviFIeFI√Camit†cUl[VnCitedIm∫Ip†ÁlnigTajsIhnu[nS®sukExµrcUleTAk~¨gsÂgam≤NÎËcinEdr .

❑

❑ ❑

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kardwkGg˚r f`aeM BT¥ saRs†avuF eTA[kgT&Bevotkug emeron®bvti†saÂs†sm&yVk'EbkbnÊaylEg√kmin®Kb'®Kan'Caemeron[ emdwknSExµr ykCaemerondwknS®sukesaH . ®BHstƒaEdlVnbJÇËn®BHmhaåbraC®sIsurieyaBN· [elIkkgT&BExµreTACYy®beTsesom EdlT&B PUmakMBughfl˜uB&TÏTI®kug´fenaH VneFI√[´fsgKuNExµrvij edayvaykMeTc yknKrExµrdak'CacMNuH, bnÊaylEg√k®tUvVk'Ebkk~¨gq~S1593 (11) . kar EdlExµrVnbJÇËnT&BBIrmWuneTAbÂg˚abBYk´tsWug[es†cyYn ( kalenaHes†c yYnrt'mkBYnk~¨gext†Exµre®kam ehIysMuCMnYyT&BBIes†cExµr ) rhUte®TOgmijy"agyk®sukExµrTSgmUl nigGs'dIkmı¨Cae®kam k*enAEtminEmnCaemero nsMrab'emExµrEdr . cab'BIq~S1960em"¬H EdlsIhnulUk´deTACYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxa geCIg [sƒabnap¬ËvlMcak'®kYs®khm bn†PÇab'p¬ËvlMhU-CImij BIesb"Unkat' mksÊwgE®tg rtnKIrI ®kecH kMBg'cam ´®BEvg s√ayerog kat'tamådug cak' eTAEpkMBg'esam . p¬Ëvelx19enHs©at'Nas' eKe®bI®Vs'p¬ËvenH k~¨gkardwk sm∏ar:swkq¬gkat'®sukExµr eTAp†l'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg enA ‰emmt' Cb' E®kk s~Ál . p¬ËvenHsƒabnaedaykgeyaBlexmrPUminÊ tam®BH raCbJÇarbs'sem†csIhnu (12) . edIm∫IravrkExßnSGg˚reTA[T&Bevotkug TUtcin®bCamanitueFI√CasMuTijeQI ExµrnSeTA®sukcink~¨gq~S1960 cMnYnmYymWunbYnJn'Em"®tKIb . kalenaHman cinekItenA®sukExµrm~ak'eQµaH KYc-Gan (13) enA®kecH ®bkbrbreFI√deg≈A eQIhflub manyIehafa « ®kumhflunmhasaKr » VnFanara"b'rgeQIcMnYnmYy mWunEm"®tKIb . ‰bYnmWunEm"®tKIbeTotVnp†l'edayQµÁjcMruHmYy®kum Edl k~¨gcMeNamenaHmanelak sflam-hYt m~ak'pg . TUtcinVnbJÇËnrUbiyb&NÎ cUleTAk~¨gFnaKarExµr [QµÁjTSgenHeTAebIkCa®Vk'erol . cinTijeQIExµr Etm†genHKt' ehIyeKVnTak'TajQµÁj KYc-GanenAeBlenaH [TTYldwk (11) sUmGan‰ksarmhabursExµr rbs'elakeGg-sut cab'BIEpndI®BHstaƒ eTA .

(12) tamesckI†bJaÇ k'rbs'elakeV"-fn GtItvr:esnIy‰kk~¨gTIGKesnaFikarkgT&B Exµr .

(13) KYc-GanFa¬ b'eTAeronbn†enAeb"kSgeTot e®kayEdlVneroncb'salacinenAk~¨g®kug P~MeBj . eK®bkbrbreFd I√ egA≈ eQIhuflbenA®kecHbn†BI“BukeKmk . tamesckI†bJaÇ k'rbs' elak safl m-hYt fa – k~¨gkardwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥ eTA[T&BevotkugenH KYc-GanVncMeNj bk'ek†ag ehIyka¬ yCaG~kmanm~ak'enA®sukExµrswgesIµtan'V" . e®kaymk KYc-Gan Vn TijkV"l'CMnYjcMnYndb'enAhugkug . ®Vk'cMeNjEdlVnmkk~¨gkardwkGg˚renH KYcGan´lEckeTAG~km~agm"UnIc nigG˜ufl-m"aNUrinpgEdr eTIbvamanlixitGnuJÔatBiessenaH .

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Gg˚r eTAp†l'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' . m†genH KYcGanVnsMu[sƒanTUtcin®khm bJÇËnrUbiyvtƒ¨eTAFnaKarhugkugvij EdleK VncMeNjmYyCaBIrCabItamt´m¬pßarggit . k~¨gkardwkGg˚renH eKmansMbu ®tGnuJÔatBiessBIcMkarmn EdlKµannrNahflanEqkeq…Xat'VneLIy . yb'mYyk~¨gq~S1965 “BukxM∆¨Edl®tUvevnTTYlxus®tUvCanayl∫at VnbMrug EqkeqLandwkCag´m∏kaMmIj¨g Etdl'eKhuclixitGnuJÔatdwknSBiessenaH mk “BukxM∆¨k*minhflanb"HJl' (14) . k∫ÁnLanGg˚recjEteBlyb'b"ueNˆaH edIm∫Ilak'kMu[BYkbreTsdwg . bnÊab'BIQµÁj KYc-Gan mannayTahanx¬H nig®BHraCvgßx¬H EdleTArMGuksMu sem†c“ sMunSGg˚reTAlk'pg e®JHx¬Án®kNas'dUcCakrNImças'V"gCaedIm sem†ck*®Tg'GnuJÔat[eTA (8) . bni†cmkk*epIÌldl'®bCaCnnSK~aDubGg˚r f~S eBT¥tamkg'm"UtU nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkugQUrqrEdr . b"UlIs Kij Ky (14) luH®BwkeLIg “Bukx¨MV ∆ nniyay®Vb'kUn@TSgGs'enAeBlVyCMuK~afa – emIleTA ®sukExµrc∫as'CaminVnsuxeT e®JHExµrdwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥ eTAp†l'[T&Bevotkug . elak“Bu kx¨M∆Vnbn†eTotfa – eBlExµrVn‰kraC¥q~S1954enaH ecAha√ yVrSgrbs'Kat'Vn®Vb' fa [laCatiExµrcUlCatiVrSg ehIytameTAeFk I√ arenA®suklavmYyry: eTIbeTAenA‰®suk VrSgEtm†g . “Bukx¨M∆yl'®BmEtenAmuxecAha√ yKat' e®JHtamsMdIfa ecAha√ yenH®sLa j'“Bukx¨MN ∆ as' . “Bukx¨Ml ∆ YceFJ I√ k¥cUlCaTahanExµrvij . dl'xagExµreFl I√ ixiteTAsMu yk“Bukx¨Me∆ TIbecAha√ yKat'dwg . ecAha√ yKat'xwgCaxS¬ g ehIykak'“Bukx¨MT ∆ ukcMnYn®VMmY yExeTot [CYyeFk I√ arCMrHbJIeÇ pßg@ munnwg®bKl'kicçkarmk[xagExµr . elak“Bukx¨M∆ man®bsasnE_ fmeTotfa – eBlEdlecAha√ yKat'ehobecjeTAenaH VnehA“Bukx¨M∆eTA CYbniyayK~aEtBIrnak'm†geTot edIm∫I[®BmtamkarbbYlBImunenaH . “Bukx¨MV ∆ ntbeTAvij fa Kat'minGaceTAecal®sukVneLIy ehIy≤LËvenHeTot ®sukExµrk*Vn‰kraC¥eBj eljehIy . ecAha√ yKat'Vn®Vb'eTotfa – safl ( eQµaH“Bukx¨M∆ ) ‰gcSsMdIx¨M∆Na e®JH x¨M®∆ sLaj'safl ‰g ! ®sukExµrnwgminVnsuxyUreT e®JHExµrminecHeFeI√ cAha√ yxÁ¬n‰geT ecHeF®I√ twmEtx¨Me∆ K ®sukExµrnwg®tUvmansÂgamCaminxan y"agyUrdb'q~SeTAmuxeTot . VrSg salExµrc∫as'Nas' . “Bukx¨Mm ∆ anesckI†Gn'cit†nwgecAha√ yKat'Edlmak'gayExµr Et e®kaymkeTotk~¨grbbsaFarNrdΩ eTIbKat'nwks†aynUvJk¥sMdIecAha√ yKat'CaxS¬ g fa ecAha√ yKat'niyay®tUvdUcemIleXIj eTIbelakTUnµan[kUnTSgGs'xitxMeronedIm∫Iecj eTA®suke®kA . k~¨gq~S1971 bÌËn®busx¨Mm ∆ ~ak'VnecjeTA®sukVrSg edayesahuy fl bgbÌËn mamIgCYy ( hiun-sIuhn fl ) nigm~ak'eTotecjenAq~S1972 ( hiun-sIufun ) . k~¨gq~S1972 enaHeTot elakTUnµan[x¨MQ ∆ b'eF®I√ KU [eTA®sukVrSgtambÌËnTSgBIreTot . Etx¨Me∆ qy I¬ fa ebI eTATSgGs'K~a nwgKµannrNaemIlEfTS“Bukm†ayEdlkan'Etcas'ehIy ( sUmCMrabfakalenaH x¨Me∆ nAminTan'man®KYsarenAeLIy ehIyecjmkCasaÂs†acar¥ msbP mkbe®gon enAviT¥al&yGafl b-Xut nigent-y"g' k~¨gq~S1968 cMeBlEdlmankarbHeVrenAsMLËt edaysarEtGaCa∆ Frext†nSK~aBukrlYy CiHCan' bn ¬ 'ykdIcMkarrbs'raÂs† EdlKµanbg ¬ 'kan' kab'dI ehIynSK~aTSgecAha√ yext† G~ksala®suk nayTunExµr-cin nSK~aeFb I√ g ¬ 'kmµsiTiÏdI sMLËt ) . ehtuEdlx¨Me∆ VHbg'kareronsU®tsin e®JH“Bukx¨Mc ∆ Ulv&yrWuE®tt, kUn@kMBugeron ‰x¨MC ∆ abgeKbgÌs'k~¨gcMeNambÌËncMnYn7nak' ehIy®KYsarx¨MC ∆ a®KYsarmF¥mpg minGacTb' Tl'VneLIy .

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cab'EtraÂs†tUctaceT ‰LankaMmIj¨grab'sib pʨkGg˚rf~SeBT¥eBj@enaHemIlmineXIjeLIy . tamsMdImas-supat enA®kUcqµarkMBg'cam sB√´f©rs' enA®kugtaxUm"a rdΩva"siunetanVn[karNf _ a – k~¨gq~S1965 VnxIçbul®Vk' eKnSGg˚r f~SeBT¥ nigvtƒ¨cSVc'x¬HeTot eTAlk'[evotkug‰Cb'-emmt' ehIy ®tUvBYkkUnKij Ky b"UlIscab'ykGs' sMuvijminVnTal'EtesaH . supat manesckI†ek†A®khayNas' edayeXIjGyuti†Fm·eBk LanFM@dwkGg˚r f~S eBT¥eBjENn eKminrvl'eT ehIyGnuJÔat[ecjy"agFUrrhuy . eday mYyKµan®Vk'sgCMJk'eKpg NamYyeTotQWcit†nwgb"UlIs Kij Kypg supatk*rt'eTAxagyYnevotkugbeN†ay . eBlcUleTAdl'P¬am BYkevotkug VneFI√b&NˆsMKal'x¬Án CaKNkmµkarBiessxagEp~kTak'Tg[, xags†SKWrUb sem†c ‰xageq√gKWrUbsamIx¬Ánsupat . KWb&NˆenHehIy EdlVnCYysupa t[rYcx¬Án eBlEdlExµr®khmQ~H ehIyCen¬øsecjBI®kug´b"lin . eday kalenA´b"linCab'kMENnCakgkumµg'dU supatmansl'®Kab'kSePI¬gx¬Hk~¨g VtkabUbEdlyYrmktamp¬Ëv . BYkExµr®khmEqkeXIj®Kab'enaH Etsupat ecHnwkeXIjhucb&NˆenaHeTA eTIbExµr®khmEdlEqkenAtMbn'E®tgGnuJÔat [supatecjmkeday®sYl e®JHvayl'faCaK~ava . mas-supatVnniyayfa – eBl´f©minsUveXIjTahanevotkugeT Et dl'evlayb' mindwgvaecjmkBINaeT exµAmIrdUch√Ëg®semacGJçwg ! Gg˚r mYyLancMnYnEb"tsibVv BYkvaCJÇËnEtdb'naTIGs'rlIg . tamsupatfa mi nEmnmanEtGg˚reT manTSgf~SeBT¥®Kb'mux CaBiesseb"nIsIulInrab'mWundb manTSgkSePI¬gtUcFM nig®Kab'®Kb'muxpg ( mas-supatVncakecjBItMbn' evotkugkan'kab'mkvijenAq~S1968 rYcmkCIkt∫ËgenAbr´b"lin ) . BYkevotku gVnTSgyk®sIyYnsÌat@mk[supaterIsyktamcit†cg'pg . supatV nniyayeTotfa

BMudwgCaBYkevotkugVnluymkBINasuTÏEt®kdas'®VMry

erolfIµ@Ecs TSghib@ykmkTij≤va"n'Exµr ( yYneVH®Vk'Ek¬gk¬ay ) . enAtamTIpßar…PUmitamCayEdnExµryYn BYkTahanevotkugGacTijvtƒ¨Ed lBYkva®tUvkarBIQµÁj (…®bCaCn) ExµrEdlnSykmklk' (9) . sm∏ar:Edl Tij…dwkq¬gkat'®sukExµrnigmUldΩanenAtamCayEdn mansar:sMxan'Nas' cMeJHyYnkumµ¨ynis†k~¨gkarxitxMtsflU (CamYyGaemrikSgnigyYnxagt∫Ëg) (10) . kardwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥ exaGav e®KOgsaÂs†avuF sm∏ar:swksB√Ebby"agyk eTAp†l'[BYkevotkug Vn®b®Bwt†y"agx¬Sgnigecjmux bnÊab'BIkarvaysƒanTU t GaemrikSgq~S1963 edaysIhnu[Tahanh¬Áges¬økJk'sIuvil eTAekNÎ sisßBIviT¥al&ynanak~¨g®kugP~MeBj [Xwm-TiteFI√CaemdwknS (esµrxM∆¨Casisßf~ak'TI4viT¥al&ysIusuvtiƒVntameTAnwgeKEdr EtminVncUlhfluneT), CaBiesse®kayp†ac'TUtCamYyshrdΩq~S1965 . k~¨gq~S1966-67 sIhnuVnGnuJÔat[G~kbecçkeTsrusßI -85-

mksg'erag

c®ky"agFMmYy eFI√®Kab'kSePI¬gtUcFM eFI√mIn ®Kab'Ebk´d enAk~¨g´®BsÊwg®cal Gnuext†kMBg'sIla . eKeFI√®Kab'kSePI¬g®Kb'Fun CaBiess®Kab'kSePI¬g Gaka Etm†g . ®Kab'eFI√rYceKdwkeTA[T&Bevotkug ‰kgT&BexmrPUminÊminEdlVn®Ka b'BIeragc®kenHeTAe®bITal'EtesaH (15) . enAk~¨g´®BP~MKIrIrm¥ sIhnuVnbJÇa[elaks&ki†®VM®BIg-TMu TTYlmuxgarxagkat'rfyn†ehßGimes (GMC) kg'db' e®bIEtkg'bYnvijedIm∫I[cMeNjsSg rYcehIynSykeTA®bKl'[T&B evotkuge®bI®Vs'sMrab'dwksm∏ar:swkk~¨g´®Bemmt' Cb' E®kk s~Ál rtnKIrI (16) . k~¨gq~S1967 kV"l'cincMNuH85,000etan Vndwksm∏ar:swkmkctenA kMBg'Ep®kug®BHsIhnu (kMBg'esam) . sem†cVnbJÇa[s&ki†®VMKat-m"an' ®tYtemIlkarxus®tUv k~¨gkarCJÇËnsm∏ar:swkecjBIkV"l'enaH . mankSePI¬g nig®Kab'®Kb'Fun tSgBIGaka kaNugminFak'fy ( Canons sans recul ) eFI√enA ®sukcin .sem†cbJÇa[dkTahank~¨gmYy´f©cMnYn100nak' BIkgvr:eesnatUc nana tSgBIext†kMBg'sWı, kMBt, kMBg'esam [eTACJÇËne®KOgsm∏ar:swkGs' TSgenaHecjBIkV"l' . karCJÇËnecjk~¨gmYyGaTit¥ VneFI√[kV"l'enaHegI beLIgVnmYyhtƒb"ueNˆaH . karCJÇËnVn®b®Bwt†eTACagbIEx eTIbykLSg sm∏ar:swkTSgenaHGs' . sem†cVncat'[elaks&ki†®VMsWn-cUv (bÌËnelak sWn-san) TTYlxus®tUvxagk∫Ánrfyn†dwksm∏ar:cMVMgTSgenaH . “Bukma xM∆¨ (xagm†ayxM∆¨) lµ¨t-sMGun GtIts&ki†®VMenAekaHkJÇrk*Cab'kMENnkarJrk∫Á ndwknSGavuFEdr (sB√´f©rs'enArdΩ Maryland ) . k∫ÁndwkecjdMeNIrEtevla yb' eBlmkdl'Ggs~Ál k∫Ánrfyn†®tUvbt'cUltamp¬ËvlMcak'®kYstMbn'Vt' dwg-åd†¨g nSykeTATukenAk~¨gbnÊaylEg√k (ext†kMBg'q~Sg) . enATIenaHsem†cVncat'[s&ki†®VMEdl®Tg'Tukcit†eQµaH epg-pan'GIu eFI√Cacagh√ag®tYt Binit¥GavuFcinTSgenaH . elakepg-pan'GIuedaymanG~kbecçkeTscincMnYn 10nak' (m~ak'Cas&ki†®VMcinpg) VntemI¬gkSePI¬gFMTSgGs'enaH . luHtemI¬g rYcGs'sB√®Kb'ehIy sem†ccat'[vr:esniy‰keV"-fn CaG~kTTYlxus®tU vk~¨gkardwkGavuFTSgenaH eTA®bKl'[T&BevotkugenACb'-emmt' (ext†kMBg'ca m) . k~¨gExmina1968 sem†c®Tg'yageTACYbemevotkug eg√øg-va"n'pat' enAex t†kMBg'cam rYcehIysem†c®Tg'yageTA®VrB√BiFI®ct'®BHng&lenATIrYmext† s√ayerog . enATIenaH ®Tg'VnvayExßlYsmkGKesnaFikardΩankgT&Bex mrPUminÊ [rkLankat'kat' (4X4) cMnYn150e®KOg[Vnk~¨gmYy´f© . elak eV"-fnCaG~krkLantamcMnYnEdlsem†c®tUvkar ehIynSykeTAdl'G~k (15) nig (16) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniy‰k .

(17) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakmas-sUpat ®kugtaxUm"a nigelakeV"-fn .

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elOg edIm∫Idwkf~SeBT¥eTA[BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgenACb'-emmt' ( kMBg'cam) . LannimYy@pʨkf~SeBT¥cMnYn´m∏Vv . f~Sman®Kb'muxtSgBIGasIırI neLIgeTA EtCaBiessKWf~Seb"nIsIulInrab'Esndb EdlbN†ajcarkicçevot kug®kugP~MeBjVn®bmUlTijBIhahh√am"asIunanaeTAKrTukenA‰G~kelOg . cab'BIq~S1965 eBlEdlshrdΩsMercebIkyn†ehaHeb-52 Tm¬ak'®Kab' EbkelIp¬ËvlMhU-CImijmk kgT&BevotNamxageCIg®tUveKdwktamkV"l'mk cuHenAkMBg'Ep®BHsIhnu rYcdwktamrfyn†kMamIj¨gbwTdMbUlCit kat'®sukExµr eLIgeTACb'-emmt' edIm∫IvayevotNamxagt∫Ëg nigkgT&BGaemrikSg (17) . tamsMdImas-sUpat faVneXIjnayTahanevotkuges¬økJk'sIuvil mkedIrelgsIuKuyTavenATen¬bwT (®kugkMBg'cam) (1968) ral'´f© .

GtItb"UlIsext†@kN†alm~ak' (sMumin[beJçjeQµaH) sB√´f©rs'enA®ku gtaxUm"aVn[karNf _ a – x¬ÁnKat'CaG~kTTYlbJÇa[Tarluy®bcSExBIevotku g nigbJÇabIecAh√ayext† (EdlTTYlbJÇabn†mkBIm~agm"Unic) [rab'cMnYnevo tkugEdltSgenAelITwkdIExµr nigTart´m¬k∫al2,000erol®bcSExsMrab'evotkugm~ak' . ‰esovePA War in peace k*VnsresrEdrBIniKmyYnm~ak'@Edl cUlmkrs'enAtamTUktammat'Ten¬ CaBiesstMbn'kMBg'pßartUc ®tUvbg'CUnm~a gm"UniccMnYn®VMryerolCaerogral'Ex . k~¨gesovePA «sÂgamnigesckI†sgÙwm» ( War and Hope ) ®tg'TMB&r59 sem†cVnsresrfa – kareFI√GI√@sB√Ebby"agEdlGaceFI√VnedIm∫ICYyG~k Citxag (yYnevotkug) EdlkMBug®tUvc®kBti†kMEhgKMramenaH KWCakrNiykicç rbs'raCaNac®kkmı¨Ca Edlmin®tUveKcevHBIkatB√kicçenHeLIy . ( etI®sukExµrCakmµsiTiÏdac'muxrbs'sIhnu… VnCasIhnuykGMeBIk∫t'Cati eTACYyhU-CImijenH CakatB√kicç ( Obligation ) rbs'®beTsExµrnigraÂs†Exµr eTAvij ? enATwkbegI˙yeyIgVneXIjfa emdwknSyYnVnsgKuNsIhnu Ebby"agNaenaH, rhUtk†ab'sƒanPaB®beTsExµrTSgmUlk~¨gkN†ab'´dvaTSg ®sug edaybn†¨b®kumGay"gehg-sMrin (GtItG~krksIukab'®CUk) nighflunEsnGtItsisßf~ak'TI4TMenIb Classe de quatrième moderne viT¥al&y®BH sIhnukMBg'cam ( kkn – ebIeyagtamkaB¥ Edlhflun-EsnVnsresrep†aH p†gELbxay CamYyG~kemm"aym~ak' eyIgseg˚teXIjJk¥x¬H sresrmi n®tUvGk≈raviruTÏ nigJk¥x¬HCaJk¥Exµrsm&ycas' dUcCaJk¥ «ehI¥» CaedIm . eyIgeCOfa – ebIhflun-Esn CasisßeronenAf~ak'TI4TMenIbdUec~H BitCaminsr esrGkßr «ehI¥» enHeToteT BIe®JHsisßCMnan'munhflun-Esn10eTA15q~S Elgsresr«ehI¥» Gs'eTAehIy˘˘˘ eKsresr «ehIy» CaCMnYsvij . ma nEtsisßeronsU®tenAtamsalavt†eT EdlenAsresr «ehI¥» dUec~H . kaB¥enHVn®tUv{m-yineTogTI®bwkßaCMnitrbs'hflun-EsnGHGagfa CakaB¥rb s'ecAh√ayx¬ÁnBit®VkdEmn ) . [eTAeFI√Catuk˚taTUrbJÇa rbs'emdwknSyYn -87-

rhUt ( Toy remoted by Viet leader, Nguyen Co Thach ) Kµan´f©NanwgerIx¬Án rYcesaHeLIy . yYnb¬n'yk®tIsmu®T ®tITen¬sab (cab'edaysm¬ab'bMpi¬cbM p¬ajesIÊrJyGs'®tI), kab'´®BeQIExµrdwkCJÇËneTA®sukyYn Kas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨BI®VsaTnana eVH®kdas'®Vk'mkTij®sUvExµry"agefak dwkykeTA ciJçwmraÂs†yYn nignSecjeTAe®kA®beTse®kamyIeha Product of Vietnam . yYnEdlF¬ab'Ca®sukx√HGg˚rsIu sB√´f©Vnk¬ayeTACanSGg˚recjCab'elxbI bnÊab'BIshrdΩnig®beTs´f . enATMB&rTI61 sem†cVnsresrBIneyaVyxusrbs'®Tg'fa – « karsM erccit†rbs'xM∆¨k~¨gkarCYyBYkeK (evotkug-evotNamxageCIg) k~¨gkML¨gq~S19 60enaH xM∆¨sMus∫ffa xM∆¨minVnTTYl®Vk'BIyYnTal'EtesaH ehIysB√´f©enH eTot CaCnGFn˘˘˘ ®KYsarxM∆¨nigxM∆¨Cnrs'rYcCIvitedaysarEtesckI†sb∫¨rs nigkars√aKmnC _ abgbÌËn BIsMNak'®beTscin®bCamanitu . xM∆¨sUms∫ffa elsEdlxM∆¨VnsMerccit†eFI√shkarCamYyevotNamenaH KWxM∆¨cg'[yYnkumµ¨ ynis†CMJk'KuNkmı¨Ca, k~¨gp¬ËvEbbenH yYnminGachflannwgeFI√GMeBIGa®kk'mk elI®beTsExµr ®bCaraÂs†ExµreLIy . ebI®bsinCavapʨyBIkarenHeTAvijenaH yYnnwg®tUvVt'bg'kiti†ysCaminxaneLIy » . ( kkn – sB√´f©enH eyIg eXIjyYnkan'Etmankiti†ys ehIyes†csIhnukan'EtGab'{neTA@ nigF¬ak' 'x¬ÁneFI√CaTIgemag[BYkGay"gyYnEfmeTot ) . etIelsb"ueNˆHGaccat'Tukfa®Kb'®Kan'…eT Edlsem†csIhnuVnCYy x¬ayYn[mankm¬SgxSTMJrk∫alExµr yk®sukExµrenH ? sUmCYyBicarNapg cuH ! . G~km~agm"Unic (rYmCamYybgeQµaHGfl˜u-m"aNUrin) Vnyk≤TiÏBlCa®bBnÏ®bmuxrdΩmkrksIu lk'dIlk'®suk[yYnhU-CImij . eyIgCaExµrmineCOTa l'EtesaHfa sIhnuminVndwg æminVncUlhflunk~¨gerOgk∫t'Cati k∫t'raÂs† ExµenH . etIkalyYnykdIkmı¨Cae®kamenaH yYnmanxUcVt'bg'kiti†ys…eT ? etI sem†cmanvib∫disarI…eT EdlminVneFI√kartva"GI√esaHkalsPaVrSgsMerc ®bKl'dIkmı¨Cae®kameTA k~¨gyb'´f©TI21 åsPa 1949 nigkarEdl®Tg'Vn rarSgXat'min[elake®TOg-kag eFI√karTamTarkmı¨Cae®kameTAtulakarGn†rCati ? …mYykalenaHsIhnueCOCak'fa yYnnwgTuk[®Tg'esaysuxelIkmı¨CamYyCIvit ? enAvKmunsem†cVnsresrfa – elakln'-nl'CanaykrdΩmÂnI†rbs' rdΩaPiVlq~S1969 rhUtdl'´f©®bqSgeFI√rdΩ®bharsIhnu´f©TI18mina1970 Vncab'nigEck ([kgTahanExµr) nUvsaÂs†avuF®Kb'Fun, ®Kab'kSePI¬g, sm∏ar: sw k c i n , r u sß I n i g® b e T ssg m n i ym d ´ T e T o t E d lE d lbJÇ Ë n e T A [k gT & B e v o tNamxageCIg-evotkugtamkMBg'Ep®kugsIhnu . elakln'-nl'eFI√tamEt bJÇasIhnu k~¨gkardwkGavuFTSgGs'enaHb"ueNˆaH ( eTA[evotkug ) .

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e®kayeBlsem†c[Tahanh¬ÁgeTAvaysƒanTUtGaemrikSgk~¨gq~S1963 cin®bCamanituVn[LankamIj¨gcMnYn60e®KOg TukenAk~¨gcMkarmnsMrab'dwk sm∏ar:swkp†l'[T&ByYn . rfyn†TSgenaHsresrV"yfa kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊ ( FARK ) . k~¨gq~S1965 tamkarbJÇak'rbs'G~kbrrfyn† Edlmincg'beJçjeQµaH sB√´f©enArdΩ Oregon fa – kardwksaÂs†avuFVn®b®Bwt†y"agx¬Sgk¬aNas'k~¨g q~SenaH LanEdlKat'ebIknigLand´TeTot manbiTp¬akFM@fa « r˘r˘v˘ = rfyn†raCvSg » ehIyedIm∫IkMu[yn†ehaHGaemrikSgemIlBIelImkeXIj Landa k'p¬ak r˘r˘v˘ nimYy@ eK-tceg˚øglyeTAmuxk∫alLan [cSgcuHeTAdIvij ecosvagkMu[Bn¬WsacCHeTAelIeLIy . k~¨gq~S1969 sem†csIhnuVn[eFI√kEn¬gs†¨kmYydak'®Kab'kSePI¬g nig f~SeBT¥enAtamdgsÊwgessan rtnKIrI sMrab'p†l'[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNa mxageCIg . sm∏ar:G Gs'TSgenaH KWdwktamyn†ehaHdwkeTAs†¨kTukenATIenaH. CMnYyEdlsem†cVnCYyx¬ayYnmane®cInNas' TSgp¬ËvGn†rCati nigs m∏ar:s swk nigkgT&ByYnxageCIgdwkq¬gkat'®sukExµr BIkMBg'Ep®ku g®BHsIhnu kMBg'esam eLIgeTA®Kb'mUldΩanT&ByYnenAtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr . man Etsem†cmYyGgKt'EdlGacdwgGs' nigeqI¬y®Vb'eyIgfa etIsem†cVnCYyyYne®cInb"uNˆa ? etIsIhnu, G~km~agm"UnIc, Gfl˜u-m"aNUrinVnTTYlluyyYn b"uNˆa ? emdwknSyYnVnsn¥anwgsIhnuy"agNax¬H VnCaemExµrenHKµan karBicarNabni†cesaH ?

❑

❑ ❑

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mUldΩanswknigGKesnaFikardΩan evotkugelIEdndIExµr KWtYGgsem†csIhnuEtm†g EdlVnyl'®Bm[T&BevotkugmktSgmUldΩanswkenAelIdIExµr tamCayEdnExµr-evotNamxagt∫Ëg edaycinCaG~kCYyEccUv[ . sem†csIhnuVnCYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg eday®K b'meF¥aVyk~¨gcMVMgCamYyGaemrikSg (12) . tMbn'yYnkumµ¨ynis†®tYt®ta mUldΩanyYnkumµ¨ynis†

lIkeTA®kecHeBl el yn†ehaHeb-52 Tm¬ak'®Kab'Ebk

®kecH Cb'emmt' COSVN Ep¬snÊËc

PRG cMBuHesk

QUgsmu®T´f

evotNamxagt∫Ëg

mUldΩanT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg (sem†csIhnuVnGnuJÔat[kgT&ByYnhU-CImijtSgmUldΩanelIEdndIExµr cab'tSgBIq~S1960 nigVnCYypt'pg'T&ByYnenH®Kb'meF¥aVy p†l'Gg˚r f~S eBT¥ ®Kab'rMesv saÂs†avuF®Kb'Fun EdldwktamkV"l'mkkMBg'EpsIhnu kMBg'esam CaBiesskgT&BevotNamxageCIg EdlmkcuHEpenAkMBg'esam k~¨geBlEdlyn†ehaHeb-52 TMlak'®Kab'EbkelIp¬ËvlMhU-CImijy"agx¬Sg cab'BIq~S1965mk .

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mUldΩanswkGs'TSgenaHVncab'eFI√mktSgBIq~S1960 . x¬HeTotCamUl dΩancas' tSgBIsm&ysÂgamtsflUCamYyVrSgem"¬H . mUldΩanswgEtTSgGs' tSgenAtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYn KWtSgBI®BMrYmbI®beTs (lav-ExµryYn) k~¨gext†rtnKIrI lMpat' LaVnesok GUrSg s~Ál emmt'-Cb' E®kk ®BMEd next†s√ayerog taEkv kMBg'®tac . tSgEtBIe®cInq~SmkehIy˘˘˘ sem†csIhnueFµcEP~keFI√mineXIjnUvGI√@ Ed lVnekItmaneLIgenAtamtMbn'CayEdn (Exµr-evotNam) (13) .

TIbJÇakar´nkariyal&ykN†alPUmiPaKevotNamxagt∫Ëg ( COSVN, Central Office South Vietnam ) tSgenAemmt' Cab'nwgcMkarekAsflUEtm†g .

