មេដឹកនាំជាតិខ្មែរ

esckIþEføgGMNrKuN (Acknowledgment)

Cabzm´sUmelIkhtßfVaybgÁM nigsUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAcMeBaH elak«Buk Gñkmþay nigCatiExμr CaGñkmanKuNd¾elIslub Edl)anpþl;CIvit pþl;kMeNIteGaykUn nigxitxMciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSakUn. sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuNelakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüTaMgGs; Edl)anpþl;cMeNHdwgdl;´ nigkulbuRt kulFIta ExμrRKb;rUb. sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuN RBHetCKuNRKb;RBHGgÁ RBmTaMgPriya nigb¥Ún²rbs;´ Edl)anCYy sRmYlkic©kar kñúgkarcgRkgesovePAenH. sUmeKarBEføgGMNrKuN Gs;elak elakRsI Edl)anCYy]btßmÖ KaMRT. esovePAenH cgRkgeLIg edIm,I]TÞisdl;GñkdwknaM GñkesñhaCati nigGñkCatiExμrniym EdlsuxcitþlHbg; kMlaMgkay citþ rhUtdl;bUCaCIvit edIm,IbuBVehtukarBarCatimatuPUmiExμrRKb;CMnan; eGay)anKg;vgSrhUtmkdl; bc©úb,nñenH. esovePAEdl´xitxMcgRkgeLIgenH KWkñúgeKalbMNgrYmcMENkkñúgkarbNþúHsμartICatiniym nigbNþúHqnÞ³ RbCaCatiExμreGaymankaryl;dwgbEnßmGMBI emdwknaMCatiExμr nigyuT§saRsþdwknaMrbs;bNþaRbeTsGPivDÆn_ mYycMnYn edIm,ITajykbTBiesaFn_nigKMnit mkGPivDÆRbeTsExμr eGaymankarrIkcMerIndUcbNþaRbeTsTaMgLay enAelakxaglic. ´sgÇwmfa esovePAenHnwgCYybMPøWdl; RBHetCKuN sisS nisiSt CMnan;eRkay nigGs;elak elakRsI EdlmanbMNgcg;køayCaemdwknaMd¾l¥ sMrab;sgÁmCatiExμr b¤tambNþasßab½nepSg². ehIy´yl;fa tamry³ esovePAenH KWCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgBIKMnit nigbTBiesaFn_pÞal;rbs;´ d¾tictYcsþÜcesIþg minTan;)anRKb;RCugeRCay enAeLIyeT. ´rIkraynigTTYlyknUvkarriHKn; Eklm¥ RKb;Ebbya:gGMBIelakGñkGan. CacugbBa©b;enH ´sgÇwmfa Gs;elakGñkGanBitCanigTTYl)annUvKMnityuT§saRsþñkdwknaM edIm,IGPivDÆ sgÁmCatieyIgeGaymankarrIkcMerInrugerOg nigeFVIeGayxøÜneyIgkøayCa kMBUlGñkdwknaMKMrUl¥kñúgsgÁmCatiExμr naeBlGnaKt. { »kasekIteLIgedaykarRbwgERbgerobcM minEmnekItedaysarkaredkcaM»kaseT}

eFIVenATIRkugva:sIunetan éf¶TI07 Exkkáda qñaM2007 bNÐit s FmμrgSI

(Y) eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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GarmÖkfa emdwknaM mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas; kñúgkardwknaMRbeTsCati shRKas Rkumh‘un GgÁkar b¤sßab½nepSg² edIm,I »ymankarvivDÆn_ lUtlas;eCOnelOneTAmux. dUecñH edIm,I»yRsbeTAnwgkal³eTs³ énkarvivDÆn_rbs;tMbn; nig saklelak esovePAemdwknaMCatiExμrenH nwgqøúHbBa©aMgTaMgRTIsIþ nigkarGnuvtþn_ EdlCakarBiesaFn_ rbs;emdwknaM kMBUl² enAelIelakenH . eyIg)andkRsg;mkcgRkgpgEdr nUvKMrUvIrPaB rbs;vIrburs mhabursExμr eyIgykmkKYbpSM nwgsßankarN_ RbvtþisaRsþBitnana EdlRbeTsCati nigExμreyIgRKb;rUb)anEhlqøgkat; sMrab;CaKMnit dl;karRtiHriHBicarNaeRbobeFob kñúgkardwknaMRbeTsExμr eGayrs;ranKg;vgSCaExμr dUcGarüRbeTsnanaelIelakenH. edIm,IBüa)alCMgW evC¢bNÐit caM)ac;RtUvsÁal;eraKsBaØaBit. y:agNamij edIm,IrkviFIEkbBaðasgÁmExμr eyIg ral;Kña CaGñkdwknaM mankarxVayxVl; cMeBaHGayuCIvitrbs;RbeTsCati RtUvEtsÁal;dl; b¤sKl; énbBaða sikSaKas; kkay rkeGayeXIjkarBit CaedImcm. GñkniBn§BüayamtaMgcitþ CakNþal Etfa karsikSarknUvGIVEdlBit rEmg b:Hdl;tYrGgÁNamYy edayecosminrYc dUcPasitExμreBalfa{BaküBitErgrwg RsaErgRsvwg minsUvCa }. karsikSa rkkarBit minRKan;EtCameFüa)ayeGayeyIgGacrkviFIEkéxbBaðaCati b:ueNÁaHeT EtnwgCYy eGayeyIgGacnaMmk nUvyutþiFm’ dl;GñkEdl)an)at;bg;CIviteTA nigdl;sgÁmCatieTotpg. eRBaHfa enAkñúgsgÁmExμreyIg Gñkcaj;ehIy søab;EtgEtxus ÉGñkrs;ehIyQñH eTaHmankMhusF¶n;F¶rkMritNa rEmgEkxøÜnlak;kMhus ykRtUvCanic©. bBaðaEbb enH ekItmankñúgsgÁmExμreyIg Caerogd¾rabmk EdlCaehtueFVI»yBUCsasn_Exμr cuHGn;exSayesÞIputBUCdUcsBVéf¶. müa:geTot karcgRkgesovePAenH CaÉksar edIm,IbNþúHKMnit sisS nisSit RbCaCatiExμr »ykøayeTACa emdwknaMmYyd¾l¥mYyedayxøÜnÉg sMrab;sgÁmCatiExμr naeBlGnaKt kñúgbMNgcg;eGay matuPUmieyIg sm,Úreday emdwknaMl¥² manRbsiT§iPaB manKMnitesñhaCatiBit² RKb;RsTab;énsgÁm. sgÁmCatimYy sm,ÚredayemdwknaMl¥ RKb;sßab½nCati nwgeFIV»ysgÁmenaH mankarrIkcMerIn eCOnelOnya:gR)akd. sm½yGgÁr Ca]TahrN_ sMrab;eyIg CaExμr ykmkeFVIkarsikSa. RBHBuT§GgÁ)anTUnμan Tukfa {mñalPikçú PikçúnI ])ask ])asikaTaMgLay sm½ykalNa

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eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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matika esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ---------------------------------------------------------------- i GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii

EpñkTI 1 eKalkarN_emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr ------------------------------------------------------1 I. eyIgCaExμr RtUvsÁal;GIVCaExμr ----------------------------------------------------1 II. GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd-----------------------------------------------------6 III. eKalbMNg nigTisedA--------------------------------------------------------10 IV. smtßPaB ÉkeTs nigkarBiesaFn_c,as;las; ---------------------------------------11 V. esckþIkøahan karlHbg; nigkarebþCJacitþ -------------------------------------------15 VI. suxPaBl¥ -----------------------------------------------------------------16 VII. KuNFm’ ------------------------------------------------------------------17 k-RBhμviharFm’ ------------------------------------------------------------17 1- emtþa---------------------------------------------------------------17 2- kruNa--------------------------------------------------------------18 3- muTita--------------------------------------------------------------18 4- ]ebkça -------------------------------------------------------------18 x-TsBiFFm’ ---------------------------------------------------------------19 1- Tan ---------------------------------------------------------------19 2- sIl---------------------------------------------------------------19 3- bric©aK-------------------------------------------------------------21 4- GaC¢v³ -------------------------------------------------------------22 5- mTÞv³ --------------------------------------------------------------24 6- tb³---------------------------------------------------------------24 7- GekáaF³ ------------------------------------------------------------26 8- GvihwgSa------------------------------------------------------------26 9- xnþI ----------------------------------------------------------------27 10-GvieraFn³------------------------------------------------------------27 VIII. eFIVKMrUnaMmuxeK--------------------------------------------------------------29 IX. h‘anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmμPaBrbs;xøÜnÉg ---------------------------------------30 eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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]sSah_sikSaeronsURtbEnßm ---------------------------------------------------32 XI. RtUvsMerccitþeGayTan;eBlevla-------------------------------------------------33 XII-RtUvecHCYyKña lak;Kña karBarKña eTAvijeTAmk---------------------------------------34 X.

EpñkTI 2 sil,³kardwknaM --------------------------------------------------------------------36 I. ckçúvis½y --------------------------------------------------------------------36 1- neya)ayvatTwkdIrbs;kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin ----------------------------------------36 2- rbbkumμúynisþ ehg sMrin h‘un Esn Gay:gyYn -----------------------------------49 3- GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI nigCnGenþaRbevsn_yYn -----------------------------------51 4- h‘un Esn Kabsgát;CiHCan;RbCaBlrdæExμreGayexSay RkIRk l¶g;exøAnigP½yxøac------------57 k- etIyYn h‘un Esn eFVIeGayExμrRkIRktamviFINaxøH?------------------------------57 x- etIyYn h‘un Esn eFVIeGayExμrl¶g;exøAtamviFINaxøH? ----------------------------58 K- etIyYn h‘un Esn eFVIeGayExμrP½yxøac)ak;s,attamviFINaxøH?---------------------58 5- karsnñidæanvasnaGnaKtCatiExμr-----------------------------------------------59 II. eKalbMNg nigTisedAemdwknaMCatiExμr ---------------------------------------------59 III. yuT§sa®sþTwk ---------------------------------------------------------------60 1- Twktamniymn½yviTüasa®sþ --------------------------------------------------60 2- TwkRbdUckmøaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr-----------------------------------------------61 3- GtþsBaØaNrbs;kmøaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr -----------------------------------------61 4- KuNsm,tþi nigTwkcitþrbs;kmøaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr----------------------------------62 5- virPaBrbs;Twk -----------------------------------------------------------64 6- kMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd ---------------------------------------------64 7- yuT§sa®sþrbs;TwkenAkñúgkarRbyuT§ --------------------------------------------65 8- yuT§sa®sþrbs;TwkenAkñúgkarkarBarxøÜn ------------------------------------------67 9- Twk nigsil,³sRgÁam s‘un s‘U -------------------------------------------------67 10-l,icd¾l,Il,ajnanaenAkñúgsRgÁam --------------------------------------------68 k- l,icsMlab;sRtUvedayx©IdaveK---------------------------------------------68 x- l,icbþÚrRsemal nigPaBBit -----------------------------------------------72 K- l,icTIRkugKμanmnusS----------------------------------------------------73 X-l,icdkfytamyuT§sa®sþ ------------------------------------------------74 eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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11-bNþaMRBlwgemKgÁ --------------------------------------------------------75 yuT§saRsþ -----------------------------------------------------------------76 1- eKaledA k- eKaledA yYn h‘un Esn-------------------------------------------------78 x- eKaledAemdwknaMCatiExμr ------------------------------------------------78 2- vayluk --------------------------------------------------------------79 3- RbmUlpþMú --------------------------------------------------------------81 4- kll,ic --------------------------------------------------------------82 k- yYnykRsIeFVIFñak; Tak;emdwknaM ------------------------------------------82 x- l,icekþAeFVIsRgÁamQøanBanExμr -------------------------------------------84 K- l,icx©IdavsRtUveRbI ¬yYneRbIl,iceGayExμrsmøab;Exμr¦--------------------------85 X-EpnkaryYnsMlab;Exμr kñúgrbbraCaNacRkEkøgkøay ---------------------------86 5- ÉkPaBGñkdwknaM --------------------------------------------------------90 6- snSMsMéc -------------------------------------------------------------91 7- qμk; -----------------------------------------------------------------91 8- snþisux---------------------------------------------------------------91 9- gayRsYl -------------------------------------------------------------92 10- RBmKña ---------------------------------------------------------------93 V. begIátRkumkargar ------------------------------------------------------------93 1- RkumkargarKWCamnusSmanqnÞ³EtmYy -----------------------------------------93 2- eRCIs EtgtaMgmnusSEdlmanfVIéd nigkarBiesaFn_x<s;kñúgkargar --------------------94 3- mnusSenAkñúgRkumkargar RtUvebþCJacitþTaMgGs;Kña ---------------------------------94 VI. karerobcM ------------------------------------------------------------------95 1- kareRCIserIssmaCik ----------------------------------------------------97 2- Par³rbs;smaCik -------------------------------------------------------97 VII. Par³GñkdwknaM ------------------------------------------------------------ 101 1- RbmUlBt’man-------------------------------------------------------- 102 2- eFVIEpnkar----------------------------------------------------------- 103 3- Gnuvtþ ------------------------------------------------------------- 105 4- tamdanRtYtBinitü ---------------------------------------------------- 105 5- RtYtBinitülT§pl----------------------------------------------------- 105 IV.

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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6- sikSaeLIgvij -------------------------------------------------------- 105 VIII. karCYbRbCMu ------------------------------------------------------------- 106 IX. karelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlik ------------------------------------------------------ 107 X. karR)aRsy½Tak;Tg-------------------------------------------------------- 108 XI karkMNt;mitþ nigsRtUv------------------------------------------------------109 XII karedaHRsayTMnas;--------------------------------------------------------110 XIII. RbePTénkardwknaM ------------------------------------------------------- 111 1- kardwknaMEbbpþac;kar---------------------------------------------------- 111 2- kardwknaMEbbkumμúynisþ -------------------------------------------------- 112 3- kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibetyü ---------------------------------------------- 112 4- kardwknaMEbbGnaFibetyü------------------------------------------------ 113 XIV. ktþasMxan;²edIm,IeFVI[kardwknaMmanRbsiT§PaB ----------------------------------- 115 XV. ktþaEdlnaMeGaybraC½y ---------------------------------------------------- 115 XVI.GMeBIGaRkk; 22 Rbkar EdlemdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvecosevog --------------------------- 122 Éksareyag-------------------------------------------------------------------- 123

3C3

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

ix

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EpñkTI 1

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

eKalkarN_emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr (Principles of Khmer Patriot Leaders)

GñkdwknaMExμr CaCnEdlRsLaj; Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμrBit² bþÚrpþac; EfrkSa karBarplRbeyaCn_ Exμr karBar ksagsgÁmCatiExμreGayKg;vgS manvibulPaB nig]tþmPaB Rbkbedayckçúvis½yEvgq¶ay. emdwknaM Exμr CaGñkminQøk;vegVg nwgGMNac ysskþ× laPskáar³ RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn bkSBYk b¤G)aymuxepSg²manRsI Rsa El,g fñaMjaNCaedIm. emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtCaCnman\sSrPaB TaMgkarpþÜcepþImKMnit karKit kardwknaM nigminsßit eRkamKMnabbreTsNaeLIy. emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtRbkan;maKa’mYyd¾Cak;lak; kñúgkareFVIeGaysgÁmCatimanÉkPaB \sSrPaB manGFibetyüPaB vibulPaB RbCaFibetyü CaCatimYyesμImux enAelIelakeyIgenH. emdwknaMExμr Kit CacMbgdl; suxmalPaBrbs;Exμr RKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm. RtUvEtdwgKuNCati dUcdwgKuN «BukmþayxøÜn eRBaHCatiTwk dIExμrenHehIy Edl)anpþl;kMeNIt»yeyIgmanQamCr½CaExμr. ehtuenH kñúgnameyIgCaExμr RtUvEteFIVkartbsñg sgKuN cMeBaHCatieyIg enARKb;kal³eTs³EdlGaceFVI)an. kñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaMExμr eyIgRtUvEtsÁal;eGayc,as; BIGIVCaExμr nig taMgcitþRsLaj; karBarGPirkS½ nigGPivDÆn_ GVIEdlCaExμr enaHeGayKg;vgS rugerOgRbesIreLIgCanic© nirnþ. emdwknaMExμrRtUvsÁal;eGayc,as;BI GtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGnaKtkal. emdwknaMExμrRtUvriHrkmeFüa)ay CYyRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; enARKb;TWsTI eGayrYcputBIkar )at;bg;GtþsBaØaNCaExμr BIPaBRkIRk Gt;Xøan l¶g;exøA P½yxøac nignaMmknUv siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj CUndl; BlrdæExμrTaMgGs; CaBiess ExμrEdlkMBugrs;rgTukçenAelITwk dIExμrsBVéf¶. {yYneFVIBlikmμFMeFg mutRsYcxøaMgNas; eTIbvaGacykdIExμr)anedIm,irMedaHCatiBIyYn eyIgRtUvEtmansμartI lHbg; bþÚrpþac; Gg;Gac ekøovkøa mutRsYc Gt;Fμt; s‘URTMa R)akdniym skmμelIs yYneRcInsibdg}{edIm,IPaBrs;ranKg;vgSsßitesßrrbs;RbCaCatiExμrGñkdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvEth‘aneFVIGIVRKb;y:agminfa CaGIVeLIy}. ;

-eyIgCaExμr RtUvsÁal;GIVCaExμr (We are Khmer so we have to know about Khmer) GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtCaExμrBitR)akd RtUvsÁal;GIVCaExμr sÁal;BIRbvtþisaRsþCatiBit TMenomTMlab;RbéBNIExμr vb,Fm’Exμr nigGIVEdlmanelITwkdIExμr. tamRTwsIþrbs;elak sun‘ s‘uI )aneBalfa {sÁal;xøÜnÉgc,as; sÁal;sRtUvc,as; sÁal;briyakasCMuvijxøÜnÉgc,as; c,aMgmYYyrydg QñHTaMgmYyrydg}. dUcenH munnigykQñHelI GñkdéT eyIgRtUv sÁal;xøÜnÉgeGayc,as; KWykQñHxøÜnÉgCamunsin. ebIsaÁ l;xnÜø Ég EtminsÁal;sRtUvGacQñHGaccaj;.sÁal;sRtUv EtminsÁal;xøÜnÉg k_GacQñH Gaccaj;. EtebIminsÁal; xøÜnÉg minsÁal;sRtUvkarbraC½yrg;caMeyIgCanic© .

I

Rtg;cMNucenH GñkdwknaMExμr EdlsÁal;xøÜnÉgc,as; eFIVeGayGñkdwknaMenaH manPaBeCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg PaB eCO Cak;elIxøÜnÉg naM[GñkdwknaMenaH manPaBR)akdniym PaBR)akdniymCakþIsgÇwm kalNamankIþsgÇwm man kMlaMgcitþenaHehIyCafamBld¾mhasal GacrujRcaneGayQaneTArkeCaKC½y)an. GñkdwknaMRtUvsÁal;c,as; las; nUvmaK’a EdlRtUvnaMExμr edIreTArkeCaKC½y PaBrugerOg vibulPaB nigGacBüakrN_dwgmunBI ]bsKÁ nigPaB eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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rkSasiT§i

braC½ypgEdr edIm,Icat;viFankarN_karBar muneBlplvi)akekItmaneLIg. ehtuGIV)anCaGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEtsÁal; eGayc,as; BIGIVCaExμr? ebIeyIgsÁal;Exμrminc,as; eyIgnigcaj; b¤k¾QñHedIm,Icaj;. Cak;Esþg GñkdwknaMbc©úb,nñ mYyPaKFM CaCnCatiyYn EdlecHniyayExμr dUcCa huk LgDI/ b‘un sm/ sux Kg;/ cay saMgyun/ mas suPa/ pan; gYn/ nigmYycMnYneTot RBmTaMgBBYkQøk;vegVgnwgmenaKmn_viC¢ayYn ¬BYkeqVgniymRCul¦ dUcCa h‘un Esn/ nig ehg sMrin/ Ca sIuIm. BYkenHmin)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCatiExμreT,Iy pÞúyeTAvij BYkvaCabIsac CBa¢k;Qam Cati nigRbCaCatiExμr edIm,IplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn bkSBYk nwigCaexμackñúgEdleGayéd eTAecAhVayvaKW yYn EdlCaGñkeRKageGaymankarsMlab;rgÁalBUCsasn_Exμr edayviFIbMPnþ½ya:gRtCak;bMput. ehtuenHehIy CMhandMbUgrbs;GñkdwknaM KWRtUvsikSaBIxøÜnÉg edIm,IEsVgrkcMNucexSay nigcMNucxøaMg. ebIeyIgdwgBIcMNucexSay rbs;xøÜnÉgehIy eyIgRtUvEtEkERb sikSabEnßm eFIVya:gNaeGaycMNucexSayenaH)at;bg;eTA ehIyEkéxxøÜneGay kan;EtmanPaBrwgbwugRbesIreLIg. ebIeyIgdwgBIcMNucxøaMgrbs;xøÜnehIy eyIgRtUvEtkarBar EfrkSanigeFIVxøÜneGay kan;EtRbesIreLIg² erogral;éf¶bEnßmeTAmuxeTot kMu»yenAdEdl edayeRbobeFobCamYy niwgKUrRbECgEdlxøaMg CageyIg. etIeFIVdUcemþc eTIbsikSadwgBIxøÜneyIg)an? KWeyIgRtUvEtxitxMrkBt’man EdlTak;TgnwgxøÜneyIg tam ry³karsþab; Gan emIl Gegát nigkarRsavRCavBIRKb;mCÄdæan ykmkRtiHriHBicarNa ehIyeRbobeFobxøÜneyIgeTA nwgGVIEdl)anGan emIl sþab; >>> edIm,I EkERb eFIVxøÜneGayRbesIreLIg. kalNaGñkdwknaM sÁal;xøÜnÉgc,as;enHCa ktþacitþsaRsþmYyFMNas; kñúgkardwknaMxøÜnÉg k¾dUcCakardwknaMCatipgEdr. tamRTwsIþ BuT§sasnafa {QñHbuKÁldéT BuMesμInwgQñHxøÜnÉgeLIy} . dUecñHGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvykQñHcitþRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Camunsin. edIm,IykQñH citþRbCaBlrdæ)an luHRtaEteyIgsÁal;BI RbvtiþsaRsþExμr critExμr TMenom TMlab;RbéBNIExμr vb,Fm’ cMNg;cMNUl citþ nigesckIþRtUvkar rbs;RbCaCatiExμr naeBlbc©bú ,nñ. etI BlrdæExμrkMBgu RtUvkarGICV acaM)ac;? RkumGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvmankaresμaHRtg; nwg ]tþmKtirYm ha‘nlHbg ; kþIsuxpÞal;xøÜn TaMgGayuCIvit RTBüFn eBlevlaya:g bþÚrpþac; bMput edIm,IeFVIRbeyaCn_CUn Cati CnrYmQamExμr nigRtUvrs;enArYmsukçrYmTukç y:agsit¥ rmYtCamYyRbCaBlrdæExμr edaymineKcevssMgMykrYcxøÜn kñúgRKaGasnñ CaBiess enAkñúgkal³eTs³enH. eyIgRtUvq¶l;fa ehtuGIV)anCayYn EdlCaecartamRBMEdncinesaH vaGacvatTIykTwkdICatid¾éT )anFMliVwg elIVy rhUtykTaMg TwkdIcM)a: nigTwkdIExμrenAkm<úCaeRkam)anTaMgRsug ehIyRBmTaMgbnþ mkelbykTwkdIExμrsBV éf¶eTot. edaysar yYn)ansikSa sÁal;c,as;BIcMNucexSayrbs;Exμr rbs;BYkemRtYtRtaExμr EdlelμaPnwgGMNac RsI Rsa GMeBIBala eRskXøanmuxmat; ysskái laPskáar³ KμanRBMEdnenHÉg . cMENkÉRbCaBlrdæExμr qab;lg; qab;eCO Gñkd¾éT Catid¾éT edayxVHkareRtHriHBicarNarkxusRtUv eGay)aneRCARCH nigkarxVHcMeNHdwgkñúgkarføwg Eføg nUvehtuplepSg² k¾eRBaHEtkardwknaM xVHTsBitFm’rbs;esþcGay:genHÉg. hU CImij )anerobcMEpnkar bgáb;Exμreyokmij yYneyokmijEdlecHExμr EdlyYnva)an bMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþrYcehIy Cacarkmμ rbs;va eGaymkbegáIt PaBvwkvr kñúgCYrExμrRkhm naMeGaymankarkab;sMlab;Exμr y:agrgÁalkñúgrbb b:ul Bt ¬km<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¦kñúg bMNgkkUrsßankarN_ kñúgrbbenHeGayexμAggwt Ebk)ak;Kña. edaysarPaBRCulniym rbs;RkumenH )aneFVI»y ExμrEbk)ak; kab;sMlab;Kñavwkvr cuHexSayxøaMg ehIyyYnva vayQøanBan bøn;RTBüsm,tþi eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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elbykRbeTsExμrEtmþg nigEkEkøg RbvtþisaRsþExμr eTACaRbvtþisaRsþ\NÞÚcin tMrUveGaykUnExμr eronRbvtþisaRsþ enHeTAvij. edIm,IbnþEpnkarelb ykTwkdIExμr yYn)anbnþúbBYkExμrRkhm h‘un Esn ehg sMrin CaGay:g cab;taMgBIéf¶TI 7mkra qñaM1979 mk. erOgRbvtþisaRsþ\NÐÚcin minxusKñaBIsm½yeRkaysm½yGgÁrbnþic esom)an erobcM eGaymanbdivtþn_mYy enAkñúgRbeTsExμr ehIyeFVIeGaynayRtsk;Ep¥m EdlCaXatkrsMlab;esþcenaH min RtwmEt minmaneTasb:ueNÑaHeT EtRtUv)aneK cat;TukfaCaGñkmanbuNü eLIgesayraCüCMnYsesþcRKgraCüEdl RtUv)aneFIVXatenaHeTAvij . cUreyIgnaMKñaKitbnþiceTAemIl_fa kñúg1000qñaMmun GMNacesþc kMBugman\T§iBleBj bnÞúk swgminmanraRsþNaemIlmuxcM)an etIehtuGIV)anCa nayRtsk;Ep¥meFVIXatesþcehIy RtLb;CaminmaneTas rYcehIyelIkeLIg [esayraCüeTot. etIGacekIteTArYceT ebIsinKμankMlaMgBIeRkAekobsgát;bgçM eGaymRnþICati nigBlrdæExμrEdlesμaHRtg; nwgraCvgS TwkdI Cati RbCaCatiExμr TTYlyl;RBmykTaMgbgçMeTenaH. müa:geTot kar krekItCamhacRkPBmYyeTArYc etImanmhabNÐit GñkecHdwg eRcInes¥ksáHkMritNa eTIbGacksagRsukeTs [ )ansMercdl;kMritenaH ehIyetI vrCnTaMgenaH suxcitþTTYlyk PaBexμAggwt EbbenHedaygay² b¤? b¤mYyk¾ RtUv BYkQøanBan ¬ebIminEmn esom k¾ yYn EtGacesomeRcInCag¦ eRbIl,ickab;sMlab; y:agrgÁalelICnTaMgenaH dUc yYn eRbIBYkkumμúynisþeqVgRCul niym eGaysMlab;ExμrkalBI 1975-93 nigbnþrhUtdl;sBVéf¶ dUecñHEdr. kar RbRBitþikarsMlab;rgÁalEbbsenH RtUv)anlb; lagbEgVgdan bM)at;karBit edaykartak;EtgRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay elIkdMekIg]RkidæCnrUbenH nigbgb¥Ún¬nay Rtsk;Ep¥m nigb¥Ún¦faCaGñkmanbuNümanGayudl;Cag 400qñaM Edl hYsBivis½ymnusSeCO)aneGaykUn Exμreron rhUtdl;sBVéf¶. vak¾minxusKñanwgeBlsBVéf¶Edr BYkk,t;CatiGtItExμr RkhmédRbLak;Qam h‘un Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum EdlRtUvExμrTUTaMgRbeTsmineBjcitþ eFVIkarts‘URbqMag y:agKRKWkKeRKgkalBIqñaM 1979-93 nig)ane)aHeqñatTMlak;ecalkalBIqñaM 1993 RtUv)anyYnerobcMbnþúb[ kan;GMNac nigeGayBYkk,t;mYykþab;tUcenH bnþúb esþcGay:gbnþeTot. kñúgbMNg[esþcGay;:gCYyBRgwgGMNac k,t;Cati EdlmanecaryYnCaecAhVayvaenABIeRkayxñg[kan;EtrwugmaMeLIg edaykartMeLIggar BYkk,t;TaMgenH Ca semþcmhaecaredkeCa cRkIenHcRkIenaH b¤k¾faCa mKÁúeTsk_CneTAvij. minyUreLIy RbvtþisaRsþExμr nwgRtUvBYkva EkRkéLbnþeTot edaycat;Tuk BYkk,t;CaBUCGñkmanbuNü b¤k¾fa CaExSelahitRBH)aT h‘un eTon mkcab;Cati Cak;Caminxan. rYcehIy va[kUnExμrsm½yeRkay eronRbvtþiEkøgkøayqáÜtlIlaenHteTAeTot. ehtuGIV)an CayYn nigGay:gerobcM eGaymanRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay ? dUceBalrYcmkehIy ebIExμrminsÁal;xøÜnÉgCaGñkNa mkBINa manRbvtþirugerOgy:agNa etImanGVIGaceFIV»y kUnExμrsm½yeRkay manKMnitCatiniymduHdaleTArYc. cuHebIyuvCn KμanKMnitCatiniym KμanKMnitRsLaj;CatimatuPUmi etImanKMnitkarBarCatiBINamkekIt. CaTUeTA kardwknaMnanaEbb sm½yTMenIb eKEtgEtsikSaBIkMhusqÁg GtItkal b¤BIGIV EdleK)aneFIVrYcehIy nigcgRkgTuk edIm,IkMueGaykMhus qÁgdEdl² enaHekIteLIgeTotenAeBlGanaKt. Etkartak;EtgRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay CaviFImYyeFVIeGayExμrCMnan; eRkay minGacrkkMhusqÁgGtItkal EdlCabuBVehtu naMeGayExμrcuHexSay naMeGaybraC½yenaH)an. edIm,ITuk »kas eGayecaryYnTaMgenH ykkll,icdEdl²hñwg mkGnuvtþelICatieyIg enAeBlmuxeTot. ÉBYkesþcGay:g )anRbeyaCn_Etmüa:g KWedIm,IkMueGayExμrsm½yeRkay cab;kMhuscMeBaHGMeBIqáÜtlIlarbs;va nigkarkarBarmuxmat; raCvgSesþcGayEtb:ueNÑaH ebIeTaHCa raCvgSesþcGayenHsßitenAeRkam)ateCIg Gay:gyYnkþI k¾suxcitþEdr eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

3

rkSasiT§i

¬minRBmeFVIsm<n½§miRtCamYyGaemrik mhaGMNacelIelakeT Etsuxcitþ t,úlk,altRtukTaMgBUC mkeFVICakBa¢H)at eCIg h‘un Esn Gay:gyYn eTAvij enHCaKMnitEqáetO¦. sUmbgb¥ÚnExμrrYmQam rYmelahit emtþaBicarNaeLIgvij eGay)anditdl;. CaBiess BYkbNÐit b¤GñkswikSaRbvtþisaRsþ emtþaykkarecHdwg eFIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati kMuyk karecHdwgeTAbMerIsRtUv dUcbNÐitkmμúynisþ EdlFøab;;)anCYyyYn kñúgkarbMpøaj RbeTsCatiknøgmk.

srubmk kñúgnameyIgCaExμr CaCatimYyFøab;manGarüFmrugerOg CaBUCmanelahitedIm rbs;mnusSenA

tMbn;GasIuenH ¬tamkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;elak saRsþacarü ekg va:n;sak; EdlcuHpSaytamviTüúGasIuesrIfa Exμrmn manExSQam kñúgCMBYk kumb:UhSg; GW Caelahit BYkmnusS dMbUgeKenA tMbn;GasIuenH¦ etIeyIgGaceGabéd lak;xøÜn BYnyksux minh‘aneRkak karBarCatixøÜnedayxøÜnÉgeTb¤? b¤mYysuxcitþsMgM beNþayeGay ecaryYn s½ysasn_ mkCiHCan; eKgRbv½Ba© ykRTBüsm,tþiExμr TwkdIExμr luHrlayBUCBgSbg;sUnü Etmþgb¤y:agNa?. etIeyIgrs;enA mann½yGIV? ebICatisøab; eyIgnwgrs;enAya:gevTna KμantMélCamnusSesaHeLIy. manKMrURsab;ehIy bgb¥ÚnrYmelahitExμr EdlenAkm<úCaeRkam RtUvvaeFIVTukçbukemñj qk;bøn;ykdIFøI bM)at;esrIPaB CMenOsasna cab;pSwkRBHsgÇ y:agyg;Xñg hYsnisS½yCamnusS. rs;enAelImatuPUmiminekIt xMRbevRbv:a eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

4

rkSasiT§i

rt;TaMgRtdabRtdYsBIeRkam mkenAmatuPUmixagelI sgÇwmfaCIvitnwgmanBnøWrsμI EtKYreGayGasUreBkéRk mkdl;dIkMeNItdUntaxøÜnenAxagelI RtUvBYkGay:gyYnecaTRbkan; faCayYn eTAvij edayeGaytMélCayYn CnCatiPaKtic ehIyRtUvBYkvatamcab;dak;Kuk dak;Rcvak;RBat;RbBn§kUnbnþeTot. KYreGayGnic©a bgb¥ÚnrYmQamExμreyIgTaMgenaH Bn;eBk segVKcitþesÞIsøab;TaMgrs; manTwkdIdUntaxøÜnbnSl;TukeGayenAKg;vgSEdr EtmYyCIvitrs;KμanCati KμanTwkdInwgeK enAxageRkam RtUvyYnecaTfa Exμr mintUccitþeT eBjcitþnwgTTYl Etmkdl;elIRtUvBYkk,t;l¶g;lIlaecaTfa CayYneTAvij. EteBlenH minfaEtExμreRkameLIy ExμrelI RtUvBYkvaeFIVeGayrs;elclg; kñúgPaBRketaky:ak Gt;XøanKμansIu l¶g; exøA exøacpSar RKb;eBlevla rgarPitP½yxøac kñúgrbbePvrkmμ. yYngab;mYy Gak,t;ERskesÞIEbk]eXasnsB½Þ EtExμrsøab;rab;ry rab;Ban;eRBaHkarGt;Xøan KμansIu xøHRtUvRbeTsCitxag)aj;sMlab;TaMgmanépÞeBaH EtGak,t;eFVImindwgminB¤. pÞÞúyeTAvij minRtwmEtminrkxusRtUv EtBUYkGak,t;ecaTTaMgGKtifa CnTu’Kt nigkumarTaMgenaH søab;eday RsvwgRsa RsþImanépÞeBaH RtUveK)aj;søab;enaH cecshamXat;minsþab; cUlRsukeKxusc,ab; eGaysøab;eTAcuH ¡ . ExμrsBVéf¶ rs;enA eRbobdUcCakUnkMRBa Kμan«BukmþayEfrkSar. etIeyIgCaGñkdwknaMExμr Edlkan;esovePAenH enAkñúgéd suxcitþebIkEPñk emIlTukçevTnarbs;Exμr b¤eyIgeRkakQr edIm,IkarBarExμr?. etIeyIgsuxcitþsøab; eday min)antbt b¤ExμrsuxcitþerIedIm,IExμrrs;?. ExμrRk evTna RBat;R)as;RKYsareRBaH yYn nigkarRtYtRtaGak,t; h‘un Esn} ExμrBitCamanPB½V maneCaKC½y ebIExμr RbusRsI rYbrYmBYtédKμa. siT§esrIPaB ÉkraCüPaBCati Carbs;Exμr RKb;Kña. C½yCMnHrbs;Exμr ekIteLIgedaykar bþÚrQam bþÚrCIvit minEmnekIteLIgedaykarsMuTan BIecaryYn nigBYk k,t;CatieLIy. siT§esrIPaBrbs;Exμr ekIteLIgkarbþÚrCIvit bþÚrQam ¡¡¡¡¡. ExμrBitCars; eRBaHExμrh‘ansøab; ¡¡¡¡¡

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

5

rkSasiT§i

dUcerobrab;kñúgRbeyaKxagelIrYcmkehIy RbCaCatiExμrRtUvEtRbugRby½tñ minEmn[EteXIj ecHPasaExμr niyayPasaExμrc,as; eyIgfaGñkdwknaMenaHCaExμr BitR)akd)aneLIy. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvRby½tñ GñkecHPasa Exμr EtmanKMnitbMerIyYn tamEdlyYn)anGb;rMmk nigCnCatiyYn b¤carkmμyYnecHPasaExμr bnøMdUreQμaHCaExμrCa edIm. GtItkal )anbeRgoneyIgrYcehIy Gacarü emog CaCnCatiyYn Edl)anlbmkbYseron enAkñúgvtþExμr )an bnøM dUreQμaHBI emog eTACa man ehIyeTACa sWug g:ukmij edIm,I CameFüa)ayeXasna PUtkuhk ExμrfaCa b¥Únrbs; elak sWug g:ukfaj; ehIyeqøotTajykcMeNjxagneya)aycitþsaRsþ BIRbIy_PaBrbs;elak ¬swug g:ukfaj; ¦ EdlRtUvesþc sIhnu sMueGay)araMgcab;ykeTAdak;Kuk eRBaHEtRcENn nwgRbIy_PaBrbs;elak. sWug g:ukmij enH ehIyEdlCa emekøagkkUrkkaysgÁmExμreGayEbk)ak;. EteyIgk¾minRtUvecHEtecaTRbkan; edayKμanehtupl KμanPsþútag KμankarsegátBinitüeLIy. karecaTRbkan; edayggitggl; KμankarBicarNaeGayl¥itl¥n; nwgnaMmk nUvkarEbk)ak;. bBaðaenHminBi)akrhUtdl;eyIgeFVIminekItenaHeLIy eyIgGacsÁal;GñkTaMgenH edayeFIVkaresIub GegáteGay)anhμt;ct; tamry³kartamdansikSaRsavRCav CIvRbvtþi karsMPasn_ karesBKb; nigcuHpÞal; esIub tamdanGñkCMuvijepSg² b¤GñkPUmi m©as;Rsuk énBBYkbuKÁl EdleyIgmanmnÞilsgS½yenaHrs;enA. eyIgminEmnCa CatierIseGIg BUCsasn_eLIy EteyIgCaExμr cg;rs;kñúgsuxsnþiPaB mincg;eGayCatiNamYy mkkkUrkkay bMpøaj esckþIsuxrbs;Exçr dUcknøgmkehIy ehIyvaGYtR)ab;breTsfa vaCaCatiqøat ÉExμrCaCatil¶g;exøA. Catisasn_Na k¾RtUvkar karBarGPirkS½BUCsasn_xøÜn dUcExμrEdr ehIyenHCabuBVsiT§BIkMeNIt kñúgkarrs;ranCaCatimYy. -GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd (The Real Khmer Patriot) etIExμrGñkesñhaCatiBit RtUveFIVdUcemþc? RtUvEtCaGñkRsLaj;Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr edaybþÚrpþac; manTsSn³yl;eXIjeday\sSrH maneKalmaKa’ÉkraCü TaMgkarKit karBicarNa nigskmμPaB minluHtamkar júHjg;rbs;breTs minbMerIbreTseLIy. minepþkpþÜl EteTAelICMnYyRKb;Ebb BICatid¾éTeday hYsehturhUt dl;)at;bg; KMnitBWgeliIxøÜnÉg. RtUvriHrkviFI eRbIR)as;FnFan manRsab;kñúgRbeTs CaCagedkcMaEtCMnYyBIGñkd¾ éT. karBwgEp¥kelIbreTsTaMgRsug CaKMnitxJMúeK KMnitKμanÉkraCü. breTsCYyeyIg eRBaHeKsMlwgRbeyaCn_GIV mYyBIExμr ebIminedIm,IplRbeyaCn_ xagneya)ay kgT½B esdækic© kareXasna k¾edIm,IGIVmYyy:agdac;xat ebImin eRcInk¾tic ecosminrYc. dUcyYn EdlCYyBYkkmμúynisþTaMgBIrRkum ¬b:ul Bt nigGay:g h‘un Esn¦k¾ eRBaHEt yYn RtUvkarx©IédBYkenH eGaykkUrbriyakaskñúgsgÁmExμr Ebk)ak;kab;sMlab;KñμavwkvremIlGIVminyl; RsYlgayva erob cM»kas mksRgÁb;pþac;RBat;Etmþg edayykelsfamkCYyExμr. ebIeTaHbI Rkum b:ul Bt dwgfa yYnb:gelbExμr ehIyxMrkviFI edaHkunkþI k¾\tRbeyaCn_ eRBaHyuT§saRsþneya)ayrbs;xøÜnKμan\sSrPaB KμanÉkraCütaMgEtBIdMbUg mkehIy. etIeGayExμrrg;caMTwkføa edIm,IemIleXIj)atfa mans¥IemþcekIt¬sMdIelak exov sMpn¦ebITaMgyYn nig Gay:g kkUrsßankarN_Exμr »yl¥k;rhUtdUecñH. yYn BYkGay:g nigesþcenHehIy CaedImcmbBaða EdlbMpøaj Ék PaBCati nigesckþIsuxrbs;Exμr. sUmkMueCO BaküqáÜtlIla EdleyIgFøab;B¤fa {GakMe)a:ge)akcin GaxiVne)akGa emrik}. RtUvcaMfamhaGMNac EdlGaceFVIxøÜnRtYtBiPBelak)an minEmnl¶g;eGaymnusSmñak;eron)anRtwmkUn DIbøÚm RsukyYnhñwge)akeK)aneGayesaH. manEtGakMe)a:gel¶IBkf¶asxøÜnÉgnwgehIy EdlRtUvyYne)akGs;kþitexa

II

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

6

rkSasiT§i

e)akGs;TwkGs;dIenaH. erOgRsLaj;CatieTotesat GñkNak¾niyay)an eBalekIt)anedayminBi)ak . eyIgRtUvEtBicarNa kMuRsLaj; RtwmEtbbUrmat; minRKb;RKan;sMrab;GñkesñhaCatieLiy EtRtUvRsLaj; edayskmμPaB edaykareFVIya:gtaMgcitþ taMgKMnitmutmaMbMput minlHbg;minfmfycuHcaj; nwg]bsK½ÁepSg²eday gay² eRBaHEt ktþaenHenaHbnþicbnþÜc. RtUvEtCaskmμPaB EdleFVI edayesμI minGak;minQb;minQr edayrwgbwug rhUtTTYl)aneCaKC½ypþac;RBat;.

GñkdwknaMCatiExμr BitR)akdRtUvman÷ man\riyabf BaküsMdIRbcaMéf¶ minERbRbYl sMEdgecjnUv sμartIRsLaj; karBar nigelIktMekIg GIVCaExμr manGtþsBaØaNCaExμr plRbeyaCn_CatiExμr nigvb,Fm’Exμr ¬minemIlgay bnÞabbenßak b¤ jHújg; eGayExμrEbk )ak;samKÁIPaB ÉkPaBsgÁmeLIy¦ minykbBaðapÞal;xøÜntUctac mklayLMnwg erOgCati. mansμartICatix<s; PJak;rlwksVHEsVgRbmUlrkKñamkrYmKit rYmeFVIedaymincMa)ac; maneKmkdas;etOn eRkInrMlwkeRcIneLIy. xVl;xVay P½yRBYyBIGayuCIvitRbCaCati nigRbeTsCati KitKUrBIplRbeyaCn_ CatiExμrCaFM KμanKMnitGaRkk; eKgRbv½Ba© edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn minGatμaniym KμanbkSBYkniym KμanKMnite)akR)as; RbCaPifuti edIm,IGMNac buNüskiá RTBüsm,tiþeLIy. ha‘nlHbg;;x<s;bMput TaMgeBlevla RTBüsm,tiþ esckþIsuxpÞal;xøÜn nigGayuCIvity:agbþúÚrpþac;emaHmut RsYcRsavedayskmμPaB edIm,IkarBarCati nigha‘neFIVGIV² CaRbeyaCn_dl;CnrYmCatiExμr. ¾

¾

Rtg;cMNucenH GacbBa¢ak;)anfa KMnitnaMeGayEsþgecjmkCasMdI sMdIecjmkCaskmμPaB skmμPaB naM eGaymanTMlab; TMlab;naMeGaykøayCa critlkçN³ critlkçN³RbcaMéf¶ naMeGayGñkpg emIleXIj nigmanCMenO elIeyIg faetI CaGñkesñhaCatiBit b¤k¾RtwmEtbbUrmat;. RbeTsCati rugerOg b¤liclg; GaRs½yelIemdwknaM Edl mansmtßPaB manKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan; RBmlμmdwknaMeTArkkarrIkcMerIn)an . CaBiess RtUvsegátBinitü»yl¥it l¥n;fa GñkdwknaM enaHCaExμrBitR)akd CabuKÁlEdl esμaHsμRK½PkþI cMeBaHCati nigRbCaCatiExμr edayKμanlak;elom b¤l,ickic©kl, mineRkam\T§iBlbreTs. ehtuenHehIy ExμrTaMgGs; RtUvBicarNa eGayl¥itl¥n; eTAelI citþ KMnit

BaküsmþI skmμPaB lT§pll¥ GaRkk; TMlab; crwtlkçN³ nigRbvtþiBitR)akd rbs;buKÁlEdl eyIgpþl;kar eCO Tukcitþ b¤elIkdMekIg eGayeFIVCaemdwknaM. eyIgminRtUvRbfuyRbfan pþl;CMenOeTAelIGñkNamYy edayRKan;Et

eKmkeFIVl¥ EtmYyEPøt b¤eGayb‘Íecg mYyfg; sarugmYy faeKl¥enaHeLIy. eyIgRtUvemIl eTAelIlT§pl énTegIV rbs;emdwknaM etIl¥b¤GaRkk; rIkcMerInb¤Tn;exSay esñhaCati b¤bMpøajCati CaExμrb¤CacarkmμbreTsmkbnøMxøÜn. crit Exμr eyIgEtgman karGaNitGasUr cMeBaHTuK’tCn minRbkan;faCatiNaeLIy. CakarBit critGaNitGasUr CaKuN Fm’ d¾l¥ minGackat;éfø)an rbs;CnCatiExμreyIgEmnehIy Etk¾CaeTasmYyEdr EdlnaMeGayExμrFøak;xøÜn dUcsBVéf¶ enH eRBaHeyIgmanesckþIseNþasRbNI edayxVHkarBicarNa xVHkarRbugRbytñ½. eTasEdlExμr TTYltbsñgBIkar GaNitGasUredayxVHkarBicarNaenH minxusKña nwgerOgel,IkExμr {GñkbreTs nigRkeBIdac;Twk b¤ GñksMupÞHsñak; eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

7

rkSasiT§i

b¤k¾ RtI nigkuk} enaHeLIy. ehtuenH ExμreyIg minRtUvpþl;karTukcitþ edaykarGaNitGasUr ePøckarRbugRbytñ½ ePøcGtItkal ePøcesckþIsuxrbs;xøÜn nigCatixøÜnenaHeT. dUntaExμr)ancgRkg CaerOgel,Ik edIm,ITUnμanbeRgon eyIgCMnan;eRkay karBiesaFn_k¾ExμreyIg Føab;Pøk; Føab;sakehIyEdr minRtUvedIrCan;dancas;eLIy. eyIgKYrelIkykerOgel,Ik { kuk nwgRtI } mksikSa nigBicarNa. enAkñúgføúkmYy TwkrIgs¶ÜtrkklnwgrIg Gs; . RtI kMBWs TaMgtUcFMnaMKñaP½yRBYy BImhnþrayEdlkan;EtCitmkdl; kñúgeBlqab;². enAmat;føúk kukkBa©as; mYy EdlminGaccab;RtI)an eBaleTABYkRtIfa {´GaNitRtITaMgGs;Nas; ykl¥KYreTArkbwgRtBaMgFM²}. BYkRtI EdlminFøab;sÁal;kukesaH EtedaykarP½yRBYynwg eRKaHmkdl; k¾ePøcxøÜnfa BUCBgSxøÜnCaRtI CacMNId¾q¶aj;rbs; kuk suxcitþeCOtamcritlak;But rbs;kuk edayEkøgxøÜnCasøÚtbUt . BYkRtIeXIjdUecñH suxcitþeGay kuk BaMRtImYy eTArkbwgFM². kuk )annaMRtI eTAbgðajbwgFMmYy ehIynaMRtImkvij. rYcehIynaMRtIepSgeTot eTAemIlbwg3enaH ehIynaMRtLb; mkdak;enAføúkenaHvij. BYkRtIedayxVHBicarNa k¾yl;RBmeGaykuk naMykBYkxøÜn eTAmþgmYy² edIm,IeTArkbwgFMenaH. kuk )annaMRtIeTAmþgmYy² EtBMu)annaMykeTAbwgFMenaHeLIy KWykeTAsIueTAvij rhUtdl; Gs;RtIBIRtBaMg. karBiesaFn_fμI² kñúgsm½yeyIgenH Caemerondl;ExμrRKb;rUb. carkmμyYn EdlcUlmklak;xøÜnkñúgRsukExμr enAeBlvamanKñatic EtgmancritsøÚtbUtKYreGayGaNit b:uEnþdl;eBlyYnBUnpþúMKña)aneRcIn yYncab;epþImratt,at nigvayk,alExμrEtmþg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot enAeBl esþc sIhnu GnuBaØateGayyYn dak;TB½enAelITwkdIExμr enA RKadMbUg² TB½yYnTaMgenaH mancritsøÚtbUt eKarBnUvRbéBNIExμrya:gl¥. yYn enApÞHNa EtgCYye)asRcassMGat pÞHsMEbg CMnYsExμrm©as;pÞHenaH. yYn CYyBuHGus ErkTwkdak;Bag ekIbGacm_eKa Gacm_RkbI CYyeFVIkargardksÞÚg epSg². yYn minedkenAelIpÞHeT suxcitþedkeRkampÞHGñkRsuk ebIsUm,I RtUvkUnGñkRsukenamdak;k,al k¾yYnmin EdlsMEdgeTamnsSesaHeLIy. enAeBlyYn ebHpldMNaMExμr yYnEtgcgluydak;tam eQITaMgenaH TukeGay m©as;. ebIyYneFVIGIV eGayxUcxatdl;RbeyaCn_Exμr yYneFVIsg b¤sgCaluyvijPøam. TegVIEbbenHehIy )aneFVI eGayExμrenAtamRsukERscMkarsøab;citþ ePøcKitRbvtþiEtGug ePøcKiterOgTwkdIExμreRkamEdlyYnelbfμI² dUcRtIePøc Kitfa kuk EtgsIuRtICaGahardUecñaHEdr. ExμreCOCak;TaMgRsugfa yYnCamnusSl¥ KYreGayRsLaj;TMnukbMrug. Ca erOgKYreGayGama:s;bMput EdlyYnenAelITwkdIExμrehIy yYn)ane)aHBum<Rkdas;R)ak;Exμr Ekøgkøay edIm,Iykmk bgçM ExμreGaylk;RsUvGgáeGayva nigedIm,IsUk)a:n; mU:nik kñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©Úlesþc sIhnu »yyl;RBmeGayyYn e)aHTB½edayxusc,ab;elITwkdIExμr. luHdl;yYnmanmUldæan mankarerobcMkMlaMgTB½ rwgmaM nig)ansabRBYs lT§i kumμúynisþ eFIVeGaysgÁmExμr Ebk)ak;regÁaHregÁI ehIyyYncab;epþImekobsgát;elIExμr enAtamCayEdnEdlCa tMbn; vadak;TB½enaH edaykarbgçMeGaylk;es,ógeGayvaEknExμrm©as;RsukeGaydwkRKab;rMesv es,ógGahareTAeGay TB½vaenAtamsmrPUmi nig RtYtRtatMbn;TaMgenaHfa CaTwkdIrbs;vaEtmþg. elIsBIenH karlYcqøgEdn cUleTAvay RbharTB½Gaemrik enAkm<úCaeRkamyYnxagt,úÚg rYcrt;mkBYnenAkñúgTwkdIExμr yYnTaMgenaH min)anlak;xøÜnenAtam éRBPñMeT vaEtge)aHTB½ enAtamPUmirbs;GñkRsuk . luHkgTB½Gaemrik nigyYnxagt,Úg vayRbedjmkvijman kar eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

8

rkSasiT§i

)aj;epøag b¤TMlak;RKab;EbkCaedIm EtgeFIVkarvayRbharelIPUmiTaMgenaH bNþaleGayExμrsøÚtRtg; RtUvsøab;TaMg ekμgcas; y:agGaeNacGaFmμ. erOgGs;enaH minEmnCaehtukarécdnüeT EtCaeRKagkarexμARkxVk;d¾Cak;lak;mYy EdlyYneRKagTuk nigbegáIteLIg edIm,IykelsdutsRgÁammkkñúgRsukExμr. eBlenaHehIy eTIbExμrPJak;xøÜn ekþA RkhayeRkakeLIgeFIV)atukmμRbqaMgnwgTB½yYnTaMgenaH. Etesþc sIhnu RtLb;CaefáaleTas)atukrExμreTAvij.

RKaenaH yYnmankMlaMgTB½RbkbedayGavuFTMenIb² mankarBiesaFn_sÞat;CMnajkñúgsRgÁamTB½éRB TB½erobry dl; eTA 60 000-80 000nak; elITwkdIExμreRkamkar]btßmÖKaMRTeBjTMhwgBIesþc sIhnu. EtkñúgxN³CamYyKñaenaH TB½CatiExμrmanGavuFFunGn;² xVHkarhVwkhVWn xVHkarBiesaFn_ KμanlT§PaBerobcMeRtomsRgÁam eRBaHRtUv)anesþc sIhnu kMritfvika nigcMnYneGaymanRtwm30 000nak; bu:eNÑaH. enHCa TegVIedayectna kñúgkarcgédTB½Exμr min eGaymansmtßPaBtbt nwgsRtUvQøanBan. sIhnu xøÜnÉgk¾dwgEdrfa nwgmanerOgCayfaehtu ekIteLIgeday eCosminrYc. erOgenH minxusBI TegVIk,t;Catirbs; h‘un Esn Edl bMpøajGavuF rab;EsnedIm ecalsBVéf¶enHeLIy CaTegVIeFVIeGayExμrsøab; edaybiTEPñkminCitenAeBlxagmux. TaMg kumμúnisþ b:ul Bt TaMgBYk kmμúynisþ h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin/ suT§swgCamnusSEdlbNþúHbNþalGb;rMedayyYn. ÉQutqak EdlnaMeGaymanval BiXat nigPaBvwkvrsBVéf¶enH k¾ecjBIneya)ayvatTI EdleRKagTukeday hU CImij enHÉg. ehtukardUcerobrab;mkenH ehIy EdlCaedImcm naMeGaymanRBitþikarN_ 18 mina 1970 enaHekIteLIg. PaBmaneRbob xageyaFa nigkar eRKagTukCamunrbs; yYn Edlmanesþc sIhnu CYypgenaH ehIy)anpþl;lT§PaB eGay yYn RBehIn vaysRgÁb; Pøam² y:agsahav sn§ab;mkelITB½CatiExμr enARKadMbUg² kñúgbMNgeRbIR)as;eBld¾xøIbMput nwg elbRt)ak;ykdI ExμreGay)anEtmþg. EtmindUckarKitrbs;ecar yYn eLIy yuvCnExμr)aneRkakeLIgeFIVkarttaMg y:agGg;Gac eFVI eGayyYn)ak;GMNYteTAvij. ÉcMENkesþc sIhnu minRtwmEtminCYyTb;Tl;eT EtEbCanaMRbBn§ kUnTaMgBUCeTA CYyyYneGaymkvayExμr nigERskefáaleTas GñkEdleFVIkar karBarCatieTAvij. kñúgRbvtþisaRsþ esþcEdlman eQμaH sIhnu enH mancMnYn 2nak;ehIy suT§swgEteFVIkBa¢HyYnTaMgGs;. ExμrminRtUvePøc emeron GtItkalTaMgGs; enHeT karePøcGtItkal nwgeFVI eGayGtItkal lgvij enAeBlNamYyminxan.

RtLb;mkvij ktþasøab;rs;rbs;Exμr sßitenAelIkareRCIserIsGñkdwknaM CaExμrBitR)akd CaGñkesμaHRtg; cMeBaHCati mankarPJak;rlwk ha‘nniyayBit eFIVBit h‘anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHTegVIrbs;xøÜnedaymineKcevsedaHsar Rbkan;BaküBitsc©³ h‘anlHbg;GIVRKb;ya:g edIm,IeGayCatirs; Kg;vgS nigrIkcMerIn. minEmnCaGñkGatμaniym Kit EtRbeyaCn_xøÜn RkumRKYsar nigbkSBYkxøÜneLIy. knøgmkehIy enAeBlEdlExμrman emdwknaM CaGñkesñhaCati BitR)akd )aneFVIeGayRbeTsExμr minRtwmEterIbMrH BIkarrukran rbs;sRtUv)anb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgeFVIeGayRbeTs Cati køayCamhaGMNacmYy d¾Gs©arüenAkñúgtMbn; manTwkdIFM lVwgelVIy. dUcmanrYcmkehIy RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 TI 7/ suriyavrμ½nTI1TI2 CaedIm )annaMRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn dl;kMBUl nastvtSr_TI 7-13 knøgmk. elak sWn Kuy h‘anlHbg;CIvit edIm,IeGayvb,Fm’Exμr nigRBHBuT§sasnaenAKg;vgS sMrab;ExμreRkam. semþcsgÇraC CYn Nat/ swug g:ukfaj;/ Gacarü Ehm ecov/ )a:c QWn/ GIuv ekIH/ yutþivgS/ ]kj:a RkLaehamKg; h‘anlHbg;CIvit erIbMrHcMeBaHkar Kabsgát;rbs;breTs edIm,IkarBarCati matuPUmiExμr [Kg;vgS rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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k¾eRBaHEtGs;elakTaMgenH CaGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd. dUcenH eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUvEtxitxMrkviFI CYy seRgÁaHRbCaBlrdæExμr EdlkMBugEt rgnUvkarQWcab; TaMgpøÚvkay pøÚvcitþ nwgGMeBIyg;Xñg CiHCan; sgát;sgáin kab; sMlab; EbbéRBépS y:agGyutiþFm’ BIsMNak;BYkmanGMNack,t;Cati nigkarrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIBukrlYy rbs; BYkva EdleFIVeGayExμrrs;kñúg PaBRkIRk l¶g;exøA P½yxøac Gt;Xøan.

-eKalbMNg nigTisedA (Goal and Objective) emdwknaMCatiExμr caM)ac;RtUvmaneKalbMNg nigTisedAc,as;las; eRCIserIs yuT§saRsþ nig meFüa)ayb¤ viFankar RtwmRtUv RsbtamsßankarN_tMrUv edIm,InaMpøÚv GñkeRkambgÁab; Gnuvtþkic©karmYy eGay)aneCaKC½y TTYl )annUvlT§plEdlcg;)an. ebIeyIgCaemdwknaM KμaneKalbMNg nigTisedAc,as;las;eT enaHKμan GñkeRkambgÁab; edIrtameyIgeLIy. eKalbMNg eTotesat CaeKalbMNgFMcMbg minEmnCaerOgsMrab;buKÁl b¤RkumRKYsareLIy. eKalbMNg énemdwknaMExμr RtUvEtKitdl; plRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_CatiTaMgmUl.RbCaCatiExμr nigGñkesñha

III

CatiTaMgGs; RtUvmansμartI sV½yPJak;rlwkneya)ayx<s; edaymincMa)ac;maneKdas;etOneRcIn ehIyh‘aneRkakQr eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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eLIgmuneK sVHEsVgrkKñIKña cgRkgkMlaMgesñhaCati eGayPJak;rlwkrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy eFVIkarts‘UedIm,IbuBVehtuCati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμreGayrYc cakputBIkarCiHCan; rbs;BYkemRtYtRtapþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCakBa¢Hdac;éfø rbs;yYn eGay)anTan;eBlevla ehIyBYtédKña naMCatieyIgeGayTTYl)annUv ÉkPaBCati sniþPaB ÉkraCüPaB GFibetyüPaB RbCaFibetyüBit nigvibulPaBBitR)akdmYyRbkbeday ]tþmPaB eGay)any:agdac;xat sMrab;

xøÜneyIg nigkUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkay. RKb;degðImecjcUl eyIgRtUvTenÞj rlWk cgcaMCanic©fa etIeyIgmanbMNgeFIV GVI? eFIVya:gem:c? eFIVenAeBlNa?RtUveFIVenAkEnøgNa? nrNa cg;)annUvlT§plenH?. eyIgRtUverobcMxøÜneyIgCa mun munnwgeTAdwknaMeK dUcRBHsgÇEdr RtUvbMeBjFm’Camun munnwgTTYl)ankareGankayfVaybgÁMedaysuT§citþ BIBuT§brisT½. minxVHeTGñkedIrtam xVHEtGñkdwknaM EdleFVIxøÜn eGayeKTTYlRBmedIrtamb:ueNÑaH.