TIbJÇakar´nrNsirßrMedaHCati ( NLF - National Liberation Front of South Vietnam ) manTItSgenATl'muxE®kk k~¨gext†kMBg'cam . ‰TIs~ak'karkN†al´nrdΩaPiVlbeN†aHGasn~bdivt†ne_ votNamxagt∫Ë g ( PRG = Provisinal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam ) manTI tSgenATl'muxkMBg'®tac k~¨gext†s√ayerog . enAtammUldΩanTSgenaH mansg'mnIÊreBT¥ EdlGacdak'E®K EdlGacda k'E®KG~kCm©WVnCag®VMry X¬Sgs†¨ksm∏ar:s swkrab'etan sMrab'e®bI®Vs'vay lukcUlevotNamxagt∫Ëg dUcCakrNIkarvayluk®kug´®BnKr kalBIbuN¥ EttcUlq~ScinyYn (1968) . k~¨gExmifuna1967 edaymankartva"BIsaFarNrdΩevotNam nigBIsƒan TUtGaemrikSgfa mankgT&BevotkugtSgenATl'muxkMcaymar

Cab'elI®BMEdn

Exµr-yYn TTwgTMhM5KILËEm"®t nigbeN†ay15KILËEm"®t . elakvresniy ‰k esg-sflun´f VnnSkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊeTAedj e®JHKNkmµkar xagbT®tYt®ta ( ≤NÎa, kaNada, b"ULËj ) mk®tYtBinit¥ . emevotkugVn mkCYbnwgelakesg-sflun´f ehIyhucnamb&Nˆsem†csIhnumkpg . evo tkugVnniyayfa – sem†cVncuHxsn¥ayl'®Bm[BYkeKenAelIdIExµr edIm∫IeKcBIkaredjtam´nkgT&BevotNamxagt∫ËgnigGaemrikSg . kal NaKNkmµkarxagbT®tYt®taeTAputGs' BYkxM∆¨sMuvil®tLb'mkvij . T&Bevo tkugk*dkfyecjBItMbn'PUmi®teLakEbkyYnry:eeBltUc . dl'KNkmµkarxagbT®tYt®taeTAemIl VneXIjEtTahanExµrcas'm~ak' kMBugGg¨ybit ÚsßIenAk~¨geragedaly"agFM . karenHvapʨyK~aBIrUbft Edlyn†ehaHGaem rikSgftVneTAvij (18) . cab'BIq~S1969 shrdΩGaemriksMerce®bIyn†ehaHeb-52 vaylukTm¬ak' ®Kab'EbkkMeTkmUldΩanswkevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tam®BMEdnExµr-yYn y"agx¬Sgk¬a . ®TSminVnBYkkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg nigGKbJÇa karvaVnrt'fycUle®CAmksMrakykkm¬Sgk~¨gEdndIExµr tMbn'´®Bext†®kecH (18), (19) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniy‰ksaFarNrdΩExµr .

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cm©ay150K˘m˘PaKxageCIgp¬ËvCatielx7 . edaye®bI®Vs'ext†ExµrPaKxag eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGn†rayedaysaryn†ehaH cm©ay150K˘m˘PaKxageCIgp¬ËvCatielx7 . edaye®bI®Vs'ext†ExµrPaKxag eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGn†rayedaysaryn†ehaH eb-52 . edaykgkm¬SgeKVn®tYt®tatMbn'enHtSgEtBIkalmunmk

BYkeK

Gacsm©Mykkm¬SgmunnwgcUlvayluk (yYnxagt∫Ëg) eTot (14) . mUldΩanswkk*dkfycUle®CAmkk~¨g®sukExµr mktSgTIenAelIe®tIyxa glicTen¬emKg Cit®kecH®kug . enA´f©TI24emsa1970 mYyGaTit¥munBYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgksagmUldΩan nigbJÇakarswkfIµelI®cSgTen¬emKgk~¨gext†®kecHenaH BYkem dwknS≤NÎËcin®bqSgnwgc®kBti†GaemrikSg VnCYbK~aCakMBUlenA®kugkg'tug edaymanvt†mansem†csIhnuCaG~kcMNUlfIµpg . pS-va"n'dug[ekaHehAxagV"eftLav KW®Tg'supanuvgß, ®bFanrNsirßCatirMedaHevotNamxagt∫Ëg eg√øg-hflUfU nigsem†csIhnu[cUlrYmpg . eBlenaHsem†cVnef˚aleTas shrdΩGaemrik ehIyVn®bkasGnuJÔatedayecjmux[evotkug-evotNa mxageCIge®bI®Vs'EdndIExµreTotpgk~¨gkareFI√sÂgamCamYys®tUvrYm KWc®k Bti†GaemrikSg (15) . sUmsYrfa etIsIhnuk¬ayCaGI√ehIyenAeBlenH cMeJH®sukExµrnigcMeJH ®bCaraÂs†Exµr ? e®JHehtuGI√ edIm∫IGI√ eTIbsIhnucUlrYmCamYys®tUvCatiExµr enH ? cab'tSgBIq~S1970rhUtmkdl'bcç¨b∫n~enH etIsIhnumanEdlmanbnÊËl fa ®Tg'VneFI√xus …neyaVy®Tg'xus enATINa ´f©Nam†gehIy…enA ? esIÊr®Kb'EtsunÊrkfa sIhnuE®skeCrEk†g@ ef˚aleTasexµacelakln' nl'nigsirimt:rhUt xMlagx¬ÁnBIå®kidΩkmµCati‰genH sIhnuminEdlxusTa l'EtesaH . ®sukExµreTACay"agenH mkBIBYkGak∫t'Gs'enH vaeFI√rdΩ®bhar Tm¬ak'xM∆¨®BHkruNaxM∆¨ ! sUmkUnecAemt†a®Cab ! ®Tg'emIlmineXIje®KaHf~ak'´nvt†mankgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg elIdIExµr EfmBIelIenH sIhnuVnCYys®tUvelbTwkdIExµrenHsB√Ebby"ag edayeCOy"agsflb'eTAelIsMdIeVk®Vs'rbs'CU-eGgLaynighU-CImij eda yKµanBicarNa . manEtsIhnunig®beTsExµrEtmYyKt' Edl®BmTTYlsal'nigdak'TUt CamYyevotkug . enAq~S1969 manEtsem†csIhnumYyGgKt', k~¨gfan:C Ca®bmuxrdΩExµr, Ed lVneTAs®mk'TwkEP~k®seNaH®seNakeKarBviJÔaNx&nÏemXatkr nig emerobcMEpnkarelbTwkdIExµr EdlVns¬ab'eTAmunVnsMercmhiciœtarbs'va

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sem†csIhnurhUtdl'eTAykrUbftexµachU-CImij mktSgk~¨gvSgedIm∫I eKarBviJÔaNk≈&nÏEfmeTotpg

sIhnunigrbbdwknaMe®kay‰kraC¥ tSgBIVn‰kraC¥eBjeljBIVrSg sIhnuKµanVneFI√GI√e®kAEtBIkarJr GMNacEdl®Tg'yl'fa, rhUtmkdl'≤LËvk*eday, CakmµsiTiÏdac'mux Caekri†_ mrtk®bcS®tkUlrbs'®Tg'Etm~ak'Kt' eTIb®Tg'cab'ksagTun®bCa®biyPaB ®bCaPifuti beJÇareVkraÂs†Exµrl©g'ex¬A eday®Tg'yl'faTunenHGacrkßaGMNacrbs'®Tg'Camças'EpndIExµr[enAsiƒtesƒrVnyUrGEg√gteTA . ehIy eday®Tg'yl'rebobenHehIy eTIb®Tg'cat'EcgrcnaneyaVydwknSrbs' ®Tg'eTAtamEtTMenIgcit†cg' tamEtbMNgpÊal'x¬Án nigCapl®beyaCns _ Mrab' G~km~agm"Unicpg edayyk®sukExµr raÂs†ExµrTSgGs'CaåbkrNE_ l∫g≤t BicarNarbs'®Tg' . edayx¬acsWg-g"ukfaj'deNI†mTunenHBI´d®Tg' sIhnu VnGnuvt†bnßabBissWg-g"ukfaj' edayecaTfa elakfaj'CaCnk∫t'Cati k∫t'raCbl¬g˚ ehIyminGnuJÔat[elakfaj'cUlmkrYbrYmk~¨gsgmCatiesaH eLIy e®kaysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 e®JH®sukExµrTSgmUl raÂs†ExµrTSg Gs'Casm∫ti†dac'´f¬rbs'sIhnuEtm~ak'Kt' sUm∫Ielakfaj'VnsresrsMbu ®tpÊal'x¬ÁnmksMucUlrYbrYmCamYy®Tg' k*®Tg'minyl'®BmTal'EtesaH . e®ka ymkq~S1957

elakfaj'VnsresrlixitpÊal'x¬ÁncMnYnbIp†l'{vaTsIhnu

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fa « sem†ckMBugeFI√neyaVynSesckI†vinasmk[®beTsExµrnig®bCaraÂs† ExµrehIy » k*sem†cminQWk∫alykcit†Tukdak' . sni~siThßWENvVn[ ExµrrkßanUvbuN¥s&ki†rbs'G~kcuHcUldUckalBIedIm EtsIhnuminVneKarB lk≈&NenHeLIy . BYkExµrevotmijk*dUcEtExµr≤sßr: nig®kumP~MdgErk, BYk sWg-g"ukfaj', Edr KµannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuN¥s&ki†BIsem†csIhnuesaH eLIy min®twmEtb"ueNˆaHsem†csIhnuVnTSgcat'BYkKijtamGeg˚t®Kb'G~k cuHcUlCaerogral'´f© . Geg˚ttSgBIskmµPaB®bcS´f© Jk¥sMdIebIniyayTietondl'neyaVysIhnu k*nwg®tUvKijcab'jat'KukP¬am dUckrNIelakva"n' QYg, GtItExµr≤sßr:sWg-g"ukfaj' (1) , elakqay-y"t (2), elakekgva"n'sak'CaedIm .

(1) edayminVnbuN¥BIsIhnu BYkExµr≤sßr:P~MdgErk, e®kayBIcUlmkrYmrs'k~¨gsgmCa tiehIy, k*eTArk®bkbrbrepßg@ciJçwmCIvit . elaklav-FansIuVnmkEGbCamYyelak ln'-nl' e®JHFa¬ b'CasisßnayTahan ehIyCitditeTotpg ‰bÌËneQµaHlav-FanGIum ®tUvCamit†Pki†rYmf~ak'CamYyln'-Nunpg . elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansIueFC I√ a cagha√ gviT¥al&y‰kCnexmra EdlCakmµsiTiÏrbs'elalln'-nl'pÊal' . elaklavFansIuVnebIktUblk'esovePAmYy eQµaHsarika enA®tg'cMNtrfyn†Q~ÁlenApßarfIµ . elakdYg-c&nÊsar"atVneTArksIulk'sSgenATenb ¬ wT ext†kMBg'cam . elaksSg-sava"t eFC I√ acagha√ gsarBt·manExµrfIµ, eTAmux, QamExµr ehIyVnniBnÏ®belamelakd*EsnBieraH manes~haxıg'xıs' nigmanes~haCatid*ebaHmutrbs'tYGg KWerOg «eteCa®khm» nig «mhaecarenATl'Edn» rhUtdl'elalesk-sMeGotcab'ykeTAsma¬ b'ecal enAedImq~S 1959 . esµrx¨MV ∆ nGanesovePATSgBIrenH (1956) edaymax¨Mm ∆ ~ak'mantUblk'esovePA rMlgK~abYntUb . ‰elakGIuv-y"ageFC I√ a®KUbe®gon‰kCn nigsIuQ~ÁleFeI√ mFavICamYyCati kwg ¬ ≤NÎam~ak'enA®kugP~MeBj. elakKS-er"teFk I√ arCamYy®kumhun fl CMnYj «mhabUJ·JNiC» Ç xageCIgpßarFMfIµ xagEp~knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) . elakhgß-Funhak'cUl eTAEGbCamYymhakß®tIyanIkusm: edIm∫Ika´Lela≈ nnigsil∫:bMerIeKalKMnitEkE®bsgmExµrtambMNgrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnEp†p†S edaysresrerOgela≈ ndUcCa – «erom c∫geyIg, efAEkcit†ecar, sMbuk≤temV, kJÔacriya, vibti†es~ha, cieJçønbJçScit†, edIm Fk ¬ rkßaCati, fµrS » Etelakmindak'eQµaHelakCaG~kniBnÏeLIy .

(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExµr®kumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJaÇ BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErk®Bm@K~aEtm†genA ´f©TI20 Exmkra q~S1959 eday®Tg'sgß&yfa VncUlrYm´dCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn ®bugeFrI√ dΩ®bhartamesckI†[karNr_ bs'G~k®sIGIuv-y"ag sB´√ f©rs'enA®kugV"rIs ®beTs VrSg . ‰elaksSg-sava"t®tUvelaks&ki†bIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnÏrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa¬ k'rat'ray (tamesckI† [karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma¬ b'ecalbeN†ay eTA . esk-sMeGot e®kayBI®bmUlluykak'edaylk'´®BeQI bUraNvt¨t ƒ Mbn'bnÊayqµar ( hun fl K~aCamYyhul fl -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkin®sUv sg' vILaenA®sukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' .

(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExµr®kumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr

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sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg

elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJaÇ BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErk®Bm@K~aEtm†genA ´f©TI20 Exmkra q~S1959 eday®Tg'sgß&yfa VncUlrYm´dCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn ®bugeFrI√ dΩ®bhartamesckI†[karNr_ bs'G~k®sIGIuv-y"ag sB´√ f©rs'enA®kugV"rIs ®beTs VrSg . ‰elaksSg-sava"t®tUvelaks&ki†bIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnÏrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa¬ k'rat'ray (tamesckI† [karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma¬ b'ecalbeN†ay eTA . esk-sMeGot e®kayBI®bmUlluykak'edaylk'´®BeQI bUraNvt¨t ƒ Mbn'bnÊayqµar ( hun fl K~aCamYyhul fl -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkin®sUv sg' vILaenA®sukesom

edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' . e®kayesk-sMeGotGs'GMNac

edayExµr®khmQ~H ehIyCiHåTÏm∏aKc®krt'eTA®sukesom edaysgÙwmeragkunvILaTSg enaH Et®tUvsug-sak'dak'eQµaHvaTSgGs' esk-sMEGotsl'Etki†texa ehIymkGal&y EtCab'´dyk®bBnÏem"A-sn, cagha√ gtulakarswkVt'dMbg, ®bBnÏedImesk-sMeGotk* rt'ecaleTAenA®sukVrSgCamYykUn®sI(kUnciJçwmCakµÁyxag®bBnÏ) eTA . e®kaymkesksMeGotVnsUk´fcUlmkCMrMqunbUrI EtKµan®beTsNamYy®BmTTYlykesaH TSg Père ¬ [Kat'eTArs' Venet,, TSgxagshrdΩVn®Vb'esk-sMeGotfa – « ®beTseKKµankEng enAeT (q~S1981) » . esµrx¨MV ∆ nmkTan'eXIjesk-sMeGotenAk~¨gCMrMqunbUrI . kalenaH esk-sMeGotVncUlrYmCamYy®BHetC®BHKuNhuk-savNˆ (sB´√ f©Kg'enA®beTskaNa da ) eFC I√ ajtiepeI∆ TAGgkarsh®bCaCati KS®Tsem†csIhnu ehIyedIreKorKreK[CYycuH hteƒ lxaelIjtienaH Etx¨ME∆ dlTTYlxus®tUvxagslalamF¥msikßaFunbUrI Vn®bqSg min®BmcuHhteƒ lxaelIjtienaH e®JHsMGagfa neyaVysem†csIhnuminc∫as'las' sem†csIhnuCaemExµr®khm . elakesk-sMeGotEfmTSgsYr nigVnTSgkt'eQµaHx¨MT ∆ u kk~¨gbJIeÇ xµArbs'Kat'eTotpg . e®kaymkesk-sMeGotVnsUk´fEkeQµaH ehIyeFI√ Visa Ekg ¬ bnM¬ VnecjeTA®su kVrSg eTArs'enAlak'muxk~¨g®kugV"rIsr_ hUtdl'q~S1990 . (kkn – enAq~S1993 esk-sMeGotVnvil®tLb'cUl®sukExµrvij ehIylk'k∫alCamYy nerat†m-buVπeTvI, nerat†m-c®kBgß nignut-NarSg k~¨gCYrKNbkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca . q~S 1998 esk-sMeGot, nerat†m-buVπeTvI nignerat†m-c®kBgß k*vilk∫almkcuHcUlxag KNbkßh¨n √ fl siunbiucvij . sB´√ f©enHesk-sMeGot VneFC I√ asmaCik®BwTÏsPaxagKN bkßh¨n √ fl siunbiuc ) .

sIhnuVnk¬ayCamhavIrburs edayTamTar‰kraC¥VnBIGaNaniKmV rSgedIm∫I®kesbykGMNac[eBj´d sem†csIhnuVndak'raCsm∫ti†dl' matabitak~¨gq~S1955 ehIyhk'cUlmk®bLËkbegI˚tKNbkßneyaVymYeQµaH « sgmraÂs†niym » . manExµrx¬HVnlYcxßibniyayK~afa KNbkß neyaVyrbs'sIhnuebI[eQµaHfa « sgmraÂs†yM » eTIb®tUvCag . (kkn – « sgmraÂs†niym » ebIdkEtJk¥raÂs†ecjKWKNbkß « sgmni ym » . edIm∫I[rwtEtdUcsgmniymEmnETn sem†csIhnuVn[smaCik enAk~¨gbkßehAK~afa « shCIvin …shCIvinI » CaedIm ) . ®Tg'VnkMeTcKN bkßneyaVyd´TeTot edaye®bIviFIeXareXAbMput dUcCa[mnusßyk®Kab' EbkeTAKb'sm¬ab'elakeGov-ekIs Ca®bFanrdΩsPa nigCa®bFanKNbkß®b -95-

CaFibety¥, [elaksm-sarIykBYkKijnigTahanh¬Ág eTAVj'elakeGor sIucUv, ekg-va"n'sak'CaeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ EdlkMBugeXasnaenA mux®ksYgeXasnakak~¨gq~S1955 Ete®KaHlÌ®Kab'kSePI¬g EbrCamk®tUvG~kebI kbrLansm-sarIeTAvij (3) . ®kumbkßneyaVyTSgGs' edayx¬acsIhnueFI√Vbsm¬ab'ecal k*®Bm cUlrYmCamYyKNbkßsgmraÂs†niym EdlmansIhnuCa®bFanGs' x¬H eTotk*rs'enAEt‰k‰g minhflaneFI√skmµPaBneyaVyGI√eToteLIy dUec~H KµanG~kCMTas'®bqSgnwgsem†csIhnueToteT . sIhnuk*Gnuvt†neyaVy rebobCiHesHEbrx~gElg´d eFI√e®scnwgcit†®Tg'nwkeXIj KµannrNamYy hflanCMTas'rarSg sUm∫IEtG~kEdlsIhnuVnEtgtSgCaTI®bwkßapÊal'rbs'®T g'enaH k*minhflanp†l'{vaTpʨyBIkaryl'eXIjrbs'sem†csIhnuesaHeLIy . ExµrkaleNaHEtgEtniyayK~afa – « tamEt®BHbJÔajaNd*P¬Ws√agrbs' ®BHGgcuH » CaBiesselakm"a-eLABI EdlCaG~keFI√GtƒaFib∫ayEfmfyy"a gBieraHk~¨gBiFIsimiTiÏepßg@ EdlmansIhnuCaGFibtI pßaytamsem¬gviT¥¨ Cati . ( kkn – elakm"a-eLABI Vnvil®tLb'eTA®sukExµrvijk~¨gsm&yrdΩkmı¨Ca ehIyVncUlCasmaCikKNbkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca . elakenAEt®b®Bwt†El∫g Cl'man'dEdl CacMNUlcit†rbs'elaktSgEtBIedImrhUtmk .

elakVn

s¬ab'enA®sukExµredayeraKebHdUg (mincSq~S …®bEhlmuneBleVHeq~atGflun tak' ) ) . eKseg˚teXIjmanmtiyl'eXIjbIcMeJHrUbtYGgsem†csIhnu – 1- BBYkksikrExµrenA®sukE®scMkar edayminVnTTYlkarsikßaGb'rM Ep~k «viCÇaBlrdΩ ( Instruction civiques - Social studies ) manCMenOfa « sIhnu CaG~kmanbuN¥ » Ca « ®BHVTFmµwk » tamk∫ÁnButTMnay (4) ®tg'vK « cin lIKmIıredIrrk®BHVTFmµwk » . kalxM∆¨enACasisßviT¥al&ysni†PaB®kugkMBg'sıW k~¨gq~S1960 kalenaH sem†cVnyageTAsemıaFGaKarviT¥al&ymYyeTIbnwgsg'fIµ . BYkeyIgCasi (3) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enArdΩva"siunetan .

(4) ®BHVTFmµwkE®bfa es†cEdl®bkbedayFm· Gnuvt†c∫ab'TsBitraCFm· ( F·mTSg10 ®bkar Edles†clÌ®tUvGnuvt†eKarBtam ) . ®BHVTFmµwkenHmank~¨g®kSgTMnayrbs'taBut EtExµrG~kcmg ¬ t@mk edaycg'[eKeCOkan'EtxS¬ genaH, k*sresrEkeTACa «BuTÏTMnay» eTAvij . tamBit®BHBuTÏKg'enA®beTs≤NÎa‰eNaH BMuVneFk I√ arTsßnT _ ayBI®sukExµreT. TMnaytaButVnEcgfa – dl'Jk'kN†alsasna (BuTÏskraC2500) enA®sukExµrnwg manGsur®VMbITis c∫Sgkab'cak'K~aQamdabeJHdMrI ehIynigmancinBI®sukcin lIKmıIr edIrsH√ Esg √ rk®BHVTFmµwk mkCYbelaksgÙFutugcIBrrEhkKg'elIfµ ehIysal'faCa ®BHVTFmµwk k*nSes†cFmµwkenH[eTAbÂg˚abBYkGsurTSgenaH[Qb'c∫SgK~a raÂs†Exµr®suk E®sk*nSK~akat'yl'fa sIhnuCa®BHVTFmµwk .

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sßes¬økJk'‰ksNΩanyuv&n exaGavkaKI mancg®kava"t'exµAy"agtwgbMBg'k nigs&ki†ben†agrUbsem†csIhnu p¬ak«yuvCnraCsgmniymExµr» rENgreNagy"agFuj®Tan' . BYkeyIgVnTTYlbJÇaBIelakcagh√ag gYn-e®sg [e®kaktSgBI®Blwm®sag@ e®tomx¬ÁnmkQrcSTTYlbdisNΩarkicçsem†c sIhnu tSgEtBI®Bmwmem"ag®VMmYyrhUtdl'´f©®tg'ek†AEhg . EP~kTSgraÂs† TSgsisßTSgGs'K~a xMsm¬wgemIleTAlMhGakas E®kgeXIjyn†ehaHknMʨ ruyes†c“ehaHmk . eBlåTÏm∏aKc®kehaHEq√lBIelI sIhnuVneVH®kNat'yIeha«sgm». ekµg@raÂs†TSg®sITSg®busrt'Can'K~atamdeNI†m®kNat'enaH . enACitxM∆¨manmIgm~ak' ®sab'Et®kNat'F¬ak'mkcMKat'Etm†g xM∆¨eXI jTwkmuxKat'e®tkGrNas' ´deGab®kNat'enaHy"agCab' QrP¬wkeP¬cx¬ÁnmY ysnʨHFM . e®kaymkKat'BMuVnyk®kNat'FunefakenaHeTAkat'es¬økJk' eLIy Kat'eCOfaCavtƒ¨BisidΩirbs'®BHVTFmµwk . Kat'Vnyk®kNat'enaHeTA tMkl'elIhwugCamYy®BHBuTÏrUb f√aybgMral'´f© (5) . sunÊrkfay"agEvgGn¬a y EbkCaGUrhUrCasÊwg sem†ctiHedolbgÌab'GaemrikSgfa «GaKSg» (6) min ecHeFI√E®sx√HGg˚rsIu (tamBitGaemrikSgCa®beTselxmYyk~¨gkardwkGg˚rec jeTAlk'e®kA®beTs) eCrnaykrdΩmÂnI†esomfa « Gaf~mkaTikacn katn ka qa » pg eCryYneg"a-DineDompg . ®bCaraÂs†®sukE®s, CaBiesstayay cas'@ Gg¨yecagehags†ab'sunÊrkfasem†csIhnu ehIy{nelIk´d®bNm¥dak'elIk∫al dUceKs†ab'elakeTsnG _ Jçwg . raÂs†®sukE®scMkar munnwgniyaydl'®BHnam®Tg' eKEtgEtelIk´d bnÊËleLIgeTAelIk∫al nwkrMlwkdl'®BHGgCanicç e®JH®Tg'CaG~kmanbuN¥ . G~kx¬H manTSgBYk®BHGgmças'x¬HpgGYtfa nwgeCOfa «vgßes†cExµrCavgß ®BHeJFist√» EfmeTotpg . raÂs†Exµrx¬HeTot VnTSghamkUnecAkMu[tieTo nBI®Tg' e®JHnwgmanVbF©n'Nas' .

2- cMeJHmtibJÔv&n†Exµrvij BYkeKyl'eXIjfa sem†csIhnuelaPln' GMNachYsehtu ®kesabykkicçkarnaykrdΩmÂnI†mkkan'pÊal' ykkicçkar rbs'tulakarmkeFI√CakarcUlKal'svnakartamEbbes†cExµrCMnan'edIm ®Tg' [raÂs†Qb'eQ¬aHK~a ehIysn¥a[®Vk'b"ueNˆHb"ueNˆaH . elaktahflul …

(5) ®Kb'Etcas'@ CaBiess®KUmn†GaKm Vnyk®kNat'sgmenaH …k*rUbftsem†csIh nudak'elIhuwgCamYy´T®KU kEnßgy®n† ®BHBuTÏrUb fa√ ybgMral'´f© .

(6) Jk¥sIhnuehAGaemrikSg . tamerOgburaNExµrEdlsresrEtBIerOges†c dUcCa®BH Cinvgß, rtnavgß, TiBs √ ga√ r˘˘˘.l. eKsresrrebobEtmYy KWmankUnes†cecjeTAeron mn†GaKmKafaBIta≤sIenA´®BehmJn† . ®Kb'@EterOgEbbenH, ta≤sImanekµgbMerIm~ak' eQµaHfa «GaKS» (GaKSgecAta) . GaKSgl©g'mhaEsnl©g' rs'enACamYyelakta≤sI rab'sibq~SmkehIy sIÌk*GaKSgminecHEdr kMusUm∫I «nxa√ k'» k*minecHpg . sIhnuyk eQµaHGaKSgenHmkehAmkdak'[GaemrikSg faGaemrikSgl©g' (manEtsIhnueTEdlecH) GaemrikSgxH√ Gg˚rsIuCaedIm .

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elakXwm-TitEdlkan'luyenaH minEdlebIk®Vk'[raÂs†enaH@ tambnÊËl rbs'sem†ceT Kat'lYckibLiblak'TukpÊal'x¬ÁnKat'y"agsnÏwksnÏab' . cMeJHGaharUbkrNe_ TAeron‰breTsvij (7) ®Tg'GnuJÔat[x¬H@Edr EtEp~kxa gtiknikbecçkeTsesµaH ‰xag «neyaVy, esdΩkicç, sgmkicç, c∫ab'» ®Tg' minGnuJÔat[Cadac'xat edaysIhnusMGagfa x¬acnSmenaKmviCÇabreTsep† sp†ascUl®suk . tamBitKWsIhnux¬aceKecHCag ehIymkdeNI†mGMNac BI®Tg'eTAvijeT . sIhnuCaes†ccit†®sI qab'xwg mayagrg"k'e®cIn kMejIjcg'laElgrab' rydg (EtsIhnuenAEtelIGMNacrhUt) [eKGg√rnSK~aeFI√jti …QrTamTar sMu[®BHGgenACa «GKmK¨eTÊske_ qI~mteTAeTot» xateBlevlaGs'snÏwk . sIhnuGYtGagxagBUEkeFI√kun dUcCabegI˚tJk¥ «FIgemag» CaedIm . ta m®bPBc∫as'karNf _ a sem†csIhnuxUcEmn cUlcit†®sINas' (8) . namWun Exµrm~ak' edaycg'ykKab'KYrCamYysem†csIhnu k*nSPriyad*®ss'ekµgeTA cUlKal'sem†cTteXIjk*sB√®BHT&y Taj´delakCMTavekµgcUlbnÊb'Vt' eTA . namWunenaHesIÊrEtnwgeFI√Gt†Xatx¬Áne®JHEterOgenH Etedaysem†csI hnudemI¬gbuN¥esIµnwgrdΩmÂnI† k*eBjcit†Vt'mat'QwgEtm†geTA (9) . dUc®b BnÏcug®bFanaFibtI≤NÎËeNsIusUflkarNU CamYy®KUekµgext†esomrabm~ak' .

G~k®sIsflUkarNUVnmkenACamYysem†csIhnu ‰dMNak'P~MbUkeKacMnYnmYy GaTit¥EtBIrnak' . sem†csIhnuCabita®Kb'vis&y – bita‰kraC¥Cati, bitakILaCati, bitasi kßaFikarCati, bitasil∫: (tY‰kPaByn†), bitace®mog manbTkUlablYg®V Vg (rhUtVnm~aglavmYy), eBlra®tICYbP&®k†˘˘˘.l. CYnkal®Tg'eLIg®bKMu eP¬gpg, bitakasIuNUCati, bitaevotkug nigcg'eFI√CabitaedjevotkugeTot Et ®Tg'sirimt:nigln'-nl'minGnuJÔatTuk{kas[ .

(7) GaharUbkrNC _ aCMnYyBI®beTseCOnelOn tamry:Ggkarsh®bCaCati man UNESCO CaedIm dl'®beTsTn'exßay [bJËÇnsisßeTAeronenA®sukeK manVrSg, GaemrikSg Gg'eKs ¬ ˘˘˘ EtedIm∫IVnGaharUbkrNT _ SgGs'enaH eK®tUvsUk®Vk'xÊg'10mWunerol dl'G~k Edlkan'kab'xagGaharUbkrNe_ naH ebIBMuenaHeT eKbJËÇnEtkUnecAeK kUnnamWunEdleV" EL[eTAeroneroneTAvij .

(8) enHCaTma¬ b'rbs'namWunExµrtSgBIbUraNmk edIm∫IVnbuN¥s&ki†BIes†c eKykkUn, CYn kalCa®bBnÏ [Etes†csB®√ BHT&y, eTAfa√ yes†cdUcCakfafnj"¨j, “BukkfafnQMu, es†c®taj'ext†Vt'dMbg, VnykkUn®sImYyeTAfa√ yhÁ¬gnerat†m nigkUn®sImYyeToteTA fa√ yes†cesomCaedIm .

(9) sUmGanesckI†sm∏asnr_ bs'sIhnu k~¨gTsßnavdI† Playboy Vol.34 No.5- May 1987 pgcuH Et®Tg'BMuVnlat®tdagGs'BIerOgBitrbs'®Tg' CamYyGs'elakCMTav elak®sIxH@enaHeT .

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sem†csIhnumancritE®b®bYl Kµanc∫as'las' maneKaledArkßaEtGMNacpÊal'x¬Án bnÊat'neyaVytamnwkeXIj ´f©enHGeJçH EsÌkeLIgE®bCa GJç¨HeTAvij sIueCar nigcUlcit†[eKbeJÇarekatsresIrBIx¬Án‰g . sIhnuKWkmı¨Ca ! kmı¨CaKWsIhnu ! nrNa ExµrNaEdlminyl'®sbtam eyabl'®Tg'eT KWCaCnk∫t'Cati .

sem†csIhnuykelak®Jb-Giun (10),

esA-g"uy, sIusumut-suvNˆrI˘˘˘ nigExµresrICae®cIneTot eTAVj'ecalenA®t JMg®kLwg (kMBg'sWı) rYcehIyftbJçSgk~¨gkmµviFITUrTsßn_ ®Kb'eragkunk~¨g ®kugP~MeBjnigext†e®kA ®BmTSgcuHk~¨gTsßnavdI† «sgm» Edlman®Tg'Ca cagh√agpg . sem†csIhnuVnbegI˚t[elgeboreV" GaeV"g El∫gsIusg®Kb'muxeB lcUlq~SExµrm†g@ eFI√[Vt'bg'Gs'El∫g®bCa®biyExµr ehIy®bCaraÂs†Exµr enAelgEl∫gsIusgCae®cInExbn†eTAeTot . ®Tg'ebIkkasIuNUrdΩyk®Vk' cUlCYyTb'fvikaCatieGanfy . ®bCaraÂs† namWunExµrvwkvre®JHEtkasIuNUCa ti x¬GElglHK~a dUcCakrNIelaksWg-ePOkf (11) CaedIm x¬HeTotcgk sm¬ab'x¬Án elatTwk ®sI@x¬Hk¬ayCa®sIlk'x¬Án ecarkmµecarqk'ekItJseBj®kugP~MeBj kugsIubJçSgkan'EtekIte®cIneLIgenAmuxeragkasIuNUmat'TenCitsalctumux, namWun Ky b"UlIskan'EtsIusMNUk BukrlYykan'Etx¬Sg edI m∫IykluyeTA®sg'edImk~¨gkasIuNUrdΩ . ‰matasIhnu, kß®tIkusum: nigG~km~agm"Unick*xMrksIuEterog@x¬ÁnEdr . kß ®tIkusum:Camatasem†csIhnunigG~km~agm"Unicmin®tUvK~aeT xM®bECg®bNSg deNI†me®bIGMNac≤TiÏBlCamata Ca®bBnÏ®bmuxrdΩerog@x¬Án edayEtgtSg mnusßCaTIsMNb'cit† ecjsMbu®teVH®taraCvSg tSgPYg-m"arhaMg[eFI√Ca cagh√ageGss˚aed (S.K.D.) CaedIm . G~km~agCamYybgx¬ÁnKWGfl˜u-m"aNUrin eq¬øtrksIuhflunCamYyBYkyYnevotkughug-yUpg, rt'BnÏmasV¬TIntamyn†ehaHpg (12) (Kym~ak'Edlcab'edayminVndwgfa Carbs'G~km~agm"Unic k* ®tUveKp¬as'ecj24em"ag visEtnwgGs'buN¥s&ki†EfmeTot), dwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥ (10) kalenaHsem†csIhnuVn®bkastamviT¥¨ [ExµresrIcUlmkcrcaK~a . elaksWgg"ukfaj'sYrrkG~ksµ&®Kcit†cUlmk®sukExµr tamext†taEkv EdlkaleNaHelakGiun-tSeFI√ CaecAha√ yext† . sIhnuVnEkE®bBIcrcaCamYyExµresrI ®tLb'Cayk®Jb-Giun eTA[ ekµgeCrm†ay®cas'eqÌHy"agGa®kk'Ga®kI pßaytamsemg ¬ viT¥¨Cati . elakGiun-tSVn®Vb' ®Jb-Giun[sMueTassem†ceTAnwgVnrYcxÁ¬nehIy Et®Jb-Giunmin®Bm . sem†c[yk ®Jb-GiuneTAVj'ecalenA®tJMg®kLwg ftbJçSg®Kb'eragPaByn† .

(11) pÊHx¨Me∆ nArMlgBIrpÊHBIpÊHelaksWg-ePOkf EdlCardΩmÂnI†m†g nigCacagha√ gsarBt· man «matuPUmi» Ete®kaymk®tUvsIhnubwTecal k*eVHerogcinman davTiBs √ UL fl ¨g, eTB ≤ÂnI†esnaka¬ han˘˘˘.l. vij .

(12) esckI†[karNr_ bs'elakEm:-esArI CakµÁyxagPriyaelakGiun-tS sB´√ f©rs'enA ®kugP~MeBj .

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kSePI¬g ®Kab'rMesv CamYycinKYc-Gan

eTAp†l'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxag

eCIg enAmUldΩantSgelIdIExµr tamext†Cab'CayEdnExµr-yYn . mYyeTot®KYsarExk-vNˆDI (manTMnak'TMngCitditCamYyG~km~agpg) VnTTYl‰ksiTiÏ Biessk~¨gkarrksIueFI√CMnYj edayyk®kumhflunrdΩeFI√Ca®tImux ( Magasin d'Etat ) k~¨gkarnSTMnijcUlBIbreTs, BiessBI®sukVrSgmklk' . e®JHEtreboby"agenHehIy eTIb®beTsExµrEdlp†ac'CMnYyGaemrikSgk* manvibti†esdΩkicçy"agF©n'F©r ehtumkBIemdwknSnignamWuntUcFMKµanvicarNJÔa NKitx¬acrlayGs'®sukdl'bni†cesaH . rhUtsB√´f©enHehIyk*eday eKenAEteqI¬ydak'fa « mkEtBIBYk®beTsmhaGMNac, mkEtBIBYk®KUcUlCa mYyExµr®khm (sMdIBYknayTahanx¬H) » Et®tg'sIhnu ®tg'namWunExµreFI√kar [Exµr®khm eFI√kar[yYnmkyk®sukenaH BYkeKhak'dUcCaemIlmineXIj esaH . tamBitG~kcUlCamYyExµr®khmminEmnmanEt®KUeT man®Kb'®ksYg tSgBIeBT¥ ecA®km vis√kr˘˘˘.l. ‰sem†csIhnuesatk*CaemExµr®khmEf meTAeTot .

3- tamTsßn:G~kniBnÏbreTs CaBiessBYkbsçwm®beTs eKemIleXI jfa sIhnuCaes†cski†PUmitSgBIq~S1941 (1) dl'q~S1970, Ca®bmuxrdΩ, Ca naykrdΩmÂnI†, Ca®bFanbkßneyaVyEtmYyKt' (sgmraÂs†niym), G~kdwk nS®bKMuvg'eP¬g Jazz,, cagh√agTsßnavdI† (sgm, epßg@), cagh√agftPaB yn† nigCatY‰kpg, CaG~kebIkkasIuNU, CaG~ksakl∫grYmbJçËl®TwsI†BuTÏni ymniglTiÏ®bCaFibety¥ (tam{vaTrbs'®bFanaFibtIr"Um"anI Edl®tUv®bha CIvitenAExF~Ë1989 edIm∫IrkßaGMNac®Tg'[VnmYyCIvit) . Camnusß≤tVn kar qab'x∆al' cUlcit†GYtGagBIfI√´dxag«eFI√kun», minGnuJÔatGt'eTasdl'kar TietonnigkarEx√geyabl'pʨyBI®Tg'eLIy, cat'TukTI®bwkßanigG~kCMnYyfama nsmtƒPaBmindl'®Tg', cit†lÌNas'CamYyG~kEdlecHykcit† lut®kabKa b'KYrreNbrNb®sbtam®Tg' (EdlPasasamJÔniyayfa ecH®twmEt «kU Naess@b"ueNˆaH), Etm~ak'@x¬acjejItNas'nigcritqab'xwg®ceLatrbs'®Tg' . sunÊrkfarbs'sem†csIhnuCasMdI «ecaldwgTSgdg» manlk≈N:BiessLb'@m"¥ag (Idiosyncratic) ehIy‰karBn¥l'rbs'®Tg'e®cInman n&ymin®Vkdminc∫as'las' . k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenaH sem†csIhnumaneTBekasl¥biun®bsb'xagEp~kneyaVy mansm∏sßrwgbwugnigman®VC∆aevog´v (EtKYrs†aynUvemdwknSenH EdlminVnTTYlkarGb'rMxagEp~kdwknSesaH ) . bnÊab'BIkarcab'epI†m (eroneFI√neyaVyT®TIbT®Tab minc∫as'las'mYy BIdMbUgTImk sem†csIhnue®kbCJÇk'ykVnlk≈N:T TSgGs'enH k~¨gpl ®beyaCn´_ nbuB√ehtud*xıg'xıs'mYy -KWkarrkßa®beTskmı¨Ca[siƒtenAk~¨gs ni†PaBnig‰kraCPaBVnmYyry: rYcputBIkarrMelaPrbs'G~kCitxag (esomyYnxagt∫Ëg EtsIhnu[yYnxageCIgrMelaPtSgesnaFikarswkenAelIdIExµr) -100-

TMnak'TMngenHVneFI√[®Tg'GacykC&yCMnHelIs®tUvxage®kA k*dUcCaGt†aFi bety¥´ns®tUvxagk~¨g®beTsEdr . minEtb"ueNˆaHesat KWTMnak'TMngrbs' ®Tg'CamYy®bCaraÂs†Exµr nigCamYy®beTsmhaGMNacbreTs - CaBiess CamYyshrdΩGaemrikEdlmkCMnYsVrSg manGMNacCaFMk~¨ge®Cay≤NÎËci nenaH - CaEp~kd*sMxan'mYy´n®bvti†saÂs†k~¨gkarrlayvinasGn†rayrbs' ®beTskmı¨CaenH .

❑

❑ ❑

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buB√ehtu´nkarTMlak'sIhnu cab'tSgBIq~S1960erogmk sem†csIhnuVnF¬ak'cUleTAk~¨gGnÊak'rbs' emdwknSyYnnigcin®bCamanitu e®JHEtsem†csIhnuminsal'x¬Ánelak nig minsal'nrNaCas®tUv nrNaCamit†[Vnc∫as'las' . tamkarBn¥¨Hrbs' emdwknScinCU-eGgLay sem†csIhnuVnbJŒb'Elg[shrdΩGaemrikbn† karksagp¬Ëvf~l'k~¨g®sukExµrteTAeTot e®JHemdwknScinVnbMP&ysem†csI hnufa – « GaemrikSgsg'p¬ËvFM@ KWmanbMNggay®sYlcuHyn†ehaHcMVMg deNI†mGMNacBIsIhnu » . enHKWCayuTÏviFIrbs'cin (nigyYnhU-CImij) Ed lcg'[TICnbT®sukExµrenAdac'®syalBIsgmdwknS BIkarTak'TgCamYy TI®kug [CIvPaB®bCaCnenACnbTpʨyK~a®sLH BICIvPaBraÂs†k~¨gTI®kug k~¨g eKaledAkMu[TICnbTExµrrIkcMerInVn edIm∫ITuk{kas[yYnnigExµr®khmga y®sYlk~¨gkareFI√eXasna Tak'TajraÂs†Exµr[®sLaj'®TwsI†®khm dUcEd lem"A-esTugVneFI√VneCaKC&yk~¨gcMeNam®bCaraÂs†cin®kI®kenATICnbT E®scMkar‰®sukcinBImunmkenaH . edIm∫Ipab'cit†emdwknScinnig®BmanshrdΩGaemrikpg sem†csIhnuVn bJÇaelakXwm-TitnSTahanh¬Áges¬økJk'sIuvil ecjeTA®bmUlsisßanusisßBI®Kb'viT¥al&yrdΩnig‰kCnk~¨g®kug (CaBiesssisßBIviT¥al&ycMerIn viCÇa-kmı¨Cbu®t) eTAvaysƒanTUtGaemrikSg, sƒanTUtGg'eK¬s (Citviman‰kraC¥ kalenaHesµrEdlCasisßf~ak'TI4viT¥al&ysIusuvtiƒ VntameTA ehIy QremIlelIcieJIçmvifI®BHnerat†mxaglic eXIjsisßmYy®kumkMBugerIkka yhI√lkunTm¬ak'tambgÌÁcBICan'elImke®kam), vaybMp¬ajTIcat'karTsßnavdI† elakesrI (Cab'xagt∫ËgviT¥al&ysIusuvtiƒ) k~¨gq~S1963 p†ac'«CMnYymancMN g» rbs'shrdΩGaemrik ehIybegI˚n«CMnYy≤tcMNg»rbs'cineb"kSg rusßI nig®beTskumµ¨ynis†d´TeTotvij ehIydl'q~S1965 sIhnuk*p†ac'cMNgTU tCamYyshrdΩGaemrikCasƒaBrEtm†g . karp†ac'CMnYyshrdΩVneFI√[esdΩkicçExµrsÊH manvibti†y"agF©n' . fvika Cati®tUvcuHeGanfy e®JHcMNaye®cInCacMNUl eday®bB&nÏdwknSExµrKµan ®bsiTiÏPaB . sm∫ti†FmµCatimant∫ËgkeNÎøgt∫ËgTTwm ( Sapphires, rubies ) rab'ekadidul¬ar rt'BnÏecjtamext†cnÊbUrI ( eTAhugkug rYceTAsI√s ®kumhflun ´q~t∫ËgsI√ssal'fa ´b"linsiƒtenAk~¨g®suk´f ehIyt∫ËgkeNÎøg´b"linCa t∫ËgCab'elxmYy ) (13) . rdΩminecHrk®beyaCn_ ehIyTukePaKplsmu®T (13) dIxÊg'CaghasibKILËEm"®t®kLamanEr"t∫ËgkeNÎøgexov keNÎøgs keNÎøgelOg ( but fl NSfg) t∫ËgTTwm eB®C´f t∫Ëgtg˘˘˘. q~S1973 esµrVneTArksIuTijlk't∫ËgenA´b" lin (kug´s) t∫ËgexovminTan'´q~tUc@ (BIr…bI®Kab'Tm©n'mYykara"t) kalenaHmaneKCIkVn t∫ËgexovmYyTm©n'CagbIrykara"t TMhMb"unBgman'Ec

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G~kCIkVn@EtBIrlaneroleT t∫Ëg

enaH®tUvecAha√ yext†kibLibykVt'eTA . erOgenHl∫Idl'P~MeBj elakGiun-tSVnmkemI lEt®tUvBYkQµÁjnigecAha√ yext†nSBga√ g bnb ¬ 'faKµant∫Ëge®cIneT manEtbni†cbn†ÁcsMra b'[raÂs†K~arksIuciJçwmCIvitb"ueNˆaH . efAEkTijt∫Ëge®cInmkBIhugkug dUcCaV"gsug (ma nCageKTijt∫Ëg®Kab'FM@) , sIuKg' (Tijt∫Ëg®Kab'liÌt) nigmanefAEkkULa EdlmanedImkM eNItenA´b"lin tSgEtBICIdUnCItaeKmk dUcCaefAEkKYn-CIg mant∫ËgmYyTMhMb"unmuxnaLi ka´d Kat'niyayfa VnTijkalBIq~S1948 t´mb ¬ YnJn'erol . erOgt∫Ëg´b"linenH ®su kExµrKµanVnkM´rbg'BnÏcUlrdΩesaH .

[yYnnigQµÁjesomcUlmkekoryk eday®tUvK~aCamYyecAh√ayext†Exµr (14) ´®BeQI®tUvBYkQµÁjesomcUlmkkab'edayecAh√ayext† manesksMeGotCaedImhflunK~aCamYysug-sak' CamYyBYkQµÁjesom . kardwknSecjC&rekAsflUnig®sUvmin®Kb'®Kan'eLIy . EfmBIelIvibti†enHeTot t´m¬C&rekAsflU ®tUvcuHefakk~¨gpßarGn†rCatieTot . sem†csIhnu, edayeCOs†ab'tamKMnitBYk eq√gniymnigemdwknScin k*sMerceFI√CatUbniykmµsh®Kasnana, ®kumhflundw knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) eragc®k‰kCn˘˘˘. EtG~kkan'karBukrlY yKµanmnsikarCatiKµankarGb'rMh√wkh√WnxagEp~kesdΩkicç ehIyCMnYyBI®beT skumµ¨ynis†k*min®Kb'®Kan' nigKµanKuNPaBEfmeTot . elIsBIenHeTAeTot enaH Gg˚r®tUvecjtampßarggit edaycinKYc-GanhflunK~aCamYyG~km~agm"Unic, Gfl˜u-m"aNUrin, nayTahanx¬H, ®bCaCnx¬H nSykeTAlk'[BYkevotkug ykCa ®Vk'erolEk¬gk¬aysuTÏsaF minVnrUbiyb&NˆGn†rCatiesaH . kMhusneyaVyd*F©n'mYy KWkarGnuJÔatrbs'sem†csIhnu[yYnevot kug-evotNamxageCIg tSgmUldΩannigTIGKesnaFikarswkelIdIExµr Vnp†l'plGa®kk'e®cInCaglÌ .

BYkyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnbeJçH[®bCaBlrdΩExµrelIbHeVrTamTardIBIExµr k~¨gExåsPaq~S1968 nigbegI˚tKS®Tpt'pg'Gb'rMBYkExµr®k hmEdlmanTItSgenATICit@mUldΩaneK . karCYyyYnkumµ¨ynis†Edlsem†csIhnuyl'fa CameF¥aVyGacbeJçø ssÂgamenAk~¨g®sukExµrenaH ®tLb'CahucplpʨyeTAvij KW®Tg'VnnSsÂgam[raldalcUlmkk~¨g®sukExµreTAvijesaH . shrdΩGaemrikVnsMerctamkMeTcmUldΩanGKbJÇakaryYnevotkug-evo tNamxageCIgk~¨gEdndIExµr e®JHeKmanPs†¨tag®Kb'®Kan' k~¨gkarEdlraCa Nac®kExµr VnCYyCMrkTahanyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg CYyCJÇËn p†l'Gg˚rnigsm∏ar:swk Edlyn†ehaHGaemrikSgftVnCae®cIn nigVnsÊËc (14) mit†Pki†CMnan'CamYyx¨MV ∆ necjeTAbe®gonenAekaHkugVn[karNf _ a kUnb"UlIs G~k raCkarkMbiukkMb"ukeqø¬ tsMuc∫ab'mankUnTUkensaT TUkenaHsMrab'CYl[BYkesomcUlmkcab' ®tI bgar k~¨gEdnTwkExµr dl'ExcSEtTTYlkM´rcMnYnBIrmWunerol cMeJHkUnTUkdak'm"asIuntUc mYy (q~S1967) .

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ykTSgLandwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥ saÂs†avuFeTA[evotkugenaHpg . shrdΩGaemrike®bIyn†ehaHeb-52 [eTATm¬ak'®Kab'Ebktam®BMEdnExµr -evotNamxagt∫Ëg ehAfa «®btibti†karswkGahareBl®Bwk Operation Breakfast » ehIybEnƒmeday « ®btibti†karGahar´f©®tg', ®btibti†karGahar eBll©ac »˘˘˘.l. Cabn†bnÊab'hUrEh . yl'e®KaHGasn~mkdl' sem†csIhnuk*yl'®Bmsuxcit†PÇab'cMNgTUt CamYyshrdΩGaemrikvijk~¨gExmifunaq~S1969 . sem†csIhnukalenaHedayeTarTn'eTAtamG~km~agm"Unic Edlcg'[sI hnueFI√BiFIraCaPiesk (edIm∫Ix¬ÁnVneLIgCaGKmehsIeBjys) nighak'dU cCacg'dkx¬ÁnBIneyaVymkesayraC¥Caes†cvij eday®Kb'BiFI®ct®BH ng&l sem†csIhnuecjmuxTTYleFI√ nigykG~km~agecjmux [®bCaraÂs† ExµrVnsal'®Kb'K~apgk~¨gBiFIenaH enA®Kb'ext†k~¨g®sukExµr . edayGs'p¬ËvnwgedjT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgecjBIEdndIExµrenaH sem†csIhnuk*rkelsecjeTAB¥aVlCm©WenA‰®beTsVrSg enA´f©TI6 mk ra 1970 . ebItamkarBitvijenaH KWsem†csIhnuecjeTArkkarGg√rkrsMu[ emdwknScin rusßIeFI√smıaFbg≈M[kgT&ByYnkumµ¨ynis†dkfyecjputBIEdn dIExµr . ®VkdNas' KWenAedImq~S1970enH‰g Edlsem†ceQ√gyl'fa « sÂgamVnraldalcUlmkk~¨g®beTsExµrehIy@®Tg'VnbeJçjkMhwgCa saFarN:®bqSgnwgBYkkumµ¨ynis† (2) » . eq¬øteBlenaH®Tg'sirimt:EdlmanTMnas'raCvgßCamYysIhnu (15) ®b ENn k*rYm´dCMrujelakln'-nl'Camit† edaymankarKS®TBI®kumsWgg"ukfaj'pg [Tm¬ak'sIhnu edaybegI˚t[manVtukmµTamTar[yYnevotkugevotNamxageCIgdkfyecjBIEdndIExµr nigkarvaysƒanTUtevotkugnigsƒa nTUtevotNamxageCIg (16) enA®kugP~MeBj .

(15) tamc∫ab'raC®tkUlExµr e®kayhÁ¬gsIusuvtiƒ munIvgßsuKtedaysÊH e®JHesomyk ext†Vt'dMbg esomrabenaH ®tUvsIusuvtiƒ munIer"teLIgesayraC¥ EtVrSgyl'eXIjfa ®Tg'munIer"tCamnusßcas' BiVkBt'[bMerIpl®beyaCnV _ rSgenaH VrSgk*sMercyksisß enA´®BnKr, nerat†m-sIhnu, ®BHCnµ17q~SmkesayraC¥vij e®JHCaekµggay®sYlBgk √ ' beJaÇ rdwk . enHehIyCaTMnas'raCvgßExµr rvagExßnerat†mEdlmansIhnuCatMNag nig vgßsIusuvtiƒ (sIusuvts iƒ irimt:CatMNag) k~¨gvibti†neyaVyExµr CabuBe√ htumYyEdr k~¨gkar Tma¬ k'sem†csIhnuenH . karEdlVrSgyksem†csIhnumkesayraC¥enaH KWcg'ykra Âs†ExµrTSgmUlTukCakJHÇ VrSg karenHdUcK~anwgevotNam Edlykhun fl -EsnelIkeLIg [eFC I√ anaykrdΩmÂnI†ExµrsB´√ f©Edr .

(16) karEdlsisßcUleTAvaysaƒ nTUtenaH eKykVn‰ksarsm©at'yYn EdlsikßaBIcM Nucexßayrbs'namWunExµr emdwknSExµrfa « emdwknSExµr nayTahanExµr mÂnI†Exµr cUlcit† luyelxmYy ®sIelxBIr bkßBYknigGMNacelxbI » . ‰ksarenaH®tUv®ksYgsm©at'Exµr eKbMbwTecalVt'eTA minykmksikßa …pßBp √ ßay[raÂs†Exµr …emdwknSExµrdwgeLIy .

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rdΩ®bharTMlak'sem†csIhnu db'´f©cuge®kayk~¨gzan:C Ca®bmuxrdΩExµr sem†csIhnuminTan'sMerccit† y"agNaenAeLIyeT . buB√ehtuCMrujelakln'-nl'nig®Tg'sirimt:ykmk e®bIenaH k*enAEtminc∫as'CaGI√Edr . enA´f©TI8mina1970 manVtukmµ®bqSg kgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdltSgenAelIdIExµr CaBiessenA tMbn'cMBuHeskEtm†g Edlyn†ehaHeb-52VneFI√karTm¬ak'®Kab'Ebky"agF©n' F©r (3) . sem†csIhnuEdlyagecjeTATI®kugV"rIs_ faedIm∫IeTAB¥aVleraKenaH KWmkBI®Tg'mankMhusTTak'TTamk~¨gkar[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tSgmUldΩanelIEdndIExµr ehtuenH®Tg'®tUvEtdkX¬asin Tuk{kas[elak ln'-nl'cat'karbeN†jkgT&ByYnkumµ¨ynis†ecjsin rYces†csIhnunwg yagvil®tLb'mk®sukExµrvij ehIyVnrYcx¬ÁnBIkarecaT®bkan'epßg@ Vn ®BHnamfIµmYyeTotfa «bitaedjeyokkug» BIEdndIExµr EtsIhnuminnwkdl' eTfa ®Tg'sirimt:VnrYmK~aCamYyln'-nl' e®KagerobcMTm¬ak'®Tg'BI®bmuxrdΩ ExµresaH . tamkarBiteTAvijenaH elakln'-nl'nig®Tg'sirimt: VneFI√karTak'Tg CamYysWg-g"ukfaj'erogrhUtmk . CaåTahrNk _ ~¨gcugq~S1958 eBlEdl sem†csIhnubJÇa[kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊ eTAB&TÏcab'dab-QYnenAesom rab nigenA´f©TI20mkra1959 cab'bkßBYkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'TSgGs'enATI ®kugP~MeBjenaH elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansWu (cagh√agviT¥al&y ‰kCnexmra) eKcedaHx¬ÁnmYyry:sin ehIyeTAeFI√karTak'TgK~aCamYyelaksWg-g"ukfaj'enA‰evotNamxagt∫Ëg . EtelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Vn[elak lav-FansWuvilcUlmk®sukExµrvijeFI√Carnukk~¨g e®JHCitditnwgelakln'nl' . ‰KMeragkarTm¬ak'sem†csIhnu k*erobcMedayelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Edr Et®Tg'sIusuvtiƒ-sirimt: Edlcg'eFI√es†ceday®cENnnwgsIhnuenaH k*erob cMTm¬ab'sIhnuEdr KWVnsMerc[eFI√Ktsem†cEtm†g Etln'-nl'minyl' ®Bmtam Tuk[sem†cyagecjeTAe®kA®beTsExµrsin eTIbTm¬ak'®Tg'Cae®ka y dUcCaelakln'-nl'rujsem†csIhnu [cUlrYmCamYyxµSgs®tUvrbs' ®beTsExµr (yYnxageCIgnigExµr®khm) Etm†g . ´f©TI4 dl'9 Exmkraq~S1968 k~¨gKMeragkarerobcMenH (17) elaksWg(17) ExµresrI205nak'sMucuHcUltamext†Vt'dMbg manTSgk∫Ánc∫ab'tsUfl k∫ÁneXasnamk CamYypg Eckcaydl'TahanExµr[Pa∆ k'rlwk . k~¨gGtb ƒ TeXasnamanEcgBIe®KaHf~ak' ´nneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu . e®kayBIVnGanGtb ƒ TTSgBIrenaHxH¬ @mk eBlyagcab' ´dnayTahanExµresrIcuHcUlenaH sIhnuhak'dUcCayl'BIkMhusneyaVy®Tg'Edr eTIb

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sem†c®Tg'®BHsEnßg (yM) CaxS¬ g enAnwgmuxnayTahanExµresrIcuHcUl nignayTahan exmrPUminÊ . ®Tg'manbnÊËlfa – « ehtuGV I√ nCaExµrEbkVk'K~a xH¬ CaExµre®kam xH¬ CaExµrk N†al enHmkEtBImenaKmbreTs » . TahanExµresrIcuHcUlenaHKWman98nak' dwknSeda yelaketa-xaj' mkBIbusGMeBA, 107nak'dwknSedayelakfac'-sYn mkBIb"us†if _ ˚Ëv, 120nak'Ca®kumcl&tCJËÇnes∫øg GavuF nig®Vk'Ex enAb"us†k i_ ab'eCIg .

g"ukfaj'Vn[T&BExµresrIenA®sukesomeFI√CamksMucuHcUl ehIykalenaH sem†csIhnuVneFI√BiFITTYlBYkeK Edlmanelakfac'-sYnCatMNagExµr esrI enAk~¨gbrievNvalemru . k~¨gkgT&BExµresrIenaH manelaksiun-KinenA k~¨genaHpgEdr EdlVneXIjsem†csIhnu®Tg'®BHkEnßg(yM) mkBI®Tg' hak'dUcCayl'eXIjBIkMhusneyaVyxusrbs'®Tg'x¬H@Edr k~¨gerOgExµr EbkVk'K~aenH . sem†csIhnuVnvayExßlYsmkfa ®Tg'nwgcUlmk®sukExµrvij edIm∫I ykelakln'-nl'nig®Tg'sirimt: [eTAq¬geqI¬yK~aenAnwgmux®bCaraÂs† . sIhnuVnsMercfa nwgyagnivt†nc _ UlP~MeBjvijenA´f©TI18 mina 1970 . ´f©enaHBYksIhnuniymVnykTg'CatieTAedathUrEhr tamdgp¬Ëvmit†PaBExµr -sUevot tSgBIvalcMNtyn†ehaHeJFicintug rhUtdl'®kugP~MeBj . m~ak'@ nwkfa elakln'-nl'nig®Tg'sirimt: muxCanwgTTYlTaruNkmµk~¨gkarrwgTTw g®bugeFI√rdΩ®bharenH . k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenaH ®kumsIhnuniymnig®kum®bqSgsIhnu kMBugeKokKrK~aedIr®bmUlrkkm¬SgKS®T (4) .

BYk®bqSgCamYysem†csIhnumanelakln'-nl', ®Tg'sIusuvtiƒ-sirimt: nigkgT&BCati buKlikxuTÊkal&y ®BmTSgrdΩsPapg . ‰BYkKS®Tsem†csI hnumanGfl˜u-m"aNUrin (bg´f¬sem†c), Exk-va"n'DI, nayTahanbInak', KU-run nig kgb"UlIs, elxaFikarkgT&BeCIgeKaknigsuEs†n-Eh√rNg'Eds nigBYkGPi Vlext†PaKe®cIn (5) (CaBiessesk-sMeGot) . k~¨gPaBGasn~enaH elakln'-nl'Vncat'[elakvresniy‰kesgsflun´f (18) cat'EcgkarJrTb'Tl' E®kgmanclaclVj'K~arvagK~a‰g nig erobcMTb'Tl'CamYykgT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgpg .

(18) k~¨gcMeNamnayTahanCMnan'TI1nigTI2 manEtelakesg-sun fl ´feT Edlman®VCa∆ Qa¬ s´v esµaH®tg' nigmanKMnitsaFarNrdΩniympg . sUmbJaÇ k'Edrfa nayTahan ExµrCMnan'TI1 manelak – ®sI-sam"n, Gufl y-sy, hufl l-Xun (CakUnelakbUfl hul fl CitditnwgsIhnu), epg-pan'GIu, zab∫na-gin, qay-Lay, hUfl ®TYk, sk'-sut fl sa xn, b"uk-sMGan . nayTahanCMnan'TI2man – elakesg-sun fl ´f, eBA-lwmva", ®kUc-sM erc, suEs†n-Ehr√ Ng'Eds(Cab'ExßelahitBIBYk®kumpßge®BgB&rTuyehs eGs∫aj"¨l) G˜ufl-ma"NUrin (Vn®tUvsIhnutemg I¬ s&ki† BInaycMNg', eday, mkCanayTahank~¨gq~S1952 edaysIhnusB®√ BHT&ynwgnagkJÔam"Unic-GIusIu “BukCatiGIutalI CabÌËnelakG˜ufl-m"aNU rin “Buks&ki†bIG˜ufl, “BukepßgK~am†ayCamYy), nigdYg-c&nÊsara"t .

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®kumnayTahanEdlKS®Tsem†csIhnuTSgbImanelak – hul fl -Xun, epg-pan'GIu nig®kUc-sMerc . tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn fa – elak®kUc-sMerc®bugyk kSePg I¬ m&reCbIedImVj'p†k'epa¬ gcUlpÊHelakln'-nl' k~¨gEpnkareFX I√ atelakesg-sufl n´fenaH . Gt†critrbs'elakesg-sun fl ´f KWmingayTukcit†nrNa ehIyminEdleTApÊH nrNaTSg‰ksNΩanesaHeLIy elIkElgEtmit†Citditelakm~ak'eQµaHbUfl kabU . elak ln'-NunVn[BYkGavuFhtƒ (®kumkUs´deqAsMrab'ln'-Nun Edlhafl n®bqSg) bYnnak'mkcUlrYm´dcat'EcgXatkmµ yb'enaHKW´f©TI21 mina 1970

e®bIkMcat'nrNa namWunNa

elIrUbelakesg-sufln´fenH .

e®kaykar®bkasTma¬ k'sIhnubI´f© . elakeV"-fnEdl

VnenACab'nwgelakesg-sufln´f VnlaecjeTArk®ss'®sUbVysin enAem"ag8yb' e®JHGt'eBjmYy´f©mkehIy EtmunnwgecjVnp†SecAha√ yKat'fa «kMu[ecjeTAe®kA[ esaH eTaHCanrNamkehAk*eday sMu[elak®by&t~xÁ¬n» . elakesg-sufln´fedayGs' kmS¬ geBk VnTaje◊"GIubt'mkTMerkxÁ¬nsMrakykkmS¬ gbni†c . etI®kumenHeKerobcMEpn kary"agNa edIm∫I[ln'-NunVnrYcxÁ¬n ? .