-smtßPaB ÉkeTs nigkarBiesaFn_c,as;las; ( Professional Skills and Experiences) emdwknaM bIdUcCa GñkebIkbrnavamñak; CaGñkEdlsÁal;TwsedAc,as; manÉkeTskñúgkarebIkbrBitR)akd edIm,InaMExμr[dl;eRtIy RbkbedaysuvtßiPaB. EtebIxøÜnÉgminsÁal;pøÚvc,as;eTenaH nwgnaM»yGñkedIrtam vegVgpøÚv maneRKaHfñak;dl;GayuCIvit. emdwknaMExμrBitR)akd KWCaGñkEdlmansmtßPaB manÉkeTs karBiesaFn_ nigsñaéd GIVmYyBitR)akd dUcCa ÉkeTsxagc,ab; esdækic© neya)ay eyaFa sgÁmkic© nigvis½yaepSg² CaedIm. emdwknaM KμansmtßPaB b¤KμancMeNHdwg ebIeTaHCamanKMnitesñhaCatiFMb:uNÑa k¾minGacEkéxbBaðaCati)aneLIy. ebIeyIg segátemIlRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ eRkamkarRtYtRtaBYk h‘un Esn CnBalkMeLA/ ehg sMrin Gñkkab;RCUk GanGkSr ExμrminRtUv/ Ca sIum CaecarlYceKaenAtamRBMEdn ehIyGYtxøÜnfa CabNÐitTaMgggitggl;\teGonxμas etIRbeTs CatinwgrIkcMerIn dUcemþcekIt? ebIfa bMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn edImI,GMNaceTIbRtUvCag. TegVIrbs;BYk ecar taMgxøÜneFVI ecHTaMgenH maneRKaHfñak;y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;RbeTsCati b¤GacfaCaTegIVk,t;Catiedayectna dUcKñanwgBaküfa GñkxVak; naMpøÚv GñkvegVg b¤k¾fa {kardwknaMedayPaB l¶g;exøAmaneTasesμInwg GMeBIk,t; }ya:gdUecñaH Edr. IV

Rtg;cMNucenH sUmelIkykerOgeRBgExμrmYymkviPaK GMBIkardwknaM KWerOg FnBa¢½y. GñkniBn§bgðajBI virPaBrbs; FnBa¢½y EdlmanRtkUlCaraRsþsamBaØ GackarBarTwkdITl;nwg karQøanBanBI breTs ¬cin¦eday sarPaBeQøósév nigsmtßPaB. edaysμartITTYlxusRtUv manKMnitesñhaCatix<g;x<s; FnBa¢½y GacedaHRsay Rbsña CamYyGñkR)aCJcin )anedayeCaKC½y cMENkesþc KitEterOg RsIjI sIiueCar ehIylg;nwgkarEGbGblut Rkab nigraCblø½gÁ KμansmßPaBkarBarRbeTsCati minh‘anykGñkR)aCJmkCit xøaceKdeNþImGMNac rhUtbBa¢a eGayeKsMlab;GñkR)aCJecalEfmeTot. TaMgenH srbBa©ak;fa esþc GsmtßPaB l¶g;exøA rEmgP½yRBYyxøac BYk bNÐitGñkR)aCJ. cMENk FnBa¢½y CakUnrbs;BlrdæRkIRk samBaØesaH ebIeTaH RtUvrgnUvkarBaFaBüa)aT BIBYk esþc esþcsgÇ nigmRnþIEGbLby:agNakþI k¾minlHbg;nUvKMnitxVl;xVay BIeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsCati CnrYmelahit esaHeLIy enAEtriHrkmeFüa)ay CYykarBarRbeTsCati TwkdIeGayenAKg;vgSBIkarrMelaP bMBan cg;)an TwkdIBI breTs ¬cin¦Citxag luHRtaEt)ansMerceCaKC½y. edaymankarBüayamsikSaBI RBHRKÚecAGFikarrbs;xøÜn y:ag sVitsVaj eFIVeGayFnBa¢½y mancMeNHR)aCJa GacGUsTaj BYkesdæI nigesþc »yluHtamKMnitrbs;xøÜn)an y:ag eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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RbesIr. erOgenHGñkniBn§cg;bBa¢ak;fa tYrGgÁesþc kñúgerOgenH KμansmtßPaBdwknaMRbeTsCatiTal;EtesaH nig bgðajfa Blrdæ k¾mansmtßPaBGacdwknaMRbeTspgEdr EtBYkeKKμan»kas. )ann½yfa minEmnmanEtBUC esþc eT eTIbmansmtßPaB ehIyk¾minEmn eGayEtraRsþsamBaØ suT§EtGñkl¶g;exøAenaHeLIy. GñkniBn§cg;KUs bBa¢ak; müa:geTotfa esþcEdlbnþúbedaybreTs EtgmancritmYy KW { eBlGasnñ RtUvkarGñkkøahan GñkR)aCJ eBl)an blø½g )anGMNack¾xøacGñkR)aCJ GñkkøahandeNþImbuNü ehIyk¾taMgrkelssMlab;;GñkTaMgenHecal }. ehtudUecñH ehIy )anCaRbeTsBak;kNþalelIBiPBelak )anedIreTArklT§iRbCaFibetyü »yGMNacRbCaBlrdæCaFM. eBl FnBa¢½yCitsøab; FnBa¢½uy )anpþaMesþcfa {ebIsIu RtIRBYlkMuecalRska sIuRtIR)a kMuecal RskI } kMufaeLIy dl;eTAKit eXIj sUm,IEtGtßn½yénRbeyaKrbs; FnBa¢½y k¾esþckMeLAenHminyl;pg. GñkniBn§k¾cg;KUs bBa¢ak; pgEdrfa eRkaysm½yGgÁr Exμrkan;EtcuHexSay erovrYjtUc mkdl;sBVéf¶ k¾eRBaHEtRbeTsExμrmanEtesþcGsmtßPaBeLIg RtYtRtaRbeTsb:ueNÑaH b¤RtUv)anRtYtRtaedayBYkesþc EdlelIkbnþúbedaybreTs b¤CaGay:gbreTsCaerogrhUt mk ¬sUmGanRbvtþisaRsþExμr¦. RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶ k¾mansPaBdUcKña nwgerOgenHEdr. enHCaktþasøab;rs;mYy naM eGayExμrrlt;rlaycuHexSay rkklnwgsøab;dUceBlbc©úb,nñ . edayehtudUc)anBnül;erobrab;mkxagelI eTIb )anCa enAkñúgsgÁmRbCaFibetyü GñkdwknaM eKeGayRbCaBlrdæmantMél mansiTi§esμIKña TaMgRbusRsI. RbCaBl rdæ RtUv)anbNþúHeGaymansmtßPaBRKb;Kña edIm,IdwknaMRbeTs eTIbRbeTs mankarrIkcMerIn minEmnmanEtmnusS mñak; EdlxøaMgdUc Gay:gyYn h‘un Esn eLIy ¬KMniteRcIn RbesIrCag KMnitmYy b¤k¾fa sþúkGñkecH RbesIrCag sþúkesμA sþúkmnusSexøA sþúkesμARbesIrCag¦. tamBitRbeTsExμrRtUvTTYl)anesßrPaB nigsniþPaB rugerOgcab;taMgBI )araMgRbKl;ÉkraCüna qñaM1954 mkemøH. EtpÞúyeTAvij RbeTsExμr)anFøak;cUlkñúgs®gÁamcab;BIqñaM1964 bnþrhUtdl; RBitiþkarTMlak; sI hnu )an ekIteLIgenAéf¶ 18 mIna 1970. esþcenH min)anykeBlevlad¾mantMél énsnþiPaBd¾l¥RbesIrCit 20qñaM enH edIm,IksagRbeTseT EtEbCalIla hk;elat tamExSjak; yYn cin qáÜtnwgGMNac siIueCartamkar beBa¢ar kar beBa©IcbeBa©I BIBYk yYncin TaMgenH nigKitEtEtgkunelçan EdlemIlminyl;enaHeTAvij. sUm,IEtdl; kMritsBVéf¶ enHeTAehIy enAEtqáÜtnwgkarraMeRcog Etgkun EtelçandEdl . ebICa kunelçan RbvtþisaRsþCati EdlxøæÜn)an dwg )anqøgkarenaH CakarRbesIr EtCaerOglIla RsIekμgeTAvij.

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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esþcetOenH minRBmeFIVsm<n§½miRtkñúgPaBesμImux nwgmhaGMNacputelx elIelakeT EtsuxcitþRbmUlTaMg BUC eTAeFVI´kBa¢Hdac;éførbs; EqábMerI ¬h‘un Esn¦yYn eTAvij. kMhusqÁgrbs; esþc sIhnu kñúgkarGnuBaØaateGay ecaryYneyokug dak;taMg T½BCit 1Esn nak; ¬eBlenaH TahanExμr manmindl; 40000nak; pg¦ enAelITwkdIExμr CaehtunaMeGaysgÁmCati )ak;EbkERbHqaCabkS CaRkum nigCaedImcmnaMeGaymanRBitþikar 18 mina 1970 enaH ekItmaneLIg eRkamkardwknaM rbs;elak ln; nl; nigRTg; sIusuvtßi sirimt³ edIm,Iedj yYn eyokkug BITwkdIExμr. sUmbBa¢ak;fa RBitþikarN_ 18 mina 1970 enaH minGacekItmaneLIgedayÉkÉg b¤edayécdnüeLIy ebIKμanGMeBI k,t;Catirbs;esþc sIhnu eTenaH. sRgÁamvwkvr eBjépÞRbeTs rvag kgTB½kumμúynisþ EdlmanyYn eyokkug CYy KaMRTy:ageBjTMhwg )anrIkraldalrhUt dl;éf¶ 17 emsa 1975. éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 Caéf¶ C½yCMnHrbs;

yYnkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin minEmnCaeCaKC½yrbs;BYkkumμúyhisþ b:ul Bt eT. cab;BIéf¶ 18 mina 1970 dl; 7 mkra 1979 yYn)aneRbI esþc sI hnu EdlmanKMnMusgswk nwgCnrYmCatiExμrsøÚtRtg; EdlmindwgGI ehIy nigsPaCati Exμr Edl)anTMlak;xøÜnBIGMNac eGayGMBavnav tamviTüúeb:kaMg dl;Exμr eGaycUléRBm:aKI ¬cUl éRBts‘U¦mkc,aMg nwgExμrKñaÉg. esþclIlaenH eFVIedayrIkray TaMggegIlBkf¶as edayminKitfaxøÜnkMBugEtsMlab; CnCatiExμrTaMgLay EdleKarB EdlehAxønÉgfa « « « eBjmat; . yYneRbIR)as; lT§ikumμúynisþ CameFüa)ay edIm,IbMEbkbM)ak;sgÁmExμr nigeRbIR)as;BYkExμreyokmij EdlyYn)an cab;bBa¢ÚneTA bMBak;lT§ikumμúynisþ enAyYn xageCIg nigeqVgRCulniym b:ul Bt sIhnu edaymanPñak;garyYn bnøMxøÜnCaExμr bgáb;CamYy BYkRkhm TaMg 3Rkum enH eFIVkarjúHjg; eGaymankarkab;sMlab;KñarvagExμrKñaÉg CaBiess eGayeFVIkarkab;sMlab;sgswkeTAelI BYk GñkCatiniym EdlRsLaj;lT§iRbCaFibetyü ¬BYksaFarNrdæ ln; nl; nig sirimt³¦ ehIylabBN’TMlak; eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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kMhusTaMgRsugeTAelI rbb b:ul Bt. rYcehIyyYndEdlenH )anykBYkExμreyokmij mYyRkumeTotEdlman Eb:n suvNÑ/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum/ h‘un Esn CaExl edIm,IvaylukcUlRsukExμr edayykelsfa mkCYyrMedaHExμr BIrbbvalBiXateTAvij. yYnTuk sI hnu CaExlsMlab;citþBlrdæExμr rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 minEmn Caéf¶ rMedaHeT EtCa éf¶EdlyYn QøanBanelb ykTwkdIExμr nigbøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþExμry:agR)akd ehIy k¾Caéf¶EdlyYn elIkbnþúb BYkk,t;Cati ehg sMrin/ h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum eGayRtYtRta RbeTsExμr edIm,Ibnþ Gnuvtþn_ neya)aykab;sMlab; rMlayBUCsasn_ExμrteTAeTot ¬sRgÁamépÞkñúg nig k5¦rhUtdl;qñaM 1993. rhUt mkTl;sBVéf¶enHeTotesat Gay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin/ enAEtGnuvtþn_neya)aykab;sM;lab;enH Ca drabmkedayKμanQb;Qr eRkampøak raCaniymfμI manesþc sIhnu CYybiT)aMg neya)ayk,t;Catirbs;BYkva nig EpnkarexμARkxVk;rbs;yYn. ebIyYn CYyExμr ehtuGVI )anCamankarcgRkgRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay TukeGayExμreron enHminKWCamhcäitaelbykdIExμr EdlmankareRKagTuky:agl¥itl¥n;eTb¤?.

RBHBuT§CaGgÁm©as;)anRtas;fa {minRtUveGayCnBalGviC¢a manGMNacdwknaMeLIy eRBaHfaCn RbePTenH manEtkarelaPln; sahavyg;Xñg nigkareRskQamRbCaBlrdæÉg b¤«BukmþaybegáItxøÜnÉg edIm,IGMNac}.

KMnitmYyeTot)aneBalfa {minRtUv[CnBalmanGMNaceLIy EtRtUvdkhUtGMNacBICnBal mkRbKl; CUnGñkEdlmanKuNFM’ mansmtßPaB esμaHRtg;nwgCati RbCaCatiExμrvij} . ktþaEdlnaMeGayExμrmansRgÁambgðÚrQamedaysar ³ {kMhusemdwknaM } ¬Caesþc EdlbnþúbedaybreTsQøanBan CaCnelμaPGMNac KμanKMnitesñhaCati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμrTal;EtesaH. emdwknaM GsmtßPaB dwknaMedaybuKÁlmñak; minEmnCaRkum emdwknaM ¦ . {neya)aydwknaM} ¬neya)aydwknaMminRtwmRtUv Kμanckçúvis½y KμanÉkraCü Kμan\sSrPaB xagKMnit. {RbB½n§RKb;RKg} ¬RbB½n§dwknaMEbbbuKÁlniym cas;KMril pþac;kar GtþaFibetyüniym ¦. {vib,tþiraCvgS} ¬Tas;ETg deNþImGMNacKña BwgBak;breTs nwgPaBCaGay:gbreTs ¦. neya)ayvatTIniym elbTwkdIBIsMNak; yYn esom CaedIm ¬yk menaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþ b¤ sasna CameFüa)ay¦.

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eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ExμremIlgayxøÜnÉg ¬emIlgayxøÜnÉg eGaytMélCatid¾éTCagExμrKñaÉg BwgEp¥kEteTAelI breTs edIm,IGMNac. Exμr)at;bg; RBlwgÉkPaBCati RBlwgCaGñkkøahan RBlwgCaGñkksagGgÁr .

-esckþIkøahan nigkarebþCJacitþ (Braveness and Commitment) eyIgCaemdwknaMExμr RtUvEtmanesckþIkøahan naMmuxeK muneK BuHBarRKb;]bs½KÁCanic© minRtUvrYjra b¤kMsak xøacsøab;enaHeT,Iy. eBalKW eyIgminGacdwknaMeK)aneT ebIeyIgenABIxageRkayeK. dUcBMuenalmYyeBalfa {ebI

V

dwgehIyminh‘an eronecHehIymineFIV b:gehIysÞak;esIÞrminbþÚrpþac; sMerccitþminTan;eBlevla etInwgmanRbeyaCn_ GIV?} . eyIgCaExμrGñkesñhaCatiRKb;rUb RtUveronykcMeNHmkCYy bMerICatieyIgeGayrIkcMerInrugerOg. KμannrNa

mñak;EdlGacrs;enA CaGmt³eLIy ekItmkehIyKg;Etsøab;eTAvij . ehtudUecñHehIy kñúgnamCaemdwknaMExμrmYy rUb eyIgRtUvEth‘aneFIVGIVmYyCaRbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCati nigRbCaCatiExμr edayminxøacrGa cMeBaHesckIþsøab; eRBaH fa esckþIsaø b;mancMeBaHmnusSRKb;rUb KμannNamñak;ecosputeLIy RKan;EtmunnigeRkayEtb:eu NÑaH. RbeTsCati kMBgu Føak;kgúñ mhnþrayehIy eyIgCaemdwknaMExμr RtUvEtsVHEsVgrt;rkrYbrYmKña eRkakQreLIg eFVkI ar seRgÁaH karBar Cati kMeu Gay)at;bg;. esckþIkøahan enATIenH sMedAeTAelIGñkEdlh‘aneRkakQr ha‘nniyay ha‘neFIV nigxitxMRbwgERbg ya:g eBjTMhwg Gs;BIkMlaMg kay citþ edayminedkrg;caMmanemdwknaMÉNaeLIy. eyIgCaExμr manbuBVsiT§ieBjelj RtwmRtUv Rsbc,ab; kñúgkarnaMKñaeRkakeLIg edayesckþItaMgcitþ y:agmutmaM edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg; seRgÁaHCatiExμr EdlkMBugQaneTArkhaynPaB d¾F¶n;F¶renH. eRBaHfa ebICatiExμrrs; eTIbeyIgCaRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; rs;enA edaymantMélCamnusS mankitüanuPaBnigemaTnPaBCaExμr enAelIBiPBelakenH. eyIgminRtUvrg;caMGñkmanbuNü BINamkdwknaMExμreLIy eRBaHBaküfa GñkmanbuNü RKan;EtCaBakü eFVIeGayExμredklk; GacCaBaküe)akR)as erobcMeLIgeday BYkGñksRgÁamcitþsaRsþrbs;yYn edIm,IRKan;EtCameFüa)ayeFVIeGayExμr sgÇwmenA kñúgreNþAmrN³Etb:ueNÑaH. karrg;caMenH Cakarrg;xül; rg;caMpáayelIemX EdlKμanéf¶ekItmankarBitesaHeLIy ehIyCakarrg;caM Tuk»kaseGayyYneRbI h‘un Esn sMlab;qnÞ³Exμr rhUtdl;kMerIkElgrYc )at;bg;TIkdITaMgRsug dUcRbeTscM)a: nigkm<úCaeRkamEtb:ueNÑaH . eBlenaH ExμreyIg R)akdCa hYseBleTAehIy. ebIeyIgTaMgGs;KñabENþtbeNþay TukeGayCatieyIgsøab; enaH RbvtþisaRsþ mnsikar nwgedoletμHeyIg fa CaCnrmilKuNCati EdlCaGñk)anpþl;kMeNIteGayeyIgral;Kña. CatieyIg kMMBugEtmanCMgW bIdUcCa«Buk mþay eyIgmanCMgWdUecñaHEdr ebIeyIgminbI)ac;rkSakarBar b¤Büa)alelak eGaymanCIvitCIv:a Tan;eBlevlaeT eBlEdl elaksøab; eTAvaKμanRbeyaCn_GIV EdleyIgnaMKña yMesakseRggsþayeRkay RbwgeFIVbuNüeGayenaHesaHeLIy eRBaHfa elakminGacrs;mkvij)aneT. cMeBaHCativijk¾dUecñaHEdr eyIgRtUvEtnaMKñaEfrkSa kaBarCamun kMueGay )at;bg;TwkdI nigBUCsasn_eyIgCadac;xat. karrYbrYmBit CakMlaMgclkrd¾mhasal GacvayrujRcan sRtUvyYn eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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nig Gay:geGayrlaysabsUnü)an ebIeyIgTaMgGs;KñamanesckþItaMgcitþmutRsYcCagxaμMg ts‘UGt;Fμt; RTaMGt; RTaM Xøanx<s;CagxμaMg eyIgR)akdCa)aneCaKC½½y. cegáwHmYy)ac; yYnkac;min)ak; ebIeyIgEtmñak; yYnnwgbM)ak;)an. y:agNamij ebIeTaHbIeyIgmanKMnitesñhaCati RCaleRCAkMritNa bþÚrpþac;fñak;NakþI EtebIeyIgminsVHEsVg rt;rk cg)ac;KñaCa)ac; CaFøúgmYyeT eyIgminGacTTYleCaKCy½)anesaHeLIy. eyIgKYrelIkyk erOgGaxVak;GaxVin mkBicarNa nwgeFVIeGayeyIgyl;)anfa GñkniBn§cg;bBa¢ak;fa esþc EdltaMgxøÜnCam©as;EpndI manEtPaBkMsak suxcitþ»yraRsþ søab; CMnYsxøÜneTAvij edayeFVIya:gNa eGayEtxøÜn )anrs;enAblø½gÁ elIGMNacb:ueNÑaH xVHkarTTYlxusRtUv xVHkþIkøahanGg;Gac eGaysmzan³ xVHPaBbþÚrpþac;rYmsux rYmTukçCamYyraRsþxøÜnÉg. pÞúyeTAvij edaysμartIsamKÁI rYbrYmKña nayxVak;nayxiVn CaCnsamBaØ ebIeTaHbIxøÜnCa CnBikar nigdwgxøÜnfaRtUvsøab;kþI Et)anBYtédrYmKña y:agekøovkøaGg;Gackøahan eBjedImRTUgCakUYnRbus egIbeLIg ts‘U edImI,karrs;ranrbs;xøÜn nwgRbCaCati. BYkeKminRtwmEt GackarBarCIvitxøÜn BIcMNIykSb:ueNÑaHeT EtGackar BarCIvit RbCaCati CnrYmCati eGayrs;rUYcputBIcMNIykS )anedayeCaKC½y. nayxVak;nayxVin min)anedkrg;caM GñkmanbuNü Gs©arüNa mkCYyxøÜn edayePøckarBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉgesaHeLIy. enHCaemerond¾RbesIr EdlRbCa CatiExμrTaMgGs; KYrføwgEføg RtgRtab; yktMrab;tam ehIyeRkakeLIgrYmKña eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg dUcnayxVak; nayxiVn edIm,IGayuCIvitRbCaCatiExμr plRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbeTsExμreyIgeGayKg;vgS kñúgkal³eTs³enH. -suxPaBl¥ (Healthy) suxPaBenATIenH sMedATaMgBIry:ag TaMgsuxPaBxagpøÚvkay nigsuxPaBpøÚvcitþ. suxPaBxagpøÚvkaysMedA eTAelIkaysm,Ta. kñúgzan³Ca emdwknaM RtUvEtCamnusSEdlmanlkçN³eBjelj Rbus b¤RsI BitR)akd minEmn CamnusSBika nUvjaNmYYyNa ehIyKμan CMgWQWF¶n;F¶r. suxPaBemdwknaM eRbobdUcCassr sMrab;RTRTg; pÞH TaMg mUl eGaymanlkçN³rwgmaM. emdwknaMExμr RtUvmanGnam½yCanic© rh½srhYn skmμkargar nig]sSah_ Büayam. emdwknaM minEmnCamnusSEdlx¢ilRcGUs b¤Rbmwk EdlRbRBwtþiGMeBITuc©rit man El,g RsI Rsa BukrlYy GyutiþFm’ nigPUtPrkuhk enaHeLIy. emdwknaMExμr RtUvmanTwkcitþrIkray Rss;føa rak;Tak;dak;GñkeRkambgÁab;munCanic©. em dwknaMCatiExμr minRbkan;erOgkMbiukkMbu:k b¤k¾Rbkan; b¤kRkGWtRkTm dak;GñkeRkambgÁab; b¤k¾ kwbekg CiHCan; rwbyk plRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤bkSBYkeLIy. emdwknaMExμr man\riyabT viC¢man nig sμartI rwgbwug TwkmuxFmμta Canic© eTaHCakñúgeBlCYb]bs½KÁ b¤kal³eTs³EbbNakþI. ¬sUmsikSabEnßm viFIeFIV eGaycitþ brisuT§ rbs;elak yan yab ¦.

VI

suxPaBpøÚvcitþ³ emdwknaMRtUvmanmenamyiTi§. emdwknaMExμr RtUvman citþsaRsþx<s; GacsÁal;BIcitþ tMrUvkar nig GacTak;TajGñkeRkambgÁab; eGayeKarB RsLaj; nig cUlcitþxøÜn. emdwknaMExμr minRtUvmancitþesAhμg Tukç RBYy xVayxVl; GIVTaMgGs;. emdwknaM RtUvmansmaFi ¬citþs¶b;¦ . emdwknaM RtUvRKb;RKgGarmμN_xøÜn eGay)anl¥ minqab;rMePIb sIueCar GMNYt Gn;citþ xwgeqvqav RcENnQñanIs. emdwknaMExμr RtUvmancitþl¥ citþTUlay nigecHCYy eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

16

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GñkdéT. mü:agvij eTot emdwknaMExμr RtUvxitxMBüayam hVwkhat; eGaymanmenayiT§i. emdwknaMExμr Gachat;eron edayxøÜnÉg)an tamry³karhat;bBa¢a elIGarmμN_xøÜnÉg kalNaeyIgbBa¢aelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉg)anehIy eBlenaH eyIgCak;Ca GacbBa¢aelIGarmμN_ GñkdéT)andUcKñaEdr. -KuNFm’ (Virtue) emdwknaMExμr CaRkumCnEdlGacdwknaMRbeTseTArk suxsniþPaB suPmgÁl RbCaFibetyü yutþiFm’ rugerOg dl;sgÁmCati. emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtCaGñkmanKuNFm’ cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr eRBaHfaemdwknaM eRbobdUcCa «Buk rI É GñkedIrtam b¤RbCaBlrdæExμr eRbobdUcCa kUn nigCakIþsgÇwm sMrab;RbCaCatiExμr CaelIkcugeRkay . dUcenH em dwknaMExμr RtUvRbkan;x¢ab;nUv RBhμviharFm’ nig TsBiFraCFm’ .

VII

k-RBhμviharFm’ etIRBhμviharFm’manGIVxøH? RBhμviharFm’ manemtþa kruNa muTita nig]ebkça.

1-emtþa (Love) emtþa KW esckIþGaNit RsLaj; cg;eGayGñkpg)ansux. emdwknaMExμr EtgEtmankarGaNitGasUrCanic© dl; GñkeRkambgÁab; nigRbCaBlrdæExμr . ykcitþTukdak;x<s;bMput eBalKW ebIeyIgRsLaj;xøÜnÉgb:uNÑa eyIgRtUv Et RsLaj;GñkdéT Rkumkargar kUnecA GñkeRkambgÁab; nigRbCaBlrdæExμr bu:NÑwgEdr. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 Ca kSRt Edlman TsBiFraCFm’ nigRBhμviharFm’BitR)akd RTg;ykRBHT½yTukdak;xVayxVl;cMeBaHra®sþCanic© {RTg;

manRBH T½yRBYy)armÖ cMeBaHeraKrbs;RbCaraRsþRBHGgÁ CagRBHGaBaFRBHGgÁeTAeTot eRBaHfaesckIþTukç rbs; raRsþ KWCa esckIþTukçrbs;GñkRKb;RKgTaMgLay minEmnesckIþTukçpÞal;RBHGgÁeT EdlnaMeGayRBHGgÁRBYyQWcab; enaH } . cUr eyIghat;RsLaj; GñkNaEdlGñks¥b;bMput ¡.

2-kruNa (Help) kruNa ecHCYyseRgÁaH GñkdéT»y)anesckIþsux. emdwknaMExμr RtUvecHCYyseRgÁaH GñkRkIRklM)ak Gñk rgeRKaH GñkEdlsißtkñúgPaBl¶g;exøA nigGñkmanvibtþiepSg². emdwknaMExμr RtUvEth‘anlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,I CYyseRgÁaHCnrYmCatixøÜn »yrYcputBIesckIþTukçevTnaTaMgGs;enH EtdMeNaHRsaykñúgkarCYyseRgÁaHRtUvedaHRsay BIedImcm énbBaða kMuBüayamedaHcugbBaða vaCakarxateBl xatFnFan\tRbeyaCn_ ehIyebIeyIgRbwgedaH xøaMg b:uNÑa bBðaak¾nwgekIneLIgb:ueNÑaH eTaHedaHrhUtsøab;TaMgxøÜneTot k¾BMuGaccb;)aneLIy. RBHBuT§GgÁ CaKMrURsab; RBH GgÁ h‘anlHbg; raCsm,tiþ ysskiá esckþIsuxpÞal;xøÜn nigkamkiels tNðaepSg² rhUtdl;GayuCIvit edIm,I sVH EsVgrkpøÚv seRgÁaHmnusSelakTUeTA »yrYcputBI GviC¢a KW esckIþTukç. elak swn Kuy CavIr³bursExμreRkam h‘an lHbg;CIvit edIm,IrkSaTuknUv RBHBuT§sasna vb,Fm’ TMenomTMlab; nigRbéBNIExμr enAkm<úCaeRkameGayKg;vgS rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. buBVbursExμr GñkesñhaCati CaeRcIneTot Edlsuxcitþl³bg;bUCaCIvit edIm,ICYy karBar Cati eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

17

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TwkdI ekrþ_tMENl nigvb,Fm’Exμr eGayrYcputBIkarQøanBan elbRt)ak;rbs;breTs eFIVeGayTwkdIExμr)an Kg;vgS rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. cMENkeyIgCa GñkdwknaMExμrmñak; EdlkMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd eyIgk_RtUvEtmankar tBVkic© eRkakQredaysVy½PJak;rlwk CYyseRgÁaHCati bgb¥ÚnrYmQamExμrTaMgGs; eGayrYcputBIkarelbRt)ak; rbs; ecaryYn EdlkMBugeFVIGaNaniKmn_EbbfμI edayman huk LgDI/ sux Kg;/ nig CnCatiyYneRcIn eTot kMBuglak;xøÜnbgáb;kñúgsßabn½sMxan;² rbs;Cati RtYtRtaRbeTsExμr nigRtUvCYyseRgÁaHCatiExμreGayrYcput BI rbb kumμúynIsþpþac;kar h‘un Esn bMerIyYn ehIynaMRbCaCati nigRbeTsExμr edIreq<aHeTArkkarrIkcMerIn Kg;vgS kñúgvibul PaB nigmanfamBl sßitesßr esμImuxnwgRbCaCatikñúgelakeGay)an. etI eyIgTaMgGs;Kña CaCatiExμr suxcitþ Qr eGabédemIlTukçevTna RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlkMBugEtdegðayehArk eyIgral;KñaCaGñkesñhaCati eGayCYyseRgÁaH CYyrMedaH erogral;éf¶)aneT? b¤eyIgTuk eGayBUCsasn_ExμreyIg RtUvrlay)at;bg;BIelakenHeTA nasm½yenH? 3-muTita (Unjealous) muTita emdwknaMExμr minRtUvmancitþRcENnQñanIs b¤Gn;citþcMeBaHkarrIkcMerIn eCaKC½yrbs;GñkdéT b¤ GñkeRkambgÁab; b¤RbCaBlrdæeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij emdwknaMExμr RtUvsb,ayeRtkGr nwgesckIþsuxcMerIn rbs;RbCa CatiExμr b¤rIkraysaTr eBleXIj Exμr )anesckIþsuxedaysarxøÜn. eRkayBIeBl xøÜn)anCYyseRgÁaH eTaHbICaeK minEføgGMNrKuNk¾eday k¾minRtUveTamnsS. mann½yfa emdwknaMExμr minRtUvrMlwk KuNrbs;xøÜn GYtR)ab;eKeGay dwgeBlCYyGñkdéTenaHeT . EtpÞúyeTAvij emdwknaMExμr RtUvsresIr nigGrKuN cMeBaHRbCaCatiExμr Edl)an eFIVl¥ mkelIxøÜn eTaHCaGMeBIl¥enaHtickIþ eRcInkIþ. eCOerOgKYreGayGam:as; nigQWcab; EdlRbCaCatiExμrrs;eRkam)ateCIg CnBalkMeLAdUcbkSBYk h‘un Esn sBVéf¶enH. CnkMeLAenH EtgEtbBa¢aeGay dkhUtykeTAvijnUv rbs;rbr TaMgLay Edlvaykmke)akExμr ebItMbn;enaHraRsþExμrmine)aHeqñateGayva. eBlfμIenH va)anRbkasEkþg²fava nwgeFVICanaykrdæmRnþI mYyCIvit Etvanwgminsagsg;salaeroneToteLIy ebIvaFøak;BIGMNac. vaminEdl dwgKuN GrKuNExμreT EtvarEmgrlwkKuN dwgKuNecaryYn mindac;BImat;. dUcesþc sIhnu minEdl GrKuN ExμrGñkts‘Ukñúg karCUndMeNIrxøÜneGay)aneLIgesayraCüenaH esaHeLIy EtesþcenH GrKuNGay:gk,t;Cati h‘un Esn eTAvij.

4-]ebkça (Justice) ]ebkça emdwknaMExμr RtUvRbkan;citþCakNþal minlMeGog eRBaHs¥b; RsLaj; RcENn ninÞaQñanIs Gn; citþ. emdwknaMExμr esμaHesμIcMeBaH RbCaCatiExμrTUeTA edayminerIseGIg edaysarPaBGKti nigkarRbkan; bkSBYk neya)ay dUcGak,t; h‘un Esn sBVéf¶enHeLIy. GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvbegáIteKalkarN_rYm nigc,ab;rdæCac,ab; mYy mansmPaBGnuvtþn_ elICnTUeTAdUc²Kña ehIyCaGñk naMmuxeK Rbtibtþi Rbkan;eKalkarN_ nigGnuvtþc,ab; [)an RtwmRtUv. Etkñúgrbbk,t;sBVéf¶c,ab; sMrab;cgédExμrsøÚtRtg;eTAvij ÉRkumRKYsarBYkk,t; minEdlmaneTasesaH eLIy. ]³ enA qñaM 1999 RbBn§ h‘un Esn )ancat;eGayEqárbs;xøÜn )aj;sMlab; sil,krExμrd¾l,I GñkRsI Bisidæ BlIkar eRBaHEtkarRbc½NÐ edayKμaneTaséBr_. enAqñaM 2004 kμÜyrbs; h‘un Esn eQμaH nYYn suPa )aj;sMlab; eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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y:agrgÁal elIGñkRkIRkTaMgkNþaléf¶ kNþalTIRkugPñMeBj edayKμanGñkNarkyutþiFm’eGayesaH. elIsBIenH enAtamTIRkug RbCaBlrdæExμr RtUv)anBYkGay:g beNþjecjBIpÞHsMEbgedayKμansMNg KμankaredaHRsay edIm,I ykdIlk;[QμÜjbreTs. pÞúyeTAvij CnCatiyYn EdlmktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; RtUv)anBYkvaxñHExñgrkpÞH sMEbg dIFøI nigkar]btßmÖy:agRbesIr. minEmnRtwmEt lMeGogedayGKit eT EtvaCakarbgðajy;:agc,as;RkELt nUvPaB Ca´kBa¢Hdac;éfø lk;Catilk;TwkdI rbs;BYkGak,t; h‘un Esn sBVéf¶enH. emdwknaM RtUvRbkan;yutiþFm’ nigkareKarB

c,ab;CaFM CacMbg edayEp¥kelIRbeyaCn_ CatiExμrCaFM.

x-TsBitFm’ TsBiFFm’ KWCaeKalFm’TaMg 10Rbkar EdlemdwknaM RKb;rUbRtUvEtRbkan;x¢ab;Canic©. eKalFm’TaMg 10 Rbkarman ³ 1-Tan (Donation) Tan KWkarpþl;eGaydUcCa vtßú sMPar³ cMeNHdwg Gb;rM k,Ünc,ab; nigkarGb;rMRBHFm’ dl;RbCaCatiExμr CaTI RsLaj;rbs;xøÜnCaedIm. emdwknaMExμr RtUvh‘anlHbg;FnFanpÞal;xøÜn eFVIGMeNayTan dl;RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlRkI RklM)ak. emdwknaMExμr RtUveFVITan kñúgKnøgKtibNÐit minEmnkñúgEbbRbCaPifuteLIy. eBalKW GMeNayCa Epø ExS

snÞÚc nigcMeNHdwg edIim,IeGayExμr ecHrk ecHsÞÚcRtI ciBa©wmCIvitedayxøÜnÉg. EtminEmn ykRtI sMGuymYyknÞúy knÞbsarugmYy eTAeGayraRsþExμr ehIybgÁab;ExμreGays¥b;ExμrKñaÉg RsLaj;ecaryYnbøn;TwkdIenaHeLIy. TegIV

rbs;bkSBYk h‘un Esn EdlykGMeNay b‘ÍecgmYykBa©b; nigknÞbsarugmYy eTAEckeGayExμr CaTegIVEbbhut TwksMlwgkak edIm,Ie)akR)asExμr bþÚryksnøwkeqñat ykGMNaceTAbMerIplRbeyaCn_ bkSBYkvamYykþab;tUc nigyYn ecAhVayva.

2-sIl (holy) GñkdwknaMl¥ KWCaGñkEdlRbkan;x¢ab;vin½y GMeBIl¥ tam»vaTRBHBuT§. emdwknaMExμr RtUvmansIl 5kñúg xøÜn.

TI1-sIlTaMg5 rYmman÷ GñkdwknaMExμr minsahavyg;Xñg minRbRBwtþGMeBITuc©ritepSg² minebotebonmitþrYmkargar GñkeRkam»vaT RbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn rhUtdl;karkab;sMlab;CaedIm. ]TahrN_ dUcCarbb hVasIus GIuEtø/ m:UsUlInI/ ma:kS elnIn/ em:A esTug/ b:ul Bt/ kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin ¬yYn¦ ExμrRkhm h‘un Esn Edl)aneFIVeGaymnusS søab;rab;lannak;.

TI2-GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvBukrlYy sIusMNUk lYcbnøM ekgykRTBüsm,tiþCati b¤RTBübuKÁl b¤RkumRKYsar NamYy edIm,IRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤RbeyaCn_RkumRKYsar nigbkSBYkeLIy. emdwknaM RtUvEtmankaresμaHRtg; cMeBaH CatiRKb;eBlevla. etIbkSBYk h‘un Esn manluymkBINa rab;landuløa dak;FanaKareRkARbeTs nigRTBüsm,tiþhUrehor epSg² eTot? eyIgKYrBicarNaemIlfa h‘un Esn ehg sMrin nigbkSBYk ecjBIrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_kumμúynisþ eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

19

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\NÐÚcin man)atédTeTr dUcExμrdéTeTotEdr EtBYkenHmanRTBüsm,tiþeRcInsni§wksn§ab; cayminGs; ehIyykeTA lak;TukecalenAFnaKar breTsrab;Ban;landuløaeTot enHmin KWCakarlYcqk;bøn;RTBüsm,tþiExμreTb¤?. suxcitþ lYcykluyCati eTATukecal EteGayRbCaBlrdæExμr RkIRk rehm rham Gt;Xøan dac;eBaHsøab;. BYkCnpþac;kar TaMgenH lYcRTBüsm,tiþCati edIm,IxøÜnÉg RKYsarnigbkSBYkxøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH. éRBeQI FnFanFmμCatieRkamdI elIdI Er: mas Er:t,Úg RtUvBYkenH XubXitlk;eGayQμÜjbreTs eFIVkarkab;Kas;kkay Kμansl; eFVIeGayekIteRKaHraMgs¶Üt TwkCMnn;. kargarensaT GaCIvkmμ CMnajepSg² RtUvBYkenHbeNþayeGayyYn cUlmkdeNþIm ykKμansl; eFIVeGayExμrkøayCaCnRkIRk rt;lUneTArkrs; enARbeTsCitxag ya:glM)akevTna ehIyRtUveK)aj;sMlab; TaMgkUn kñúgépÞ edayKμanRbNIemtþa . eTaHdUecñHkþI BYkenHminEdlrkxusRtUveGay ExμrsøÚtRtg;TaMgenaH Tal;EtesaH . pÞúyeTAvij ebICnCatiyYn xusc,ab;gab;mñak; vaERskesÞIEbkviTüúTUrTsSn_rbs;Exμr. enHCaPaBkBa¢Hdac;éfø rbs;BYkGak,t; h‘un Esn. BYk h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin CaCnk,t;Cati CaeQøIgsgÁm CaRBaybIsac CBa¢k;QamExμr CaRkumecarlYcCati lk;Cati CaedIimcm énTukçevTna karRBat;R)as; PaBl¶g;exøA P½yxøac Gt;Xøan rbs;Exμr RKb;RsTab;. dUcmankñúgr)aykarN_ køúbblvidENs ecjpSay Ca]TahrN_Rsab;. etIeyIgCabBaØvnþ½Exμr CaGñkdwknaMExμr suxcitþeGay Cnk,t;CatiTaMgenH bMpøajExμr sMlab;Exμr rhUtdl;putBUC b¤eyIgRtUverI edIm,Irs; man \sSr³PaB esμImuxCamnusS dUcCatinana?.

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

20

rkSasiT§i

TI3-GñkdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUveBalBakükuhk RtUvEtesμaHRtg; taMgBIkarKit niyay nigkaeFIVeLIgeTA . eBal KW Kit niyay nigeFIV Et1. emdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUvKitepSg² niyayepSg eFIVepSgenaHeT. GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvPUtPr kuhk e)akR)asExμredIm,IGMNac dUcBYkGay:g h‘un Esn EdlFøab;eFVI nigkMBugeFVIsBVéf¶enHeLIy. TI4-GñkdwknaMCatiExμr minEmnCaGñkEdlelμaPkamtNða buNüskái GMNac nigRTBüsm,tiþCatiieLIy. min RtUvb:HBal;kUn RbBn§eK b¤ eFIVeGayxUcxatplRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaBlrdæExμr. CaerOgd¾GaRsUvbMput Edlman GMNacdUc h‘un Esn ehIyeTArMelaPbMBanelIRbBn§kUnraRsþÉg ehIybeNþayeGayRbBn§ xøÜnÉg eRbIGamIuGaefag eTA)aj;sMlab;éRBépS edayKμaneTaséBr_esaHenaH¬erOg Bisidæ BIlIka¦.

TI5-emdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUvlg; kñúgkaresBeRKOgjan GaePon kBaäa RsI Rsa El,g eRBaHnaMeGay xUc sμartI nig b:HBal;dl;suxPaB. CaBiess emdwknaMExμr RtUvRby½tñ carkmμyYn dak;fñaMtammðÚbGarhar fñaMeBTü edIm,I sMlab;eyIg b¤eFIV»yeyIgmanCMgWepSg² dUcCarlakeføIm søab;mYycMehogxøÜn nigdac;srésQamxYrk,alCaedIm. l. Cakarcukcab; bMputcMeBaHmuxmat;ExμrRKb;rUb EdlRtUvbiT)aMglabln edayCnjaNfñaM dUcGak,t; h‘un Esn rUbenH. etInwgbMbiTfñaMjaN emþc)an ebIva CaemekøagjaNfañM nig Caemekøagrt;fñaMjaNdUecñH.

sarubmk emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgGarmμN_TaMg6 eGaymanPaBRbRktICadac;xat KWPaBsamBaØ minvegVg nig lg;tamGarmμN_TaMg 6 enaHeLIy eRBaHnaMeGayeyIgmancMNucexSayePøcsμartI. RBHBuT§RTg;Rtas;Tukfa{ Gñk eFVsRbEhs )at;bg;sμartI eRbobdUcmnusSsøab;} .

3-bric©aK b¤karlHbg; (Sacrifice) bric©aK b¤ karlHbg;. emdwknaMExμr RtUvlHbg;xøÜn edIm,ICYyseRgÁaHCati eGayrs;ran manCIvitKg;vgS. karlHbg; CaktþasMxan;kñúgTak;TajCMenOBI GñkeRkam»vaT b¤GñkCMvij eGayedIrtamxøÜn. PaBkMNaj;sVit nwgeFIV eGayGñkdwknaM )at;bg;RbIy_PaB )at;bg;CMenO BIGñkpg. karlHbg;TIenH cg;niyaysMedA eTAelIkarlHbg; edIm,I sag RbeyaCn¾GIVmYysMrab;sgÁmCatiExμr. kñúgzan³ CaemdwknaMExμμr RtUvh‘aneFVIKMrU naMmuxeK kñúgkareFVIBlIkmμGayu CIvit lHbg;taMgBI FnFan eBlevla esckþIsuxpÞal;xøÜn kitþiysmuxmat; rhUtdl;CIvit edIm,IeFVIRbeyaCn_ CUnCati nigCYyseRgÁaH RbCaCatiExμr EdlkMBugrgTukçevTna RkIRk Gt;Xøan l¶g;exøA nigP½yxøac rs;kñúgrbbePrvkmμ. etIRtUveFVIkarlHbg;GVIxøH? eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

21

rkSasiT§i

-lHbg; PaBmuxmat;niym sMParHhWuha GMnYtGYtGagniym Gatμaniym nigPaBePøItePøIn. dUceBalxagelIxøH²mkehIy edIm,IdwknaMeKRtUveFVIeGayeKmanCMenOmkelIxøÜneyIg RsLaj;eKarBeyIg Camun. edIm,IeGayGñkpg eCORsLaj;eyIg eyIgRtUveFVIxøÜneGaysmsYn manbJkBaréføfñÚr edaykarvacak GMeBI G)aymuxepSg². CaBiess lHbg;kareRskXøanmuxmat;GMnYtGYtGag PaBePøItePøInigsMParHniym hWuhasMbUr Kμan RBMEdn. -lHbg; PaBmuxmat;niym -kñúgzanHCaGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvh‘anlHbg; minRtwmEtRTBüFn eBlevlab:ueNÑaHeT EtRtUrh‘anlHbg;taMgBI muxmat; kitþiys eLIgeTA. eBalKW RtUvEtcuHbMerIBlrdædl;TIkEnøg. edaysßanPaB sBVéf¶Gay:g h‘un Esn nig yYn )aneRbIRKb;meFüa)ay edIm,IeFVIeGayExμrminTukcitþKña. ehtuenHehIyedIm,ICMnH EpnkarexμARkxVk;enH eyIgRtUv Eth‘andak;xøÜn eGayTab lak;xøÜntamEbbepSg² edIm,IeGayeyIg)anpSarP¢ab;CamYyRbCaCatiExμr EdlCaehtunaM eGayeyIgGacTajykkarTukcitþKña RsLaj;KμñakñúgnamCnrYmCatiExμrEtmYy)an. ebIeyIgminenAEnbNitCitsñiT§ ral;éf¶eT eKmineCOeyIgeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot xμaMgeRbIR)as;RKb;kll,icedIm,IbMEbkbM)ak;eyIg. BlrdæeyIg mankarRBWrgar ehtuenHeyIgRtUvEtCYyelIksÞÜysμartI das;etOneRkInrMlwkCaRbcaM . eyIgGacrkviFIeTACYYb eTArk edayeRbIviFIKMrbeRcIny:ag dUcCa ½ CaGñkrt;m:UtU Cakg;Dub CaGñkb:Hkg; .l. RBHBuT§GgÁ suxcitþlHbg;raCsm,tþi kþIsuxpÞal;xøÜnedim,IEsVgrkpøÚvseRgÁaHCIvitmnusSelak suxcitþ RTaMRTlM)akRKb;y:ag edaykarrs;nwg)ay)at. edIm,IsMercEpnkar elbRt)ak;ykRbeTsExμr CnCatiyYn suxcitþlHbg; zan³Ca ]tþmesnIy bnøMxøÜnrs;CaGñkb:Hkg; CaRsIeBsüa kúñgkardwknaMGnuvtþn_kic©karrbs;va. eyIgCaExμrRtUvEtman karlHbg; h‘aneFIVGIVRKb;y:agedayPaB mutRsYcCagva xøaMgCagva eTIbeyIgGacrMedaHCatieyIgeGayrYcput BI])ayklrbs;va)an. eyIgminRtUveFVIRtwmEt edIr eBalLÚLa xateBl\tRbeyaCn_ EteyIgRtUveFVIGIVEdlCaKnøWH CaCMhannaMeTArkeCaKC½y.

CatiExμrnwgrs; ebIRbCaCatiExμrPJak;rlwk rYbrYmsamKÁIKñaeRkakeLIg eFVIkarts‘Uedayminxøacsøab; .

eBlenH matuPUmiRtUvkareyIg[mankarlHbg;mYyd¾FM sMrab;ExμreyIgTaMgmUl kMurg;caM[yYn sMlab;rgÁal rhUtdl;)at;sμartI gab;esckþIkøahan b¤TukeGay yYn eRbIl,icsMlab;Exμr RbmaN 2lannak; kñúgsm½yBYkRkhm b:ul Bt eTot. valBiXat knøgmk Caemeron EdlExμrRtUvEtPJak;xøÜn nigcgcaMCanic©. semþcsgÇ CYn Nat/

swug Kuy/ XøaMg emOg/ swug g:ukfaj;/ b‘uNÑ cn½Þm:ul/ Gacarü Ehm ecov/ eBar kMe)ar/ )a:g xat;/ hU sux/ Ca viC¢a nigRBHetCKuN sM b‘uneFOn RBmTaMgbuBVbursExμrCaeRcInrab;minGs; )anlHbg;CIvit edIm,IkarBarCati matu

PUmiExμr eGayenAKg;vgSrhUtdl;sBVéf¶. etIeyIgCakUnecACMnan;eRkay CaGñkTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHmuxRbvtþisaRsþ

dUnta suxcitþrs;enATaMgexøacpSar emIlyYn nigGay:g eFIV)abCiHCan;Exμr »yvinasdUc sm½ykSRtIGgÁmuI ¬18351841 yYn eRTOg mij ya:g¦b¤ya:gNa?.

4-GaC¢v³ b¤ esckþIesaHRtg; (Honest) eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

22

rkSasiT§i

GaC¢v³ KWCaesckIþRtg; minevocevr RkLicRkLúc. emdwknaMExμr RtUvesμaHRtg;cMeBaH ]tþmKtirYm muxgar tYr

naTI rbs;xøÜn Rtg;cMeBaH Rkumkargar Rtg;cMeBaHRbeTsCatiExμr nigRbCaBlrdæExμr Rtg;TaMgkarKit karniyay nig karGnuvtþkargar Rtg;cMeBaHGñkeRkambgÁab; nigRtg;cMeBaHesckIþl¥TaMgLay. PaBesμaHRtg; CapøÚvd¾l¥mYy jaMug eGaymankareCOCak; BIGñkCMuvijxøÜn. CMenOCak;BIGñkpgTaMgBYg nwgeFVIeGayman karrYbrYmsamKÁIKñaCMuvijxøÜn eyIg CaGñkdwknaM ehIyGacCYyeFVI»y kardwknaM rbs;eyIg edIreTArkeCaKC½y)anqab;rh½s. k¾b:uEnþ enAeBl Edlman

karrYbrYmCMuvijxøÜnehIy eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvePøcxøÜnePøItePøIn emIlgayGñkpg CMuvijeLIy. kan;EtmankarrYb rYmCMuvijxøÜn xøaMgeLIgkalNa kan;Etpþl;sarHsMxan; dl;shkarICMuvijxøÜn kan;EteGanlMeTan RbkbedayesckþI éføfñÚrx<s;eLIgCanic©. minKYrniyayBIGñkeRkam»vaT faGaRkk;y:agenH minl¥y:agenaHeLIy. RtUvriHrkviFIEkéx edayPaBesμaHRtg; edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarrIkcMerInTaMgGs;Kña edIreTACamYyKñaeq<aHeTArkeCaKC½y. RtUvcaMfa GgÁ karneya)aydwknaMrbs;eyIg eRbobbIdUc CaRkumtUrütRnþImYyEdr. RtUvmanPaBb;iunRbsb; kñúgkargarerogxøÜn dUcKña esμI²Kña. ebI sÁrelgl¥ EthÁIta elgGn; k¾minkRnþak; Tak;GarmμN_ GñkemIlGñksþab;. ebIsÁ hÁIta elgl¥ EtebI GñkeRcog eRcogminBieraH KμankarTak;Taj enArwgsþÚk k¾mi;nGacTak;GarmμN_ GñkeRkamqak eGayhk;elat eLIgraM)aneLIy. eBalKW TaMgGs;Kña CaRkumkargar EdlesμaHRtg;nwgKña mankarTTYlxusRtUvtammuxgarerog² xøÜnedayesμaHsμRK½ Kμanl,icEb:geCIg Eb:gédKñaeLIy. y:agNamij kñúgPaBCaGgÁkarneya)aymYy RtUv EtksageGay eTACa Rkumkargarl¥rlUnbMput ¬Best and smooth Team Work¦eTIbGacCMrujeGayRbCaCatiExμr TaMgGs; PJak;rlwkeCOCak;elIeyIg)an. mñak;² manPaBesμaHRtg;cMeBaH Par³rbs;xøÜnCaGñkdwknaM minfafñak;Na enA TINa kEnøgNa mincaM)ac; edkcaMeGaymanGñkdas;etOn b¤eFVIedIm,IpÁab;muxmat;eLIy. mñak;²RtUvKitfa eyIgecHGIV mYy EdlGñkÉeTotminecH EtGñkÉeTot k¾ecHGIVmYyEdleyIgminecH. ehtuenH edIm,IsMerceCaKC½y GñkdwknaM

manParHBUt RbmUlpþúM smtßPaB nigkarRbwgERbg rbs;Gkñ CMuvijxøÜn edIreq<aHeTArkeKaledArYm edayPaBesμaHRtg; nigBuHBar Büayam bþÚrpþac; y:agGt;Fμt;bMput edaykarnaMmuxeKCanic© kñúgkarBuHBar]bsKÁ½epSg². cUrBicarNacgcaM

nigyl;y:agCak;fa ExShÁItamYy mansMelgEtmYyb:ueNÑaH ExSTaMg5mansMelgxus²Kña EtedayPaBbiunRbsb; rbs;GñkelghÁIta ecHrYmpSMsMelgExSTaMgenaH bBa©ÚlKñaeFIV[Gñkelg GacelgePøg)any:agBieraHrNþM naMRBlwg Gatμ½n Gñksþab; GñkTsSna eGaylg;lk; eTAtamcMNg;rbs;eK)an. etIGñkNamYy GacTayfa GñkelgEdl eRbI R)as; hÁIta enH nwgelg)an RtwmEtb:unμanbT R)akdCaKμancMeLIyeT. y:agNamij eyIgCaGñkdwknaMCatiExμr Edl RsLaj;CatiBit k¾RtUveronsURtBIenHEdr eTIbeyIgGacksag Rkumkargarl¥rlUn)an. eRkABIenH karrYmsux rYmTukç CaktþasMxan;xøaMgNas;. eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvrs;enArYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyKña minrt;minedaHykrYcxøÜn kñúgRKaGasnñ minedkRsYl sIuq¶aj; yksuxEtmñak;Ég b¤eRbIehIyminTTYlxusRtUv b¤mYyk¾ e)akR)aseRbI enaHminEmnCakarl¥ dl;emdwknaMesaHeLIy. dUcerobrab;mkxagelI mkehIyKW GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEtesμaHRtg; RKb;\riyabfTaMGs; taMg

BI karKit karniyay kareFVI karrs;enAeday PaBbþÚrpþac; cMeBaHCatimatuPUmi RbCaCatiExμr nigGgÁkarneya)ayrbs; xøÜn EdlxøÜnmantYnaTIdwknaM edIm,ICMrujkarts‘Ueq<aHeTArkeCaKC½ypþac;RBt½ü edayKμanevocevr.

{dak;xøÜn»yTab edIm,IemIleGay)andl;CMerAbBaða EteRkakQr»yx<s; edIm,IemIl»y)anq¶ay eday PaBPøWsVagénGnaKt}. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

23

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cUr {xitxMeron xMeFVI xMksagkMlaMg edIm,IdeNþImykGMNac BICnBal mkbMerIRbCaCati nigCati} Et {kMu eroneFVI ksagRbmUlpþúMkMlaMg edImI,eTAsMuGMNacBICnBal b¤ eTAbMerICaxJMuúCakBa¢Hdac;éførbs;BYkk,t;Cati }.

5-mTÞv³ b¤ PaBrabsarTn;Pøn; (Gentle) mTÞv³ CaesckIþrabsarTn;Pøn;. emdwknaMExμr RtUvsMEdgnUvTwkmuxjjwm rYsrayrak;Tak; Canic© cMeBaHGñk eRkambgÁab; nig RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA eTaHCaenAeBl man]bsKÁ½ Bi)akya:gNakþI. esckþIrIkray rbs;emdwknaM Ca»sf GacelIkTwkcitþTahan b¤GñkeRkam»vaT eGaymanTwkcitþRbyuT§ b¤mankþIsgÇwmeTAmux)an. ehtuenH em dwknaMExμr minRtUveFIVmuxRsBab;RseBan muxRkjÚvmuxs¥úy Rbkan; b¤kRkGWtRkTm RceggRcgag eqvqav GagfaxøÜn ÉgGñkFMmanGMNac b¤emeKenaHeT. emdwknaMRtUvEt rak;Tak;dak;GñktUc GñkeRkambgÁab; nigRbCaBlrdæsamBaØmun Canic©. RtUvBüayamsÁal;eQμaHGñkeRkam»vaT eGay)anGs; nigRtUvehAeGaycM²eQμaH faelak> k>>> b¤ elak >>>x CaedIm. karehAcMeQμaH mann½yxagcitþsaRsþmYyFMNas; CaBiess cMeBaHGñkEdlmanzan³tUcTabCag . eRkABIenH emdwknaMRtUvTTYlnUvesckIþeKarB BIGñkpg edaykarykcitþTukdak; minRBegIykenþIy ehIyRtUvdak;xøÜn eGaymanlkçN³samBaØ CamYynwgRbCaBlrdæ nigGñkeRkambgÁab;. minsIueCar GYtGag eBleKsresIr minRtUv GgÁúyelIceg¥relIkxøÜnÉg ehIybnþúHbg¥ab;GñkdéT eBal KWminRtUvniyayBIerOg xøÜnÉgfa RKan;ebICag GñkdéT b¤ taMgxøÜnÉgCa emdwknaMrbs;GñkTaMgGs;enaH. pÞúyeTAvij eyIgRtUvtaMgxøÜneyIg CaGñkbMerI RbCaBlrdæExμr eTIb RbesIr. emdwknaM RtUvh‘ansarPaBkMhus edaykarTTYlxusRtUv nigedayTwkmuxjjwmeBjcitþ cMeBaHGIVEdl eyIg )aneFIVxus b¤eyIg)ancat;karxus . emdwknaMExμr RtUvTn;Pøn; EtminTn;RCayenaHeT ebIeRbobeFobeTA nigedIm eQI emdwknaMRtUveFIVdUcCaedIm p©wk RkjÚg nigebg CaedIm EdlmanPaBTn;xageRkA Etrwgbwugxagkñúg. emdwknaMExμr min RtUveFIVdUc edImlðúg nigGMeBA EdlmanlkçN³rwgeRkA EtRbehagkñúgenaHeT. emdwknaMRtUvecH sÁal;kal³eTs³ nig sßankarN_ etIeBlNa eyIgRtUveFIVemdwknaMeK? ehIyeBlNaeyIgRtUveFIVCaGñkeRkambgÁab;eK?. kan;Etman kar rYbrYm maneCaKCy½kñúgkareFIVeGayGñkpgrYbrYmKñaedIrtamxøÜn GñkdwknaMCatiExμr kan;EtmanPaBrabsarTn;Pøn;eGan lMeTan cMeBaHGñkCMvijxøÜn xøaMgeLIgCalMdab;. PaBrYsray rak;Tak;eGaylMeTan rbs;GñkdwknaM Camnþesñh’mYy GaceFIVeGayeKedIrtam eKalkarN_nanarbs;xøÜn nigrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn)any:agmanRbsiT§PaB. { edIm,I dwknaMeK RtUveFVIeGayeKRsLaj;eyIgCamun edIm,IeGayeKRsLaj;eyIg eyIgRtUvRsLaj; eKedayesμaHsμRK½ Ca mun}. enAeBl RbCaCatiExμrTUeTA mankareCOCak;elIeyIg nigmankarPJak;rlwk dUceyIgehIyenaH enaHnwgjaMug eGayeyIg GacCMrujkarrMedaHCatirbs;eyIgqab;)andl;TwisedA. EtRtUvcaMfa {eyIgCaGñkbMerI CatiRbCaCati min EmnCaGñkCiHCan;sgát;sgáinraRsþExμrtUctaceLIy} I

6-tb³ b¤s¥ats¥M (Clean) tb³ karduHxat;sMGatcitþ b¤kMcat;nUvGMeBIGaRkk;kñúgxøÜn. etIRtUvkMcat;;GIVxøH? emdwknaM RtUvkMcat;GarmμN_ EdlnaMeGayeyIg RbRBwtþiGMeBIGaRkk;TaMgLay nigbBa¢aGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉg mineGayekþARkhay. emdwknaMExμr mineFIVeGayekþARkhaydl;citþGñkdéT GñkeRkam»vaTeLIy. eyIgRtUvmanEpnkar kalviPaK kMNt;c,as;las; sMrab;kic©karRbcaMéf¶ ehIyGnuvtþtamEpnkarenaH. dUecñH eyIgRtUvsegátemIlskmμPaB rbs;eyIgRKb;eBlevla eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ebIeyIgdwgfa eyIgeFIVxus b¤eFVIGMeBIGaRkk; eyIgRtUvEkERbecj. pÞúyeTAvij ebIdwgxøÜnfamankMhus ehIyminRBm TTYlkMhus minEkERb dUc h‘un Esn KWCamnusSKMrk;bMput. ebIeyIgdwgfa xøÜneyIgGatμaniym KitEtRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜn eyIgRtUvQb;eFIV dUecñaH eyIgRtUvRtLb;mkKitdl;RbeyaCn_Cati RbeyaCn_sgÁm nigRbCaCatiExμr TaMgmUl vijpg. kñúgnam eyIgCaemdwknaMExμr RtUveFIVdUcRBHGaTitüpg nigCaRBHc½nÞpg. etIGIVxøHeTot EdlemdwknaMExμr KYr lHbg;ecj? emdwknaMExμr RtUvlHbg; Qb;KitBüa)aT ExμrKñaÉg Qb;eQøaHRbEkkCamYyExμr Qb;cgKMnuM KMuKYn nwig ExμrKñaÉg nigQb;niyay DWdgLkLWyedomdam edayBaküEpøpáar b¤GMNYt EbbmnusSBal)atpSar b¤ mYlbgáac; TMlak;kMhusdak; GñkesñhaCatieTot. emdwknaMExμr RtUvQb;kMNaj; b¤mayalak;But. emdwknaMExμr minRtUveFIVCa mnusSk,al rwg cecs RtUvecHsþab;ehtupl nigsþab;eyabl;GñkeRkambgÁab;ykmkBicarNa. RtUvcaMfa ebI eyIgcg;dwknaMeK eyIgRtUvEt ykKMnit eyabl;GñkeRkambgÁab; mkKitmkBicarNa føwgEføg CaKtixøH. {GñkTabtUc minsuT§EtCaGñkl¶g;exøAeLIy ÉGñkEdlman mansBaØabRt½ bNÐit minEmnsuT§ EtCaGñkKit RtUveqøovqøat CageKÉg TaMgGs;Edr} ¬]³ bNÐitc,ab; neratþm rNriT§ CaedIm eFVItaMgBIQñHeqñat rhUtdl;Gs;exa eRBaHEt KMnitGjniym GtþaFibetyüniym¦. ebIeyIgbdiesFKMnit eyabl; GñkeRkambgÁab;TaMgRsug enaHeyIg minGaceFIV CaemdwknaMeK )aneT BYkeKnwgminedIrtameyIgeLIy. emdwknaMExμr RtUvlHbg;ecalnUvkarRbkan;b¤kx<s;. tamkarBiteTA kar kac;b¤k kac;rag CaPaBl¶g;exøArbs;emdwknaMeTAvijeT. kñúgPaBCa emdwknaMExμr Qb;KitfamanEtxøÜnÉgxøaMg emIl gayRbmafGñkdéT RtUvRbkan;ykKMniteRcIn eRBaHfa KMnitBIrRbesIr CagKMnitmYy ehIyrwtEtl¥ kalNamanKMnit kan;EteRcInenaH. Ep¥ktam karerobrab; mkenH etI KMnitesþcsIhnu Etmñak;Ég Edleronmincb; DIbøÚm RsukyYn pg enaH GacQñHyYn EdlvaRbmUlKñaeRcInKit ehIysuT§swg EtCaGñkecHdwgesμaHRtg;nwgCativaeTotpgenaH)aneT. min)ac;ERskfa yYn rmilKuNeT enaHCakMhus qáÜtlIlarbs; xøÜnÉgTaMgGs;. esþc sIhnu minEdlTukcitþExμrEdl dak;citþ dak;kaybMerICakUn CaecA rbs;xøÜnesaHeLIy . taMgBIenAesayraCü esþc sIhnu minEdlykGñkecHExμr eFIV TIRbwkSaeLIy luHNaEt GñkenaHÉgecH)aT ecHéheGI rhUteTIbenACit)an. pÞúyeTAvij esþcenH suxcitþyk )araMg b¤CnCatiepSg² EdlsuT§swgEtCaBYk niymkumμúynisþ EdlyYn)anbBa¢Únmk mkdak;enAEGbxøÜnCanic©. ebI sUm,IEtsBVéf¶enHeTAehIykþI esþcenH minTukcitþExμreT suxcitþykGgÁrkS½ CaCatid¾éT ¬kUerxageCIg ¦ eTAvij. dUc KñaenHEdr Gay:g h‘un Esn suxcitþerIs CnCatiyYn mkeFVICaGgÁrkS½ CaGñkkarBarGMNacrbs;va eTAvij nigbMBak; GavuFTMenIb² elIskgTB½Exμr EdlvaTukeGay enAtamCnbTéRBPñM tMbn;RKuncaj; edIm,Ikarsøab;CMnYs vanwgyYn. R)agÁR)asaTGgÁr Camrtk’ Exμr h‘un Esn minTukcitþExμreT EtEbrCaeGayeTA sux Kg; CnCatiyYn mkekIbykluy TaMg lanTaMgekadiduløa y:agdUecñH etIvaCaCnk,t;Cati b¤ CaEqábMerIyYn. ebIemdwknaM suT§swgCaCn KμancitþbrisuT§ citþs¥ats¥M KμancitþesμaHcMeBaHCati KμanKMnitRsLaj;GIVCaExμr citþeBareBjeday PaBesAhμgesμaKeRKak dUecñH etI RbeTsCati nwgrIkcMerIn suxekSmkSanþ eTAemþc)an.

GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEts¥atsM¥TaMgcitþKMnit TaMgsμartI minRbRBitþiGIVEdl CaGMeBIesμaKeRKak Ga)aymuxepSg² EdlnaMeGay manerOgGaRsUvdl;ekrþ×eQμaH nigeFVIeGaykardwknaMminTTYleCaKC½y. eRkABIenH minRtUvTTYlyk sMNUksUk)a:n;epSg² EdlnaM»yRbLak;RbLÚs dl;kitþiysrbs;xøÜn b¤naMeGaymanGyutþiFm’ kñúgkardwknaM eday eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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sarEtkarTTYlyksMNUksUk)a:n;enH. eTaHCa emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtRbkan;nUvPaBs¥ats¥M minTak;Tamnwg GMeBIminl¥ minRtwmRtUvtamsIlFm’ EtGñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvraErknwgGIV EdlxøÜnyl;fa RtwmRtUvsMrab;karseRgÁaHCati karrMedaH RbCaCatiExμreLIy. { Exμrrs;eRBaH Exμrh‘ansøab;} Et {Exμrnwgsøab; ebIExμrkMsakxøacesckþIsøab;}.

7-GekáaF³ (Peace) GekáaF³ KWkarmingayxwgeRkveRkaF. emdwknaMExμr minRtUvxwgeRkveRkaF eqvqavCadac;xat eRBaHkar xwg enH KWCarnaMg)aMgeGayeyIgggwt minsÁal;xusnigRtUv l¥nigGaRkk; yutiþFm’nigGyutiþFm’ edaysarEtesckIþ vegVg nwg ePIøgkMhwg. ebIemdwknaMExμr manesckIþeRkaF enaHminEmnCakarl¥esaHeLIy eRBaHesckIþeRkaF eRbobdUc Ca ERcH rbs;GavuFkñúgelak eRbobdUcCaePøIgeqHsMrab;naMeTArkesckIþvinas. GñkeRkaFrEmgmindwgnUv ehtupl nig eFIV»y citþekþA esakesA¬mins¶b;¦manTukçCanic©. eKsMKal;esckþIeRkaF )antamry³ karmineBjcitþ karTas;citþ karekþA BuHkeRBa¢al karKiteQøaHRbEkk nigkarcgKMnMusgswk. mü:ageTotBaküfa eRkaF k¾mann½yfa xus dUecñH ebIemdwknaMExμr xwg b¤xJal; mann½yfa xus dUcBakücas;eBalfa {xwgxus xwgxUc xwgxat }¬cUremIlerOg maeyIg¦.