BYk®kumelakhul fl -Xun nigBYkkUsrbs'ln'-NunTSgbYn VneTAVj'sma¬ b'elak bUfl kabUenA‰pÊHelak rYcebIkrfyn†rbs'elakbUfl kabU mkXS¬ cSenACitTIGKesnaFikarpÊH elakln'-nl' rg'cS{kaslÌ . KWeBlaEdlelakeV"-fnVnecjeTArk®ss'®sUbV yenaH‰g EdlBYkXatkrVnebIkLancUleTAPa¬ m . ®kumkUs´deqAm~ak'VnE®skBIk~¨g Lanmkfa « sUmetCKuNGeJj IÇ eLIgLan! elakkabU[x¨MV ∆ TmkTTYl!» . gakeTA eXIjc∫as'CaLanelakkabUCamit†CitditEmn k*Kµankarsgß&ybni†cesaH . elakesgsufln´fk*®BmeLIgLanedayKµanVnp†STahanNam~ak'fa elakeTATINaesaH . enAelIrf yn† ®kumkUs´deqArbs'ln'-Nun k*e®kokvaybMVk'ksma¬ b'elakesg-sufl n´feTA rYcehIyBYkeKk*yksaksBelakesg-sun fl ´f eTAdak'enAelIpÊHelakesg-sun fl efg ( bgbegI˚telaksun fl ´f EtVnTTYle®KaHf~ak'LancMnYnbIq~SmunmkehIy ehIypÊHenaHenA TMenr elakesg-sun fl ´fCaG~kTTYlrab'rgrkßa) enApˬvkmı¨Cae®kam Tl'muxpÊHelakbUfl ka bU . enAelIpÊHeKerobcMdb®sa manEkvbYn canbbreBjcMnYnbYn . BYkeKVnykkSePg Irbs'elakbUfl kabU mkVj'sBelakesg-sufln´f BIfıal'xags†SFa¬ ymkcMehogk∫al xage®kay Ep~kxageqg √ . kSePg I¬ enaHeKdak'pÊab'nigsac'saksB rYceTIbVneKekH´k Vj' (G~kVj'KWelakhul fl -Xun) e®JHtamkarseg˚teXIj rnÏ®Kab'cUltUcTMhMb"un®Kab' ‰rnÏecjFM . eKykkSePg I¬ rbs'elakbUfl kabU edIm∫I[eKeCOfa TSgBIrnak'eQa¬ HK~aEmn Etvaminsm®tg'fa mnusßGg¨yTl'muxK~a ®Kab'Vj'cUltamfıal'xageqg √ eTIb®tUvnwg erOg®bDitenH ehIymYyeTotG~k®sukEdlenACitxagpÊHenaHVn[karNf _ a eKVnæs~Ër kSePg I¬ EtmYy®Kab'Kt' .

(18) (t) BYkeKbegI˚telIkerOgEkg ¬ fa «elakesg-sufln´fVnpwk®sa®svwg ehIyeQa¬ H K~aCamYyelakbUfl kabU rYchUtkSePg I¬ Vj'K~aeTAvijeTAmk sa¬ b'tSgBIrnak'eTA . em"ag®VMbYnyb'´f©TI21minadEdlenaH elakeV"-fnVnvil®tLb'mkvij ehIy saksYrnrNak*mindwgfa elakesg-sun fl ´feTATINaesaHeLIy . elakeV"-fnk*eqa eLaCamYyelakc&nÊ-Nun ehIyTUrs&BÊTak'TgCamYyelakbUfl y"an rkGs'mYyem"ageTot k*enAEtmindwgfaelakesg-sun fl ´feTATINa . elakeV"-fnVntamrkrhUtdl'nak'elO gCamYyelakc&nÊ-Nun rhUtdl'em"ag12Ga®Fa®t . enAem"agBIrmanTahanmktameTA ®ss'®sUbbbrsin rYc®BwkeLIgem"ag6 k*nSKI~K~aecjtamrkeTot mkEb"kxaglicm†g ehI ymkCYbelakCMu-sav"nenAGgs~Ál k*enAEtKµandMNwgBIelakesg-sun fl ´feTot ehIy

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Vnvil®tLb'mklMenAelakln'-nl'vijenAem"agbIresol . enAem"agbYnl©ac elak hul fl -XunVnehAelakeV"-fneTApÊHelak rYcsML¨tTarykkUnesarTUEdkedIm∫Icak'yk ‰ksar ehIyVn®Vb'fa – « Gaesg-sufln´fvasa¬ b'ehIy edayvacaj'sMbf [eTAyk sBvamkcuHenA‰pÊHelakesg-suflnefg ‰pˬvkmı¨Cae®kam‰eNaH » . elakeV"-fnVn cakecjeTACamYyelaksr-bYn eTAyksBelakesg-sufln´fmkdMkl' .

edIm∫I[sem†csIhnuyagcUlmkkmı¨Cavij edayKµanåbs&KenaH k~¨gra®tI´f©TI21mina1970 ®kumelakhflul-XunVnerobcMEpnkarNe_ FI√Xat elakesg-sflun´fy"ags©at' . erOgXatkmµd*Gaf·kMVMgelIrUbelakesgsflun´fenH manTSgln'-Nun (ln'-nl'yl'®BmpgEdr) cUlrYm´d eday Vnyk®kumsIhnuniym mkeFI√CaExlbwTVMgGMeBId*KMrukenH . sem†c®bug nwgcUleTA®kugesomrab EtBYkelakln'-nl'VnykFugsSg eTAdak'Js eBjp¬ËvkMu[yn†ehaHcuHekIt

mYy´f©e®kayBIXatkmµelIrUbelakesg-sflun

´fenaHmk, elakln'-nl'VnecjbJÇa[Xat'x¬ÁnnayTahanTSgGs' Ca BiessBYkEdlmankarTak'TinnwgXatkmµenH eTIbclnaKS®TsIhnu®bqSg ln'-nl'Vns©b's©at'eTAvij . ehtuGI√VnCaln'-Nunnigln'-nl' sMerccit†sm¬ab'elakesgsflun´f EdlCYyelakeTAvij k~¨gkarTm¬ak'sIhnuBIzan:®bmuxrdΩenaH ?

KYrrMlwkeLIgvijEdrfa kalEdlelaksWg-g"ukfaj'vil®tLb'BICIvPaB nireTs‰®sukVrSg ehIycUl´®BP~MdgErk eFI√kartsflUvayGaNaniKmVrSg TamTar‰kraC¥enaH elaks&ki†BIrdYg-c&nÊsarat VnnSTahan150Lan kSePI¬grt'eTAcUlCamYy . ‰esg-sflun´fk*nSTahanrt'eTAtamelaksWg-g"uk faj'Edr Et®tUvVrSgtamTan'enA®tg'P~MEt∫gmanC&y (Qb'[kan'TahantSg BIenaH) . ehtuEdlln'-nl'nigln'-NuncMerceFI√Xatelakesg-sflun´f k* e®JHEtx¬acelakesg-sflun´feFI√rdΩ®bharykGMNaceTA[elakfaj'vij enaH‰g . ehtuEdlxM∆¨hflanGHGagy"agenH e®JHelakswum-Kin (CYbsm∏as nC _ amYyelaksMeGOnenAkalIh√&rnij"a1988) Vn[karNf _ a – « edayenA EtminTukcit† elakln'-nl'k*saksYrelakLwk-sMeGOn EdleTIbcuHBI®su k´feTAenaHfa etIelakfaj'manbMNgdeNI†mmuxnaTI®bmuxrdΩ …®bFanaFib tI®sukExµrenH…eT ? » . elaksMeGOnk*eqI¬ytbvijfa – « eKaledArbs' elakfaj' KW[Et®sukExµrVnk¬ayeTACasaFarNrdΩ enaHelaksb∫ay cit†Nas'eTAehIy eTaHCanrNaVnkan'GMNack*eday vaKµansar:sMxan' GI√cMeJHelakeT ! » . Et®kumln'-Nun/ln'-nl'enAEtmineCOelakeTot rhUtBYkeKnSK~abMEbkTahanExµre®kam « Em"kh√&k Mike's Force » exÊcxIÊ ehI yBYkeKenAmankarsgß&yelIrUbelakåt†mesniy Gfl˜u-savut EfmeTot Ed-

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låsßahm _ kelgsaksYrsuxTuk≈elaksWg-g"ukfaj' . ln'-Nunk*sMer csm¬ab'elakGfl˜u-savutecalm~ak'eTot KWbI´f©e®kayEdlelakGfl˜u-savuFmkP~M eBjtamkarekaHehArbs'ln'-nl'mk®Vb'fa x¬ÁnKat'minEmnBikarTSgGs' eT KWKat'GacmankUndUceK‰gEdr . kalenaHCaelIkTI8ehIy EdlelakGfl˜u savutQagcUleTAelgsYrsuxTuk≈elaksWg-g"ukfaj' nigTTYl{vaTBIkar es~haCati BlikmµedIm∫ICatiBIelakfaj' . k~¨gXatkmµelIrUbelakGfl˜u-savut enH ln'-NunVnerobcMqakfa elakGfl˜u-savutVnTTYle®KaHdl's¬ab' eda ye®KaHf~ak'®kLab'LaneTAvij . enA´f©TI13mina1970 sem†csIhnuk*sMerccit†yagecjBI®kugV"rIse_ TA mUsËedIm∫IsMuCMnYyKS®T . BYkemdwknSsUevotVnXat'sIhnu[enA®kugmUsË kMu yageTAeb"kSeFI√GI√ EtsIhnumin®Bm e®JHemdwknSsUevotKµanVnsn¥afa nw gykGMNacmk[®Tg'vijesaH sIhnuk*sMerccit†bn†dMeNIreqıaHeTA®kugeb" kSgEtm†g . kalenaHemdwknS®kugeb"kSgenA®TwgmYysnʨHEdr edayeK[BY kTUtcinenAP~MeBj eFI√kart´f¬CamYyelakln'-nl'bni†ceTotsinE®kgVn pl . e®kay´f©TI18mina1970 cineb"kSgenAminTan'p†ac'cMNgTUtCamYy®beTsExµrenAeLIyeT . G~ktMNagkarTUtcineb"kSgVneFI√karTak'TgCYbt´fCamYyelakln'-nl'Cae®cIndg esI~sMu[rdΩaPiVlExµrenAbn†CYykgT&Bevo tkug-evotNamxageCIgteTAeTot dUcEdlraCrdΩaPiVlExµrsm&ysem†c sIhnuVnF¬ab'eFI√kalBImunmkenaH . tMNagTUtcinVnniyayfa – « kar TMlak'sem†csIhnuCaerOg´pÊk~¨grbs'ExµreT˘˘˘ ®kugeb"kSgminrvIrvl'CamYy sem†csIhnueT ehIycinenAEtbn†eKarBrdΩGMNacExµrteTAeTotebI – 1- Exµr®BmGnuJÔatp†l'sm∏ar:swk saÂs†avuF f~SeBT¥ BI®sukcineTA[ kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg Edl®beTskmı¨CaF¬ab'eFI√BImunmk edIm∫I [evotNamGacbn†eFI√sÂgamCamYyGaemrikSg vayrMedaHykevotNamxag t∫Ëg[Vn .

2- ExµrenAEtGnuJÔat[kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tSgenAelITw kdIExµrteTAeTot .

3- ExµrenAEtbn†eFI√kareXasnaKS®Tmit†yYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg dUcmuneTot e®kayBICYbcrcaCamYyln'-nl'Cae®cIndg rhUtdl'´f©TI5åsPa1970 KWmYyEx´m∏´f©e®kayTm¬ak'sIhnurYc˘˘˘ tMNagTUtcinyl'eXIjfa Kµan karrIkcMerInKYrCaTIeBjcit†esaHenaH eKk*[dMNwgeTAeb"kSg@kMsMerc®bkas p†ac'cMNgTUtCamYy®beTsExµr rYcehIycink*gakmkKS®T

TTYlsal'nig

sn¥afa ykGMNacmkf√ay®Tg'vij Etsem†csIhnu®tUveKarBlk≈&NmYy -109-

KW®tUvcUlrYm´dCamYyBYkyYnhaNUy nigCamYybnExµr®khm . cincg'[ExµrCYyyYnkumµ¨ynis†eTIbeKniyayfa eKminx√l'CamYysIhnu eT KWcinyksIhnumkeFI√CaåbkrNC _ YyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg (6) T&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIgcab'epI†mvay®bhar®sukExµrCadMbUg k~¨g´f©TI2emsa1970 . k~¨gsƒankarNd _ *dundabenH elakln'-nl'k*sMuCMnY yT&BEm"kh√&krbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'BIevotNamxagt∫Ëg mkCYyCabnÊan' Edr . kalenaHåt†mesniyGaemrikSg Haig Vn®Bmanelakfaj'fa – « kMu[elaknST&BcUl®sukExµrCabnÊan'eBk [enArg'cScUleTACYyBIxage®kA eTAvij eTIbman®bsiTiÏPaB » . enHk*CakMhuselakfaj'Edr EdlenAEtyl'fa « ExµrTSgGs'enAEt®sLaj'rUbelakdUckalsm&yq~S1952dEdl » elakk*hk'cUleTAk~¨gGnÊak'BYk®svwgGMNacln'-Nun, ln'-nl' EdlV nerobcMkMeTc®kumelak nigbMp¬aje®KagkarTSgGs' Edlelakfaj'®tUvcUl mkkarJr®beTsExµr[rYcputBIEpnkarshPaB≤NÎËcin´nhU-CImij (20) . kgT&BelaksWg-g"ukfaj'VndwkcUlmk®sukExµrTSg´f©TSgyb' tamyn†ehaHnigtamrfyn† manGavuF®Kb'´d . ‰kgT&BExµrvijVnsm∏ar:swk kSePI¬g ®Kab' exaGavevotkug Edlkak'dkhUtmindwkykeTA[T&ByYnxageCIgenaH mkeFI√karTb'Tl' . Tahan´m∏bYnem"agVnerIsCabn†bnÊab'P¬am@ . sresr dl'®tg'enH esµrxM∆¨sUmeKarBdl'viJÔaNk≈&nÏsisßxM∆¨TSgLay edaykal enaHx¬ÁnxM∆¨VnCMruj[BYkeK cUleFI√TahanecjeTAvayBYkyYnevotkug-evot NamxageCIg rhUtVt'bg'CIvitGs'Cae®cIn k~¨gsÂgam≤tn&y´nrbbln'nl'enaH . kgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnvaylukykVnext†rtnKIrI sÊwg E®tg mNÎlKIrI ®kecH edaye®bIviFIcak'ExßGat's~ËrkSePI¬g eFI√[TahanExµr ln'-nl' nigecAh√ayext†P&ysµanEtevotkuge®cIn k*rt'ykrYcEtx¬Ánman tMu sarava"n' (®tUveTas®bharCIvit) nigecg-sayMubflnCaedIm˘˘˘. mYyExe®kaymk eTIbshrdΩ®Bmp†l'CMnYykgT&Bdl'®beTskmı¨Ca . cab'BIExemsa1970 mkTl'nwgExmina1973 KWkgT&Bevotkug-evotNa mxageCIgsuTÏsaF Edlvayluk®beTsExµr minTan'manT&BExµr®khmesaH eLIy . yYnkumµ¨ynis†VnvayrMedaHkan'kab'EdndIExµrmYyEp~ky"agFM ehIy eK®tYt®tatMbn'rMedaHTSgenaHdUcCaEdndIyYnGJçwg edayVncat'EcgEtgtS gEp~krdΩVlext† ®suk XMu CayYnTSgGs' .

(20) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksWg-eL rdΩva"siunetan (GtitTahanEm"kh&k √ ) niya yfa – « elakfaj'VnsMuykkgT&BExµre®kamrbs'elakeTAdak'karJrpˬvBYkyYnevotku g-evotNamxageCIg enAtamext†Eb"kxagekIt®sukExµr nigenAext†esomrab kMBg'FM vay sÊak'pËv¬ T&ByYnxageCIg kMu[cUlmkk~¨g®sukExµrVn˘˘˘ Etelakln'-Nunnigln'-nl'min ®BmTal'EtesaHtamEpnkarenH » .

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Cem¬aHrvagExµr®khmnigyYnkumµ¨ynis† enAedImq~S1970 yYnhaNUyVnykExµrevotmij (21) cMnYn2,300na k' (7) nigsWg-g"ukmij (ehAGacar¥emon) EdlVnePosx¬ÁneTAsm©MenAhaNUy (22) e®kaysni~siThßWENv Exkk˚da1954 mk[dwknSclnaExµrku mµ¨ynis† . karEdlkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIgvayluksaFarNrdΩ ExµrenaH BYkenHVnykTun®bCa®biysIhnumkeXasnaeVk®Vs'raÂs†Exµr Edr dUcCaykrUbftsem†csIhnudak'elIb&NˆKNkmµaFikarTak'TgCaedIm . ‰cineb"kSgk*VnykTun®bCa®biysIhnumke®bIEdr . sB√´f©enHeTotk*eda y (1987) edIm∫IcMehovx¬aj'sIhnuCapl®beyaCny _ Yn nigpl®beyaCn_ kUnCwgx¬Án (Exµr®khm) cineb"kSgVneVHrUbsem†csIhnu rab'Esnsn¬wkEc k[BYkeyaFaExµr®khm kan'cUleTA®sukExµr Eckcaydl'®bCaraÂs†Exµr [ yl'®cLMm†geTotfa BYkExµr®khmCakgT&Brbs'sem†c“ mkc∫aMgykGMNac[sem†c“vij . enHehIylTÏpl´n «neyaVy®bCamti» rbs'sem†csIhnu EdlCa buB√ehtusarvn†mYyd*Cak'c∫as' k~¨gvinaskmµCIvit´n®bCaraÂs†ExµrbIlannak' nigkarrlay®beTsExµrsB√´f©enH . ( kkn – dUec~HenAk~¨gkarkat'eTasExµr®khm BIbTsm¬ab'rgal EdlnwgeF√I eLIgnaeBlxagmuxenH˘˘˘ sem†csIhnuKWCaemdwknSy"agsMxan'CageKTSg Gs' ´nGMeBIå®kidΩkmµ®bqSgmnusßCati, GMeBIå®kidΩkmµsÂgam nigGMeBIsm¬ab' Cati‰g . ebI®Tg'minsµ&®Kcit†edIrcUleTA[eKkat'eTasedayx¬Án‰g tamdUc ®BHbnÊËleT˘˘˘ tulakar®tUvekaHehAsem†csIhnumuneKTSgGs' . « swg‰g eQµaHGI VnCa“eQµaHem"A-esTug ? » ) .

Caf~ËrnwgGg˚r yYnkumµ¨ynis†Vnp†l'e®KOgsaÂs†avuF[BYkExµr®khmx¬H EtminVan®Kb'®Kan'tamkar®tUvkarrbs'bnExµr®khmesaHeLIy . enAeBl EdlBYkExµr®khmVnTTYlCMnYyBIcineb"kSglµm®Kb'km¬SgeK tamkarCYy (21) BYkExµrevotmijVnbegI˚tKNbkßneyaVyeQµaH «KNbkß®bCaCn» manrUbng& lCasJÔasMKal' nigdwknSedayNub-bUpan . e®kayNub-bUpan®tUvKijsIhnusma¬ b' ecaleTA, ng-sYn (ekItenAKIrIvgß, ext†taEkv) VneLIgmkCMnYs rYccUl´®BrYm´dCamYyExµr®khm .

(22) sWg-g"ukmij minEmnCabÌËnelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Tal'EtesaH G~kxH¬ enAEtyl'®cLM erOgenH tamkareXasnarbs'yYnhaNUy Edlvae®bICameF¥aVysMrab'Tak'TajBYkExµr kN†al Exµre®kam [cUlbMerIclnayYnevotmij KWyk®beTskmı¨Ca rYmCamYylav evotNameFC I√ a «shB&nÏ≤NÎËcin» . edIm∫IdwgKuNGacar¥emon…sWg-g"ukmij EdlVnbMerI ®beyaCny _ Yn @VneVHrUbftGacar¥emonelIEtms _ Mbu®tt´mm ¬ Yyerol nigelI®Vk'100 erolrbbehg-sMrinsB´√ f©enH .

-111-

e®CamE®CgBIsem†csIhnuenAeb"kSgenaH BYkExµr®khmeq√gdac'xatniym lTiÏem"A k*cab'®belHykBYkExµrevotmijbeNI†r@ EdlBYkeKecaTfa « k∫al yYnx¬ÁnExµr » .

TidΩPaB´nkarBiXat®bCaCnfIµTSg®KY@enAPUmiPaKåt†rTisnigbUJ·Tis (kMBg'FM-kMBg'cam) KUredayelakGwug-bflunhflag ( elakGwug-bflunhflag Vnp†l'sMeNArUbKMnUrenHdl'xM∆¨ kalenACMrMexA-GIudag q~S1980 )

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edayx¬acyYn sWg-g"ukmij k¬ayCaemdwknSeTA´f©muxenaH b"ul-Btk*ero bcMKMeragkarNs _ m¬ab'Gacar¥emonecal . b"ul-Bt …saL¨t-sr Vn[ G~kCMnitCaExµrelIeQµaG Gab"g' lbykf~SbMBulExµrelIeTAdak'k~¨gGahar sm¬ab'sWg-g"ukmijk~¨gq~S1972 (8) . rYcehIy b"ul-Btx¬Án‰gk*eLIgeFI√Ca ®bFanelxaFikarbkßkumµ¨ynis†Exµr EdlkaleNaHeKbwTVMgedaydak' eQµaHfa «rNsirßrYbrYmCatikmı¨Ca» e®JHman®kumsIhnucUlrYmCamYypg . sem†csIhnukalenaHeFI√Ca®bFanraCrdΩaPiVlrYbrYmCati tSgenAe®kA®suk (enA®kugeb"kSg) . tamBiteTA sem†cKµan≤TiÏBlGI√bni†ceTAelIclnarNsirßrYbrYmCatikmı¨ CaesaH ehIyminGacmkCan'dI®sukExµr edayKµankarGnuJÔatBIb"ul-Btnig bnExµr®khmeLIy e®JHfa – « Ggkarmin[sIhnumk®sukExµr˘˘˘ e®JHebI [sIhnumk c∫as'Ca®bCaCnrt'eTArksIhnuehIy˘˘˘ cMENkeyIgvij eyIg muxCaeVsKUfTeT » (9) . dUec~HExµr®khm®Kan'EtyksIhnumkeFI√®twmEtCa Q~an'eXasnaeKogKr®bmUlkm¬SgKS®TbneKBIdMbUgTIb"ueNˆaH e®JHkal eNaHTn'®bCa®biyPaBrbs'sem†c“ enAman≤TiÏBlx¬Sgk¬aNas'k~¨gcMeNa m®bCaraÂs†Exµr®sukE®scMkar . fI√ebICarbbp†ac'kardUcK~a rbbraCaniymnig rbbkumµ¨ynis†Cas®tUvs¬ab'rs' BYkExµr®khmminGacyksem†csIhnu[ mk®tYtk∫alBYkeKenaHeLIy . rNsirßnigraCrdΩaPiVlrYbrYmCatikmı¨CamanEteQµaHb"ueNˆaH tamBit´pÊk~¨gKNkmµaFikar´pÊk~¨gsuTÏEtCaExµr®khm-Exµ revotmijTSgGs' .

BYkExµr®khme®kayBIVnCMruHBYkExµrevotmijbeNI†r@mk eKk*cab'epI†m ®bqSgecjmu xCamY ynw gBY kyY nevotku g-evotNamxageCI g rhU tdl' man karb"HTgic®byuTÏsIusac'hutQamK~ay"agF©n'F©r . etIbN†almkBIehtuGI√ ? dUcEtkalsm&y≤sßr:EEdrenaH BYkyYnTukBYkExµr®khmCakJÇH CaxM∆¨ sMrab' bMerIpl®beyaCne_ votNammYymuxb"ueNˆaH edaye®CotE®Ckkicçkar´pÊk~¨grb s'BYkExµr®khm eFI√x¬ÁnCamças' CaecAh√ayelIk∫alExµr®khm . karenHKWyY ncg'bg˙ajfa yYnmanbMNgyk®sukExµrTSgmUlCaBit®Vkd . dUckalsm&y≤sßr:EEdr kalenaHBYkExµr≤sßr:V VneFI√karkab'sm¬ab' yYnGs'Cae®cIn k*mkdl'sm&ybnExµr®khm k*yYnenAEteFI√rebobEtmYy edayemdwknSyYnKµankaresµaH®tg' . ®tg'enHehIyEdlelakesk-sMeGo teCOtamsMdIrbs'sIhnu ehIyxMbJÇËnkSePI¬g ®Kab'TSgLan@eTAp†l'[kg T&Bes†c“ral'@ExminEdlxan edIm∫IVnbuN¥s&ki†xıg'xıs'eTot kalNaebI es†c“vilmkkan'GMNacvijenaH . enAcugq~S1973 eday®tUvvaylukevotNamxagt∫Ëg[x¬Sgk¬ak~¨grdUvek†Aq~S 1972pgenaH kgT&ByYnkumµ¨ynis†edaymanCem¬aHCamYyBYkExµr®khmpg enaHk*dkkgT&BQb'vaysaFarNrdΩExµr, eTACayEdnExµr-yYnPaKxagekIt -113-

TukPar:[rNsirßrYbrYmCatikmı¨Cam†gvij EtyYnkumµ¨ynis†enAEtkan'kab' mUldΩanswkx¬H@enAk~¨gEdndIExµrenAeLIy . EpnkarCMruHBYkExµrevotmij nig BYksIhnuniymk*Vncab'eFI√Cabn†s©at'@ rhUtmkdl'Jk'kN†alq~S1978 eTot dUcCakarcab'mUl-sm∫ti† nigBYkJy&B¥Tissm¬ab'ecalenA´f©TI18 mifunaq~S1978CaedIm . enAeBlQ~HrbbsaFarNrdΩln'-nl'P¬am b"ul-B tk*k*kMeTckgT&BnigBYksIhnuenAtMbn'ext†kMBt nigext†nanax¬HeTot Edl minVn®bugx¬ÁnCamunexÊcxÊIGs'Kµansl' dUcCaecg-sayMubflnCaedIm .l.

❑

❑ ❑

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CMBUkTI6 lTÏpl´nEpnkarhU-CImij munnwgQancUleTAdl'lTÏplCasUercrbs'emdwknShU-CImij Cabzm xM∆¨sUmbriyayx¬H@GMBIC&yCMnHrbs'Exµr®khm elIsaFarNrdΩln'-nl'enA ´f©TI17 emsa q~S1975 .

bB u e√ ht´u nCy & Cn M HrbsE' xrµ ®khm ng i braCy & rbsr' bbsaFarNrdEΩ xrµ b"ul-BtEtgEtGYtekÌgkÌagfa BYkvaVnvayQ~Hc®kBti†GaemrikSgnigbri varln'-nl' edaysarEtneyaVyd*P¬Ws√agrbs'GgkarnigkgT&B®bdab'Ga vuF®bCaCnkmı¨Cad*x¬Sgk¬amhaGsçar¥ dUccMerogmYyrbs'vae®cogfa – neyaVyrYmpßMGavuF ®besIremaHmutrbs'Ggkar˘˘˘.l. tamBit C&yCMnHrbs'BYkExµr®khm VnmkedaysarEtyYnnigcineb"kSgeTAvijeT ebIKµanCMnYysm∏ar:swksnÏwksnÏab'BIcin®bCamanitu nigCMnY yBIkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg EdlvayExµrsaFarNrdΩBIExemsa 1970 mkExmina1973 ®BmTSgsPashrdΩsMerc[bJŒb'Elge®bIyn†ehaHeb-52 eTATm¬ak'®Kab'EbkelIEdndIExµreTot cab'BIq~S1973eTenaH bn b"ul-Btc∫as'CarkmineXIjC&yCMnH´f©TI17emsa1975enaHTal'EtesaH. EfmBIelIenHeTAeTot mankt†abIFM@VneFI√[saFarNrdΩExµrdYlrlMEdlxM∆¨sUmeFI√tarage®bobeFobdUcteTA – Exµr®khm

ExµrsaFarNrd Ω

1-KµanxµSg´pÊk~¨g : b"ul-BtVneFI√

1-manxµSg´pÊk~¨g: ecAh√ayext†PaK

kareVssMGatsm¬ab'BYkExµrevot

e®cIndUcCaesk-sMeGot CaBies

mijnigBYksIhnuniym .

snaykariyal&yTI2 KimeGgKUrunedt

Edlp†l'cMNucexßay

®kumsaFarNrdΩnigkarsm©at'´n ®btibti†karswkeTAExµr®khm .

2-KµanGMeBIBukrlYy: vin&yEdkEfb

2-BukrlYyelIsCMnan'sIhnu1Ca

KµaneyaKyl' KµanmenaseJçt

10 nayTahanln'-nl'sg'vI-

na (KµanebHdUg)

La man®bBnÏcugrab'sib˘˘˘ -115-

3-neyaVycit†saÂs†x¬Sg

3-Kµane®bIneyaVycit†saÂs†: na yTahanbMerIxµSg lk'f~SeBT¥ lk'®Kab' .l.˘˘˘

1- enAk~¨gCYrExµr®khm G~kEdleKGnuJÔat[cUlCaebk≈CnVnenaH luH ®taEtman®bvti†rUbsÌatsÌM ehIyEfmTSgVnbMeBjlk≈&NmYycMnYnFM Edl Ggkart®mUv[eFI√ . GKelxaFikarbkßkumµ¨ynis†Exµrb"ul-Bt Gack†ab'®tYt ®taVnelI®kumExµr®khmTSgmUl edaye®bIvin&yEdkEfb nigGMNacp†ac' karvNˆ:GFn . pʨyeTAvij elakln'-nl'minGac®tYt®ta …k†ab'G~ke®kam bgab'elak[VndUcBYkExµr®khmesaHeLIy . karTm¬ak'sIhnumincat'Tuk faCabdivt†nV _ neLIy KWCakardemI†mGMNacedayKµankarbg˙ËrQammYy . kM husd*FMmYyrbs'ln'-nl'KW mYyminyl'®Bmtameyabl'®Tg'sirimt: Edl[eFI√Kt'sIhnu˘˘˘ BIrln'-nl'VnTukm"asIuncas'rfyn†elakenAdEdl ®Kan'EtelakeLIgCaG~kebIkbrfIµm~ak'Etb"ueNˆaH eJlKWG~kEdlKS®TsIhnu enAEtTSgGs'k~¨gs~Ëlnig®bB&nÏdwknSrbs'elak TSgEp~krdΩVl TSgEp~k kgT&B . G~kTSgenaHVnxÊas'kg'saFarNrdΩmin[vileTAmuxpg nigmYy eTotVnCYyCakm¬Sgdl's®tUv´nsaFarNrdΩExµr (Exµr®khmnigsIhnu) pg . BYkeKVnCJÇËnkSePI¬g ®Kab' f~SeBT¥ eTAp†l'[Exµr®khm . cab'BInay TahanCan'xıs' rhUtdl'ecAh√ayext† suTÏEtVnCYykgT&Brbs'sIhnu ( Exµr®khm) swgEtTSgGs' . sUm∫IEtln'-NunCabÌËnelakln'-nl' k* Vndwk®Kab'kSePI¬geTA[Exµr®khmEdr . k~¨gkML¨gCab'´d®byuTÏK~aenAtMbn' TYlelob eBlyb'elakln'-NunVnbJÇa[TahanCMnit dwk®Kab'ykeTA [Exµr®khmenAP~M®VsiTiÏ Vk'dwg (1) . ‰elakesk-sMeGot GPiVlext† Vt'dMbg CaCnBukrlYym~ak'k~¨gcMeNamBYkBukrlYyCae®cIneTot´nrdΩaPiV lln'-nl' edayVnp†l'®Kab'rMesv nige®KOgsaÂs†avuFeTA[Exµr®khm . k~¨gExemsaq~S1974 eBlEdlbÌËn´f¬elakedob-esonVncab'exaGav bYnVv Es∫keCIgbYnVv nig®Vk'37mWunerol (2) enA®tg'PUmiTYl®ksSg BIr (1) tamesck[ †I karNr_ bse' lak sm ui -Kn i ®kg u sG uI afl i rdvΩ as " n u i etan .

(2) esck[ †I karNr_ bse' laksn W -eL Gtt i embJaÇ karenAbnaÊ yE®tg . kalenaHPa~ k' garsma© tV ' n[karNf _ a manExßry:xSµ gVndk w sma∏ r: eTA[Exrµ ®khmenAPm U T i l Y ®ksS g . edayKaµ nbEgk Ì elaksn W -eLVnny i ayvT i ¥T ¨ akT ' g[bn ËÌ edob-eson (GPV i l Gneu xt´† bl " n i ) eQaµ Hsa√ y-saemOnmkcab' . Gneu sny i ‰ksa√ y-saemOnng i shkarI bn Y nak' VnmkTakT ' gng w elaksn W -eL@kV * nbEnm ƒ Pa~ kg ' arsma© te' lakBrI nake' Tot . ® km u enHVnecjBeI sA† enAema" g4la© c eTAhB u˜fl T & P Ï m U T i l Y ® k s S g rc Y c a bV ' n Gk ~ e bk I br Landk w eQB I rI nak' ng i ®Kb U zmsk i ßama~ k' (ePc ¬ eQaµ H) EdlkB M g u nSrbse' TA[Exrµ ®khm. mns u ßng i rbsP ' st ¨† agVnykmkTk u enAbnaÊ yE®tg . eBl®Bk w eLg I elakedob-eson ng i efAEkGUfl VneTAsrY cemy ¬I . Gk ~ Cabe' caTVneqy ¬I fa Ca≤van " r' bse' lakesk-seM Got e®b[ I nSeTA[Exrµ ®khm . mns u ßng i vtC ¨ƒ aPst ¨† ag VnbJn ËÇ eTAVtd ' b M g . esk-seM Go tkV * nedaHElg[rc Y xn Á ¬ eTA .

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KILËEm"®tBIs~wg tamp¬ËveTAkMBg'Kl', esk-sMeGotVnehAG~kcab'mksI†benÊasfa – ehtuGI√VnCaBYk‰gcab'BYkeK ? KWBYkeKEdl[BYk‰gsux ! kar enHKWxM∆¨VneFI√mkCayUryarmkehIy e®JHBYkeKc∫SgEtCamYyyYnmYysnʨH eT nwgcUlmkrYbrYmCamYyeyIgehIy . elaksµ¨flk-ey", sB√´f©rs'enA®kugtaxUm"a Vn[karNf _ a x¬ÁnF¬ab'Vndwg BIerOgesk-sMeGot dwkkSePI¬g dwk®Kab'tamLanTahanm†g@xÊg'BI8eTA10 LanCaerogral'Ex nSeTA[Exµr®khmtamp¬ËvBIsIusupuneTAesomrab . kal enaHelaksµ¨flk-ey"CanacMNg'enAbnÊay´®B®CUk ®kLaj'kMBg'f˚Ëvesomrab . kUnTahanBIrnak'Gt'minVnk*sYrfa ehtuGI√VnCaeKdwkkSePI¬g dwk®Kab'cUl eTAtMbn'xµSgy"agenH ebITahankMBugEtx√H®Kab'enaH ? . kUnTahanBIrnak' enaHk*®tUvembJÇakareQµaHm"a-GUn ykeTAsm¬ab'bMbwTmat'ecal (q~aM197071) . elakKimeGg-KUrunedtCanaykariyal&yTI2Ep~kykkarNs _ m©at' Ca rnukk~¨grbs'sIhnu-Exµr®khm

Vnp†l'karsm©at'TSgGs'eTAyYnevotkug

Exµr®khm . ehtuenHehIyeTIb®Kb'®btibti†karswknana manecnLaTI1 ecn LaTI2˘˘˘ ®tUvbraC&yrhUt . elakKimeGg-KUrunedtsB√´f© (1990) enH rs' enAk~¨gCYrExµr®khm‰CayEdnExµr-´f . k~¨gkgT&BswgEt®Kb'kg‰kPaB mankarlYcbMVt'cMnYnkUnTahanenA‰ b"us… †i_ bnÊay ehIy®tUvs®tUvyYn-Exµr®khmvayexÊcxÊI . kgT&BKµanvin&yTal'EtesaH x¬HeTAb¬n'GukL¨khagTMnij briePaKVy… KuyTavmin[luyCaedIm˘˘˘ x¬HeTotcab'®sI kUn®kmMueKTSg´f©dak'Lan rMelaP rYcykeTAlk'[bn®sIeBs¥aeTot .

2- ebIniyayBIGMeBIBukrlYyvij x¬SgCagsm&ysIhnumYyCadb'Ca´m∏. ecAh√ayext†cUlhflunCamYynayTun cinpßarnScUlrbs'rt'BnÏ dwkTSgTU@ reTHePI¬g . b"usk †i_ ug®tUl®tYtBinit¥nimYy@ ®tUvrkluy[ecAh√aynay (3) . k~¨gsm&y®bLgmF¥msikßabzmPUmi ( Diplôme ), mF¥msikßab&®tPa KTI1 ( BAC I ), mF¥msikßab&®tPaKTI2 ( BAC II ) enAcugq~S1970, 1971 Ca KMrUGa®kk'dl'buKliksikßa . ecAh√ayext†VnepI∆kUn®sI[naykmF¥msikßa ( DP= Directuer Provincial de l'Enseignement Secondaire ) CYyy"ag[ (3) enA®kugVt'dMbg e®kayTma¬ k'sIhnurYcmk ecAha√ yext†Vn[sisßviT¥al&ynigsa Âs†acar¥EckevnK~ayamEqkeqr®ckcUl®kug k~¨gmYy´f©sisßcMnYnBI15eTA20nak' ehIy man®KUBIrnak'emIlxus®tUv . xÁn ¬ x¨Mp ∆ Êal'k*VncUlrYmk~¨g®kumEqkeqrenHEdr . BYkeyIgEqk eqrrkEtrbs'EdlTak'TinnigxµSgsuTÏsaF rbs'rt'BnÏmin®twm®tUvEdle®cInhYsehtu . x¨Ms ∆ UmCMrabfa BYkeyIgminEdlVnTTYlyksMNUkTal'EtesaH . edayBYksisßnig®KU minecHrkluy[eKenaH eTIbknH¬ q~Se®kaymk eKk*bJŒb'Elg[sisßviT¥al&ynigsaÂs†acar¥eFk I√ arEqkeqrteTAeTot eKdak'BYkKij kgs&y √ ®tan nigbuKlik®ksYgepßg@Ed lecHrkluyvij .

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EtVnCab', TahansıaykSePI¬gcUleTA®bLg ehIyebIkemIltamcit† . buK likKyKij sUkluy®bFanKNem®beyaK ( President de jury ) edIm∫IVn Cab'nigVneLIgbuN¥s&ki† . erOgmYyEdlxM∆¨cSmineP¬cenaH KWsm&y®bLg mF¥msikßab&®tPaKTI2k~¨gq~S1972enAVt'dMbg®kug (4) . sisßm~ak'CakUn nayTahanenAVt'dMbg, ®bEhlCaeKGagfaVnsUk®bFanKN:em®beya KrYcehIy eTIbeKVncemI¬yKNitsaÂs†TSgGs'mkcMLgdak'beN†ay . xM∆¨k*cab'sisßenaH

em®beyaKBIrnak'eTotk~¨gsal®bLgenaHk*®tUvcuHhtƒ-

elxaelIviJÔasarrbs'ebk≈CnenaH PÇab'CamYy‰ksarcab'Vn viJÔasarenaH nwg®tUvVnBinʨsUn¥ ( tamc∫ab'ebImanPs†¨tag ehIyebIviJÔasarNamYyVn sUn¥enaH eKminbUkBinʨeT ) . EteKVn®tUvr"UvK~aCamYy®bFanKN:em®beyaK nigG~kkat'k∫al®kdas'ebk≈Cndak'elxsm©at' eKk*dak'®kdas'ebk≈CnEdl eFI√lÌ®twm®tUv≤texçaHCMnYs dk‰ksarcab'Vn®Kvat'ecal .

ebk≈CnenaHk*

VnCab'sJÔab&®tmF¥msikßaPaKTI2eTA . e®kaymkeTIbxM∆¨Vndwgfa eKcMNayGs'Cag30mWunerol . enHehIyCaKMrUEdlCMruj[®ksYgGb'rMCaticab' BukrlYyEdr cab'BIq~S1972mk . tSgBIsm&ysIhnumkdl'q~S1970, 1971 buKliksikßaenAsÌatsÌMlÌ Nas' EdlBYkraCkar…rdΩkar®Kb'®ksYg nignayTun cinpßarnSK~aehAfa na mWundIs …BYk®Vk'Exgab' …BYkBs'®Blit . sƒankarNs _ ÂgameFI√min[®KU ®Vk'Exgab'rs'ekIt bUkrYmTSgkMehIjGMeBIBukrlYy®Kb'®ksYgnanapg ehIyBYkeKTSgenaHrs'Vn®sYl BYkbuKliksikßak*cab'sIusMNUkecjmuxEt m†gEdr x¬HeTotVnniyayfa ebIvadUec~HeTAehIyenaH KYrnSK~aCYyrujsaFar NrdΩenHTm¬ak'TwkbeN†ayeTA e®JHvaGs'p¬ËvEkehIy lk≈&ni†k:elIs†ËbsaFarNrdΩmuxGtitraCvSg ®tUveKbMeP¬cecal eVHecalk~¨gPk'®CSGs' . ‰BYk ®KUEdlmannin~akar®khm VneFI√[elcæk~¨gcMeNam®KUmF¥msikßafa BYkBu krlYyGs'enH emIleTAKµanp¬ËvEkTal'EtesaH manEtp¬Ëvm"¥agKWsm¬ab'ecal . EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH sisßviT¥al&y CaBiessenA®kugP~MeBj PaK e®cInCakUnnayTahan

KµaneKarBvin&ysalaTal'EtesaH ykkSePI¬gcUl

bnÊb'eron dal'®KU ®ceLamxam (5) dUcCa®kumGam"Uvemb¬n'CaedIm .

(4) edIm∫IsMrYldl'kUnsisß e®JHpˬvcracrdac' ®ksYgGb'rMCatisMerc[ebIkmNÎl®bLg mF¥msikßabzmPUmi, mF¥msikßaPaKTI1enAtamext† Eknig®bkaslTÏplenAtamext†Et m†g elIkElgEtmF¥msikßab&®tPaKTI2ecj viJÔasarebkC ≈ n®tUv®bmUlykeTAEkenAP~M eBjTSgGs' .

(5) k~¨gq~S1972 enAviT¥al&yenty"g' mansisßm~ak'CakUnelaks&ki†®VMtulakarswkVt' dMbg (PUQYyelakem"A-sn) . sisßnarIm~ak'VneLIgBIe®kameTACan'elI ‰kUnelaks&ki† ®VMenaHcuHBIelImk ehIycab'{bsisßnarIenaHenACan'TI2 EdleF[ I√ sisßnarIenaHxµas'eK CaxS¬ g . ®BwkEsÌkeLIg KNkmµkarvin&ynigsaÂs†acar¥TSgGs'VnrYm®bCMu e®kamGFibtI

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elakcagha√ g ehIysMercbeN†jsisßenaH Qb'[cUleronsalardΩnanaTSgGs' eTaHbICa“BuksisßenaHVnxMeFG I√ n†raKmny _ "agNak*eday . enAviT¥al&yVt'dMbg (Gtit viT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß) mansisßm~ak'edayxwgnwgelak®KU EdlVnbeN†j[Qb'eronmYyGaTit¥ edaybT®BehInnigrMxansisßnarIk~¨gf~ak' . ´f©mYyk*cUlmkk~¨gf~ak'eron rYcda l'elak®KUEdlkMBugbe®gon rYchk'ecjtambgÌÁceTA . sisßenaHk*CakUns&ki†®VMm~ak'eTo tEdr .

erOgBukrlYyEdleFI√[BYksaÂs†acar¥cSmineP¬cenaH KWkarkat'yk30% elI®Vk'em"agrbs'®KUm~ak'@ ebIBMudUec~aHeTBYkrtnaKarmin®BmeFI√eLIy eKBn¥a Tuk[yUr edayykelsfa fvikaKµan ®tUvcSbYn®VMq~SteTAeTot . sUmCMrab fa saÂs†acar¥mF¥msikßabzmPUmiman®Vk'Ex8,500erol (kaleNaHmas mYydMLwg´f¬3,000erol) . ebIbe®gonenAbzmPUmi (f~ak'TI6eTATI3TMenIb) ®tUvbe®gon18em"agk~¨gmYyGaTit¥ ebIelIsBIenaHKWCaem"agbEnƒm Edl®tUv TTYlkM´rcMnYn160erolk~¨gmYyem"ag . ebIbe®gonenATutiyPUmi (f~ak'TI2dl' f~ak'TIbJçb') enaH®tUvbe®gonEt16em"ageTk~¨g1GaTit¥ elIsBIenaHKWem"agbEnƒm®tUvVnkM´r180erolk~¨gmYyem"ag . ebICasaÂs†acar¥TutiyPUmi (briJÔab&®t) vij ( ®Vk'Ex10,000erol) enaH®tUvVnkM´r®Vk'em"agbEnƒmcMnYnEt7 em"agkn¬HeTk~¨gmYyGaTit¥ ebIelIsBIenH®tUvbe®gonTeTedayKµankM´r . BYk ®KU®Vk'Exgab'VnFUrFarmYykMrit k*edaysarEt®Vk'em"agbEnƒmenH ehIy ®tUvBYkrtnaKarkat'yk30% TSgGyuti†Fm· EdleFI√[G~kx¬HmanKMnit®khm eLIg . saÂs†acar¥mF¥msikßabzmPUmim~ak'@®tUvVnkM´r®Vk'em"agenHcMnYn BI3,000eTA5,000erolk~¨gmYyEx tambe®gontic…e®cInem"ag . k~¨gkareFI√ ®Vk'em"agenH BYkrtnaKareKt´f¬CamYynayKNeny¥xagbuKliksikßa . nayKNeny¥ykmkBiPakßaCamYynaykext†xagmF¥msikßa CamYycag h√agviT¥al&y .cagh√agviT¥al&yebIk®bCMusMueyabl'PaKe®cInBIBYksaÂs†a car¥k~¨gkart´f¬enH . ®Vk'em"agenaHeKebIkmk®Kb'tambJÇI®twm®tUv Etk~¨gbJIÇggitvij nayKNeny¥xagbuKliksikßakat'yk®Vk'30% ®bKl'e®ka mtueTA[BYkrtnaKareKEckcayK~aeK . etIehtuGI√VnCaeK®tUveFI√EbbenH e®JHenHCamuxgar CaParkicçrbs'BYkeKesaHenaH ? . erOgenHehIyEdl bN†alCabuB√ehtuek†A®khaymYyEdrcMeJHBYksaÂs†acar¥ . ®bB&nÏrdΩVlEp~kBukrlYy rhUtcinpßar …BYkkUnecAcinenAVt'dMbgeKniyayfa « eK min[kUneTA®KU®Vk'Exgab'eT eKsuxcit†elIk[kUnb"UlIs®Vk'Ex2,000erol®besIrCag » . ‰ecAh√ayext†®Vk'Ex7,000erol ehtuGI√k*hWuharem"¬H VnluymkBINa ? .

3- neyaVycit†saÂs†Kµanykmke®bITal'EtesaH G~kEdleTAsikßa viCÇaenHBIkUer"xagt∫Ëg ®Kan'Etman@b"ueNˆaH . BYks~gkarneyaVyJk'Et s&ki†lMGTI®kug sU®t®TwsI†®bqSgkumµ¨ynis†[Etsisßnig®KUs†ab' EtnayTa -119-

han Gs'elakecAh√ayext†minrvIrvl'eGIeBI …eFI√tamKMnitsÂgamcit†saÂs† ´nBYks~gkarneyaVyTal'EtesaH ehIyEfmTSgBYkeKemIlgayfa BYk s~gkarneyaVyEdlPaKe®cInCanayTahanGasIumIeL ( Assimilés )enaH ecHmindl'BYkeKCanayTahan EdlVnsikßaecjBIsalaeyaFaExµr ( EMK - Ecole Militaire Khmère ) Tal'EtesaH . pʨyeTAvij BYkemExµr®khmBMu Edlsikßa®TwsI†salaeyaFaNamYyeT EtBYkenHVnyk®TwsI†sÂgamT&B qµk'mkGnuvt†VneCaKC&ymYyryPaKry kan'kab'Camças'lan®byuTÏVn ( Maître du terrain ) ‰BYkGtitsisßsalaeyaFaEbrCaGnuvt†®TwsI†sÂgamtS gBIsm&yGaNaniKm ®bmUlpM†¨K~aEtenAk~¨gbnÊay TukTIxage®kA[xµSgeFI√skmµPaBVn100% CaBiessenAeBlyb' BYkExµr®khmGnuvt†sÂgamcit†sa Âs†enHx¬Sgk¬aNas' ehIyVneCaKC&yCaTIeBjcit†rbs'eK . eKeXasna nigeFI√viTÏgßna bg˚viecœTkmµ[´pÊk~¨gsaFarNrdΩ®cbUk®cbl' ®bCaCnElgma nCMenOelIrdΩkarln'-nl' ehIynwksresIr®sLaj'BYkExµr®khm lÌ®twm ®tUv sÌatsÌM minlYcb¬n'G~k®suk (ebIBYkeKebHEp¬emÊsmYy eKdak'luyelIedI memÊsenaH) sresIrfaeBT¥bdivt†ne_ cHcak'mǨlviT¥asaÂs†tamEbbcin ( Acupuncture ) BUEks&ki†siTiÏ, minsIusMNUk .l. km¬SgsaFarNrdÏEdl®tUvykmkvayxµSgenaH ®tLb'Caykmkkab'ca k'sm¬ab'EtK~a‰g´pÊk~¨geTAvij ( ln'-Nundak'®Kab'Ebk®bugeFI√Xatelakna ykrdΩmÂnI†sWg-g"ukfaj', eFI√Xatelakesg-sflun´f, eFI√Xatelakfac'-Ca nigbNiÎtEkv-saMgKIm, sm¬ab'elakGfl˜u-savuF˘˘˘ ) .BYk®kumln'-Nun eday x¬ac®kumelaksWg-g"ukfaj'deNI†mGMNacBIbgKat' ( nl'-nl' ) k*bMEbk kgT&BBiess kgT&BEm"kh√&kexÊcxIÊ[exßayElgman®bsiTiÏPaB . kgvr esnaNaEdlx¬Sg dUcCakgT&Bq&®teyag, kgTahanelakGfl˜u-savuF˘˘˘ ®tUv ®kumln'-NunbJÇËn[eTAvay®Kb'smrPUmi rhUts¬ab'Gs'Kµansl' rhUt elakGfl˜u-savuFk*®tUvs¬ab'Vt'bg'CIvitedaysars~a´dln'-NunEfmeTot KW XatkmµVneFI√bI´f© e®kayEdlGfl˜u-savuFVneTACYb ( TTYl{vaTe®bon®bedA BIelaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) CaKMrb'elIkTI®VMmk . eKmin[®Kab' …rfyn†dwkTahaneT luHNaEtembJÇakarsUkluy eTIb eK®Bm[ . ebIcg'yn†ehaHeTATm¬ak'®Kab'Ebk embJÇakar®tUvEtsUkluyEdr ebImindUec~aHeT kgvr:esnaenaH@k*®tUvBYkExµr®khmnigBYkyYnxageCIgvay s¬ab'exÊcxIÊGs'eTA . exaGavCaCMnYyGaemrikSgeKminebIk[TahaneT eKeTA®bTHeXIjTSgKM nrlk'enAtampßarnana dUcCapßarGULSBicCaedIm . ebIEbrCaebIk[Tahanvij KWembJÇakarnwgkat'®Vk'Ex´f¬exaGavenaH .k~¨g{kasEhrk∫ÁnTTYlelak GKrdΩTUtGaemrikSgh¨n-F&redonenAVt'dMbgenaH TahanedIrk∫Ánes¬økexa GavrEhk elakedonVnykexßøelakeTAeKaHp˚ayeFI√BImas elIsµaesk-120-

sMeGot ehIyman®bsasnf _ a – p˚ayelakeFI√suTÏEtBImas EtraÂs† nigTa hanelakGt'Vy ! . etIehtuGI√VnCaBYknayTahansaFarNrdΩCYyBYkExµr®khm ? e®JH – 1- BYkeKnSK~aeCOtam®BHraCbnÊËlsIhnu EdlE®skEk†g@BIeb"kSgmk fa [kUnecAnSK~art'cUl´®B vaykMcat'bnk∫t'ln'-nl' nigc®kBti†GaemrikSg . ehtuenHehIyVnCaExµr®khm Gac®bmUlkgT&BVny"agqab'rh&s eda yVnraCbnÊËlsIhnuCYyE®skBIeb"kSgpg nigedayTun®bCa®biyPaBsIhnuenAxıs' k~¨g®sTab'cit†KMnitksikrExµr®sukE®scMkarpg .

2- BYkeKenAEtmanCMenOfa ( rhUtsB√´f©BYksIhnuniym k*enAEteCOd Edl ) eTA´f©mux sem†csIhnumuxCamkdwknS®beTsExµrvijCaminxan . eh tuenHehIy ebIbYkeKCYykgT&BsIhnuenAeBlenH ( 1970-75 ) eTA´f©mux BYkeKc∫as'CaVnbuN¥s&ki†kan'EtFMeLIgEfmeTot enAeBlEdlsem†csI hnuyagmkkan'kab'GMNac Ca®bmuxrdΩExµrvijenaH . k~¨gKMnityl'®cLMEb benH‰g eTIbbYkeKminykcit†Tukdak'sikßaBIbnExµr®khmdl'bni†cesaH . k~¨gCMenOrebobenH eTIbVnCaln'-NunVnbJÇËn®Kab'kSePI¬geTA[Exµr®kh mEdr . braC&y´nrbbsaFarNrdΩExµr KWmank*edaysarEtelakln'-nl'pÊa l'Etm†g EdlmanKMnitxI¬ KWmYymin®BmeFI√tamKMnitrbs'®Tg'sirimt: Edl[ eFI√KtsIhnu edIm∫IkarJrkMu[sIhnurt'eTAcUlCamYyxµSg ( ®bEhlCaln'nl'x¬ac≤TiÏBlTwksm∫f EdlVKUyk®BHxan'raC¥kUr[pwkehIys∫ffa mink∫t'eFI√KtsIhnueT e®JHln'-nl'eCOelIGaKmGUmGamJk¥sm∫fNa s' ) . TI2-KWln'-nl'min®BmdkBYksIhnuniym[Gs'esaH . EfmBIelI enHeTot tSgBIln'-nl'k¬ayCaBikars¬ab'´deCIgmk ( xM®tdr{bGMNact eTAeTot ) ln'-nl'fIµenHmindUcln'-nl'kalmunesaH . CaåTahrN®_ Kan' Et®bBnÏfIµekµgVnkUn k*GYt®Vb'eK‰g ®bkastamviT¥¨ ekaHehAGfl˜u-savuFBI lan®byuTÏkMBugx¬Sgk¬a mk®Vb'dMNwgcMkYtminsmehtuplenH . kalExµr ®khmvayP~MeBjx¬Sgk¬aenaH ln'-nl'VneFI√sImadMufµ rYcehIy[yn†ehaH ykeTAeVHTm¬ak'CMuvijTI®kugP~MeBj CasimakarJrkMu[BYkTmiLcUlmkk~¨g ®kugVn . ln'nl'[®KUes¬øksJk's sıayfg'yam®KvasVcGg˚rnSmux kgT&B cUleTAvayT&ByYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExµr®khm .l. KWln'-nl'cat'TukBYkyYneyokkug-eyokNamxageCIg nigExµr®kh mCaTmiL Caexµac®Jybisac Cas®tUvGrUbiy EdlKat'eCOfa ®tUvEtcuHcaj' ≤TiÏBlrbs'BuTÏmn†Cadac'xat (?!) .

❑

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bdivt†n_Xatkr ´f©TI17 emsa 1975 Ca´f©mhaeCaKC&yrbs'bnExµr®khmelIrbbsa FarNrdΩExµr nigc®kBti†GaemrikSg . b"ul-BtVnbJÇaP¬am[edjCen¬øs ®bCaCnecjBI®kugP~MeBj edayKµankarGnue®KaHesaHeLIy . ®bCaCnCag bIlannak' (5) Vn®tUvcakecjecalpÊHsMEbgTSgbg≈M Vk'Ebk®Jt'®Vs' Em"“ kUnbI†®bBnÏeTATI´T@ edayx¬HenA‰kariyal&y enAsalaeron eTApßar eTAeBT¥sYrG~kCm©W enApÊHbgbÌËn…mit†Pki†˘˘. ®KUeBT¥Edl®Kan'EtsMuBn¥aeBl emIlG~krbYs k*®tUveyaFaVj'ecalP¬am . TahansaFarNrdΩEdleP¬c edaH‰ksNΩanecal ®tUvBYkeyaFaVj's¬ab'cÂgag@ecalenAelIp¬Ëvf~l' .

G~kEdlsakl∫gBn¥aeBlEr"r" k*®tUveyaFaVj'ecal …Kb'®Kab'EbkcUlk~¨ gpÊHs¬ab'TSg®KYsar . mnusßENnNan'tan'tab'®be®CotK~aecjelI®Kb'p¬Ëv ecjBITI®kugP~MeBj . ekµg mnusßcas'Cra G~kCm©W®tUvs¬ab' ehIy®tUveVHbg' saksBecalKµaneBlevlanwgkb'[Vn®sYleLIy ®Kan'Et®Kbnwg®kNat'sMBt'…kenÊl kUnecA…Em"“ k*eFI√dMeNIrKµaneKaledAteTAmuxeTot e®JHx¬acGaC∆aBiXatrbs'BYkExµr®khm .

“BukxM∆¨EbkBIm†ayxM∆¨ (6) Cab'CamYybÌËn®busbnÊab'eQµaHhiun-sIuFn nig GamMuCa®bBnÏ ®BmCamYybÌËn®sITI5 CasisßviT¥al&y18mina eQµaHhiun-can' FI (7) eFI√dMeNIrtamp¬Ëvk∫alf~l' E®Bk‰g ehIyeTArs'enAk~¨g®sukkMeNIt GamMuCakUn®bsar®sI ( ®bBnÏsIuFn ) enAext†´®BEvg e®tIyxagekItTen¬emKg k~¨gPUmiPaKbUJ·Tis . dl'rdUv®cUtkat'q~S1975 GgkarbUJ·VnCen¬øs®bCa CnfIµ [eTAenAe®tIyxaglicx¬Hk~¨gext†kMBg'cam . “BukxM∆¨nigkUnTSgGs'K~a bYnnak' k*®tUvGgkardak'TisenHEdr ehIyVneTAenAk~¨gPUmi®tJMgÚsßI sg˚at'C&eya ®sukcMkarelI ext†kMBg'cam tMbn'5 PUmiPaKåt†rTis . edayx√HCati®bUetGIun e®JHrbbGaExµr®khmvaminp†l'Gahar®Kb'®Kan'dl'®b CaCneT “BukxM∆¨ehImk¬ayCadMe◊edayKµanf~SB¥aVl . BYkvaVndak'Tis“ BukxM∆¨[CYybitÚsßIeFI√kEÂJçglIÌCamYy®kumtacas'@enAk~¨gPUmi .

‰bÌËn®sI

(5) ®bCaCnekIneLIgedaysarrt'eKcBIsÂgamext†e®kAcUlmkkkkujk~¨g®kugP~MeBj .

(6) Bt·mansI†BIdMNwgCenø¬ srbs'“Bukx¨M∆ KWmit†Et-em"glIVnerobrab'®Vb'x¨M∆ . Et-em"g lI CaGtitsaÂs†acar¥GkßrsaÂs†Exµr-VrSgenAviT¥al&yent-y"g'Edr .

enAq~S1972

Vnpa¬ s'eTAbe®gonsmNsisßenABuTiÏkviT¥al&y®BHsura®mit (P~MeBj) . eBlExµr®khm Cenø¬ s®bCaCnenaH mit†Et-em"glI VneTArs'enAk~¨gXMuCamYy®KYsar“Bukx¨M∆ edayPrBYk vafa CacinG~krksIuBIedIm . Et-em"glIVneTAelgCamYybÌËn®busx¨M∆ eBl®cUt®sUvnaq~S 1975 . x¨MV ∆ nCYbEt-em"glI e®kayeBlEdlkgT&ByYncUlQa¬ nJnkan'kab'®sukExµr sB´√ f©mit†Et-em"glI Vnrs'enAk~¨g®kug QUEBEC ®beTskaNada .

(7) bÌËn®busenHsB´√ f©enArs'‰ext†eJFisat' .

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hiun-can'FI edayenAlIv bYkvak*cat'bJçËleTAk~¨g®kumcl&tnarI minVnenACY bCMu“BukxM∆¨eT . yUr@eTIbVnsMuc∫ab'eKmkelg“Buknigbg@Vnm†g . eBl evlaecHEtkn¬geTA mit†Et-em"glIVn®tUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAPÇÁrE®s elIk TMnb' CIk®bLay elIkP¬WE®s ehIyVnCYbK~aCamYybÌËn®busxM∆¨Cajwkjab' . k~¨gExemsa1977 mit†Et-em"glIVneTAelg“BukxM∆¨eTotEtbÌËnxM∆¨Vn®Vb'fa “BukxM∆¨Vn®tUvGgkardak'Tis[eTAyamTMnb'kalBI®VM´f©mun (e®JHkalenaH GgkarExµr®khmåt†rTis VnekNήbCaCnkgcl&tTSg®busTSg®sIrab'mWu nnak'eTAelIkTMnb'Twkqa) . bÌËnxM∆¨Vnniyay®Vb'Et-em"glIfa – mit†tUc(kg Q¬b) Vnykkg'mkdwk“BukxM∆¨ eday[Kat'erobcMexaGav e®JH®tUvmanTis eTACYyyamTMnb' . va®Vb'fa vadwkeTACasg˚at'@ vadwk“Bukrbs'xM∆¨tamLa nCamYynigta@d´TeTot EdlmkBIPUmiepßg@mkCYbCMuK~a . tSgBIeBlenaH mk Vt'dMNwg“BukxM∆¨rhUt . bÌËnxM∆¨TSgbIVncS@emIlp¬Ëv“BukmineXIjvil®t Lb'mkvijesaH . dl'mk´f©TI2kk˚da1977 GgkarExµr®khmPUmiPaKåt†rtM bn'5 cab'Cen¬øs®bCaCnfIµesIÊrGs'BIPUmi faykeTA[bg˚begI˚nplenA®suk fIµmYyepßgeTot mincSVc'yk≤va"n'e®cIneTnSBiVk e®JHenATIenaHGgkarma nrbs'Gacpt'pg'VnsB√®Kb'TSgGs' . BYkvaVn®Vb'fa Ggkarnwgdak'Tis [®bCaCnfIµeTAenAtamdgp¬ËvCatieTAP~MeBj . æfaVnGgkarpt'pg'sB√®Kb' enaH G~kx¬H EdlKµanTisk*sMueKeTACamYyEdr edIm∫IVnCYbCMubgbÌËnkUnecA . kalenaH bÌËn®sIxM∆¨enAk~¨gkgcl&t kMBugCMrHesµAcMkarmn dl'æfabg®busb g®sI®tUveKCen¬øs k*TMlak'cbecalrt'rlHrlSgmkCYbbg ehIysMueTACa mYyeKEdr . ®bCaCnfIµTSgGs'®tUvBYkvadwkTSgLan@ (Lan®Tug) y"agEN nyk eTAvaysm¬ab'kb'reN†AenAk~¨gcMkarekAsflUGUrGN†Ëg cm©ay20K˘m˘BIPU mi . BYkvaVnCIkreN†Ay"agFMdUcCa®sHTwkTukCamunxÊg'mYyEx . vasm¬ab'tS gBITark ekµgtUc mnusß®bus®sI®Kb'v&y TSg®sIman´pÊeJHpg . edIm∫IkMu[ sMErk QWcab'´nBYkG~keTasæsUreTAdl'PUmi BYkvaVncak'em®kUeP¬gnigcMero gbdivt†n_ (rMlay®sukrMlaysgmExµr) lan'æx¬SgkgrMBg . karkab'sm¬ab' enH KWb"ul-BtecjbJÇaBIP~MeBjmke®kay Edlvasm¬ab'VnKNPUmiPaKbU J·k∫t'cUl´dyYneQµaHesa-PwmenaHmk . b"ul-BtVn[bJÇasm¬ab'TSg eyaFak∫t' rYmTSg®bCaCnfIµk~¨gPUmiPaKåt†rnigbUJ·Tis . vaykyn†ehaHeTA Tm¬ak'xitb&Nˆ

[BYkeyaFabUJ·dak'GavuFcuHcUlGgkarnwgGP&yeTas[

Ete®kayhUtGavuFGs'ehIy b"ul-BtbJÇa[dwkeyaFabUJ·TisTSgGs'xÊg' bYnmWunnak' ykmkvayTm¬ak'reN†AenA®tg'rkaekag exaGav mYk enAecalrat' ray ‰k¬ins̨yexµacBYkeyaFabUJ·PayrhUtdl'e®tIym≈agxagl√aeTr enHebI tamesckI†raykarNr_ bs'elakyU-sMbUr GtItnaykbuKlikmF¥msikßa®ku gP~MeBj sB√´f©rs'enA®kugm"uger"Gal'®beTskaNada . ‰m†ayxM∆¨vijVnCen¬øsecjeTA®sukkMeNItenAekaHxßac'kN†al -123-

xag

ekIte®Caycg√a EtedayCa®bCaCnfIµ ®VMmYyExe®kayk*®tUvGgkarCen¬øsec jb n † mk d l' e x t † e JF i sa t ' c u H e T A q © a yd a c ' ® sya lB I f ~ l' C a t i C a g 3 0 K ˘ m ˘ CatMbn'´®BKµan®tIsac' CamYybÌËn®buslIv hiun-sIufa (bÌËnTI6) bÌËn®sIhiun®sI (bÌËnTI7) nigbÌËn®buseBAhiun-vNˆdara ehAhfluc (7) . bÌËn®bussIufa ®tU v®bFankgcl&tkgQ¬bcab'ykeTAcak'ksm¬ab' BIbTlYckac'eJtmYysMrn'®kBH EdlrbbGgkarvakMNt'[Gg˚rmYykMb"ug (Tm©n'xÊg'200®kam) sMrab' K~a10nak'k~¨g1´f© . m†ayxM∆¨edaymaneraKCm©W®kBH®bcSkaypg NamYyGt' Gaharpg ehIydl'TTYldMNwgBIbÌËnxM∆¨®tUvBYkGaefI¬mexµAb"ul-Btsm¬ab'eca leTotenaH k*bN†aleraKkan'Etx¬Sg . eBlCitputdegI˙m, tamsMdIbÌËn®bus eBA, m†ayxM∆¨Vn[bÌËnxM∆¨eTAsMus˚ret~atmYys¬ab®JBImIcugePAeragVyrYm Et emsaman¥enaHvaeqI¬ytbvijfa – « Kµans˚rKµansIÌeT BYkmI17emsa[vas¬ab' ®sLH[Gs'eTA ! » . m†ayxM∆¨VnTTYlmrNPaBTSgkI†evTnanigQWcab' . bÌËn®busxM∆¨VnbJç¨HsBm†ayxM∆¨pÊal'´d (q~S1977) . ‰bÌËn®sITI7k*manCm©WKµa nf~SB¥aVl ehIyVt'bg'CIvitenATIenaHEdr . karkab'sm¬ab'mansPaBx¬Sgk¬aNas'k~¨gkML¨gq~S1977 . enAPUmiPaK åt†rnigbUJ·Tis CaBiessenAe®kayEdlesa-PwmVnk∫t'cUl´dKS®TyYn ehIyelIkT&BsMedAmkP~MeBj . e®kaysm¬ab'esa-PwmrYcehIy b"ul-Bt bJÇa[eyaFaExµr®khmvaysMrukcUleTAk~¨gdIevotNam sm¬ab'®bCaCnExµr e®kamGs'Cae®cInJn' . tamesckI†[karNB _ IExµre®kamm~ak'eQµaHfac'-Q~a g sB√´f©rs'enA®kugGULSBIy"a rdΩva"siunetanfa – « yYnVndwgsƒankarN_ enHmun ehIy[dMNwg®bCaCnyYndkx¬Ánfy ‰Exµre®kameKmin[dwgesaH eLIy T&Bb"ul-Btkab'sm¬ab'PaKe®cIn CaCatiyYnsJÇatiedImExµre®kamb"ueNˆaH . munnwgT&ByYncUlQ¬anJn®sukExµr BYkb"ul-BtminGackan'kab'tM bn'xagekIte®tIyTen¬emKgPUmiPaKbUJ·VneT ®bCaCnmankarrMeCIbrMCYlbH eVrtTl's¬ab'rs'CamYyBYkkgQ¬b . manerOgG~kx¬SgBUEkecjCYyG~k®su k manerOgelaktask's (carbursyYn) cUlmkbg˚claclBYkb"ul-Bt ebIeyaFaedjtamk*eKcx¬ÁnVt'rkmineXIjeLIy (8) . ‰enAVt'dMbgman Jk¥ccamGaramxßwbtK~aBImat'mYyeTAmat'mYyfa – « G~kmanbuN¥CitekIt ehIy˘˘˘ x¬HeTotfaekItehIy EtecjtamqÌwgCMnIm†ay mindUcmnusßsamJÔ FmµtaeT˘˘˘ x¬HeTotfaBYkeyaFa®bugsm¬ab'TSgm†ayTSgkUn EteyaFaenaH®tUv s¬ab'x¬Án‰gvij » . ebItamesµr˘˘˘ enHCasÂgamcit†saÂs†rbs'BYkyYnehg-sMrin bMpus[ExµrEdlmanCMenOrg'cSEtG~kmanbuN¥mkCYyenaH [KS®T BYkva . ‰karkab'sm¬ab'®bCaCntMbn'PUmiPaKåt†rnigbUJ·enaH

KWeFI√edayrebob

(7) bÌËn®busenHsB´√ f©enArs'‰ext†eJFisat' .