GaRs½yehtuenH emdwknaMExμr RKb;lMdab;fñak; minRtUvykkarxwgeRkveRkaF mkdak;xøÜneLIy. sBVéf¶enH RbeTsExμr KμansuxsnþiPaBeLIy eRBaHRbCaBlrdæExμr rs;TaMgRtdr eRkam)ateCIgrbs; Cn Bal CaePvrkr eRskXøanQam RbRBitþi EtGMeBIGyutiþFm’ ekobsgát;CiHCan; bNþúHPaBl¶g;exøA begáItGMeBIecarkmμ Xatkmμ kab;sMlab;EbbePrvkmμ EdlGnuvtþn_edayCnk,t;Cati h‘un Esn nig ecaryYn kMBugeFVImkelI RbCaBl rdæExμrRKb;vinaTI. yYn h‘un Esn EtgeXasnafa RbeTsExμrmansnþiPaBehIy Kμans®gÁameT. BaküsMdIeBareBj edaykarcgKMnMu cgGaXadnwgExμrKñaÉg. Twkmux dUcCabIsac eRskQam. vabegáIt eGayman karCiHCan; karqk; bøn;dIFøI karkab; sMlab; EbbePrvkmμ. bkSBYkvaEdlmanGMNac EtgEtRtUv EtgEtQñH. snþiPaB sBVéf¶ Ca snþiPaB enAelImat;reNþAPMñePøIg EdlrkklnwgpÞúH eRkamkll,icerobcMedayyYn. vaCakarjauMgeGayExμr yl;xus TaMgRsug Bakü famansniþPaB luHRtaEt RbeTsExμreyIgman ÉkraCü snþisux RbCaBlrdæman CIvPaBFUFarRKb;Kña min)armÖBIbBaða RkBH P½yxøac nigsuvtßiPaB. luHRtaEt RbeTsExμr eyIg manRbCaFibetyü BitR)akd tamqnÞH rbs;Exμrcg;)an eTIbmanesckIþs¶b; enaHeTIbehAfa mansniþPaB. 8-GvihwgSa (Unviolent) GvihwgSa mann½yfa mineboteboneFIVeGayGñkdéTekþARkhay ekItTukçedaysarxøÜn CaBiesselI Blrdæ rbs;xøÜnÉg. emdwknaMExμr minRtUvykGMNactYnaTIrbs;xøÜn eTAKabsgát;CiHCan;KMramkMEhgRbCaBlrdæ edIm,IEtpl RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn b¤plRbeyaCn_bkSBYkxøÜnenaHeT. emdwknaMExμr RtUveKarBsiT§iBlrdæ kumar cas;TMu nigRsIþePT. emdwknaM minRtUveRbIGMeBIhiwgSacMeBaHCnrYmCatieLIy RtUvRbkan;ykRbCaFibetyü ykRbCaCatiExμrCaFM. emdwknaMExμr RtUveGayGP½y nigelIkElgeTas cMeBaHGñkedIrtam b¤RbCaBlrdærbs;xøÜn EdleFIVxus. min Emnxuséd ykéd xuseCIg ykeCIgeT. RtUvcaMfa GñkedIrtam nigRbCaBlrdæExμrKμankMhuseT xusb¤RtUv KWCa eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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lT§plrbs;emdwknaM eRBaHemdwknaMCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv. RbCaBlrdæExμreRbobdUcCakUneyIg EdlBYkeKmindwg GIVeT. ehtuenHehIy emdwknaMExμr RtUveFIVkarGb;rMbNþúHbNþal BlrdæExμr »ymancMeNHdwg nigsmtßPaBRKb;² Kña. ebIGñkeRkam»vaT eFIVxus b¤braC½ykñúgkic©karGIVmYy kMhusRtUvFøak;elIemdwknaM CaGñkxus minRtUvdak;kMhus b¤dak;eTaselI GñkeRkambgÁab;enaHeT. emdwknaMExμr CaGñksMerccitþelI kic©karRKb;ya:gTaMgkar)a:n;RbmaN sßan karN_ karerobcMEpnkar karGnuvtþn_ kardwknaMeFIV nigRtYtBinitüCaedIm.

eRkamGMNack,t;rbs;bkSBYk h‘un Esn BYkvaelIkTwkcitþ eGaybkSBYkmanGMNac deNþImdIFIøBI RbCa BlrdæExμr RkIRk Tn;exSay edIm,IplRbeyaCn_bkSBYkxøÜn nigGMNac. elIsBIenH h‘un Esn xøÜnÉg CaGñkEdl rMelaPelI RsþI ePT edaybgçM eGaybþIRbBn§ rbs; GñkRsI Bisidæ BIlikar nigelak éx RbsiT§ ElglHKñaedaybgç<M edIm,IeGayxøÜn man»kasRbRBitþGMeBIGanacarüelI GñkRsI BIsidæ BIlikar rhUteFVIeGaymankareFVIXadelI sil,kr rUbenH. eyIgCa emdwknaM RtUvtaMgxøÜnCaGñkbMerIrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr minEmneFIVCaecAhVayekobsgát;RbCaBlrdæ ExμreLIy. {sagRbCaFibetyüCamYysgÁmRKYsar EtCamYyGay:gpþac;karnigyYnRtUvdeNþImedaycugkaNug}.

9-xnþI (Patient) xnþI KWkarGt;Fn;. emdwknaMExμr nwgTTYl)aneCaKC½y elIkic©kargarTaMgBYg ebIsinCa emdwknaMExμrTaMgGs; manxnþI KWesckIþGt;Fn;. etIemdwknaMExμrRtUvGt;Fn;nigGIVxøH? emdwknaMExμr RtUvGt;Fn;nigesckIþlM)ak esckIþevTna karQWcab;TaMgBYg kariHKn; karemIlgay minelIkTwkcitþ.l. emdwknaMExμr RtUvGt;Fn;nigtNða b¤mhicätapÞal;xøÜn EdlKabsgát;CMruj eGayRbRBwtþiGMeBIminRtwmRtUv ¬Tuc©rit¦. emdwknaMExμr mineFIVtamEtGarmμN_ b¤citþrbs;xøÜn enaH eLIy. emdwknaMExμr RtUvGt;Fn;dusxat;PaBl¶g;exøArbs;xøÜn nigPaBl¶g;exøArbs;RbCaBlrdæ b¤GñkeRkambgÁab;. em dwknaMExμr RtUvGt;Fn; cMeBaHkargarrbs;xøÜn BaküENnaM b¤karRbwkSaBIGñkpgTaMgBYg minfa GñkeRkambgÁab; b¤CaRKU GacarüeyIgeLIy. emdwknaMExμr RtUvGt;Fn; cMeBaHkaretμHetHedol karRbqaMgBIsgÁm nigcMeBaHeBlevla EdleFIV kargarmic)ansMerc. cMNucBiessmYyeTot emdwknaMRtUvmanGMNt;cMeBaHkarsþab; kareCO. minRtUveCOgay xwg gay epþspþas ¬Rtecoks¦eLIy.B¤ mYyrydg minesμInigeXIjmþg kareXIjmYyrydg minesμIeyIg)anb:Hmþg eTaHCamanehtuplk¾eday k¾minRtUv dak;citþeCOPøameT. emdwknaMExμr RtUvcuHemIl sßankarN_BitCak;EsþgedayxøÜn Ég nigbegáItTMlab;enHdl;GñkeRkambgÁab;. CaBiess cMeBaHGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUvmankarGt;Fn; RKb;Ebbya:g RKb;eBlvlaTaMgGs; rhUtdl;sMerceCaKC½ycugeRkay kñúgkarts‘U seRgÁaHRbeTsCati [rs;eLIgvij. etag eKarB RbNibtþn_tamRBHBuT§brmRKUéneyIg EdlGt;Fn;EsVgrkmaKa’eR)asstVelakrhUt)ansMercRBHniBaVnþ. {snþiviFI GhwgSaeRbICamYyRbCaCatiExμr EtCamYyEqábMerIyYnnigyYn RtUveRbIkMlaMgrYmpSM}.

10-GvieraFn³ (Keep doing right) eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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GvieraFn³ KWkarmineFIVxus. emdwknaMExμr RtUveFVIeGay)anRtwmRtUvCanic© TaMgkarKitRtUv karyl;RtUv kar niyayRtUv kareFIVRtUv karBüayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv kartMkl;citþRtUv nigkarciBa©wmCIvitRtUv. EtminRtUvrYjradl; minh‘aneFVIGIVesaH eRBaHxøacxusenaHeLIy kñúgPaBCaGñkdwknaM RtUvha‘nRbfuy h‘anGarkat; enAkñúgkal³eTs³ caM )ac;. b:uEnþkarh‘anRbfuy RtUvEp¥kelI plRbeyaCn_Cati nigCnrYmCatiCaFM Ep¥kelIklyuT§saRsþRtwmRtUv sßankarN_CMuvijxøÜn eBlevla nig lT§PaBhuceGay. minRtUv RbfuyedayKμanRKwH KμankareRtHriHBicarNaeLIy. emdwknaMExμr minRtUvRbkan;nUv KuNFm’gab;sþÚk KμanPaBbt;Ebn tamtMrUvkarsMrab; GñkdwknaMenaHeLIYy RtUvecHviPaKrk GIVl¥ GIVGaRkk; GIIVeRKaHfñak;dl;sgÁmCatiExμr eBalKWRtUvha‘neFVIkarGakat; edIm,IplRbeyaCn_ RbCaCatiExμrnigCatiCaFM. eyIgKYrsikSaBI erOgel,IkExμrmYy EdlniyayBIRBHsgÇ BIrGgÁ eFVIdMeNIreTA CYbnwgRBHBuT§GgÁ edIm,I)an sMerc CaRBHGarhnþ. enAtampøÜv RBHsgÇTaMgBIrGgÁ RtUvdac;cgðan;. eBlenaH maneTvta mknimitþCa stVRtI enA cMeBaH RBHP½RkþRBHsgÇTaMgBIrGgÁ. RBHsgÇmYyGgÁ Kitfa ebIRBHGgÁsMlab;RtIenaH eFVIcgðan; RBHGgÁnwgRtUvR)as cakBIvin½yFm’ edayRtUvdac;Gabtþi. ÉRBHsgÇ mYyGgÁeTotKitfa ebIGatμaGj minsMlab;RtIenH eFVIcgðan;eT Gatμa Gj nwgRtUvsuKt eday\tRbeyaCn_ ehIymin)aneTATan;RBHRtas;dwgeLIuy EtebI GatμaGjsMlab;RtIenH qan; GatμaGjnwg)anrs;ranmanCIvit eTATan;RBHRtas;dwg ehIyBitCa)ansMerc Grhnþ Caminxan. bnÞab;mk RBHGgÁ RtLb;mkRbs;RtIenaHvij. RBHsgÇGgÁ Edlmin)anqan;RtI k¾suKteTAedaymin)anplGIVeLIy. ÉRBHsgÇGgÁ Edlqan;RtI k¾)aneTATan;;RBH Rtas;dwg ehIy)ansMerc RBHGarhnþ nig)anRtLb;eTA Rbs;RtIenaHeGayrs;ranman CIviteLIgvij. erOgel,IkExμrxagelIenH )anbeRgoneyIgfa kñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaMExμr eyIgminRtUvRbkan; KuNFm’gab;sþÚk rhUtElgh‘aneFVIGIV EdlxøÜnyl;faCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati dl;RbCaCatiExμr eRBaHEtxøac R)ascakKuNFm’enaHeT. RtUvha‘nGarkat;eFVIGIVEdlxøÜnyl;fa CaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati nigRbCaCatiExμr edays‘URTaMnwgkarriHKn;TaMgLayBI mCÄ dæanepSg² kñúgsgÁmEdlyl;mindl;CMerAénsßankarN_ b¤k¾mannisS½yEtxagriHKn; xageBbRCay Etminha‘n eFVIGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmesaH. minRtUvtUccitþ rafyeRBaHEt karriHKn;enaHeLIy. eRBaHfa BBYkCnGviC¢man min EmnmanEtkñúgsgÁmExμr bc©úb,nñenaHeT EtmantaMgsm½yRBHBuT§Gg§ enACakSRt½mkemøH ¬BYkma¦. EtebIeyIgman PaBrwgbwug TaMgpøÚvcitþ pøÚvkayRKb;RKan; QñHerOgra:gGs;TaMgenH eyIgnwgTTYl)aneCaKC½yy:agR)akd ehIyBYk CnGviC¢man¬ma¦TaMgenH nwgkøaymkCabrivar CaGñkcuHj:meyIgvijminxan.

-karEdleFIVKMeragEpnkarminxus emdwknaMExμr munnwgeFIVEpnkar RtUvEtsÁal;sßankarN_eGayc,as; sikSaykBt’maneGay)anCak;lak;. emdwknaMExμr RtUvcMra:j;Bt’man EdlTTYl)an rhUtTal;EtBt’manenaHl¥itl¥n;l¥ eTIbykBt’manenaH mkeFIVEpn kar edIm,IeRbobeFobCa mYyKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg edaydwgCamunfa KMeragEpnkarenaHBitCaQñH b¤KMeragEpn eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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karenaHcaj;. emdwknaMExμr RtUvdwgBIxøÜnÉg nig sRtUvTaMgcMnYn kMlaMg smtßPaB sμartI FnFan bec©kviTüa sMParH sßankarN_ nigbridæanCMuvijxøÜn.l. ebIsinmanxVHcenøaH RtUvEktMrUv nigbMeBjbEnßm eGay)anRtwmRtUv munnigdak; eGayeKGnuvtþn_.

-karmineFIVxusedaysMdI edaycitþ edaykayvikar edaykargarcMeBaHxøÜnÉg GñkeRkambgÁab; shkarI kar gar RbCaBlrdæ c,ab; tYnaTI TMenomTMlab; vb,Fm’ nigRbéBNICatiExμr enHehIy CalkçN³ emdwknaMl¥rbs;Exμr.

GñkdwknaMExμr minKaMRT minsmKMnitnwgGñkeFIVxuseLIy . eBleFVIxus GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvh‘anTTYlxus min lMeGog eRBaHGKti 4 ya:g KWkarRsLaj; s¥b; RcENn QñanIs .

-eFIVKMrUnaMmuxeK (Set the Example) emdwknaMExμr RtUveFIVCaKMrUl¥ naMmuxeKCanic© taMgBIkayvikar edk edIr Qr GgÁúy niyaysIþ nigGnuvtþkargar RKb;ya:g. emdwknaMExμr RtUvRby½tñRKb;vinaTI nUvskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn eBalRtUvGnuvtþeGay)anRtwmRtUvtamPav³CaGñk dwknaM. cUrcaMfa { TegVIrbs;eyIgCaGñkdwknaM eTaHedayectna b¤ Gectna CatMrab;rbs; GñkeRkam»vaT} . enAkñúg kic©karEdllM)ak mankarb:HBal;dl;GayuCIvit CaBiesseBlsRgÁam GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEtnaMmux eFVIkic©kard¾lM)ak maneRKaHfñak;enaHmuneK. eRBaHfa {kardwknaMedayTegVI RbesIrCagkarRKan;Etniyay} . kareRCIserIssmaCik b¤ k¾eRCIserIsemdwknaM EdleyIgRtUvedIrtam k¾dUcKñaEdr RtUvsMLwg cab;ykGñkeFIV EtkMucMNayeBlsþab; GñkEdl RKan;Etniyay ehIymineFVIenaHeLIy. vaGacnwgeFVIeGayeyIgcMNayeBlecal\tRbeyaCn_ b¤CYnkaleFVIeGay eyIgxkcitþeTotpg. RKan;Etniyay GñkNak¾niyay)an EterOgsMxan; plekItecjBI TegVI minEmnekIt ecj BI BaküsMd IEdlRKan;EtniyayeGayBieraHsþab;enaHesaHeLIy. eRkABIenH karenArYmsuxTukç RTaMRTkarlM)ak Gt; Xøan CamYyKña minrt;ecalKña kñúgRKamanGasnñ CaktþacitþsaRsþmYy y:agsMxan; kñúgkarsagkareCOTukcitþ BIGñk pgCMuvijxøÜn mkelIeyIgCaGñkdwknaM . kñúgkal³eTs³ sBVéf¶enH RbeTsCatieyIg kMBugEtFøak;licRswmy:agKMhuk eTA kñúgeRKaHmhnþrayy:agF¶n;F¶rCageBlNa²TaMgGs;. esckþIRsLaj;sμR½KesμaH BitR)akd cMeBaHCatimatuPUmi minsßitenAelIbbUrmat; EdlRKan;EtedIreBaledIrniyay cayeBlecal\tRbeyaCn_enaHeLIy EtsßitenAelI TegVI rbs;eyIg. eBalKW eyIgminRtUvrg;caM GñkdwknaMBINa mkdwknaMeyIgeLIy Etkñúgzan³eyIgCaExμr RtUveRkakQr eLIg eFVIxøÜneyIgeGayskþ×smCa GñkdwknaMExμrBitR)akd ehIycab;epþImeFVIkic©karTaMgLay EdlGacCYydl;eKal edA énkareRsacRsg;seRgÁaHCatieyIg mankarCYyeXasnaBnül; RbCaCatiExμreGayyl;BIeRKaHGasnñrbs;Cati nigbNþúHeGaymansμartICatiniymx<g;x<s;eLIg PJak;rlwkeRkakQrrYmKña rMedaHCatimatuPUmi CaTIRsLaj;éneyIg. eBaleGaygayyl;KW eyIgxøÜnÉgRtUvh‘annaMmuxeKeRkakeLIgeFIVkarts‘U edIm,CaKMrU dl;GñkdéTedIrtam. mann½y fa emdwknaMExμr mincaM)ac;maneKmk EtgtaMgeyIgeGayeFIVCa emdwknaMMenaHeT EteyIgRtUvhat;eron eFIVCaemdwknaM edayxøÜnÉg. eRBaHfa {minxVHeTGñkedIrtam k¾b:uEnþ xVHEtGñkEdlGaceFVIxøÜneGayeKedIrtamEtb:ueNÑaH}. PaBCa emdwknaM minEmnsuT§swgEtekItBIkMeNItenaHeT EteyIgGachat;eronbNþúHxøÜneyIg eGayekIteLIg)an. ehtuenH edIm,IkøayxøÜn CaemdwknaM eyIgRtUvhat;eron eRbobdUceyIgeronmuxviC¢adéTEdr. ]TahrN_ Gus nigePIøg. rvagGus nigePIøg eKminEdlykePIøgeTAdut edayKμanGus)aneT eKRtUvedIrrkGussin eTIbeKykePøIgmkdutCaeRkay)an.

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ya:gNamij kareFIVCa emdwknaM k_dUecñHEdr eyIgRtUvhat;eron nighVwkhat; eGaysÞat;CMnajkñúgkardwknaMCamunsin munnwgeyIgGaceFIVeGay eKsμRK½esμaHyl;RBm edIrtameyIg edaymin)ac;rg;cMamanGñkNamkEtgtaMgeyIg eGay eFIVemeKeLIy. KμannrNaekItmkkøay CaemdwknaMedayKμankareronsURtnigGnuvtþenaHeLIy. ¬sUmGanesovePA eKalkarN_ skmμ 100 Rbkar edIm,I eCaKC½y;elak CuM smvasna¦ b¤esovePA sagxøÜnÉg .

RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ kMBugsißtenAeRkamkarKabsgát;rbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn yYn huk LgDI nigbkS BYkmYykþab;tUc. vaekobsgát; bMbiT siT§iesrIPaBExμr kñúgkarKit kariyaysþI karsresr karbeBa©jeyabl; KitKUr bBaða RbeTsCati Epñkesdækic©CatiCaedIm. RbCaBlrdæExμr rs;enAkñúgPaB RkIRk eRskXøan xøacPitP½y nigesckþI søab; elclg;rgTukçedaysarGMeBIBukrlYy karkab;bMpøajéRBeQI PaBKμankargarFIV kar)at;bg;TwkdItamRBMEdn karrMelaPdIFøIBIGñkmanGMNac CnGenþaRbevsn_yYnekIneLIg rhUtdl; 4 500 000nak; tamry³smaKmn_yYn 19 extþ Rkug. smaKmn_enH CardæaPi)alRsemalrbs;yYn. yYn)anEkERb bnþicmþg² tameKalkarN_ shB½n§ \NÐÚcinrbs;va edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμr ehIyeFIV»yRbCaCatiExμreyIg køayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;RbCaCn\NÐÚcin EdlmanyYnCaGñkRtYtRta edaykareRbIeGayyYnEdlecHPasaExμr EkERbrdæFmμnuBaØ dak;RbeTsExμr CaGaNaextþ mYy rbs;RbeTsyYn dUckalyYnykTwkdIExμrenAkm<úCaeRkamknøgmkdUecñaHEdr. bEnßmBIelIIenH vanwgeRbIkMlaMg TB½yYn Edlbgáb;enAkñúgCYrb:Ulis CYrTahan nigenACaGñkensaTenAtamTenørsab nigenAelIdIsm,Tan sMrab;dMNaM ekAs‘U 100000mWunhikta ¬manTahanyYn 35000-50000nak;¦ EdlGay:g h‘un Esn eTIbcuHhtßelxafμI¤² enH eFVIkarekobsgát;bgçMExμr eGayedIrtamneya)ay]Rkidærbs;yYn. ehtudUecñH kñúgnameyIgCaExμrmñak; Edl)an emIleXIjbBaðaEbbenH RtUvh‘aneRkakQreLIg eFIVCaKMrUnaMmuxeK dwknaMRbCaBlrdæExμr Bnül;ExμrRKb;rUb eGaydwg eGayyl; BIneya)ayvatTIrbs;yYn. rYbrYmKñaBIRKb;TWsTI eRkakQreBIgRTUg eLIgmuneK eFVIkarkarBarRbeTs Cati eyIgeGayKg;vgS TukCaekrþ× dMENldl;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay.

-h‘anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHskmμPaBrbs;eyIg (Take and Seek responsibility) emdwknaMExμrRtUvman ckçúvis½y ¬KMnitpþÜcepIþm éqñRbDwt KMnitfμI ¦ edIm,InaMGñkdéTcab;epþImeFIV kardwknaM. emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtEsVgrkpøÚv ¬eRCIserIs yuT§saRsþ ]bkrN_ nigviFankar¦ edIm,IeFIVeGayRkumkargar rbs;eyIg TTYleCaKC½y nigsMerceKaledArYm EdleyIgcg;)an. emdwknaMExμr RtUvh‘anTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHskmμPaB xøÜnÉg RtUvecosvagCadac;xat eBlEdlEpnkarTTYlbraC½y b¤xuseTAsþIbenÞasGñkdéT b¤TMlak;kMhusdak;GñkepSg. ebI eyIgCaemdwknaMminh‘anTTYlkMhus EdlxøÜneFIVxusenaH eyIgminEmnCaemdwknaMBitR)akdeT. eyIgRtUvviPaKsßan karN_eGay)anc,as;las; nigl¥itl¥n; munnwgeFIVEpnkarNamYy eBalKWRtUverobcMPñak;garBt’man »ymanRbsiT§ PaB KYrTukcitþ)an b¤eFVIkarBinitüsßankarN_edaypÞal;xøÜn. eyIgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvral;TegIV EdleyIg)an sMerccitþ ehIy . enAeBlkargar)aneCaKC½y eyIgCaGñkTTYlsñaéd ¬TTYlRtUv¦b:uEnþ eyIgminRtUvelIktMekIgxøÜnÉgeLIy pÞúyeTAvij eyIgRtUvelIksñaédenaH dak;eGayGñkEdlrYmkargarCamYyeyIg edIm,IeGayGñkTaMgenaHkan;Etman kMlaMgcitþbþÚrpþac;eFIVkarCamYyeyIgx<s;eLIgEfmeTot. cUrcaMfa {ExøgehIrt,itxül; emxøaMgt,itBl }. GñkdwknaMExμr

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minRtUveRbIBaküfa kg´ eCaKC½yrbs;´ eT EtRtUveRbIBaküfa kgeyIg eCaKC½yrbs;eyIg vij. cUrkMuekgbnMø bM)at;sñaédrbs;GñkdéT b¤ekgcMeNj BIsñaédrbs;GñkdéTenaHdac;xat TegVIEbbenHminEmn CaGñkdwknaMExμr Bit R)akdeT. kñúgzan³CaemdwknaMExμr eyIgRtUvEth‘anniyayfa {enHCakMhusrbs;´ Gs;elakxitxMeFIVkar xøaMgNas; } smþIenHnwgCMruj Twkcitþ GñkEdleFVIxus xMRbwgeFVIGs;BIcitþ nigeKarBRsLaj;elakCanic©. knøgmkBYkemRtYtRtaExμrmYycMnYn )aneFIVkMhusy:agF¶n;F¶rminGacvas;)an cMeBaHsgÁmCatiExμr EtBYkTaMg enH minEdlRBmTTYlkMhusTal;EtesaH. pÞúyeTAvij BYkenHsuxcitþlak;)aMgkarBit xitxMEkøgbnøM RbvtþisaRsþtam EpnkaryYn ecAhVayva eFIVeGaykUnExμr CMnan;eRkayggwt emIlmineXIjfa etIGIVxus? GIVRtUv? EdlCaehtu eFIV»y sgÁmCati RtUvliclg;kñúgmhnþrayedaysar ExμrKμanqnÞ³eRkakeLIgkarBarCatimatuPUmiTal;EtesaH eRBaHminyl; karBit. enHCaTegVI d¾l¶g;exøArbs; BYkemRtYtRtasBVéf¶ kMBugedIrtamKnøgyuT§saRsþ yYn KUseGay. BYkk,t;TaMg enH eFIV»yRbeTsExμrliclg; nigRbCaBlrdæExμrrab;lannak; søab;y:agrgÁal d¾Esnrn§t;hYsRbmaN FnFanrbs; RbeTsCatiRtUv)at;;bg;RKb;Ebbya:gesÞIKμansl; EtBYkefakTabTaMgenH minEdlha‘n ecjmuxTTYlkMhusesaH eLIy etIExμrenARTaMTukçeGayBYkvaRtYtRtaExμrteTAeTotrhUtdl;søab;putBUCb¤y:agNa?. ehtudUecñH edIm,IRsaybBaðaTukçevTna nigPaBvwkvr sYrBUCminecHcb; ExμrRtUvEtRtUvsikSaRbPBénbBaða»y )andl;b¤sKl; c,as;las;Cak;lak; edayEp¥lelI ehtu pl Bit minRtUvEp¥kelIkarsμan tamGarmμN_ nwkeXIj Kμanehtu pl KμankarBit b¤GIVCaGrUbIy_ enaHeLIy. eyIgRtUv BicarNafa etIehtuGIV)anCaRbeTsExμr mansRgÁam Exμrsøab; )at;bg;TwkdI nigRTBüsm,tiþCatiRtUvrlayhinehac? cMelIy manEtmYyKt; KW kMhusemdwknaM .

GñkdwknaMExμrCMnan;eRkay RtUvh‘anRbQmnwgkarBit h‘anTTYlkMhuscMeBaHCatirbs;xøÜn eTIbskþ¥×sm Ca GñkdwknaM BitR)akd.

ExμrRtUvRkeLkemIl RbeTsnana CaemeronxøH. enARbeTs Cb:un emdwknaMrbs;eK mankarTTYlxusRtUv x<s;Nas; . ebIemdwknaMNamYy dwknaMc,aMgbraC½y nigsøab;TahaneRcIn emdwknaMenaH h‘aneFIVGtþXatxøÜn edIm,I bgðajBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn. CaerOgKYreGayGam:as; BYkemRtYtRta EdlCaGay:gbreTs sBVéf¶ suxcitþ RbmUlTaMgkUn BUnTaMgBUC eTAlak;xøÜneRkamknÞúyk,in beBa©jsMelg rkBaküedaHsarykRtUv y:agkMsakeTAvij edaysuxcitþeGayRbCaBlrdæsøab; edIm,IGMNacxøÜn rYcedIrpSayfaTaMggegIllIlaR)ab;Exμrfa CaerOgneya)ay eTAvijeT. emdwknaMCatisasn_déT dwknaMneya)ay edIm,IeGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerInrugerOg cMENkBYkemRtYtRta sBVéf¶ smøab;RbCaBlrdæÉg kat;TwkdIeGaybreTs bMpøajRTBüsm,tiþCati faCaerOgneya)ay. BYkemRtYtRta EbbenH e)ak)anEtRbCaBlrdæExμr EdlxVHkarecHdwgEtb:ueNÑaH Etcab;BIeBlenHteTA RbCaBlrdæExμr Qb;l¶g; Qb;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;emk,t;Cati dUc h‘un Esn enHeTotehIy. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;cMeBaHRbCaCatiExμr kñúgnamCaGñkekItmkmanQamC½rCaExμr RtUvh‘an eRkakeLIg eFIVkar eRsacRsg;seRgÁaH Cati karBarTwkdIExμr BIBYkecaryYn nigGay:g h‘un Esn Edlva man bMNgrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr nig elbykTwkdIExμr tamneya)ayd¾Rbkbedaykll,icBisBulenH. ecaryYn vaeRbIR)as; sI hnu eFIVCaExl nigykRBHBuT§sasnaCarnaMg. emdwknaMExμr RtUvxitxMcgRkg RbmUlpþúM CaRkum Ca BYk rYbrYmkmøaMgKña rvagRbCaCatiExμr eGays¥itrmYt edayminbeNþay»kasknøgeTATeTr² b¤TukeBlevlaecal \tRbeyaCn_ edayedksgÇwm rg;caMGñkmanbuNü mkdwknaMExμreLIy eyIgCaCatiExμr manbuBVsiT§ieBjTI edIm,I kar BarCati sasna RbCaCatiExμr TwkdIExμr mineGayrlay)at;bg;. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvh‘aneFIVCa emdwknaMedayxøÜn Ég minrg;caMéf¶Es¥keLIy KWRtUvcab;epþImeFIVPøamcab;BIeBlenH éf¶øenHeTA nUv kic©TaMgLay sMrab;CatiExμrTaMgmUl. dUcPasitburaNExμr )anTUnμanTukfa {eFIVGIVeFIV»yehIy kMuTukeLIybegIátekr×þ }. ebIemdwknaMCatiExμr EdlGanesov

ePA enHkñúgédehIy BitCataMgcitþ tMNageGayCatiExμr RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHCatixøÜn edayEp¥kelIsμartI\sSr³ PaB EdlRsbtam»vaT RBHBuT§CaGgÁm©as; RbedATukfa Gtßahi Gtþaena naefa ¬xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn¦. karh‘aneRkak

QreLIg edayEp¥kelIsμartI xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn enHehIy CaFatuy:agsMxan; rbs;GñkdwknaMExμr kñúgkarTTYlxusRtUv kñg zan³eyIgCaExμrmYyrUb. -]sSah_Büayam sikSaeronsURtbEnßm ( Industrous to study) emdwknaMExμr RtUvxitxMsikSaeronsURt bEnßmRKb;eBlevla edIm,IeGayxøÜnmancMeNHdwgfμI KMnitpþÜYcepþImfIμ nig karéqñRbDitfμI edIm,I»yxøÜn mankarrIkcMerIneLIg EfmeTotRsbtamsßankar nigtMrUvkarrbs;sgÁm briyakas CMuvijxøÜn kñúgkMritCati nigGnþrCati . eRBaHfa BiPBelak vilvivtþn_ERbRbYleTAmuxCanic© eBareBjedaykarRbkYt RbECgKμanQb;QreLIy ebIeyIgKμankarsikSabEnßmeT )ann½yfa eyIgrs;enAtamsPavKti dUcstVFatu enaH nwg minGactTl;nwgGñkCitxag d¾eBareBjedaymhcäita nigkarelaPln;)aneLIy. cUrkMuKitfa xøÜYnecjBIsala mk ecHGs;ehIy RtUvcaMfa PaBGviC¢a bIdUcCa sñwmERcHEdk dUecñaHEdr vaedIrmkrkeyIgerogral;éf¶ ehtuenHeyIgRtUvEt duHxat;vaCaRbcaM. kñúgkarsikSa eronsURtbEnßm minEmn caMTal;EtcUlsalamineFVIGIenaHeT EtemdwknaMExμr GaceFIV tamry³ karGanesovePA RsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg kareFIVsikçasila kareqøóterontamsalaepSg² b¤karRsavRCav tambNþajsarBt’man GIuneFIeNt karEst viTüú b¤TUrTsSn_ ¬RbBn§½eXasnaÉkraCü b¤eRkARbeTs¦CaedIm. enA kñúgpÞHKμanesovePA eRbobdUcCamnusS KμanviBaØaN. kar]sSah_GanesovePA eFIV»yemdwknaMkan;Et manBnøWPøW sVag kñúgxøÜn emIleXIjkan;EtEvgq¶ay. karGanesovePA RtUvGan b¤RsavRCav»ycMTisedA EdleyIgRtUveFIV nigeKal bMNg EdleyIgRtUvedaHRsayedIm,I sMrYcckÚÚuçúvis½yEdl)ankMNt;. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgGanesovePAcb; cab;taMgBI 300 k,al eLIgeTAenaH eyIgnwgkøayCaGñkÉkeTsmYyya:gR)akd. elak GaR)aham linxun RbFanaFibtI Gaemrik elakKμanlT§PaB eronenAsaklviTüal½yeT eRBaHelakekItenAkñúgRtkUlRkIRk EtedaysarqnÞ³muHmut rbs;elak elak)anBüayam GanesovePA edayxøÜnÉg ehIycUlRbLÚk eFIVCaemdwknaMshrdæGaemrik luHRta)an sMerc. emdwknaMMCaeRcIneTot enAelIBiPBelak EdlmansßanPaBdUcKat; k¾)aneFIVya:gdUecñH nigTTYl)aneCaKC½y d¾RtcHRtcg;pgEdr. X

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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-RtUvsMerccitþeGayTan;eBlevla (Make the Puntual Decision) karsMerccitþ CaktþamYysMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaM ebIemdwknaMsMerccitþRtUv ehIyTan;eBlevla enaHGac naMeGayGgÁkardwknaMTTYl)aneCaKC½y. EtebIemdwknaMsMerccitþxus minTan;eBlevla enaHnwgeFIVeGay»kas én karTTYleCaKC½y)at;bg;eTA ehIyeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaM TTYlbraC½y nigQaneTArkkarxatbg; plRbeyaCn_ epSg² nigbgárkareRKaHfñak;dl;GñkedIrtam b¤RbCaCati nigRbeTsCatieTotpg. kñúgkarserccitþ emdwknaMExμr RtUv RbmUlBt’maneGayc,as;las; RKb;RCugeRCay mkcMra:j; edayEp¥kelI ehtu pl Bit edayPaBl¥itl¥n;sin. min RtUveCOelIBaküsMdI rbs;Cn EdlKμanehtupl b¤BYkEdl GarmμN_niym RsemIRsémniym. PaBsÞak;esÞIrmin bþÚúUrpþac; CaktþanaMmknUvbraC½y

XI

CaerOy² eyIgEtgCYbRbTHnUvCMBUkCn mYycMnYn )anniyayfa{ sm½yenHeTAehIy minGacRbeTsNa rMelaPykRbeTsNamYy)aneLIy b¤k¾fa ExμrcUlGas‘aneTAehIy minP½yxøaceKykTwkdIeToteT} . sMdITaMgenH CaKMnit EdlemIlminq¶ay b¤k¾CaKMnit EdleRbIGarmμN_ . cUreyIgCaGñkdwknaMExμr caMCab;Canic©fa { sm½yNak¾eK

GacelbykTwkdIeyIg bM)at;BUCeyIg )anEdr ebIeyIgminqøat b¤ebIeyIgmanEtGñkdwknaMCaGay:g CamnusSBal l¶g;exøAminKitCati. rebobykeKGacpøas;bÚUþrviFIeTAtameBlevla nigsm½ykaltMrUveGay EteKenAEtyk )an y:agR)akd}.EtebIeyIgmanGñkdwknaMeQøovqøat mansμartIlHbg; ha‘nbUCaCIvit edIm,ICati nigRbCaCatiExμry:agbþÚr pþac; { sm½ykalNak¾eyIgGacerIbMrH ykTwkdIeyIgEdl)at;bg;mkvij)anEdr}. eRBaHGIV ? eRBaHeyIgmanrbs;

d¾man tMélEdlminGackat;éfø)an EdlBYkemRtYtRtabnþúubedaybreTs minEdlnwknarvIrvl;Tal;EtesaH KW RbCa CatiExμr eyIgEdlrs;enATIenaH Cab;rhUtmk nigsøaksñamRbvtþisaRsþsMxan;rab;minGs; CaGMeNaydl;eyIg y:ag sMebIm. b:uEnþ vanwgekIteLIg)an GaRs½yelIfamBlrbs;eyIgCaExμrpgEdr ¬famBl neya)ay kgTB½ esdækic© nigÉkPaB énsgÁmExμr eRkamTsSn³vis½y énGñkdwknaMmYyRkumd¾esμaHRtg; nigmanBüayam¦. manRbeTs GIiuRsaEGl CaKMrURsab; RtUv)anBYk eGhSIuúb nigGar:ab; rMlayBUC rab;Ban;qñaMmkehIy EtCnCatienH GaceRkakeLIg rYbrYmKñaCaCatimYy EdlxøaMgminGacGñkNab:H)aneLIy . cuHeyIg RtUgeFVI y:agNa ? TukeGayCatisøab; sinswm erI b¤RtUverIkñúg eBlEdlCatienArs;?. ehtuenHehIy eyIgCaGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEteFVIkarføwgEføgBicarNaeGayl¥it l¥n; eFVIkarsMerccitþeGay)anTan;eBlevla edayEp¥kelI ehtu pl Bit ¬Causes, Fact and Effects¦ nigsßan karN_BitCak;Esþg enaHeTIb eyIgGac seRgÁaHCati rbs;eyIg)an. {PaBkMsak naMmknUvesckþIsøab;dl;xYøÜn}.

PaBRsemIRsém \tehtuplenH manCab;kñúgsμartIGarmμN_ rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH EdlCaktþa eFVIeGay eyIgsÞak;esÞI xVHkarBit karRbwgERbg. RbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgd¾eRcInelIslb; TaMgGñkKμancMeNHdwg TaMgmancMeNH dwg kMBugrg;caMGñkmanbuNü b¤emdwknaMenHÉg . EterOgGñkmanbuNü EdlExμredkrg;caMkñúgkþIRsemIRsém taml,ic eXasnarbs;yYn Edl)anpSBVpSayerOg {BuT§TMnay} enaH CaGñkmanbuNü EdlExμrKitfa cuHBIelIemX elI páaymk nigEdlKμanéf¶nwgekItmankarBitTal;EtesaH. pÞúyeTAvij vaCa])ayklyYn sabRBYs edIm,IeGayExμr edksgÇwmxül; nigTuk»kaseGayecaryYn erobcMEpnkarelbykdIExμr Etb:ueNÑaH TMraMExμrdwgxøÜn k¾hYseBlkMerIk ElgrUc nigdl;éf¶bBa©b;CIvitExμreTAehIy. sUmExμrTaMgGs;RCabfamundMbUg yYn sMlab;CIvit GñkecHdwgExμr nigRKwH eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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BuT§iExμrkñúgrbbRkhm EteBlenHyYneRbI h‘un Esn sMlab; RBlwgExμr qnÞ³Exμr sμartIExμr eGayrlaysUnü Efm eTot ¬sUmemtþaGanbEnßmesovePA {dMeNIreq<aHeTATwsxaglicqñaM 2000 rbs;elaksaRsþacarü nYn eXOn¦.

dUecñH kñúgnameyIgCakUnExμr CasrsrRTUgRbeTsCati CaTMBaMgsñgb¤sSI ebIdwgehIy eXIjehIy B¤ehIy ehIy enAraErksÞak;esIÞr sMerccitþCYyeRsacRsg;RbeTsCatiminTan;eBlevlaeTenaH RbeTsExμrnigkøay dUcCa RbeTscM):a nigExμrkm<úCaeRkam EdlyYnkMBugRtYtRtabc©úb,nñenHya:gR)akdk KW eQμaH RbeTskm<úCaenAEtman k¾

b:uEnþminEmnkm<úCa EdlmanExμrCam©as;RsukdwknaMeT Cakm<úCamanyYn CaCnCatiPaKeRcIn CaGñkkac;cgáÚYtvasna RbeTsCatieTAvij. sm½ykalenH RbCaCatinana EdlRtYvBYkvatTI rMelaPrMlayBUCsasn_ eRkakeLIgeFIVkarts‘U RbkbedayeCaKC½y nigdeNþIm)ansV½yPaB ÉkraCüPaB ksagCardæ eLIgvij)anCabnþbnÞab; dUcCa GIuRsaEGl Tim½r xagekIt )a:eLsÞIn CaKMrURsab; ehIymanRbCaCatixøHeTot kMBugEteFIVkarts‘UerIbMrH dUcmanenA TIeb RbeTscin CaedIm mandMeNIrkarRbkbedayPaBviC¢man TaMgelIqakGnþrCati nigkñúgúmCÄdæanRbCaCatirgeRKaH TaMgenH. cuHeyIgCaExμr suxcitþeGayputBUC rlayCati nayuKsm½yenH)anEdrb¤? vaCaerOgGam:as;bMput ebImin)an deNþImykkm<úCaeRkam Edl)at;bg;mkvijeT k¾RtUvEtkarBar TwkdIEdlenAsl;enHeGayKg;vgSEdr.

{GñkdwknaMExμr CaemmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ay CaeXasnikd¾biunRbsb; CaRKUbgVwkd¾BUEk CaGñkdwknaMTB½ RbyuT§d¾ekøovkøabþÚrpþac;mutRsYc nigmanRbsiT§iPaBx<s;pg EtminEmnCaecARkmcaMkat;kþIenaHeT} .

-RtUvecHCYyKña lak;Kña karBarKña eTAvijeTAmk karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk CakkþanaM[mansamKÁIPaB nigeCaKC½y. ecaryYn nigBYkGak,t; h‘un Esn )an xitxMriHrkeRbIR)as;RKb;meFüa)ay eFVI[sgÁmExμreBareBjedaykarEbk)ak; nigminTukcitþKña. munnwgcab;cgecaT Rbkan; GñkesñhaCatiExμr vaEtgEt RbDitecaTRbkan;GñkesñhaCatifa y:agenHy:agenaH dUcPasitExμrEtg niyay fa { edIm,IvayEqáCa eKRtUvecaTfaEqáenaHqáÜt}. kareRbIR)as;kll,icexμARkxVk;dUecñH edIm,IeFVI[GñkesñhaCati Exμr eyIg)at;bg;PaBRtwmRtUv )at;bg;muxmat;RtwmRtUvxagneya)ay nigRtUvrgnUvkarefáaleTasBI CnanuCnkñúgsgÁmCati nigsaFarNmti. k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCaecaryYn bgðÚUrCnCatiyYn d¾sn§wksn§ab;cUlmktaMgTIlMenABaseBjRsukExμr vamin EdleGIeBIykEPñkemIlesaHeLIy.

XII

ehtudUecñHehIy kñúgnameyIgCaExμr minfaCaGñkdwknaM b¤CaRbCaBlrdæsamBaØeLIy RtUvecHCYylak; CYy karBar CnrYmCatiExμrTaMgLayEdlRtUvrgnUvkarecaTRbkan; BIsMNak;BYkk,t;. karCYylak; CYykarBar CYybiT )aMg GñkesñhaCati CameFüa)aymYy CYyrkSakMlaMgesñhaCati [Kg;vg; nigCakarelIkTwkcitþ[manGñkesñhaCati kan;EteRcIn eRkakQrts‘URbqaMgnwgrbbRtYtRtak,t;sBVéf¶enH. minRtwmEt CnrYmCatiExμrTaMgelInigeRkamb:ueNÁaH eT sUm,IEtCn CatinanaEdlrgeRKaHedaysarkarratt,atBIsMNak;ecaryYn dUcCa yYnesrI m:ug lavesrI CaedIm .l. eyIgRtUvEtCYylak;)aMgkarBarykGasaredaycitþesμaHsr Patr³dUcCabgb¥ÚnrYmQamrYmelahit. enHCa meFüa)aymYyeFVI[eyIgkan;EtmankMlaMg GñkRbqaMgnwgyYn eRcIneLIg EdlCafamBlmYyGacvayrujRcan[ ecaryYn dYlrlM)an. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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EpñkTI 2

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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sil,³énkardwknaM (The Art of Leadership)

-ckçúvis½yGñkdwknaMExμr (Vision of Khmer Leader) GIV²TaMgGs; cab;epþImeLIgRtUvEt manckçúvis½y. ckçúvis½y CaRbPBGrUbIy_ d¾manRbsiT§PaB kñúgkardwknaM vaKW CaGIVEdlemdwknaM emIleXIjdl;CMerAnUv GtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nig GnaKt d¾Evgqøay ehIyGacTsSn_Tay RbemIlsßankarN_ EdlGacekItmanxagmux TukCamun RBmTaMgGackMNt;nUv bnÞat;neya)aydwknaM rbs;xøÜneq<aH eTArkeCaKC½y sMrab;GgÁkarneya)ayrbs;xøÜn)aneTotpg. ebIemdwknaM Kμanckçúvis½yeT enaHnwgKμanGñkedIrtam eLIy. ehtuenH emdwknaMExμr eTaHkñúglMdab;NakþI RtUvEtmanckçúvis½yCak;lak; nigsÁal;c,as;las; nUvpøÚvEdl RtUvnaMeTArkeKaledA nigeCaKC½ypþac;RB½tü. enAkñúgckçúvis½y rbs;emdwknaM RtUvmaneKalbMNg menaKmn_viC¢a neya)ay eKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA nigTMrg;énGgÁkarneya)aydwknaMmYy EdlRtUv)aneRKageLIg eGayRsb eTAtamsßankarN_ CMuvijxøÜn tMrUveGay. eRkABIenH RtUvmankarelIkTwkcitþ kic©RbtibtiþkarGb;rM xagRbvtþisaRsþ citþ saRsþ k,Ünc,ab; yuT§saRsþ ¬viFIeFIV k,ÜnxñatKMrU¦ Edlbgáb;eday KMnitrYbrYmCati ÉkPaBCatiEtmYy tamyuT§saRsþ rYmEtmYy Rbkbeday \sSrPaB edIm,IedIreq<aHeTArkeCaKC½y. xageRkamenH CaTsSn³ nigckçúvis½yrbs; emdwk naMExμr EdlemIleXIjBI mhicäta rbs;RbeTsCitxagmanEpnkarelbRt)ak;ykTwkdIExμr rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr taMg BIGtItkalrhUtmkdl; bc©úb,nñkal nigeBlGnaKt. I

k-eKalbMNg nig TwsedArbs; yYn yYn maneKalbMNgy:agCak;lak; kñúgkarrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr elbRt)ak;TwkdIExμr nigBRgIkGMNacRtYt Rta enAelI RbeTsTaMgbIenAeRCay\NÐÚcin. yYnmanmhicäta RtYtRtaRbeTsenATwkdITaMgenH dUcyYnFøab;)ansMerc elb ykRbeTscm,a: Exμrkm<úCaeRkamrYcmkehIyEdr. yYnkMBugdak;GNaniKmn_EbbfμIelIRbeTslav nigRbeTs Exμrbc©úb,nñ. yYn)anQøanBanelbykTwkdIRbeTscm,a: RtYtRtacab;BIqñaM1687 ?. éf¶TI4 Exmifuna qñaM1949 yYn)anelbykTwkdI Exμrkm<úCaeRkam EfmeToteRkamkarXubXitCamYy)araMg EdlExμrmin)andwgesaH b¤EbbeFVI rMlg BIelIk,alExμr . vaCakarrMelaP emIlgaymYy minGacTTYlyk)an cMeBaHeyIgCaRbCaCatim©as;TwkdI. yYn )anQøanBan RtYtRtaRbeTsExμr cab;BIéf¶TI7 Ex mkra qñaM1979 RBmTaMgelIk bnþúbCnkumμúynisþ k,t;Cati Edl bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayva mandUcCa h‘un Esn nig ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum tamry³ sni§sBaØa; sniþPaB mitþPaB shRbtibtþikar xusc,ab; qñaM 1979 1982 1983 1985 rvagBYkGay:g nig yYn. eTaHCamankare)aHeqñat CabnþbnÞÞab;mkk_eday lT§plenHminEmnecjBIqnÞHExμreT EtCakarerobcMeday yYn nig bkSBYk h‘un Esn.

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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1-neya)ayvatTwkdIrbs; yYn kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin (Territories Aggression of Vietnamese Communist Indochina)

kalBIsm½yGgÁr kñúgraC¢kal RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 ExμrCaGaNacRkmYyEdl man TwkdIFMlwiVgelIVy manRBMRbTl; Tl;nwgRbeTscin naeBlenaH yYnminmanTwkdI b¤begáIt)anCardæÉkraCüenAeLIy eT yYnenACaBñg enAxagt,ÚgRbeTscinenAeLIy. yYn)anRbmUlpþúMKña rs;enACakulsm<½n§ sißtenAeRkamkarRtYtRta rbs;cin. eRkayBIyYn)an rMedaHxøÜnecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cinmk yYn)anGnuvtþn_neya)ayvatTwkdI edaykareFIV sRgÁamc,aMgTRnÞanyk TwkdIBIRbeTsCitxag manRbeTsExμr nigcM)a:CaedIm. yYn )aneRbIkll,icRKb;Ebby:ag. yYn)anfVayRsIs¥at mkerobkarCamYyesþc RbeTscM):a eRkaymkRsIyYn )ansMuesþcRbeTs cM):a edIm,IGnuBaØat eGayCnCatiyYnmkrs;kñúgRbeTscM):a. CnCatiyYn kan;EteRcIneTA² yYn)anbegIátsRgÁamépÞkñúgsMlab; esþccM):a enaHecaleTA ehIydeNþImykRbeTs cM):a RtYtRtacab;BIqñaM 1687 mk. eTaHbICaCnCati cam egIbbHe)arRbqaMg ya:gNakþI k¾RtUvrgnUvkarbRgáabya:g sahavbMputBIsMNak;yYn.

cMENkRbeTsExμreyIg k¾)anFøak;kñúg\Ti§BlyYnEdr kñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT C½yeCdæaTI2 qñaM1630. esþcenH )anerobkarCamYykUnRsIesþcyYn EdlmaneQμaHfanag kUCInsuin CO CHIN XIN. kUCInsuIn )annaMjatisNþan eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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kgT½B Gñkbec©keTs tulakar vb,Fm’ nigGriyFm’ mkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμr enAtMbn;éRBnKr nigekaHRkbI edIm,IeFIV karhVwkhat;T½B. yYn )ansMuesþcExμr kMu»yykBn§GarkCnCatiyYnTaMgenaH. {esckþIemtþa edayPaBl¶g;exøA

naMmk nUvesckþIvinasdl;xøÚÜnnigCnrYmCatiExμr}.

CnCatiyYn CaPñak;garcarkmμ cUlmkrs;enAtMbn;enH kan;EteRcIneLIg² dUcyYnkMBughUrcUlRbeTsExμr bc©úb,nñ. eRkaymkesþc C½yeCdæaTI 2 )ansuKteTA sRgÁamvwkvr )anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;enH eBlenaHyYn)an elIkT½BmkbRgáabExμr ya:gsahavelITwkdIExμreRkam dUcCa éRBnKr ekaHRkbI nig extþ mYycMnYneTot)anFøak;kñúg kNþab;éd yYncab;BIeBlenaHmk. ehtuenHehIy eTIb)anCayYn ehAEdndIenHfaCaEdndI kUCinsIun mann½yfa EdndI GñkRsITI9sMu. enAsm½y eRTOg mijya:g rC¢kalesþckSRtIGgÁmIu qñaM¬1835-1841¦ yYn)aneRbIviFIekþArMlay BUC sasn_Exμr nigQøanBanelbykTwkdIExμrmþgrYcehIy Etmin)ansMerc. kalenaHEb:kxaglicRbeTsExμr kan;kab; edayesom ÉEb:kxagekItkan;kab;edayyYn. yYn)anbgçM »yExμreFIVkarCaTMgn;; CIkERBkvijet sMlab;Exμr eday yYn ykExμreTAkb;TaMgrs; TukRtwmkmkelI dak;Ca bImuM ehIyykxÞHetñatmkdaMBIelIk,alExμr rYcykePøIgmkdut daMEt. eBlExμrrgeRKaHTaMgenaH ekþAerIbMrH yYnvaERskfa {Rbytñ½kMBubEtGug} . GñkxøHeTot RtUvkb;TaMgrs;ehIy ykrnas;mkras;BIelI. edIm,IrMlayExμreGayeTACayYn bgçMExμr»yesøokBak;GavpavrebobyYn nigRtUvlb;bM)at; vtþGar:am edaybegáIt sasnaRBHBuT§Ekøgkøay nigykmkeXasna fa GñkmanbuNüenATwsxagekIt edIm,IeFVI»y Exμr vwkvrxagCMenOsasna dUcKñanwgeBl ral;éf¶vayk Cnkumμúynisþeyokmij eTB vg; mkbMbYseFVICasgÇraCExμr dUecñaHEdr. yYneRbIRKb;meFüa)ay kñúgkarrMlayExμr nigCabeNþIr² vabBa¢ÚnCnCatiyYnxusc,ab; mktaMgTIenAelI TwkdIExμrkñúgextþTaMgenaH nigcat;»yCnCatiyYnmkeFIVCaecAhVayextþ ExμrCaedIm. Epnkar eRTOg mijya:g kñúg karrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr nigelbykTwkdIExμr min)ansMerceCaKC½y eRBaHExμrTaMgGs;egIbeLIgTUTaMgRbeTsbHe)ar bRgáabyYn . karbHe)arenaH Exμr)aneRkakRBmKña ehIyedjkab;sMlab; yYn eFVIeGayyYn xøHrt;eTA BYnkñúgTwkbwg edayyk RskIdUg mkRKbedayTukRtwmEtRcmuH sMrab;dkdegðImb:ueNÑaH. erOgenH ehIyEdlmanTMenom ExμrehA yYn fa GaRskIdUg rhUtmk. eRkaymkeTot Epnkar hU CImij )anbnþ neya)ayRtCak;elb TwkdIExμrbc©úb,nñsarCafμI. dMbUgeLIy yYn )anbegIátkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin enATIRkughugkug dwknaM eday hU CI mij enA éf¶TI 2kumÖ³ qñaM1930. yYnman bMNg yklT§ikumμúynisþ CameFüa)ay edIm,IeGaysMercbMNgxøÜn kñúgkarBRgIkTwkdI edayRtYtRta elIRbeTsTaMg 3 enAtMbn;\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl ¬ExμrTaMgmUl ExμreRkameRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnxagt,Úg nig lav¦. edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH yYn )aneRbIIkll,icdEdl² dUcBImun etIkll,icenaH dUcemþcxøH ? eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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yYn )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBlrdæ lav nigExμr eGaycUlrYm edayykelsfaRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg nig GaemrikaMg. eRkaymkeTot yYnbBa¢Ún carburs-narI CaeRcInmkkñúgRbeTsExμr eBlenaHesþc sIhnu manmehsI CapøÚvkar 5 rYcehIy srubTaMgGs; 6 rYmTaMg m:Unic CaGKÁmehsI sBVéf¶.¬sUmbBa¢ak;fa m:Unic Cacar³narIyYn Kμan QamCr½CaExμrbnþiceLIy mþayCakUnyYnkat;cin «BukCaCnCati GIutalI. sUm,IEtRBHkusm³ matarbs; sI hnu k¾ minyl;RBmeGay sIhnu erobGPieskeT b:uEnþ sIhnu cecserobGPiesk. ehIyPaBrkaMrkuH nigkarminRBmsþab; eyabl;rbs;RBHGgÁ )aneFIVeGayRBHmata kusm³ QWsuKteTA¦. )araMg )ankat;TwkdII Exμrkm<úCaeRkam eTAeGay yYn enA éf¶TI 4 Exmifuna qñaM1949 Edlman TwkdIExμrcMnYn 21 extþ kñúgrC¢kal sIhnu esþc sIhnuenH Ég.

eRkayBIeBl EdlyYndeNþImykTwkdIkm<úCaeRkamehIy yYn)anbnþEpnkarelbykTwkdIExμrsBVéf¶ enH eTot. enAqñaM1945-54 yYn)ancab;ykkUnekμgExμrtUc² eTAbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmviC¢akumμúynisþcMnYnCag 4500nak; EdlBYkenH ehAfaRkumExμreyokmij. eBlenaHehIy EdlRsukExμr ekIterOg Rbmat;Rbmg; sarCafμI mþgeTot.

k-TMnak;TMngerOgRbmat;Rbmg;nig valBiXad

tamkarsikSaRsavRCavrbs;elak saRsþacarü ekg v:an;sak; )an»ydwgfa enAraCüesþc C½yvrμ½nTI 9 ¬esþc sIhnu TI1¦ RbeTsExμr RtUv)anRbeTscin b¤m:ugehÁal tMrUveGayRbmUlRbmat; mnusS eTA»yRbeTsenH CaRbcaMerogral;qñaM. edaysarPaBkMsak esþcenH suxcitþeGayeKsMlab;Exμr edIm,IykRbmat; BIRKb;TwsTI. na eBlenaHKμanesþc b¤GñkR)aCJbNÐitNa eRkakQreLIgRbQmmuxedaHRsayerOgenHeT. tamkarbkRsay rbs; elaksaRsþacarü )aneGaydwgfa BYkGñkecHdwgExμr EdlenAeRkamGMNacesþcminGacsresrkarBit ehtuenH eTIb )antak;EtgerOg GaxVak; GaxVin enHeLIg kñúgbMNgeGay kUnExμrCMnan; eRkay)andwg erOgRbvtþisaRsþd¾CUrct;enH. GñkniBn§)anBnül;eyIgfa karts‘UerIbMrH BIkarKMnab d¾lVIgCUrct;rbs;RbeTscin kñúgkareFVIXatExμr edayminerIs mux edIm,IykRbmat;enH manEtBYkGñkEdlrs;eRkamRsTab;)ateCIgeKdUc nayxVak;nayxVin b:ueNÑaHEdlh‘aneRkak eLIgeFVIkarts‘U ykQñHsRtUvd¾FMenaH)an. GñkniBn§k¾)anbBa¢ak;Edrfa minEmncaM)ac;Tal;EtBUCesþc b¤namWunFM²eT EdlmansmtßPaB cUlrYmedaHRsayvib,tþi RbeTsCati ral;RKamanGasnñ ekIteLIgenaH. raRsþsamBaØRKb;rUb k¾ RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv kñúgkarCYykarBar ksagCati nigkar karBarnUvbuBVsiT§iBIkMeNItrbs;xøÜnpgEdr. erOg eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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FnBa¢½y Ca]TahrN_mYyya:gl¥ sþIBI smtßPaBrbs;BlrdæExμr kñúgkaredaHRsayvib,tþiRbeTsCati nigbgðajmüa:g eTotfa BYkesþc namWun FMtUcPaKeRcIn CamnusSkMsak ykEtrYcxøÜn nigKitEtraCblø½g buNüskþ×muxmat;b:ueNÑaH. erOgenH yYn R)akdCa)anelIkykeTAsikSa y:agl¥itl¥n; edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_ kñúgkareFVI sRgÁamcitþsaRsþ epSg² sMrab;elbykRbeTsExμr. enAcenøaHqñaM 1863-1954 eBlEdl RbeTsExμr sßitenAeRkamGNaniKmn_ rbs; )araMg erOgRbmat;Rbmg;enH )anekItB¤ suHsay enABaseBjRbeTsExμr ehIyerOgenH manB¤dMNalt² Kña rhUtmkdl; TsvtSr_qñaM 80. etIehtuGIV )anCamanerOgRbmat;Rbmg;enH ekItmaneLIgeTot eRkayBIerOgenH )at; eTACit 800qñaMehIyenaH?. tamkarsikSaRsavRCav GaceGayeyIgemIleXIjfa edIm,IerobcMelbykRbeTs Exμr yYn)anerobcMedayGt;Fμt; y:aghμt;ct; edIm,IeFVIeGayRbeTsExμrcuHexSay sgÁmExμr)ak;EbksamKÁIKña CaRkumbkS BN’sMbur neya)ay eRcInRkum eRcInBYk CaRbeyaCn_ eGayvaGac RKb;RKgRtYtRta)an muneBl vaeFVIkarvayluk edaykMlaMgTB½ enAeBlNamYy. emøaHehIy kñúgGMLúgeBlEdl RbeTsExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs; )araMg yYn va)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlExμr EdrmansμartICatiniym TaMgenATIRkug CnbT eGayegIbeFVIkar RbqMagnwgkarRtUYtRta rbs; )araMg edIm,ITamTaÉkraCü. eRkamkarRtYtRta rbs;)araMg raRsþExμr min)aneBjcitþeLIy. )araMg )anerobcM tMbn; esdækic©CaeRcIn edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnykeTARbeTseK CaBiess cMkarekAs‘U eQIl¥RbNitCaedIm. )arMag )anxitxMksag pøÚvKmnaKmn_CaeRcIn kñúgRbeTsExμr edIm,IbMerIeKaledAlepSg²rbs;xøÜn TaMgxag esdækic© kgTB½ nigkarRKb;RKg Epñkrdæ)al rbs;xøÜn. edaykarmineBjcitþ nwgPaBCa´kBa¢H)arMag ExμrmineBjcitþ nwgeFVIkarCamYy)araMgeLIy. enHCaehtueFVIeGay )araMg naMCnCatiyYn RbEhl 40000nak; cUlmkkñúgRsukExμr edIm,IbMerIkar enAkñúgtMbn; esdæ kic©TaMgenaH CaBiess tMbn;cMkarekAs’U nigkñúgrdæ)alRKb;RKgrbs; )arMagtaMgBIraCvaMg rhUtdl;fñak; Rsuk XMu rEmg manyYn eFVIkarCamYy )araMg CaCMnYsExμr m©as;Rsuk . eRkayeBlEdl egVog éGkuk b¤ hU CImIj )ancUlCasmaCikkumμúynisþGnþrCati. hU CImij )anRtLb;mk RbeTskMeNItvij nig)anerobcM begáItbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinmYyeLIg kñúgbMNg TI1 RbmUlkMlaMg RbCaCatinana enAtMbn;enHeGayCYyyYnkñúg karrMedaHRbeTsBI GaNaniKmn_)araMg. EtBIeRkayxñg eKaledAenH yYn manbMNg yklT§ikumμúynisþ CameFüa)ay edIm,IelbykRbeTsExμr ExμreRkam nig lav CaGaNaextþ rbs;yYnEtmþg. kar sabRBYs lT§ikmμúynisþ enARbeTsTaMgbI Exμr yYn lav RKan;EtCameFüa)ay eFVIeGaysMerc eKaledArbs;va Et b:ueNÑaH. yYn )anTajykRbeyaCn_ya:geRcInBICnCatiyYn Edl)araMg )anbBa¢Únmk kñúgRbeTsExμr edIm,IbMerI skmμPaBneya)ay nigkgTB½rbs;va. TnÞwmnwgeBlenHEdr edIm,IGnuvtþKMerag karyUrGEgVg hU CImij )ancat;[ lblYccab; b¤edaykarbBa©úHbBa©Últamkare)akR)asepSg²dl;kUnExμr enAtamRsukERscMkar EdlmanGayuBI1015 qñaM EdlminTan;sÁal; dwgGIVc,as;las; BIExμrenAeLIy rYcehIybBa¢ÚneTA yYnxageCIg. skmμPaBEbbenH yYn )anGnvutþn_CaerogrhUt taMgBIrqñaMCag1940-70. CaBiess enAeBleRkaysnñisiT§hSWENv 20 kkáda qñaM1954 tMrUveGay yYndkTB½ ecjBiIRsukExμr EtmYyeBl yYn)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlnaMykkUnExμr RbmaNCa 4500nak; ykeTA dak;tamCMurMnanaenAyYnxageCIg. kñúgcMeNamenaH manTaMgkUnExμrsuT§saF nigkUnyYn EdlekItenARsukExμr ecHExμr eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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c,as;. enARsukExμr TUTaMgCnbT nigTIRkug yYn )aneFVIkareXasnaBaküccamGaramfa manRbmat; Rbmg; cab;yk kUnekμg eTAkb;TaMgrs; edIm,I eFVICaRKwHfñl; s<annana Edl )araMg kMBugksagenARbeTsExμr. ehtuGIV)anCa yYn vaeFVIkareXasna erOgRbmat;Rbmg;enHeLIg ?

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saRsþ elaknana¦. minEtb:ueNÑaH yYn )andak;kMhusfa karbnþúHeGaymanKMnitCatiniym enAkñúgCYrGñkdwknaMCati CaerOgEdlRtUvrgnUvkarefáaleTasBIGnþrCatieTAvij ¬sMdIenHGñkniBn§pÞal;Føab;)anTTYlkarriHKn;BIBYkkmμaPi)al ]tþmesnIy rbs;Gay:g h‘un Esn enAnaqñaM 1999 kñúgeBlEdlGñkniBn§)anelIkyk eKalkarN_ bNþúH KMnitCati niym dak;enAkñúgkarGb;rMGñkdwknaMkgTB½CatisBVéf¶enH¦. EtenAkñúgkarGb;rM BYkyYn b¤ExμrfμI RtUv)anyYn vaGb;rM BYkenHeGayman KMnitCatiniymyYn y:agRCaleRCAeTAvij.

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x-karGb;rM edIm,IbNþúHsμartIRbyuT§

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CatiPaKtic } b¤ehAExμrEd;lrt;ePosxøÜneTA enARbeTseRkAfaCa { BYkGNikCn} CaedIm. EtvaminEdleGayehA yYn faCaGnikCnesaHeLIy . pÞúyeTAvij vatMrUveGayrdæaPi)alGay:g dak;bBa©ÚlCnCatiyYn enAtamextþRkug yYn 1RKYsar kñúgExμr 5RKYsar EdlCakarbgðajy:agc,as;RkELtnUvKMnit yYnYbnIykmμelITwkdIExμr. TegVIGs;enH BYkGay:gminEdleFVI eFVIB¤Tal;EtesaH . ebIyYn sMlab;Exμr bøn;dIExμr vaeFVIRBegIy EtebI yYn gab;mYy vaERskqáa édqáaeCIg. CagenHeTAeTot vaEtgGb;rM eFVIeGayExμr s¥b;ExμrKñaÉg eTAvij.

K-rebobeFVIkarsMerccitþ {CIkesμACIkTaMgb¤s} {suxcitþcab;RcLM sMlab;RcLM RbesIrCagkarElgRcLMM. mann½yfa ebIcab; b¤RtUv

e)assMGateKRtUvsMlab; b¤e)assMGatGs; mYyExSminfaGñkenaHesμaHRtg; b¤minesμaHRtg;eLIy. enHCarebob rMlayKMnitCatiniym KMnitesμaHRtg; nigrebobeGaykab;sMlab;edayminerIsmux EdlCaehtueGaymanvalBiXad ekIteLIg. rebobenHehIy EdlBYk b:ul Bt nig BYkkumμúynisþ Føab;;)anRbRBitþmkelIRbCaCatiExμr eRBaHBYkenHk¾ TTYlkarGb;rMBI yYn mkedaypÞal;dUcKñanwgBYk h‘un Esn Edr. esμrFøab;)an CYbsMPasn_CamYyelak nYn Ca eday pÞal;enAGMLúg Ex tula 2005 . elak nYn Ca )anbBa¢ak;fa GñkEdlsresrnigerobcMmenaKn_viC¢aneya)ayrbs; BYkExμrRkhm KWman xøÚÜn elak nig b:ul Bt eGog sarI. elak)anbEnßmfa KMnitneya)ay nigyuT§saRsþepSg² eRcInsikSayktamyYn nigcin. elakk¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa Rkumrbs;elak minEdl)anGan b¤ykKMnitelak xag lic mkeFVIkarsikSeRbobeFob esaHeLIy. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot elak)anniyayfa { EtRsYl minRsYl elgmun minTukeGayGñkenaH¬GñkEdlCab;karsgS½yfak,t; ¦ eFVImun)aneLIy }. Baküfa { EtRsYl b¤minRsYl } kñúgn½y fa{ ebIsgS½yfaGñkenaHk,t; eTaHKμanPsþútagRKb;RKan; b¤KμaneFVIkartamc,as;las; }k¾eday RtUvEtsMlab;ecal.

TaMgenHCacMNucGacKUsbBa¢ak; bgðajeGayeXIjfa edayxøÜneGaytMél yYn x<g;x<s;hYsehtu eTIbeFIV[ BYkenH TTYlykrebobGb;rMhVwkhVWnmYy EbbRCulniym xusTwsedA nigR)ascakBI tkáviC¢a BIsMNak; yYn edayectna b¤ edaymindwgxøÜn ePøcxøÜn fayYn enAEtmanbMNgelbykdIExμr ehIyCaehtueFVI eGayxøÜnmanTwsedARCulniym rhUtdl; mankarsMlab;rgÁalmkelICatisasn_Ég. rebobmüa:geTot cin yYn )anGb;rMbBa©úHbBa©Úl TaMgesþc sIhnu niggBYkRkhmTaMg 2Rkumfa { cg;cMeNj RtUveFVIsRgÁam} . Et cin nigyYn min)anbkRsayBlül;eGay)anek,aHk,ayfa kareFVIsRgÁam Edl)ancMeNj RtUveFVIedayrebobNaenaHeLIy. sMdI { cg;cMeNj RtUveFVIsRgÁam } RtUv)anesþc sIhnu elIkykmkniyayCa saFarNenAkñúgBiFIsMePaFn_ naqñaM 1967. ehtudUecñHehIyeTIb)anCa esþcenH mankarrIkrayxøaMgNas; enAnaTI dMbUgénRBitþikarRN_ 18mina 1970 eRBaHkarRsemIRsémcg;eFVICa esþcRkhm Edl esþc sIhnu Føab;niyayBIerOg ExμrBN’CMBU enaHRtUv)aneFVIeGayekIteLIgtamcMNg;KμanEpnkarN_eKaledArbs;xøÜn. y:agCak;Esþg enAkñúgBIFI bgðaj BeRgogrdæFmμnuBaØ rbs;rdæaPi)alnireTs eQμaH rdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa enATIRkug eb:kaMg qñaM 1970.

TaMgenHsreGayeXIjfa CaerOgQutqakEdlerobcMeLIgeday esþc sIhnu nigyYn cin y:agc,as;RkELt. kareFVIsRgÁam EdlGacfacMeNjenaH KWkareFVIsRgÁamenAelITwkdIÉRbeTsd¾éT dUc Edlesþc Exμrsm½yGgÁr Føab;)aneFVIrYcmkehIy. Ékar eFVIsRgÁamenAelITwkdIxøÜnÉg CakardutbMpøajRbeTsCati RbCaCatixøÜnÉg. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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kareFIVsRgÁamenAelITwkdIxøÜnÉgGacnwg RtUveFVIkñúgkal³eTs³mYyEdlRtUvbreTsQøanBanehIy eyIgRtUveFVIkar ts‘UerIbMrHrMedaHCati CacaM)ac; eBalKWCa kareFVIsRgÁamedIm,Ikarrs;ranrbs;RbCaCati rbs;CatieyIg.

X-reboberIseKaledAvayRbhar¬Objective¦

kareRCIserIseKaledA EdlmankMhusqÁg R)ascak tkáviC¢a. ]TahrN_xageRkamGaceGayeyIgeFVIkar BicarNa)an ÷ -tamRTwsþIBit edIm,IykeCaKC½yelIeKaledA {k} RtUveFVIkarkat;pþac;karGnþraKmn_ BIkMlaMgCMnYyrbs;xμaMg tampøÚvKmnaKmn_ nanaEdlCab;Tak;TgTItaMg { k } enaH edaykareFVIBYnsÞak; karTb;sáat;kMueGayxμaMgmkCYy)an b¤edaykarkat;pþac; s<an fñl; GIVTaMgGs; EdlTak;TgnwgeKaledA { k} enHeGay)an. EttamRTwsþIBit ral;karkat; pþac; RtUveFVIkarføwgEføg elIktþahirBaØvtßú nigktþacitþsaRsþ CaedIm. ktþahirBaØvtßú RtUvføwgEføgfa ebIsinCa eKRtUvkar kat;pþac;s<an mYy etItMél eCaKC½y éneKaledA { k } Gacskþ×smnwgkarkat;pþac;s<anenaHb¤eT? . ktþacitþsaRsþ RtUvføWgEføgfa etIkarpþac;s<anfñl;enaH manplb:HBal;dl;Twkcitþ RbCaBlrdætMbn;enaHb¤eT ? kñúgkMritNa? b:HBal; dl;kareRbIR)as;rbs;eyIgb¤eT ? ebIRtUvkarCYsCul eRbIeBlb:uNÑa? CaedIm,I.l. EtenAeBlyYn beRgonBYkenH vaBMu)aneFVIedayRtg;dUecñHeLIy eBalKW ÷ -edIm,IykeCaKC½yelIeKaledA {k} RtUveFVIkarbMpøaj pøÚvKmnaKmn_ s<an fñl; GIVTaMgGs; EdlTak;Tgnwg eKaledA { k} enHecal edIm,IkMueGaysRtUvmanlT§PaBCYyeKaledA {k})an. enHCa]TahrN_mYy. -edIm,IbM)at;GavuFCatipÞúH RbmUlGavuF rab;EsnedIm dutbMpøajecalGavuFTaMgenaHecal.

-edIm,ITb;sáat;karkab;bMpøajéRBeQI RbmUleQI RbmUleRKOgcRk Lan sMParH dutecal.

-edIm,ITb;sáat;karensaTxusc,ab; RbmUlTUk GYUn sMNaj;dutbMpøajecalTaMgGs;.

-edIm,ITb;sáat;karts‘Unana RtUvkab;bMpøajéRBeQIecal { k5 nig eBlbc©úb,nñ}.

-edIm,ITb;sáat;carkmμxμaMg RtUvEtsMlab;TaMgExS¬CIkesμACIkTaMgb¤s¦minfa Gñkk,t;b¤GñkesμaHRtg;eLIy. edayBYkTaMgenH xVHkarsikSa nigedaykareCOelIKMnityYn hYsehtu eFVIeGayBYkenaH EtgtMkl; KMnityYn suT§swgEtRtUv CakareFVIeGayxkxanmin)aneFVIkarsikSaeRbobeFobEvgq¶ayGIVeLIYy. ehIyBYkenHRbRBitþitamKnøg yYn pþl;KMniteGay rhUtdl;RbRBitþiEbbRCulniym dl;sBVéf¶enH. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

45

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g-rebobRKb;RKg nig cat;kar

enAkñúgrbb rbs;ExμrRkhm eKEtgb¤Baküfa {karts‘UebIdac; ExSryH nwgmingay)aneLIgzan³ b¤muxgar x<g;x<s;eLIy }. mann½yfa ebIcUleFVIkarts‘UtamGñkdwknaMNamñak;RtUvEteFVIkareGayCab;lab;CamYyGñkenaH edIm,I eGayGñkenaHsÁal;dwgBIvirPaBrbs;xøÜn. EtebIminEmnCaGñkerIsxøÜnmkbBa©ÚleT nwgKμantMéleLIy. TaMgenHehIy CaehtueFVI»yeKsegáteXIjfa BYkenHnwgminsþab;Gñkmanzan³x<s;CagxøÜnNaeLIy eRkABIemdwknaMpÞal;rbs;xøÜn. ebIeyIgsegáteGay)anditdl; enAkñúgclna kumμúynisþrbs;ExμrRkhm manclnaCaeRcIn KWBYkkumμúynisþniymyYn ¬BYkEdl yYn )aneRCIserIserobcM¦ BYkkumμúynisþCatiniymcin ¬Rkumb:ul Bt¦ BYkraCaniym BYkGñkCatiniym nig BYkEdledayeraytamxül;. kñúgcMeNamenH BYkEdlman\T§iBlxøaMgCageK KW BYkkumμúynisþniymyYn nig BYk kumμúynisþniymcin. edayehtufa enAqñaM 1960 elak saLút s/ eGog sarI mkBI)araMg edIm,IcUlrYmeFVIkarts‘U nigdeNþImkan;kab; k,alm:asIunbkSkumμúynisþkm<úCa y:agNakþI EtGñkdwknaMenARKb;RsTab; CaBiessenARsTab; eRkamtamCnbT RtUv)anyYnerobcMrYceTAehIy. enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt b¤saLút s kan;kab;k,alma:sIunbkS Kat; RtYtRta)anRtwmEtk,alxagelIEtb:ueNÑaH ÉRsTab;eRkam nigfñak;kNþal EdlmanBYkExμrfμI ¬yYnEdlbþÚreQμaH Ca Exμr¦CaGñkdwknaM minsþab;karbBa¢arbs;Kat;eLIy. b¤müa:geTot BYkenHeFVIedIm,IykBt’man nigEpnkarepSg² BIBYk b:ul Bt pþl;eTAeGayyYndwgTaMgGs;. ehIyebIsþab;eFVItambBa¢a k¾eFVIedaymineBjelj ¬dUcKñanwgrdæaPi)al rbs; RTg; rNriT§ naqñaM 1993-1997 dUecñaHEdr¦b¤kñúgrebobmYy EdlsuPasitExμrEteBalfa {duteGayexøac eraceGayeqA} ya:gdUecñaHÉg. karBiesaFn_enAkñúgGMLúg rdæaPi)alcMruHrbs;RTg;rNriT§ CaKMrURsab;. ebImnusS rbs; hV‘únsiunbiuc RtUv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFan sIuPIPI CaGnuRbFan. eBlenaH mnusS sIuPIPI EdlCaGnuRbFan Etg eFVIVGIV² edIm,IkMueGaymnusSxag hú‘Vnsiunbiuc eFVIGIVekIt. b¤müa:geTot BYksIuPIPI EtglUkrMlgkargareTAxagelI eday min)aneFVItamzananuRkm kargareLIy. EtebI sIuPIPI CaRbFan hV‘únsiunbiuc CaGnuRbFan BYk sIuPIPI EtgeFVIrMlgeTA xageRkam edaymin)aneKarBtamzananuRkmkargaresaHeLIy b¤mYyeFVIeGaykargarrbs; mnusS hVú‘nsiunbiuc RtUv raMgsÞH. -tampøÚvcitþsaRsþ mnusSTUeTA EtgEteFVIedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn edayeCosminrUc. CaBiess mnusS Edl GviC¢a rEmgeRskXøan muxmat;buNüskþ×edayxusTMng. yYn EdlmanEpnkarelbykdIExμr minRtUvkarKuN PaBmnusSeT eKRtUvkarEt mnusSEdlesμaHRtg;nwg yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. ÉcMENk BYkkumμúynisþniym cin manb:ul Bt ebIeTaHCa mancriteXareXAemþckþI k¾BYkenHRtUvkarmnusSEdlmanKuNPaB rYmpSMnwgGñkEdlesμaHRtg;nwgbkSy:ag BitR)akd edIm,ICassrRTRTg;rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn. karsMritsMraMgKuNPaBmnusS manplb:HBal;dl;kar Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg nigCa»kaseGayyYn EdlcaMEtqk;ykRbeyaCn_enaH gayRsYllUkéd mkkkUrkkayépÞkñúgrbs; BYkkumμúynisþ b:ul Bt. BYkkumμúynisþ b:ul Bt R)akdCa minerIsyk mnusSEdl bNþúHbNþaleday yYn eLIy. ehtuenHehIy BYkExμreyokmijenH nwggakeTArk yYnedaysV½yRbvtþi. eKalbMNgyYn minRtUvkarGñkEdlman smtßPaBeT EteKRtUvkarBYkenH RKan;EtCaexμackñúgeGayéd b:ueNÑaH edIm,IeFVIeGayrbb BYkkumμúynisþ b:ul Bt cuHexSayEbk)ak;Kña. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

46

rkSasiT§i

-edayehtufa kñúgEpnkarerobcM yYn )ancat;eGayBYkExμrfμI ¬kUnyYn¦enARKb;RKgfñak;sMxan;²TaMgGs; . ÉBYkExμrl¶g;exøAenAtamCnbT RtUv)anyYncat;eGayeFVIkarenAfñak;eRkam. edayehtufa BYkRkbxNн kumμúynisþ EdlyYn )anerobcM enABaseBjRKb;TaMgRsTab;eRkam nigfñak;kNþal ebIeTaHbIBYk b:ul Bt )ane)assMGatenA fñak;kMBUlehIykþI EtkarGnuvtþn_EpnkaryuT§saRsþFM²nana RtUvEtGnuvtþn_tamryHRkbxNнfñak;kNþal. edayfñak; kNþal suT§swgCamnusSEdlyYn erobcMehIyBYk b:ul Bt ¬mCÄwm¦minGacsÁal;BYkenHGs;eLIy. ehtuenHehIy enAeBlEdlbBa¢aBI mCÄwmmkeGayeFVIkic©karGIVmYy BYkExμrfμIenH EtgEteFVItamrebob { duteGayexøac eraCeGay eqA } enHÉg. )ann½yfa ebImCÄwmeGay e)assMGat BYkExμrfμI ¬yYn EdlbþÚr eQμaHCaExμr¦100nak;. BYkExμrfμI EdlenAfñak;kNþalenH nwge)assMGatExμrsøÚtRtg;enAfñak;eRkam² 1000 b¤ 10000nak;. enHCarebob : sVasIu )aylabmat;BEB }. ehIyrebobenH yYn Føab;)aneFVImkelI CnCatiyYn kan;sasnakatUlik enAkñúgrbbsaFarN rdæ énRKadMbUgénsRgÁamdUecñaHEdr. EdlCaehtueFVIeGaymtiCati nigGnþrCatiefáaleTaselI rbbelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; y:agF¶n;F¶r. kñúgbMNgeFVIeGayGMNacRKb;RKgrbs;BYk b:ul Bt RtUvregÁaHregÁI sgS½yKña ElgTukcitþKña. ehIyenHehIyCaEpñkmYy énbc©½yEdlnaMeTArkvalBiXad. GñkniBn§sresrbkRsay dUecñH minEmn)ann½yfa EktMrUveGayBYk b:ul Bt RtUvenaHeLIyEt edIm,IeGay eXIjfa GñkEdlkab;sMlab; ExμrminEmnmanEt BYk b:ul Bt b:ueNÑaHeT Etmanesþc sIhnu CaBiessKW yYn enHEt mþgEdl)anKUsvaEpnkar valBiXadenHeLIgedIm,IbMerIneya)ayvatTIrbs;xøÜn. eyagtamÉksarsþIBI { yuT§viFI bBa©ÚlmnusS } rbs;Rkug haNYy¬sUmGanTMBr½xageRkay¦ EdldkRsg;pSayedayviTüúGasIuesrI GacKUsbBa¢ak; eGayeyIgemIleXIjkan;Etc,as;eLIgEfmeTot BIEpnkarrbs;yYn kñúgkarelbykTwkdIExμr tamryHmnusS Edl yYnerobcMTuk nigGaceGayeyIgemIleXIjfa karerobcMenHminEmneTIbRtwmEt BYkekμgRbmat;Rbmg; 4500nak; enHeLIy KWtaMgBImunenHyUryamkehIy ]TahrN_rab;minGs; dUcCa emExμreyokmij EdlyYn )anbnþúbeGay eFVI Ca embkSkumμúynisþExμr eQμaH emog )andUreQμaHmkCa emon ehIymklak;xøÜnbYseron kñúgvtþExμr. bnÞab;mk)an bþÚreQμaHCa swg g:ukmij edIm,IibnøMeFVICab¥Únrbs;elak swg g:ukfaj; EdlCavrCnExμr eBjniymnasm½yenaH. kare)akR)as;tamCMenOGrUbIy yYnxageCIg ¬yYnkumμúynisþ¦)aneFIVsRgÁamCamYy yYnxagt,Úg. yYn )ane)akesþc sIhnu faeBlrMedaH yYnxagt,Úg ¬km<úCaeRkam¦)annwgRbKl;eGay sIhnu vij. ehIyyYn )anbBa©úHbBa©Úl m:Unik eGayBnül;esþc sIhnu fa sIhnu enHehIyCatYrGgÁRBH)aT Fmμik nigCa tYresþc s tUcesþIg RtUv)anesayraCüelIRbeTsTaMg 3.

Et eBlCamYyKña yYn )anCYyBYkExμr kumμúynisþ eqVgniym¬TaMgBYkExμreyokmij BYk b:ul Bt nigkumμúynisþniym yYn¦fa yYneFIVsRgÁam edIm,ICYyrMedaHRbCaCatienA eRCay\NÐÚcin ¬Exμr ExμeRkam yYnxagt,Úg niglav¦BI karRtYt Rta rbs;GaNaniKmn_)arMag nig Gaemric. edIm,IsMerceKaledAenH yYnxageCIg sMueGay sIhnu CYy. EtpÞúyeTAvij enHCal,icklyYn edIm,IrujsRgÁamenH eGayFøak;mkelIRbeTsExμreTAvij. esþc sIhnu )ancuHhtßelxaCamYyyYnxageCIg¬eyokkug¦s¶at;² ¬edayKμansPaExμryl;RBmeLIy enHCaTegIV k,t;Cati eRBaH GagGMNacCaesþc ¦»ydak;T½BkñúgTWkdIExμrPaKxagekIt¬extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI kMBg;cam éRBEvg sVayerog eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

47

rkSasiT§i

¦cMnYnBI 60000-80000nak; ¬eBlenaHesþc sIhnu kMNt;eGaykgT½BExμr manRtwmEt 30000nak; b:ueNÑaH¦. kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH RbeTsExμr )an)at;bg;GBüaRkitüPaB eTAehIy. yYneyokkug )ancUllukluy RbeTsExμr rujs®gÁamenaH eGayFøak;mkelIRbeTsExμr bgárvinaskmμy:agF¶n;F¶r dl;RbCaBlrdæExμrsøÚtRtg;TaMgkñúgRsuk TaMgenAtamCayEdn søab;y:agexøacpSaredaykarbgárBIkgTB½yYn nigkgTB½yYnxagt,Úg nwgGaemrik Gs;cMnYn rab;Ban;nak;; erogral;éf¶. naeBlenaH elak sWug g:ukfaj; )aneFVIkareXasna Bnül;dl;ExμrTUeTA eGaymanPJak;rlwk nigeGayyl; dwgfa neya)ayEdl esþc sIhnu kMBugeFVICaneya)aysMlab;CatiÉg. elak sWug g:ukfaj; k¾)anBnül;pgEdrfa karrIkcMerInenAkñúgrbs; esþc sIhnu CakarrIkcMerInEbbBBuHTwk CakarrIkcMerInsMrab;EtrlayeTAvijedayecosmin rYc. esþc sIhnu )anefáaleTaselak swug g:ukfaj; fak,t;Cati. Exμr swgTUTaMgRbeTs eCOlg;tamesþc sIhnu.

GñkesñhaCati CaeRcInRtUv)anesþc sIhnu e)akykmk)aj;sMlab;ecalenARtBaMgRkLwg y:agEsn GaeNacGaFmμ edayGyutþiFm’. GñkTaMgenaHmin)ank,t;nwgExμreT EteKRbqMagnwgneya)aysMlab;CatiÉgrbs;esþcenHb:ueNÑaH.

eBlenaH yYneyokkug¬yYn kumμúynisþ¦ )aneFIVneya)ayEbbRtCak; cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæExμrsøÚtRtg; enA tamCnbT. É yYn xagt,Úg¬yYn FIvKI¦ vij eRbIneya)ayekþA. ¬sUmemIl ÉksarRbvtþisaRsþ sIuDI bEnßm¦. edaysarTahanyYneyokkug enAeBjRbeTsExμr nigTegIVk,t;Cati rbs;esþc sIhnu EdlmanBYk Ca sIum/ h‘un Esn/ ehg sMrin/Cnkumμúynisþl¶g;exøAdutkMeLacRbeTsExμrenHehIy EdlnMaeGayRkumCatiniymRTg; sirImt³/ ln; nl; eFIVrdæRbharTMlak; sIhnu edIm,IedjyYnecjBIRbeTsExμr . cin nigyYn )anxI©éd sIhnu eFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMgbMPn½þEPñkCati nigGnþrCati. cinsMueGay sIhnu CYyyYn eyokkug nigExμrRkhm. yYn nigcin snüafadeNþImGMNacmkCUnRBHGgÁvij EtExμrCaGñksøab; nigmhnþray. éf¶ eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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TI 23 Exmina qñaM1970 sIhnu )anbegIátrN³sirSrYbrYmkm<úCamYyenAeb:kaMg cUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhm b:ul Bt nig CYyyYneyokkug eGayrMlayBYkesrI sIrmt³ nig ln; nl;. sIhnuu )anRbkaspSaytamviTüúBITIRkugeb:kaMg eGayExμrrt;cUléRBma:KI deNþImGMNaceGayxøÜnvij y:agekalahl nigedaykþIrIkraypg eBareBjeday kMhwg cgGaXad nwgExμrEdlCaraRsþrbs;xøÜnÉg. yYn)anBak;pøakrUbft sIhnu bnøMCakgT½B sIhnu edIm,Ie)akR)asExμr eFIVcM)aMgCamYykgT½BsaFarNrdæExμr sirImt³ nigln; nl;. sIhnu )anCYyyYnkumμúynIsþ¬eyokkug¦ rhUt )an eCaKC½yelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ éf¶TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975 ehIyyYn)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenH eTAeGayBYk ExμrRkhm vij EdlkalenaH sIhnu KW Caem . EtyYn )anbNþúHmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ Ebbmü:agdl;ExμreqVgniym nig bBa©Úl carkmμrbs;va kñúgrbbExμrRkhm eFVIeGayrbbenHkab; sMlab;Exμr ehIyTMlak;kMhusdak; BYkExμrRkhm b:ul Bt . enHCa l,icsVasIu)ay labmat;BEB. dUecñH sIhnu CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH RbvtþisaRsþExμr cMeBaHrbbkm<úCa RbCaFibyetyü minEmn saLút sr ¬b:ul Bt¦TaMgRsugeT. 13 éf¶eRkayKW 17 emsa 1975 sRgÁamyYn xageCIg nigyYnxagt,ÚgRtUvbBa©b; KW enAéf¶TI30 Exemsa qñaM1975Edr. éf¶enH KWCa éf¶C½yCMnHrbs; kumμúynisþ \NÐÚcin dwknaMedayyYnxageCIg. kumμúynIsþ QñHBYkesrI ehIyhuc»kaseGayyYn Edlbgáb;xøÜnkñúgExμrRkhm sMlab;ExμrsaFarN³rdæ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edIm,IrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr rMlayGñkecHdwgExμrEdr. enHCa EpnkaryYnrMlayBUCsasn_ExμrCaelIkTIBIr edIm,IelbTwkdI. carkmμyYn)an sMlab;GñkR)aCJ bBaØvnþExμrTaMgGs; TukEtGñkl¶g;exøA eTIbéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM1979 yYncUlmkQøanBanelbykTwkdIExμr bnþsMlab;Exμr ¬enA k5¦ nigbøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþExμr. etInNaGñksMlab;;Exμr? etIExμrl¶g;Nas;eTA rhUtdl; sMlab;; bBaØv½nþCatixøÜnÉg Rtg; cMNucenH sUmbgb¥ÚnCnrYmCatiCYyBicarNar . cMelIyKW kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin dwknaM nigerobcMedayyYn enHehIy CaGñk sMlab;;Exμr. ehtuenHehIy 7 mkra Caéf¶yYn QøanBansMlab;Exμrbnþ minEmnCaéf¶dwgKuNyYnenaHeT. dUecñH sRgÁam cab;BIqñaM1970 mkKWCasRgÁamrvag Exμr nigyYn. Etesþc sIhnu eFIVneya)ay RtLb;RtLin CYyyYn BwgyYn eFIV KMrbeGayyYn ebIk»kaseGayyYn cUlmkrMlayBUCsasn_Exμr nigelbykTwkdIExμr. sIhnu manKMnMusgswk nwgExμr CYyyYneGay sMlab;Exμr ln; nl; nig sIrImt³. cugbBa©b; yYneRbIl,ic sMlab;;Exμr ehIyTMlak;kMhus dak;ExμrRkhm rYcTuk sIhnu CaExl. ExμrCaGñkbraC½y nigxUcxatplRbeyaCn_ RKb;ya:g EtyYnCaGñkcMeNj )anplRbeyaCn_ya:geRcInsni§ksn§ab;eTAvij.

2-rbbkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Gay:g yYn (Pupet Regime of Vietnam, Hun Sen and Heng Samrin)

yYn)ancUlmkQøanBanTwkdIExμr nigbøn;ykRTBüsm,tþiExμr enAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 elIkbnþúb BYk Gay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn ¬GtItTahanExμrRkhm¦ dUckalyYnQñ³saFarNrdæExμ ln; nl; ehIybMBak; C½yCMnH eGayBYkExμrRkhmEdr. yYn)anbøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþExμr cuHkic©RBmeRBogsin§isBaØaxusc,ab; kat;ykTwk dIExμr sni§sBaØaqñaM1979-1982-1983 nig1985. yYnbnþsMlab;ExμreTot edayecaTfaExμrRkhm bBa¢ÚnExμr eGayeTAsøab;enAtMbn; k5. yYn)an bBa¢ÚnGñkCMnajkarmkeFIVkarCamYy ExμrGay:g. yYneronPasaExμr ykRbBn§ b¤bIþExμr. yYn 5nak; Exμr1nak; enAkñúgTIRkug cMENkenAtamCnbT yYn1nak; Exμr5nak;. enHCa EpnkaryYnsMlab;

Exμrpþac;BUC.

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shPaBsUevot GñkenAeRkayxñgyYn )andYlrlMenAqñaM1989 caj;shrdæGaemric. eBlenaHyYnk¾Føak;exSay enAÉkeka eRBaHGas‘an cin nigshrdæGaemrik )andak;karKabsgát;TaMgxagesdækic© nigneya)ay eRBaH yYn QøanBanRbeTsExμr. cMENkrbbGay:g ehg sMrin h‘un Esn EdlkMBugRtYtRtaExμrxusc,ab; k¾cab;epþIm crcar CamYyclnats‘URtIPaKI tamRBMEdn KWrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr km<úCaRbCaFietyü nig h‘Vúnsiunbiuc. eRkayBImankarccarKña CaeRcInelIk rvagPaKExμrTaMgbYn GgÁkarshRbCaCati)ansMerceGay yYndk kgT½Becj BIRbeTsExμr. RbeTsExμr nwgerobcMe)aHeqñatmYy EdlmankarRtYtBinitüBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNTAC). Et eBl EdlyYndkT½BecjenaH yYn)andkT½BecjeTAedayxøÜnÉg munkarerobcMrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati eday bnSl;TukenAkgT½BesøókBak;sIuvilrab;mWunnak; bgáb;xøÜnkñúg KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. huk LgDI nig bkSBYk Gay:g minGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRtYtBinitüeLIy. enAqñaM1989 h‘un Esn xøÜnÉg)anecjpSayfa manCnCatiyYnCag1lannak; manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCati Exμr dUcKñaeTA nigGtþsBaØaNb½NÑEdlecjeGayCnCatiExμrEdr. dUecñH BYkyYnTaMgenaHmansiTi§eBjelj kñúgkar e)aHeqñatCatiCabnþbnÞab;. sini§sBaØasniþPaB TIRkug)a:rIséf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM1991 eFIVeGaymankare)aHeqñatenAqñaM1993. Exμr RkhmemIleXIjyYnbgáb; dUcenHPaKIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümin)ancUlrYmkare)aHeqñatenaHeT. eBlBYkemRtYtRta xusc,ab; h‘un Esn KNbkSRbCaCncaj;eqñat KNbkShVú‘nsiunbiucqñaM1993 edayGagyYnBIeRkayxñg ¬Edl )anbgáb; TukkgT½B nigCMnajkar kñgú eBlkgT½ByYnQøanBandkecjBIRbeTs ExμrenAqñaM1989¦ BYk h‘un Esn min)aneKarBkic©RBmeRBog sin§isBaØasniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIseT. l,icneya)ay sIhnu nig h‘un Esn )aneGay neratþm cRkBgS begIáttMbn;Gb,Kmn_ enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ edIm,IeFIVsRgÁam nigeFVIeGayraMgsÞ³ lT§pl e)aHeqñat EdleBlenaH h‘Vúnsiunbiuc CaGñkQñH. sIhnu )anCYbcrcarsMgat;Ca mYy h‘un Esn enAqñaM1987 edIm,IrkSakumμúynIsþyYn nigraCblø½gÁbnþeTot. naeBlenaH sIhnu dwgc,as;Nas;fa shRbCaCati )ancMNay 2ekadiduløa mkelIRbeTsExμr k¾eRBaHEt edIm,ICYyRbCaCatiExμr eGaymansnþiPaB rYccakputBITukçesakrMauér:Gs; kalCag 3TsvtSr_mkehIyenaH EtminEmnedIm,I mkCYyeGaymanraCblø½geLIgvijeT . ehIy esþcenH dwg y:agCak;fa ebITukeGay shRbCaCati enARKb;RKgRbeTsExμrteTAeTot sIhnu minGacRkLúksßankarN_eGay vileTArkrbbraCaniym)aneLIYy. rIÉ Cnk,t;Cati h‘un Esn Gay:gyYn k¾mankaryl;eXIjEdrfa ebIsinCaTuk eGayshRbCaCati enAkñúgRbeTsExμr vaminGacBRgwgGMNaceLIgvij)aneLIy. cMeBaHyYn yl;fa edIm,Ibnþ Epn elbykTwkdIExμr RtUvEtCMrujeGaymankardkkMlaMg shRbCaCati ecjBIRbeTsExμry:agdac;xat. esþc sIhnu KitfaxøÜn Gace)ak h‘un Esn edaykarbeBa©IcbeBa©I eGaygarCaesþc CaeteCa epSg². ÉCnk,t;Cati eRkamkarjúH jg;BIyYn KitfaxøÜnGaceRbIR)as;esþc sIhnu edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_ kñúgkarBRgwgGMNaceLIgvij)anEdr. ehtuhñwg ehIy CaehtueFVIeGayGñkTaMgBIr eFVIkarRbkasedj kMlMagshRbCaCatiecjBIRbeTsExμr naqñaM 1993 enaHÉg. ehIyedaysarEt KMniteRskXøanraCblø½genaHehIy EdleFVIeGayneya)ayyYnelbTwkdI Exμr bnþeTArkkar sMercpleFøareLIg. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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GnþraKmn_BI sIhnu eGayRbeTsman naykrdæm®nI 2 eRkamelspSHpSaCati bRgYbbRgYmCati RtUv)an ykmkeFVICaExl nig)anbegáIteLIg. BlIkmμrbs; GñkCatiniymExμr EdlbUCaedayCIvit edayQamRss; enAtam CayEdnxaglic EdleFVI[neya)ayvatTIrbs;yYn Gay:gk,t;Cati RtUvdYlrlMeTAehIyenaH RtLb;Ca\tn½y . )anRtwmEt CUndMeNIresþcenH [)anesayraCü vijEtb:ueNÑaH nigRtUv)anesþcenH ykmkCan;QøICaEl,g. minEt b:ueNÑaH ]tþmesnIy Gñkts‘UCaeRcIn sibnak; nayTahan CaeRcInBan;nak; EdlesμaHRtg; nwgesþcenH RtUv)anesþc lIla RbmUlykmk[yYn niwgGay:gyYn sMlab;begðIenAéf¶ 5-6 kkáda 1997 nigbnþsMlab; tamviFIexμAggwtEbb ePrvkmμepSg² dUcCa÷ kll,icsMlab;GñkesñhaCati 1-naMpwksIu bgárCMelaH )aj;e)aH ehIy)aj;sMlab;.

2-naMpwksIu RsI jI ehIydak;fñaMsMlab; edayBnüaeBl. 3-bgáreFVICaeRKaHfñak;cracr.

4-)aj;sMlab; edayeFVIEbbCaecarkmμ b¤TMnas;KMnMuepSg².

5-ebICnenaHmankarRbugRbytñ½ minGaceFVIGIVekIt BYkvabegáIt ÉksarEkøgkøayehIyecaTRbkan; edIm,I cab;dak;Kuk nigedIm,I bgçÚcmuxmat; neya)ay. þI

kll,icyYn sMlab;BlrdæExμrTUeTA ¬TaMgkUnecA nigBYk´kBa¢HyYnpgEdr¦ -sMlab; edayBgVk;nwgRsa nigkardak;CatiBulkñúgRsa karplitRsaBIsarFatuKImI -sMlab; tammðÚbGahar karplitGaharedayeRbIsarFatuKImI -sMlab; tamkarcMlgemeraKeGds_ -sMlab; edaykarbMpøajmcäaCati -sMlab; edaykarbMpøaj nigdeNþImyktMbn;esdækic© ¬beNþyykdIeRkamels GPivDÆn_¦ -sMlab; edayeFVI[ExμrFøak;xøÜnlg;kñúgPaBRketaky:ak nigkarbøn;ykkargar bøn;yk tMbn;esdækic©Exμr.

-TRnÞanykdIeRkampøakRkumh‘un ¬dIcMkarekAs‘U dIkñúgTIRkug¦. edIm,IsMercEpnkarelbykRbeTsExμr edaymin)ac;bgðÜrQam EdlmanBYkGay:g h‘un Esn CaGñkCYypg. yYn )anpþl;luyd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; eGayCn CatiyYn EdlecH Exμrc,as; TIjdIenATIRkug TIRbCMuCnFM eRkampøakRkumh‘un kUer: cin kugRtaryHeBl 99qñaM. Ettam karBit suT§swgCaCnCati yYnTaMgGs; . ktþaenH eFVIeGayBYkExμrGñkmanrt;eTATIjdIenAtamCnbT ehIyBYk Gñk enAtamCnbTeTArukran TRnÞan eTAkab;bMpøaj;éRBeQI enAtaméRBPñMnana. {lEgVkR)ak;DYg Exμrkab;bMpøaj;b¤sSI PMñeBjduløafμI Exμrkab;bMpøajéRBeQIrMlayPñM}

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3-GaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI nigCnGenþaRbevsn_yYn (Neo Colonism of Vietnam and Vietnamese Immigrants)

ExμreyIgkMBugRbQmmuxnigeRKaHmhnþrayd¾F¶n;F¶r KWkar)at;bg;TwkdI nigrlayBUCsasn_ dUc RbeTscM):a nigExμrkm<úCaeRkamedaymindwgxøÜn. yYn)anbnSl;TuknUvCMnajkaryYnecHPasaExμr dUcCa huk LgDI sux Kg;/ b‘un sm/ sux Gan nigcay saMgyun CaedIm. BYkyYnecHPasaExμrTaMgenH kMBugRtYtRtaRbeTs ExμrsBVéf¶ kMBugbgðÚrCnCatiyYneGaytaMgTIlMenAkñúgRbeTsExμrmancMnYn 4500 000nak; ¬bYnlanknøH¦. enH Caneya)ay yYnnUbnIykmμ tamEpnkaryYn hU Cimij bBa©Últamry³ BYkemRtYtRtaxusc,ab; {KNbkSRbCaCn} Edl man Gak,t; h‘un Esn Caemekøag. dUecñH eTaHCamankarerobcMqakelçane)aHeqñat bnøMEPñkRbCaCatiExμr nigGnþrCati k_ eday k_lT§plenHmin Emnecj BIqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akdeT. enAqñaM1970 RbCaCnExμrmancMnYnEt 6 500 000 nak;b:ueNÑaH kñúgenaHmanCnePosxøÜnyYnRbEhlCa 200 000 nak; eTA 300 000nak; CaGñkensaTsißtenAtambwgTenøsab. eRkayBIRBitþikarN_pþÜlrMlMsemþc neratþm sIhnu enAkñúgéf¶TI18 mIna 1970 eBlenaHCnCatiyYnmYycMnYn RtUv)an]tþmesnIy_ ln; nl; bBa¢Ún eGayRtLb;eTAmatuPUmivij. yYnmYycMnYnEdlenAsl; RtUv)ansøab;enAkñgú rbbkm<Cú aRbCaFibetyüBIqñaM1975 eTA qñaM1978. dUecñH enAeBlEdlkgT½ByYnQøanBanTwkdIExμr enAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 enaH KμanyYnenAsl; elI TwkdIExμreToteT. tamsmIþ h‘un Esn kñúgkic©smÖasn_mYy enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra qñaM1988 faRbCaBlrdæExμr enAcug qñaM1987 mancMnYn 7 995 000 nak; BUCsasn_Exμr manBI74° eTA80° dUecñHmann½yfa cMnYnRbCaBlrdæ BI 1 600 000 nak; eTA 2 000 000 nak; Edlrs;enAelITwkdIExμr minEmnCa BUCsasn_ExμreT. enAelIBiPBelakKμanCnGenþaRbevsn_xusc,ab;Na manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑ mansiT§ie)aHeqñatnigeFVICaGñkdwk naM sMxan;²kñúgsßab½nCati dUckñúgRbeTsExμrsBVéf¶eRkamkarRtYtRtabeNþaHGasnñrbs;Gay:g h‘un Esn enHeLIy. enARbeTsGaLWm:g;manRbCaBlrdæ Tur_KI 3 000 000 nak; eTA 5 000 000 nak; kMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTs enH bICMnan;mkehIy EteKminEdlpþl;siT§ieGayRbCaBlrdæ Tur_KI TaMgenaH mansiT§e)aHeqñat dUcCnGenþaRbevsn_ yYn Edlrs;enARbeTsExμreLIy. enAqñaM1979 kñúgTwkdIExμr KμanCnCatiyYn mñak;eT 0° . EtcMnYnRbCaCnyYn ekIneLIgrhUtdl; 17>5° enAcugqñaM1987 ¬1>4 lannak;¦ yYneLIgrhUtdl; 23° enAqñaM1995 ¬2>4 lannak;¦ \LÚvenH yYnekIneLIg dl; 33° enA qñaM2005 ¬4>5 lannak;¦. bu:Enþbc©úb,nñenH RbCaBlrdæExμr ekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s rhUtdl;cMnYn 14 500 000nak; etIehtuGIV)anCaRbCaBlrdæExμr ekIneLIgya:gqab;EbbenH. karbBa©ÚlCnCatiyYn mktaMgTI lMenARKRKwkKeRKgenH minxusBIGIV EdlyYn)anbBa©ÚlCnCati yYn mkkñúgRbeTscm,:a nigExμrkm<úCaeRkamBI sm½y munenaHeT. ¬sUmGanÉksar eyagCaPasaGg;eKøs rbs;GKÁraCTUt shrdæGaemrik EdlcUlnivtþn_¦. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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4-h‘un Esn ekobsgát;CiHCan; BlrdæExμreGay exSaHexSayRkIRk Gt;Xøan l¶g;exøA P½yxøac (Hun Sen Makes the People Poor, Illiterated and Scared)

edIm,IelbykRbeTsExμrtamry³GaNaniKmn_EbbfμI ¬neya)ayRtCak;¦enH yYn)ansMlab;RBlwgExμr tamkarEkERbRbvtþisaRsþExμr nigmenaKmn_epSg². tamryHGay:g h‘un Esn yYn)anbM)ak;qnÞ³ExμrRKb;viFI. yYn BüayameRbIRKb;viFIsaRsþ edIm,IeFIVeGayExμrminGacegIbeLIgerIbMr:Hts‘UrYc. RbCaBlrdæExμrRkIRk KμankarGb;rM li¶tl¶g; xøacBYkGñkmanGMNac bkSBYk h‘un Esn . yYn)ankan;kab;s½kþanuBlCatiExμrsMxan;² dUcCa xageyaFa xagesdækic© xagneya)ay tulakar nigsarBt’man.l. h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYn Edlmanectna eFIVeGay RbCaBlrdæExμr exSaHexSayRkIRk Gt;Xøan l¶g;exøA P½yxøac edIm,IGMNacrbs;va. EtyYnCaGñkqk;bøn; ykpl RbeyaCn_ BIExμr edIm,IeFVIeGaysMercmhicäta elbykTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. yYn eFIVeRbIR)as;meFüa)ayRKb;Ebbya:g eFIVeGayExμr vk;vegVgePøcCatiÉg Ebk)ak;samKÁI KitEtGatμaniym nigKitEtRkBH. yYntMrUveGayBYk h‘un Esn dwgKuNyYn dwgKuN7 mkra. k-etI yYn h‘un Esn eFIVeGayExμrRkIRktamviFINaxøH? yYnRbmUlFnFanRTBüsm,tiþFmμCatiEr: kñúgdIelIdIrbs;ExμrdUcCa RtI éRBeQI mas eBRC nigRTBü sm,tiþ epSg²eTotyk eTARbeTsyYn. yYnbBa¢ÚnCnCatixøÜn eGaymkdeNþImkargar dIFøI ERscMkar nigplRbeyaCn_Exμr. yYnRKb;RKgRbB½n§esdækic©Exμr edayeGay sux Kg;/ b‘un sm.l. eFVIGaCIvkmμelI R)agÁ R)asaT Exμr elIRkumh‘un elIBaNiC¢kmμsMxan;nana . CnCatiyYntaMgTIlMenAtamtMbn;esdækic© cMENkExμr l¶g;exøArs;enARsukERs eFIVERscMkar elIdImYyGMBk . enAtamCayEdn yYn vabgçM eGayExμr e)aHbg;ecaldIERscMkar b¤¤bg;éføQñÜlelIdIERsxøÜnÉg.

R)ak;Extic EtTMnijeLIgéfø eFIV»yR)ak;cMNUlRbCaBlrdæExμrticCagcMNay¬KμanR)ak;snSM Føak; xøÜn kan;EtRk¦. kab;éRBeQI eFIVeGaymaneRKaHFmμCati TwkCMnn; eRKaHraMgs¶Üt nigdIKμanCICati CaehtueFVIeGayb:H Bal;Bal;dl;karbgárbegáInpl ksikrExμr y:agF¶n;F¶r. eGay sux Kg; nigRtkUl h‘un Esn lk;eRbgeLIgéføtamTMenIgcitþ sgát;kExμreGayGt;Xøan. xI©bulbreTsrab;landuløa Etykluydak;ehae):ApÞal;xøÜn . RbRBitþi GMeBIBukrlYyhYsnisS½y eFVIeGay RbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvsgbMnulbreTs CMnYsBYkva tamry³karbg;Bn§. yYnkan;EteRcIn dIkan;EteLIgéfø BYkmRnþIk,t; deNþImdIFIøBIRbCaBlrdæExμr edIm,Ilk;eGayyYn . beNþayeGayBYkmanGMNac rwbCan;qk;bøn;ykdIFøIExμr lk;eGayeTAQÜμjyYn EdlmankarTMnuk bMrug nigEpnkarBI rdækaryYn. RbCaBlrdæExμrsBVéf¶ RtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs3000 duløakñúgmñak;eTAehIy. •

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x-etI yYn h‘un Esn eFIVeGayExμrl¶g;exøAtamviFINaxøH? mineGaykUnExμrsikSaeronsURtRbvtþisaRsþExμrBitR)akd eGayExμreronRbvtþisaRsþEkøgkøay pþl; Bt’manminBit edIm,IbM)at;RBlwgCatiExμr bM)ak;qnÞ³esñhaCatiExμr. eFIVeGayExμrRkIRk KitEtGtaμniym nigxVl;EtnwgerOgRkBH naMeGayExμreronsURtmin)anx<g;x<s;.

RbBn½§Bt’man¬KμanÉkraCü¦eRkamGMNac yYn h‘un Esn EtmYy minpþl;Bt’manBit man RbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCati manEtBt’maneXasna ePIøtePIøn bgtUcbgFM nigBalaGava:Es. RbB½n§Gb;rMKμanKuNPaB ¬BukrlYy KμanbNÑal½y KμansMParHsikSaRsavRCav KμanbTdæan ¦. bM)ak;TwkcitþRKU pþl;R)ak;ExRKU minRKb;RKan; bM)ak;TwkcitþGñkesñhaCatiExμr KMram nigsMlab; vr³ burs Exμr bM)ak;sμartICatiniym. yYneFIVeGaysgÁmExμr eGaytMélelIsMPar³ GMNac nigmineGaytMélxøÜgÉg mineGaytMélGñk esñhaCatiExμr bMPitbMP½y bM)at;sμartI GñkKitRbeyaCn_Cati .

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K-etI yYn h‘un Esn eFIVeGayExμrP½yxøac)ak;s,attamviFINaxøH? sM;lab;Exμ tamEbb ePrvkmμ eGay)ak;s,at kalBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig rdækm<úCa nig enAEt Gnuvtþn_bnþkan;EtxøaMgeLIgrhUtdl;sBVéf¶. sMlab;GñkesñhaCati elIkGñkl¶g;exøA BYkBal l¶g;exøA eGaymanGMNac edIm,Isgát;sgáinExμr nigbnþKaMRT neya)ayk,t; Cati rbs;BYkva. eFVIeGayExμrsm½yeRkay ElgmanCMenO Elg eGay tMélelIkarecHdwg kareronsURt ¬Exμrman»kaseronsURt tictYc¦. lubbM)at; virHPaBGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd eGaytMélGñkbMpøajCati nigGñkEdlelμaPGMNac RsI RTBüsm,tþi laPskáar³. sMlab;ExμrtamRKb;viFI rdæRbharsMlab; ecaTRbkan; ePvrkmμ )aj;sMlab; dak;fñaMBul eFVIeGay eRKaHfñak; cracrN_ ecarbøn; CMgWeGds_ nigCMgWepSg² cab;eGayRkeBIsIu TMlak;eRCaHeBRCnil nigsMlab;enAkñúgeBTükal;Em:Rt edaycak;fñaMsMlab; ¬eBTüyYnsMlab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr¦.l.

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5-karsnñidæanvasnaGnaKtCatiExμr (Conclusion of Future Fate of Cambodia) srubmk RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶ kMBugEtsißtenAkñúgGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI. h‘un Esn kMBugRtYtRta RbeTs ExμrbMMerIyYn tamrbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar ekobsgát;ExμrmineGayegIbrYc eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrrgTukçevTna RkIRk l¶g;exøA P½yxøac nigrs;kñúgPaBGyutiþFm’. vasnaExμr nwg)at;bg;TwkdI rs;CaCnCati PaKticelITwkdIdUnta xøÜnÉg KμansiTi§esrIPaB rgTukçevTna dUcCaRbeTs cm,:a nigExμrkm<úCaeRkam. RbeTs km<úCa nwgmanEteQμaHelIEpnTI RbCaBlrdæExμrnigkøayCaCnCatiPaKtic rbs;RbCaCn \NÐÚcin¬yYn¦ naeBlGnaKtd_xøI. -eKalbMNg nigTisedAGñkdwknaMCatiExμr ¬Goal and Objective of Khmer Leaders) edayemIleXIjeRKaHmhnþray cMeBaHCatiExμr d¾F¶n;F¶renH eTIbemdwknaMCatiExμr )anxitxM RbmUlcgRkg nigriHrk meFüa)ayeFVIeGayman karrYbrYmRbCaCatiExμr GñkCatiniym GñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab; RKb; mCÄdæan kñúgeKalbMNgeFVIkarts‘U tamRKb;meFüa)ay RKb;lT§PaBEdlman edIm,I se®gÁaH Cati sasna RbCaCati Exμr eGayrYcputBI ½ 1-karelbRt)ak;qk;bøn;TwkdI BIsMNak;ecaryYn vatTIniym 2-rbbRtYtRta Ebbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn bMerIyYn 3-PaBRkIRk GyutþiFm’ nigGMeBIBukrlYy

II

edIm,InaMCatiExμrsageGay)annUv½ 1-ÉkPaBCati ya:gTUlMTUlay kñúgsgÁmExμrRKb;mCÄdæan enATUTMagTIVbelak. sagsamKÁICati karrYbrYm Cati edIreq<aHeTArkPaBrwgbwgKg;vg; rYccakputBI ])ayklrbs;sRtUvCitxag nigecaryYn EdlBüayam bMEbk bM)ak;Exμr rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr .

2-rbbRbCaFibetyü ÉkraCüPaB \sSrPaBCati BitR)akdmYy kñúgsgÁExμr naeBlGnaKt xagmux.

3-jaMugeGayRbCaCatiExμrTaMgmUl rs;kñúg suPmgÁl vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBlrwgbwugCanirnþn_ nig man]tþmPaB esμImuxnwgRbCaCatiCitxag. eBalKW RbCaCatiExμr RtUvrs;kñúgPaBCaExμr CaRbeTsExμr elITwkdIExμr man\sSrPaB manvibulPaBkñúgsgÁmCati Canic©nirnþ mansnþiPaBCaerogrhUt. ExμrminRtUvrs; kñúgCIvPaBmYy Edl manPaBeXøgeXøag dUcTwkelIsøwkQUkenaHeLIy¬sRgÁamvwkvr mincb;sYrBUC¦. Exμr RtUvEtbBa©b;PaB vwkvrsYrBUC enACMnan;enHeGay)an ehIye)aHCMhaneTArk PaBKg;vg; manvibulPaB CaerogrhUttkUntecA kñúgPaBCaExμr m©as; Rsuk m©as;RbeTs. eBalKW minEmn km<úCa Edlman }BYkExμrfμI} ¬kUnyYn EdlyYn )anerobcMeGaybnøMxøÜnCaExμr¦ enaH CaGñkdwknaMRbeTsenaHeLIy . EtKW RbeTsExμr EdlmanExμr m©as;TwkdIBitR)akd CaGñkRKb;RKg elITwkdI kMeNIt d¾Bisidæ rbs; dUntarbs;Exμr.

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-yuT§sa®sþTwk CakarFmμta kalNaeyIgcab;epþImmanKMnitRbyuT§ eyIgEtgEtriHrkyuT§sa®sþnana EdlnaM[mansMnYr nig cMelIy ³ • ebIeyIgmanKñaeRcIn {xøaMg} Cags®tUv eyIgGacvaylukelIsRtUv. • ebIeyIgmanKñatic {exSay} Cags®tUv eyIg®tUveRbIR)aCJa Cadac;xat.

• EtebIeyIgmanKñatic {exSay} ehIyR)aCJatic eTotpg etIeyIgeFVIya:gNa?

III

edIm,IrkBnøWsMrab;eqøIyeTAnwgsMnYrenH eyIgKYrBicarNa enAelIRbeyaKmYy rbs;TsSnviTUcind¾l,Il,aj mñak; eQμaH {Lav sðW} EdlKat;niyayfa ³ {enAkñúgelakenH KμanGVIEdlTn;RCay nigexSayCagTwkeT. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkarvayRbhar GñkEdlxøaMg nigrwg

maMTaMgGs; minEdleFVI)anQñHeTAelITwk ehIyKμanGVImkeRbobpÞwm )annwgTwkeLIy. PaBEdlexSay manC½yCMnH elIPaBkøaMgxøa PaBEdlTn;RCay manC½yCMnHelIPaBrwgmaM eyIgdwgRKb;²Kña EtKμanGñkNamñak;yk karecHdwgenH mk GnuvtþeLIy.} elak s‘un sWu sRgÁamviTUcin)aneBalfa { C½yCMnH énsRgÁam minsßitenATaMgRsugelI GñkEdlmankMlaMg FM b¤tUceLIy EtvasßitenAelIkarerobcM. ebIeTaHCa xμaMgFMb:uNÑakþI suT§swgEtmancMNucexSay . ebIxμaMgkarBarBImux xøaMg xageRkayexSay ebIkarBarBIxageqVgxøaMg xagsþaMexSay ebIkarBarCMuvij CMuvijsuT§swgEtmancMNucexSay. } dUecñH tamRTwsþIxagelI kñúgzan³eyIg CaGñkCatiniym CaGñkdwknMaExμr EdlenAkñúgPaB kEvkkqñaMg xVHmux xVHeRkayTn;RCay {exSay} GacrkRckecj edIm,IykC½yCMnHeTAelI BYkemRtYtRtak,t;Cati EdlkMBug {xøaMg} nig ruwgmaM)an ebIeyIg yl;c,as; BIRTWsþIenH nigGaceFVIRtab;tamlkçN³sm,tþirbs; {Twk} )an. enHCakarmYy Edl eyIg®tUvEth‘anRbQmmux BicarNa Rsvayk[Tal;Et)an.

1-TwktamGtßn½yviTüasa®sþ • KμanBN’ Kμankøin KμanrsCati • CaFatumYyEdlKμanrUbragBitR)akd EdlGacsMrbsMrYlrUbragxageRkA eTAtamkEnøgEdlvaenA k¾ b:uEnþ vaminGacbRgYj[tUc tamsMBaFnana)aneLIy. TwktamlkçN³FmμCati ³ • TwkhUrBITIx<s; eTATITMnab¬kEnøgEdlTTYlrak;Tak;nwgTwk¦.

• TwkmaneKaledAEtmYy KWhUreTArksmuRT. • ebIminTan;dl;eKaledA Twksñak;enAkEnøgmYy EdlmansßirPaBCaTIbMput.

• TwkhUrecjBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy Tal;EtmandICMer ¬cMNucexSayxμaMg¦.

• TwkGacbþÚrPaBekþA nigPaBRtCak; CamYyGñkCitxag. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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TwkGaceRsacRsg; b¤GackMeTcGñkCitxag tamry³ evlayUr s¶at;es¶om ¬RCab¦ b¤ qab; ¬hUrRKbdNþb;¦ b¤ GhwgSa ¬RCab¦ hwgSa ¬hUrbuklb;elI¦ enAkñúgsmuRTEdlCaeKaledAFMbMputrbs;Twk Twk)anTTYlkarsñak;enAedaysuxsanþRtaN sm,Úr sb,ayCaTIbMput CaKuNbMNac;EdlTwk)anTTYl tbsñgGMBIvIriyPaBrbs;xøÜnrhUtdl;Gvsan.

2-TwkRbdUcnigkMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr kMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμrsBVéf¶ ®tUvRbQmTl;muxnwg ecarQøanBanpg nwgGMNacpþac;kar EdlCaGay:g yYnpg. eKaledA FMcugeRkaybMput rbs;kMlaMgGñkesñhaCati KWRtUvEt rMedaH®suk[rYcput BIkNþab;éd {ecaryYn nigBYkGay:g h‘un Esn} EdlmanmeFüa)ay eRcIn elIslb; sMrab;kMeTcGñkesñhaCatieyIg. EtGñkesñhaCati k¾manParkic©CacaM)ac; kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH edIm,I seRgÁaH RbeTsCati BIkarsøab;)at;bg; nigkarBar RbCaBlrdæ TaMg Gs; EdlkMBugsßitenAeRkamkarCiHCan;rbs;rbbRtYtRtasBVéf¶enH. edIm,IsMerc ebskkmμd¾Bisidæ nigCaRbvtþisaRsþ enH kMlaMg esñhaCati ®tUveRkbCBa¢k;ykkarecHdwgGMBITwk TwkEdlTn;RCay-exSay EtGackMeTc s®tUvxøaMg-rwg maM)an.

3-GtþsBaØaNrbs;kMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr TwkKμanBN’ dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr Edlman \sSrHPaB TaMgxagkarpþÜcepþImKMnit karKit kar niyay karerobcMkic©karneya)ayénkarts‘U nigkarGnuvtþn_ edayminluHtam karjuúHjg; karjak;BI breTs b¤bkS Gay;:gbreTseLIy ehIyminRbkan;bkSBYk BN’sMbur tMkl;xøÜny:agx<s; sMrab;bMerI Et RbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCati Exμr minlk;k,albMerI RbeyaCn_ bkSBYk b¤®kumNamYyeLIy. eyIgdwg ehIyfa edIm,IbMpøajExμr yYn )anBüayam EjkbMEbkExμr Ca ExμreRcInCnCati Cacam CaGnikCn. Et tamBit TaMgcam TaMgExμr suT§swgCaGñkrg eRKaHeday sarecar yYnTaMg Gs;Kña . ehtuenH TaMg Exμr TaMgcam EdlekItelIdIExμr RtUvKitfaeyIgCaExμrTaMgGs;Kña RtUvrYbrYm samKÁIKña kMcat; yYn EtmYyEdl CasRtUvRbvtþisaRsþ eTIbeyIg)ansux. eyIgRtUveFVIeGaymankarrYbrYmCMuvij pl RbeyaCn_ GayuCIvit Cati CacMbgbg¥s;. eyIgRtUv CYyTMnukbMrug tamEdlGaceFIV)an dl;RbCaCatiTaMgLay dUc Ca lav m:ug nigGñkRbCaFibetyüCatinana EdlrgnUvkareFVITukbukemñj BIsMNak; ecaryYn. karrYbrYmrbs; RbCa CatiTaMgGs;kñúgtMbn; CayuT§saRsþsøab;rs; y:agsMxan;mYy kñúgkarpþÜlrMlM mhcäitaecar yYn eGay rlt;rlayeTA )any:agmanRbsiT§PaB. •

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TwkKμankøin k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr ®tUvecHerobcM cgRkgkMlaMg edays¶at;es¶om nigrkSakar

sMgat;bMput mineFVI[ecaryYn nigGay:g cab;PøwkBIskmμPaBrbs;eyIg)anTal;EtesaH. eTaHCaeFVIkar)anl¥ b¤eTaH CamankareføaHeFøay enAkñúgebskkmμrMedaHCati k¾KμanelcB¤ esaHeLIy. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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TwkKμanrsCati k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr ®tUvmanebskkmμ eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati nigsgÁmCati

mineFVIRbeyaCn_ eTA[®kumbkSBYkbuKÁl b¤ pÞal;xøÜneLIy. •

TwkKμanrUbragBitR)akd k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr enARKb;kEnøgtam®kumtUc tam®kumFM dUcTwk

føúk tUcFM enARKb;kEnøg ehIy®tUvecH bMEPøgrUbragrbs;xøÜn eTAtamkEnøgEdlsñak;enA. eTaHCaenA kñúgføúktUc b¤FM TwkminGacerovrYj)ak;qnÞH edaysarEtmansMBaFBIelIeLIy k¾dUcCa kMlaMgExμrGñk esñhaCati eTaHCaenAtam®kum tUc b¤tam®kumFM k¾ { TwkcitþbþÚrpþac; } minGacrYjmktUc b¤ min)at;bg; KMnitepþÜcepþImkñúgkareFVIkñugkarerobcMrbs;xøÜn edaysar karxVHxat karlM)akRKb;Rbkar EdlxøÜn)an CYbRbTHenaH eLIy. eBalKW enAEt rkSa\sSrPaBKMnit \sSrHPaBxagsμartIkñúgkareFVI karerobcM y:agskmμCab; Canic© minedkcaMmankardas;etOn b¤edkcaMEtmeFüa)ay BIfñak;elIeLIy.

4-KuNsm,tþi nigTwkcitþrbs;kmøaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr TwkhUrBITIx<s;eTATITab tamk,ÜnmYy ya:gCak;c,as; k¾dUcCa kMlaMgExμrGñkesñhaCati kñúgskmμPaB rbs;xøÜn ®tUvEteKarB {eKalmaKa’ b¤neya)ayrYm yuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy nigRbkan;x¢ab;nUvk,ÜntRmaswk nigkardwknaM RtwmRtUv} kñúgkarerobcM nigkareFVIskmμPaB dUcCasil,s®gÁam rbs; {s‘un s‘U} Ca edIm edIm,I[)an lT§pll¥ dUcTwkhUr BIx<s;eTATab. •

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TwkhUrBITIx<s;eTATITMnab cUlføúk cUlsÞwg cUlTenø cUlsmuRT Etføúk sÞwg Tenø nigsmuRT minEdl

degðIyehATwk[hUrcUleLIy k¾dUcCakMlaMgExμrGñkesñhaCati ®tUvEtsVHEsVgrab;rkGñkesñhaCati dUcKña mincaM)ac; edkcaMeKBnül;GgVr b¤snüapþl;rgVan; C½yP½NÐNamYyeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij føúk sÞwg Tenø nigsmuRT minEdlRbEkk minTTYlTwkeLIy. GñkesñhaCatiExμr EtgEtRbkan;yk ]tþmKti bMerI Cati CaBiessRbCaCatiExμr EdlkMBugrgTukç evTna RtUvEtriHrkviFICYyEkéx edayminedkcaMeGayBlrdæTaMgenaHrt;mkrkeyIgeLIy. GñkdwknaMExμrRtUvEtsVH EsVgrkGñkCatiniymnana RbCaCatiExμr Edl rgTukçeTas RbCaCatinanaEdlrgeRKaH edaysar yYn nigBYk Gay:g eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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k,t;Cati nigGñkTaMgLay Edlmanninñakarneya)aydUceyIg mansmancitþTTYleyIg edaykþIeBjcitþ ehIyGñk TaMgenaHehIy EdlCYylak; karBareyIg pþl;Bt’man rYmkMlaMgCamYyeyIg kñúgkarpþÜlrMlMBYkk,t; Cati.

TwkmaneKaledAEtmYy hUrcUleTAkñúgsmuRT . smuRT CaeKaledAEtmYy rbs;Twk . y:agNamij eKaledAEtmYyKt; rbs;GñkdwknaMExμr KWkarrMedaHCati[rs;ranKg;vg; rbs;RbCaCatiExμr RbeTsExμr ÉkraCü \sSr³ Rbkbeday vibulPaB manfamBl rwgbwugsßitesßr nigman]tþmPaB. eTaHCasøab;xøÜnk¾GñkdwknaMExμrminrYjraminlH •

bg;eKaledA enHdac;xat.