(8) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakhuk-GUnlagenA®kecH sB´√ f©rs'enArdΩkalIh&r√ nij"a.

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eXareXAbMput dUcCaBMuEmnCaCatiExµrdUcK~abni†cesaH . b"ul-BtbJÇa[sm¬a b'ecalTSg®KY@ . sUm∫Icl&tEdlKµan“Bukm†ay KµandwgerOgGI√esaH k*®tUv BYkvaGUskykeTAsm¬ab'ecalEdr KWvaeFI√tamsuPasitcinfa – « CMrHesµAKW CIkTSgÚs » bg˚arkMu[mankarsgswknwgBYkvaeTA´f©e®kay . kUnekµg Tark ®tUvBYkvacab'eVksm¬ab'nwgKl'et~at Kl's√ay Kl'dUg eVHeLIgelIykCM BuHTugrg . varMelaP®sIrYcsm¬ab'ecal . vHmnusßTSgrs'ykef¬ImeTAqarsIu yk®bmat'pwkEk¬m®sa nigbJÇËneTA®sukcineFI√f~ScinEsEkeraK . reN†AFM@ eBjedayexµacrab'Jn' . Kl'dUg Kl'et~at enA®bLak'QamenAeLIyeBl T&ByYncUlmkQ¬anJn®sukExµr ehIyykVnP~MeBjenA´f©TI7 mkra 1979enaH . k~¨gJk'kN†alq~S1978 b"ul-BtbJÇa[Cen¬øs®bCaCnext†s√ayerog mkP~MeBjyk®kmaBN·´btgm~ak'mYy rYcehIydwkCJÇËntamreTHePI¬gmk Tm¬ak'ecalenAext†eJFisat' . BYkG~kman®kmaBN·´btgenH KW®tUvGgkar ext†eJFisat'TTYlbJÇaBIb"ul-Btmk[sm¬ab'ecalTSgGs' e®JHsuTÏCa BYkk∫t' k∫alyYnx¬ÁnExµr . eKGUskykBYks√ayerogTSgGs' minfaCa®bCa Cn emkg KN:X XMu KN:G GI√@eT ykeTAvaykab'sm¬ab'ecalenA‰valE®s e®kAPUmi . manemkgnarIm~ak'k¬ahanNas'Vnniyayfa – etIBYkeKmankMhu sGI√VnGgkarykBYkeKmksm¬ab'y"agenH ? BYkeyIgVnbMerIGgkar esµaH ®tg'GgkarGs'BIcit†BIefI¬m enATIbJçb'BYkeyIgVnTTYlplEbbenHeTAvij! minVc'cgmuxykeTAeT sm¬ab'eyIgenATIenHcuH ! . ekµg®sIm~ak'Gayu®VMbYn q~S®tUvBYkeBCŒXatykeTAvaysm¬ab'EtmincMF©n'®Kan'Etsn¬b' egIbdwgx¬ÁnBI sn¬b'k*edIrcUlmkk~¨gPUmivij . ®bCaCnmUldΩanVn®Vb'[rt'eKcx¬Ánecj eTA EtK~agIegImindwgrt'eTATINa . kgQ¬bmkdl'eXIjk*cab'ykeTAdutTS grs' E®skTFak'keÂJÇallan'rMBgTMrSdac'x¥l's¬ab' . exµacG~kext†s√ay erograb'mWunnak's¬ab'KreCIgelIK~aKµankb'eT ecalrat'raykN†alvalehIm s̨yPaymkdl'PUmi (9) . enACayEdns√ayerog manBYks~ËlevotmijdUc ehg-sMrin (minTSgGs'eT) manKMnit®sLaj'nigbMerIyYntSgBIsm&y≤sß r:m mkem"¬H . k~¨gsm&ysIhnuBYkenHrs'enAlak'x¬ÁneFI√Ca®bCaCnrksIuFmµta EtmincuHcUlCamYyrbbdwknSsIhnueT dUcCa®KUb"k'enAPUmisag x¬HrksIurt' BnÏnS≤va"n'ykeTAlk' dUcCakrNIemExµrevotmijehg-sMrin EdlrksIudwk ®CUkeTAlk'enACayEdnyYnCaedIm .

(9) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'G~k®sIKIm-san namedImPU-BUn CabÌËn®sInYn-Ca (CakUnciJçw mrbs'GMuxag®bBnÏx¨M)∆ . eBlmkCYbCMuCamYybgbÌËnm†ayyayeBj enAvt†KrknH¬ Exe®kay yYnyk®sukExµrVn faVnCenø¬ smkrs'enAext†eJFisat' VneXIjerOgkab'sma¬ b'BYk ext†sa√ yerogenH . ‰kUn®busc∫grbs'Kat'eQµaHsl' QWehIyrt'BIkgcl&tmkdac' x¥l'sa¬ b'enAnwgkSCeNI†rxÊmnwgmuxm†ay . ‰kUn®busm~ak'eTot ®tUvkgQb ¬ ykeTAdut sma¬ b'TSgrs' e®JHvaxl iÇ ButeFQ I√ W .

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enAVt'dMbg PUmiPaKJy&B¥TisBYkGgkarmUl-sm∫ti†k*minGn'Edr k~¨g karkab'sm¬ab'ExµrenH . ®bCaCntMbn'bYnxage®kamGtIt®kugVt'dMbg ®tUv s¬ab'vinasTSgPUmi@ edaysarBYkvabgÌt'Vy nigcab'ykeTAvaysm¬ab'eca lbn†K~a . G~klYcrt'ecjBItMbn'4sMedAeTACayEdn´f manswgral'´f© x¬H rt'mksMuenAvt†Kr G~kx¬H®tUvQ¬bcab'Vnk*®tUvBYkvasm¬ab'ecaleTA . ‰G~k XMuvt†Krk*lYcrt'eTA®sukesomEdr eTAm†gCa®kumdb'…´m∏nak' cMnYnBIrbIGaTit¥ mandMNwgfamanG~klYcrt' . edayGt'x¬SgeBk ®bus@EdlkMBugPçÁrk*dYl s¬ab'P¬am ekµg@s¬ab'muneK rYceTIbmnusß®buse®JHx√HGaharp†l'famBl dUcCas˚r Cati®bUetGIun (®tI sac' sflut) ‰®sIs¬ab'e®kayEttice®JH®sImin sUv®tUvkarzamBlk~¨gsJ·gkayeTIbGac®TS®TVnyUrCag .

G~kx¬HedayGt'x¬SgeBkeTA k*hflaneTAlYcKas'exµackb'fIµ Garyksac' mklYces©ar …GSgTTYlTansMrn'®kBH ykki†leckki†ll˙¨gmkbriePaKla ynig®tkYn nS[cuHraKrhUtVt'bg'CIvit . x¬HeToteTAlYcbUt®sUv lYcKas' dMLËg ®tav ehIy®tUvkgQ¬bcab'Vnsm¬ab'ecaleTAeTot . k~¨gPUmivt†KrEd lxM∆¨rs'enA BYkemkgraykarNe_ TAXMu @[kgQ¬bmkykm†gmYy@eTAsm¬a b'ecals©at'@ . ‰x¬ÁnxM∆¨pÊal'k*maneQµaHk~¨gbJÇIexµArbs'BYkvaEdr CamYynig elaktasUr-Cit GtItGnuKNext†Vt'dMbg (10) . G~kbMJnsIlFm·saha ysµn'K~a ®tUveKykeTAvaysm¬ab'enAmuxGg®bCMu . G~kxiÇleKcEkmin®BmeFI√ karrYm G~kQWe®cInk*®tUvkgQ¬bGUskykeTAEdr . bgyYg(GtItKy), ela khab'-hUy (nayEp~kbuKlik®KUmF¥msikßaVt'dMbg) k*eKykeTAEdr eda yPriyaKat'eFI√[elcæfa ebIkMuEt®sukdUec~Hem"¬HbI†Kat'manbuN¥s&ki†FMCamin xan . Kat'faelakesk-sMeGot ecAh√ayext†Vt'dMbgVnesI~r[bI†Kat'Jk's&ki†®VM Jk¥enHæcUldl'®tecok®bFannarIeQµaHerob EdlkMBugCan'Gg˚r rYcdl'KN:XMu@k*Cen¬øs®KYsarKat'eTAenAcugXMuvt†Kr[Eckk†arCitP~MsMeBA bni†cmkQ¬bk*mkykelak®KUhab'-hUyeTAsm¬ab'enAGN†Ëg®BIg . G~kx¬H eTotEdlxMlak'x¬Án ehIy®tUvEbkkarNn _ wgsMdI®bBnÏ e®JHminecHlwbkwb ykmkp†l'[®bBnÏ EdlGt'sIuedayK~amanx¬ÁnCaGtItrdΩkar k*bN†al[ma nCem¬aHbI†®bBnÏ ®bBnÏE®sk…eCr eFI√[EbkkarNB _ ImuxdMENgbI† kgQ¬b k*mkGUskykeTA˘˘˘ x¬HeTotk*suxcit†lYcrt'ecjeTA´f dUcCaelakbUra"n'Ca edIm . BYklYcrt'PaKe®cIn ®tUv´fCayEdnsm¬ab'ecal ykmas®Vk'Edl Cab'nwgx¬Án . ecA®bsarGMuxSeQµaHpl¬a ( GtIts&ki†bIebIkyn†ehaH ®tUvCaja (10) kgT&ByYnkan'kab'Vn®kugVt'dMbgehIyenA´f©TI12mkra ®bCaCnVnlbqg ¬ sÊwg cUlmkPUmivt†KrerIyk®TB¥ Et®tUvb"HQb ¬ yamrbs'va ´f©TI13˘˘˘ Qb ¬ Edlvadak'yamk~¨g PUmis©at'Qwg k*Vj'BYk®bCaCnEdllbcUleTAPUmisa¬ b'Gs'Cae®cIn . G~kEdlcUleTA erIk~¨gpÊHKN:XMu VneXIjsMeNAbJIrÇ ayeQµaHEdleK®tUvykeTAsma¬ b' . eQµaHsmab'rYcBYkvaKUsecal eQµaHx¨Me∆ nA®tg'elx328 . eQµaHelaktasUr-CitenABImuxx¨M∆ enAEt5 nak'eTotdl'evnx¨M∆ .

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tinYn-Capg ) k*®tUveKykeTAsm¬ab'kb'Gg˚amenAGN†Ëg®BIgEdr edayBYk Q¬bvamkykfa [eTACYyCJÇËnGMbil‰XMu . fIKICaKijk*eKykeTAEdr vay eFI√TaruNkmµmYy´f©@E®skeraTri_ MBgTMrSs¬ab' . kUnfIKIBIrnak'eQµaHkanigekIn minsuxcit†mk®beTsTI3nwgeKeT mkcUlrYmclnatsflUr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘enACay EdncSsgswknwgBYkExµr®khmvij . enAmanG~k‰eTotCae®cInEdlxM∆¨mincS eQµaHGs' Etk~¨gcMeNamGtIt®KUnigsaÂs†acar¥viT¥al&yent-y"g'cMnYnEs sibnak' enAsl'rs'Et®VMmYynak'rYmTSgx¬ÁnxM∆¨m~ak'pg e®kayEdlBYkyYn kan'kab'®sukExµrVnehIyenaH . ´f©ExecHEtkn¬geTA mYy´f©hak'dUcCamYyq~S eBl®BwkeLIgk*nwkfax¬Án Vnrs'mYy´f©eTotehIy EtxM∆¨rs'enATSgkI†PitP&ytk's¬¨t mindwgfa´f©Na nwgdl'evnx¬Án . yb'eLIgmanEtbn'®BH vtƒ¨s&ki†siTiÏnana KuN“Bukm†ayCY y[beJçøsrYcputBIe®KaHf~ak' kMu[dUcG~kpgEdlQ¬bvaykeTAfa « [eTA eronsU®t‰GgkarelI » enaHehIyKµan´f©vilmkvijesaH . EtxM∆¨mineP¬clak' davekr†i_ sMelogy"agmut dak'e®kamkenÊledkeLIy . davenH®tUvBYknirtIdk hUtykmunyYncUlbni†c TSgBUefA pak' Ex√v®Kb'@pÊH e®JHvax¬ac®bCaCnbH eVrdUcenAPUmiPaKbUJ·eTot . xM∆¨rs'enAedayesckI†sgÙwm ( Hope ) e®JHma nCMenOfa rbbcMkYtlIlaEbbenHc∫as'CarlayGn†rFan´f©NamYyminxan . mit†xM∆¨x¬HdUcCaCin-sUFIr, saÂs†acar¥briJÔab&®tFmµCativiT¥a, sYn-Qwm, saÂs†acar¥PasaGg'eK¬s edaykI†Gs'sgÙwmk~¨gCIvit k*dac'cit†cgkeFI√Gt†Xat s¬ab'k~¨gq~S1977 . xM∆¨sUmCMrabfa e®kayrdUvcMrUtq~S1975 xM∆¨®tUveKcat'[eTAeFI√kark~¨geragCa grYm®bcSXMuvt†Kr cm©aybIKILËEm"®txagelIpÊHm†aynYn-Ca edaysarxM∆¨mancM eNHxagePI¬gGKIsnI nigCYsCulviT¥¨ edayVnerontamsMbu®tTak'TgBI®su kVrSgBIsalaGWrWulic ( Institut Europeen d'Electronique - EUREULEC ) . mYyGaTit¥ CYndb'´f©eTIbVnmkCYbmuxkUn (kUnc∫gTI1) nig®bBnÏm†g . enA´f©TI18mifuna1978 eBlEdlBYkCagPUmivt†KreTAerIEdkk~¨g®kugVt' dMbg manBYkeyaFafamkBIP~MeBj CaBYkmCŒwmxÊg'®bmaN®VMJn'nak' nigrf e®kaHCag´m∏e®KOg ®bLak'dI®smkcUlmkk~¨gGtItVt'dMbg®kug edayKµan [dMNwgGI√Camundl'BYkPUmiPaKJy&B¥TisesaHeLIy . BYkeyaFamCŒwmV nsaksYrrkedjBYkCag[vil®tLb'mkPUmivt†Krvij . BYkmCŒwmbkßk*eFI√ karcab'cgtamXMu ®suk rYcx¬HeToteTAcab'KNPUmiPaKJy&B¥Tis mUl-s m∫ti† …taekA ( BYkJy&B¥ehAKat'fa rs'-jwmeTAvij ) BIpÊHKat'EdlenAk~¨g c∫arBiesaFn®_ sUvCb"un CitP~MtUcP~MFM®sukmglbUrI x¬HeToteTAcab'cgKNtMbn' shkrN_ KN:®®suk kgQ¬b eTAsm¬ab'ecaledayecaTfak∫t' . ‰ BYkJy&B¥nigkgQ¬bx¬H dUcCaGaemeBCŒXat®bcSPUmivt†Krman – GaeBA, Ga emOn, GaeDOn Vnrt'cUl´®BtsflUCamYyBYknirtIrhUtdl'yYncUl . BYkmCŒw -127-

mVnykBYknirtImkCMnYs®Kb'Ep~kk~¨gPUmiPaKJy&B¥TSgmUl . ‰karsm¬ab' enaEtmanCabn†hUrEhrKµanQb'QreLIy ral'@´f© . k~¨gXMuvt†Krmanemkg ´pCaG~kecHEGbGbCamYyBYknirtI b†wg[ykG~kenHykG~kenaH . e®kayyY ncUl emkg´pk*®tUvkg´s√®taNXMuvt†KrsMercykeTAVj'ecalenAp¬ËvfIµ CitGtItBMnUkdI Murette EdleKelIkBUneFI√CaExß®kvat'karJr®kugVt'dMbg CMnan'saFarNrdΩExµr . enAedImExF~Ë e®kayBIdkhUt dav kSbit BUefABI®bCaCnehIy BYkvaVn dak'Epnkar[cakecjBIPUmi eTAeFI√xÊmenAvalE®sxagekItPUmivt†Kr ehIybg≈M [®cUt®sUvTSgminTan'TMu®sYlbYlpgenaH y"agrYsran'bMput . BYkvahak'dUc Cadwgfa T&ByYn®buge®bobvaycUl®sukExµrehIy . manBYknirtIecHEtmk bn†K~aKµanQb' x¬Hedj®kbIeKaTSgh√Ëgmkpg . BYkvaelIkxÊHVyrYmeTAdS s¬enA‰E®sEdr . emkgeQµaH´pVnniyayedayKMramcg'sIusac' ænwg®t ecokxM∆¨pÊal'fa – « BYkGardΩkaresssl' !˘˘˘ BYkEr˙gcSemIlEtdl'®cUt®sUv rYcnwgdwgK~aehIy ! » . enA‰PUmis√ayeck vaVnehA®bCaCnmk®bCMu ehIy BYkvaniyayfa «Ggkar®tUvkarkgT&BeTAvayyYn e®JHyYncUlmkvay®suk eyIgehIy ehtuenHebImanbgbÌËn …mit†NaEdlCaGtItTahansaFarN rdΩBIedImenaH sUmbg˙ajx¬Án Ggkarnwgcat'[CYykan'kSePI¬geTAvayyYn » .

G~kEdlxMlak'x¬ÁnCayUrmkehIyk*®Vb'vaGs' BYkvak*dwkCJÇËntamreTHTSg ®KY@CagBIrJn'nak' ®Vb'faeTAcUlCamYykgeyaFaeTAvayyYn . ecjputBI PUmi®bEhl2K˘m˘ BYkeyaFaExµr®khmk*Vj'sm¬ab'BYkenaHTSg®KYsarGs' Kµansl' . enAcugExF~Ë1978

BIE®seTA eyIgemIleXIjBYkkgT&Bb"ul-Bt nSK~a

rt'dwksm∏ar:eepßg@man m"asIunedr ®kNat' ®Kab'kSePI¬g®Kb'Fun eFI√dMeNIr®b jab'®bjal'elIp¬Ëv´b"lin bwgrSg . BYkeyaFax¬HmktamreTHePI¬g sesI¬t ss¬ak'sıaykSePI¬gm~ak'BIr…bIedIm sYrrkp¬ËveTAsMLËt P~Mvaycab . ®Bwk´f©TI 9mkraq~S1979 manyn†ehaHmIcBIre®KOgebIky"agelOgkat'BIelI®kugVt'dM bg Vj'Tm¬ak'®Kab'EbkedjBYkeyaFaExµr®khmEdlkMBugrt'Vk'T&B . BYk varaydak'Exße®tomTI1enA®tg'vt†bwgrSg mantSgkSePI¬gFMenAk~¨gvt†bwgrSg enaHpg . edaybeN†aHkSePI¬gnig®Kab'Edls†¨kTukk~¨gvt†sEg˚d*lÌ®bim®biyminTan' yb'´f©TI9mkra BYkvak*Vj'ep¬agkMeTcvt†sEg˚eqHP¬WmYycMehog emX . BYkG~k®sukk*nSkUnCJÇËnecArt'cUlmkPUmilMenAvij nSK~aQremIl ePI¬geqHvt†sEg˚pʨHke®kIkdI . ´f©TI10mkra T&ByYnmanlaylavpg VncUlmkdl'GtItexµac®kugVt'dMbg . ®bCaCnmYy®kumykVnkSePI¬gmYyhi b EdlExµr®khmykeTAminTan' enAxagelIPUmibwgrSgbni†c ehIyk*nSK~aCa mYyGtItQ¬bXMuvt†Kr Edlrt'cUl´®BelIkK~aeTAEcgk†ar sÊak'Vj'LanhßI bKN:®®sukeqg nigtam"uk . tam"ukeKcrYcx¬Án .

®bCaCnnSK~art'eTAPUmixag

elI@ mkCitkEn¬gEdlmanTahanyYn mkenAkkkujK~anwgvt†Kr -128-

mat'sÊwg

sEg˚ x¬HeTotVnq¬geTAe®tIym≈ag . T&ByYnvayamdak'Exß®kvat'karJrvaenA ®twmp¬ËvreTHePI¬g cm©ayxÊg'BIrryEm"®tBIpÊHEdlxM∆¨enA . ®bCaCnVnnSK~aeTA CJÇËnyk®kNat'exµA ´s∫mugBIeragtm∫ajk~¨gvt†Kr x¬HeTotnSK~aeTAcab'man' Ta ®CUk BI®TugrYmenAp¬ËvfIµ x¬HeLIgebHdUgEGGukeFI√®CUkman'Ta . yb'enaHBYk eyaFab"ul-BtVnes¬økJk'bn¬MeFI√®bCaCn CaTahanehg-sMrin es¬økkaKI cUlmkXMuvt†Kr . eyIgVnsaksYrK~afaCaBYkNaEdr eKfaCakgT&Bmit†eyIgmkrMedaHeT . ®Bw keLIgem"ag®VM esµrxM∆¨kMBugEtepÊøgs†ab'viT¥¨sem¬gshrdΩGaemrikCaPasa Exµr ®sab'EtæCadMbUgs~ËrkSePI¬gbI®Kab'CasJÔa bni†cmks~ËrdUclaCpʨH . BYk eyaFaExµr®khmVnmkenAeBje®kampÊH tamp¬Ëv ehIyedj®bCaCn[ecj BIPUmi pÊHsMEbg tamp¬Ëv tamdgsÊwgeLIgeTAelI G~kEdl®bugeKc ®tUvBYkva Vj'sm¬ab'ecals¬ab'hUrEhrtamp¬Ëv . “Bukekµknigm†ayekµkxM∆¨®tUvBYkeyaFa Exµr®khmCen¬øsecjeTAGs'tSgBI®Blwm®sag@ . xM∆¨ ®bBnÏ nigkUntUcGa yuCitBIrq~SBYnsm©MenAelIpÊH . xM∆¨lbemIltam®behagk†ar eXIjBYkvakMBug kab'dUgEckK~asIu nigpwkTwk ehIyCECkK~ar´j" . dl'em"ag®bEhl®VMbI kUn ®busxM∆¨GayueTIb2xYberIyM m†ayxÊb'mat'Edr EtBYkvaVnærYcCae®sc . K~ava E®skfa manmnusßenAelIpÊH . Gam~ak'ragdUcecarexµA®sileLIgmkFak'T√ar elIkkSePI¬gGakaehobnwgekH´keTAehIy EtVneyaFam~ak'eTotrags®CH eLIgmkTan'KaselIkcugkSePI¬geTAelIrYcniyayfa – « bgeGIy! sMueTAtam eKsineTA kMu[eKeFI√Vb » . xM∆¨k*nS®bBnÏkUnmkdICa®bjab' rYcedIrr"btamp¬Ëv dgsÊwgeTAelItamBYkva®Vb' . BYkeyaFaEdlCIkelNdΩanhUrEhrtamp¬Ëv E®skeCrxM∆¨lan'®ThwgsB√Ebby"ag . Gax¬Hvafa « eyIus! VnEtVj'ecal em"cenAcg'cUlyYneGH± ? » . Gax¬HeTotvafa « GaenHVnEtdak'va[cSyam p¬ËvenA®tg'eNH ! » .l. xM∆¨ecHEtniyayGg√redaHsarvafa « mkBIkUnxM∆¨va®Kun x¬Sg sUmmit†GaNitemt†apg » . Gax¬HeTotvafa « eTA! eTA! [qab'kMu[Gj E®bcit†Tan' » . enAtamp¬ËvmanG~kCiHkg'etOn[®bCaCn®sUteTAmux . exµac s¬ab'nwgeyaFaVj'ecalenAreNts†Ëks†wgtamdgp¬Ëv manTSgexµactaeLAGflUnigkUn®busm~ak'pg (11) . xM∆¨manGarmµNf _ a ebIenAEttamvaeTAxagelIt eTAeTot CIvitxM∆¨c∫as'CaBYkvasm¬ab'Caminxan e®JHragerAsm∫¨rsMbkxM∆¨minEm nCaG~kE®s . xM∆¨ecHEtbbYl®bBnÏxM∆¨rt'q¬geTAe®tIym≈ag Et®bBnÏxM∆¨min®Bm tam edaycg'®sUteTA[Tan'“Bukm†ayEdleTAmunVt' . bbYlCae®cIndg enAEtmin®Bm xM∆¨k*sMerccit†fa®tUvEteKcx¬ÁnmYyry:s sin . eBledIrhYserag Cag (12) ®bEhlCa®VMryEm"®t eday®tg'enaHp¬Ëvekagvagq©ayBImat'®cSg (11) eLA-GUfl ®tUvCamaeLA-ebgKn (nYn-Ca) CabÌËn®buseLA-lIv “BuknYn-Ca .

(12) sUmCMrabfa e®kayBI´f©EdlBYkmCŒwmbkßcUlmkcab'mUl-sm∫ti† nigBYkJy&B¥ Tissma¬ b'ecalenaH mYyGaTit¥e®kay x¨M®∆ tUveKdkecjBIeragCag [mkenAk~¨gPUmiCYy sg'eragdak'®sUv .

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sÊwg ehIy®cSgk*ecateTotenaH, cS[®bBnÏxM∆¨edIrputeTAmuxbni†c xM∆¨eFI√CacUl eTAdgTwkk~¨gpÊHKµanmnusßenA . eBleyaFaCiHkg'etOn®bCaCnCiHkg'hYs bni†c xM∆¨k*eKcrt'elatcuHeTABYnEGbnwgmat'®cSgecatsm©MenATIenaHeTA . xM∆¨æ sUrGa®kumkSePI¬gt∫al'®VM-®VMmYynak' EdlkMBugfybeNI †rVj'ep†agbeNI†r niyayesIckÌakkÌaynwgeCaKC&yBYkvaenH . xM∆¨cSrhUtTl'yb' eTIb hflanEhlq¬gTwkeTAe®tIym≈ag . ehtuEdlxM∆¨eKck*Cakarsni~dΩand*®twm®tUv rbs'xM∆¨Emn e®JHe®kayxM∆¨CYb®bBnÏxM∆¨vij æfaeBlyb' BYkGaeyaFaExµr®kh m vaedIrqYlBilemIlmuxG~kvt†KrEdlvaCen¬øsenaH nrNamanrUbragsÌatV t minsmCaG~kE®s vak*GUskykeTAsm¬ab'ecalbn†K~a . kEn¬gsgß&ymun nwgq¬gkat'p¬Ëve®tIyxagekIt xM∆¨cUlBYnk~¨gdubsflub®Tb'sin sMrakrYc®BwkeLIg VnedIrkat'gakeq√gsMedAeTAPUmiGUrdMbg e®kayvt†tamwm Tl'muxnwgPUmivt†Kr . BIr-bI´f©e®kaymk G~kEdlhflanq¬gsÊwgcUleTAyk≤va"n'k~¨gPUmivt†Kr ®tUv BYkQ¬bVj's¬ab'Gs'Cae®cIn . eBlrt'ecjBIKMenorExµr®khmvij ®bBnÏxM∆¨ xMedIreGItemIltam®cSgmat'sÊwgE®kgeXIjsBxM∆¨ rhUtVnCYbGtitsisßxM∆¨ m~ak'Edl®Vb'faxM∆¨enArs'enAeLIy (13) . xM∆¨eP¬cCMrabfa enA´f©TI7mkra1979 eBlEdlT&ByYnykVn®kugP~MeBjehIyenaH b"usiv†_ iT¥¨Vnpßay[®bCaCnnSK~ae®kakQreLIg vaykMcat'kMeT crbbBYkb"ul-Bt . xM∆¨®BmTSgK~amYycMnYnVnebIkviT¥¨k~¨geragVyrYm dwgfa eKedjBYkExµr®khm ykVnP~MeBjehIy . eQµaHemOt, yWun, sari nigK~amY ycMnYneTotEdlxM∆¨mincSeQµaH k*kMerIkcit†k¬ahan nSK~acab'KNkgBYknirtI eQµaHtamSg tak∫alFMnig®bBnÏ (mincSeQµaH) ykeTAkab'sm¬ab'kb'ecal enAe®kayPUmivt†Kr ®tg'cugcMkarcwksfluy . mit†maXCaKNXMunirtI Edlmk CMnYsmit†ey"n (Jy&B¥Tis) VnnSBYkeyaFaCagsamsibnak' mankSePI¬g ®Kb'´dtamrkBYkG~kEdlsm¬ab'K~aeK . BYkbHb"unµannak'enaHk*eq¬øteKceTA ®bugcab'®bBnÏmit†maXykeTAsm¬ab'eTot EtnagenaHkUnxIçpg VnGg√rsMu[ TukCIvite®JHx¬ÁnminVndwgerOgGI√eT ehIymYyeTotnagenaHk*mancit†efI¬mmin kacsahavdUcbI†CaKNXMu eTIbBYkeKElgminsm¬ab' . edaysarEterOgenH BYkeyaFak*eFI√karsgswkvij edayVj'sm¬ab'BYkkgcl&t Edlvil®tLb' mkBIkardΩanTMnb'Twkx¬H kardΩanE®sval®Tax¬H mkCYbCMu“Bukm†ay‰PUmivij s¬ab'Gs'CagbIrynak'enA®tg'PUmixßac'eJy (GtItPUmiyYnkatUlik) nigx¬H eTotvaqYlBilemIlmuxykeTAsm¬ab'eBlkMBugCen¬øs . ehtuenHehIyeTI bxM∆¨dac'cit†Ebk®bBnÏnigkUnsin ehIymYyeTotedaysarxM∆¨yl'fa ®sI@BYk vaminsUvCaykcit†Tukdak' …eFI√VbeT eBlEdlBYkvakMBugP&ys¬n'es¬arrt' nwgkgT&ByYnedjBIe®kayenaH . yYnVnedjtamBYkeyaFab"ul-Bty"ag®bkit nigep¬agkSePI¬gFMdak'Ef (13) KW®VMbYn´f©e®kaymk eBlenaHkUn®busc∫gx¨M®∆ Kunek†ACaxS¬ g nigecjkÂJil Ç pg .