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ebIminTan;dl;eKaledA Twksñak;enAkEnøgmYy EdlmansißrPaBCaTIbMput k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCati

Exμr ebIminTan;rMedaHCati nigRbCaCatiExμr)aneT karRbwgERbg karerobcM karrs;enA nigskmμPaB ®tUveFVI[man snþi sux CaGtibrma. kñúgkal³eTs³ ts‘U eyIgrEmgCYbnUv ]bsKÁ½søab;rs; rab;minGs; . ehtuenHehIy rEmgmankar Ebk)ak; karbraC½y xøHedayeCosminrYc CaehtueFVIeGaydac; ryHTak;TgKña rvagxagelI nigxageRkam enAeBl NamYy. Etkñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvGs;sgÇwm min RtUvcuHj;:me)aHbg;karts‘U eLIy. pÞúyeTAvij RtUvecH rkSa\sSrPaBxagsμartI KWRtUvecHrs; ecHlak;xøÜn ecHsnSMkMlaMg ecHkarBarkMlaMgeGayKg;vg; ecHerobcMkMlaMg rg; caMeBlevla EdlGñkCatiniym nana mkeFVIkarrYbrYm pþúMKñaeLIgvij edIm,Ibnþkarts‘U eq<aHeTArkeCaKC½y.

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TwkhUrecj BIkEnøgmYy eTAkEnøgmYy Tal;EtmandICMer . )ann½yfa TwkEtgEt edIreTAsRtUv Edl

mancMNucexSay Et Twk minedIreTArksRtUvEdldwgxøÜnRbugRbytñ½eLIy. dUc)aneBalmkehIyfa eTaHCaxμaMgFM b:uNÑarEmgmancMNucexSay cMNucRbehagCadac;xat. karrs; karlak;xøÜn minRtUvedk lak;xøÜn edayGs;sgÇwm b¤edIm,Isøab;eLIy Etlak;xøÜn edIm,IsikSarkcMnucexSayxμaMg edayRbugRbytñ½ ehIybnþeFVI skmμPaBtsU‘ eFVIkarerob cMeTAmuxeTot edaykarPJak;rlwk nigTTYlxusRtUvx<s; smzan³CaGñkdwknaMExμr. GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvsikSarkeGay eXIjcMNuc exSayrbs;xμaMg ehIyeFVIkarvayRbharenATIenaH tameBlevlamYysmKYr nigmansnþisuxdl;xøÜn nig mitþrYmGavuF. eBalKW eBlevla EdlxμaMg ePøcxøÜn KμankarRbugRbytñ½ edayGnuvtþn_ tamk,ÜntMra nigklyuT§kgTB½ y:agRtwm RtUv minRbmaf. eFVIEbbenH eyIgtUcEtGacTTYleCaKCy½)any:ag R)akd.

TwkGacdUrPav³ekþA nigPaBRtCak; CamYyGñkCitxag k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr ®tUvecHEvkEjk sÁal; [c,as;rvags®tUv nigmitþ. kMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr RtUvecHlak;xøÜn sMrbxøÜn bnøMxøÜn eTAtam eBlevla tam TIkEnøg edIm,I eFIVeGayxøÜnrs; enAeFVIskmμPaB)an. ®tUvdwg[c,as;fa ®tYvrYbrYmCamYy mitþ GñkCatiniymdUcKña min vayRbharKña eTaHedaysMdIkþI CYyKμñaeTAvijeTAmk minKitplRbeyaCn_ EtRtUvcMeBaHsRtUvRtUvriHrkvIFIbMpøicbMpøaj vatamRKb;meFüa)ay EdlGaceFVI)an edays¶at;kM)aMg minGYtGag minecjmux.

TwkGaceRsacRsg; b¤GackMeTcGñkCitxag tamyuT§sa®sþ ry³evla yUr s¶at;kM)aMg ¬RCab¦ b¤ qab; •

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vayluk ¬hUr-lic¦ b¤ GhwgSa ¬RCab¦ tamPaBhwgSa ¬hUr-lic¦ k¾dUcCakMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr ®tUvsÁal; nig

Gnuvtþn_eTAtamdMNak;kalénkarts‘Urbs;xøÜn edayminel¥og eBalKW enAeBlEdlxøÜn kMBugerobcM RtUvRbwgERbgeFVI eGayGs;sgÇwm mincaMkardas;etOn. b¤k¾enAedkcaMemIl Tal;Et b¤sUr kÐúgkÐaMg eTIbman TwkcitþRbwgeFVI RbwgerobcM enaHeLIy. eRbIyuT§sa®sþ eRbIkll,ic eRbIkarbiT)aMg enARKb;²CMh‘an RKb;eBlevla edIm,IsMgMenA eFVIkarerobcM eGay)an nigeRtomxøÜnRbyuT§ eBl »kas eRKagTuk )anmkdl; kñúgkarCYyeRsacRsg;RbCaCati Cati nig kMeTc s®tUveGay)anCaGtibrma TaMg xagkMlaMg neya)ay citþsaRsþ nigFnFan.

5-virPaBrbs;Twk • enAeBlNa TwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)anehIy vaminEdlenAcaMTTYlC½yP½NÐNamYyeLIy vaEtgEtrul tMrg;eTAeKaledACanic©. GñkEdlTTYlC½yP½NÐmuneK KW mcäaCati xüg kþam EdleKminGac XaXaMg )aneLIy. • KuNbMNac;rbs;GñkesñhaCati )anya:gbribUrN_ cab;BIeBlNaEdlkarts‘Ur)ansMerceCaKC½y rhUt dl;Gvsan énCatisasn_Exμr dUcCaTwk)anKuNbMNac;rbs;eK enAeBlNaEdlxøÜn)aneTAdl;smuRT dUecñaHEdr. • KuNbMNac;rbs;GñkesñhaCati minEmnCasMPar³Edl ÷ • )anmkGMBIkarrMelaPGMNac RbRBitþiGMeBiBukrlYy lYcCati ienaHeLIy. • )anmkBIkardeNþIm b¤lYcbøn; BIRbCaCatiExμreLIy. • )anmkBIkarlk;sm,tþiCati lk;Cati b¤ lk;k,al CakBa¢HbreTs enaHeT. KuNbMNac; rbs;GñkesñhaCatiExμr man {sMPar³} { kitþiys } nig{ CIvitrs;enARbesIr} )anmkBIkar RsLaj; kartbsñg BIsMNak;Cati nigCnrYmCatiExμr EdlmankarGbGrsaTrrIkray nigpþl;CUnCa kartbsñgsg KuN skþ×smeTAnwg virPaB KuNbMNac; rbs;eyIgCaGñkbMerICatiGs;mYyCivit. kitþinam kitþisBÞ½ rbs;GñkesñhaCati ®tUvcar enAelIsilacarwk nigkñúgRkaMgmasRbvtþisa®sþ nigGarüFm’Exμr. dUcman silacariknana Ca]TahrN_Rsab; Edlcarerobrab;BI vIrPaB rbs; C½yvrμ½nTI7 nigGs;elak CaemTB½CaedIm. b¤k¾dUcCaekr×þeQμaH rbs;virCn CaeRcIn man]kj:a sWun Kuy/ RkLaehaKg;/ Ehm ecov/ sWug g:ukfaj; CaedIm.l. ebIeTaHCaRtUvBUYkemRtYtRtabg¥abbeg¥an EtExμrsm½yeRkayenAEt eRkak karaBarelIkdMekIgCab;rhUtmk.

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6-kMlaMgExμrGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd

TwksÁal; TwkÉeTot edaysar lkçN³rbs;xøÜn CaBiessvaman {TMg;} dUcKña eRbgGENþtelITwk cMENk Twk Føak;cuHeRkam .

GñkesñhaCatiExμr manGtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn CasMKal;. KuNsm,tþi KuNFm’ karBüayam virkmμ nig \riya bf TMlab;RbcaMéf¶ y:agesßresμI minlHbg; minERbRbYl CalkçN³sMKal;rbs;Cn EdlGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd. ebI eTaHCa s®tUveRCotcUlkñúgrgVg; GñkesñhaCatikþI Etedaysarva minmanlkçN³ BiessdUcxagelI EdlduH ecj eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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BIcitþKMnit BIsμartIBit BIxagkñúgeTenaH nigeFVIeGayeyIg segáteXIj vaGENþteFøareLIgxusFmμta dUcduMeQIRCmuC kñúgTwk EtgEtGENþtPøameLIgEdr b¤dUcCa duMfμ EdlEtgliccuHRswmeTAkñúgTwky:agdUecñaHEdr. dUcKñaEdr ebIeTaH BYks®tUv eTaHvaxMEkøgxøÜn eFVI[manlkçN³ dUcGñkesñhaCatiya:gNakþI k¾ {TMgn;TwkcitþesñhaCati } rbs;vaminGac manTMgn; eRbobesμI nwigGñkesñha Cati)aneLIy. eBlNa vabnøMeFVICamankarQWcab; enaHkarQWcab;rbs;vaman TMgn; RsalCagkarQWcab; rbs;GñkesñhaCatixøaMgNas; dUecñH eyIgnwigGacsegáteXIj vaelceFøamky:ag c,as; RkELt eLIgdUceRbg rEmgGENþtelITwky:agdUecñaHEdr. b¤pÞúyeTAvij ebI vabnøMeFVI CamankarQWcab; k¾lkçN³ én karQWcab;rbs;va manPaB F¶n; xøaMghYsehtu ehIyeyIgnwgGac segáteXIj y:agc,as; RkELt edaysar va Føak;cuHeRkam dUcdIenAkñúgTwk. kalNa vacg;Rtab;tam GñkesñhaCati [dUcebHbitenaH va®tUvEtxMbþÚr TMgn; esñha Cati rbs;va mþgman TMgn; F¶n; mþgRsal mþgxøaMg mþgexSay ehIymþgFøak;TMgn;bnþic nigmþgeToteLIIgx<s;bnþic eyIgGacnigsegát eXIjelceFøar edayman ehtumineTogTat; minRbRktI xusBIFmμta ekItmaneLIg dUcCaTwk vilvl; l¥k;kkr manBN’EbøkBIFmμta.

GñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd rEmg Rbkan;x¢ab;karxVl;xVay cMeBaHeCaKvasna rbs;RbeTsCati RbCaCati ya:g esßresμI tamTWsedArYm Edl)ankMNt; kñúgkarrMedaHCati edayminERbRbYl mþgQb;mþgeFVI mþgeTAmuxmþgeTAeRkay mþgcUl xagenH xagenaH nigminlHElg e)aHbg;ecal b¤k¾dak;FurH edIm,Iqk;ykRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn k¾eTEdr minfa kal³eTs³ NaeLIy. RKb;\riyabf skmμPaB edk edIr Qr GgÁúy sIucuk TaMgkarKit karedIrehIr niyaysþIrEmg riHrk begáIt»kas eFVIkarts‘UrMedaHCati CYUyCati nigRbCaCati Canic© minfaxøÜnenATINa RtUvrgnUvkartam kab;sMlab; BIsMNak; ecaryYn nigBYkk,t;enaHy:agNakþI. TMgn; TwkcitþesñhaCati EtgmanTMgn; esμI minRskRsut minel¥ogxus b¤RtUvERbRbYledaysar briyakasCMuvijxøÜn b¤ktþaepSg²esaHeLIy. dUcmankMNaBüExμrGñkesñhaCati)aneBal Tukfa { -citþExμrCatiniym FMCagPñM rwgCagfμ eTaHxøÜnenAkñúgeXñob exñaHkekobehobRbhar citþenArIkdUcfμ bþÚrCIvitdi,tesñh’Cati.

-biTEPñkTTYlyk ral;Tukçesake)akbk;cM eTaHTukçFMCagPñM xMamat;RTaMxMBuHBar ykQamRkalRbfBI edIm,IExμrrs;Kg;vgS. 7-yuT§sa®sþrbs;TwkenAkñúgkarRbyuT§ • munnigcab;epþImRbyuT§ TwkEtgEtRbwgERbg hUr RCab edays¶at;es¶om edayBüayam minQb;minQr minfa yb;éf¶ eTApþúMKña enAkEnøgmYy EdlmanlMhñwg CaTIbMput EdlCakEnøgGacTTYlykTwkhUr mk BIRKb; TisTI RKb;Rck eBalKW Twk xitxMerobcM»kas rbs;xøÜnedIm,IykeRbobelIsRtUv EtTwkminEdl edkcMa»kasesaHeLIy. dUcKñaEdr kMlaMgGñkesñhaCatiExμr munnwgmanlT§PaB rMedaHCati)an min RtUvedkes¶om cMa»kaseLIy. eRBaHfa }»kasekItmanedaykarRbwgERbgerobcM } minEmnekIteLIg edaykaredkcaMeLIy. ehtuenH GñkdwknaMExμr EtRtUv RbWgERbRbmUlpþúMkMlaMgesñhaCatiBIRKb;TWsTI edaykareFIVeGaysμartICatiniym duHdal rIksuHsay RCYtRCabkñúg eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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citþKMnit GarmμN_ExμrRKb;RsTab; nigeTAkñúgføúk kñúgsÞwgKMnitrbs;RkumGñkCatiniymExμr RKb;TIkEnøgya:gskmμeday minQb;minQr minedkes¶om eTAtameBlevlaEdlxøÜnGaceFVI)an minfayb;éf¶eLIy. munnigTwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)an mundMbUgTwkcUlRCabbnþicmþg² enARKb;kEnøgTaMgGs; rbs;sRtUv Edl vaGachUrcUleTA)an. karRCabenH TukCaeKemIleXIj k¾KμannrNaykcitþTukdak;Edr edaysarKμan eRKaHfñak;dl; eK. kalNamanRbPBTwkRCab manb£seQI mktamedayKμannrNadwg eRkABIb£seQI xøÜnÉg BIeRBaHb£seQI®tUv karTwk. kaNamanb¤seQI eRCotERCkxøaMg TwkRCabk¾kan;EtxøaMg rhUtdl; TwkhUr)an. kalNaTwkhUr)an Twkva rMlayduMdItUcFM)antamkM;laMgva EdlnaM[manpøÚvTwkhUr kan;EtFM eLIg² . kalNa pøÚvTwkkan;EtFMeLIg² kMlaMg Twk varMlayduMdIkan;EtFMeLIg² rhUtdl;TIbBa©b;Twk TMlayTMnb;mYy)an. cUrcaMfa RbCaCatiExμrPaKeRcInelIslb; edkTnÞwgdegðIyrkGñkesñhaCatiExμr ediIm,ICYyseRgÁaH. eyIgRtUvcaMfa eyIgminGacTUlEpndIEtmñak;Ég)aneT ehtu dUecñHehIiyeyIg RtUvEtsVHEsVg RbkUkRbkasrkExμr EdlCam©as;TwkdI rYbrYmKñaCYy. ehtuenH munnwgGacrMedaHCati )an eyIgCaGñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEtkat;eTArkBüayameTACYbcgRkg GñkTaMgenaH CaRkum CaBYk CakMlMag Cati. eRBaH fa kMlaMgesñhaCati ebIeTaHCamaneRcInb:uNÑa ebIenATIéT mincg)ac;KñaeT nwgminGacekIt CakMlaMgclkrd¾man Gnu PaB GacrMlay BUkxμaMgsRtUvrbs;Cati)aneLIy. dUecñHehIy kareRbIR)as; kMlaMgxμaMgCakarsMxan;bMput. enAkñúg CYrxμaMg k¾manGñkEdlmanKMnitCatiniym Edr EtCaGñkCatiniym sÞak;esÞI ehIyeyIgCaGñkdwknaMCatiExμr minGaceFVI )anRKb;Rcklðk)aneLIy. k¾b:uEnþ eyIgGaceRbI R)as; RbCaCatiExμr EdleyIg )ancgRkg ehIyEdlCasac;Qam eGayeTATak;Tg bBa©úHbBa©Úl CamYyBBYkGñkCatiniymsÞak;esÞITaMg enaH dUcTwk EdleRbIb¤seQI eGayCYy eRCot ERCkhUrbukCMnYs Cab;Canic©dUecñaHEdr. •

enAeBlNaTMnb;rwgmaM TwkTMlayTMnb;mYymin)an vamanyuT§sa®sþmYyeTothUrkat;BIelI. kaNaTwk hUrkat;BIelI)an TIbBa©b;TwkTMlayTMnb;mYy)andUcKña. ya:gNamij PaBrwgeRkARbehagkñúgrbs; rbbRtYtRta min GacTb;nwg smuRTTwkcitþ Cati niym EdlduHdalPJak;rlwkrbs;ExμrRKb;rUbBaseBj RbeTs)aneLIy enAeBlNa EdlkMlMagsμartICatiniymRCYtRCab RbmUlpþúM)any:agmhasal ehIyenaH. rebobenH ExμreyIgFøab;)an eCaKC½y BIsm½y eRTOg mijy:ag mþgehIy. •

TwkeRbIyuT§sa®sþ EdlvaysMrukedaypþúMkMlaMg¬Concentration¦)aj;eq<aHeTAelIcMNucexSayCag eK rbs;KUs®tUv. GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvsVHEsVgrkcMNucexSayxμaMgTaMgxag neya)ay kgTB½ sgÁmCMenOsasnaEdl xμaMg )anGnuvtþn_sBVéf¶ ehIyeRbobeFob riHrkcMNucexSayxøaMgbMputrbs;xμaMg niRbmUlpþúMFnFan Edlman epþateTA elIcMNucexSayenaHeGay)aneCaKC½y. minRtUvCYyeFVIeGayrbbk,t; RtwmRtUv. minRtUveFVIeGayvamankMlaMg min RtUveFVIeGayva Rsbc,ab; minRtUvelIkTwkcitþBYkva nigminRtUvedIrtamKnøgyuT§saRsþ vaKUseGayeyIgedIr. eyIg dwgehIyfa yYn vaFøab;rujRcaneGaymhaGMNacGaemrik EdleRbIR)as;TaMg neya)ay kgTB½ eGaydac;p¶aeTA vij . ehIyeyIgk¾ KYrEtdwgfayYn h‘un Esn vadwgc,as;fa KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; suT§EtmanbMNgpþÜlrMlMva ebI •

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vayl;fa bkSTaMgenaH GacrMlMva)an vanwgeGaybkSTaMgenH ekIteLIy. etImanRbeyaCn_GIV EdlGñkCatiniymxøH e)alk,alsMruk eTAsMuGnuBaØatBIemRtYtRta edIm,IbegáItbkSRbqMag rab;minGs;enaH vaRKan;EtCakar bMpøaj;nUvFn Fan mantictYc min cMeKaledAEtb:ueNÑaH. • TwkenAGackat;Edk b¤ eQI)an enAeBlNaTwkmansMBaF enABIeRkayxøaMg nigmanRckecjtUc. Gñk dwknaMExμr etagyl;c,as;fa eyIgR)akdCaputBUC enARKaxagmuxminyUreLIy ebIeyIgminh‘an eRkakeLIgdwknaM eFVI karts‘UenaH . Ékarts‘Urbs;eyIg Cakarts‘UedayRtwmRtUv Rsbc,ab; eyIgman buBVsiT§eBlelj kñúgkareFVI eday minedkcaMCMnYyBINaeRkABIkMlaMgsamKÁICatiExμreLIy ehIykarts‘U rbs;eyIgR)akdCaQñH. ehtuenHehIy eyIg etageFVIeGayGñkesñhaCatiTaMgGs;yl;c,asdUc Camunfa CMerIsrbs;eyIgCaCMerIsRtwmRtUv RbkbedaysIlFm’ EdlmnusS elakTaMgGs;nwgKaMRT eyIg. eyIgKμanCMerIsepSgeLIy eRkABIkareRkak eLIgrYmeFVIkarts‘UedayPaB éføfñÚr kñúgkarkMcat; sRtUv edayeRbIRKb;meFüa)ay TaMgGs; TaMgGhigSa nighigSaneya)ay rYmpSMKña.

TwkenAkñúgsmuRT mankMlaMgxøaMgeTVreLIg enAeBlNaman¬ktþaeRkA¦xül;BüúH b¤manrMCYydIenAeRkam smuRT. tamFmμta TwknwgkøayeTACakMlaMgya:gmhima KμanGVImkTb;)an enAeBlNa manktþa eRkAmkCaCMnYy. RbCaCati EdlesñhasnþiPaB mnusSPaBkñúgPaBéføfñÚr nwgminenAes¶omeLIy ebIExμreRkakeLIg rYbrYmKñaeFVIkarts‘U y:agmWugma:t;siVtsVaj ehIyedaykarCYyeRCamERCgQQWq¥alBIGnþrCati nigGñk esñhasnþiPaBCMuvijBiPBelak nwgeFVIeGay smuRTsμartICatiniymrbs;Exμr nwgxøaMgeTVreLIgy:ag xøaMg mhima d¾BitR)akd ehIyeBlenaHehIy EdleyIgGac vayrujRcanecar yYn nwgBYkk,t;)an.

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8-yuT§sa®sþrbs;TwkenAkñúgkarkarBarxøÜn • kalNaTwkenAmancMnYntictYc vaEtgEteRCotxøÜnenAkñúgdI enAkñúgedImeQI enAelIsøwkeQI. enAeBl Na vamancMnYnRKb;lμm vaEtgEthUrpþúMKñacUleTAkñúgføúkmYy b¤vahUrCapøÚvTwkenAeRkamdI. eBlNaTwkcUlkñúg føúk ehIy vaEtgEtciBa©wmedImck[duHBaseBj sMrab;karBarxøÜn. cMENkTwkEdl hUrcUlCapøÚvTwk vaEtgEthUrcUl sÞwg b¤ Tenø enAeRkamdI. • TwkenAkñúgføúkenAeBlNamanGasnñvaEbkExJkKña ¬ebIeyIgedIrCan;Twkføúk TwkEbkx©ayecjBIføúk¦Et vahUrmkpþúMrkKñaCanic©vij enAeBlputBIGasnñ.

9-Twk nigsil,³s®gÁam {s‘un s‘U } s‘un s‘U {®tUveFVIkarsikSa nigBinitüviniqä½y enH®tUveFVIenAelIktþacMnYn 5 Edlman\T§iBlelITwkcitþ FatuGakas dI emdwknaM RTwsþInigc,ab;.

• \T§iBlelITwkcitþ TwkRtCak;RtIkum ¬TwkCaTIsgÇwm CaCMrkrbs;mcäaCatiTaMgLay¦ • FatuGakas TwkcaMktþaxageRkACanic© EdlsMrYlkarvayRbhar ¬xül;-rBa¢Üy)atsmuRT¦ • dI Twkdk;enAkEnøgEdlmansnþisuxsMrab;vaCanic© eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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GñkdwknaM ¬karbuinRbsb;rbs;GñkdwknaMs®gÁam¦TwkvayRbharEtenAelIcMNucexSayrbs;s®tUvCanic© RTwsþI nig c,ab; TwkEtgEteKarBc,ab;FmμCatiCanic© • s‘un s‘U { ebImankmøaMg 10 dg eRcInCags®tUv ®tUvekþab biTpøÚvRKb;Rck } • Twk {mankmøaMgelIslb; TwkcUllicRKb;kEnøg TwkRKbBIelI } • s‘un s‘U { ebImankmøaMg 5 dg eRcInCags®tUv vayRbharRKb;®Cug } • Twk { hUrcUl B½T§CMuvij } • s‘un s‘U {ebImankmøaMgesμInigs®tUv ®tUvjúHjg;[mankarRbyuT§ } • Twk { Twkllk e)akelITMnb; elIRcaMg Caerogral;eBlevla } • s‘un s‘U { ebImankmøaMgticCags®tUv ®tUvmankar®bugRby½tñkuM[mankareføaHeFøay eKcecj BIkarvay Rbharrbs;xμaMg} • Twk {enAkñúgføúk sMgMes¶óm Gt;mankMerIk nigmanckRKbBIelI biT)aMgEfmeTot}

10-l,icd¾l,Il,ajnanaenAkñúgs®gÁam k-sMlab;s®tUv edayx©IdaveK ¬l,icTI3 énl,icyuT§sa®sþ TaMg 36 rbs;cinsm½yedIm¦ {cMeBaHs®tUv eyIgCak;CasÁal;c,as;GMBIbMNgrbs;va cMENkÉkarsÁal;c,as;GMBIbMNgrbs;BYksm<½n§mitþ

CakarminR)akd. eyIgeRbIkll,ic[mñak;enH kMeTcmñak;enaHCYseyIg edayeyIgmin)ac;mankarRbLÚkRbLak; CamYy.} eKalbMNgRbqaMgrbs;s®tUv eXIjCak;lak;ya:gR)akd. k¾bu:Enþ manKUrRbECgmYyeTot cg;cUlmk RbLÚkCamYy. eyIg®tUvEt { x©I } kMlaMgfμIenH edIm,ItTl;RbqaMgnwgs®tUv. l,icEdlmaneQμaHfa { x©I } KW CakarbEgVr ykkMlaMgGñkepSgeTot [RtLb;eTARbqaMg nigs®tUvrbs; eyIg vij. l,icenH KWCakarsnSMkMlaMgrbs;eyIgCaGtibrma KW CaeKall,ickñúg {s®gÁamRbCaCn} Edl eK eXIj BYk {]TÞamRbCaCn} bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar edaykardeNþImykGavuFBIs®tUv. • GñkEdlmankMlaMgminRKb;RKan; EtgEt { x©I } kMlaMgs®tUv • GñkEdlcg;sMlab;eK EtminGaceFVIeTA)an EtgEt { x©I } davrbs;s®tUv • GñkEdlxVH fvika EtgEteFVI[s®tUvpþl;[ ¬vaydeNþImyk fvikar BIsRtUv¦.

• GñkEdlxVH sMPar³ EtgEteTAyksMPar³BIs®tUv¬vaydeNþImyk sMParH BIsRtUv¦.

• GñkEdlxVH es,og EtgEteTAyk es,og BIs®tUv¬vaydeNþImyk es,og BIsRtUv¦.

• GñkEdlxVH GavuFyueT§abkrN_ EtgEteTAyk BIs®tUv¬vaydeNþImyk GavuFyueT§abkrN_BIsRtUv¦.

• GñkEdlxVHnayTah‘an EtgEteTArkBIxags®tUv ¬bBa©úHbBa©ÚlykTahansRtUv ykBlrdæEdl sRtUv RKb;RKg¦.

• GñkEdlxVHl,ic EtgEtlYcl,icBIxμaMg¬lbsegát nigRtab;ykl,icBIsRtUv¦

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etIesckþITaMgenH mann½yya:gNa? kareFVI[xμaMg eFVIGVI²mYy EdleyIgcg;eFVIxøÜnÉg enaHehIyEdlehAfa { x©wkMlaMg } xμaMg. • karEdleFVI[ xμaMg yl;fa ®tUvEtkMcat;dac;xat GñkEdleyIg®tUvkarkMcat; enaHehIyCakar { x©I dav } s®tUv. • karvaydeNþImyk fvika RTBü es,og BIxμaMg enaHehIyCakarEdleFIV[xμaMgpþl;[.

• karvay lYc bøn; vayykGavuF sMParH BIéd rbs;s®tUv Cakar { x©I } sMPar³rbs;xμaMg. • kareFVI[vamankareRbHqaépÞkñúg enaHehIyCakar { x©I } nayTahanrbs;va.

• karEdlbEgVrykyuT§sa®sþrbs;va eRbICaskmμPaB bMpøajvavij enaHehIyCa kar { lYc } yuT§sa®sþrbs;va.

• GVI²EdleyIgminGacGnuvtþ)an ®tUvEteFVI[nrNamñak;eTot GnuvtþCMnYs. eyIgminEmnCa GñkeFVIpÞal;éd k¾KμanGVICasMxan;eT karsMxan; KW karTTYlpll¥ BIGMeBIenaH. • eyIgGaceFVI[xμaMgva { x©I } GVI²EdleyIg®tUvkar BImñak;eTot edIm,Inwg[eyIg)an { x©I } bnþ.

• juauMgeGayva [vaeTA { x©I } sMrab;eyIg Iedaymincab;Pøwk b¤ebIsinCavacab;Pøwk k¾va®tUvEteFVI edaysarvaKμanCMerIsepSgeRkABIenH. esckþITaMgGs;enH CaeKalsMxan;kñúgl,ic { x©IkMlaMgs®tUv } edaysarl,icenH { sðIkug } )anCYyeRsac Rsg;RbeTs { luy } )aneFVI[RbeTs { KI } mankarlM)ak )aneFVI[RbeTs { vU } hinehacnigCYy[RbeTs { Cin } BRgwgCMhrrbs;xøÜn. enAedImstvtSTI5 ¬qñaM 490 ¦ mun K>s> m®nþI { tüan qag } erobcMeFVIrdæRbharenAkñúgRbeTs { KI }. k¾bu:Enþ Kat;®tUvEtkMcat;nahμWnRbqaMgmYycMnYnCamunsin. Kat;manKMnit nigekNÐkgT½BsMrab;eFVIcM)aMgnwg RbeTs Citxag. RbeTsEdlKat;emIleXIjfamaneRbob nigykC½yCMH)an KWRbeTs { luy } ehIyKat;k¾cab; epþIm Guc Gal. RbeTs { luy } CaRbeTskMeNItrbs; { kughVúysuIyus } edayeXIjmhnþraymkdl; elak { kughVúy suIyus } k¾GMBavnav suM[kUnsisSrbs;elak eFVIGnþraKmn_ edIm,IeRsacRsg;RbeTs [putBImhnþrayenH. kññúg cMeNamsisSTaMgGs; man elak { sðIkug } EdlmanfVIédCageK sμ½RKcitþeFVIGnþraKmn_. elak { sðI kug } )aneTARbeTs { KI } sMucUleFVIsvnakarCamYy elak { tüan qag } ehIyKat; k¾niyay fa ³ •

elakmankMhusmYyya:gF¶n; edaycg;vayRbharelIRbeTs { luy } edaysarRbeTsenH eFVIeGay elakmankarlM)akya:gxøaMg BIeRBaHTI®kugRbeTs { luy } minmaMmYn manTMhMtUc esþcl¶g; nigkac nahμWnBukrlYy nigxVHsmtßPaB ra®sþmincUlcitþeFVIs®gÁam elakKYrEtvayRbharRbeTs { v:U } vij. RbeTs { vU } vaCabc©amitþmYy smniwgesckþI®tUvkarrbs;elak. TI®kugRbeTs { v:U } mankMEpgya:gmaMmYn mandIFM manTahancMNan² manes,óg nigsMPar³RKb;RKan; manGñkdwknaM mansmtßPaBsMrab; karBarRbeTsrbs;eK. s®gÁamCamYyRbeTsEbbenH eTIb •

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GacsMrYlkic©kar rbs;elak)an.

elak { tüan qag } Kat;RceLatxwg

elakemIleXIj Cakargayrbs;EdllM)ak ehIyelakykCaRbPBénkarlM)ak rbs;EdlEPñk RKb;² Kña emIleXIjfagay. etIelakÉgcg;niyayR)ab;´ya:gem:c?

•

elak { sðI kug } )aneqøIytb

´m©as;B¤eKniyayfa ebICaneya)ayeRkARbeTs rbs;RbeTsmYyCaRbPBénbBaða vaCakarsmehtu smpl nigbgás®gÁamCamYyRbeTsexSay. EtebIbBaða vamkBIbBaðaépÞkñúg eKKYrEtbgás®gÁamCamYyRbeTsxøaMg. ebIbBaðarbs;elak KWmkBIm®nþIÉeTot enAEtbnþRbqaMgnwgelak. ebIelakc,aMgQñH RbeTs { luy } RbeTs { KI } ®tUv)anBRgIkTwkdI esþcrbs;elak k¾rwtEteLIgcag GñkEdl)anTTYl kitþiys KWBYknayTahanEdlCabkSBYk RbqaMgnwgelak. cMENkelak ´mineXIjfa)ancMeNjGVI eT,Iy. pÞúyeTAvij GnuPaBrbs;elakrwtEtcuHfy ehtudUecñHehIy )anCa´fa elakKYreFVIs®gÁamCa mYy RbeTs { vU } )ancMeNj eRcInCag. •

RbeTs { KI } ®tUvcaj;CakarR)akd. ra®sþrbs;elak® tUvsøab; eRkamkarvayRbharrbs;s®tUv. RTBü sm,tþirbs;bkSFM² ®tUvhinehacedaysarerobcMT½Brbs;eK. elaknwgKμanGñkRbqaMgnwigelak enAkñúg cMeNamGñk manGnuPaB nigenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ ehIyelakniwgkøayeTACaGñkmanGMNacEtmñak;ÉgenAkñúg RbeTs. elak{tüan qag } eqøIytb •

•

l¥ ¡ Ets®gÁamCamYyniwgRbeTs {luy } )ansMerccitþrYcehIy. bBa¢a[kgT½BbþÚrmux®BYj nignaM[ bc©amitþdwgxøÜn etI®tUveFVIya:gNa? BnüaeBlvayRbhar. {sðI kug } eqøIy ehIysUmbBa¢Ún´CakarTUteTARbeTs {vU }. ´nigbgðaj ehtuplTal;EteKeTACYyse®gÁaHRbeTs { luy } eGaymkvayRbharRbeTs { KI }.

elak {tüan qag } TTYlyl;RBmtamKMerag ehIyelak {sðI kug } k¾eTARbeTs {vU }.

cMENkRbeTs {vU } kMBugEterobcMkarvayRbhar edIm,IkMeTcCasßaBrRbeTs { yU } enARBMEdnxagt,Úg edaysg,wmfa mþgenHCakarsgswk nigPaBbraC½y EdlmanmþgrYcmkehIyenaH. k¾bu:Enþ {sðI kug } KμankarBi)ak nigbgðajehtupldl;esþcRbeTs { vU } famanC½yCMnHelIRbeTs { KI } naM[manCMhrkan;Etrwg RbqaMgnigRbeTs { Cin } EdlCabc©amitþsahavCageK. esþcRbeTs { vU } k¾suxcitþelIkgT½BeTACYyse®gÁaHRbeTs {luy } ebIsin CaelakmankarTukcitþfa RbeTs {yU } minvayRbharRbeTs {vU}. elak {sðIkug} k¾eTARbeTs {yU } ccarCamYy esþc {KðÚ süg;} ehIyesñI[BnüaeBlvayRbhar elIRbeTs {vU } edaycaM[RbeTsenH cuHexSayenAeRkay cM)aMg CamYyRbeTs {KI }. elak {sðI kug } eTARbeTs { Cin } edIm,IR)ab;bgáaCamunfa enAeRkayC½yCMnHelIRbeTs {KI } RbeTs {vU } c,as;CabEgVrkarvayRbharmkelIRbeTsenHminxan.

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RbeTs {vU } tTl;CamYyRbeTs { KI } Tuk[karbu:nb:grbs; {tüan qag } )ansMerc. RbeTs { Cin } yk)anC½yCMnHelIRbeTs {vU } EdlmansgÇwmfa eqøótenAelIC½yCMnHTImYy sMrab;kMeTcbc©amitþTImYyenHecal.

RbeTs {yU } qk;yk»kasl¥enH sMrab;vaybegðIydl;bc©amitþsøab;rs;enH.

-Twk nigl,ic {sMlab;s®tUv edayx©IdaveK} • • •

Twk EtgEt { x©I } kMlaMgxül; kMlaMgrBa¢Üy)atsmuRT sMrab;vayRbhar sRtUv. edIm,IbM)ak;s<an TwkEtgEt { x©I } kMlaMgedImeQIEdlGENþtrsat;tamTwk edIm,IbM)ak;s<an.

Twk)anpÁt;pÁg; kþam nig xüg nigedImeQI [ecaHRbehag nigeRCoteTAelITMnb;

-GñkesñhaCatiExμr nigl,ic {sMlab;s®tUv edayx©IdaveK}

l,icenH CaeKall,ickñúg { s®gÁamRbCaCan } dUecñH eyIgKYrkt;sMKal;fa etIKUrbdibkSNa Edl®tUvcUl RbLk kñúgerOgrMedaHCati?

-erOgépÞkñúg³ sRtUvecjmux {rbb´kBa¢HbreTs BYkemRtUtmYykþab;tUcénKNbkSRbCaCn} ®kumEdlcg;cUlRbLÚkenAelIqak • KNbkS hVú‘nsuInbuic • KNbkS smrgSI • KNbkSrNriTiæ • KNbkSsiTæimnusS • ®kumBYkExμrRkhm • ®kumÉeTot² EdlRbkasfa CaGñkesñhaCatiEdr

-erOgxageRkA³ sRtUvecjmux {RbeTsEdlelbTwkdIExμr yYn} ®kumEdlcg;cUlRbLÚkenAelIqak • RbeTsCitxag • RbeTshtßelxI énsnñisiT§TI®kug)a:rIs 23 tula 1991 • Exμr km<úCaeRkam • Exμr surin • Exμr GuIsøam • CnCati m:ug eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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Lav GñkRbqaMgnwigrdæaPi)al • yYn GññkRbqaMgniwgrdæaPi)al eyIgsUmkuMePøc[esaHfa ebI®kumxagelIdwgfa eyIgCaGñkcg;cUlRbLÚkCamYyeK eKk¾Gacmanl,ic { x©I dav } eyIgeRbIEdr b¤k¾c,as;CamanGñkEdlmkx©IdaveyIg sMrab;[®kumÉeToteRbIdUcKñaEdr. •

x- l,icbþÚrRsemal nigPaBBit ¬l,icTI7 énl,icyuT§sa®sþTaMg 36 rbs;cinsm½yedIm ¦ { beBaäats®tUv KWdMbUg®tUvbeBaäat rYcmkeTotelgEmnETn q<inEPñks®tuUvrhUtdl;vaElgeCO nigElgyk citþTukdak; EtenATIbBa©b; elgEmnETn. mþgPr mþgPUt mþgeTotEmn } eFVI[s®tUvykRsemalCakarBit enHehIyEdlehAfa { beBaäat } EtRKb;²karbeBaäat GaceFVI[eKeCO Etmþgmáal nigEtmYyEPøt dUecñaH kuMelgvayUreBk. karq<inEPñk minGackMeTcs®tUv)anEmn EtkareFVIEmnETn enAeBlbnÞab;mk GacmanRbsiT§PaBRKb;RKan; kñúg nigkMeTcs®tUv. { kalNa karminBit køayeTACakarBit karBitxøÜnÉgenaH køayeTARtwmEtCaRseemal }. { kalNaPaBTeT køayeTACaPaBR)akd PaBR)akdxøÜnÉgkøayeTACaPaBTeTvij }. n½yrbs;l,ic {bþÚr Rsemal nigPaBBit } enH minxusq¶ayBIRbeyaKTaMgBIrenHeLIy. yuT§sa®sþedayeRbI {l,icbeBaäat } enH )anEcgenAkñúgCMBkU TI1 rbs; { sil,³s®gÁam } rbs;elak { s‘un s‘U } { karbeBaäatEdll¥CageK KW karbeBaäatlayLMCamYykarBit qøas;evnKña edayKμancgVak;BitR)akd }. enAkñúgl,icenH esovePArbs; { mig } eQμaH { es,agyuT§sa®sþ } )ansresrfa { KμanGVIsMxan;CagkarecH beBaäats®tUv }eLIy. beBaäat tamrebob beBaäat tamrebobrbs;s®tUv beBaäat edaysars®tUvvaesμaH beBaäat edaysars®tUvvamankarelaPln; beBaäat edayeRbIkMhusrbs;s®tUv beBaäat edayeRbIkarévRbsb;rbs;s®tUv eKGaccab;epþImbnøMeFVICavayRbhar bnÞab;mkeFVIkarvayRbharEmnETn TukeBl[s®tUvvacab;PøwkGMBI kar P½nþRcLMrbs;va ehIyedaysarehtuenH eyIgbeBaäatvabnþeTAeTot. dUecñH munnigvadwgkarBit karbnøMeFVIvayRbhar GaceRbI)anmþgeTot Et®tUveFVItamrebobpÞúyeTAvij.

• • • • • •

-Twk nigl,ic {bþÚrRsemal nigPaBBit} -{ enAkñúgelakenH KμanGVIEdlTn;RCay nigexSay CagTwkeLIy }. enHCa Pav³Rsemal EdlTwkeFVI[ eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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eKeXIj eFVI[eKePøcxøÜn. k¾bu:Enþ tamkarBit TwkcUl eKokvayRbhar.

-{ kñúgkarvayRbhar GñkEdlxøaMg nigruwgmaMTaMgGs; minEdl)anQñHeTAelITw ehIyKμanGVImkeRbobpÞwm )annigTwkeLIy }. rlkTwkvayenAelITMnb;eTAmþg² mþgxøaMg mþgtic TMnb;minGacdwgfa enAeBlNa manrlkxøaMg EdlRtUv vaypþac;vaeT. K-l,icTI®kugKμanmnusS ¬l,icTI32 énl,icyuT§sa®sþTaMg 36 rbs;cinsm½yedIm¦ { KμanGVIenAkñúgéd KμanGVIenAkñúgehae):A l,ickñúgeBlmanGasnñ l,icénl,ic }. Cal,icEdlzit { enAelI RBMEdnrvagPaBxøaMg nigPaBexSay }. l,icbgðaj { faman } nig { faKμan } naM[s®tUvmankarminc,as; RsBicRsBil Cak,ÜnyuT§sa®sþEdl®tUv pøas;bþÚrCanic© mþg {man} mþg{Kμan }. l,icenH maneKeRbIeRcInNas;Edr bnÞab;BIelak { hSÚhS½rlüag } enaHmk. cMNucxøaMg nigexSay rbs;kgT½B b¤karkarBarrbs;kgT½B ®tUveFVIviPaKkñúgkarRbmaNPaB { RKb;RKan; } b¤ { bnþicbnþÜc }karbgðajktþaTaMgBIr GacnaMeTArhUtdl;karbegáItCarUbPaBbeBaäat EdlnaM[bc©amitþGs;suPvinicä½y kñúgkarRbmaNkMlaMg EdlenARbQmmux. rUbPaBbeBaäatGacman 4 ya:g³ enAkEnøgNaEdl { mantic } ®tUveFVICarUbPaBbeBaäat[eXIj { maneRcIn } edIm,I[s®tUvxøac Elg h‘anvayRbhar. enAkEnøgEdl {maneRcIn }®tUveFVIrUbPaBbeBaäatCa{mantic } edIm,ITajs®tUv[cUlkñúgGnÞak;. enAkEnøgEdl{mantic }®tUveFVIbgðajrUbPaBc,as;fa {mantic } edIm,IeFVI[s®tUv mankar sgS½yfa CaGnÞak;. enAkEnøgEdl {maneRcIn } ®tUveFVIbgðajrUbPaBc,as;fa {maneRcIn } edIm,IeFVI[s®tUvman karsgS½y fa CakarbeBaäat edIm,I[s®tUvecjBIrUgrbs;va. kñúgrC¢kal GFiraC {cigDi } énrC¢kal {hgS }BYkecaréRB{ hSiyu:gjÚ} mkvayRbharenA {sðg;Cun }. GFi raCbBa©ÚnemT½BsMNb; nig]tþmesnIy_ { lIhÁg; } [eTAeFVIkarvaytbeTAvij. eTAdl;kEnøgemT½BsMNb;enaH ecj eFVIebskmμ QøbykkarN_ CamYykgBlcMnYnémÖ-samsibnak;. BYkeKeTAq¶ayeTA² Rsab;EtCYbv:ak; CamYyT½B esHBYkecaréRB cMnYn 3 nak;. kgBlrbs; { hgS } k¾edj ehIyBYkecaréRBrt;dkfy eday)aj;®BYjCaeRcIntb mkvij. emT½BsMNb;rbs;GFiraC )an®tUvrbYseday sar®BYjxμaMg ehIykgBlmYycMnYn®tUvsøab;. k¾bu:Enþ emT½B sMNb;enaH )an[dMNwgmkdl;]tþmesnIy_ { lI hÁg; } EdlKat;edjtamecaréRBenaH CamYykgBl cMnYn 200 nak; CabnÞan;.

•

• •

•

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Kat;)ansMlab;ecaréRB 2nak; nigcab;)anmñak;eTot EdlkMBguEtcgdak;elIxñgesH Rsab;Et enAeBlenaH T½BesHBYkecaréRBcMnYnCaeRcInBan;nak;)anmkdl;. edayeXIjkgBlrbs; { hgS } mYy®kumtUcenA dac;Rsyal q¶ayEtÉg BYkecaréRBsμanCanuybeBaäatsMrab;RbugB½T§BYkeK k¾erobcMT½B enAcaMemIlBIcMgayenAelITIx<s;. kgBl rbs; { hgS } TaMgGs; eXIjdUecñaH k¾cg;paybkeRkayrt;ykEtRBHGayu Et]tþmesnIy_ { lI hÁg; } niyayfa³ kgT½Brbs;eyIgenAq¶ay ebIeyIgrt; vamaneBl nwigedjeyIgTan; b¤k¾eyIg®tUvsøab;nwig®BYj rbs;va. karEdll¥ eyIg®tUvenAniwgkEnøg Tuk[BYkvaeCOfa eKeRbIeyIgmkeFVICanuy Tak;[BYkvavayRbharmkelIeyIg. ]tþmesnIy_ { lI hÁg; } k¾bBa¢a[kgBlbMpayesH sMedAeTArkBYkecaréRB. eTACitdl; enAsl;RbEhl 2 eyaC Kat;bBa¢a[ Qb; ehIycuHBIxñgesH nigTMlak;EkbcuHBIesH EtkgBl niyayRbqaMgfa eT ¡ s®tUvenACitbegáIy ¡ ]tþm esnIy_ { lI hÁg; } eqøIyfa³ vaeCOfaeyIgrt; BIeRBaHEtvamanKñaeRcInsMrab;kMeTceyIg EteyIgbgðaj [c,as;fa eyIgKμanbMNg nigrt;eLIy EdlnaM[vaeCOkan;EtCak;fa eKeRbIeyIgmkeFVICanuy.

BYkecaréRB enAEtQrcaMemIlCabnþeTot. vabBa¢ÚnKñavamñak; mkQøbemIlsßankarN_ eXIjdUecñaH ]tþm esnIy_ { lI hÁg; } elateLIgelIesH edjtamCamYykgBlCag 10 nak; ehIyk¾)aj;ecarenaHsøab;eTA. bnÞab; mk ]tþmesnIy_ { lI hÁg; } RtLb;mkrkKñaKat;vij ehIybBa¢a[kgBledksMrak. rhUtdl;eBlyb;mk dl; BYkecaréRBElgyl;GVITaMgGs; GMBIsßankarN_EdlkMBgu ekItmaneLIgenaH vaenAEtminh‘anvayRbhardEdl dl; kNþalGRFat vak¾dkT½BvaecjGs;BIkEnøg.

RBwkeLIg ]tþmesnIy_ { lIhÁg; } k¾naMT½Brbs;Kat;RtLb;mkCMuruMvij. ]tþmesnIy_ { lI hÁg; } eRbIl,ic Kat; { manKñatic } Kat;bgðajPaBc,as;fa Kat; { manKñatic } edIm,IeFVI[s®tUvmankarsgS½yfaCaGnÞak;.

-Twk nigl,ic {TI®kugKμanmnusS}

TwkEtgEtbeBa©jPaBeRkveRkaF e)akRKaMeRKgEbkBBuH EtenAeBlEdlTwkmantic ¬Twkrak;¦{exSay bgðajfaxøaMg } cMENkTwkeRCAmansPaBsøÚtbUtbMput { xøaMg bgðajfaexSay }.

X-l,icdkfytamyuT§sa®sþ ¬ l,icTI36 énl,icyuT§sa®sþTaMg 36 rbs;cinsm½yedIm ¦ { rkSaTukkMlaMg kuM[xUcxat edayeKc minRbyuT§ } { ebIC½yCMnHrbs;s®tUv nigmanCaR)akd ehIyeyIgminGactTl;nigva)aneToteLIy eyIgmanCMerIs 3 enAcMeBaHmux cuHcUl eFVIkarcrcar nigdkfy.

• cuHcUl mann½yfacuHcaj; CabraC½yeBjTI • eFVIkarcrcar CabraC½yBak;kNþal • kardkfy minEmnCabraC½y eCosvagbraC½y CacMNucEdlGacbgVilnaM[manC½yCMnH enAeBleRkay. ]tþmesnIy_ {b‘Í éhSyU } kñúgrC¢kalrbs; { sug } enAtTl;BImuxkartaMgTIkgT½Brbs; { cin }. Kat;)an bBa¢a[Tukecal Tg; sBaØa enAeRBagRBatdEdl bEnßmBIenaH Kat;[cab;BEBcgBüÜreCIgxageRkay edayTuk [ eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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eCIgmuxCan;elIsÁr. edayBEBvaminGacenAes¶óm vaTTHeCIgeTAelIsÁr lan;B¤GWgkg EdleFVI[kgT½B { cin } min cab;Pøwk GMBIkarelIkCMrMenaHeLIy. enAeBlEdlkgT½B { cin } BinitüeXIjkarbeBaäatenaH kgT½Brbs;]tþmesnIy_ { b‘Í éhSyU } eTAq¶ay )at;eTAehIy. enHehIy Casil,³kMBUlénkardkfytamyuT§sa®sþ. eKdwgRKb;Kña GñkCMnajxagsil,³EdlcMNan eKfyeRkaymYyCMhan cMENkGñkl¶g; sMrukcUleTAmux k,alsMy:ugcuH ehIycab;beBa©jsMEjgesñótrbs;xøÜn EdlenATIbBa©b;GñkEdlfyeRkayeFVI[GñkEdlsMrukcUl edksn§wgenAelIdI.

-Twk nigl,ic {dkfytamyuT§sa®sþ}

eyIgsegáteXIjRKb;²Kña enAeBlNamanrbs;NamYysMrukcUlkñúgTwk² EtgEtdkfy b¤eKc ecjCanic©. EtmYyBRBicEPñkbu:eNÑaH TwkvayRtLb;mkvijminEdlxaneLIy kMlaMgvayRtLb;mkvij manPaB smamaRt nig kMlaMgEdlsMrukcUlEdr.

-Twk nigGarüFm’Exμr GarüFm’Exμr manedImkMeNItecjGMBI {ekaHeKakFøk } )ann½yfataMgEtBIedImkMeNIt GarüFm’Exμr mankar rs;enACab;CamYynwigTwk. kalBIstvtSTI5 K>s TwkCMnn;)aneFVI[mansøab;mnusSCaeRcIn GñkEdlrs;ranman Civit enAeBlenaH )anTTYl karBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;GMBITwk nigsÁal;TwkCagGñkenAelIPñMq¶ayNas;. enAeBlEdlemdwknaMExμr {RBH)aT\®nÞvrμ½n¬877-889¦)anCIk {)arayN_} {RBH)aTyesavrμ½n¬899900¦ } CIk { )arayN_xaglic } edayRBHGgÁ)ansÁal;GnuPaBénTwksMrab;ykTwkmkeRbI eBlenaHehIyEdl GarüFm’Exμr)aneLIgdl;kMritkMBUl rhUtmkdl;sm½yGgÁr. enAeBlenHExμr kMBugEtCYbnUvmhnþrayya:gF¶n;F¶r GñkesñhaCatiExμr ®tUvEtriHrkyuT§sa®sþCMnaj² sMrab; vaybkeTAelIs®tUv EdlmankMlaMgelIslub GñkesñhaCatiExμrKYrEtgakmkeFVIkarBinitüBic½yRsg;ykyuT§sa®sþ EdlTwk)anGnuvtþ sMrab;karBarxøÜn sMrab;vayluk sMrab;bMerImnusSelak ykmkeRbICameFüa)aykarBarxøÜn eyIg eRBaHGarüFm’ExμreyIg manvasnalUtlas;enACab;CamYyTwk taMgEtBIedImmk eyIgc,as;CaGacyl;)an GMBIyuT§ sa®sþsMgat;² nigCMnaj² rbs;TwkCa®)akd. GarüFm’Exμr EdlmanenAkñúgQamrbs;GñkesñhaCatiExμr RKb;²Kña Gacpþl;eGayGñkesñhaCatiExμr manlT§PaBdkRsg;ykyuT§sa®sþ EdlTwkeRbICaerogral;éf¶ ykmkGnuvtþ sMrab; karBarBUCsasn_Exμr [rs;ranmanCivitCanirnþn_eTAeTot. edIm,I[CatiExμr { søÚtRtg;Tn;Pøn; } )ansßitenA { Kg;vgS } enAkñúgcMeNamCatisasn_{ kMeraleXareXA } EdlmanedImkMeNItBIecaréRBénRbeTscin eyIg®tUvkarrkyuT§sa®sþEdleqøIytbnigsßankarN_enH mkeRbICakar caM)ac;. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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11-bNþaMRBlwgemKgÁ { GñkesñhaCatiExμrTaMgLay GñkCaTICMrk GñkCaTIsgÇwm GñkmanPar³karBarCatiExμr RTRTg;GarüFm’Exμr

dUcCaTwk CaTICMrk CaTIsgÇwm CaGñkkarBarmcäaCati [rs;ranmanCIvitbnþy:agekSmkSanþ taMgBIedImkMeNIt énCIvit enAelIEpndImk. edaysarGñkmanGarüFm’lUtlas;Cab;CamYyTwk GñkmanlT§PaB RKab;RKan; kñúgkardkRsg; eRkbCBa¢k; ykyuT§sa®sþd¾CMnaj²BITwk sMrab;karBarGarüFm’CatiExμr. ebIéf¶NaGñkTal;KMnit enAcMeBaHmuxs®tUv sUmkuMGs;sgÇwm GñkRKan;EtsμwgsμatenAmat;Twk edIm,IeRCIserIs ykyuT§sa®sþNaEdl skþ¥×sm Rsbtamkal³ eTs³ EdlTwk)anykmkeRbIrYcmkehIy GñknwigQñHs®tUv BIeRBaHsRtUvrbs;GñkminBUEkxøaMg CagTwkeLIy. } yuT§saRsþ 1-eKaledA (Objective) kareRCIserIseKaledA ¬Objective¦ )anRtwmRtUvl¥ kñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar CaktþasMxan;kñúgkarCMruj karrMedaH Cati[)ansMerc. eKaledATaMgLay EdleRCIserIs RtUvcat;[man GaTiPaB Pav³epþat ¬benþat Concentration¦ [cMcMNuc kñúgPaBR)akdniym edayEp¥kelI FnFan sMParHEdleyIgman. kareRCIserIseKaledAminRtwmRtUv nigKμanbenþat nigKμanPaBR)akdniym ¬raymay minR)akd¦naM[eyIgxatbg;eBlevla FnFan nigkareCOTukcitþ kñúgkardwknaM. ehtuenHehIy kñúgeBleFVIkarsMerccitþ RtUveFVIkarføwgEføgelIktþaxagelITaMgb:unμanenH edayhμt;ct; RtwmRtUv rh½srhYnbMput. emdwknaMExμr TaMgGs;manParHdwknaM RbCaCatiExμr eq<aHeTAeCaKCy½pþac;RBtü½ tameKaledArYmmYy Edl )ankMNt;c,as;las;. eKaledArYmrbs;emdwknaMCatiExμr KW rMedaHCatiExμr eGayrYcputBIkarelbRt)ak; rbs;ecar yYn GNaniKmn_;EbbfμI nigrbbkumμúynisþ pþac;kar h‘un Esn ´kBa¢HyYn. nigkarksag ÉkPaBCatiExμr y:agTUlM TUlaymYy sagrbbRbCaFibetyü ÉkraCü \sSrPaBCati vibulPaB ]tþmPaB BitR)akdmYy kñúgsgÁExμr naeBl GnaKtxagmux. ehIyjaMugeGayRbCaCatiExμr TaMgmUlrs;kñúg suPmgÁl vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBl rwgbwug sßitesßr Canic©nirnþn_ nig man]tþmPaB esμImux nwg RbCaCatiCitxag. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUveRkakeLIg kaBarCati TwkdI RbCaBlrdæExμr. kMueGayecaryYn nigBYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum sMerctamEpnkar rbs;va. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvh‘anBuHBar ]bs½KÁRKb;Ebbya:gedayPaBbþÚrpþac; edIm,IeGay)ansMerc eKaledAxag elI minfayUrb¤qab; b¤k¾RtUveFVIBlIkmμFMeFg bg;tMélkMritNaeLIy. ÉkPaBCatiExμr RbeTsExμrÉkraCü man\sSr PaB manRbCaFibetyü BitkñúgsgÁm nigsuxsnþiPaB vibulPaB RbkbedayfamBl rwgbwug sßitesßr Canic©nirnþ man ]tþmPaB esμImuxnwgRbCaCatiCitxagCaeKaledAEtmYyKt; rbs;eyIgCaExμr CaGñkdwknaMExμr.

IV-

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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edIm,IsMerceKalbMNg nigeKaledAd_BisidæenH emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtRbwgERbg riHrk RKb;meFüa)ay eFVI eGaymankarrYbrYmGñkesñhaCati GñkCatiniym GñkRbCaFibetyü BIRKb;RsTab;sgÁmExμrTaMgkñúg nigeRkARbeTs eGaycUlrYmCakMlaMgExμr kMlaMgCatiExμrEtmYy edIm,IbMeBj ebskkmμd_FMeFgenHeGay)aneCaKC½yCasßaBr. kareFIVeGayman karrYbrYmkMlaMgCatiExμrCaFøúgmYy ÉkPaB samKÁICatiTUlMTUlay CakarlM)akbMput sMrab; emdwknaMCatiExμr. samKÁICatiExμr RtUvecaryYn EhkhYrEbk)ak;exÞcxÞI eRbob)andUcCa kMeTcEkv EdlFøak;Ebk eTA ehIy b:uEnþk¾minEmnmann½yfa emdwknaMCatiExμrminGaceFIVkarbRgYbbRgYm)anenaHeT EtedIm,IeGaysMercekItCarUb rageLIg)an emdwknaMCatiExμrTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanBiBüayam Gt;Fμt; s‘URTaM nwg]bsKÁ½ karlM)akepSg²y:agxøaMg CaTI bMput kñúgkarpSBVpSay bMpussμartIRbCaBlrdæExμr eGaymankarPJak;rlwk rYbrYmKña BIExμrRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁmsar eLIgvij. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvmanParHdas;saμrtIExμreGayPJak;rlwk edayeFIVtamRKb;viFI tambeRgon karbgðaj Bnül;RbvtþisaRsþCatiExμrBitR)akd karbgðajRbCaBlrdæExμr eGayemIleXIjGMBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTsCatiBIsMNak; ecaryYn beRgonExμreGaymanKMnitdwknaMCatiedayxøÜnÉg bgðajRbCaBlrdæExμreGayemIleXIjGMBImUlehtuEdl naMeGay Exμr RkIRk Gt;Xøan l¶g;exøA P½yxøac nigrs;eRkamkarsgát;sgáin CiHCan; y:agGyutþiFm’ dUcsBVéf¶enH. bMPøWRbCaBlrdæExμreGayemIleXIj nigQWcab; cg;rkyutþFm’ eGayCnrYmCatiExμr EdlrgeRKaHsøab;rab;lannak; edaysarkll,ic ecaryYn sMlab; edaysarTegVIqáÜtlIlal¶g;exøA rbs;BYkemRtYtRtak,t;Cati. dUcerobrab;rYcmk ehIy ecaryYn h‘un Esn eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrePøcCatixøÜnÉg ElgsÁal;xøÜnÉg CaGñkNamkBINa ElgeGay tMélxøÜnÉgkñúgPaBCaCatiExμr. cMNucEdl manRbsiT§PaBsMrab;emdwknaMCatiExμr KW RtUvsÁal; GMBItMrUvkarcaM)ac; nig cMNg;cMNUlcitþBlrdæExμr tamtMbn;nImYy²eGay)anc,as;las;. emdwknaMExμr RtUvpSBVpSay eXasna Bnül;nUv GIV EdlRbCaBlrdæExμrcg;sþab; cg;B¤ cg;yl; cg;dwg. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvxitxMBüayamya:gskmμbMput minfayb;éf¶ edayminxøacenOyht;lM)ak eRbIR)as;RKb;sil,viFI edIm,IeFIVya:gNa eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;karBit PJak;rlwk mkKaMRT GñkCatiniymExμr nigQb;eCO Qb;KaMRT ecaryYn nigGay:g h‘un Esn k,t;Cati. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUv

dak;xøÜneGayTab cuHCab;pÞal;kñúgRsTab;RbCaBlrdæExμr cab;ykGñkmansmtßPaB manRbsiT§iPaBkñúgeXasna dUc Ca RBHsgÇ RKUbeRgon tMNagsisS nisitS bBaØvn½þ tMNagkmμkr tMNagBaNiCökr GñkCMnYj nigGñkmanRbCaRbiy Gñkman\T§iBl mans½kþanuBl kñúgkarCYybMpusRBlwgExμreGayrIkduHdalsNæitkñúg dYgRBlwgviBaØaNExμr RKb;rUb )anTab;eBlevla.

yYn )aneRbIkll,ic eFVIeGayExμrEbk)ak;Kña minTukcitþKña s¥b;Kña labBN_Kña eGayExμreQøaHTas;Kña eRbI édExμreGay sMlab;ExμrKñaÉg. yYn h‘un Esn bMP½nþsμartI bMPn½þEPñkcitþKMnitExμr eGayedklk;nwgkaryl;fa man suxsniþPaB nigRbCaFibetyü. yYn h‘un Esn kMBugsMlab;sμartI bM)ak;qnÞ³RbyuT§Exμr edaykarbnøaceGayP½y xøacBaküfa ePrvkmμ. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvEtha‘n pSBVpSayniyaykarBit eGayExμryl;dwg emIleXIjedayxøÜn Égfa snþiPaBsBVéf¶ CasnþiPaBenAelIKMnrPñk;ePøIg RbCaFibetyüsBVéf¶ CaRbCaFibetyüe)akR)as ÉGñkEdl RbRBitþiGMeBIePrvkmμsBVéf¶ KWecaryYn nigGay;:g h‘un Esn enaHÉg EdlkMBugeFVImkelIRbCaCatiExμrmindac;ryH. rI eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ÉkarEdlExμreRkakeLIg eFVIkarts‘UrMedaHCati edIm,I\sSrPaBCati edim,IsiT§esrIPaB rbs;RbCaCati CaTegVIRbkb eday mnsikad¾RtwmRtUv éføfñÚr rbs;mnusSCatiTUeTA minEmnCa GMeBIePrvkmμ dUckarecaTRbkan;mYlbgáac;rbs; Ga k,t; h‘un Esn nigyYn ecAhVayvaeLIy. elIsBIenH eyIgRtUvbNþúHCMenOeLIgvij fa {KμanCatiNa RsLaj;Exμr CagExμrKñaÉgeLIy} nigbeRgoneGaykUnExμr eronTukcitþKña eroneCOKña edaycitþTUlay eraHrayrak;Tak; manGFüa Rsy½dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagExμrnwgExμrdUcKña manExSelakhitEtmYy nigedayEp¥kelI kareCOtam rebobsegát Binitüy:agl¥itl¥n;hμt;ct; BIRbvtþiedIm eday minx¢Ix¢a mineFVsRbEhs . k-eKaledA rbs; yYn nig h‘un Esn k,t;Cati • RkéLRbvtþisaRsþBitrbs;Exμr • rMlayRKwH vb,Fm’ sikSaGb;rM nigGtþsBaØaNExμr • rMlay samKÁIPaB ÉkPaBCatiExμr • RbCaBlrdæExμr)ak;sμartI xøacsøab; Gs;sgÇwm nigrg;caMGñkmanbuNü • rMlay RBlwgCatiExμr sμartIExμr qnÞHRbyuT§Exμr nigKMnitesñhaCatiExμr eGaysabsUnü • eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrvegVgkñúg GMeBIBala El,g RsI Rsa mindwgBIPaBmhnþrayRbeTsCati • CMrujeGay BYkemRtYRta elμaPGMNac muxmat; RTBüsm,tiþ sMParHniym nigGtμaniym • eFIVeGayExμrminTukcitþKña enOyNays¥b;CatiÉg Gs;CMenOelIExμrKñaÉg • bMéPøkarBit ePøcCatiExμr Gñkpþl;kMeNIt EtdwgKuNyYn CaXadkr • eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrlg;eCO h‘un Esn e)akR)as; • bMpøajCMenO sasna eGayExμrvk;vegVgnwg RKUTay nigBuTæTMnay • RtYtRtaRbB½næsarBrt’man • eFIVeGayRbB½næGb;rMexSayKμanKuNPaB • bNþajcarkmμ KMram bMP½y nigpSayBt’manminBit • pþac;Epñkesdækic©¬eFIVeGayExμrRkIRk¦ • kUnExμrBitR)akdKμanlTæPaBsikSaeronsURt ¬eFIVeGayExμl¶g;¦ • sMlab;GñkecH nigGñkesñhaCatiExμr ¬eFIVeGayExμrxøac¦ x-eKaledAemdwknaMCatiExμr RbeTsExμrÉkraCü man\sSr³ manvibulPaB ]tþmPaB • sagÉkPaBCati samKÁICati kñúgsgÁmExμreGay)an • sagRbeTsExμr ÉkraCü man\sSr³PaB vibulPaB ]tþmPaB GacRbQmTl;nwgsRtUvCitxag.

• CMrujeGayRbCaCatiExμr sÁal;RbvtiþsaRsþCatixøÜnBitR)akd nigKitKUrbBaðaRbeTsCati .

• bMpussμartICatiniymdl; RbCaBlrdæExμr eGayPaJk;rlwk RsLaj;RbeTsCatiExμr. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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• • • • • •

elIkdMekIgEfrkSa GtþsBaØaNCaExμr .

CMrujTwkcitþRbCaBlrdæExμr eGaykøahanmuHmut h‘anbþÚrCIvit CIBCn edIm,ICati nigRbCaCatiExμr./ bMpusRbCaBlrdæExμreGay Qb;dwgKuNyYn 7 mkra nigBYkGak,t; h‘un Esn. eRkakeLIgeFIVemdwknaMCatiExμredayxøÜnÉg .

Qb;lg;eCO])aykl e)akR)as exμARkxVk;rbs; yYn h‘un Esn. CMrujeGaymansμartIPaJk;rlwk eRkakQreLIg seRgÁaHCatiExμrBI karelbRt)ak;rbs; yYn.

CakarBitNas; emdwknaMCatiExμr BMumansMParHRKb;RKan; nwigpSBVpSay eGayRCYtRCabdl;RsTab;RbCaBl rdæExμrTaMgmUl)aneT,Iy eRBaHeyIgKμanRbB½n§sarBt’man Kμan]bkrN_pSBVpSay eyIgKμanbNþaj Pñak;garEckcay dMNwg dUcBYkyYn h‘un Esn eLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcIn min)ansikSaeronsURt k_b:uEnþedayGMNacTwkcitþ esñhaRbeTsCatiExμrBitR)akd RBlwgbuBVbursExμr virHbursExμr )anCMrujeGayRBHsgÄ kUnExμr RbCaBlrdæExμrGñk esñhaCatiExμrRKb;rUb GacxitxMpSBVpSay erobcMcgRkgKñaCaRkumemdwknaMCatiExμr tamry³½ • karbeRgonRbvtþisaRsþExμBitR)akd dl;RbCaBlrdæExμreGaydwgB¤TUlMTUlayRKb;Kña.

• karbegIánsmtßPaBemdwknaM dl;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay »yecHerobcMGgÁkarneya)ayCatiedayxøÜnÉg.

• karCYbRbCMuGb;rMKñaCaerOy² nigxitxMnaMKñapSBVpSayBIkareRKaHfñak;rbs;RbeTsCati dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIycgRkgKñaCaRkum BYk eGayeTACaExSsm<½n§ s¥itrmYt edIm,IEsVgrkpøÚvedaHRsayeGay)anTan;eBl. • karlHbg;x<s; EckcayÉksarepSg²tKñadl;ExμrTUeTA eGaymancMeNHdwgsMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit nig cMeNHdwg dwknaMRbeTsCati.

• CMrujnigelIkTwkcitþkUnExμrRKb;rUb eGayxitxMeronsURtRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg eroneGayx<g;x<s; nigmanÉk eTsc,as;las;.

• RbmUlGñkCatiniymExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü eGayxitxMeFIVkic©karenHya:gskmμbMput.

• eFVI»ymankarcUlrYmBIBlrdæExμr RbusRsI TaMgGs; BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm edIm,IeKaledAxagelI. 2-vayluk (Offensive) ral;karKit karerobcMEpnkar RtUvføwgEføgeGay)anl¥itl¥n; nigrkSanUvsßanPaBvaylukCanic© TaMgsμartI TaMgskmμPaB TaMgEpnkar karniyaysþI kareXasnaGUsTajbBa©úHbBa©Úl CaedIm. eyIgminRtUveFVIGIV²enAkñúgsßan PaB caMEtTb;Tl; sRtUvenaHeLIy. karedkcMaEtTb;Tl; nwgeFVIeGayeyIg)at;bg; visalPaBxagKMnit nigskmμ PaB. ehtuenHehIy eyIgRtUvEtpþÜcepþImKMnit eFVIskmμPaBvaylukeTAelIsRtUv enARKb;kal³eTs³ minRtUvTuk »kaseGaysRtUvvaybkmkelIeyIgmuneLIy. kúñgzan³CaemdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvbnþKit nigRbmUlKMnitpÜþcepIþm xit xMRbwgERbgTaMgGs;Kña edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkeKalbMNgrYm KWkarrMedaHCati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGay)any:agdac; xat. eKalbMNgFM rbs;emdwknaMCatiExμr KW rMedaH seRgÁaHCati Exμr kaBarTWkdIExμr nigBUCsasn_Exμr. emdwknaMCati eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ExμrTaMgGs; RtUvEtriHrkRKb; viFIvaylukeTAelI BYkecaryYn nigBYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin mYykþab;tUce tamKalkarN_ énkarvayluk dUcxageRkam÷ 1-skmμ vayluk tamRKb;rUbPaB RKb;meFüa)ay RKb;Rcklðk TaMgrUbbIy nigGrUbIy 2-EfrkSaKMnitpþÚcepIþm niglT§PaBvayluk 3-bnþ nigEfrkSaeKalbMNgrYm kñúgsßanPaBvaylukCanic©. eTaHCaeBl eyIgsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBxøÜnkarBark¾eday EtemdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvskmμBuHBarCanic© min RtUv Gs;sgÇwm Gskmμ T½lKMnitenaHeT. CaTUeTA bBaðaGVIk¾eday ebIeyIgcUleGayekok BinitüeGay)anl¥itl¥n; eyIg nwgRtUvEtrkeXIjRckecjy:agdac;xat. emdwknaMRtUvmanKMnitpþÚcepþImx<s; eqøosév dak;qnÞ³mutRsYc)aj;eq<aHeTA elIsRtUv. bgálT§PaB nigeRCIserIs eKaledAb¤ kEnøgEdlxμaMgmin)anRbugRbyt½ñ mancMNucexSay ehIyeFVIkar vaylukPøam² eTAelIsRtUv tamRKb;rUbPaB. kareRCIserIseKaledA RtUvsMlwgeTAelI TIEdlsRtUvmin)anKitTuk Camun b¤nwksμanmindl;. skmμPaBvayluk RtUvEterobcMeFIVRBmKñaenARKb;TIkEnøg RKb;eBlevlaTaMgGs; kEnøgNaEdlGac eFIV)an edayminrg;caM»kasl¥ b¤eBlNamYyeT,Iy. kEnøgEdlelakGgÁúy KWCakEnøgEdlelakGacegIbQr)an. emdwk naMCatiExμr KwCaGñkedIrniyayeXasna bMpussμartIRbCaBlrdæExμr. TINamanCnCatiExμr TIenaHmanGñkdwknaMCati

ExμrniyayGMBIbBaðaRbeTsCatiExμr bNþúHqnÞ³Exμr[esñhaCati . GñkdwknaMExμrRtUvecHGt;eGanGaFüaRs½y RsLaj; ExμrdUcKña minbgáerOgriHKn; eQøaHRbEkkKña s¥b;ExμrKñaÉg labBN_tammenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYneLIy . edIm,I [

skmμPaBvaylukmanRbsiT§iPaB GñkdwknaMExμrRtUvEtTukplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM ykplRbeyaCn_ExμrCafMbg Cab; Canic©. RKb;emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvxitxMeFIVkic©karenH ya:gskmμbMput kMuePøcParHkic©nigkatBVkic©d_caM)ac;enH cab;BI eBl)anTTYlesovePAenHeTA. eFIVya:gNa[RbCaBlrdæExμr cUlrYmya:gskmμdUc GñkdwknaMCatiExμrEdr edim,IsMerc eCaKC½y kñúgebskkmμ rMedaH seRgÁaH karBarCatiExμrd_BisidæenH.

skmμPaB nigviFIvayluk • • • • •

EsVgrkcMNucexSayrbs;yYn h‘un Esn ehIyvaylukeGaycMcMNucexSayrbs;va. bMEbkcMNucxøaMgrbs;yYn h‘un Esn eGayexSay. TajGñkKaMRTyYn h‘un Esn eGaymknUvGBüaRkit¬EtmineGaydwgkic©karrbs;eyIg¦.

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sMlab;Exμr sMrab;eFVIeGayeyIgEbk)ak;Kña dUcCMnYy yYn CYyBYkGay:g h‘un Esn enaHeyIgnwgminTTYlykeLIYy. eyIgeBjcitþnwgTTYlykral;CMnYyEdl CYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgplRbeyaCn_rYmKña kñúgnamCaRbCaCatidUcKñakñúg elak. CMnYyEbbenHekItmaneTA)an luHNaEteyIgRbwgERbg RbmUlFnFanEdlmanRsab;eFVIeGaymanrUbragsin eTIbmaneKCYyeyIg. cUrcaMCak;kñúgcitþfa { RBHelakCYy GñkEdlCYyxøÜnÉgCamun} b¤k¾fa { sMNagekItmandl; GñkEdlxitxMRbwgksagGIVmYyeLIg minEmnedaykaredkEbbn;Etmüa:genaHesaHeLIy }.

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yYn)anBRgIkbNþajcarkmμcUlmkTwkdIExμreRkam bBa¢ÚncarnarIyYns¥at² eGayeFIVCaRbBn§)araMgnig eFIV CaGñkbMerI)araMg. eRkayBIbNþajyYncUlRKb;kñúgsPaehIy yYn)anTamTarTwkdIkm<úCaeRkam faCakmμsiTi§rbs; yYn. eRkaymk)araMg )ankat;TwkdIkm<úCaeRkam eTAeGayyYneBjsiTi§ kñúgraCesþc )av day enAéf¶TI 4mifuna qñaM1949. enAeBlenaHRbeTsExμrsißtkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT neratþm sIhnu kñúgsm½yGNaniKmn_)araMg. ExμreRkam )anegIbeLIg bHe)arRbqaMgyYn TamTaÉkraCüTwkdIvij EtRtUvGCJaFryYnb®gáabya:gsahaveXareXA bMput dUcCa sMlab;ExμreRkam edayCIkdIkb;daMk,alEtGug edaycak;esardak;kñúgCRgukRsUvdutTaMgrs; kareGayCIkERBk ehIy TMlayTMnb;eGaylg;søab;TaMgrs; TaMgmWun TaMgEsnnak;.l. virbursExμreRkamrab;minGs; )aneFVIkar ts‘U bþÚrbUCa CIvit edIm,IkarBar RbCaCatiExμr vb,Fm’ RbéBNIyrbs;Exμr enAkm<úCaeRkamenaHCaeogrhUtmk.

x-l,icekþAeFIVsRgÁamQøanBanExμr enAsm½y eRTOg mijya:g rC¢kalesþcGgÁmIu qñaM¬1835-1841¦ yYn)aneRbIviFIekþAeFIVsRgÁam QøanBan rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr edIm,IelbykTwkdIExμrmþgehIy Etmin)ansMerc. kalenaHEb:kxaglicénRbeTs Exμr RtUvesomkan;kab; ÉEb:kxagekItRtUvyYnRtYtRta. yYn)anbgçMeGayExμreFIVkargarCaTMgn;; CIkERBkvijet bgðÚrTwksmøab;Exμr smøab;ExμredaydaMk,alExμreFIVEtGug nigbM)at;RBHBuT§sasnaCaedIm. yYneRbIl,icsmøab;ExμrGs; RbmaN 2 lannak; kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eRkayBIemT½B eRTOg mij ya:g braC½y. hU CI mij )aneFIVneya)ayRtCak; edIm,IelbykTWkdIExμrvij. eRBaHkalNaRbCaCnyYnekIneLIgeRcIn yYnminGacrs;enA elIépÞdIceg¥otnaeBlGnaKt. hU CImij )anbegIátbkSkumμúnisþ\NÐÚcinenAéf¶TI3 ExkumÖH qñaM1930 edIm,IvatTITwkdI\NÐÚcin. EteK)an

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¬ExμrxøacRbma:t;Rbm:g;¦cMnYn 4 000 nak; ykeTAbMBak; bMb:nbBa©ÚlmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynIsþ enARbeTsyYn . enA edImqñaM 1960 yYnsMuTwkdIExμr 5extþ BIesþc sI hnu dak;T½BeyokkugcMnYn 60000nak; eTA80000nak; edIm,IeRbI eFVIsRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIgCamYy nigyYnxagt,Úg. yYnxageCIgykelsR)ab; sI hnu faeFIVsRgÁamedIm,I bRgYb bRgYmyYnTaMgBIr. EtsRgÁamenHeFIV[ExμrsøÚtRtg; enAextþéRBEvg sVayerogsøab; cMnYn 600 000 nak; ¬sRgÁam \NÐÚcinelIkTI2¦. RbeTsExμrRtUvxÞicxI EhkhYredaysarsRgÁam cab;BIeBlenHmk.

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ma:KI ebIGñkNamincUléRBeT RBHGgÁmanbnÞÚlfa ebIRBHGgÁQñH sUm,IEtkUnkñúgGRgwg k_RBHGgÁminTukEdr. dUecñH mundYlrMlMrbbsarFarNrdæExμr KWCasRgÁamrvagBYkkumμúynisþyYn nigsarFarNrdæExμr. yYnyk sI hnu eFIVCa ExlnigKMrb. éf¶ 17emsa 1975 kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin¬yYn¦QñH EtyYn)anbMBak;C½y CMnHenHeTAeGay sI hnu ¬ExμrRkhm¦vij. yYn)anbgáb;carkmμ nigExμreyokmij EdlyYn)an bNþúHbNþal menaKmn_kumμúnisþ mksMlab; Exμr eFIVeGayExμrvikvrsmøab;KñaeTAvijeTAmk. menaKmn_yYn CIkesμA RtUvCIkTaMgb¤smann½yfa sMlab; BYkesrI KWbBaØvnþExμreGayGs; . yYnrMlayBUCsasn_ExμrelIkTI2 ¬rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñExμr EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYn mindwgxül;dUc h‘un Esn ehg sMrin enAEtdwgKuNyYn eRbI menaKmn_yYnfa Exμr smøab;Exμr¦. éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 yYn)anQøanBanelbykTwkdIExμr RtYtRtaRbeTsExμr bøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþ Exμr bBaÚ¢nCMnajkarmkeFIV kar RtYtRtaExμr . yYncMeNjTaMgRTBüsm,tþi nigTwkdIExμr.

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K-l,icx©IdavsRtUveRbI ¬ yYneRbIl,iceGayExμrsMlab;Exμr¦ edIm,IGMNac nigraCblø½gÁ KμanKitGIVEvgq¶ayeT,Iy esþc sIhnu )anyl;RBmeFVIRbFan rNsirSrYbrYmCati km<úCa ¬RbFanTIgemag ¦enATIRkugeb:kaMg enAéf¶TI 23 Exmina qñaM1970 EdlyYn nigcin)anerobcMQutqakrYcCa eRsc sMrab;biT)aMgbMPnþ½EPñkCati nigGnþrCati»yemIleXIj faCasRgÁamsIuvilvij. sIhnu )ancuHhtßelxayl; RBmeGayTB½yYn CaeRcInkgBlFMvaylukelITahanExμr EdldwknaMedayelak ln; nl;. karcuHhtßelxaenH RKan; EtCaEl,gq<inEPñkmYy GnuBaØateGayyYnmanels vaycUlRbeTsExμr tamkarBitGIV²RKb;y:agyYn )anerob cMtamEpnkarcMbg;rbs;varYcCaeRsc esþc sIhnu RKan;EtCakUnGay:gEdlyYneRbICakarLb;ELb:ueNÑaH. sIhnu )anGMBavnav »yExμrrt;cUléRBma:KI eFIVsRgÁamnwgExμrKñaÉg. yYnBak;pøakrUb sIhnu ykels fakgT½Bsemþc» e)akR)asBlrdæExμreGayKaMRTva eFVIkarvayRbharkgT½BsaFarN³Exμrd_ekμgx©IPøam mYy rMeBc edayKμanRbkas dMNwgmun b¤pþl;»sanvaTeLIy. GñkniBn§caM)anfa enAkñúgGMLúgqñaM 1970 enaH esþcenH )anRbkas y:agEkþg² tamb:usþviTüú eb:kaMg mkfa { sUm[BYk ln; nl; sMuecAhVay GaemrikaMg eFVIsMNaj;karBarRkugPñMeBj[ehIy bnþic eTotRKab;kaMRCYcepøag Fun107mm/ 122mm rbs;kgTB½semþc nwgsYrsuxTukçehIy}. esþcenHRbkasy:agsb,ay k¥akk¥ayedaymin)anKitfa enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjenaH manCIvitBlrdæExμrsøÚtRtg;TaMgekμgcas;Føab;eKarB nigehA xøÜn ¬sIhnu¦fa {semþc«²}eBjmat;enaH esaHeLIy. eRkayenaHbnþic kar)aj;RbharedaykaMRCYcepøagFun 107/ 122mm rbs;yYneyokkug)an)aj;eRsacelITIRkugPñMeBjy:agRbescRbsac sMlab;GñksøÚtRtg;Exμreday minerIs muxeLIy¬sUmemIlrUbPaBxageRkam¦. karvayRbhar)an cab;epþImBIéf¶ 24 mina 1970 rhUt)an C½yCMnHenA éf¶TI 17 emsa 1975. éf¶ 17emsa 1975 Caéf¶C½yCMn³ yYn kumμúynIs\NÐÚcin elIBYkesrI ¬saFarNExμr¦ yYn)aneRbIl,ic sMlab;ExμrRbmaN 2lannak;. tamEpnkaryYn yYnRtUvsMlab;GñkecHdwg[Gs; ehIyTukGñkl¶g;exøA 10PaKry bnþbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_viC¢a EkøgRbvtþisaRsþ sMlab;RblwgCatiExμrcab;BIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979. yYn)anbnþsMlab; ExμreTot edayyYnecaTfaExμrRkhm xøHcab;ykeTAkab;éRBenAtMbn; k5 EdlCatMbn;mIn nigtMbn;RKun caj;. Exμr PaKeRcInRtUvsøab; GñkEdlmanCIvitrs;enAmanPaKticbMput¬eTACiHLan mkvijCiHcan cgsk;kMe)a:y¦. yYn cab;ExμreGayeFIVTahan edIm,IExμrsmøab;ExμrteTot BYk h‘un Esn nigclnats‘U 3 Rkum. EpnkaryYn KWCnCati yYn 5 nak; Exμr 1nak;enATIRkug. yYn 1 nak; Exμr 5nak;enAtamCnbT. yYn)anbnþúbBYkGay:g ehg sMrin/ Ca sIum nig h‘un Esn [RtYtRtaRbeTsExμrCMnYs bMerIneya)ayva rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYn)anbnþmenaKmn_ EkERb RbvtþisaRsþ bMP½nþExμr[lg;eCOfa 7mkra 1979 Ca éf¶yYncUl mkrMedaH. RtUvsYrfa ExμrsaFarNrdæ CaCatiExμr ehtuGIVRtUveKsmøab;ecalsm½yExμrRkhm?

ExμrRkhm CaCatiExμr ehtuGIV)anCa eKtamsmøab;ExμreTotenA sm½yrdækm<úCa? ExμrsaFarNrdæk¾Exμr ExμrRkhmk¾Exμr etIXatkrBitCanrNa? X-li,cyYnsMlab;Exμr kñúgrbbRBHraCaNacRkEkøgkøay eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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h‘un Esn )anGnuvtþtamEpnkaryYn bgðÚrCnCatiyYneGaymktaMgTIlMenA KRKwkKeRKgkñúgRbeTsExμr

CaBiessKWyYn )anyktMbn;esdækic©Exμr dUcCatambwgTenøsab TIRkug nigTIRbCMuCnnana. eRkayBIéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 mk yYn)andUrBIviFIsmøab;ekþA eTACaviFIsmøab;RtCak; edIm,IeGayExμrePøcsμartI nig)at;bg;KMnitCati niymExμr. yYnxitxMbnþbNþúHmenaKmn_viC¢afa ExμrRtUvdwgKuNyYnéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 eTot Edlman h‘un Esn CaGay:g.

1-sMlab;Epñkesdækic© • bMpøajeGayGs;sm,tiþFmμCatiExμr edIm,IeGayExμrRk yYndwgfaRbCaBlrdæExμr 85PaKry CaGñkERscMkar BuMmankareronsURtecHdwgeRCARCH. BYkKat;Bwg Ep¥kelIksikmμb:ueNÑaH edIm,IciB©awmCivit. yYn nigh‘un Esn manectnaeFIV[ExμrexSayTaMgkMlaMg nigR)aCJa min GacegIbts‘URbqaMg)an. yYn h‘un Esn kab;bMpøajéRBeQIExμrman 77PaKry enAqñaM1977 [enAsl;Et 20 PaKry eBlbc©úb,nñenH. éRBeQICaCMrkstVéRB CaRbPBTwk TwkePøogsMrab;GñkeFIVERscMkar rkSadI[ manCICati Car)aMgeRKaHFmμCati¬raMgs¶ÜtnigTwkCMnn;¦ nigpþl;GnupléRBeQICaeRcIn dl;RbCaksikr Exμr.l. ebIkalNaGs; éRBeQI eFVI[RbCaBlrdæExμr kan;EtRkIRk nigGt;Xøan. RbCaBlrdæExμr nigCYbRbT³ TwkCMnn; raMgs¶Üt bMpøajdMNaM ksikmμrbs;GñkERscMkar nigyYnxaøcExμreRkakeLIgts‘UtaméRBeTot.l. bwgTenøsabCaRbPBRtIenARbeTsExμr kalBImunRbCaBlrdæExμrFøab;ensaT)anRtI 40etan kñúg1KILÚEm:Rt karer: Et\LÚvenH yYn)acbnøaGu‘yya:s; eRbIfñaMbMBul qk; dak;kg;Lan nigGUsykBgRtI edIm,IeFIVeGayputBUCRtIenA kñúgbwgTenøsab. GñkensaTsuT§EtCnCatiyYn mankaMePIøgkarBar manCIvPaBFUrFarCagExμr nigmansiTi§xøaMg CagExμr.

Er: t,Úg mas eBRC sm,tiþvb,Fm’Exμr vtßúburaN GgÁrvtþ CaskþanuBlesdækic©Exμr EtyYn sux Kg; eFIVGaCIvkmμ elIR)asaTGgÁrvtþ cMeNjesdækicRbeTsyYn cMENkÉRbCaBlrdæExμrenAEtRkIRkrehmrhamdEdl. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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yYnRKb;RKgesdækic©Exμr

RbB½n§esdækic© yYnCaGñkkan;kab; b‘un sm rdæelxaRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú yYn sux Kg; ¬Ga 50¦ RKb;RKgeFIVGaCIvkmμelIR)asaTGgÁrvtþExμr. CnGenþaRbevsn_yYnrab;lannak; deNþImkargarExμr cMeNj plRbeyaCn_BIesdækic©Exμr nigbgðÚrluycUlRbeTsyYn tamGMeBIBukrlYy. yYn h‘un Esn dMeLIgéføTMnij sBVsareBI edIm,IbegIáncMNayRbCaBlrdæExμr eGayeRcInCagR)ak;cMNUlEdlrk)an . RbCaBlrdæExμrKμankargar KμanR)ak;cMNUl R)ak;ExminRKb;RKan; eFVIeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRk Rtdrs; Gatμaniym ePøcKitKUr RbeTsCati CaehtubNþalTuk»kaseGayecaryYn elbykTwkdIExμredaysniþviFI.¬yYneFIVneya)ay KWedIm,I plRbeyaCn_ TwkdI RTBüsm,tiþ nigesdækic© eTaHCa 50 qñaM 100 qñaMeTotk_eday eGayEtsMerceCaKC½y¦.

R)ak;dUløa nig R)ak;eroleFIVcracr\tsNþab;Fñab;eFIVeGay KMlatGñkman¬yYn bkSBYk h‘un Esn ¦nig GñkRk ¬RbCaBlrdæExμr¦kan;Etq¶ay. yYn bkSBYk h‘un Esn manluyrab;landUløa epJIrFanaKareRkARbeTs EdlluyTaMgenH)anmkBIlYcCatiExμr.

RbCaCnyUnhUrcUlRbeTsExμr ekIneLIgcMnYn 4 500 000 nak; tamry³smaKmn_ 19 extþRkug .

BYkyYnTaMgenH CacarkmμyYn EdlmanGñkeTas GñkmanCm¶WeGds_ ecarbøn; GñkCk;eRKOgejon mkbMeBj ebskkmμenAelITwkdIExμr. CnCatiyYnTaMgenHCBa¢k;plkMéresdækic©Exμr. yYnPaKeRcInrs;enAtamtMbn;man esdækic©l¥ enATIRkugPñMeBj RkugRBHsIhnu Rkugesomrab mat;Tenø nigbwgTenøsab. RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcIn rs;enAtamCnbTRsukERscMkar xøHrt;eTAsMuTaneK eFIVkarbMerIeKenAeRkARbeTs. etIRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;enaHCarbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr b¤rbs;CnGenþaRbevsn_yYn? etIRbCaBlrdæExμr )an TTYl)ancMeNjGIVxøHBIyYn rs;enAelITwkdIExμr? eRkABIyYnrs;enAkan;EtmansiT§Rsbc,ab; nigmanesdækic©FUrFa CagCnCatiExμrm©as;Rsuk. yYnmanmhicätad_FMeFg KwelbykdIExμr dUcTwkdIkm<úCaeRkameTot? h‘un Esn eRbIneya)ayRbCaPifut e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæExμreGayeCOfa kMeNInma:RkUesdækic© b¤k¾ kMeNInesdækic© xøÜnÉgl¶g;esaH h‘anriHKn; bNÐit kg c½nÞdara:r½tñ fal¶g;viTUeTAvij. EtpÞúyeTAvij RbCaBlrdæ ExμrcMnYn 50 PaKrykMBugEtGt;Xøan nigxøHGt;)ay. eBlCite)aHeqñatmþg² h‘un Esn Ecksar:ug 1 nigbIuecg 1 kBa©b; edIm,Ie)akRbCaBlrdæExμrTijsnøwkeqñat. tamBit yYn nig h‘un Esn erobcMrYcCaeRsc eBle)aHeqñat mþg

KWKNkmμkarerobcMkare)aHeqñat CnGenþaRbevsnþyYn sarBt’manPaKeRcInxøac h‘un Esn KMramfaebIKNbkS RbCaCncaj;eqñat mansRgÁam.l. CMnYybreTs kñúgmYyqñaM²ya:gticBI 600 landUløaeLIgeTA. EtRbCaBlrdæ Exμr min)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BitR)akdeT Føak;kñúgkNþab;éd yYn nig bkSBYkKNbkS h‘un Esn EdlRbRBwtþ GMeBIBukrlYy eFIVRTBüsm,tiþpÞal;xøÜn. etIluyrab;landUløa bkSBYkKNbkS h‘un Esn )anmkBINa? etIBYkeK manR)ak;Exb:unμan ? eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ebIyYndwgfaRbCaBlrdæExμrGñkesñhaCatimanCIvPaBFUrFar yYn)aneGayRkumcarkmμ bgárclcl bøn; sMlab;; lYcqk; bgárPaBPitP½y eRKaHfñak;cracr bMBulfñaM eFIVeGayExμrRk EtCnGenþaRbevsn_yYn kan;EtmaneLIg rs;enAelITwkdIExμr edaysuxsanþrIkray.

2-sMlab;EpñkKMnit qnÞ³esñhaCati yYn)anRkéLRbvtþisaRsþ pþl;Bt’manminBit menaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþ nigRbB½n§Gb;rMexSay dl;kUnExμr nig RbCaBlrdæExμr EdleFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr vegVglg;kñúgmenaKmn_yYn h‘un Esn )at;bg;qnÞ³esñhaCati matuPUmi. yYn)anBgVk;sgÁmExμr eGaytémøelIGMeBITuc©rit BukrlYy GyutþiFm’ ePIøtePIøn El,g RsI Rsa Gatμa niym smÖar³ nigGMNacbuNüskþi edIm,IExμrePøcKitKUrerOgRbeTsCati. skmμPaBTaMgenH pÞúyBIemdwknaMCatiExμr GñkesñhaCatiBICMnan;mun² CaBiesskñúgsm½yrugerOgmhanKr emdwknaMCatiExμrnasm½yenaH eGaytMéleTAelI GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkR)aCJ bNÐit samKÁIPaB nigÉkPaBKña. RbCaBlrdæExμrnasm½yenaH køahanmuHmut eBl sRtUvcUlmkyayI b¤deNIþmplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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h‘un Esn minedaHRsaynisSitKμankargareFIV eFIVeGaynisSitGs;sgwÇm. RbB½n§Gb;rMKμanKuNPaB. KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn mincUlnivtþn_Tuk»kaseGayekμgCMnan;eRkaybnþevn. GMeBIBukrlYy sIusMNUk

GyutiþFm’ eFIVeGaynisSitPaKeRcIn)at;bg; qnÞ³esñhaCatiExμr KitEtRtdrrs; BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶. kUnExμrBitR)akd min)aneronsURtecHdwgeRCARCH KμankarBicarNaEvgq¶ayBIerOgRbeTsCatieT. RbCaBlrdæExμrxøHminGacrs;)an eTot xøHGt;)ay Gt;GgárRckqñaMg manCm¶WrgcaMEtesckIþsøab;. etIGnaKtRbeTsCati TwkdI nigkUnExμrCMnan;eRkay eTACaya:gNa?.

3-sMlab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr enAéf¶ 5-6kkáda 1997 h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbharsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr GñkRbCaFibetyü rab;rynak; nigcab;dak;Kuk tamEpnkarrbs;yYn. yYn h‘uk LgDI )aj;sMlab; hU sux enARksYgmhaépÞ. eRkay mkeTot h‘un Esn )ansMlab; Rkum)atukrRbqaMg mannisSit RBHsgÇ sil,kr nigRbCaBlrdæExμrkñúgeBl )atukmμ qñaM 1998. h‘un Esn )aneFIVtambBa¢aryYn )aj;smøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμrCabnþbnÞab; Ca viC¢a/ eCa eCdæariT§/ rs; suvNÑer:t/ RBHetCKuN sM b‘uneFOn nigGñkesñhaCati EdlCaskmμCnrbs;KNbkSsmrgSI CaeRcInGñkeTot rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH. tulakar b:UlIs nigeyaFa Pñak;garyYn enABIeRkayxñg h‘un Esn. yYn h‘un Esn cg;sMlab; ExμreRscEtcitþeBlNak_)an ehIyXatkrBitminEdlcab;ykpþnÞaeTaseLIy vadUcCarbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬b:ul Bt¦ Edr. yYn h‘un Esn eRbIRKb;meFüa)aysmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr cak;fñaM cab;eGayRkeBIsIu TMlak;eRCaHeBRCnil dak;fñaMbMBul eRKaHfñak;cracr ecabøn; nigXatkrlblYc)aj;sMlab;.l. yYndak;fñaMKImItamcMNIGahar eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrmanCm¶WepSg² dUcCaCm¶WmharIk efIøm RkBHCaedIm. mnÞIeBTükal;Em:Rt CamnÞIeBTüyYnRKb;RKg EtgEtsmøab;GñkesñhaCatiExμr. yYn h‘un Esn CaXatkrsMlab; Exμr bnÞab;BIyYneRbIl,icsmøab;Exμr kalBIrbbExμrRkhm. sUm,IEtkat;eTasExμrRkhm k¾CamenaKmn_yYn [Exμr yl;RcLMfa ExμrsMlab;Exμr Edr. dUcenH BlrdæExμrTaMgGs;RtUvdwgfa Xatkrkumμúynisþ \NÐÚcin¬yYn¦ CaGñk sMlab;Exμr ehIyeyIgKYrniyayfa kat;eTasXatkrkumμúynIsþ\NÐÚcinvij minKYrniyayfa kat;eTasExμrRkhmeT .

GñkesñhaCati esñhaRbCaFibetyü eRbobdUcCaRtIenAkñúgqñaMg Edlrg;caMEteBlevlaeKes¶ar Etb:ueNÑaH. ebIdl;eBleKcab;es¶arehIygayNas; eRBaH tulakar b:UlIs Tahan Carbs;yYn yYncg;sMlab;ema:g Na)antam citþ. yYn nig h‘un Esn RKan;EtbnøMEPñk BIesdækic©Ebbkumμunisþ mkEbbesdækic©TIpSaresrIfa CaRbeTsRbCaFib etyü ehIyenH KWyYnRKan;EtbþÚrviFIsaRsþsMlab;ExμrEtb:ueNÑaH. EtEpnkartammhicätayYn rMlayBUCsasn_Exμr elbTwkdIExμrenAdEdl. yYn h‘un Esn kMBugbMP½nþ EPñkExμr[yl;xus edayvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; ykRBHBuT§ sasna nigesþc eFIVCaExl EtBlrdæExμrKμan siT§iesrIPaB KμanÉkraCüBitR)akdeT. siTi§ nigesrIPaBExμreBlenH bIdUcCakEgábenAkñúgqñaMgTwk EdleKkMBugdaMelIcRgáanePIøgEtb:ueNÑaH. yYnsMlab;ExμrGñkesñhaCati mþgmYy² yYn eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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sMlab; 1 KMram 100. eKdUrBIsMlab;mþgeRcIn mksMlab;mþgbnþic bnþbnÞab;erogral;éf¶. sUmBlrdæExμr TaMgGs; RCabfa RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ sßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;ecaryYnEbbfμITaMgRsug.

5-ÉkPaB (Unity ) RKb;cMNuceKaledAcugeRkay emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtmankarxitxMrYmKñamYy EdlsßitenAeRkamemdwknaM TTYlxusRtUvEtmñak;. emdwknaMRtUvmankarÉkPaBKña mann½yfa RtUvdwknaM nigsRmbsRmYl edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkeKal bMNgrYm nigeKaledArYmEtmYy. edayemIleXIjRbeTsExμrd_kMst; RbCaBlrdæExμrrs;enAEsnevTna eRkamkar CiHCan; yYn h‘un Esn kñúgnamCaCatiExμrmñak; sUm]TÞisdl;RBlwgvIrbursExμrRKb;rUb Edl)anbUCaCIvitedIm,I karBarCatimatuPUmiExμr eGayKg;vgS mksßitkñúgRBlwgkUnecAExμrRKb;rUb eGaymansμartIRsLaj;CatiExμr ÉkPaB Kña samKÁIKña køahanmuHmut KitBIvasnaGnaKtrbs;RbeTsCatiExμr naMKñacgRkgkmøaMg eRkakeLIg seRgÁaHCatiExμr eGayrYcBIGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμIenH. emdwknaMCatiExμrRKb;rUb RtUvkøahanmuHmut h‘anegIbeLIgeFIVCaemdwknaMCati Exμr edayxøÜnÉg mincaM)ac;rgcaMGñkmanbuNüÉNaeLIy. eyIgCaRbCaBlrdæExμrmYYyrUbmansiT§ieBjTIkñúgkar dwknaMRbeTsCati minbeNþayCatisasn_d_éTCan;QøICatiExμreyIgCadac;xat. kUnExμrminRtUveRbIBaküjúHjugeGay ExμrEbk)ak; eRbIkarniyaysþIGb;rMExμreGaymanPaBsamKÁIÉkPaB ecHeKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmk eGaytMélKña eTAvijeTAmk RsLaj;KñaeTAvijeTAmk CYyKñaeBlman]bsKÁeTAvijeTAmk mineRbIBaküriHKn;ExμrKñaÉg manEteRbIBaküelIkTwkcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk RtUvecHGt;eTaseGayKña Gt;eGanGFüaRs½yKña RtUvrYbrYmKñaeGay mUldUc)al; xitxMTaMgGs;Kña sißtenAkñúgeKalbMNgEtrYmmYyKw seRgÁaHCatiExμr BIecaryYn h‘un Esn .

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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6-sMécFn (Economics of Resources) emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEbgEckFnFaneGaycMeKaledA nigcMNucGTiPaBx<s;. cMNayCaGb,brmacMeBaH kEnøgEdlmincaM)ac;b¤kEnøgEdlminEmnCacMNucpþac;RBat;. kñúgtMNak;karénkarts‘U emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvGt;Fμt;Ca TIbMput RtUvKiteFIVGIVEdlmanGaTiPaBbMput eFIVEdlTTYl)anplcMeNjCaGtibrima. RtUvBicarNafa etIkic©karNa caM)ac;RtUveFIVmuneK kic©karNaEdlminTan;caM)ac;TukeFIVeRkay. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvecHsnSMsMéc FnFan eBlevla kMlMag nigsmÖarH epþatelIkic©karEtmYy KWkic©karseRgÁaHCatiExμr eGay)anrYcputBIRkjaMubIsac kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin ¬yYn h‘un Esn¦.

7-qμk; (Surprise) eyIgRtUvvaylukeTAelIsRtUvenATIkEnøg b¤ eBlNaEdlsRtUvminmankareRtomTuk. ktþaEdlGaceFIVeGay PJak;ep¥Il)an rYmTaMgel,Ón kmøaMgsRtUvniwksμanmindl; Pñak;garBt’manmanRbsiT§PaB karbMP½nþRKb;RbePT l,ickl nigviFIsaRsþepSg²énkarRbtibtþikar nigsnþisuxeBlRbtibtþikar. emdwiknaMCatiExμr RtUvQøasév kMueGay sRtUvdwgxøÜnfa eyIgkMBugeFIVGIV. eyIgRtUvlak;xøÜnkñúgTIggwtedIm,IeFIVskmμPaB ebIsinCaeyIgenAkñúgTIPøWenaH kumμúynisþyYn h‘un Esn nigrkRKb;viFIedIm,IkMcat;eyIgecalCaminxan. dUcenH emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUveFIVGIVmYy EdlsRtUv mincab;GarmμN_ sRtUvmindwgxøÜn. edayminRtUvGYtGagbgðajxøÜnÉgfaCaGIVmYyBitR)akd elIkElg EtGñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd. minR)ab;sRtUvfa xøÜnkMBugeFIVGIVmYyenaHeT eyIgKYrykBt’manBIsRtUvvij ¬BaküsYr GIV ÉNa nrNa kEnøgNa eBlNa ya:gem:c sMrab;ykBt’man.l.¦ egIysák»ndak;RKab;.

EtemdwknaMRtUveFIVskmμPaBral;éf¶Canic© luHRtadl;dMNak;karcugeRkayénC½yCMnH. RtUveRbI l,icxøa lak;Rkck. b:uEnþcMeBaHCatiExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akdvij eRkayBIeyIgdwgRbvtþic,as;las; nig esIubGegátdwgc,as;las; eyIgRtUvEtbgðajfa eyIgkMBugeFIVGIVedIm,IbuBVehtuCati sasna RbCaCatiExμr edIm,IeGayGñkesñhaCatienaH cUlrYmkmøaMgEtmYy. 8-snþisux (Security) ral;kic©kar nigEpnkarerobcMTaMgLay RtUvEtKitBIbBaða snþisux [)anx<<s;bMput eBalKW karRbugRbytñ½Cab; Canic© edImI,EfrkSa kMlaMg[)anKg;vg;l¥. snþisux ekIteLIgGaRs½yedaysar karecHlak;karN_)anl¥ erobcMEpn kars¶at;kM)aMg nigkareRCIserIs EtgtaMg smaCik)anRtwmRtUv tameKalkarN_Cak;lak;mYy. kareRCIserIs smaCikkargar CaktþasMxan;kñúgkarrkSakarsMgat; kñúgkarkarlak;karN_)anl¥ b¤minl¥. kñúgkal³eTs³enH cMNat;kar k¾CaktþamYyy:agsMxan;Edr edIm,Imansnþisuxkñúgkargar eyIgRtUvmancMNat;karc,as;las; eBalKW {kargarGñkNa GñkhñwgeFVI/GñkNaeFVI GñkenaHdwg/kic©karGñkNa GñkenaHdwg/Gñkmun dwgkargarmun GñkeRkaydwgkargareRkay }. smaCikmñak;² minRtUv[dwgTUlMTUlay hYseBkenaHeLIy CaehtunaM[xUckarCayfaehtu. ehtuenH smaCik mñak;² minRtUvcg;dwg hYsRBMEdnkargarrbs;xøÜn b¤KitsgS½yfa GñkelIminTukcitþxøÜnenaHeLIy. CaBiess smaCik Edl mancritmat; rGil niyaysþIKμankarTTYlxusRtUv pwksIue)a:EL Kμanrebob KμankarXMuRKgstixøÜnÉg minRtUv[ dwgkic©karsMxan; b¤TTYlxusRtUvkargarx<g;x<s;eLIy. kareFVsRbEhs k¾CaktþamYyTak;Tgnwg snþisuxpgEdr. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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karerobcMEpnkar edayxVHkarfwøgEføgRtwmRtUv b¤føwgEføgeTAtamGarmμN_edayxVHehtupl ¬Facts & Reason¦ naM[ kic©kareføaHeFøay. karCECkLÚLaeday Kμanrebob karGYtGag eday\tsNþab;Fñab; xVHkarBicarNa k¾Cabc©½y mYynaM [karsMgat;FøúHFøaypgEdr. ehtudUceBalmkxagelIenH emdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUvbeNþay[sRtUvmaneRbobelIeyIg edaysarEt cMNat; kar xVHsnþisux b¤eFVsRbEhs [VGIVmYyekIteLIgeday eyIgnwksμanmindl;enaHeLIy. eBaleGaycMeyIgRtUv man karRbugRbytñ½Cab;Cad¾rab minfavinaTINaeLIy. eyIgRtUvcat;viFankareFIVya:gNa TaMgggwt¬Direct Method¦TaMg PøW ¬Indirect Method¦ TaMg sMgat; TaMg cMhr edIm,IkarBarTb;Tl; nwgcarkmμ kareFVIviT§gSna kareRCotcUlrbs; Pñak; garxμaMg EdlcUlmkesIubGegátykBt’man BIeyIg. ral;cMNat;karTaMgGs; RtUvKitBI snþisux KWRtUvmankarRbug Rbytñ½ Cab;Canic© edIm,IeFVIy:agNa eGay kic©karrbs;eyIgTTYl)aneCaKC½yeday rlUnl¥. ÉkarrkSakarsMgat; )anl¥ nwgeFVI[eyIgmansnþisux kñúgkargar. mnusSEdl mat;rGil minRtUv[ dwgkargarsMxan;² b¤minRtUv[TTYl muxgarsøab;rs;eLIy. eyIgRtUvEt Rby½tñcMeBaHmnusS Edlcg;dwg cg;B¤BIeyIg hYsehtueBk. cMeBaHGñkGnuvtþn_ kargar RtUvkarBarxøÜnÉgkMu[eK lbcMra:j;ykBt’manBITegVI BikarniyaysþIrbs;eyIg)an. RtUvRbugRbytñ½ cMeBaH karvayqμk; kareFIVviT§gSna karykBt’man kareRCotcUl BIcarkmμxμaMg. emdwknaMCatiExμr CamnusSminlk; b¤k,t; ]tþmKtixøÜnÉgCadac;xat. ehtudUcecñH emdwknaMCatiExμr munnigRbKl;kic©kar b¤erIs mnusSmkeFIVCabuKÁlik b¤mk eFVIkarCamYy RtUvEtsÁal;mnusSenaH[c,as;las; Camunsin eBaleGaycMKWRtUvEp¥kelIeKalKMnitxagelI. 9-gayRsYl (Simplicity) emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUverobcMEpnkarc,as;las; minsμúKsμaj manPaBgayRsYl¬Simplicity¦kñúgkarGnuvtþ edIm,IFanafa GñkeRkamGacyl;c,as;las; m:t;ct; Gnuvtþ)anedayminBi)ak nigeCosvagkarP½nþRcLM. eCaKC½y GaRs½y elIEpnkarl¥ sÁal;sßankarN_c,as; sÁal;PUmisaRsþCak;lak; emdwknaMxøaMg kUnecAmanvin½yl¥ nigmanKuN Fm’ RBmTaMgkarrs;rYmsuxrYmTukCamYyKña. C½yCMn³minEp¥k elImankMlaMgeRcInTaMgRsugenaHeT EtEp¥kelIkar cat; Ecg dwknaMl¥ RtwmRtUvmank,ÜnxñatBitR)akd. ebIeTaHbI dUecñHkþI RtUvcaMfa {manEpnkarminsUvl¥ RbesIrCagGt;Epn kar }. eyIgminRtUvedkcaMTal;Et erobcMEpnkar)anl¥eTIbeFVIenaHeLIy. eRBaHfa ebImanEpnkarl¥ EtkarGnuvtþ minl¥ k¾minRbesIrEdr. karGnuvtþl¥ GaRs½yedaykarhat;hVwkhVWn sakl,gCaRbcaM. karhat;hVwkhVWn sakl,g CaRbcaM nwgeFVI[gayRsYlkñúgkarGnuvtþ. CaBiess eFVIeTAelIeKal edANaEdl xμaMgeFVsRbEhs minmankarRbug Rbytñ½ Kμankic©karBarmaMTaM . ÉviFIvayRbhar k¾RtUvEt pøas;bþÚrsar cuHeLIgCanic©. karbNþúHbNþal hVwkhVWn hat; sakl,g elIEpnkarEdlmanehIy naM[GñkeRkamsÁal;yl;c,as; BIParHrbs;mñak;² nigtYrnaTI karTTYlxusRtUv rbs;eK eTIbkic©karrMedaHCati seRgÁaHCatiExμr TTYl)aneCaKC½y.

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10-RBmKña (Syndromes) emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvecHerbcMkMNt;eBlevla nigTIkEnøgeGayc,as;las; edIm,IegIbeLIgeGayRsuHKña RBmKña kñúgeBl EtmYy. PaBRBmKña GacRbRBitþ eTA)anBwgEp¥kelI kareRCIserIs mnusSl¥ b¤minl¥ nigPaBmanviny½rbs; smaCik. ebIeyIgeFVIEpnkar)anl¥ EtsmaCikKμanvin½y mat;rGilminecHlak;karN_ cMNat;karKμanKMrb Kμankar lak;)aMgeT PaBRBmKñaenH minGacGnuvtþ)aneLIy. vin½yRtg;enH sMedAelIkarTak;TgKña tamsMbuRtsñam tamviTüú Tak;Tg nigkarpSBVpSayCaedIm minRtUveFVIeGayxVHrebobeLIy . karTak;TgpSBVpSayxVHrebobminGaceFVI[ Epn kareyIglak;)aMg)aneLIy. GñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyü nig CatiExμrTaMgGs;RKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁmRtUvEtPJJak;rlwk emIleXIj eRKaHfañk;RbeTsCatiExμr esckþITukçevTnaRbCaBlrdæExμr Qb;lg;lk;kñúgmenaKmn_e)akR)as;rbs;yYn EdlkMBug eRbI h‘un Esn sBVéf¶enHeTA. RbCaCatiExμr RtUvgakmkrYbrYmCabgb¥ÚnrYmelahitExμrEtmYy KaMRTGñkdwknaMCati Exμr edIm,IseRgÁaH Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr [Tan;eBl. ebImindUecñHeT RbeTsExμreyIg CatiExμreyIg RtUvFøak; kñúgkNþab; yYnkumμúnisþ dUc ExμreRkam lav cam Caminxan. yYnkMBugEteRbImenaKmn_kumμúynisþ [ExμreyIgEbk)ak; Kña [Exμr Kμan»kasrYbrYmkMlaMg ÉkPaB samKÁI rMedaHxøÜnecjBIva. sUmCnrYmQamExμrTaMgGs; emtþatMkl;Tukpl RbeyaCn_CatiCaTI1 RsLaj;Exμr CYyExμr Gt;eGan GaFüaRs½yeGayExμr RtUveRbIBaküsMdImanRbeyaCn_ bNþúHTwk citþ køahanmuHmut BuHBarbþÚrpþac; minxøacsøab; edIm,I CatiExμr sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr.

-begIátRkumkargar (Set up team work) karbegIátRkumkargarCabBaðasMxan;Nas; sMrab;emdwknaMCatiExμr edIm,I[GgÁkardwknaMenaH sMercdl; eKal edA. karbegIátRkumkargareRbob)andUcCabkSIEdlrkkEnøgeFIVsMbuk edIm,I[kUnrs;enA)anesckIþsuxcMerIn rYcputBI eRKaHmhnþrayepSg². cMENkRkumkargar emdwknaMRtUveRCIserIsy:agsMritsMraMgbMputEdr. karbegIátRkumkargar GñkdwknaMRtUvman ckçúvis½yc,as;las; eBalKW eKalbMNg eKaledA nigTiwsedACak;lak;. eyIgGñkesñha CatiExμr BitR)akd GñkRbCaFibetyü Edlcg;eRsacRsg;Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr[rs;eLIgvijenaH eyIgRtUvmanRkum kargarl¥ya:gs¥itrmYtmYy. CaRkumkargarmYy RtUvecHCYyyiteyagKñaeTAvijeTAmk mine)aHbg; ecalKña mink,t; Kña RtUvesμaHRtg;CamYyKña rYmsuxrYmTukçTaMgGs;Kña rhUtTTYl)aneCaKC½y. karbegáItRkumkargardUcKña nwgRkum )al;Tat;mYy Rkumrbs;GñkdwknaMCatiExμr KW CaRkumEdlmansmßPaB manfamBlxøaMgdUcKña TaMgCMhr sμartI kMlaMg BlM nigkars‘URTaMGt;Fμt;BuHBar.

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1-Rkumkargar KWCamnusSmanqnÞ³EtmYy pñt;KMnitneya)ayEtmYUy \riyabfEtmYy • • • •

CaCnCatiExμrBitR)akd CaGñkesñhaCatiExμredaykþIBuHBar bþÚrpþac; ekøovkøa emaHmut .

CaGñkRbCaFibetyü esμaHRtg; s¥ats¥M mansc©³ minPUtPrkuhke)akR)as RkeLkRkLúc.

CaGñkman qnÞ³mutRsYcbMput ha‘nniyay h‘anlHbg; h‘annaMmux eFVIGVIRKb;y:ag edIm,IbuBVehtuCatinig

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RbCaCatiExμr EtmYy. 2-eRCIsEtgtaMgmnusSEdlmanfIVéd nigkarBiesaFn_x<s;kñúgkargar ³ GñkEdlmancMeNHdwg karBiesaFn¾ PaBbuinRbsb; mansñaéd nigÉkeTsc,as;las; GñkEdlmanRbIyPaBelIRbCaCatiExμr GñkEdlCa eCIgÉkkñúgcMeNameCIgÉk xagvis½y neya)ay eyaFa esdækic© nigvis½yepSg²eTot. • • •

3-mnusSenAkñúgRkumkargarRtUvebþCJacitþTaMgGs;Kña edIm,IEklMGrKñaeTAvijeTAmkeq<aHeTArkeCaKC½y RtUvcaMfakarbegIátRkumkargar eRbobdUcCaeyIgbegIát TUk sMeBA b¤k)a:l; edIm,IdwkmnusS eGayeTAdl; eKaledANamYy. karbegIátRkumkargarTUeTA eyIgeRbobdUc RkumkILa)al;Tat; Edlcg;QñH karRbkYtRbECg. eyIgRtUveRCIserIscMra:j;GñkmanÉkeTsxag)al;Tat;c,as;las; ehIyykmkhVwkhat; eGay)ansÞat;CMnaj mun cUlRbkYt. kñúgsRgÁam eyIgRtUverIsGñkmanÉkeTsxageyaFa edIm,IeTAc,aMgCamYYysRtUveGay)aneCaKC½y. cMeBaHkareFIVBaNiC¢kmμ RtUverIsykGñkEdlmanÉkeTsxageFIVBaNiC¢kmμ edIm,ITTYl)anR)ak;cMeNjGtibrma nig eCaKC½ykñúgTIpSar. niyayeGaycMeTA karbegIátRkumkargar eyIgRtUvkMNt;faetIeyIgniwgeFIVGIV? TMhMb:uNÑa? eyIg RtUverIsykGñkEdlmansmtßPaB ÉkeTs cMeNHdwg nigkarbiunRbsb;xagGIVEdleyIgRtUveFIVeGaysMerc ckçúvis½y EdleyIgcg;)an. Bakücas;eBalfa{ecHdb;minesμI GñkRbsb;mYy}. emdwkna qøatévRtUvsikSa eronsURtBIFmμCati BI eRBaHGIVEdlekItmanenAelIEpndIenH suT§swgEtekItecjmkBIFmμCati. ktþabegIátRkumkargar KWedIm,IRbmUlKMnit begIátyuT§saRsþrYmmYy edIm,IykmkbMeBjebskkmμeGay)aneCaKC½y. emdwknaM kMuGYtfa xøÜnCamnusSqøatCag eK b:uNÑaenaH b:uEnþGMNacénGgÁkardwknaMmYy vaxøaMgCagKMnitelakEtmñak;eTAeTot. ktþa eCaKC½y xøaMgbMputrbs; GgÁkardwknaM GacekItman)an luHRtaEtdMeNIrebskkmμenaHRsYl ehIymanRbsiT§il¥ karGPivDÆn_GMNacxYrk,al buKÁlikTaMgGs;RKb;Can;fñak;GMBIrkardwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGays¥itrmYt dwknaMRbkbeday yuT§saRsþ nigkarebþCJacitþTaMg Gs;KñaTaMgRsug. Bakücas;eBalfa {cegáwHmYy)ac;kac;min)ak;eLIy}. dUecñH ebIsinCaeyIgRbmUl GñkesñhaCatiExμr EdlmanqnÞ³mutRsYc køahan eGay)andUcCacgwáHmYy)ac; KWeRbobdUcCa eyIgRbmUlTwk mYytMNk;²mþg begIát)an Caføúk RtBaMg sÞwg Tenø rhUtdl;smuRTya:gdUecñHEdr sYrfa etImanGIVmYy GacmkraraMgTwk)aneT TwkKWCakmøaMg Gñk esñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd. enAkñúgRkumkargar³ • emdwknaMRtUvFanafa GñkTaMgGs;Kñayl;c,as;GMBItYnaTI nig karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK. • CMrujsmaCikRkumkargar edIm,IeFIVeGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBRbesIrbMput • erobcMRkumkargarsMrab;kareCaKC½y eFIVeGayRkummanclna • pþl;karsresIrEdlmanGtßn½y edIm,IelIktMekIgskmμPaBeGayviC¢man • pþl;kareqøIytbénkarGviC¢man edim,IeFIVkarpøas;bþÚr • epÞrkargaredaymanRbsiT§PaB eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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emdwknaMRtUveCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg eFIVya:gNaedIm,IebIkeGaymankarriHKn;sßabnay:ageBjelj KMnit nigeyabl;BInrNamñak;. emdwknaMRtUvEtmanqnÞ³ edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkarsMerccitþ b¤eKalneya)ay GaRs½y elItMrUvkarRkumcg;)an.

•

-karerobcM ¬Organizing¦ karRKb;RKgdwknaMminl¥ naMeGaymanGyutþiFm’. GyutþiFm’ naM»ymankarts‘UerIbMrH karts‘UerIbMrH naM»y man karEbk)ak;épÞkñúg karEbk)ak;épÞkñúg naMmknUvsRgÁamsIuvil karEbk)ak;épÞkñúg naMeGaymankareRCotERCklUk édBIsRtUvCitxag ehIynaMeGaymansRgÁamlukluyBIxageRkA nignaMeGayCaticuHGn;exSay. edImcmcMbgEdlnaM eGaymanktþaTaMgGM)almaNxagelIenH k_eRBaHEtkarGnuvtþn_ kic©karerobcM ¬Orginizing Policy¦ elIbBaða eKalkarN_dwknaM karerobcMsßabn½ nigkarerobcM eRCIserIs hVwkhVWn EtgtaMgbuKÁlik minl¥ minRtwmRtUv eBal»y cMKW mkBIneya)ayerobcM kñúgkareRCIserIsGñkdwknaMRKb;Can;fñak; taMgBIifñak;Cati rhUtdk;fñak;eRkambMput minl¥ min RtwmRtUv KμaneKalkarN_ Cak;lak; sMrab;karerobcM . emøaHehIy karEdlExμr CYbRbTH nUvPaB vwkvr rgTukçlM)ak evTnasYrBUC minecHcb; k_eRBaHEtkkþaxagelIenH minEmnmkBIExμrman)abkmμ bJkmμBarevra dUcBaküccamGaram fa BuT§TMnayenaHeLIy. eRBaHfa RBHBuT§GgÁ elakRtas;dwgmk edImI,bMPøWstVelakeTArkesckþIs¶b;sux RBHGgÁmin )andak;eTasTNн dak;TMnayCnNa b¤CatiNa eGayFøak;kñúgmhnþrayeLIy. mü:agvijeTot sm½ykalEdl RBH GgÁRTg;Rtas;dwgenaH RbEhlCaRBHGgÁmin)ansÁal; RbeTsExμrpgeT . elIsBIenHeTAeTot RBHBuT§GgÁ maneKal karN_ rbs;RBHGgÁya:gCak;lak; Edl)aneRbonRbedATukfa {kmμ nig pl} . eBalKW ebIdaMRkUc)anEpøRkÚc ebIGñk dwknaMePøI eTAciBa©wmcckyYnsgÁm eBlcck FMFat; cck nwgxaMRt)ak; EhkhYr ExμrdUc sBVéf¶ .

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smtßPaBkñúg karerobcM¬Organizing¦ Caktþa søab;rs; mYyGacnaMmknUvbraC½y b¤eCaKC½y dl;CatiExμr naGnaKt. kMufaeLIy manmnusSeRcInsn§wksn§ab;b:uNÑa FnFan sMPar³ luykak; fvika GavuFTMenIb sMbUreBarBas kMritNa ebIemdwknaMKμansmtßPaB cat;Ecg erobcMkic©kar [)anRtwmRtUv manRbsiT§PaB eTenaH GgÁkar neya)ay CatinigCYbRbTH nUvkarbraCy½y:agR)akd. ehIyenH KWCakarENnaMxøI²dl;CnrYmCatiExμr CaBiessGñkdwknaMExμr[ )anyl;dwgc,as;las;RtwmRtUv BIRbsiT§PaBkñúg karerobcM [RsbeTAtameKalCak;lak;mYy EdlCak;CaGacnwgnaM [eyIgmaneCaKC½y ya:gR)akd sMrab;RbCaCatiExμr. GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RKb;Can;fñak; EdlmantYrnaTIdwknaM nigman karTak;Tg nwgkarcat;EcgerobcMbuKÁlik karRKb;RKg RtUvyl;[c,as;fa karcat;EcgerobcMbuKÁlik karRKb;RKg RsbtameKaledAy:agCak;lak;rbs;eyIgKW ³ 1-eFIV[man ÉkPaBCati samKÁICati y:agTUlMTUlay edIm,IrMedaHCati[rYcputBI])ayklexμAggwtrbs;

sRtUvCitxag nigecaryYn Edlb:unb:gelbykTwkdIExμr nigeFVI[ RbeTsCatirYccakputBIkar)at;bg; \sSrPaB .

2-mankartBVkic©naMRbeTsCatieq<aHeTArkRbeTsExμrÉkraCü man\sSrPaB nigRbkan;ykrbbRKb;RKg EbbRbCaFibetyü esrIBitR)akdmYy. 3-jaMug[RbCaCatiExμrTaMgmUl rs;kñúg suPmgÁl vibulPaB Canic©nirnþn_ Rbkbeday famBl rwgbwug sßit

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esßr man]tþmPaB esμImuxnwgRbCaCatinana. cUrcaMfa{kareRCIserIsEtgtaMg tMelIgzan³buKÁlikb¤smaCik RtUvEp¥keTAtamKuNPaB smtßPaB ÉkeTs rbs;buKÁl nigPaBcaM)ac;rbs;sßabn½} . Ékar { erobcMbegáItsßabn½ RtUvEp¥keTAtamtMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;sgÁmCati } minEmneFVIeLIg edIm,I bkSBYk RKYsarniym TijdUrTwkcitþ b¤edIm,IbegáItGMNacEckKñaGgÁúybMpøajfvikarCati dUcBYk

Gak,t; h‘un Esn kMBugeFVIsBVéf¶enHeLIy. -cMNucTI1 ³ Par³enH niyay)angay fa)anRsYl EtCaPar³ d¾Bi)akF¶n;F¶rbMput kñúgkareFVI[)ansMerc eCaKCy½ ehIyvanWgGacsMerceTA)an luHNaEt mankarRbtibtþinUveKalkarN¾ erobcM [)anx¢ab;x¢Ün . müa:gvijeTot GñkesñhaCatiExμremIleXIjfa TMenarneya)ayrbs;BiPBelaksBVéf¶ kMBugEtedIreTArk saklRbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmμ ¬World Democratization¦ eFIV»yRbCaBlrdæ kMBugEtmankaryl; dwg sÁal; nUv tMélxøÜn nigsiT§esrIPaB kñúgzan³ CamnusSmñak; CaBlrdæmñak; kñúgkarrs;ran enAkñúgsgÁmCati. ehtuenHehIy Blrdæ nigsmaCikfñak;eRkam EtgEtmanbMNgcg; beBa©jnUv TsSn³rbs;xøÜn b¤k¾kartv:aepSg² Cak;Caminxan Tl; nwgGñkdwknaMrbs;eK edIm,Ikarrs;enAkñúgsgÁm karcUlrYmkúñgkartsU‘ Rbkbeday smPaB PatrPaB nig\sSrPaB .