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meTot eFI√[G~kCen¬øsnigBYkeyaFaExµr®khmPitP&yCax¬Sg nwg®Kab'ep¬ag yYn . BYkvaEqkeqrxM∆¨yknaLika´dnigExßkEdllak'Tuk ehIyecaTxM∆¨fa V ncUlCamYyyYneTot muneBlEdlxM∆¨sMerccit†EbkBI®bBnÏxM∆¨enaH . elak®KU QWn-qayk*®tUvBYkvaEqkeqrEdr EtKat'ecHnwkeXIjl∫icmYyfa GU! kgT&B yYnK~aCagsamsibnak'eTIbnwgCYbxM∆¨®tg'enaHGMVjmij ! GaeyaFabInak'Ed l®bugEqkeqryknaLika´d Exßk k*P&yes¬ar gakemIleq√gs†S rYcdak'empa ybeN†ay . kgT&ByYneTAtSgenAPUmiXMuNa vaerIsKN:k kmµkarPUmi kgs√& y®tanyamPUmirYcehIy yYnvadkecjedayKµan®Vb'CamunesaH . eBl yb'eLIgBYkExµr®khmvadwgk*cUlmkVj'sm¬ab'kgs√&y®tanKµankSePI¬g ni g®bCaCns¬ab'Gs'Kµansl' . enHehIyCal∫icmYyrbs'yYn k~¨gkarxIç´d Exµr®khmsm¬ab'raÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg' ehIyExµrKµanBicarNax¬HenAEtyl'fa yYnvamanKuNelIExµreTot . ebI®bCaCncab'VnExµr®khm yYnvaeTAykmk XMuTuk [VyTwkrYcElgGaExµr®khmenaHeTAvij vak*nSeyaFaK~avacUlmks m¬ab'G~kcab'vanig®bCaCnPUmienaHGs'eTA . kEn¬gx¬HeTot Edl®bCaCncab' VnBYkQ¬bEdlsm¬ab'“Bukm†aybgbÌËneK ehIy®buge®bobnwgsm¬ab'sg swkvij yYneFI√CaeTAXat'yklÌemIl rYcbni†cmkBYkyYnenaHk*ebIk´d[G~k cgKMnMunwgQ¬bExµr®khmenaHkab'sm¬ab'CnXatkrenaHeTA . BYkemkg em PUmi JNiCÇQ¬bEdlmanx¬Ánx¬H Edlmancit†sahavsm¬ab'eKCMnan'b"ul-Bt k*®tUveKsm¬ab'vij x¬Hk*rt'eKcx¬ÁneTAenATId´Tq©ay@ ehIyBYkCMBUkenHk*Vn mk®beTsTI3 CaBiessshrdΩGaemrikk*minticEdr dUcCakrNImit†ePog ( KNXMu´®C) emeBCŒXat®bcSext†Vt'dMbgCaedIm EdlsB√´f©rs'enAk~¨grdΩ xUeNtFIxat' .

❑

❑ ❑

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yYnUbniykmµk`¨gsm&y ehgsMrin-h~unEsn edIm∫I[®bCaCnKS®T yYnVnerobcMdak'ehg-sMrin, GtItExµrevotmij enACayEdnyYn-s√ayerog [eFI√Ca®bFanrdΩTIgemag ehIyE®beQµaH®suk ExµrCa « kmı¨Ca®bCamanitu » EtyYnk†ab'®tYt®tarbbenHnigsgmExµrdl'CMerA x¬SgCagsm&ye®TOg-mijy"ag e®CACagGaNaniKmVrSgeTAeTot . em dwknShU-CImijVnsikßaBIbraC&yPaBk~¨gkareFI√evotNamUbniykmµkmı¨Camin sMercCMnan'kß®tIExµrGgmIu . e®JHmkBIehtuGI√eTIbyYnUbniykmµenaHminsMer c ? e®JH – 1- emdwknSyYnminVnsikßaBIsgmExµr[Vne®CA®CH . yYnX¬M¨ykEt es†cExµrCab'k~¨gkN†ab'´d eKk*manCMenOfa eKGacrMlay®sukExµr Caext†yYn CaBit®Vkd . yYnGack†ab'VnEtTI®kug EttamCnbT PUmi XMu yYnminVnKit KUresaH . enHehIyCacen¬aHp¬trbs'emT&Be®TOg-mijy"ag k~¨gkareFI√yYnUb niykmµkmı¨CaTSgmUlminVnsMercenaH .

2- emyYnminsal'Twkcit†®bCaraÂs†Exµr. Exµrsm&yenaHeK®sLaj'eKa rBes†cNas' Tukes†cCamças'elIsirisa Camças'EpndI . karEdlyYncab' XMues†cExµr CakarmYybJÇak'fa yYnmanbMNgrMlayvgßkß®tExµr ehIy ykyYn[mkeFI√Caes†celIraÂs†Exµrvij . mYyvijeTot raÂs†ExµrmincUlcit† [Cati´ssasn_ mkeFI√karbgi≈tbg≈MeKeT .

3- emdwknSyYnnigTahanyYnminecHPasaExµr EdlCakarmYyBiVkk~¨g kar®V®s&yTak'Tg[yl'cit†Exµrpg nigCaBiessBiVkk~¨gkaresIubykka rNs _ m©at'BIclnatsflUExµrpg .

4- yYnminsal'PUmisaÂs†TwkdIExµr EdlCakarBiVkk~¨gkar®tYt®ta .

5- karykBuTÏsasnamhayanmkbg≈M[ExµrTSg®beTs®BmTTYl nig eFI√kareKarB®BHsgÙyYnEdles¬økexaGavpʨyBIs∫g'cIBr rMlayvt†Garam ®BHviharExµr rYcsg'viharEbbyYn bg≈M[®sIExµres¬økGavbMBg'EvgrebobyYn [mÂnI†ExµreronPasayYn CakarmYy®bqSgnwgTMenomTMlab'rbs'Exµr EdlV nGnuvt†rab'Jn'q~SmkehIy .

6- karEdlyYne®bIGMeBIkaceXareXAmkelIraÂs†Exµr bg˙ajExµr[emIl eXIjfayYnmanbMNgrMlayCatiExµr®beTsExµrCaBit®VkdNas' .

7- EpnkaryYnEdl®bugdkecAh√ayext†ExµrehIyykyYnmkCMnYnvij enaH VneFI√[ecAh√ayext†ExµrrYbrYm´dCamYy®bCaraÂs†vaykMcat'yYnvij . buB√ehtuTSg7®bkarenHehIyEdleFI√[ExµrecHrYbrYmK~a e®kakeLIgbg˚Ca -132-

®kumCasµ&®KbkßBYkbHeVrTUTSg®beTsExµr ®bqSgtTl'nwgs®tUvbreTs Edlcg'rMlaysasnE_ xµr rMlay®beTsExµr . karsnµt'K~a®Kb'embH eFI√kar eVssMGatyYnTSgTahanTSgsIuvil kML¨g8´f©TUTSg®beTsExµr eFI√[em T&ByYne®TOg-mijy"agminGacTb'Tl'VneLIy ehIyeTaHbICae®TOg-mij y"agVnb†ËrEpnkar®bugeVkraÂs†Exµr eday®Bmykvgßkß®tExµrGgmIumk [esayraC¥vijenaH k*vaCakarhYseBleTAehIyEdr e®JHraÂs†ExµrElg eCOElgTukcit†yYnfamancit†esµaH®tg' mineVk®Vs'eTot dUcsuPasitExµr EtgrMlwk®Vb'kUnecAfa – « esomminecalk∫Án yYnminecalBut » . EfmBI elIenHeTAeTotenaH ®Bwti†karN_ « kMBb'EtGug » k*eTIbEtnwgkn¬geTAfIµ@ Cag 10q~Sb"ueNˆaH EdlkaleNaHyYnVneFI√karsm¬ab'ExµredayPaBsahav´®B ´pßhYsehtueBkk~¨gkardΩanCIkE®Bk « vijet » . ®Bwti†karNk _ MBb'EtGugenH dUntaEm"“Exµr elIkElgEtes†cExµrmYyecj EtgelIkykmktMNal®Vb' kUnecA[cgcS sal'BIcit†KMnityYn bMNgrbs'yYn . eTaHbICaemdwknSExµr mYyk†ab'tUc®sLaj'yYnk*eday EtraÂs†Exµr®sTab'e®kammin®sLaj' min cUlcit†yYnesaHeLIy e®JHyYnCaCatisasnm _ anButt∫¨t ®klic®kluc Nas' EtExµrminEmnmanKMnit®bkan'BUCsasn_ Racialist rebobdUck~¨gsgm GaemrikSgsm&ymun EdlesµrbreTsx¬HVnsresrenaHeT . ehtudUec~HehIy edIm∫I®kesabelb®beTsExµr k~¨gdMeNIreqıaHmkTis xaglicelIkTI2eTotenaH hU-CImijVnerobEpnkarvay"aglÌitlÌn' ®BmTSg sikßa®sav®CavBIbuB√ehtu´nbraC&yrbs'dUntava EdleFI√evotNamUbniykmµ kmı¨CaminVnsMercenaH .

EpnkarfIµrbs'hU-CImijKW – 1- erobcMsgmExµr[pʨyxus®sLHBIsgmb"ul-Bt .

2- eFI√[Exµr®sLaj'yYn EkE®b®bvti†saÂs† fayYnCamit†mkCYyExµr .

3- Bg√k'[ExµrqÁtveg√g BukrlYy rSErk ®sIjI bJçËl®sIyYn[mkeFI√Ca ®bBnÏcugBYkemdwknSFM@ nigBYkGaC∆aFrExµrehg-sMrin .

4- yk®kumExµrevotmijmkdwknS®sukExµr .

5- e®bIviFankarBn¥aeBl edIm∫IerobcM´pÊk~¨g nig[ExµreP¬cenOyNay pßS[raÂs†ExµrGacrs'enAe®kamkar®tYt®tarbs'yYn [mtiBiPBelak®BmTTY lsal'rbbGay"gehgsMrin-hflunEsn ®BmTTYldwgæ Status quo k~¨gsƒa nPaB®sukExµrsB√´f© fayYnCamças'´nkmı¨Ca .

6- ykniKmyYnmktSgenAelITwkdIExµr[kan'Ete®cIn edIm∫ItamBinit¥s kmµPaBExµr bg˚at'BUCExµryYn[mankUnkat'yYnExµrkan'Ete®cIn . enHKWCaEpn karrMlayCatiExµrk~¨gry:eBlEvgmYy EdlyYnVnF¬ab'eFI√mkVneCaKC&y rYcehIyenA®beTscam nigfIµ@k~¨gcugstvtßTI19nigedImstvtßTI20enH enAkmı¨Cae®kam .

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k~¨gbMNgmYyeTotEdr KW[ehg-sMrin, hflun-EsnTTYlykBYkniKm yYnfIµ@enH [cUlCasJÇatiExµrTSgGs' k~¨gbMNgykQ~H ebI®bsinCaGg karsh®bCaCatibg≈M[mankareVHeq~atenaH .

7- bMpuselIkykEtBIå®kidΩkmµ EtGMBIe®KaHf~ak'rbs'Exµr®khmmk®V b'mtiCatiExµrk~¨g®beTs nigCaBiessBiPBelak edIm∫IbwTVMgnUvå®kidΩkmµ rbs'yYnmkelIraÂs†Exµr nigbwTVMgeKalbMNgyYn k~¨gkarelb®beTs ExµrrYmeFI√shB&nÏ≤NÎËcineTAGnaKt . k~¨gviFankarNy _ kQ~HelIBYkExµr®khm bMP&n†mtiBiPBelak nigelb ®sukExµry"agq©aj' dUcyYnelb®beTscamnig®beTslavenaH yYnnigGay"gehg-sMrin eFI√CaebIk[manesrIPaB (Ek¬gk¬ay) ®bCaCnGacedIrcuHeLI gVn Et®tUvmanlixitGnuJÔatedIrp¬Ëv (eK®tUvcayluysUkeTIbVnlixit enaH) G~kNaenA®sukNaGacvileTArs'enA®sukenaHvij . begI˚t®kdas'®V k'eVHedayevotNam ykmkTijePaKplExµry"agefakdwkecjeTAe®kA®b eTse®kamyIeha Product of Vietnam . ebIk[manpßarlk'dUr ebIksala eron viT¥al&y EteKmin[sikßaBI®bvti†Exµr min[sikßaBIGkßrsaÂs†ExµresaH eLIy . eKbe®gon[kUnExµrecH®sLaj'yYn fayYnlÌ yYnCamit†mkCYy Exµr . sisßEdlCab'mF¥msikßab&®tPaKTI2 ( Bacc II ) ehIy minGacyk cMeNHeTAbMerI®sukVneLIy . rbs'Gs'TSgenHEdleKbegI˚teLIg va®Kan' EtCabMNgbg˙ajBiPBelak[eXIj ehIyKS®TrbbGay"g sÌb'rbbb"ulBt ehIyeP¬csUn¥QwgEtm†gBIevotNamUbniykmµkmı¨CaTSgmUlCa « ®tan' tayfaj'» rbs'yYn . eKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImijVnsMercCasƒaBrehIy edaysav&kKat'V nedIrtammaK·a®tayTuk ehIyykVnkmı¨CaTSgmUlk~¨g´f©TI7 mkar 1979 . y Y n v a d a k ' E x µ r e v o t m i j E d l T T Y l k a r G b ' r M e n A h a N U y C M n a n ' T I 1 (14) ehg-sMrin, GtItG~krt'BnÏ®CUkenAs√ayerog, [eFI√Ca®bFannaFibtIGay"g kmı¨Ca rYcykBYkExµrevotmijCMnan'TI2[CYyeFI√kar EtyYnVndak's~gkarnig P~ak'gar (®sIyYn®bBnÏcug) va[enA®tYt®tatamdanBYk®kumGay"gehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn . esckI†sMercGI√@ …kar®tUveFI√y"agNa@enaH ®tUvEtsaksYresI~ (14) BYkCMnan'TI1KWBYkExµrevotmij EdltamyYneTAenAhaNUye®kaysni~siThßWENv q~S1954 manGacar¥emon …sWg-g"ukmij, ehg-sMrin˘˘˘. BYkCMnan'TI2KWBYkekµg@nigBYk CMTg'kUnExµr EdlyYncab'ykeTAGb'rMenAhaNUy cab'BIrvagq~S1952mk KWsm&y « ®b mat'®bmg' …Gar"ab'cab'kUnekµg » manBYkEb"n-suvNˆ, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&yCaedIm . sB√ ´f©BYkExµrevotmijCMnan'TI2enHman®bBnÏyYn ‰xH¬ edayyYncab'eTABIekµgeBk minTSg sal'®sukkMeNIt …Em"“bgbÌËnpg . BYkCMnan'TI3 KWBYkekµgkM®JExµr EdlyYn®bmUlyk eBlb"ul-BtVk'T&Brt'mkCayEdn´f . CMnan'TI3enH yYnnwgykmke®bIeTot ebIExµrrMedaH®sukrYcenAeBlenH .

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sMukaryl'®BmBIemdwknSyYnCamunsin ebItMNag…emdwknSyYnmin®Bm KWmi nGaceFI√…cat'karVnTal'EtesaH .

EpnkarevotNamUbniykmµfIµenH KWyYnmine®KagdkecAh√ayext† ecAh√ay®sukExµr ehIydak'yYnmkCMnYsdUcEdle®TOg-mijy"ag (15) Vn Gnuvt†tambJÇaes†cmij-m"agkalBIq~S1840 k~¨graCkß®tIGgmIuenaHeToteT. yYnvaykExµrEdlVnTTYlkarGb'rMbÂJçk®TwsI†yYnUbniykmµenAhaNUy CayUrq~SmkehIyenaH [®tYt®taraÂs†ExµrK~a‰g EtyYnva®tYtBIelIk∫alBYk Gay"gehg-sMrin, hflun-Esnvij ehIyemdwknSyYnVnbg˚b'P~ak'gareKenA k~¨g®sTab'GaC∆aFrehg-sMrin CaBiessenAk~¨g®sTab'®bCaCnExµrEtm†g edI m∫IkMu[ExµregIbbHeVrrYcenAk~¨g®beTsExµrdUcsm&ye®TOg-mijy"ageTot . buKlikFM@®Kb'®ksYg eTaHman®bBnÏExµrExµrrYceTAehIyk*eday k*®tUvEtyk ®bBnÏcugCayYnmYyeTot . enAtamviT¥al&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg eTA k~¨gmYyGaTit¥cMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitq¬geqI¬yrbs'elaktUc-QYg, GtItG~kniBnÏesovePA «Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmças' » Vnsresr®Vb'fa – enAtamviT¥al&ynana eK[eronPasayYnCaPasaTI2cab'BIf~ak'TI5eLIg eTA k~¨gmYyGaTit¥cMnYn2em"ag . tamlixitq¬geqI¬yrbs'elaktUc-QYg, GtItG~kniBnÏesovePA « Vt'dMbgsm&yelakmças' » Vnsresr®Vb'fa – « sisßEdl®bLgDIb¬Ëm eKeFI√ Classement e®CIserIsykPaKry[cUlf~a k'TI8 ( Classe de seconde BIedIm ) EtBinʨmindl'eKehAfaF¬ak'ekAGI ®tUvs˚k edIrTat'x¥l' ®tUvV"c'eFI√Tahan . ®bLgsB√´f©eK®tUvkarluykak' Ga®kk'Ga ®kICagsm&yln'-nl'eTAeTot .˘˘˘ Et Taux vamindl' Cakar≤t®beyaCn_ . niyayBIkMritviCÇasisßexßayhYsvis&y x¬HCab' Bac ehIyminecH Fraction pg . emdwknSyYnBg√k'Exµr®Kb'®ksYgrdΩ[Q¬k'veg√g BukrlYydl'qÌwg edIm∫I gaykan'kab'®tYt®ta e®JHExµrm~ak'@KitEtBIbJ˙a®KYsar ®kBH ElgKitKUBICa ti BI®beTs®tUvenACakJÇHyYn …eTACasIÌeTotehIy . ®KUbzmsikßaVn®Vk'Ex175erol ‰®KUmF¥msikßaVn250erolk~¨gmY yEx . G~krdΩkarmF¥mVn®Vk'ExxÊg'200erol ‰BYkeha-NShug, Kg'-sM Gul˘˘˘ VnxÊg'300erolk~¨gmYyEx EtBYkenHCiHLansuTÏEtm"akEmrsWEds ebIKitCaluysnßM®Vk'Ex BYkenH®tUveFI√karcMnYnBIrryq~SeTIbTijLanFunenH VnCiH . edaysarBYkExµrevotmijsuTÏEtCamnusßl©g'ex¬A minGaceFI√[®bB&nÏdwk nS®beTsedIreTAmuxVn yYnk*e®CIserIsykBYkCYrTI3 mkCYyeFI√karBYkGay"gyYnenHman Kg'-sMGul

( GtItnisßitenA Georgia shrdΩGaemrik ),

(15) sUmGanCMBUkTI1 .

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eha-NShug nigBYkGtItraCkarCMnan'sIhnu nigBYkrdΩkarCMnan'saFarNrdΩmkCYyeTot . BYke®kayenH dMbUgeLIyeKykmk®Kan'EtCabMerIBYkCYrTI1 nigCYrTI2b"ueNˆaHeT Ete®kayEdlCYrTI1nigTI2Vk'EbkK~a bnÊab'BIyYncab' Eb"n-suvNˆykeTAhaNUyVt'eTAenaH BYkCYrTI3 dUcCaKg'-sMGul, ehaNShug k*VneLIgTwkmYykMrity"agxıs' ehIytSgx¬ÁnCakJÇHyYndac'´f¬Et m†g e®JHEtGMNac . e d I m ∫ I e F I √ [ ® k u m c ln a t sfl U E x µ r e x ß a y B Y k yY n Vn e F I √ n e ya V yT a k ' T a j ykBYkExµrbreTsdUcCa – hSg-eg"a, Dit-®bn, Eb"l-Nal', y"g-Esm, Giun-tS, qSg-sug˘˘˘.l. k~¨geKaledABIr – KWmYy[KS®TrbbGay"gehgsMrin, hflun-Esn nigeXasnarbbenH[ExµrenAbreTs nigmtibreTsTTYl sal'rbbenH nigeKaledATI2 KWTak'TajykluyrUbiyvtƒ¨eTACYys†aresdΩ kicçyYn EdlBYkenHVnrksIunSykluydul¬ar luyÂh√g'eTA[bgbÌËnenA ®sukExµr EtyYn®bmUlykrUbiyb&NˆTSgGs'eTA´®BnKr Tuk®Vk'erolEdl yYneVH[FnaKarehg-sMrin CaCMnYsluydul¬areTAvij . edIm∫ICal∫icelb®sukExµr yYnVn[ehg-sMrincuHhtƒelxayl'®Bm [kgT&ByYntSgenAelITwkdIExµrcMnYn25q~S nigcuHhtƒelxak~¨gkarrab'GanK~a d*Cits~iTÏ rvag®bCaCnevotNam-lav-kmı¨CaCabgbÌËnyUrGEg√gq~S . k~¨gPa saneyaVy…TUt BYkeKniyayfa « neyaVyrbs'®beTs≤NÎËcinTSg bI » . yYnVnbg≈M[ehg-sMrincuHhtƒelxa®bKl'ekaHesH Edlmane®bgka teTA[yYn kat'bnƒy®BMEdnExµr cm©ayBI5eTA30K˘m˘ cab'BI®BMrYmbI®beTs Exµr-lav-yYn cuHmkdl'mat'smu®TCab'ext†Jm ( Hatien ) (16) . emdwknSyYnVnniyayfa – « edIm∫IkMu[®bCaCnyYnnigExµrecHEtTas' ETgK~aminecHcb'eTotenaH KYrExµrkat'®bKl'dIcMBuHTak~¨gext†s√ayerog[eTA yYn » . ❑

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(16) sUmGan « kal®bvti†viT¥a´n®beTskmı¨Ca » rbs'esµr .

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sem†csIhnuCa®bFanclnaExµrcMruH enAq~S1969 eBlExµresrI205nak'cuHcUl EdlkalenaHsIhnuVnGan GtƒbTExµresrI EcgBIe®KaHf~ak'neyaVyxusrbs'®Tg' sem†cVndwgrYcehI y edaykMhwgcg'sgswkBYkln'-nl', sirimt: sIhnuVncUlrYm´dCamYy yYnkumµ¨ynis†nigExµr®khm . [T&ByYnhU-CImijvay®beTsExµr sm¬ab' Exµr . k~¨gesovePA Sihanouk's Sideshow ®tg'TMB&r155 sIhnuVnsarPaB ®Vb'G~kniBnÏfa – « I have had to take a sedative in order to sleep ».

Princess Monique guards her husband's supply of barbiturates, just as she did during the years they were help captive by the Khmer Rouge. He wanted to commit suicide, but she refused to give him the potion. He, too, tells me ( the author ), « I owe my life and sanity to my wife ». ehtuGI√VnCasem†csIhnucg'eFI√Gt†Xat? e®JHGs'sgÙwm …edaysar manvib∫disarI ? . k~¨gsMenr « sÂgamnigesckI†sgÙwm » ( War and Hope ) k*sem†csIh nuVnsarPaBBI « buB√ehtuGI√VnCa®Tg'eTACYyyYnevotNamxageCIg » Edr Et ®Kan'EtCaelsEdl®Tg'ykmksresrsMrab'karJrmuxmat ' ( Sauver sa face ) b"ueNˆaH . karsMxan'KW®Tg'VnsarPaBfa « sIhnuVnCYyyYn®Kb'Eb b®Kb'y"agEmn » . enA®Kb'sunÊrkfa enA®Kb'TIkEn¬gEdl®Tg'yageTA sem†csIhnuenAEt minTTYlfa « neyaVyrbs'®Tg'xus …k*ExµrTSgbIlannak's¬ab'KWman®Tg' CaG~kcUlrYmCamYyBYkXatkrExµr®khmeT » . ®Tg'enAEtCMTaleCrfa « mk EtBIBYkGasaFarNrdΩ Galn'-nl', sirimt: bnk∫t'eFI√rdΩ®bharTm¬ak'®Tg'BI tMENg®bmuxrdΩ eTIbVnCa®sukeTACay"agenH » . k~¨gnamCa®bFanclnatsflUcMruH sem†csIhnuenAEteFI√neyaVye®kam TUrbJÇarbs'emdwknSyYn . ®Tg'laElg ElglaCae®cIndg . t´f¬®Vk'Ex CamYyyYn k~¨geBlyYnCamYyehg-sMrin e®bImeF¥aVyl∫ÁgTak'yksem†c ehIy‰sem†cvijgakmkbrihar p†l'karTn'exßay´pÊk~¨gclnatsflUExµr eTAemdwknSyYnGs'rlIg . sB√´f©enHeTot ( ExF~Ë1990 ) sem†csIhnukMBugEtedIrtYftkunenAkUer" xageCIg edIm∫IykeTAbJçSg[raÂs†ExµremIl k~¨geKalbMNglagkMhus lagVt´d®Tg'[®CHQamraÂs†Exµr Edl®Tg'kalenaH Ca®bFanrdΩaPiVl rYbrYmCatikmı¨Ca eFI√shkarrYm´dCamYyemdwknSyYnpg CamYybnExµr®khm pg nigdUckalmundEdl

KW®sg' «neyaVy®bCaPifuti ®bCa®biyPaB »

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rbs'®Tg'eLIgvij . etItMNeTA´f©mux sem†csIhnunwgdUr≤riyabf suxcit†eFI√Blikmµx¬H edIm∫Ie®sac®sg'muxmat'rbs'®Tg'k~¨g®bvti†saÂs†skl CaBiessk~¨g®bvti†saÂs†Exµr…eT ? skmµPaBrbs'®Tg'CamYyG~km~ag ®BmTSgbu®t sB√´f©enHCakarbJÇak' ®Vb'eyIgCaExµrTSgGs'K~arYce®sceTAehIy ! .

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eKaledAnigbMNgExµr®khmnaGnaKt TSgmtisklelak CaBiessmtiraÂs†Exµr mineCOfa Exµr®khmEkE®b cit†KMnit lHbg'®TwsI†em"Aniymeq√ghYsehtu ( Radical Maoism ) b†Ërcritsa havElgkab'sm¬ab'Exµr nigminmkdeNI†mGMNaceTot . cMNucenHehIy EdlemdwknSevotNamyl'c∫as' ehIyykmkeFI√Caelsk~¨gkarkan'kab' ®sukExµrTSgmUledaysMGagfa karJrraÂs†Exµr[rYcBIBYkXatkrb"ul-Bt . bnExµr®khmenAEtmanCMenOfa « bdivt†nm _ haelatep¬aHmhaGsçar¥ » nig « bdivt†nv_ b∫Fm· » d*lIlarevIrvaytamcMkYtm"arsIus-em"AniymsIÌvaenaH CitVnsMercdl'eKaledAeTAehIy ebIkMuEtevotNamcUlmkQ¬anJnedj BYkvaecjBIGMNacenaH .

BYknisßitExµrEdlvil®tLb'cUl®sukvije®kay´f©17emsa1975 xÊg' bIJn'nak' ‰G~kEdlenAsl'rs'BIs¬ab'edays~a´db"ul-Bt valt'dMmanCag bIrynak' . k~¨gcMeNamBYkEdlenAsl'CIvitenH manx¬HenAEteCOdUcbnb"ul -BtEdr . x¬HVnvileTACYbEm"“enAext†kMBg'cam ehIyxMGYtfa – « ExµreyIg enAEtbni†ceTotmanVyhUbbIdgnigmanbEgÌmpg » Et®tUvbgbÌËnVnham [bwTmat'Qb'niyayteTAeTot ebIBMuenaHeTnwg®tUv®bCaraÂs†ExµrGUskCamin xan . k~¨gBiFICb'elogmYyenAjËvy"kk~¨gq~S1982 Edlmansem†csIhnunig G~km~agsIhnuVncat'EcgeLIgenaH eP∆øvsMxan'elIkElgEtG~kkarTUtbreT secj KWmanemdwknSExµr®khmFMVncUlrYm manexov-sMpnCaedIm . exov sMpnVneqI¬ytbnwgsMnYr – « etIelakVnsm¬ab'®bCaraÂs†b"unµannak' ? mY ylan'nak' ? BIrlannak' ? » faCa « Jk¥PUtPrrbs'BYkc®kBti†, c®kBti†evo tNamQ¬anJnVnmksm¬ab'raÂs†ExµrTSgenaH » . b"ul-BtEtgEtebIkvKGb'rMeronsU®ttMrg'eKalCMhrneyaVyvaBMuEdl elaHxaneLIy CaBiesskarGb'rMBYkKNdwknSFM@ BYkemkgeyaFaCaedIm . karebIkvKeronsU®tmYyenAtMbn'87k~¨gext†®tat (®suk´f) CitCMrMExµr®khm Ek∫rTl'EdnExµrenaHmanTSgBYkemdwknS´nEdndIBiXat ( The Killing Fields ) VncUlrYmpgKW – sun-esn, nYn-Ca, exov-sMpn, eGog-sarI, tam"uk . CMrM enHCamUldΩaneyaFaFMrbs'Exµr®khm EdlmancMnYnBI35Jn'eTAbYnmWunnak' . enAtMbn'87 b"ul-BtVnerobcMyuTÏviFIcas'dEdl edIm∫Ik†ab'ykCnbTExµr ( kan'kab'k~¨geBlyb' ´f©bg˚b'x¬Án ) eLamhfl˜uB&TÏTI®kugP~MeBjBukrlYynigrdΩ Vl (ehg-sMrin) Vk'Ebk .

BYkExµr®khmmine®bIyuTÏsaÂs†vaysÂgb'cUlTI®kugP~MeBj dUckalq~S 1975eToteT EtBYkvaep†kp†ÁleTAtamneyaVy´nkarTUtGn†rCati nigkarcr -139-

caTak'TinCamYykgT&Bqµk' (T&BclnatsflUExµr ) . b"ul-BtVnyl'y"agc∫a s'fa ebIkalNakgT&BExµr®khmcUlkan'EtCitTI®kugP~MeBjenaH shKm Gn†rCatik*nwgeq¬q¬aeFI√smıaFbg≈M[mankaredaH®sayneyaVy . fI√ebIkarva y®byuTÏ®tUvEtykmke®bICacSVc'enaH EtbnExµr®khm®tUvEt®bmUlpM†¨KMnit vaelIEp~kneyaVy ( cUccMerogBYkvae®cIne®cogfa neyaVyrYmpßMGavuF ®besIemaHmutrbs'Ggkar ) edIm∫IQaneTArkeKaledArbs'vaenaH . ehtudUec~H ehIy eTaHbICaTI®kugva"siunetanVndkkarKS®TneyaVyecjBIBYkExµr®khm edIm∫IeFI√karcrcaCamYyevotNam k~¨gkarecosvagkMu[Exµr®khmmkyk GMNacvijk*eday k*vaKµanGI√E®b®bYlp¬as'b†ËresaHeLIy . k~¨gBiFIebIkvKeronsU®tenaH b"ul-BtVncMNayeBjmYy´f©k~¨gkarsikßaEvkEjkBIneyaVy nigEmkFagsgmvNˆ:´nclnatsflU®tIPaKIEdlrYm CamYyBYkminEmnkumµ¨ynis† . b"ul-BtVnbe®gonfa karEdlExµr®khm ®BmcUlrYmCamYyBYkminEmnkumµ¨ynis† k~¨geKaledA®bmUlyknUvkarKS®Tn eyaVyBIraÂs†Exµrk~¨g®suk nigkarKS®Tp¬ËvTUtBIGn†rCati fI√ebImankarE®b®bYleKalCMhrneyaVyx¬HedayBYkbdivt†nC _ Yb®bTHCamYyBYkc®kBti†nigs ki†PUmik*eday . EteTaHCay"agNak*eday b"ul-BtVn®Bmane®kInrMlwkBYk sisßvafa [rkßanUvsPaBedIm ( Their true nature)) CanicçehIyrs'enAeday TenÊjCab'Canicçfa « neyaVyVnp¬as'b†Ër EtBYkeyIgenaEtmancit†KMnit dEdl » (The politics have changed but the spirit remains the same ) .