CaBiesseTAeTot kartv:aedIm,Ikarrs;enAmYy manyutþiFm’ nigkareKarBsiT§KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgPaBCamnusSCaGñk ts‘Umñak;dUcKña kñúgPaBCabgb¥ÚnrYmQamrYmelahitEtmYy. ebIeTaHCamankarcaM)ac; tMrUv[manzananuRkm dwknaMkþI EtkareKarBsiT§iKñaRtUvEtmany:agdac;xat. eBalKW kareKarBKñakñúgrgVg;zananuRkm kargar )anesckþI fa kñúgeBl eFVIkar RtUvGnuvtþn¾tamzananuRkm eRkAem:ageFVIkar CamitþPkþi CabgCab¥Ún mansiT§niyaysþI esμIPaBKña. KWCa esrI PaBkñúgRBMEdnmYy Edlminb:HBal;dl;esrIPaBGñkdéT b¤plRbeyaCn_GayuCIvitrbs;sgÁmCati . cMNucTI2 KW : karykcitþTukdak;edayhμt;ct; dl;suxTukçkñúgkarrs;enA GñkeRkam«vaT :. cUrkMusgÇwmfa

{GñkeRkam»vaTGñk nigskmμBuHBar esμaHRtg; nwgGñk[esaH ebIGñkmin)an rs;rYmsuxrYmTukç bJykcitþTukdak;elI karrs;enArbs;eK [)andUcCakUnsMnb;rbs; GñkeTenaH :. GñkeRkam«vaT nwgeFIVkar y:agskmμbþÚrpþac; edayePøc

esckþIsøab; ebIeKemIleXIjfa GñkRsLaj; eKdUcCakUnsMNb;rbs;Gñk nigTegVIRbcaMéf¶rbs; GñkRbkbedaykar bþÚr pþac; edIm,IGnaKtrbs;eK nigrbs;RbeTsCatiBit². CagenHeTAeTot kareFVI nigrkSa[manCMenO nigkþIsgÇwmd¾x<s;

cMeBaHGnaKtd¾RtcHRtcg;mYy enAeBlxagmux. kareFVIxøÜnCaKMrU kñúgkarRbtibtþi nUveKalkarN_nana rbs;GgÁkar neya)ayCatiExμr CaktþasMxan; kñúgkarCYyeFVI[kic©karenHsMerceTA)an. eRBaHfa karsMritsMraMgCaktþamYy rIÉ tMrab;l¥ CaktþamYyeTot rYmpSMKñaeTIbGacl¥RbesIreTA)an. cUrcaMfa {TegIVrbs;GñkdwknaM eTaHedayectna b¤ectna KWCatMrab;rbs;GñkeRkam»vat} . mann½yfa TegVIrbs;GñkdwknaM man\TÁiBleTAelIkarKit karGnuvtþn_ nig \riyabf RbcaMéf¶rbs;smaCikTUeTA. ehtuenHehIy GñkdwknaMExμr RKb;Can;fñak; RtUvEtBüayam erobcMGb;rMxøÜn eGay )anl¥ RbesIrCamun munnwgeFIVkardwknaMeK. karGb;rMxøÜnekIteLIgedaykar eFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉgCaRbcaMbEnßm eTot edIm,I[kardwknaM nigkarcat;EcgRKb;RKg manRbsiT§PaB x<s;bMput. cMNucTI3 ³ kareFIV[mansßirPaB elIsßanPaBrs;enA rbs;GñkeRkam»vaT kñúgkMritmYy Edlsmrmülμm eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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nwgrs;enA eFVIkarts‘U)an b¤GacmanPaBRbesI x<g;x<s;CagxagsRtUv bJk¾CagsßanPaBrs;enArbs;BlrdæTUreTACaktþa caM)ac;pgEdr. elIsBIienHeTAeTot minRtwmEteFVI[ maneRbobelIKUrsRtUv CaGay:g b:ueNÁÑaHeT KWRtUveFIVy:agNa[ mansmtßPaB GacRbQmmuxtTl; nWgsRtUvCitxagenAnaGnaKt)anEfmeTot. GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvxVl;xVayBIbBaða enHCacMbg. eRBaHfa suPasitburaNExμr )anRbedATuukfa { eFIVERsnwgTwk eFIVswknwg)ay} . kic©karenHGacniyay )anRsYl EtkareFVIBitCalM)ak. RKb;GgÁkarneya)ay rEmgCYbbBaðaenHedayeCosminrYc eRBaHfa CabBaðaEdl Tak;Tg nwgfvikar. eTaHdUcemþckþI GIVRKb;y:agsßitenAelIkartaMgcitþ nigkarsMerccitþ rbs;eyIgCaGñkdwknaMCa eKal cMbg. dUcerobrab; xagelIrYcmkehIy tamRTwsþIrbs;elak s‘un suW )aneBalfa {ebIeyIgGt;es,og RtUv deNþIm es,ogBIxçaMg Gt;GavuF RtUvdeNþImGavuFBIxçaMg ebIGt;fvikar RtUvdeNþImfvikaBIxμaMg}. enHCa eKalkarN_edIm én sRgÁamRbCaCati nigsμartI\sSr³PaB ÉkraCü min´breTs nigrkSa)annUvKMnitpþÜcepþIm¦. RTBü sm,tþi FnFanCatiTaMgLay Carbs;Exμr RKb;Kña RtUvecaryYn nigGay:gqk;bøn; ykeTA. eyIg RtUvEtykFnFan TaMgenaH mkbMerIplRbeyaCn_Exμrvij. CaBiesssMrab; karrMedaHCati seRgÁaH Catikñúgkal³eTs³enH. Freedom of Initiative

cMNucTI4 ³ minRKan;Et eFIVkarRKb;RKgcat;EcgeGaymanRbsiT§iPaB yutþiFm’ b:ueNÁÑaHeT EtbBaðasnþisux k¾ Caktþasøab;rs; rbs;emdwknaMCatiExμrpgEdr. kareRCIserIs mnusSmin)anRtwmRtUv nwgnaMmknUvkar)ak;Ebk ERbHqa )at;bg;karsMgat;Caminxan. ehtuenHehIy GñkdwknaM GñkRKb;RKg RtUvEtyl;dwg eGay)anmutmaMnUv rebob dwknaM kareRCIserIs karhVwkhVWnGb;rM TaMgEpñkmenaKmviC¢a kaysm,Ta nigTMlab;RbcaMéf¶ karbnúþHbNþal lMdab;lMeday niglkçN½énkartMeLIgzanH muxgar karpþl;rgVan; b¤kardak;TNÐkmμ smaCikCaedIm. edIm,IeCosvagPaBGyutþiFm’ kardwknaM kareRCIserIs karhVwkhVWnGb;rM karbnúþHbNþal EpñksμartI menaKmviC¢a kaysm,Ta nigTMlab;RbcaMéf¶ kartMeLIgzanH muxgar karpþl;rgVan; b¤kardak;TNÐkmμ RtUvEteFVIeTAtameKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneyay Edl)an EcgTuk. 1-kareRCIserIsmaCik eCaKCy½rbs;CatiExμr GaRsy½eday kareRCIserIs sMraMg)annUv bJsmaCik smaCikarl¥² manKuNsm,tþi RKb;RKan; mansmtßPaBx<s; nigCaTITukcitþ. kareRCIserIs yksmaCik Edlman qnÞHekøóvkøa esμaHRtg; lHbg;x<s; criyasm,tþil¥ RtwmRtUv Cakic©karmYy y:agsMxan; søab;rs; niglM)ak ehIyk¾CaktþamYynaM eTArkeCaKC½ypgEdr. mankkþaCaeRcIn EdlTak;Tgdl;GñkdwknaM nigGñkRKb;RKg enAEpñkkñúgkareRCIserIssmaCik l¥² mansmtßPaB nig CamnusSEdl esμaHRtg; . enAkñúgsßanPaBdUcsBVéf¶ emdwknaMExμr RtUvEtcMNaynUveBlevlamYyedayGt;Fμt; kñúg kar sikSaRsavRCav segát tamdany:aghμt;ct; edIm,IeGay)ancM CMBYkCnEdleyIgcg;)an mkbMerICati. kkþamYy eTot mankarTak;TgeTAnwg dMeNIrkareRCIserIsenHpgEdr dUcCaTIkEnøg ekrþi¾eQμaHrbs;GgÁPaB. ekrþ×eQμaHl¥ Ca bBaðasMxan; kñúgkareRCIserIs smaCik . eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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karPJak;rlwk TUeTAGacekIteLIgmanRbsiT§PaB)an luHNakareRCIserIs GñkeXasna ¬eXasnik¦Edll¥ CamnusS ekøovkøa skmμ manfVImat; manbJkBarsmrmü suPaBrabsaréføfñÚr nigCamnusSmanRbIyPaB kñúgcMeNam CnanuCnTUeTA. RbsinebICnenaH CamnusSmanmuxmat;tMENgkargarx<g;x<s;kñúgsgÁm enaHritEtRbesIr. eRkABIkar eRCIserIs nUvsμartICati nigTTYl)an karGb;rMhVwkhVWnEpñkmenaKmn_CatirYcehIy eyIgKYrsMlwgføwgEføg elICMBUkCn EdlTaMgLayEdlGackøayCa eXasnikl¥ ¬Key communicator¦)an mandUcxageRkamenH ½ -ecAGFikarvtþ GñkRbedAsasna -RKUbeRgon saRsþacarü GñkRKb;RKgRKwHsßansikSaGb;rMepSg² -emPUmi emXMu GñkdwknaMsßabn½ kñúgrdæ nigeRkArdæ CaedIm. -CMhankñúgkareRCIserIs smaCik ³ mankkþaCaeRcInEdlRtUvBicarNa ³ : KñaeRcIn GnSmexøac : suPasitExμr mYyXøaxagedImenH sreGayeXIjfa eCaKCy½ kñúgkargar rbs; Gñkts‘UExμr minBwgEp¥kTaMgRsug EteTAelIKñaeRcInenaHeLIy EtBwgEp¥keTAelI smtßPaB KuNPaBmnusS nigsnþi sux rYmpSM Kña. snþisuxenATIenH sMedAelIkic©karBar min[Ebk)ak;ERbHqa edayRbkarepSg² dUYcCa ³ karRKb;RKg minl¥ minmansmtßPaBkñúgkargar nigkareRCotcUlBIsMNak; Pñak;garxμaMg mkkñúgGñkts‘UCatiExμr CaedIm.l. edIm,IkarBar nUvKuNvib,tþixagelIenH CaBiesskareRCotcUlBIsMNak;Pñak;garxμaMg RtUvRbtibtþi nUvRbkarxageRkam enH ½ 1-karsMlwgeKaledA k-lkçN³sm,tþixageRkA³ • CaGtItsmaCikGñkts‘U GtItGñkts‘U RbqaMgnwgyYn nigGay:gk,t;Cati clnaCatiniymepSg² CaGñkmanlkçN³GñkdwknaM man\Ti§Bl nig mansmßtPaBx<s; • CaGñkCatiniym kñúgbkSneya)ayRbqaMgbc©úb,nñ • CaRKYsarrgeRKaHedayrbbGay:g • CaRKYsaEdlmanKMnitCatiniym tBUCBgS • CnbrisuT§ ¬CaCnEdlminFøab;manTak;TgnwgbkSneya)ayb¤ninñakarneya)ayepSg²¦ • sÁal;RbvtþipÞal;xøÜn critRbcaMéf¶ «Bukmþay dUnta RkumRKYsarRsukPUmikMeNItc,as;las; • • •

x-KuNFm’ bzm ¬KFb¦³ Exμr ¬man«Bukmþay dUnta ekItenAelITwkdIExμr ya:gehac 3tMNr¦ Catiniym minERbRbYl minhk;elat sMlwgrkEtplRbeyaCn¾ buNüs½kþ×muxmat; • •

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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• • • • • •

esμaHRtg; suc©riteTogRtg; minPUtPrkuhk manPaBkøahan emaHmut skmμ BuHBar bþÚrpþac; h‘anlHbg;x<s; TaMgGayuCIvit kMlaMgkaycitþ RTBüFn eBlevlaedIm,I RbeyaCn_Exμr ecHlak;karsMgat; minmat;rGil GYtGag sIueCar RcENnninÞa minBalaGavaEs bJ minluHedayG)aymux RsI Rsa El,g epSg² s¥ats¥M minBukrlYysIusMNUksUk)a:n; ecHRsLaj; CYyykGasarKña edayPaBesμaHs

2-karcUlTak;TgeKaledA³ k-kareRCotcUl -tamryHRKYsar bgb¥Ún mitþPkþ½ÍCitsñitEdlTukcitþbMput -karCYyykGasar bJ CYyedaHTukçFurH RKamanFurHlM)ak RKamanGasnñ -karesBKb;CamitþPkþi bJekøIRm½kS kUnFm’ «BukmþayFm’CaedIm. -RtUvskmμ erogral;éf¶ eFIVdMeNIrBIpÞHmYYyeTApÞHmYy BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYy. cUrcaMfakñúgzan³ CaeXasnik { ebieKmindwg eyIgniyay[dwg ebIeKmincg;sþab; eyIgniyay[sþab; ebIeKmincg; eXIj eyIgeFVI[eXIj ebIeKminB¤ eyIgeFVI[eKB¤ ebIeKmineCO eyIgeFVI[eCO}. x-v½y -yuvCn 16-25 Cav½ymanqnÞHmutRsYc ekøóvkøa mankMlaMgBlMmaMmYn kñuúgkic©kar Etqab;rMePIb gayGUsTaj KμankarBiesaFn_ .

-v½ykNþal 25-35 Cav½yRbkbedayzamBl kMlMagBlM enAExgErg nigmankar BiesaFn_ manPaBeqøóvqøat nwgnr rwugbug ebICaCnmankarsikSax<s; enaHBitCaRbesIr -v½ycMNas;³ 35-60 Cav½yd¾eBareBjedaykarBiesaFn_ EtkMlMagfmfy eRcInman citþraErk minsUvekøóvkøa BicarNaKitEvgq¶ayeRcIn CaBiess CivitRkumRKYsar RbBn§ kUn. EtebI eKcUlrYm kñúg kargaredayeBjcitþ enaHCaCMBUkmnusSl¥bMput mingaybþÚrcitþ mingayFøak; kñúgGnÞak;xμaMg eLIy manKMnitkñúgkic©karlMdab;yuT§saRsþ .

3-karBinitüGegáteKaledA³ -RtUvsegátBInitü b¤cat;Pñak;gar eGayBinitüelIskmμPaBrbs; eKaledA¬buKÁlEdleyIgcg;eRCIserIs yk¦ edaymineGaydwgxøÜn y:agtic ryHeBl 6Ex eTAmYyqñaM munnwgcUlTak;TgbBa©úHbB©ÁÚaleGaycUlCasmaCik bJsmaCikar bJmYyk¾eFVIkar R)aRs½y Tak;TgFmμta² edIm,Isegát edaymineGaysamIuCn¬eKaledA¦ dwgfaeyIgCaGVI eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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mkBINa manbMNgGIV . luHNaEt segáteXIjfa eKaledA minmankarTak;Tg nwgxμaMgeT eTIbeyIgeFVIkarbBaú©H bBa©ÚlGb;rMeKaledA eGayyl;dwg nig manPJak;rlwk xagneya)ay. rYcehIyeFVIkarsakl,g eRbICnenaH edImI, segátemIlfa etIeKesμaHRtg; nwgeyIgbJk¾Gt; .

4-karsakl,gkargar 1-kic©karepSg² EdlRsbc,ab; ¬cg;dwgfa eKRbwgERbgb¤ k¾Gt;¦ 2-kic©karEdlTak;Tgnwg Rkdassñam¬GacCaRkdas;sTeTr cg;dwgfaeKRtg; b¤Gt;¦ 3-kic©karTak;Tg nwgkarRbqaMgnwgrbbsBVéf¶ EtEbbRsal² rebobCalixitepJI xitþbN½ÑRbqaMgCaedIm. 4-kic©karRbqaMgcMmux EteFVIedaylak;)aMg. 5-kic©karRbyuT§ EdlTak;TgnwgGayuCIvitsøab;rs; niglM)akF¶n;F¶r .

5-karsMerceRCIserIs eRkayBI karBinitütamdan)anl¥itl¥n; sÁal;c,as;las; nUvRbvtþipÞal;xøÜn RkumRKYsar rbs;eKaledA RBm TaMgeFVIkarsegáttamdanl¥itl¥n; nig)anBinitüeXIjfa eKaledA mankaryl;dwg mankarPJak;rlwkxagneya)ay Bit R)akdehIy RBmTaMgmankaresμaHRtg; mingakereT eTIbENnaM eGayeKaledA eFVIBaküsMucUl Ca smaCikeBj lkçN³ edaytMrUveGay mankarerobcMdUcxageRkamenH½ 1-eKaledA RtUvbMeBj nUvsMNuMlixitsMucUlCasmaCik edaysresreGay)anc,as;las;nUvRbvtþiBisþar pÞal;xøÜny:agek,aHk,ay.

2-RtUvmansmaCik lMdab;elIeKaledA y:agehac 1lMdab; cMnYn 3nak; CaGñkFana r:ab;rgnaMcUl .

3-RtUveFVIBIFIsm,f enAcMeBaHmux Tg; RBHPRkþ½RBHBuT§rUb bJRBHsgÇ .

4-eKaledA samIuxøÜn RtUvfVaybgÁM nigsURtnUvBaküsm,f 5-eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalGb;rM .

• PaBeRKaHfñak;BIsMNak;rbbRtYtRtasBVéf¶ dl;sgÁmCati nigRkumRKYsarpÞal;.

• BIbuBVehtu énkarts‘U • eKalbMNg eKaledA nigeKalkarN¾TaMgLayrbs;CatiExμr • kartBVkic©rbs;GñkesñhaCatiExμr • ebskkmμrkñúgkarCYyeRCamERCgeFVIeGayCatiExμrkan;EtrIkFMFat; eLIgEfmeTot edIreq<aH eTArkkar rMedaHCati nigkarksagCatinaeBlGnaKt .

6-smtßPaB

{sþúkmnusSecH RbesIrCagsþúkesμA sþúkmnusSexøA sþúkesμARbesIrCag :. Baküfa {exøA } sMedAeTAelICn eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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Edl BMuRBmsikSaEsVgyl;BIkarBit xøHmanEtcMeNH EtxVHkarsegát xVHkarxVl;xVayBIbBaðasgÁm EdlxøÜnrs;enA b¤ )anpþl;kMeNItdl;xøÜn. CatiExμrmanbMNgy:ag Cak;lak;kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal smtßPaBdl;smaCikxageRkamrbs; xøÜn ebIeTaHCakñúgkalHeTs³Nak¾eday. mnusSEdlmancMeNHdwg ehIyTTYl)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal Gb;rMEpñk sμartI citþKMnitneya)ay nwgGaceFVIeGaybuKÁlenaH Rbtibtþikic©kar)anl¥RbesIrRbkbedayfamBlekøóvkøa .

2-Par³kic©rbs;smaCikcMeBaHxøÜnÉg caMTTYlbBa¢a GnuvtþbBa¢a raykarN_ sikSaeLIgvij.

RtUvGb;rMxøÜn nig eroneFIVCaemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg. eFVIkarGb;rMxøÜn begIánsmtßPaB eGaykan;EtmanCMhrCatiniymesñhaCatimatuPUmikan;Etx<s;eLIg. pSBVpSaynUveKalneya)ayCatiExμr [)anRCYtRCabTUlMTUlayeTAkñúgRsTab;RbCaCatiExμrTaMgmUl. CYysMlwgeRCIserIs smaCikfμI²bEnßm. eFVIkarBinitütamdan Tb;sáat;kMcat;ecal kareRCotcUlrbs;sRtUvmkkñúgCatiExμr.

RbmUlBt’manBIRKb;mCÄdæancgRkgTuk nig eFIVesckþIraykarN_. hwVkhat;buKÁlwkeGaymansmtßPaBdUcKña.

RtUvskmμkargarcuHCYbCamYyRkumkargareGay)an 1 s)þah_mþgya:gtic.

RtUvxitxMEsVgrk RbEmRbmUlGñkesñhaCatiExμrBIRKb;mCÄdæan erogral;éf¶ RKb;TIkEnøg RKb;eBlevla edIm,IBRgIkkargareGaykan;EtRbesIr .

• • • • • • • • • •

VII

-Par³ GñkdwknaM (The Duties of Leaders) dUceBalxøH²BIxagelIrYcmkehIy GñkdwknaM minEmnCaecARkmcaMkat;kþIenaHeLIy. EtGñkdwknaM Exμr KWCaCnEdlmansmtßPaBelIkic©kar sÁal;nUvkrNIkic©rbs;xøÜnc,as;las;. ecHcat;Ecg erobcM kic©kar )anRtwmRtUv edayGnvtþeTAtam vg;cRkdUcxageRkamenH½ erobcM Epnkar

RbmUl Bt’man

sikSa eLIgvij

Binitü lT§pl

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

Gnuvtþn_

eKaledA

tamdan RtYtBinitü

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1-RbmUlBt’man¬Information¦ munnwgeFVIEpnkar GñkdwknaM RtUvdwg yl;c,as; BIbBa¢arbs;fñak;elI b¤ebskkmμ eKalbMNgrbs;xøÜn sßabn½ xøÜn nigsmaCik EdlRtUveFVI. bnÞab;mk RtUveFVIkarsikSaelI Bt’man kMlaMg sMPar³ fvikar nigeBlevlaEdlman TaMgxagmitþ nigsRtUv[)anCak;lak;. minRtUveFVIkarRbfuyRbfaneLIy ebIKμanBt’manc,as;las;. GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvEtcuHeFVIkarsikSa Bt’man edayxøÜnÉgpÞal; munnwgeFVikarsMerccitþKUsvas eFVIKMeragkarnana. RtUvRbugRbytñ½ Bt’man RbDitBIsmaCik PUtkuhk b¤karbMPnþ½rbs;xμaMgsRtUv. RtUveRtomTaMgRBmnUvBt’man FnFanmnusS sMPar³ fvikar nigeBlevla RBmTaMgkarTak;TgepSg² .

2-erobcMeFVIEpnkar (Planning) Epnkarl¥ GaceFIV[TTYl)aneCaKC½y nigsMerclT§plEdlcg;)an. emdwknaMExμr RtUvcab;epIþmRbmUlGñk ÉkeTs mkRbCMu edIm,IerobcMEpnkar[)anl¥bMput. kñúgkarerobcMEpnkar emdwknaMRtUvGnuBaØatieGayGñkÉkeTs TaMgGs; enaH)ancUlrYmdMeNaHRsay beBa©jeyabl; nigRbmUlpþúMKMnitEdll¥bMput edIm,IykmkeFIVEpnkar )anl¥ RbesIr. cUrkMuKitfa eyIgCamnusSqøatCageK[esaH RtUvcaMfa KMniteRcIn RbesIrCaKMnitmYy. dUceBalxagelIenH kareFIV Epnkar RtUvsÁal;BI sßankarN_c,as;las; FnFanEdlman sikSaTaMgxøÜnÉg nigsRtUv rbs;eyIg. EpnkarlMGit Ca FmμtarYmbBa©Úlman nNa GIV enAeBlNa TIkEnøgNa rebobNa nig mUlehtuGIV ? k-erobcM • nNaCaGñkerobcMEpnkarenaH ¬GñkdwknaM nig buKÁlik ¦?

• nNaCaGñk¤TTYlxusRtUv¬GñkdwknaM nig buKÁlik¦?

• etebskkmμ eyIgRtUveFIVGIV?¬ eRCIserIssMraMg b¤vayRbyuT§¦ • etIeyIgcab;eFIVBIeBlNa?¬kMNt;eBlevlacab;epþIm¦ • etIeyIgbBa©b;enAeBlNa?¬kMNt;eBlevlabBa©b;¦ • etIvanigekIteLIgenAÉNa? ¬TItaMg PUmisaRsþ GakasFatu¦ • etIvanigekIteLIgrbobNa? ¬yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic¦ • etIehtuGIV)anCaeyIgeFIVva? ¬eKalbMNg nigTwsedA¦ • etIvanigmanGIVekIteLIgebIeyIgmineFIVva?¬ plvi)ak cMeNjplRbeyaCn_ b¤xatplRbeyaCn_ KuNvibtþi nigKuNsm,tiþ¦ RtUverobcMEpnkar eGaymandMeNIrkar RbkbeTAedayRbsiT§iPaB. cUreyIgcgcaMfa EpnkarminGacbegIát sßankarN¾ )aneT b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij sßankarN_GacbegIát Epnkar)an dUcecñH GñkdwknaM RtUvsÁal;kaleTsH nigbt; EbneTAtamsßankarN¾ eFIVeyIgNaeGay)andl;eKaledA nigsMerceCaKC½y. cMeBaHkareFIVEpnkar sRgÁam Gñkdwk naMExμr RtUvmanktþa 5 ya:g EdlRtUvdwg ³ 1-etIeyIgKYrc,aMg b¤ minKYrc,aMg b¤KYrdkfy edIm,IrkSakMlaMg? eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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2-etIRtUvmankMlaMgb:unμaneTIbQñH ebIeyIgmankMlaMgticRtUveFVIdUcemþc?

3-etImanÉkPaBépÞkñúgb¤enA fñak;elI fñak;eRkam manKMnitdUcKñab¤eT? 4-eyIgCaemT½B RtUveRbIKMniteQøósév nigman\sSrPaBkñúgkarKitfwøgEføg.

5-eRtomRKb;ya:gedIm,IvaybkeTAelIsRtUv x-xñatKMrU karGnuvtþn_ KMeragkarmYyeBjelj RtUvmanvtßú 3 ya:g EdlRtUvTak;TgKña KW xñatKMrU karGnuvtþ nig kar EktMrUv. xñatKMrU KWCaKMeragkar EdlRtUv)anbBa©b; edayeCaKC½ytamEpnkar. xñatKMrU KwRtUv)anerobcMeGayman dUcKñataMg BIfañk;elI dl;eRkam. karGnuvtþn¾ RtUv)anRbtibtþi eTAtamkarkMNt;Tuk tamlMdab;lMeday nigRtUvbBa©b; eTAtamTisedA ya:gRtwmRtUv. enAeBlRbtibtþi xñatKMrUénKMeragkarmYy emdwknaM RtUvepþatelIdMeNIrkar karGnuvtþ nigskmμPaBmnusStamParkic©mYy² . ebIemIleXIjfa mankMhusqÁgekItmaneLIgxusBI xñatKMrU RtUveFIVkarEktMrUv Pøam. edIm,IeFVI[man xñatKMrU RtUvqøgkat; karGnuvtþsakl,g b¤karGnuvtþBit jwkjab; edaymankarkt;RtaTuk dak;CaÉksarRtwmRtUv ehIynigkarEktMrUv edayykcitþTukdak;bMput. CagenHeTAeTot RtUvcat;[mankaRRKb;RKg dwknaM nigRtYtBinitütamdankargarenaHedayhμt;ct; edIm,IeFVI[kic©karenaHRbRBitþeTAtam KMeragkarrbs;eyIgEdl )aneRKagTukmkehIy. K-BinitübBa¢ak;elIEpnkar (Verify) eRkayeBl eFIVEpnkarrYceRscehIy emdwknaM RtUvBinitüBicarNaEpnkarenaHsarcuHsaeLIg eFIVya:gNaeGay EpnkarenaH kan;EtmanPaBsuRkit nigRsbeTAnigsßankarN_kMBugvivtþn_. karBinitübBa¢ak; CakareRbobeFobrvag cMNucexSay cMNucxøaMg »kas nigkarKMramkMEhgnana ¬c,ab; neya)ay esdækic© bridæan GakasFatu bec©keTs sgÁm vb,Fm’.l.¦ TaMgxagxøÜneyIg nigsRtUv. kareFIVEpnkarRtUvFanafa EpnkarenH R)akd CaeKGac ykeTA Gnuvtþn_)an nigmanFnFanlμmsm tamEpnkar ebImindUecñaHeT EpnkarenH)anRtwmEtCa karsubinþmYy b:ueNÑaH. karsikSabBa¢ak; KYrcat;[mankarecaTsYr edaHRsaykñúgrgVg; smaCiksMxan;²[)anhμt;ct;bMput .

X-sakl,g (Testing) eRkayeBl Binitüc,as;las;elIEpnkarenaHehIy eyIgRtUvykmkeFVIkarsakl,g edIm,IeGayGñk Gnuvtþn_ enaH Gacyl;kan;Etc,as; GMBIsßankarN_ enAelItarag eFobeTAnig PUmisaRsþBitR)adk eFIVtamEpnkar Edlnig Gnuvtþ Cak;EsþgeBlxagmux. kareFVIsakl,genaH RtUveFIVTal;Et GñkGnuvtþkic©karenaHyl;c,as; nigGaceFIV)anl¥ eRBaHfa enAeBlGnuvtþCak;EsþgenaH vaxusBIkarsakl,geTAeTot. karsakl,gkmøaMgBit RtUvCamnusS EdleKarBeFIVeKalkarN_TaMgRsug nig Gnuvtþn_tambTbBa¢a rbs;sßab½nNamYyBitR)akd. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

104

rkSasiT§i

g-karEktMrUv (Adjustment) ebIkarGnuvtþmineFIVtam xñatKMrU eyIgmankarBi)akkñúgkarEktMrUv b¤eFVIxñatKMrUenaH[l¥eLIg. EtebIeyIg Gnuvtþ tamxñatKMrU ehIymanPaBminl¥ eBlenaHkarEktMrUv GacRtUveFIVeLIgedayEbgEckCaBIr. bNþúHbNþalGñk Gnuvtþn_bEnßm nigEktMrUvxñatKMrU EdlmancMNuccenøaHRbehag. edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½y GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUveKarB tamc,ab; bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg vin½y eKalkarN_epSg². ebI Gñk dwknaM nigsmaCik Kμanvin½ykñúgkarRbtibtþimuxgareT Epnkar enaHk¾minGacTTYl)aneCaKC½yEdr. ehtudUecñHehIy ebIsegáteXIjfa mankarRbRBitþVxusBIeKalkarN_ b¤mineKarBvin½y RtUvEktMrUveTAtam c,ab;vin½y eKalkarN_ Edl)ankMNt;Pøam.

3-Gnuvtþ enAeBlEdleyIg )anerobcMEpnkar eFIVkarsakl,g EktMrUv sarcuHeLIg)anl¥RtwmRtUv rYceRsc)ac;ehIy enaH Epnkarrbs;eyIg nwigmandMeNIrkarrlUneTA)anehIy. EtebIsinCaEpnkarmankMhusqÁg eBlenaHKMerag kar rbs;eyIg nwgCYbnUvkarlM)aksμúKsμajCak;Caminxan ehIyGaceFVI[eeyIg RtUveRbIryHeBlEvg edIm,IeFVIkic©kar)an sMerc. müa:gvijeTot ebIeTaHCaEpnkarl¥emþckþI k¾Kg;enARtUvkarGñkdwknaM GnuvtþEpnkarenaH RbkbedayPaBqøat év¬Intelligent¦ mankarBiesaFn_kñúgkargar¬Good Experience¦ ecHbt;Ebn¬Flexibility¦nigmanqnÞ³emaHmut ¬High Moral¦ [RsbeTAtamsßankarN_ nigbribTénEpnkarrbs;eyIg edIm,IeFVI y:agNa[Epnkarrbs; eyIg TTYl)aneCaKCy½ y:agdac;xat. GñkdwknaM RtUvEtmanqnÞ³x<s;kñúgkareFVI[kic©karenaH)ansMerceCaKCy½.

4-RtYtBinitü

(Controlling)

karGnvutþeTotesat RtUverobcM[man RbBn§½RtYtBinitütamdanmYyc,as;las; edIm,IFanafa kic©karTaMg Gs;RtUv)an GnuvtþeTAtamKMeragkar nigkardwknaMrbs;eyIgTaMgRsug. tamkarBiesaFn_kñúgkarts‘Uknøgmk )an bgðaj[eXIjfa EpnkarRbyuT§TaMgLayRtUv erobcMy:agsmrmü k¾b:uEnþedaykarsMritsMraMgeRCIserIs RkbxN½Ð GñkdwknaMmin)anl¥ CaehtueFVI[GñkdwknaM xøHEtgPUtPrkuht RbDitBt’man. ]TahrN_enAkñúgkarts‘URbyuT§enA CayEdn edayPaBkMsakrbs;xøÜn nayTahanxøH )anPUtkuhkmkfñak;elI fa xμaMgeLIgdl;RtwmenH RtwmenaH b¤k¾ kuhkfa xøÜn vayeLIg dl;enHdl;enaH EttamkarBit BYknayTahanTaMgenaH enApwkRsa »bRsI enAcMgay 10 b¤ 20KILÚEm:RtBI ExSRbyuT§CYrmuxeTAvij. ehtudUecñH ehIykarRtYv BinitüRtUvEterobcM[manEbbCaRbBn½§mYy d¾man RbsiT§PaB edIm,Iecosvag kMhusqÁgdUcxagelIenH. eRBaH karGnuvtþ dUcxagelIenH CaktþanaM[braCy½manmkdl; xøÜneyIgTaMgGs;KñaedayecosminrYc . elIsBIenH CakarsMlab; qnÞHRbyuT§ nigCakarbMpøajkareCOTukcitþKñaEfm eTotpg. kMhusqÁgEbbenH ekItmanCajwkjab; enAkñúgCYrGñkts‘U TaMgGtItkal nig bc©úb,nñ ehtuenHehIy Gñk dwknaM minRtUveFVsRbEhs b¤eCOTukcitþgay eTAelITegIVrbs;GñkeRkamesaHeLIy. RtUvEterobcM[mankarRtYt BinitütamdankarGnuvtþkargarCab;rhUtdl;sMerc)aneCaKCy½CasßaBr. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

105

rkSasiT§i

5-BinitülT§pl (Result) cugbBa©b; emdwknaMRtUvBinitüemIllT§plrbs;Epnkar etITTYl)aneCaKC½y b¤braC½y ebIeCaKC½y etIdUc Epnkar Edlcg;)anb¤eT? b¤)anb:unμanPaKry? ebIsinCa )aneCaKC½y etIRtUvcMNayFnFanb:uNÑa . ebIsinCaeCaK Cy½enaH RtUveRcInhYsRbmaN xUcxatsMParH]bkrN_ epSg²eRcInenaH k¾minEmnCaeCaKC½yBitR)akdeT. cUrcaMfa Epnkarl¥ RtUvcMNayFnFantic EtmanRbsiT§PaB GacTTYleCaKC½y)anCaGtibrma b¤k¾fa { eCaKCy½rbs;Gñk dwknaM RtUvcMNayFnFanTaMgmnusS sMParH fvikaticbMput nignaMTahanmkvijedayminmanhUrQammYycMEGtmUs minb:HBal;RTBüsm,tþi b¤TwkcitþRbCaBlrdæ Et)anplCaGtibrma eTIbcat;TukfaeCaKC½y mYyry PaKry)an } EtebImankarxUcxateRcIn ebIeTaHCasmrPUmienaH eyIgdeNþIm)anTaMgRsugkþI mincat;Tukfa eyIgmaneCaKCy½ eBj eljeLIy.

6-sikSaeLIgvij ¬After Action Review¦ eRkayBIbBa©b;Epnkar eTaHCaEpnkarenaHbraC½y b¤ eCaKC½y Gñk dwknaM caM)ac;RtUvykmksikSasar eLIgvij GMBIrmUlehtuEdleFIVeGaybraC½y nig ktþaEdlnaMeGayTTYl)aneCaKC½y. karsikSaenHedIm,ITukCakar BiesaFn_ sMrab;Gnuvtþkargarbnþ eBlEdlkargarTTYl)aneCaKC½y. ebIkargarbraC½y eyIgsikSaeGaydwgGMBIcMNucexSay ehIyRtUvdUryuT§saRsþfμI b¤pøas;bþÚrriHrkklyuT§fμI edIm,IQaneTArkeCaKC½ytamEpnkar.

RtUverobcMeFIVkarvaytMél eTAelIlT§plkargar eTAelIkarGnuvtþmþg² erogral;ral;Ex b¤r)aykarN_Bt’man nig lT§plkargarEdlTTYl)an etIvaTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_smtulüeTAniwgkarcMNay FnFan eBlevla Edl eyIg )aneRbIb¤eT xatb¤ cMeNj. RtUveRbobeFob cab;taMgBIFnFan eBlevla sMParH bec©keTs kMlaMg nigkar cMNayTaMgGs; Edl)aneRbIR)as;kñúgebskkmμenH. ebIsin CacMNayedImTuntic Et)anpleRcInenaH eyIgRtUv cMNay EtebIcMNayTuneRcIn eyIg)ancMeNjtic KYrEkERb b¤eFVIkarsikSaerobcM EktMrUveLIgvij.

-karCYbRbCMu ( Meetings) karCYbRbCMu CaktþasMxan;Nas; sMrab;GñkdwknaMCatiExμr. GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtCYbRbCMuCamYyGñk eRkam bgÁab; smaCik b¤RbCaBlrdæExμr eGay)anjwkjab;bMput. kaCYbCMuKña kan;Etjwkjab; kan;EtRbesIr eRBaHfakar CYbCMuKñaGac eGayemdwknaM dwgBIsuxTukç rbs;GñkeRkam nigmanPaBsñitsñalCamYyRbCaBlrdæ dwgBI bBaðaekIt manfμI² nigGaceGayeyIgmanlT§PaB begIátyuT§saRsþfμIeTotpg. karCYbCMuKñaenH naMeGayeyIgmanKMnitpÞÜcepþIm fμI²eTot nigGac[eyIgpSBVpSayBt’manfμI²EdlekItmaneLIgdl;GñkeRkam»vat [)andwgTan;eBlevla edIm,ICa karbNþúHkþIsgÇwm nigCMenOBIGñkeRkammkelIxøÜneyIg nigGgÁkarneya)ayrbs;eyIg. emdwknaM minRtwmEt CaGñk dwknaMenaHeT EtRtUveGayGñkeRkambgÁab; )aneXIj nigeGayeKyl;dwgnUvGIV EdleyIg)an nigkMBugEteFIV. ehtu VIII

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

106

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dUecñH eyIgCaGñkdwknaM RtUvbgðajxøÜn[GñkeRkam)aneXIj )anCYbTak;Tg edIm,IbM)at;CBa¢aMgénkarmnÞilelIKñaeTA vijeTAmk. karEdl CYbCamYysmaCik b¤ RbCaBlrdæpÞal; mansar³ sMxan;Nas; GaceFIVeGayemdwknaM ½ • dwgnUvbBaðaEdl)an nwgkMBugekIteLIg • CakarelIkTwkcitþ dl;smaCik nigRbCaBlrdæ • begIánRbCaRbiyPaB edaykarykcitþTukdak; cat;TukbuKÁlik b¤smaCikCamnusSsMxan; • kan;EtmanPaBs¥itrmYt nigsÁal;citþsmaCik • sÁal;sßankarN_kan;Etc,as; • eFVI[GñkeRkam»vat )anRCYtRCabnUvBt’manfμI² • kMcat;nUvkarmnÞilsgS½yepSg² EdlGacnaM[mankarEbk)ak;. BüayameFVI[mankaryl;citþKñadUc bþIRbBn§ b¤bgb¥Ún edaykarsñiT§sñal. dUcsuPasitExμreBalfa {esñh_minQñHsñiT§ Xøatq¶ayNaycitþ KitesAhμg }. EtkarsñiT§sñalhYsRBMEdn naM[)at;bg;tMél eTAvij. karCYbRbCMuenH eyIgGaceFIVeLIgCapøÚvkar b¤eRkApøÚvkark¾)anEdr. munniwgRbCMuCapøÚvkar eyIgGackMNt; kñúgbTbBa¢arépÞkñúg b¤eyIgRtUvpþl;dMNwgeGay)anmun ya:gehacNas;mYys)aþh_ edaymanrebobvar³GgÁRbCMu RtwmRtUv nigkMNt;eBlevlac,as;las;. edIm,ITak;Taj eGayGgÁRbCMumankarcab;GarmμN_ emdwknaMRtUv pþl;pl RbeyaCn_ KYrCaTIeBjcitþmYydl;GñkcUlrYm. dMeNIrkarénkarRbCMu • eRtomerobcMGgÁRbCMu ¬RtUveRtombMrugnUv rebobvarH EdlRtUvelIkykeTAsikSakñúgGgÁRbCMuenaH¦ • eRtomcUlrYmGgÁRbCMu ¬RtUveRtom nUvKMnit Éksar nigbBaðaepSg²EdlRtUvedaHRsay¦ • kMNt;kEnøgsMrab;GgÁRbCMu • kMNt;GñkcUlrYmGgÁRbCMu • cab;epþImGgÁRbCMu • dwknaMRbCMu • GgÁRbCMudMeNIrkareTAmux • biTGgÁRbCMu • vaytMélGgÁRbCMu -karelIkTwkcitþsmaCik ( Motivation) karelIkTwkcitþdl;smaCik b¤GñkeRkambgÁab; CakarsMxan;Nas ;sMrab;emdwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGaybriyakas kargarl¥ nigeFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab; suxcitþlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g eFIVkargar CUnCati nigRbCaCati eGay)ansMerc eCaKC½y. kñúgkarelIkTwkcitþ eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvsÁal; BIFmμCati rbs;mnusS eBal KW RtUvsÁal;eGayc,as;nUv smaCIk rbs;eyIg ehIyRtUvpþl; karykcitþTukdak ;nig RtUvrYmsuxrYmTukCamYyKña. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgcg;eGay

IX

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

107

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GñkeRkamRsLaj;eKarBeyIgy:agNa eyIgRtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkeRkambgÁab; y:agenaHCamun. eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUv sÁal; BItMrUvkarrbs;GñkeRkam tamRTwsIþelak ma:søÚv ³ FmμCatirbs;mnusS manesckþIRtUvkardUcxageRkamenH½ 1-esckIþRtUvkarTI1³ CMrk mðÚbGahar nigsMelokbMBak;edIm,Irs;enA 2-esckIþRtUvkarTI2³ mansuxPaBl¥ nigsuvtißPaBkñúgkarrs;enA 3-esckIþRtUvkarTI3³ cUlrYmkñúgsgÁmedaymankitiþys ekr×þeQμaH kareKarBrab;GanBImCÄdæankñúgsgÁm.

4-esckIþRtUvkarTI4³ mansñaéd 5-esckIþRtUvkarTI5³ suxsuPmgÁlKμanTIbBa©b; KWKμanTukç EsVgrkRBH Fm’edIm,IcUlniBaVnþ.

GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvsÁal;tMrUvkarrbs;mnusSeTAtamkal³eTs³ nigeBlevlaepSg²Kña. esckIþRtUvkar rbs; mnusSmindUcKñaeT GaRs½ytamjaNTaMg6 rbs;mñak;². cYr niyayGIV? eFIVGIV? EdlGñkeRkambgÁab; b¤RbCaBlrdæ RtUvkarcg;sþab; b¤cg;)an. eyIgminRtUvniyay b¤eFIVGIVtamGarmμN_xøÜnÉg tamesckIþRtUvkarxøÜnÉg b¤EdleFVI[b:H Bal;dl;CMenO GarmμN_rbs;Gñksþab; GñkeRkam»vatenaHeT,Iy. karelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;GñkeRkambgÁab;manRKb; eBlevla RKb;rUbEbbTaMgGs; taMgBI mas R)ak; ebovtSRKb;RKan; kargarman sniþsux nigmuxmat;kñúgsgÁmCa edIm.l.

6-RtUvbnþpþl;Bt’maneGaysmaCik b¤GñkeRkambgÁab;RCYtRCab³

dUceBalxøH²BIxagelImkehIy GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvpþl;nUvdMNwgBIkarvivtþn_énkic©kar EdlekIteLIgCabnþ bnÞab; eGayGñkeRkam)andwg nig CMrujeGayGñkeRkam bgÁab;mankarTTYlxusRtUvkan;Etx<s;eLIg. karCMruj [ smaCik rkBt’manedayxøÜnÉg tam karEst viTüú TUrTsSn_ Pñak;garBt’man b¤tamryHsmaCikeRkambgÁab; rbs; xøÜn CaviFI eFVI[smaCik mankarecHdwgekIneLIgCalMdab; edaysμanmindl;. ehtudUecñHehIy GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUv eFVsRbEhskñúgkarpSBVpSayBt’mandl;GñkeRkambgÁab;esaHeLIy. 7-karelIkTwkcitþman pþl;CargVan; luykak; sMParH pÞHsMEdg dIFøI tMelIgbuNüskái sñiT§sñal s¥itrmYt sresIrpÞal;mat; bMeBjtMrUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;smaCik CYyeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;)ansMerceKaledA nig eCaKC½y • • • • • •

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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-karR)aRs½yTak;Tg (Communication) karR)aRs½yTak;Tg mansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGaykardwknaM rbs;eyIg GacdMeNIrkarenAkñúgGgÁkardwk naMneya)ay TTYl)aneCaKC½y nigdl;eKaledA. eyIgRtUveFIVeGayman karR)aRs½yKña eTAvijeTAmk kñúglkçNH eKarBmuxgar KñaeTAvijeTAmk . eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvman rkSanUvb¤kBarsamBaØ nigdak;xøÜneGayTabcuH kñúgRsTab; RbCaBlrdæ nigsmaCik eGayskþ¥×smtamkitþiys. TMnak;TMng RtUvman\riyabf viC¢man Canic© . karTak;Tg sñiT§ sñal RCulhYsehtu xusTMng nwgeFVIeGayeyIg )at;bg;nUvRbIyPaB. ehtuenH eyIgCaGñkdwknaM RtUvmankarRbug Rbytñ½ RKb;\riyabf rbs;eyIg. TMnak;TMng RtUveFVIeGaymanPaBRbTak;RbTgKña CaExSsgVak;. TMnak;TMng man lkçN³BIrya:g KW TMnak;TMngedaypÞal; nig TMnak;TMng edayRbeyal. RtUvcaMfa TMnak;TMng RtUveFIVeGays¥it rmYt kñúgPaBRbugRbytñ½ KWkMueGaydac;GarmμN_TaMg6 BIGñkeRkambgÁab;Kña. hameFIVeGayGñkd¾éTs¥b;eyIg Etk¾min etagknÞúyGñkeRkam rhUtdl;RbRBitþxuseKalkarN_dwknaMEdr. ral;eBleFVIkarTak;Tgmþg² RtUvman eKalbMNg nig eKaledA c,as;las;.

X

CMhanénkarTak;Tg • dMeNIrkarTMnak;TMng • TMnak;TMngpÞal; • rnaMgénkarTak;Tg • karsþab;skmμPaB • karvaytMélplRtLb; • TMnak;TMngRbeyal

8°

smtßPaBdwknaM

5° 5° 47°

35°

TMnak;TMng buKÁl kardwknaMrbs; Rkumkargar ÉkeTs kñúg karerobcM PaBbþrpþac;

-karkMNt;mitþ nigsRtUv karts‘URtUvkary:agxøaMgnUvsamKÁIPaBépÞkñúgrwgmaM nigmanesßrPaBCanic©. ebIKμansamKÁIPaBépÞkñúgrwgmaMsßitesßr eT eyIgminGacdeNþImykeCaKC½y BIxμaMgsRtUv)aneLIy. manKMrU KNbkS hV‘únsiunbiuc Ca]TahrN_ edaysar KμaneKalneya)ay kñúgkarerobcM kñúgkardwknaMc,as;las; eFVIeGay GgÁkarneya)ayraCaniymenH QñHehIy RtUv Ebk)ak;rlMrlay sabsUnüeTAvij. RbkarEdlsMxan; GgÁkarneya)ayenH sÁal;sRtUvminc,as; Kityl; RcLMfa BYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin vaCaExμr vamanKMniteyaKyl;dl;Exμr EttamkarBit BYkk,t;Cati TaMgenH TukExμrCasRtUv EtTukyYnCamitþrbs;va eBalKW vaeFVIGIV²eTAtamkar bgÁab;bBa¢aBIyYnEtb:ueNÑaH. yYn bgÁab;eGay BYk Gay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin edIrtYreFVICa GñkraCaniym edIm,Ie)akR)as;esþc raRsþExμrEdlniymesþc nigedIrtYrCa GñksaFarNrdæ edIm,Ie)akR)as;eRbIBYksaFarNrdæ nigedIm,IKMramGMNacesþc. eBalKW vae)akR)as; ExμreyIgCaerogrhUtmk eyIgminRtUvl¶g;exøAdUcknøgmkeLIy. ehtudUecñHehIy eyIgRtUvecHEbgEckmitþ nigsRtUv ehIysÁal;sRtUv eGay)anc,as;las; nigkMNt;mitþ sRtUveGay)anCak;lak;fa GñkNaCasRtUvsøab;rs; GñkNa

XI

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Camitþ. karedaHRsayTMnas; bJvib,tþiRtUvEp¥kelIeKalkarN_enH. TMnas;rvagbuKÁlnigbuKÁl rvagbkSneya)aynig bkSneya)ay Edlmanninña kardUcKña RtUvcat;Tukfa CaTMnas;RkumRKYsar EdlGacedaHRsaysMruHsMrYlKμña)an.

EtTMnas; rvagsRtUvnwgeyIg CaTMnas;søab;rs; minGacsMruHsMrYleyaKyl;Kña)aneLIy. ]TahrN_rYcmk ehIy BYkGñkCatiniym TaMgraCaniym TaMgsaFarNrdæmankaryl;RcLMelIbBaðaenH suxcitþsMruHsMrYlnaqñaM 1993 »y BYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin Edl caj;eqñatenaH manmuxmat;kñúgrdæaPi)al. enATIbMput BYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin BRgwgGMNac)an ehIykab; sMlab;GñkCatiniymesÞIKμansl;eLIy. eyIgminRtUv manKMnit snþiPaBniym b¤ePøcxøÜncMeBaHemerond¾CUrct;enHeLIy. etI eyIg kMNt;mitþ nig sRtUvdUcemþc? k-sRtUvsøab;rs; rbs;Exμr ¬Decisive Enemy ¦KW yYn nigbkSBYkk,t;lk;Cati lk;TwkdI bMpøicbMpøaj; pl RbeyaCn_raRsþExμr qk;bøn;dIFøIERscMkar ePaKplrbs;Exμr eTAlk;eGay yYn nigbreTs kab;sMlab; bMbiT siT§esrIPaBExμr y:agsahavyg;Xñg. sRtUv EbbenH CasRtUvsøab;rs; minGacsMruHsMrYlKña)aneLIy. ebIeyIgGnueRKaHva éf¶enH éf¶muxvanwgsMlab;eyIg. x-sRtUvbeNþaHGasnñ ¬Considerable Enemy¦KW smaCikrbs;bkSRbCaCn EdlmanninñakarCatiniymEt suxcitþenAes¶omlak;xÜønedIm,IesckþIsux b¤edIm,IplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn EtmineFVIeGayxUcdl;plRbeyaCn_ Cati b¤mineFVI eGayxUcxatdl;kic©karts‘Urbs;eyIg. sRtUvEbbenH GacniyaysMruHsMrYl)an. EtenAkñúg kalHeTsHenHeyIgmin RtUveGayeKdwgkic©kar rbs;eyIgeRCAeLIy. eyIgRtUvBüayam GUsTajeGay eKmankarPJak;rlwkCatieLIgvij. eGayeKecH RsLaj;Exμr sÁal;c,as;fa GñkNaCasRtUvrbs;Exμr Gñk NaCamitþ.

K-mitþrbs;eyIg KW RkumbkSneya)ayTaMgLay EdlxVl;xVayBI plRbeyaCn_ suxTukç GayuCIvit RbCa Cati nig BUCsasn_Exμr BitR)akd. eyIgRtUvedaHRsayTMnas; rvagmitþnigmitþ edayEp¥kelIkarsMruHsMrYl Gt;eGanelIk ElgeyaKyl;Kña kñúgsgÁmCatiExμrEtmYy Cabgb¥ÚnrYmQam rYmelahitEtmYy. KNbkS neya)ayTaMgenaH man KNbkS smrgSIú KNbkS siT§mnusS BYkGtItGñkts‘UCatiniymcas; CaedIm. eTaHdUecñHkþI edIm,IsuvtþiPaB snþisux nigkarrIkcMerIn enAkñúgGgÁkarneya)ayts‘Urbs;eyIg ral;kic©kar sMgat; TaMgLay minRtUveGayeKdwgdl;CMerATUlMTlayEdr. -karedaHRsayTMnas; b¤vib,tþi³ emdwknaMExμr RtUvecHRbemIlemIlnUv lT§PaBénvib,tþi b¤bBaðaEdlGacekItman »y)anmuneBlbBaða enaH ekIteLIg nigRtUvh‘anRbQmmux TMluHTMlayedaHRsaybBaða EdlekItmaneLIg edaykarebþCJa »y)anl¥CUnRbCa BlrdæExμr. eyIgminRtUvraErk Gl;EGkedaysarkarykKMnitKμanehtupl mkCaTIGageLIy. EtpÞúyeTAvij eyIg RtUvRbwgERbgxñHExñg rkbc©½yBit mkføwgEføg nigsMerccitþedaysmehtupl cat;karTan;eBlelvla.

XII

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-karedaHRsayTMnas;épÞkñúg -edIm,IedaHRsayTMnas;)anl¥ eyIgminRtUvykerOg buKÁlmkLÚkLMnwgerOgCati plRbeyaCn_Gayu CIvit CatieLIy. sUmkMuePøcfa yYnmanEpnkarCak;lak;kñúgkarsMlab;Exμr tamRKb;rUbPaB RKb;meFüa)ay eGayrelaH rlt; rlaykñúgryHeBl 15qñaM xagmuxenH. vIFIsMlab;TaMgenaH mankareRbIR)as;mðÚbGaharmanCatiKImI karbgVk; eGaygb;gl;EtnwgeRKOgRsvwg EdlplitecjBIsarFatuKImI ¬emRsaEdlykmkBIyYn¦CaedIm. ehtuenHehIy eyIgminRtUvCYyyYn eGaysMercEpnkar kñúgkarsMlab;Exμr sMlab;CatieyIg dUcBYkGay:g h‘un Esn/ Ca sIum/ ehg sMrin EdlkMBugRbRBitþsBVéf¶enHeLIy. viFIedaHRsayl¥bMput RtUvykbBaðaGayuCIvitCati GayuCIvitBUCsasn_Exμr mkCaeKal CaktþakñúgkarBicarNa. RtUv caMCanic©fa TMnas; cMeBaHkarsøab;rs;rbs;Cati CaTMnas;minGacelIkElg )an . ÉTMnas; rvagbuKÁl nigbuKÁlCaTMnas;Rkum RKYsar GacedaHRsaykñúgeKalkarN_rYbrYm kñúgeKalkarN_Cabg b¥ÚnrYmQam. XIII

-RbePTénkardwknaM • • • •

(The Styles of Leadership)

kardwknaMEbbpþac;kar

kardwknaMEbbkumμúynisþ kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibetyü kardwknaMEbbGnaFibetyü

1-kardwknaMEbbpþac;kar emdwknaM EdlmanmnusSEtmñak;manGMNac RKbdNþb;elImnusSTUeTA elIkarsMerckic©karTaMgGs;. em dwknaMEdlman kardwknaMEbbenH minepþatkarxVayxVl;xøaMgeTAelImnusSeT EtepþatxVl;xVayelIkargarxøaMgCag. emdwknaMEbbenH minmanTMnak;TMngCamYy mnusS nigsmaCikeT. karsMerccitþenAelImñak;Ég minTTYlyk mti eyabl;BIGñkpg ÉGñkeRkambgÁab; rg;caMEtGnuvtþn_Epnkar b:ueNÑaH. emdwknaMpþac;kar eRbIGMNacbBa¢apþac;kar cMeBaHsmaCiik ehIy CYypþl;R)ak; ]btßmÖtictYc b¤Kμan. BYkeKmankalviPaKmYy kMNt;Tuk dak;kMhitF¶n;F¶r nig rMBwgfaGñkeRkambgÁab; eFIVGIVEdleK)anR)ab;eday KμansMNYr nigkarBiPakSa. eBlmankMhus BYkemdwknaMEbb enH epþatelIkarsIþbenÞas eRcInCagepþatelI karEkkMhus b¤R)ab;BIrebobkarBarkMhus. emdwknaMpþac;kar minGt;eGan cMeBaHGñkRbqaMgeLIy. dUecñH vaCakarBi)ak cMeBaHGñkeRkambgÁab; kñúgkarcUlrYmcMENkCMrujkargareGayeCOn elOn. kardwknaMEbbpþac;kar RbCaBlrdæKμansiTi§esrIPaBeT manEtkar dak;eTasTNÐkmμ kareFIVTukçbukemñj nig karkab;sMlab;. dUcCakardwknaMrbobpþac;karkñúgrbb m:U sUlInI/ Gadul GIuEtø/ el nIn/ sþa lIn/ em:A esTug/ hU CImij/ sI hnu/ ¬b:ul Bt¦ nig h‘un Esn CaedIm.l.

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lkçN³emdwknaMpþac;kar bBa¢a ¬meFüa)ayRKb;Ebbya:gtamEbbbgçM¦ eRbIGMNac b¤kMlaMgd_kacsahavCameFüa)ayedaHRsaybBaðasgÁm bdiesF b¤ k_biTsiTi§esrIPaBmnusSTaMgRsug ehIyRtYtBiinitüya:gtwgrwgeTAelIdMeNIrkarrs;enA rbs;sgÁmmnusSRKb;RCugeRCayTaMgGs;.

RbCaBlrdæ CaTaskr KμanGMNacGIVTaMgGs; minGnuBaØateGaymanneya)ayRbqaMg. e)assMGatKUrbdibkS. dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHkareFIVxus sMlab;Gñkha‘negIbRbqaMg nig bRgáabtamRKb;viFI karsMercelIrdæaPi)alTaMgRsugral;dMeNaHRsayneya)ay KμankarcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæ • • •

• • • •

2-kardwknaMEbbkumμúynisþ kardwknaMEbbkumμúynisþ GMNacsßitenAelIédmnusSmYyRkumtUc . mnusmYyRkumtUc ecjBIfñak;elI Ca GñksMerckic©karTaMgLay. RbCaBlrdæKμansiTi§esrIPaBGIVTaMgGs;. GMNacsißtenAelI rdæCaGñkkMNt;. Cak;Esþg enAkñúgRbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ bkSBYk h‘un Esn minEdlKitBI plRbeyaCn_Cati nigRbCaCatiExμreLIy BYkvaKitEt plRbeyaCn_bkSBYkmYykþab;tUc ekobsgát;CiHCan;RbCaBlrdæTn;exSay edIm,IGMNacpÞal;xøÜnnig bkSBYkva. sUm RbCaBlrdæExμr kMuyl;RcLMfa RbeTsExμrmanRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd enHRKan;EtCarebobesdækic©TIpSaresrI Et minEmnCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüBitR)akdeLIy eRBaHfaGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTs sißtelI éd h‘un Esn Etmñak;. lkçN³dwknaMEbbkumμúynisþ GMNacTaMgbI nitibBaØti nitiRbtibtiþ nigtulakar KμanÉkraCü KW sißtenAelIédmnusSEtmñak;. sarBt’manlMeGog eTArkGñkmanGMNac KμanÉkraCü nig pSayBt’manminBit. RbCaBlrdæKμansiTi§esrIPaB RtUvBYkmanGMNacekobsgát;CiHCan; bMbiTsiT§iesrIPaB hamXat; biTEPñk xÞb;Rtecok cukmat; RbCaBlrdæmineGaydwg B¤ niyaysþIBIbBaðaneya)ayCati sgÁm. kare)aHeqñatKμanyutiþFm’ CakarerobcMqakelçanedIm,IplRbeyaCn_GñkmanGMNac. plRbeyaCn_ mancMeBaHEt RkumGñkmanGMNacmYykþab;tUc. kartak;Etgc,ab; edIm,IkarBarEtplRbeyaCn_rbs; bkSBYk RKYsarbuKÁlmanGMNac. RbCaBlrdæKμankarGb;rMx<s; nig KμanKuNPaB edIm,IgayRsYlGñkmanGMNace)akR)as;.

RbCaBlrdæRtUv RkCag Tn;exSayCag CaTaskr Cal¥gFUlIeRkam)ateCIg GñkmanGMNac. GñkmanGMNacmineKarBc,ab; c,ab;manEtelIRkdas c,ab;sMrab;karBarEtplRbeyaCn_ Gñk manGMNac. GñkmanGMNaceRcIneRbIc,ab;GaCJaswk KMram sMLút sMlab; ebImankartva:RbqaMg • • •

• • • • • •

•

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•

GñkdwknaMkan; GMNacmYyCIvit KμankMNt;.

3-kardwknaMEbbGnaFibetyü kardwknaMEbbGnaFibetyü CakardwknaM KμanTwsedA KμaneKalkarN_c,as;las; Kμanc,ab;TMlab; Kμanyk rbb neya)ayNac,as;las;. emdwknaM eFIVkarsMerccitþtamTMenarGarmμN_ KμanEp¥kelIeKalkarN_GIVeLIy. em dwknaMminKitKUrGMBI lT§plkargar ehIyk_KμankarelIkTwkcitþ smaCikeGayeFIVkargareT eFIV)anb:uNÑaykb:uNÑwg. lkçN³dwknaMGnaFibetyü • Kμanc,ab; • emdwknaM pþac;kar eFIVeRscEtTMenIgcitþ.

• sgÁm eBareBjedayGMeBIGnaFibetyü KμansNþab;Fñab;.

• sg§meBareBjedayGMeBIGyutþiFm’ CiCan;sgát;sgáin hutQamGñkRkIRksøÚtRtg;.

• emdwknaM minykcitþTukdak;eFIVkargar nigmRnþCI aecarkñúgsßabn½Cati CaeQøIghutQamCati RbCaBlrdæ. RbCaBlrdærs; enAGnaFibetyü KμanemdwknaM RKb;RKg KμanGñkemIlxusRtUv. 4-kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibetyü kardwknaMEbbRbCaFibetyü CakardwknaM EdlykRbCaBlrdæ CaFM . mankarcUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlay BI RbCaBlrdæ ¬EdlmanGayucab;taMgBI 18 eLIgeTA¦elIkarsMerckic©karkñúgsgÁmCati ÉemdwknaMRKan;EtCa tMNag eGayRbCaBlrdæ b:ueNÑaH. kardwknaMtamEbbRbCaFibetyü maneKalkarN_mYycMnYndUcteTA½ lkçN³dwknaMRbCaFibetyü RbCaBlrdæ mansiTi§kñúgbegIátGgÁkardwknaMepSg² RbCaBlrdæ mansiT§ie)aHeqñatedayesrI nig yutþiFm’ kare)aHeqñat edayesrI nig yutþiFm’ RbCaBlrdæ mansiT§ikñúgkarbeBa©jmtieyabl; GMNacTaMg 3 smtulüKña mincMNuHeGayGMNacNamYy nitibBaØtiþ nitiRbtibtþi nigtulakar RbCaBlrdæ mansiT§iQreFIVCaemdwknaMneya)ayeGayeKe)aHeqñat RbB½n§sarBt’man ÉkraCü minlMeGog ehIypSBVpSayTUlMTUlaydl;RbCaBlrdæ RbCaBlrdæ mansiTi§Gb;rMdUcKña² sgÁmmanlkçN³cMhr Rbkan;neya)ayebIkcMhr c,ab;karBarGñkTn;exSay nigkarBarGñkman]tþmKti neya)ayesμaHRtg;. niymeRbIeKalneya)aypSHpSarsgÁm • • • • • • • • • • •

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vdþcRkénemdwknaMl¥ RbeTsCati manvibulPaB ]tþmPaB

emdwknaMl¥

neya)ay dwknaM

RbCaBlrdæl¥ CIvPaBFUFar mansuPmgÁl

esdækic©Cati rIkcMerIn KμanbMNul

rdæaPi)all¥

m®nþIrdækarl¥

vdþcRkénemdwknaMminl¥ RbeTsCati

emdwknaM minl¥

søab;

Blrdæ RkIRkGt;Xøan l¶g;exøAPy½xøac

esdækic©Cati cuHdundab

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

CMBak;bMNuleK

kardwknaM

rdæaPi)alTuc©rit ¬GaRkk;¦

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dUc vdþcRkTaMgBIxagelIenH eyIgCaGñkdwknaM minRtUvyl;RcLM RbCaFibetyü nigGnaFibetyüeLIy. RtUvsÁal; nUvGVICaFatu RbCaFibetyü nigGnaFibetyü. rbbRtYtRtasBVéf¶Carbbpþac;kar GnaFibetyü Edlnwg eFVIExμr sgÁmCatiExμr RtUvrlaysabsUnükñúgeBlminyUr. u -ktþasMxan;²edIm,IeFIVeGaykardwknaMmanRbsiT§PaB

XIV

(The Key Elements of Effective Leadership)

edIm,IeGaykardwknaMmanRbsiT§PaB emdwknaM RtUvEp¥kelI ktþasMxan;² CaeRcIndUcCa ½ • pþl;nUvkardwknaMmYyEdlmanry³eBlyUr eFIVeGayc,as;las; mankarcUlrYm nigKaMRTy:agsßitesßr TaMgebskkmμ nigckçúvis½yBIGñkeRkambgÁab;.

• GaTiPaBénkarEtgtaMg nigtMeLIgmuxgarsmaCik edIm,IeGaykargarmanRbsiT§PaBx<s;½ o GñkesμaHRtg;bMput cMeBaHsgÁmCati RbCaCatiExμr nwgGgÁkarneya)ayeyIg o GñkskmμRbyuT§ bMputkñúgkargar o Gñkmanvin½y eKarBbBa¢ax<s; o GñkmansμartIkøahanemaHmutRsYc ha‘nniyay h‘aneFVI o GñkmankarlHbg;dac;xat minKitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn minKitmuxmat;xøÜn.

• KaMRTdl;smaCikTaMgGs;énGgÁkardwknaM edIm,IeGayBYkeKGaceFIVkaredayemaTnPaB Gb;rM bNþúH bNþal eFIVeGaymanGMNac nigpþl;rgVan;dl;GñkTaMgenaH. • eGaytMél edaykarshRbtibtiþkar karKitCaRbB½n§ CakarRbesIrbMput • begIátbriyakasenAkEnøgeFIVkar CakEnøgEdlmnusScUlcitþkargar • epþatelIsμartI esñhaCatiBit pþl;tMélelIGñkeRkam»vat eGaytMél elIKuNPaBkargar nigelI KuNPaBesvakmμ EdlpusecjBITsSn³rbs;BYkeK. • begIátkarTukcitþ ehIybM)at;karP½yxøac.

• GacbeBa©jnUvkaryl;eXIj nigGaccUlrYmkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. • sþab;ya:gRbugRby½tñ nigBicarNaerOgdéTeTot¬kMuqab;eCOBaküjúHjg; b¤riHKn;epSg² ¦.

• bnþksagxøÜnÉg eGayRbesIreLIg TaMgxagragkay xagR)aCJa sμartI .

• dak;xøÜny:agsamBaØ nigeFIVeGaysmaCikTaMgGs;énGgÁkardwknaM TTYlcMENkelIpléneCaKC½y.

• kat;bnßycMNayepSg² CapøÜvsMrab;GPivDÆn_KuNPaBkargareGayRbesIreLIg.