EfmBIelIenHeTot b"ul-BtVnFanadl'BYkemkg emKNdwknSvafa – « fI√ebIb"us†s i_ Mxan'@xagkarTUt®tUvBYkminEmnkumµ¨ynis†kan'kab'k*edayk*BYkExµr ®khmenAEtCakm¬SgT&Bd*x¬SgCageKk~¨gclnatsflUcMruH – sem†csIhnu Ca ®bFanEtKµanGMNac e®bobdUcsMbk®kUcGIcwg ‰BYkeyIgvijCaEk¬bEp¬®kUc enaH . sIhnunigBiPBelakxage®kAminmanTidΩPaBdUec~HeT b"uEn†smmit†TSg Gs'K~amin®tUvsgß&yesaHeLIyfa KWBYkeyIgenHehIy EdlmannaTICaemdw knSBit@k~¨gkarvay®byuTÏrMedaHCatienH » . k~¨gkarebIkvKsikßaeronsU®tenH b"ul-BtVnsYrdl'sisßCaKNdwk nSExµr®khmfa – « etIeyIg®tUveFI√y"agNaedIm∫I[®bCaCnKS®TeyIg ? » .

BYkKNemkgCae®cInVneqI¬ytbfa « [elIkykGMeBIBukrlYyrbs'®kum minEmnkumµ¨ynis†mkniyay ehIybg˙ajBIskmµPaBes~haCatirbs'BYk Exµr®khm . x¬HeTotelIkGMBIbJ˙aesdΩkicç fa®tUverobcM[®bCaCnbg˚begI˚n pl®sUv[Vne®cIn » CaedIm Etb"ul-BtenAEtmineBjcit†elIcemI¬yTSg enaH . eBlenaHmanemkgvaenACYre®kaym~ak'elIk´deqI¬yfa – « eyIg®tUvda k'x¬Án[TabesIµnwg®bCaCnEdl®kI®kCageK enaHbnÊab'mk®bCaCnk*nwgmkpM†¨ KS®TBYkeyIgnig®sLaj'BYkeyIg » . b"ul-BtVneqI¬yy"ageBjcit†fa « ®tUv ! ®tUvNas' ! » .

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enAk~¨gf~ak'vKeronsU®tenH b"ul-BtVnef˚aleTasBYkP~ak'garevotNa m (k∫alyYnx¬ÁnExµr) faVneFI√viTÏgßnadl'bdivt†n_ CaPaKe®cInk~¨gkarsm¬ab' rgal . b"ul-BtVnsarPaBfa – « karEdlGgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'BYkG~kneyaVy nigembJÇakarkgT&BsaFarNrdΩExµrk~¨gq~S1975enaH « e®JHBYk eK®bLak'eCaKCSedayKMnitc®kBti†» , ehIyb"ul-BtVnrMlwkBIemdwknSExµr ®khmekµg@ EdlVnGnuvt†®TwsI†bdivt†nd _ ac'xateBk nig®BmanQb'[eFI√kM husdEdlenaHeTot . enAeBlbJçb'bwTvKeronsU®tenaH b"ul-BtVnEf¬gsunÊkfaEdleFI√[BY ksisßKN bJÇakar vresna˘˘˘ ®sk'TwkEP~knigsMEdgkareb†C∆acit†tsflU®byuTÏrhUtdMNk'Qamcuge®kaybgÌs' dUcG~kniBnÏVnelIksMdIenaHmksresr®tg'TMB&r200fa – « xM∆¨manesckI†esaks†ayNas' edaysmmit†TSg Gs'minTan'yl'[Vndl'CMerA . xM∆¨esaks†ayNas'Edl®kumtsflUd´TeTo tnwgkan'Etmankm¬Sg . eTaHbIxM∆¨kan'Etcas' nig®tUvcUlnivt†nk _ *eday k*xM∆¨®tUv EtxM®bwg[Gs'smtƒPaBedIm∫Iksagsmmit† . kMuemIlgayx¬Ánfa smmit† eTAminrYc Et®tUv®bug®by&t~CanicçcMeJHPaBetaHetIyniglak'karCanicç » .˘˘˘ etI®kumEdltSgx¬ÁnCaExµresrIkar ®sLaj'esrIPaB yuti†Fm·˘˘˘enaHman kareb†C∆atSgcit†[VnmYyPaK´n®kumXatkrenHeT ? . tamsMdIhYt-GUnehg enA®kecH sB√´f©rs'enArdΩkalIh√&rnij"aVnniya yfa « eQµaHqn (…taykß), enAkMBg'camsm&yyYnyk®sukExµr Vn®tUv eKecaTbw†gyYnfaCaExµr®khm . Kat'kMBugEtedkG®gwge®kampÊH ®sab'Etma nBYkTahanyYnmYy®kumcuHBIrfyn†edIrsMedAmkrkKat'@eXIjdUec~aHk*nwkfa yYnc∫as'Camkrkcab'Kat'Caminxan k*kMesokx¬ÁneKceTAe®kaypÊH Tahan yYnk*edjcab'beN†ay . eQµaHqn…taykßVnrt'cUl´®BeTArs'enACamYyBYkExµr®khm ehIyVneFI√CaembJÇakarkgvresna . eKehAfa « taqn » (taCavNˆ:k~¨gCYrExµr®khm) . hYt-GUnehgVnrMlwksMdItaqnfa – « rbb enHenaEtkab'sm¬ab'dEdl KWKµanEkE®bTal'EtesaH e®JH®TwsI†®khmdac' xatVnEcgfa ®tUvEtsm¬ab'edIm∫I[mnusßx¬ac nigeKarBtamTisedArbs'Ggkarkumµ¨ynis† nigedIm∫I[Vnkan'GMNacteTA´f©muxeTot » . ebImandMeNaH®saysni†PaBrYcenA®sukExµr EtKµankarcat'Ecgkat'eTa sbnExµr®khmeTenaH k~¨gry:eBlEvgnaGnaKt k~¨geBlEdlBYkGaC∆aFr Exµrm~ak'@xMbUm xMBukrlYy®sg'edImenaH bnExµr®khmk*nwg®bmUlVnnUvkar KS®TBI®bCaraÂs†Exµrmkvij ehIy®kesabykGMNacmkvijeTotCaminxan Etk~¨gnamExµrsIÌmYyepßgeTot minEmnk~¨gnam « Exµr®khm » dEdlenHeT.

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CMBUkTI7 - eyabl' eyIgm~ak'@ TSgesµrbreTs bsçwm®beTs ®BmTSg®bCaraÂs†ExµrTSgG s'K~aVnemIleXIj nigecaTeTAelIEt®kumExµr®khmbnb"ul-Bt, eGogsarI, exov-sMpn, nYn-CaEtb"ueNˆaH . BitEmnehIyfa bnb"ul-BtCaCn´d dl'å®kidΩ Vt´d®bLak'QamraÂs†ExµrbIlannak' Etvamankt†aGaf·kMVMgmYycMnYnFM

EdlCa®kumExµrK~a‰gk*man ®kumbreTsk*man EdlVnTUrbJÇa

( edaycMeJHnigmincMeJH Directly or indirectly ) bnb"ul-Bt[®b®Bwt†å®kwdΩkmµsm¬ab'rgalCnCatiExµrK~a‰g edayBYkbreTsenaHcSeq¬øt{kascMeN j nigbwTVMgnUvå®kidΩkmµnigbMNgrbs'eKmkelI®beTsExµr nigCnCati ExµreyIg . etIbnb"ul-BtecjBINamk ? breTsNa ExµrNaCaG~kbegI˚tpç¨gepI†m bnå®kwdΩCnGs'TSgenHeLIg[sm¬ab'Exµr ? yYnCaG~kbegI˚tBYkExµr®khm . b"ul-BtmanKMnitsÌb'rbbraCaniym tSgEtBIeKykbg®sIbgÌs'rbs' Kat'eTAf√ayh¬ÁgsIusuvtiƒ-munIvgßeFI√Cas~Mem"¬H (1) . EfmBIelIenHeTAeTotenaH saL¨t-srmanbMNgd*FMeFgk~¨gkarksagx¬ÁneK kiti†yspÊal'x¬Ánrbs'eK [lI∫l∫ajxÊ&rxÊar CaemdwknSExµrd*eqI~mm~ak'dUcCaeLnIn, em"A-esTug …dUcCa hU-CImijedayedIrykp¬Ëvsgmniymkumµ¨ynis†Ebbem"Aniymdac'xat (Radi -cal ) .

(1) sUmCMrabfa ExµrCaraÂs†samJÔ elIkElgEtnamWunEdlpab'es†cedIm∫IbuN¥s&ki†ecj mincg'[kUn®sIxÁ¬n eTAeFC I√ as~Mes†cEdlman®bBnÏrab'minGs'enaHeT . tamkarsm∏asn_ rbs'sIhnu cuHk~¨gTsßnavdI† Playboy q~S1987 k∫al34 elx5 sIhnuVnniyayfa CItarbs'hÁ¬gKW®Tg'munIvgß mans~MCapˬvkarcMnYn60 EttamkarBitrab'ry e®JHhÁ¬gmandMNak'enAJseBj®sukExµr ®Kan'EtBIsn'eTAkMBg'FM mandMNak'bI-bYnkEng ¬ eTAehIy . dMNak'mYyenAG~krSg CitpßarrMlg®tUveKlYcdutecal . ecAha√ yext†EtgeTAbgMr≈ aÂs†[ ykkUn®kmMueTAfa√ yhÁ¬g eBlEdlhÁ¬geTAsMNak'lMEhenAnwgdMNak'NamYyenaH . bg ®sIbgÌs'rbs'b"ul-Btm~ak'eQµaHL¨t-saerOn ®tUveKbgM[ ≈ eTAeFC I√ as~MhÁ¬gmunIvgßenAnwg dMNak'G~krSgenaH .

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eBlVneTAeronenA®sukVrSg b"ul-Btk*cUlcit†®sLaj'gb'gl'nwg ®TwsI†kumµ¨ynis† ehIyVncUlrYmCamYybkßkumµ¨ynis†hU-CImijtSgBIq~S19 49enaHmk . eBlCnenHVnvil®tLb'mk®sukExµrvijnaedImq~S1953 enaH k*enAEtbn†karTak'TgCamYybkßkumµ¨ynis†yYndEdl edayVneTAcUlrYm k~¨gmUldΩantMbn'kMBt ®tac ®tYt®tadwknSedayGacar¥emon …sWg-g"ukmij KW enAcugsÂgam≤NÎËcinelIkTI1 EdlCitEtnwgcb'eTAehIyenaH . tSgBIe®ka ykarsMercrbs'sni~siThßWENvq~S1954mk edaymanemdwknShaNUy CYycat'EcgsMrYl[ b"ul-BtVneFI√dMeNIreTA®sukcineb"kSgtamry:y yn†ehaHhaNUyy"ags©at'@Cae®cIndg . tSgEtBIVnCYbsnÊnaCamYyem"AesTugmk CnenHmankarekatsresIrnUv®TwsI†revIrvayrbs'elak®bFanem"A d*mhimarbs'cinCax¬Sg CaBiess®TwsI†EcgBI«mhaelatep¬aH-mhaGsçar¥» nig®TwsI†EcgBI «kareFI√bdivt†nv_ b∫Fm·rMlaysgmcas'ski†PUmi» ecal . Cn enHk*cab'manmhiciœtaelaPln'nigmanbMNgtSgx¬Án[k¬ayeTACaemdwknS Exµrd*mhaP¬Ws√agmhaGsçar¥m~ak'k~¨gkartsflUvNˆ: ksagrbbkumµ¨ynis†k~¨g ®sukExµr [VndUcCaeLnIn …em"A-esTug …k*hU-CImij[Tal'EtVn . eh tuenHehIyeTIbCnenHVnGb'rMx¬ÁneK[manebHdUgfµ cit†rwgdUcEdk sahav dUcx¬a®tUvrbYs cMeJHGI√EdlmkBaMg mkrarSgnUveKalbMNgd*FMeFgrbs'eK enaH CnenH®tUvEtkMeTcecalTSgGs' . edaysarcit†man:b†Ërp†ac'Ebby"ag enHehIy CnenHk*Vnk¬aymkCamnusßKµanmenaseJçtna CaBiessrvagbI† ®bBnÏ EdleFI√[G~k®KUexov-b"uNˆarIk¬ayCaqÁtvk'k~¨gq~S1978 ehIyb"ul-Bt k*yk®bBnÏmYyeToteTA . edIm∫IeFI√sgm[VneCOnelOnk¬ayCasgmniymBit®VkdenaH eK®tUv EteFI√bdivt†mYy[x¬Sgk¬a eJlKW®tUvEtkMeTc[Gs'BYkski†PUmi vNˆ:G~kdwknS CMnan'rbbcas' G~kTI®kug nayTun CaBiess®tUvsm¬ab'G~kecHdwgecalmun[ Gs'sin e®JHtam{vaTrbs'em"A-esTugfa – ebITukBYkGs'enH[enArs' BYk enHEdlecHBicarNarkehtuple®cIn nigbegI˚t[manKMnit «esIerIniym» ®bqSgtbCamYyKMnitsgmniymkumµ¨ynis†vijCaminxan . ‰®KwHvb∫Fm·CMenOsasna sil∫:k~¨grbbcas' k*®tUvEtbMp¬ajecalTSgGs'Edr ebIBMuenaHeT kareFI√bdivt†nQ _ anep¬aHeTArksgmniymBit®VkdenaH nwgminVnsMerceCa KC&ydl'eKaledAesaHeLIy . enHehIyCaCMenOp˚ab'muxrbs'bnb"ul-Bt ehIyCabMNgrbs'emdwknScinEdr k~¨gkaryk®sukExµreFI√karBiesaFn_

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nUv

®TwsI†rbs'elak®bFanem"Ad*mhimarbs'eK faetI®TwsI†enaHGacTTYleCaKC&y …eT ? . ‰cMENkemdwknSyYnvij Vnyl'nigdwgBIKMnitrevIrvayrbs'elak®bFanem"Ad*mhimac∫as'las'Nas' nigdwgGMBIeKalbMNgrbs'cin®bugyk evotNamdUcCacinVnrMlayyk®beTsTIebk~¨gq~S1959Edr e®JHyYnF¬ab' VnP¬kßemeronCUrct'e®kamkar®tYt®tarbs'GFiraCcinGs'db'mYystvtßmk ehIy . emdwknSyYnVns†ab'KMnitemdwknScinc∫as'Nas' . KMnitem"AvasIu K~a ®tUv®sbK~anwgeKalbMNgrbs'yYn Edle®Kagyk®sukExµr[Vnk~¨g GnaKt edIm∫I[®bCaraÂs†yYnCaghuksiblannak'Gacrs'Vn®sYl . e®KagkarNT _ I1EdlyYnxageCIgVnGnuvt†KW ykBYkExµrevotmijmk dak'[dwknS®beTsExµrVMgmuxGn†rCatimYyry:s sin rYcehIyswmeFI√evotNa mUbniykmµsnßwm@ edIm∫ITajyk®sukExµreFI√CardΩmYyk~¨gshB&nÏ≤NÎËcin EdlmanyYnCaemdwknS . Ete®KagkarNe_ nHVn®tUvb"ul-BtdwgCamun ehI ykMeTcecaltSgBIq~S1972 KWtSgBIeBlsaL¨t-srVnbMBulsm¬ab'sWg g"ukmijem"¬H . karkMeTcEpnkaryYnenH VneFI√Cabn†bnÊab'mkeTotrhUtdl' q~S1978 dUcCakarcab'sm¬ab'BYkJy&B¥Tis®kummUl-sm∫ti† enA´f©TI18mifu na1978CaedIm .

EpnkarTI1VnxUcGasarbg'Gs'ehIy edaysars~a´db"ul-Bt . ehtu enHemdwknSyYnrg'cSemIlEpnkarTI2 EdlyYnVneFI√s®mbeTAnwg «®TwsI† em"A» KWbMpusbMpul´pÊk~¨gs~ËldwknSExµr®khm eFI√[b"ul-BtqÁtvk'vIsm¬ab' ElgsM´c´d sUm∫IEtsgß&yk*®tUvEtykeTAsm¬ab'ecalEdr nigrYmsm¬ab' TSgExµr17emsa [putBUCBYksMNl'sgmcas'Etm†gk~¨grvagq~S1977 . b"ul-Btk*F¬ak'cUleTAk~¨gGnÊak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn EdledkriHKitEtmeF¥a Vyyl®sukExµrtSgBIsm&ysIhnumkem"¬H . edayeXIjExµrgakeTArkcin, s®tUvyYn, y"agb†Ërp†ac' emdwknSyYnk*Tak' TgrusßIrkCMnYyy"agsnÏwksnÏab'mkvayExµrb"ul-Bt [Exµr®BmcUlrYmeFI√Ca shB&nÏ tamKMnitbkßGn†rCati (®sbtamKMnityYn) Edl[yYnbegI˚tclna «kumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin»eLIgenAq~S1930 na®kughugkug . kalenaHenAminTan' manExµrniglavCasmaCikbkßrbs'kumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinenAeLIyeT . karlagsMGatCMrHsgmaedayGnuvt†viFIsm¬ab'rgal®bCaraÂs†Exµr tam ®TwsI†revIrvayrbs'elak®bFanem"Ad*mhimaenaH KWb"ul-BtVnedIrcUleTAk~¨g

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GnÊak'TI2rbs'emdwknSyYn Edlrg'cS{kaslÌenHCayUrmkehIy . ®sb eBlnwgesckI†GMJvnavrbs'elak®BwTiÏsPaGaemrikSg George McGovern VnsMu[®Kb'®beTsTSgGs' (q~S1978) Edl®sLaj'esrIPaBnigyuti†Fm· [bJÇËnkgT&BeTAvayrMlMrdΩaPiVlExµr®khmenaH emdwknSyYnk*ykels enH‰gelIkT&BK®KwkKe®Kg vaylukcUl®sukExµr edaye®bIrfe®kaHVj'min eqHrbs'rusßInSmux edaypßay®Vb'BiPBelakTSgmUlfa « evotNamcUl mkrMedaH®bCaCnExµrBIsƒannrkelakiy´nrbbkab'sm¬ab'sasn‰ _ g Gnuvt† edaybnb"ul-Bt » . etIevotNamVnCYyrMedaHExµrBI®kumXatkrb"ul-BtEmn… ? emdwknSyYnq¬atNas'k~¨gkarpßB√pßay®Vb'BiPBelakenH edIm∫Ilak' VMgnUvEpnkarå®kidΩnigKMnitGa®kk'rbs'yYnk~¨gkarelb®beTsExµr rYmbJçË leFI√shB&nÏ≤NÎËcin tambN†Srbs'hU-CImij . emdwknSyYne®bIviFIrarSgCa nicçnUv®Kb'sni~siTGn†rCatinana EdlelIkeLIgnUvkarEs√grksni†PaBdl' ®beTsExµrnig®bCaraÂs†Exµr nige®bIviFIBn¥aeBl[EvgGn¬ay edIm∫IerobcMCa beNI†r nUvEpnkar «evotNamUbniykmµ» rhUtmtiBiPBelaknigraÂs†ExµrTSg Gs' suxcit†TTYlyknUvsPaBEbbsB√´f© ´nkarQ¬anJnrbs'evotNam Status quo edaye®bIPasaneyaVybeNI†r@fa « neyaVyrbs'®beTs ≤NÎËcinTSgbICaedIm » KWk~¨geKaledAeFI√shB&nÏ≤NÎËcinenaHEtm†g . b"ul-BtnigbkßBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~k´d dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), ‰emdwknSevotNamCaG~ke®Kag KMniterobcMEpnkar xIç´dExµredIm∫Ism¬ab'bMputBUCsasnE_ xµr Etm†g . b"ul-BtnigbkßBYk ( eGog-sarI, tam"uk, nYn-Ca, sun-esn ) CaG~k´d dl' eTaHCamincMeJHk*eday ( Indirectly ), ‰emdwknSevotNamCaG~ke®Kag KMniterobcMEpnkar xIç´dExµredIm∫Ism¬ab'bMputBUCsasnE_ xµr Etm†g . KMnitkar Gnuvt†ns _ m¬ab'rgalrbs'bnb"ul-Bt dUcCaVnTTYlnUv®bB&nÏTUrbJÇa ( Remote control's system ) BIemdwknS®kughaNUyGIcwg . ebIyYnmkCYyExµr ehtuGI√k*cSVc'rg'cSrhUtb"ul-BtGnuvt†Epnkarsm¬ab'rgalraÂs†ExµrrMlay sgmExµrexÊcxÊI eTIbCaVneFI√CamkCYyrMlaybEnƒmkMu[sl'daneTot ? sem†csIhnuCaG~kruj®bCaraÂs†ExµrtSgGs'eTAcUlk~¨greN†AmrN:rb s'b"ul-Bt edayE®skbMBgGMJvnavBI®kugeb"kSg mk[kUnecATSgGs'rbs'“nSK~art'cUl´®B vaykMcat'c®kBti†GaemrikSgnigbrivark∫t'ln'-nl', siri-

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mt: eTaHbIe®kaybIyl'sal'y"agc∫as'nUvKMnitbnb"ul-Bt bnÊab'BIsem†c sIhnuVncUleTATsßna®sukExµrk~¨gtMbn'rMedaHq~S1973ehIyk*eday k*s em†csIhnuminVnQb'E®skGMJvnavEbbdEdl@enH rujraÂs†ExµreTA[b"ul-Btvayk∫alnwgt∫Ëgcb Garksm¬ab'nwgFaget~atEfmeToteLIy . kMhusCan'elIkMhus ( CYyyYnhaNUy rYccUlCamYyExµr®khmeTot) sem†csIhnuKµanVnedaH®saybJ˙aExµrNamYy e®kAEtBIbegI˚tbJ˙aEfm eLIgeLIy . sIhnuCaG~kciJçwmbMb"nkm¬Sgx¬aTSgBIr[FMFat' qab'TMJrelb CIvitraÂs†Exµrnig®sukExµr edaysarEtkMhwgcg'sgswkBYkbnln'nl'-siri mt:EEtb"ueNˆaH . etI®beTsExµrnwg®tUvk¬ayCacMV"TI2 k~¨gGnaKtqab'@xagmuxenH… ? etI kgT&BevotNamnwgcakecjBI®sukExµreday®sYl@… ? . ehtukarNT _ SgGs'enHKµanG~kNaGacTsßnT _ ay®tUvTSgGs'VneLIy ! etIemdwknSyYne®bIyuTÏviFIEbbNak~¨gkarrMlay®beTsExµrenH ?

1- emdwknSyYne®bIEpnkar «Bn¥aeBl» [yUr eFI√[mtiBiPBelakFuj ®Tan' rhUtTal'EtExµrenAk~¨g®beTsVk'p~t'KMniteCaKCS Gacrs'enArYmK~aCa mYyyYn e®kamkar®tYt®tarbs'yYn ehIysuxcit†TTYlyksJÇatiCaCnCa ti≤NÎËcin .

2- bJçËlniKmyYn[mktSgTIlMenACagbIlannak'ehIy elItMbn'dIma nCIrCati tammat'Ten¬emKg enAtMbn'sMbUr®tI bwgTen¬sab ehIybg≈M[rbb Gay"gehgsMrin-hflunEsn ®BmTTYlsal'BYkniKmyYnTSgenaHfa CaCati kmı¨Ca k~¨geKaledAykQ~H®bsinebImankareVHeq~atenAkmı¨Ca edIm∫Irkßa rbbGay"genH[manCIvitrs'rhUteTA . e®JHebIrbbGay"genHrs' karcuH htƒelxaTSgGm∫almaNrbs'ehg-sMrin k~¨gsniÏsJÔa®bKl'TwkdIeTA[ yYn enaHcat'TukCaVnkar ehIyExµrnwg®tUvVt'bg'TwkdIk~¨gGnaKtenH ebIKµa nkar®bug®eboberobcMeCIg®BYlneyaVy[Vnditdl'eTenaH . cMeJHniKmyYnCitBIrlannak'enH etIKNkmµkarGn†rCatiGaccat'viFankarek†Abg≈M[cakecjbIEdndIExµrekIt…eT ? kgT&ByYnEdlcakecjeTAenaH KW®Kan'EtbkexaGavTahanecal rYces¬økJk'exaGavsIuvil®tLb'mkrs'enA k~¨gcMeNamniKmyYnvijEtb"ueNˆaH .

3- emdwknSyYnmanbMNgCMrujbg˚at'BUCExµr-yYn [mankUnkat'yYnExµrkan'Ete®cIn ecHniyayPasaExµr Etmancit†KMnit®sLaj'CatiyYnCag .

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enHCaviFIrMlayCatiExµredaye®bIry:eBlEvg ehIyEdlyYnVnykmke®bI VnsMerceCaKC&yrYcehIyenAcMV" nigfIµ@enHenAkmı¨Cae®kam .

EpnkaryYnUbniykmµenHGacsMerceTAVn Ga®s&yeTAelIsƒankarN_ vivti†n´_ n®bvti†saÂs†BiPBelakpg EtCaBiessenaHGa®s&yeTAelIsµartI®b CaraÂs†Exµr®Kb'@rUbEtm†g . etIExµrTSgGs'suxcit†[®beTsExµrk¬ayeTACa ®sukyYn…eT ? . yYnKµanbMNgTal'EtesaHk~¨gkarcakecjBI®beTsExµreday®sYl@ KµankarKabsg˚t'BIGn†rCati KµankartsflUy"agb†Ërp†ac'rbs'Exµrk~¨gkarvaybeN†jyYn[ecjBIEdndIExµrenaHeT . emdwknSExµr®Kb'nin~akarVnyl'rYc Gs'ehIyBIBiesaFnn _ eyaVyxus x√HkarBicarNarbs'eK k~¨gGtitkal kn¬gmkfIµ@enH . etIp¬ËvNaEdlGace®sac®sg'nUvkarKg'vg'´n®bCaCatiExµr GriyFm· vb∫ Fm·Exµr sil∫:nig®beTsExµrVn ? p¬ËvsMrab'Exµrrs'manEtmYyKt' KWkarrYbrYmK~aCaF¬¨gmYy nigkarlHbg'Bli kmµrbs'emExµr®Kb'@rUb sMrab'®beTsnigraÂs†ExµrBit@ Et®tUve®bIrUbmn†Na mYyedIm∫IsMercnUveKalkarenH ? etIExµr®khmGacp¬as'b†ËrcritkacsahaveXareXA lHbg'KMnitem"Aniym revIrvay Qb'sm¬ab'ExµrteTAeTot…eT ?

Ebrmk®kumExµresrIEdltSgx¬Ánfa ®sLaj'esrIPaB yuti†Fm·enaHvij Kµa nbnÊat'neyaVyc∫as'las' kgT&BTSgemTSgkUnKµanvin&y eQ¬aHVk'Ebk K~a ®b®Bwt†GMeBIBukrlYy rMelaPsiTiÏmnusߢ˘˘ etIBYkeKkMBugedIreTArkGI√[Bit ®Vkd ? …mYyBYkeKnSK~aerobcMB®gIkrbbraCaniymeLIgvijeTot ?

BYkbnExµr®khmVnyk®TwsI†kumµ¨ynis†em"AniymmkeFI√Caåt†mKti pʨy eTAvijBYkemdwknSevotNamyk®TwsI†kumµ¨ynis† ®Kan'EtCameF¥aVyedIm∫I b®gYbb®gYmevotNamxageCIgnigxagt∫Ëg nigedIm∫IB®gIkTwkdI begI˚tCa mhaNac®kyYn≤NÎËcinmYy . dUcGtƒbTrbs'elak Roger Normand VnbJÇak'BIbMNgnigyuTÏviFIrbs'BYkExµr®khm®sab' BYkvaenAEt®Vf~adeNI†mGMNacmkvijdEdl EtenA eBlenHExµr®khmminTan'Cae®KaHf~ak'dl'kmı¨CaeT k~¨gry :eevlaxI¬xagmux enH .

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e®KaHf~ak'rbs'®beTsExµrenAeBlenH (1990) KWevotNamEtm†g Edl mankm¬Sgx¬SgCagbnb"ul-Bt TSgxagvis&yeyaFa TSgyuTÏviFI CaBiess yuTÏviFIevotNamelIqakGn†rCatiEtm†g . evotNamVnbMpusmtiGn†rCati edayrMelIkyke®KaHf~ak'rbs'Exµr®khmmkJMg bMbwTnUvå®kwdΩkmµnigbMN gexµArbs'evotNam k~¨gkarelb®beTsExµr . edayykbnGay"gehgsMrin-hflunEsn [edIrtYbeN†aHGasn~ edIm∫I[ mtiBiPBelakTTYlsal'nUvrbbbn†¨bkJÇHyYnenH emdwknSyYne®bIyuTÏviFI ®Kb'y"agedIm∫IBn¥aeBledaH®sayvibti†Exµr[EvgGn¬ay Tm¬ak'kMhuseTAelI ®kumExµrTSgbYn famin®BmCanaK~a ( EtemdwknSyYnp†l'viFI®Kb'y"ag[Gay"g P~MeBjrkelsedIm∫IkMu[mansni†PaBenA®sukExµr ) ®sbeTAnwgcit†KMnitem ExµrTSgenaHpgEdr EdlswgEtElgrvl'BIGaNaniKmyYn EpnkaryYnnUb niykmµ karQ¬anJnrbs'yYn Ebrmk®bkab'®bcak'K~aQUrqrbegI˚tKNbkßneyaVy KµandwgTistMbn' k~¨gevlaEdl®sukTSgmUlkMBugsiƒtenA e®kamkar®tYt®tarbs'yYn . mYyeTot‰hflun-Esnk*nwg®tUvyYndkdak'BYkGtitExµrevotmijmkCMnYs vij k~¨gGnaKtxI¬xagmuxenH ebI®bsinemdwknSyYnemIleXIjfa hflun-Esn KµansmtƒPaB®Kb'®Kan'k~¨gkarp†l'®beyaCn[ _ yYneTenaH dUcEdlyYnVn b†ËrdkemdwknSlav®Tg'supanuvgß dak'lavevotmij´ksUn-PMuvihandUec~aHEdr . karnSK~abegI˚tKNbkßneyaVyk~¨gsƒanPaB®beTsExµrenACakJÇHyYn KWExµrTSgGs'K~akMBugEtedIrcUleTAk~¨gklåVyrbs'emdwknSyYnehIy . emdwknSyYnnwge®bIviFIdEdl@ KWbMEbkkm¬Sg[exßay «bMEbkedIm∫I®tYt®ta » ( Diviser pour règner ) . emdwknSyYneFI√y"agNaedIm∫I[Gn†rCatieCOfa «yYnBMuVnlUk´dk~¨gerOg ´pÊk~¨gExµreT KWBYkExµrK~a‰gEdl®beQ¬aHdeNI†mGMNacK~a» ehIyeFI√[Gn†r CatieKQWk∫al eKElgrvIrvl'nwgerOgExµrteTAeTot .

Cagdb'q~SEdlBiPBelak CaBiessshrdΩGaemrik VneFI√smıaFesdΩ kicçnigTUtCamYyevotNam etI®kum®beTsTSgGs'enaHmankarxatbg'KitCa luyGs'b"unµanekadidul¬ar ? etIeKVn®beyaCnG _ I√teTAeTotk~¨gkarbn†eFI√ smmıaFeTAelIevotNamenH etI®beTsExµrman®beyaCnb _ "uNˆaeTA k~¨gkar b"Hb"UvesdΩkicç´n®kum®beTsGs'TSgenaH ? . emdwknSyYnVnemIleXIj®kLaenHtSgBIdMbUgTImkem"¬H EtEbrmkemdwk

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nSExµrenAEtmanKMnitep†kp†ÁlelIGn†rCati100PaKry edayElgKitCYy x¬Án‰gesaHEtm†g eKKitEtBIeFI√y"agNa®kesabGMNac[Vn . enHehIy CacMNucexßayrbs'emdwknSExµr Edlk¬ayeTACabMerIneyaVyxµSgCatiExµr eTAvij . sem†csIhnuminVneVHbg'ecalBYkExµr®khmesaHeLIy e®JH®Tg' yl'eXIjfa manEteyaFaExµr®khmeT

eTIbmanlTÏPaBGacvaykMcat'kg

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