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- ktþaEdlnaMeGaybraC½y ktþaEdlnaMeGaybraC½yman ³ • emdwknaMmineFIVCaKMrUnaMmux kMsak Gatμaniym KμankarTTYlxusRtUv RtLb;RtLin sÞak;esÞI • xVHkarebþCJacitþ BIsmaCikmñak;² • EtgtaMgmnusSKμansmtßPaB KμaneKalkarN_kñúgkarEtgtaMg. • KμanTMnukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk • KμanEpnkarRKb;RKan;edIm,IeCaKC½y • KitEtkic©kar 1é f¶eTA 1 éf¶ minKitBIkic©karGnaKt • KitEtkic©karGnaKt EtminKitBIkic©karBI 1 éf¶ eTA 1 éf¶ • KμankareRtomTuk hwVkhVWn nig eFIVclnaeGayrh½s • KμanyuT§saRsþdwknaM KμankardwknaMEbbRbBn§½ • minpþl;Bt’manTan;eBl nUvGIVEdlekIteLIg nigmUlehtu dl;smaCikénGgÁkardwknaM • braC½ykñúgkarsþab; nigeFIVkarCamYy emdwknaMEdlmineCOkñúgdMeNIrkarenH • minh‘anniyay ´xus elakRtUv • minTukcitþKña minha‘nRbfuyRbfan • braC½ykñúgkarpøas;bþÚrskmμPaB nigeKalneya)ay • minmanlT§PaBbM)at;PaBP½yxøac • bBaÄb;kargarkNþalTI

XV

XVI

-GMeBIGaRkk; 22 Rbkar EdlemdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvecosvag (Leaders should avoid 22 sins)

1-PUtkuhk RbDitBt’man karBiesaFn_kñúgGtItkal CaBiess kñúgrbbTaMg 4 { sgÁmraRsþniym saFarNrdæExμr rbbkm<úCa RbCaFibetyü RkumGñkts‘UesrI TaMg2Rkum} )anbgðajeGayeXIjfa karbraC½yTaMgGs; ekItecjBIbc©½ymYyd¾GaRkk; KW karPUtPrkuhk karRbDitBt’manminBit karbMePøIslT§plkargar. bc©½yd¾GaRkk;enH )aneFVIeGaykarts‘URKb; CMnan; RtUvrgnUvkarxUcxatya:gF¶n;F¶r. eRBaHfa enAeBlEdl fñak;elITTYl)annUvr)aykarN_ Edlman karPUtPr kuhk karRbDitBt’manminBit karbMePøIslT§plkargar naM[fñak;elIeFVIkarviPaKføWgEføg nigsMerctam r)aykarN_ minBitTaMgenaH CaehtunaM[karsMerccitþenaH CakarsMerccitþxus naM[dl;nUvkarbraC½yTaMgRsugdl;GgÁkarneya)ayTaMgmUl. dUcerobrab;RtYs²mkxagelIenH GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUv[man karPUtPrkuhk karRbDitBt’manminBit kar bMePøIslT§plkargarenHeT. RtUveFVIkaredayesckþIesμaHRtg; h‘anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarbraC½yrbs;xøÜnedaysuT§ citþ. CaFmμta RKb;KñaEtgEtCYbkarbraC½yedayecosminrYc ehIyGñkNak¾mincg;CYbkarbraC½yeLIy ebImineRcIn eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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k¾tic. karh‘anTTYlyknUvkarbraC½y mkdak;xøÜnedaymineKcevs nwgnaMmk[xøÜneyIg Rkumrbs;eyIgTTYl)an nUvkarBiesaFn_ nigGacCaviFankarn_d¾l¥mYy edIm,IkMu[eyIgCYbnUvkMhusd¾Edl²enHeTot. karlak;)aMgnUvkarbra C½yenHehIy EdljMaúg[ExμrerovrYjmkdUcsBVéf¶enH eRBaHfa esþcEtglak;)aMgbMéPøkarBit edayxøacRKYsarrbs; xøÜnGB½ÞeGan CaehtueFVI[Exμrsm½yeRkayedIrCan;kMhusdEdl²enH. kñúgkareRCIserIssmaCik kartMelIgzan³ eyIgminRtUverIsyk mnusSEdlPUtPrkuhk RkeLkRkLúk mk eFVIkar b¤[mantMEngnaTIx<g;x<s;eLIy. 2-xVHvin½yxøÜnÉg emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUveCosvagRbkarenHeGay)an. cUrcaMfa RbCaBlrdæExμrkþI GñkesñhaCatiExμrdéTeTot kþI Etgcab;GarmμN_elI TegVwrbs;eyIgCaemdwknaM . eyIgRtUvRbugRbytñ½ elI\riyabfTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg dUcRBHsgÇ RtUvRbugRbytñ½elI\riyabfRbcaMéf¶rbs;RBHGgÁEdr. \riyabfTaMgenaHman½ edkedIr Qr GgÁúy sIucuk niyaysþI elg esIc esøokBak;.l. GñkeRkam bgÁab;segátemIlcab;taMg BIkaresøókBak;rbs;emdwknaM mansNþab; b¤Gt;. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUveFIVKMrUl¥ naMmuxeKRKb;y:ag CaBiess karRbkan;nUv vin½ypÞal;xøÜn. vin½ypÞal;xøÜnTIenH sMedAelI \riyabfRbcaMéf¶rbs;eyIgCaemdwknaMCatiExμr KW karedk edIr Qr GgÁúy sIucuk niyaysþI elg esIc esøokBak; nig karRbtibtþimuxgarrbs;xøÜn. CaBiesskarniyaysIþi RtUvmankarTTYlxusRtUv RbkbedayPaBviC¢man Canic© eBal KW RtUvKitKUrbBaðaRbeTsCatiRKb;vinaTI RKb;kEnøg. BüayambNþúHqnÞ³RbyuT§ qnÞHCatiniym dl;RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; eGayRsLaj;RbeTsCati TwkdI nigplRbeyaCn_ sgÁm CnrYmCatiExμr. kareKarB eTogTat;eBlevla nigBaküBiteTogRtg; k¾mansarsMxan; y:agxøaMgpgEdr sMrab;eyIg CaemdwknaMCatiExμr.

3-eRbIkarvinicä½yexSay emdwknaMmYycMnYn )at;bg;lT§PaBdwknaM edaysarEtkarPøat;PøaMgenAkñúgkarvinicä½y eGay)anRtwmRtUv nig yutþiFm’. munnwigniyayGIVmYy RtUvKitBIplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM minRtUvniyayjHujg; bg¥ak;qnÞ³ b¤vayRbhar cMeBaH GñkesñhaCatidUcKña. b:uEnþ emdwknaMCatiExμr mantYrnaTIkñúgkarbeRgon bgVwk Gb;rM bNþúHbNþal tamRKb; meFüay eFIVya:gNa eGayExμrecHRsLaj;Kña ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña CaFøúgmYy CYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,ICatiExμr rs;. emdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUvsMerccitþ tamGarmμN_eLIy EtRtUvsMerccitþ Ep¥ktamehtu pl Bit. emdwknaMCati Exμr RtUvRKb;RKg GarmμN_ xøÜnÉgeGay)an EtminRtUv beNþayTukeGay GarmμN¾RKb;RKgskmμPaBxøÜnÉgeLIy. 4-twgrwgeBk nigFUrlugeBk kardwknaM minRtUvtwgeBk FUreBk enaHeLIy. kardwknaM EdlFUreBk twgeBk nwgeFVI[bBa¢arbs;eyIg Kμan RbsiT§iPaB KμankareKarB RbNibtþn_tamesaHeLIy. kardwknaMRtUveFVIeTA kñúgPaBesßresμIrlUn ¬Consistency & eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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¦. dUcenHGñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvyk vin½y c,ab; b¤ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg CaeKalkarN_kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ kar gar. ÉkarerobcMcgRkg vin½y c,ab; b¤bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg eTotesat RtUvRbemIlfa etI twgeBk b¤k¾FUreBk etIsmaCik TaMgGs;Gac Gnuvtþ)anTUreTAb¤eT?

Smoothness

5-minrYsray minesBKb;nigGñkdéT vayb¤kRkeGItRkTmGYtGag GñkdwknaMCatiExμr minRtUveqμIgkeRnÞIþg vaybJkRkeGItRkTm xVHkar rYsrayrak;Tak; dak;ExμrTUeTAdUcKñaesaH eLIy. GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvTTYlrab;rkGñkpgCaCnrYmCati edaykarjjwm eRbIsMdIEp¥mElðm nigman kareyaK yl;GFüaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk. GñkdwknaMExμr RtUvbMpusKMnit rMlwkCECkKñaBIbBaðaCati EdlkMBugRbQmmuxnwg mhnþray edaysarecar yYn nigGak,t; h‘un Esn. 6-eFIVeRcIn nigdwknaMtictYc GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvacaMfa eCaKCy½énkargar GaRs½yedaykMlaMgcUlrYmBImnusSTUreTA ya:gskmμ ekøóv køa. ehtuenH RtUvdwgfa Par³CaGñkdwknaM minEmnecHEteFVIkarEtmñak;Ég edayxVHkardwknaMenaHeLIy. EtRtUvecH dwknaM [GñkeRkam »vatcUlrYmeFVIkargar ya:gskmμCamYyxøÜn. müa:geTot minRtUveFIVkar edIm,IEteFVI [rvl;min Qb; EtpltictYc enaHeLIy. BYkkumμúynisþ dwknaMedayBYkGak,t; h‘un Esn sBVéf¶ vaeRcInEteFVItamEbbelçan kic©karb:unRkck EtBRgIkbMe)a:g b:unPñM ehIylT§plswgEtKμanRbeyaCn_Tal;EtesaH. 7-eFVI[manPaBGviC¢man GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvniyayGIV eFVIGIVkñúgPaBGviC¢manesaHeLIy . dUceBalerobrab; xagelIrYcmk

ehIyfa { TegVI BaküsMdI \riyabfRbcaMéf¶ rbs;eyIgCaGñkdwknaM CH\T§iBly:agxøaMgeTAelI karKit kar niyay karGnvutþ nig\riyabfRbcMaéf¶rbs;GñkeRkam»vat}. ehtuenH minRtUvelIktMekIgGIVEdl naM[ )at;

bg;lkçN³ GtþsBaØaCaExμr eLIy. pÞúyeTAvij RtUvelIktMekIgGtþsBaØaNCaExμr GñkesñhaCatiExμr buBVbursesñha Cati vIr³ bursesñhaCati nig GñkR)aCJ b¤bNÐitExμr. karsresr karniyayGIV²EdlmankarTak;nwgBaküfaExμr TaMg buBVbT b¤bc©y½ eyIgRtUvniyayfa Exμr Canic©. ]TahrN_ RbeTsExμr TwkdIExμr RbCaCatiExμr BlrdæExμr sBa¢atiExμr CatiExμr CaedIm.l. eRkaBIenH minRtUvniyayGIVEdlxVHkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlnaMdl; kar)ak;Twkcitþ karEbk)ak; nigkarGs; sgÇwm enAkñúgCYrGñkts‘UCati RbCaCati nigCnCatiTaMgLayEdlkMBugeFVIkarts‘UerIbMrHBIRkjaMúédyYn. 8-k,t;karsnüa GñkdwknaMExμr kMueFIVkarsnüaGIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)an. ebIeyIgdwgfa eyIgminGacbMeBjkarsnüaenaH)an eT eyIgminRtUvsnüaeLIy. pÞúyeTAvijebIeyIb)anCasnüaehIy RtUvBüayameFIV[)an. ebI)anCasnüahYs eTA eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

118

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ehIy EteFVImin)an minRtUvxVHesckþIkøahan kñúgkareBalBaküfa { ´sMueTas ´)anxMRbwgERbgeFVIGs;BIsmtßPaB ehIy EteFVImin)an}. kareFVIdUcenHnwgeFVI[eyIgrkSaPaBeCOCak; nigTMnukcitþBIGñkeRkam bgÁab;)an.

9-minRtUvedaHsarykrYcxøÜn bBa¢aEdleyIgdak;[GñkeRkameFVIehIy ebICYbnUvkarbraCy½ RtUvh‘anTTYlfa enaHCakMhusrbs;eyIgxøÜn Ég minRtUveqøIyedaHsarykrYcxøÜneLIYy. b¤ebIeyIgR)ab;nrNamñak; eGayeFIVGIVmYy eyIgRtUvrkSaeKalbMNgrbs; eyIgeGayenAkñúgGaTiPaBx<s; edIm,ICa TMnuk citþrvageyIg nigGñkeRkam»vat. minRtUvpøas;bþÚrRtLb;RtLinesaH eLIy. 10-KMuKYn RcENn nigQñanIs eyIgCaGñkdwknaM minRtUvRcENnnwgkarrIkcMerInrbs;Gñkpg esaHeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij RtUvGbGrsaTr edayPaBesμaHsr nwgeCaKCy½rbs;Gñkpg. elIsBIenHeTAeTot minRtUvKMuKYneday sarEtkarTas;ETgbnþicbnþÜc b¤edaysar kareQøaHRbEkkKñaeRBaHEterOgtUctac dUcCaerOgpÞal;xøÜn RsI Rsa CaedImenaHeLIy. pÞúyeTAvij RtUv ecHGt;eGanelIkElgeTascMeBaHkMhusqÁgrbs;GñkeRkam»vat Edl)anRbRBitþxus . ebIeyIgmanbBaða RtUvnaMKña GgÁúyCECk edaHRsaybBaðaedaysnþiviFI. GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvKMuKYn RcENnninÞa QñaniH eT,Iy. 11-kic©karkMbiukkMb:uk eyIgCaGñkdwknaM minRtUvKitKUrbBaðatUctac CabBaðaFM edaysarcitþceg¥ot Gatμaniym b¤KitKUrRkum RKYsar enaHeLIy. RtUvtMkl;plRbeyaCn_Cati plRbeyaCn_Exμr CaFM CacMbgx<g;. minRtUvmancrit rjaMurjÚv snSMerOg edaysarEterOgkMbiukkMb:ukesaHeLIy. 12-braC½ykñúgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlikEdlmanRbsiTæPaB GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvdwgfa mnusSEdlenACMuvijmansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarCMrujkargar[rIkcMerIneq<aH eTArkeCaKCy½. ehtuenHehIy kareRCIserIs EtgtaMgmnusS RtUverIsmnusSEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRtwmRtUvtam eKalkarN_rYmEdl)ankMNt;. CaBiess RtUveRCIsEtgtaMg CnTaMgLayCaExμrGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd mansmtß PaBx<g;x<s; manPaBesμaHRtg;cMeBaHCati RbCaCatiExμr minERbRbYlpøas;bþÚr niúgebþCJacitþ eFIVkic©kar[)aneCaK C½y.

13-KμanlTæPaBKitCayuTæsaRsþ karvaybJkBarx<s; KitEtRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnhYsehtu nwgeFVIeGayeyIgCaGñkdwknaM KμanlT§PaBdwknaMeK )aneLIy. eRBaH PaBRKeGitRkTm kMNaj;siVt elIkarlHbg; RTBüFn eBlevla elIkarCYyeRCamERCgCYyGñk d¾éT minGaceFVIeGayeyIgmanTMnak;TMngl¥RbesIrCamYymCÄdæanxageRkA)aneLIy. CaBiess ebIeKKμankareKarB RsLaj; rab;GanmkelIeyIgeTenaH eKnwgminsþab;eyIgeLIYy. RtUvcaMfa ebIeyIgKμanGñkCMuvijxøÜnCYyeRCamERCg edIrtameyIgeT eyIgminGacerobcM yuT§saRsþsMxan;kñúgkargarFMdMu)aneLIy. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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ehtuenHehIy eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmaneKalkarN_ sMrab;Tak;Tg CamYyGñkesñhaCatiExμrd_éTeTot edIm,I eGayeKGnuvtþtam. GñkdwknaMExμr CaGñkedIrbeRgon CaRKUbgVwk CaGñkbNþúHbNþal dl;RbCaCatiExμr eGaysÁal; RbvtþisaRsþExμrBit R)akd eGayecHrebobdwknaM nigecHyuT§saRsþepSg² ecHbNþúHqnÞ³esñhaCati nigCadwknaM RbyuT§ tamRKb;rUbPaB. 14-KμanqnÞ³ nigsRmbtammnusSEdlman\riyabfepSg² GñkdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtman\riyabfviC¢man Canic© nigRtUvecHbt;EbneTAtamkaleTs³eBlevla enA cMeBaHmuxCMBUkCnepSg² Edlman\riyabfepSgBIeyIg. minRtUveFVIGIV[mankarTas;GFüaRs½ycMeBaHGñkEdleyIg eFVIkarR)aRsy½Tak;Tg. ebIBMuenaHeT eyIgnwgminGacGUsTaj bBa©úHbBa©Úl[eKedirtameyIg)aneLIy. PaB Tn; Pøn;bt;Ebn minEmn)ann½yfa eyIgRtUvGUseKGUsTaj)aneLIy. EtcaM)ac;eyIgenAcgcaMRbkan;eKalkarN_rbs; eyIgCab;Canic© faCaGIV ehIyeyIgeFVIenaH edIm,IGIV. 15-karqøúHbBa©aMg\riyabf GñkdwknaM cMeBaHeKalneya)ay nig nitiviFI eKalkarN_TaMgLay EdlGñkdwknaM )ankMNt;ehIy GñkdwknaM RtUvRbNitn_muneK. kardwknaM naMmux eFVI nwgeFVI[GñkeRkam RbNibtþn_tam. eKGacemIleXIjfa \riyabf nigGakb,kiriya rbs;GñkenAeRkambgÁab; y:ag Na nwgGacCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgBI \riyabf nigGakb,kiriya rbs;GñkdwknaM)any:agR)akd. ebIGñkdwknaM cUlcitþ pwk Rsa RkumenaHnwgmansmaCikcUlcitþpwkRsa ebIGñkdwknaM CaGñkBukrlYy RkumenaHmansmaCIk eRcInCaGñkBukrlYy xVHPaBesμaHRtg;. ehtudUecñHehIy edIm,I[eKalkarN_dwknaMTaMgLay RtUv)anGnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlayx¢ab;x¢Ün Gñk dwknaM RtUvRbugRbytñ½ minRtUveFVI[xusBIeKalkarN_rYmeLIy. ]TahrN_ ebIeKalkarN_rYm)ankMNt;edayeBjcitþ RKb;Kñafa RtUvEtelIkdMekIgGtþsBaØaNExμr ehtuenHGñkdwknaM minRtUvniyaysMedAelIBakü sUnü faCaehSr:U ¬Zero¦ eLiy kñúgkarniyayTak;TgTUeTA. müa:geTot karsresrelx kþIKYreRbIelx Exμr CapøÚvkar eyIgminKYreRbI elx LataMg CMnYselxExμreLIy. eRBaHfa karniyay karsresrdUc)anerobrab;mkenH CakarBüayamlb;GtþsBaØaN ExμredayxøÜnÉg ehIyebIeyIgenAEtGnuvtþEbbenH teTAmuxkUnExμrCMnan;eRkaynwgElgsÁal;GIVCaExμreLIy. elIsBI enH esom vanwgdeNþImfa elxenHCaelxrbs;vay:agR)akd ¬eRBaHesom k¾eRbIelxenHCa elx esomEdr¦.

16-begIátRBMEdnminc,as;las; GñkdwknaM RtUvEbgEcktYrnaTI nigParHkic©eGayc,as;las; RtUvdwgfa etIemdwknaMRtUveFIVGIVxøH ehIyetIGñk eRkambgÁab; RtUvmantYrnaTI nigParHeFIVGIVxøH. eBal KWRtUvman EdnkMNt;énkarsMerccitþ nigkarbBa¢a[)an Cak; lak;. karKMNt;RBMEdnminc,as;las; naM[mankarbMBanelImuxgarKña CaehtunaM[manTMnas;épÞkñúg.

eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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17-xkxaneFIVkic©karcaM)ac; emdwknaM RtUvecHcat;eGaymanGTiPaBkñúgkargar ehIyeRCIsykkargarEdlman GTiPaBx<s;CageK Edl caM)ac;sMrab;CatiExμrTaMgmUlmkedaHRsaymuneK. dUcCa karsøab;rs; rbs;BUCsasn_Exμr kar)at;bg;TwkdITaMgmUl CnGenþaRbevsnþyYn RbeTsExμreRkamGNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI RbCaBlrdæRkIRk GMeBIBukrlYy GyutiþFm’ Ca edIm. 18-pþl;dMbUnμanpÞal;xøÜn cUrkMupþl;dMbUnμanpÞal;xøÜn EdlR)ascakBIeKalkarN_rYm dl;smaCik TUeTA. ebIsinCacaM)ac; GñkdwknaM RtUv elIkTwkcitþ sesIr nigEktMrUv dl;GñkeRkambgÁab; eBlEdlGñkeRkambgÁab;eFIVxus. b:uEnþGñkdwknaMCatiExμr KYrEtTuk dMbUnμan pþl;eGayGñkRsLaj;vij. elIsBIenH RtUvTuk»kas[GñkeRkam»vatmanlT§PaBbeBa©jeyabl; b¤bk RsaykarBitpg. minRtUvcat;TukKMniteyabl;GñkeRkam CaKMnitmin)ankar[esaH. minRtUv sMEdgkarbdiesF cMeBaHKMniteyabl;rbs;GñkeRkameLIy EtRtUvykKMniteyabl;enaH mkBicarNarkplcMeNjy:agehac RtUvrkSa kares¶oms¶at;Tukkñúgcitþ edim,ICakarelIkTwkcitþ eGayGñk eRkamman Twkcitþ kñúgkarbeBa©jKMnit b¤karrkSakarpþÜc epþImKMnit.

19-karyl;RcLMn½y énBaküRbCaFibetyü nigGnaFibetyü RtUvcgcaMfa siT§ikñúgkarbeBa©jeyabl; nigeKalkarN_ manRBMEdnxusKña. kñúgeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü smaCikTaMgGs; mansiT§beBa©jKMniteyabl; . ÉKMnitmñak;² RtUv)anykmkeRtHriHBicarNaføwgEføgBiPakSa enA eBl Edlkic©kar mYyeTIb )ancab;epþImerobcMBiPakSaeLIg. enAeBlEdl KMnitTUeTA RtUv)ancMraj;pþúM[eTACaeKal karN_ehIyenaH eKalkarN_enaHnwgkøayeTACaeKalKMnitrYm eKalkarN_rYm EdlsmaCikTaMgGs; RtUveKarBRbtibtþitamTaMgGs;Kña. eBlmkdl;RtwmenH KMnit mnusSmñak; minGacykmkeFVICaeKal GacbgVilbEgVr eKalkarN_ rYm)aneLIy. ehtuenH kñúgzan³CaGñkdwknaM minRtUvykKMnitbuKÁlmkbgVIleKalkarN_rYm)aneLIy. ÉeKalkarN_rYm eTotesat ebIRtUvbuKÁlmñak;bgVIl)an eBlenaH sßabn½TaMgmUlnwgkøayeTACaGnaFibetyü eFVI[manPaBRcbUk Rcbl;kñúgRkumCak;Caminxan. ehtuenHminKYr [manehtuEbbenHekItmaneLIy. 20-mhicäta GñkdwknaMExμr minRtUvmancitþelaPln; GMNac ysskái RTBüsMParH RsI Rsa eRBaHEttNðapÞal;xøÜnenaH eLIy. EtemdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvEtmanmhicäitax<s; kñúgkareFIVkic©kar eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati nigRbCaCatiExμrBit². ]TahrN_ GñkelμaPsIu nigelμaP sRgÁam . GñkelμaPsIu CaTUreTArEmg EtgEtmansac;Qam Fat;FM. ÉGñkelμaPsRgÁamvij rEmgmanTwkdIFMlVwg elIVy. eroberogeday GtItsa®sþacarü s FmμrgSI

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sm½ycRkPBExμrmhanKr GñkdwknaMExμrEtg manmhicäitaFMeFg edaykarsag]tþmPaBCati minEdlyl; RBm b¤eFVIRBegIykenþIy»ybreTsrMelaPQøanBan eTaHkñúgrUbPaBEbbNaeLIy. ÉBYkemRtYtRtaEdlbnþúbeday breTs nasm½yeRkayGgÁr EtgEtbnþúHKMnitkMsak edayGb;rMyuvCn CMnan;eRkayfa { min)ac;KiteT TwkdIEdl)at;; bg; } b¤k¾fa { TwkdITaMgenaH esþckat;eGayeKeT minEmnCakMhusrbs;eyIgeLIYy eyIgmin)ac;KitKUrQWcab;eT naM eGayb:HBal;dl;mitþPaB}. TaMgenHCaKMnitGay:g KMnitkMsaklk;Cati KμanmnsikarCamnusSesaHeLIy. ebIeTaH bICaeyIgminGacTamTarvijk¾eday k¾Kg;eyIgRtUvbeRgonkUnecACMnan;eRkaykMueGayedIrCan;dan cas; eTot. y:ag Nak¾edayeyIgKYrxμas;xøÜnÉgfa {yYn esom CaecarCayEdncinesaH Kg;ciBaW©mcitþykdIExμr cM):a Gs;Kμansl; cuH

eyIgCaExμr CaBUCedImrbs;mnusS manGayuCag 10000mWunqñaMehIyenaH suxcitþeGay)at;bg; BUCsasn_Exμr na sm½yenHbJ ?} .

21-TukeGaytMENg CaGñkdwknaMmnusS kardwknaM minlM)akeBkenaHeT ebIeyIghVwkhat;eFIV eGay)ansMerctamemeron. b:uEnþsMrab;\LÚvenH kar TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHmhnþraycMeBaHExμr RtUvFaøk;mkelI eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiTaMgGs;Kña nigCakIþsgÄwménBlrdæExμr TUeTA. emdwknaMCatiExμrTaMgGs; minRtUveFIVeGayExμrTaMgGs; Gs;sgÇwmeT EtRtUvdwknaMeGayrIkcMerIn l¥Cagmun mansißtesßr sniþPaB ÉkraCüPaB \sSrPaB nigmanRbCaFibetyüBitR)akd. minEmnykEtGMNac tMENg ehIy KμanlT§plkargarl¥ rIkcMerInCUnCatiExμrenaHeT.

22-mansuPvinicä½ycMeBaHtMrUvkarGñkdéT RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBItMrUvkarrbs;RbCaBlrdæ b¤tMrUvkarGñkeRkam»vat. emdwknaMCatiExμr RtUvmanyutþi Fm’ RtUvmankarxñHExñg sVHEsVgrkmk bMeBjtMrUvkarRbCaBlrdæExμr nigpþl;»kas eGayExμr cUlrYm cMENkedIm,I kic©kard¾cMbgkñúgkarrMedaH enH.

{ ekItCaExμr s‘Urs;edIm,IExμr eBjcitþsøab;edIm,IExμr} {rbbvalBiXad b:ul Bt nig 7mkra ekIteLIgedaysaryYnCaGñkerobcMbegáIt ÉGgÁkarneya)aynigkgTB½rbb b:ul Bt RtUv)anyYnrMlay[rlayeTAehIyminGacekIteLIgeToteT EtesckþIsøab;cMeBaHmuxrbs; Exμr KW neya)ayRtCak;rbs;yYn minEmnrbb b:ul Bt eToteLIy}.

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11- Donald G. Krause. (1995). Sun Tzu : The Art of War for Executives.

12- The art of Leadership 13- The Sun Sue strategy

14- Harry G.Summers Jr. Colonel of Infantry On Strategies, a critical analysis of the Vietnam War.

15- The Film of Sam Kok story

16- Bass, Bernard (1989). Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.

17-Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter, 1990, 19-31.

18-Blake, Robert R. and Mouton, Janse S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. 19-Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: JosseyBass.

20-Kouzes, James M. & Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

21-U.S. Army Handbook (1973). Military Leadership.

22- Dr.Philip Kotler. (1993). Marketing Management.

23- Edurado M. Arroya & Associates. Making the leader 24- Cometitive in new millionium, By Eduadro M.Arroyo

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matika esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ------------------------------------------------------------------i GarmÖkfa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii TsSn³GñkniBn§ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii CMBUkTI 1 begIátckçúvis½y I.GgÁkardwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------------2 1-begIátRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña ---------------------------------------------3 k-eKalbMNgrYm ------------------------------------------------------ 6 x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------7 K-PaBs¥itrmYt --------------------------------------------------------7 X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc ------------------------------------------------ 8 2-begIátrcnasm<½n§ nigkarEbgEckParkic© tYnaTI -------------------------------------- 9 k-GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþ ------------------------------------------------ 9 x-GMNacEbgEckFnFan ------------------------------------------------ 9 K-GMNacEtgtaMg nig bBaÄb;kargar ---------------------------------------- 9 X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA --------------------------------10 3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM ---------------------------------------------------------10 4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al ------------------------------------------------------ 12 k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y---------------------------------- 12 x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y ------------------------------------------------ 12 K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov -------------------------------------------- 12 X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar ---------------------------------------------- 13 g-c,ab; nig nitiviFI---------------------------------------------------- 13 c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü ----------------------------------------------------14 q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar ----------------------------------------------------14 C-crnþBt’man nig TMnak;TMng---------------------------------------------14 Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man --------------------------------------------15 j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú nigParkic©KNenyü-----------------------------------15 6-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl--------------------------------------------------------- 16 k-KN³kmμkar ------------------------------------------------------ 17 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI vi

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x-karRbCMu --------------------------------------------------------- 17 K-GCJakNþal ------------------------------------------------------ 18 II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------------- 18 1-begIátc,ab; lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg ---------------------------------------------19 2-TMnYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ ----------------------------------------------------19 3-témøRkmsIlFm’ nigqnÞ³ ----------------------------------------------------19 4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym -------------------------------------------20 III.dMeNIrkar----------------------------------------------------------------------20 1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM --------------------------------------------------- 21 k-begIátdMNak;kargar------------------------------------------------- 22 x-begIátlkç½x½NÐkargar------------------------------------------------ 22 K-begIátRbB½n§kargar ------------------------------------------------- 22 X-crwklkçN³GgÁkardwknaM -------------------------------------------- 22 2-karbBa¢a --------------------------------------------------------------- 23 k-eKalbMNg ------------------------------------------------------ 23 x-TwsedA---------------------------------------------------------- 23 K-eKaledA ---------------------------------------------------------24 X-ebskkmμ --------------------------------------------------------24 g-karelIkTwkcitþ -----------------------------------------------------24 3-karRKb;RKg -------------------------------------------------------------26 4-karRtYtBinitü-------------------------------------------------------------26 IV.karRbNaMgRbECg ---------------------------------------------------------------26 1-h‘anRbfuy------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2-karvaytMél ------------------------------------------------------------28 3-tRmUvkar ---------------------------------------------------------------28 V.ÉkeTs -----------------------------------------------------------------------29 1-CMnajviC¢aCIv³-------------------------------------------------------------29 2-kareCaKC½y -------------------------------------------------------------29 3-KMnit -------------------------------------------------------------------29 4-karTMnak;TMng ------------------------------------------------------------29 5-CMnaj nigkarbuinRbsBV----------------------------------------------------- 30 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI vii

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6-karBüakrN_ ------------------------------------------------------------ 30 7-karéqñRbDit------------------------------------------------------------- 30 8-GBÖnþr³jaN ------------------------------------------------------------ 31 9-karpþÜcepþIm-------------------------------------------------------------- 31 10-KMnitfμI---------------------------------------------------------------- 31 CMBUkTI 2 sßankarN_RbeTsExμr I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg ---------------------------------------------- 33 1-emdwknaMl¥ -------------------------------------------------------------- 34 2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü ---------------------------------------------------- 35 3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ --------------------------------------------------------- 37 4-sm,ÚrFnFan ------------------------------------------------------------ 38 5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs ------------------------------------------------- 38 6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg ---------------------------------------------- 38 7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl ----------------------------------------- 38 karsnñidæan---------------------------------------------------------------- 39 II>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH ----------------------------------------------------40 1-kMesayemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------40 k-neratþm sIhnu -----------------------------------------------------41 x-ln; nl; ----------------------------------------------------------44 K-b:ul Bt ----------------------------------------------------------45 X-h‘un Esn---------------------------------------------------------47 2-neya)aydwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------48 k-sgÁmraRsþniym ----------------------------------------------------48 x-saFarN³rdæExμr ----------------------------------------------------50 K-km<úCaRbCaFibetyü -------------------------------------------------51 X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa ¬yYnkan;kab;¦ ------------------------------56 g-RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ------------------------------------------------60 g-1-briyakasneya)ay -----------------------------------------62 g-2-KNbkSneya)ay-------------------------------------------62 g-3-kat;eTasExμrRkhm------------------------------------------64 g-4-CemøaHdIFIø --------------------------------------------------66 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI viii

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g-5-GMeBIBukrlYy -----------------------------------------------67 g-6-R)asaTRBHvihar --------------------------------------------68 3-kareRCotERCkBIbreTs ¬sRgÁam¦---------------------------------------------69 k-karQøanBanrbs;esom------------------------------------------69 x-karQøanBanrbs;yYn -------------------------------------------70 4-ExμrmineGaytMélelICatixøÜnÉg----------------------------------------------- 71 5-KitRbeyaCn_buKÁlFMCagRbeyaCn_Cati ----------------------------------------- 72 CMBUkTI 3 begIátkarpøas;bþÚr I.begIátyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------------74 1-ebskkmμ ---------------------------------------------------------------74 2-eKalbMNg --------------------------------------------------------------75 k-pøas;bþÚremdwknaM nigrcnasm<½n§ ------------------------------------------75 x-pøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaM -----------------------------------------------75 K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg ------------------------------------------------76 X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay---------------------------------------- 77 g-karBarkareRCotERCkBIbreTs----------------------------------------- 77 c-KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl -------------------------------- 77 II-eRCIserIsyuT§saRsþ nig]bkrN_ ---------------------------------------------------- 78 k-neya)ay ---------------------------------------------------------------79 x-eXasna ----------------------------------------------------------------79 K-hirBaØvtßú ----------------------------------------------------------------79 X-kgT½B -----------------------------------------------------------------80 g-karTUt ------------------------------------------------------------------80 III.Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic s‘un sU‘ -------------------------------------------------80 1-eronRbyuT§ ------------------------------------------------------------- 81 2-bgðajpøÚv --------------------------------------------------------------- 81 3-Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv--------------------------------------------------------- 81 4-sÁal;sßankarN_ ---------------------------------------------------------- 81 5-KitEpnkarcaj; ---------------------------------------------------------- 81 6-begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y ---------------------------------------------------82 7-dutqnÞ³ -----------------------------------------------------------------82 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI ix

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8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg--------------------------------------------------------82 9-ÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña------------------------------------------------------- 83 10-eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt ------------------------------------------------- 83 IV.vaytMélyuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------------------- 83 CMBUkTI 4 begIátGñkGnuvtþn_tam I.karP¢ab;TMnak;TMng-----------------------------------------------------------------86 1-begðIbBITsSn³------------------------------------------------------------86 2-bgðajckçúvis½y -----------------------------------------------------------86 3-pSBVpSayckçúvis½y --------------------------------------------------------86 4-bgðajeKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA --------------------------------------------86 5-bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yuT§saRsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA -------------------------------- 87 6-bgðajBIplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an ----------------------------------------- 87 II>ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------- 87 1-cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; ----------------------------------------------------- 87 2-ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg----------------------------------------------88 3-minEkxøÜn lak;kMhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT -----------------------------------------88 4-sresIrkEnøgsaFarN³ riHKn;CaÉkCn-------------------------------------------88 5-bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal;------------------------------------------------------88 6-eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg --------------------------------------------------------88 III>ktþaEdleFIVeGayman\Ti§BlkñúgkardwknaM -----------------------------------------------88 1-karbBa©úHbBa©Úl -----------------------------------------------------------88 2-karcrcar----------------------------------------------------------------89 3-karesBKb; --------------------------------------------------------------89 4-kartMrg;Tws --------------------------------------------------------------89 IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; --------------------------------------------------------89 1-eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg------------------------------------------------------89 2-CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm’ ----------------------------------------------------90 3-GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßPaBCanic©------------------------------------------------90 4-\riyabfviC¢man -----------------------------------------------------------90 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI x

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V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl ------------------------------------------------------------91

1-bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ ----------------------------------------------------91 2-niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; --------------------------------------------------91 3-manxnþI Gt;Fμt; -----------------------------------------------------------91 4-begIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ ----------------------------------------------------------91 5-kMuRbEkk tmat; eQøaH-------------------------------------------------------92 6-Tajkarsnñidñan -----------------------------------------------------------92 7-elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; ------------------------------------------------92 8-begIátTMnak;TMngl¥ ---------------------------------------------------------92 9-pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar----------------------------------------------------- 93 10-eRbI\Ti§BlRkum --------------------------------------------------------- 93 11-nimitþrUbEdlman ---------------------------------------------------------94 12-minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay ------------------------------94 13-sMueGayeKcUlrYm --------------------------------------------------------94 14-eRbIGñkEdlman\Ti§Bl ¬RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü eGayeKCYyeXasnaeGayeyIg¦---94 15-eRbI\Ti§Bl smaKm GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot»kaseXasna ----------------------94 16-RtUveKarB eGaytMéleTAelInimitþrUbenAkEnøgenaH edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenO nigTukcitþ --------94 17-bBa¢ak;BIeKalbMNgrYmKña---------------------------------------------------94 18-erobcMKMeragCamun --------------------------------------------------------95 19-niyaysareLIgvij nUveKalsMxan;² -------------------------------------------95 20-eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl¥ nigeBlsmrmü-------------------------------------------95 21-bgðajTWkcitþTaMgsgxag---------------------------------------------------95 22-eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; -------------------------------------------96 23-ecHeRbI\Ti§BlEdlman nigRbCaRbiyPaB---------------------------------------97 CMBUkTI 5 I.GMNacemdwknaM -------------------------------------------------------------------98 1-GMNacmenayiTi§-----------------------------------------------------------98 2-GMNacKuNFm’------------------------------------------------------------ 99 3-GMNacTMnak;TMng --------------------------------------------------------- 99 4-GMNacbgçitbgçM --------------------------------------------------------- 100 5-GMNacÉkeTs---------------------------------------------------------- 101 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xi

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6-GMNaceyag ----------------------------------------------------------- 101 7-GMNacRsbc,ab; -------------------------------------------------------- 102 8-GMNacBt’man ---------------------------------------------------------- 102 9-GMNachirBaØvtßú --------------------------------------------------------- 103 10-GMNaceGkULÚsIu ------------------------------------------------------- 103 II>tYnaTIemdwknaM ----------------------------------------------------------------- 103 1-GñknaMBakü ------------------------------------------------------------ 103 2-Gñkcrcar bBa©úHbBa©Úl ---------------------------------------------------- 103 3-GñkbeRgon hwVkhat; nigGñkelIkTwkcitþ --------------------------------------- 104 4-GñkbegIátRkumkargar ----------------------------------------------------- 104 5-GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum ------------------------------------------------------ 105 6-GñkedaHRsaybBaða ------------------------------------------------------ 105 7-GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþ ------------------------------------------------ 106 8-GñksMruHsMrYl bRgYbbRgYm ------------------------------------------------- 106 9-GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ --------------------------------------------------------- 107 10-GñkerobcMxñatKMrU ------------------------------------------------------- 107 III.ktþanaMeGayman\Ti§BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknaM ---------------------------------------- 107 1-PaBs¥itrmYt ----------------------------------------------------------- 107 2-kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; -------------------------------------------------------- 107 3-EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnusS kargar nigcrwklkçN³---------------------------- 108 4-rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc©³ ------------------------------------------- 108 5-eqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man----------------------------------------------- 108 6-bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH --------------------------------------- 108 7-snñidæan b¤KitcMNucl¥bMputcMeBaHGñkdéT --------------------------------------- 108 8-EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun eTIbbgðajGñkdéTCaeRkay -------------------------------- 108 9-citþTUlay esμaHRtg; ------------------------------------------------------ 109 10-mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y --------------------------------------- 109 11-RBmTTYlkMhus nig sMueTas ---------------------------------------------- 109 12-eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV ------------------------------------------ 109 13-CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs -------------------------------------------- 109 14-GñkdéTman\Ti§BlelImun------------------------------------------------- 110 15-\riyabfviC¢manRKb;sßankarN_ -------------------------------------------- 110 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xii

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16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneBlniyay -------------------------------------------- 110 17-minRtUvman³ ---------------------------------------------------------- 110 18-niyayPasamantkáviC¢aRtwmRtUv nigGarmμN_l¥ --------------------------------- 110 19-pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB --------------------------------------------- 110 20-esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² --------------------------------------------------- 111 esckþIsniñdæan ------------------------------------------------------------------- 111

3C3

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CMBUkTI 1

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI xiv

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begIátckçúvis½y karbegIátckçúvis½yCaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;emdwknaM eBlEdleyIgcab;epþImeFIVCaemdwknaM cab;epþIm dMeNIrkardwknaMenaH. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbegIáteGaymanckçúvis½yCamun karbegIátckçúvis½yenH edIm,IeGayeyIg eCOCak; ehIyeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAtamTisedAmYyBitR)akd nig)ansMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA tamlT§plEdl cg;)an. eyIgCaemdwknaMCatiExμrmñak;²mantYnaTIkatBVkic© CaGñkEfrkSakarBar nigEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_BitR)akd sMrab;RbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA plRbeyaCn_BitR)akdsMrab;RbeTsCati RbkbedaysmFm’ nigyutþiFm’ . karbegIát ckçúvis½yRtUvEp¥kelIkarsikSavaytMélTinñn½y sßankarN_Cak;Esþg viPaKelIRbvtþisaRsþ nigRBwtþikarN_bc©úb,nñ bBaðaEdlkMBugekItman GBÖnþr³jaN esckIþsgÇwm nigkarBüakrN_ sMrab;vasnaGnaKtRbeTsCati. karsikSa BIRbvtþisaRsþ karsikSaBIGtItkal mansar³RbeyaCn_ya:gxøaMg eRBaHGtItkalenHehIy CakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMg nigCapøÚv EdlbgðajeGayeyIgdwgGMBIcMNucxVHxat cMNucl¥ ktþaeCaKC½y b¤braC½y GaRkk;b¤l¥ KYbpSMnigkar emIleXIjbBaðanabc©úb,nñkal eFIVeGayeyIgGacEsVgrkedImehtu ¬bBaða¦BitR)akd ¬sc©³¦ edIm,IelIkykb£s Kl;bBaðaenaHmkedaHRsayeGay)ancb;CasßaBr. kalNaeyIgdwgBIb£sKl;bBaðaBitR)akd EdlkMBugekItman enAkñúgRbeTsExμr vaCaKnøwHsMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña EsVgrkviFIedaHRsayeGaycMbBaða eTIbbBaðaenaHRtUvbBa©b;. karedaHRsaybBaðaCYyCatienH eRbobdUcCaRKUeBTü EdlBinitüBüa)alGñkCm¶W edaysÁal;emeraKBitR)akd sÁal;eraKsBaØac,as; eTIbRKUeBTüBüa)alGñkCm¶wenaHCasHes,Iy. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvRkeLkemIlKMrUdwknaMrbs; RBHBuT§eFobeTAnigkardwknaMsgÁmmnusSnaeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlkardwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁmanckçúvis½ymYyBitR)akd.

RBHGgÁsuxcitþlHbg;RTBüsm,tþi yss½ká laPskáar³ RbBn§kUn edIm,IEsVgrkehtuBitR)akd EdlnaMeGay mnusSmanTukç bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁTteXIjeTBnimitþ 4 ya:g KwmnusScas;Cra mnusSQW mnusSsøab; nig GñkbYs. RBHGgÁ)anyagcUléRBedIm,IsikSarkviFImkCYyseRgÁaHmnusSelak eGayrYcputGMBITukçevTnaTaMgenH ¬pøÚvrMlt; Tukç¦ cugbBa©b;RBHGgÁrkeXIjmaKa’mYy KWpøÚvrMlt;esckþITukç. RBHGgÁ)anrkeXIjfa TukçekItecjmkBI GviC¢a. ya:gNamij cMeBaHRbeTsExμreyIgvij ebIeyIgnaMKñaedaHRsaycugbBaða bBaðaenaHmincb;eLIy GIVEdleyIg emIleXIjbc©úb,nñCacugbBaða EdlCapl)annwgkMBugekItmankñúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eyIgemIleXIjEtpl ¬GaRkk;¦ etIehtu¬edImbBaða¦BitR)akdenAÉNa? ehtuEdlnaMeGaymanplGaRkk;enAÉNa?. edImehtu KW KMnit edImehtuKW EpnkaryuT§saRsþ dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIleGayeXIjyuT§saRsþrbs;sRtUv edIm,IeGaydwgc,as; GMBIedImcmbBaða EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁmExμr minecHcb;. ¬sUmGanehtupledImbBaða GMBIkarviPaKyuT§saRsþneya)ayrbs; kumμúynisþyYn nig h‘un Esn enAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 1 ¦. GaRs½yehtuenH emdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUv sikSaGtItkaleGay)anc,as; BinitütamdansßankarN_ RBwtþikarN_eBlbc©úb,nñ nignaMeGayeyIgGacBüakrN_ dwgfanwgmanGIVekIteLIgenAeBlGnaKt. müa:gvijeTot ckçúvis½yCaktþaCMrujTwkcitþmYyya:gxøaMg dl;buKÁlwk smaCikGñkeRkam»vaT eGaykan;EtxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkarRbNaMgRbECgKñaya:gsRsak;sRsaM tMrg;tamTisedA eTArkeKaledArYmEtmYy. srubmk ckçúvis½yKWCaGVIEdleyIgemIleXIjBI GtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGnaKt kal. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 1

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I.GgÁkardwknaM (Organization) GgÁkardwknaMRtUvkMNt;ckçúvis½yeGayc,as;las; sMrab;karpøas;bþÚr. eyIgGacpøas;bþÚr eFVIeGaymankar rIkcMerInlUtlas; nigeFIVeGayRbesIreLIg kalNaGgÁkardwknaMmanemdwknaMEdlmanckçúvis½yc,as;las;. GgÁkar dwknaMl¥xøaMg CaGgÁkardwknaMEdlmaneKalbMNgFM ehIyyUrGEgVg. cMeBaHkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM eyIgRtUverobcM eGay)anc,as;las;BI eKalbMNg eKaledA TwsedA ebskkmμ yuT§saRsþ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; kll,ic FnFan edIm,IFanakareCaKC½y. kareCaKC½yenH CakmøaMgmYyman\Ti§BlbMputsMrab;GgÁkardwknaMeTAelI\riyabfGñk eRkam»vaT BIeRBaHfa FmμCatiénmnusSEtgEtQrxagGñkQñH KμannrNamñak;cg;enAxagGñkcaj;enaHeT. GgÁkar dwknaMEdldwknaMeTArkPaBeCaKC½y qab;rh½s kan;EtRbesIr EtebIGgÁkardwknaMGUsbnøayyUr vaGaceFIVeGayGñk eRkambgÁab;Føak;Twkcitþ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg Gs;kmøaMg xatbg;eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi nigGacbraC½y)an. karerobcM eGaymanyuT§saRsþQñHrbs;GgÁkardwknaMenH RtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyEdlskásmnigsñaédrbs;buKÁlwk eFIV eGaybuKÁlwk smaCikTaMgLayTukcitþ eCOCak; nigmankmøaMgcitþ ebþCJacitþeFIVkic©karenaH edayKμanenOyht;.

RtUvcaMfa emdwknaMminGaceFIVGIV²mñak;ÉgsMercdl;eKaledAtamckçúvis½yeLIy ebIKμankarcUlrYmBIGñkeRkambgÁab; b¤KμankarKaMRTcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr. karbegIátGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RkumkargarRtUverobcMdak;eQμaHGgÁkardwknaMenaH eGaysmRsbtamckçú vis½y dUcCa KNbkS rNsirS shB½n§ shPaB shrdæ shCIB sm<½n§ KN³kmμkar KN³kmμaFikar GgÁkar smaKm rdæaPi)al clna.l. erobcMEsVgrknimitþsBaØasMKal;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM EdlmanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; ¬LÚkU¦. eQμaHnignimitþsBaØaenH eFIVya:gNaeGay xøI xøwm c,as;las; gayGan gayyl; gaycaM gayB¤ EbøkBIeK ehIymanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; gayRsYlGacTak;TajcMNab;GarmμN_KaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæTUeTA. bnÞab;mk eyIg RtUvEsVgrkTItaMg TIsñak;kar b¤mUldæanc,as;las;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargar. eyIgRtUvBicarNa fa etIeyIgKYrdak;TItaMgenATINa? kEnøgNa? EdlmaneRbobelIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg manskþanuBl eRbobxag citþsaRsþ eRbobxagneya)ay sMbUrFnFansmÖar³ bec©kviTüa gayTMnak;TMngBt’man gayTak;TajkmøaMgKaMRT mank,ÜnxñatKm<IyuT§saRsþeRcInminecHrIgs¶Üt briyakasl¥ ¬GakasFatu ekþA RtCak; esIm s¶Üt ePøog Føak;Twkkk eRKaHFmμCati¦.l. eyIgRtUvdwknaMRkumkargar erobcMEpnkar edayBicarNanUvsMNYrmYycMnYn etIRtUvbegIát GgÁkardwknaMGIV? maneQμaHGIV? nimitþsBaØaGIV? edIm,IbMeBjebskkmμGIV? maneKaledAGIV? eFIVya:gem:c edIm,IeCaKC½y? GgÁkardwknaMenaHmanmUldæanenAÉNa?. bnÞab;mk emdwknaMnigRkumkargarEdlerobcMGgÁkar dwknaMeFIVya:gNaeGaymanlkçN³ rs;revIk Tn;Pøn; Etrwgbwug Gacbt;EbntamkaleTs³ rhUt)ansMerc tamckçúvis½y . kñúgkarbegIátGgÁkardwknaM emdwknaM b¤RkumkargarRtUvsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIKUrRbkYtRbECg nigsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIxøÜneyIg sÁal;eGayc,as;GMBIsßankarN_CMuvij munniwgeyIgcab;epþImQaneCIgecj RbkYtRbECg ebIniyayBITahanvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;faQñHsin munnigecjc,aMgeFIVsRgÁam. cMENk GñkvinieyaKTunvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;fa)ancMeNjsin eTIbeFIVvinieyaKTun. ebIeyIgdwgc,as;faeyIgQñHenaH eyIgRtUvecjmuxeFIVkarRbkYt EtebIeyIgmindwgc,as;faeyIgQñHeT mincaM)ac;ecjRbkYteLIy. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 2

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1-begáItRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña (Team work with the same willing) karbegIátRkumkargareTA)anluHRtaEtmanckçúvis½y karebþCJacitþ karTukcitþKña eFIVeGayRkumxitxMrYmKña nigmanEpnkaryuT§saRsþBitR)akdedIm,IsMercckçúvis½y. karbegIátRkumenH mincaM)ac;xVl;fa eyIgCamnusSminqøat min)aneronx<s; ehIyKitfaeyIgminGacbegáItRkumkargar)anenaHeLIy EtGIVEdleyIgman KWxøÜnrbs;eyIg nig eKalkarN¾mYycMnYnEdlerobrab;xagelICakareRsc sMrab;karbegáItRkumkargar. karerobcMbegIátRkumkargarRtUv eFIVtamckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaM edayeRCIserIsRkumEdlmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;l¥elIseKbg¥s; RkumEdl manÉkeTs ehIyFanafamansmtßPaB eFIVkic©karsMercdl;eKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. RkumEdlmanqnÞ³EtmYy manqnÞ³l¥ CalkçN³RkumemdwknaMEdlxøaMg. karbegIátRkumkargareRbobRbdUceTAnwgRkumkILa)al;Tat;mYy Edl xøaMgBUEkehIymansmtßPaBelgTaMgGs;Kña edIm,IRbkYtCamYyRkumkILa)al;Tat;epSg²eTot mñak;²enAkñúgRkumRtUv xitxMelgTaMgGs;Kña eKaledAEtmYyKt;KW Tat;)al;bBa©ÚlTI. cugbBa©b; ebIRkumNamYymanBnÞúeRcInCag RkumenaH manC½yCMn³ ehIyTTYl)anBanrgVan;. cMENkkardwknaMRbeTsCati RkumdwknaMGgÁkarsßab½nNamYy manlkçN³ dUcKña eTaHCakardwknaMRkumtUc b¤kardwknaMRkumFMk¾eday eGayEtRkumkargarenaH EbgEckkargarc,as;las; maneKalbMNgEtmYy dUckILa)al;Tat;enaH RBmTaMgRkumkargarxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkargarrYmKña RkumenaHR)akd CaTTYl)aneCaKC½y . dUcenH ebIsinCaeyIgbegIátRkumkargarsMrab;eFIVCaemdwknaMCatiExμr RkumkargarenaH RtUvkarerIs edIm,ImkbMerI Cati sasna nigRbCaCatiExμr dUcFøab;)anerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAPaK1 rYcmkehIy. RkumemdwknaMenHRtUveGaytMélelICnesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd EdlmanlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM edIm,ImkdwknaM RbeTsCati CYyrMedaHRbeTseyIg eGayman\sSr³PaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd RbCaBlrdæman esckþIsux rYcputBIPaBRkIRk GyutiþFm’ GMeBIBukrlYyepSg². RkumEdlRtUveRCIserIs RtUvmansmtßPaBxøaMgxag neya)ay esdækic© eyaFa c,ab; bec©kviTüa BaNiC¢kmμ ksikmμ eTscrN_ b:UlIs TUrKmnaKmn_ Bt’man .l. buKÁlTaMgenHKWCaGñkEdlh‘anniyay h‘aneFIVskmμPaBRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,ICatirs;kñúgyuT§saRsþrYmEtmYy eRkam GgÁkardwknaMEtmYy eRkamemdwknaMEtmñak;. bnÞab;mkRkumRtUvbegIátTisedA viFIsaRsþ KMnit EpnkaryuT§saRsþ meFüa)ay FnFan edIm,IsMercckçúvis½yenaH. müa:geTot kareFIVkargarCaRkumenH minRtUvecaTRbkan;fa GñkenHxus GñkenaHRtUveLIy EtebICYbbBaða RtUvelIkbBaðamkedaHRsay tamk,Ünc,ab; tameKalkarN_ eday minedaHRsaybBaðatamkareRbIGarmμN_eLIy. RkumkargarbzmEdlpþl;GTiPaB CabuKÁlmanmanlkçN³ 8 cMNucdMbUgdUcxageRkam³ 1-GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd ¬ExμrsuT§¦ 2-esμaHRtg;cMeBaHCati nig GgÁkardwknaM 3-køahan muHmut 4-TTYlxusRtUvral;kic©kar 5-R)akdniym hμt;ct;kargar 6-lHbg;x<s; ¬eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCIvit¦ 7-smtßPaB ¬cMeNHdwg nig bTBiesaFn_ eTBekaslü¦ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 3

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8-KuNFm’ ¬RBhμvihaFm’ nig TsBiFFm’¦citþTUlay RkumkargarsMedAelIRkumkargarEdlmaneKalbMNgrYmKña manCMnajepSg²Kña EtGacbMeBjkargar KñaeTAvijeTAmk. eKsegáteXIjRkumkargar EbgEckCaeRcInRbePTepSg²Kña dUcCa RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg RkumkargarkMNt;Etmñak;Ég Rkum kargarq¶ay². emdwknaMminRtUvKitxøÜnÉgfa CaGñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtRta nigcg;eFIVCaemeKeLIy. smaCikRkum RtUvebþCJaya:geRCAedIm,IkarlUtlas;smaCikRkum edayCYyGPivDÆn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk nigkareCaKC½y nigCaRkum kargarmYymanGtßRbeyaCn¾ sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM. 1-1-GtibrimaFnFanmnusSrbs;GgÁkardwknaM (Maximum of Human Resource in the Organization) edIm,IBRgIksmaCikeGaymancMnYneRcIn smaCikcas;²RtUvCYybeRgonsmaCiknImYy² smaCikfμI²rbs; RkumkargareGayecHkargar eGayecHdwknaM nigCYysmaCikd¾éTeTotTaMgGs;eGayrIkcMerInbnþ. KμancMeNHdwg kargar kic©kar nig eKalbMNgNa RbesIrCagcMeNHdwgdwknaMrbs;buKÁlmñak;²enaHeT. KYrkt;cMNaM RkumkargarPaKeRcIn minEmnCaRkumkargarBitR)akd BIeRBaHkarRbmUlpþMúTMnak;TMng EtCamYy nig ecAhVay. buKÁlnImYy²RbNaMgRbECgCamYynigGñkdéTeTotsMrab;GMNac kitüanuPaB nigtMENg min RbkYtRbECg edIm,IsMerceKaledA. karCECkBiPakSa sikSaGMBIbBaða b¤eFIVKMerag minRtUvRbKl;eGaybuKÁlNamYy b¤RkumNamYy EtRtUveFIVkaredayRkumkargarTaMgGs;Kña. RkumkargarEdlkMNt;fal¥bMput KWCaRkumEdlsgÇwm elIskmμPaBrbs;xøÜnÉg Gacbt;EbnlμmEdlGacpøas;bþÚredIm,IeGayeKalbMNgrbs;eKpÞal; KWeKalbMNgrYm )ansMerc. RkumkargarRtUverobcMk,Ünc,ab; kardwknaMedIm,ICYyeGaysMerceKalbMNg nigkarGnuvtþn¾. Rkumkargar RtUvepþatelIkarrIkcMerInkargar nigkareFIVskmμPaB karGnuvtþn_ eRbIRKb;]bkrN_ edIm,IdwknaMTaMgGs;Kña dUcCakar beRgon karRbwkSa nigkarGegátCaedIm . enAkñúgkargar eyIgGaceRbIkarTMnak;TMngFmμta dUcCa bgðajkareKarB EføgGMNrKuN nigelIktMekIgsñaédrbs;eK. GarmμNrbs;emdwknaMRkumRtUvbgðajBIkarebþCaJcitþ PkIþPaB emaTnPaB nigTukcitþenAkñúgRkumrbs;Gñk. eyIgRtUvbegIátsaxatamtMbn;sMxan;² nigpþl;GMNaceGayBYkeKsMerccitþ.

CYnkal eyIgRtUvbþÚrevnKña epÞreGaysmaCikxøÜn edIm,IeFIVkarsMrbsMrYl b¤dwknaMGgÁRbCMuepSg². CaFmμta GgÁkar dwknaMvaytémø emdwknaMtamskmμPaB nig\riyabf. b:uEnþ meFüa)ay Edll¥bMputedIm,IvaytémøPaBCaGñkdwknaM enaH GaRs½yelIkarbMpusKMnitBIRkumdwknaMEdlenACMuvijemdwknaM. 1-FatupSMénRkumkargar emdwknaM eKalbMNgRkumkargar karcUlrYmbegIát eFIVskmμPaB edayRkumTaMgGs;Kña 2-kMritRkumkargar eFIVviPaKTan Tinñ½y nigcMeNHdwg rYmcMENkkñúgdMeNIrkarsMerccitþ nig QaneTArkÉkcänÞ eFIVkarsMerccitþ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 4

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eFIVkic©karsMerccitþkargarEdleKdak;eGay 3-karTMnak;TMng ebIkcMhr esμaHRtg; nigkarbþÚrBt’man manRbsiTæPaBrvagsmaCikRkum. karTukcitþ karebIkTUlay kñúgkarriHKn; nigTukcitþKña KMnitrbs;kmμsiTæ PaBs¥itrmYtedayeKebþCJaedIm,IGaNtþiEdleKyl; nigGtþsBaØaNRkumkargar.

1-2-RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar (Functioning Team) karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkardwknaMenH CaFmμtaeKepþatelIemdwknaMpøÚvkar eTaHbICaRkumkargareFIVkarenA kñúgmuxgarCak;lak;enHk¾eday. RkumkargarmankarelIkTwkcitþya:gxøaMg RbsinebIkardwknaMepþatelIeKaledArYm cat;TukeKaledArYmCasar³sMxan;. smaCikeCOCak;faRkummansmtßPaBGacsMerceKaledA. Rkumkargarnig GnuvtþkargarxøaMgCagmun eBlEdlsmaCikRkumdwgtYnaTIc,as; nigmanCMnajc,as;las;Cagmun. karGnuvtþ yuT§saRsþ EdlRkumkareFIV faetImanRbsiT§PaBb:unμancMeBaHkargarEdleFIV?. kardwknaMEdlBak;B½n§nigkarGnuvtþ yuT§saRsþenHmandUcCa eFIVEpnkarBIrebobEdleRbIbuKÁlwk nigEbgEckFnFaneGaymanRbsiT§PaB eFIVEpnkar Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþeGaymanRbsiT§PaB cUlrYmCamYyGñkÉkeTsedIm,IeFIVEpnkarRbtibtþikarsMrab;Rkum naMRkum kargareGayeronGnuvtþn_ RbmUlBt’manGMBIyuT§saRsþEdleKGnuvtþn_manRbsiT§PaBBIRkumepSg²eTot. karTukcitþ nigshRbtibtþikargareTAvijeTAmk CaktþasMxan;. eTaHbICaRkummaneTBekaslübiunRbsBV erobcMl¥ya:gNak¾eday k¾GacbraC½y)anEdr ebIsinCaxVHkarTukcitþKña PaBs¥itrmYt nigshRbtibtþikar BIsmaCikenAkñúgRkumenAeBlGnuvtþn_ebskkmμ. CaBiess karshRbtibtþikarmansar³sMxan; eBlRkumtMrUveGay pþl;Bt’man smÖar³ FnFan nigkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk eFIVkarCamYyKñaenAkñúgry³eBlyUr nigkñúgsßanPaBlM)ak. karKaMRTxagneya)ay nigFnFan. karGnuvtþn_RkumeTA)an GaRs½yelImanFnFanEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eFIVkar.

FnFanEdlBak;B½n§enaH manmUlniFifvika ]bkrN_ smÖar³ rbs;rbreRbIR)as;sMrab;eFIVkar.

1-3-RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar (Mixed Function Team) tamkarsegátRkumkargarEdleFIVkarcMruHmuxgar mantYnaTIsMxan;² dUcCa edaHRsaybBaða cat;Ecg KMeragkar b¤begIáteKalneya)ay. tYnaTITaMgenaH manbegIátckçúvis½y erobcM karcUlrYm kareFIVEpnkar. begIát ckçúvis½ypþl;eGaymaneKaledArYmmYy erobcMCYyeGayRkumEfrkSackçúvis½y karcUlrYmBIsgÁm CYyeGayman PaBs¥itrmYtépÞkñúg nigEpnkarxageRkA CYyeGaykarsMerccitþRkumCamYyKUrRbkYtRbECgxageRkA. eyIgGac niyayfaCaRkumkargarma:RTIs RkumkargarenHrYmman Rkumkargar Rkummuxgar kmøaMgkic©kar RkumedaHRsay bBaðaKN³kmμkar nigRkumKMeragkarBiessCaedIm . RkumkargareFIVkic©kar GaRs½yelIkic©RbwgERbgrYmKña. Rkum kargarenHmancMnYntic mansmaCikcMnYn BI 2 eTA 25 nak; kEnøgxøHmanBI 5 nig 9 nak;. CMnajmñak;Gac pþl;famBlenAeBlEdlRkumkargarmanKMnitEbøkKña b¤manKMnitepSgKña nigmanCMnajeRcInmuxdak;bBa©ÚlKañ. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 5

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1-4-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg (Self Management Team) enHRtUvkMNt;eKaledAeGayc,as; nigGTiPaBedIm,IeFIVkar sMerccitþkargar sMrbsMrYlkic©xitxMRkumkargar TaMgmUl nigpþl;karvaykartMélkarrIkcMerInRkum nigEktMrUvkarGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ. kargarRtUvEtCakargarman RbeyaCn_ kargarEdlmann½y mansar³sMxan;. RkumkargarenH CaRkumEdlmanmnusScMnYnticCaGñkeFIVkargar nigmansiTi§sMerckargar. cMENkkarpþl;rgVan;epSg² RtUvpþl;CaRkum ehIytMrUveGaybuKÁlGPivDÆn_CMnajrbs;eK tamRkumtMrUveGayeFIV. RtUvmankarKaMRTBIneya)ay BIfñak;dwknaMxagelI rYmTaMgkarEbgEckFnFan GMNacsmrmü EdlRbKl;eGay edIm,IeFIVkargareGaymanRbsiT§PaB. smaCikRtUveroneGayecHBIrebobsþab; nigrebobTMnak; TMngmanRbsiT§PaB .

1-5-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;Ecgmñak;Ég (Single Management Team) CaGñkerobcMbøg;kargaredayxøÜnÉg eFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg. CaGñkmanKMnitdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg TaMgkarpþÜcepþIm eFIVskmμPaB skmμbþÚrpþac; edayminrgcaMbBa¢a b¤manGñknaMeFIVenaHeLIy CakardwknaMEdlekIteLIg BIqnÞH. dUcenHcab;taMgBIkarerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ karGnuvtþn_eFIVskmμPaB nigkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaemdwknaM TaMgRsugEtmþg. emdwknaMCaGñkcab;epþImeFIVkic©karTaMgGs; eFIVedayPaBeCOCak; eFIVedaymankmøaMgcitþ. etIemdwknaMRtUveFIVxøHeTot? emdwknaMGacR)ab;GñkepSgGMBIskmμPaBRkum nigsñaéd dwknaMRbCMuviPaKdMeNIrkareRbI nimitþsBaØaedIm,IsMKal;Rkum begIánelIkTwkcitþedIm,IkarshRbtibtþieTAvijeTAmk. 1-6-Rkumkargarq¶ay² (Distanced Team) CaRkumkargarEdlenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþdac;edayELkBIKña ehIykMr)anCYbKñapÞal; EteKGacCYbKñaeday TMnak;TMngtamkMuBüÚT½r bec©kviTüaTUrKmnaKmn_ dUcCa GIutaENt GIuEml vIDIGU TUrs½BÞéd .l. Rkumkargar enHbegIáteLIgsMrab;kargarCak;lak; dUcCakarsMerccitþCayuT§saRsþ edaHRsaybBaðarYmKña eFIVEpnkarelI RBwtþkarN_fμI² sMrbsMrYlskmμPaBkñúgcMeNamGñkEbk)ak;kñúgGgÁkardwknaM RkumkargaenHekItmanedaysarEt bec©kviTüa eFIVeGaymanPaBgayRsYledIm,IcUlrYmtamviFIepSg²EdleKRtUvkar. k-eKalbMNgrYm (Common Goals) bnÞab;BIerobcMRkumkargarEdll¥ehIy RkumkargarRtUvCYbRbCMuedIm,IEsVgrkcMNucrYmmYy EdlmaneKal bMNgrYmKña ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña sMrab;eFIVdMeNIreTATaMgGs;Kña. eKalbMNgrbs;Rkumkargar CaeKalbMNg rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrcg;)an CaeKalbMNgrbs;CatiExμrTaMgmUl. TaMgemdwknaMRkum TaMgRkumkargar CatMNag eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr CatMNageGayCatiExμr CatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr. eKalbMNgrYmenH eFIVeGay fñak;elInigfñak;eRkammanKMnitdUcKña manqnÞ³dUcKña yl;eXIjdUcKña vaCaktþamYYynaMeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHQaneTA rkeCaKC½yya:gR)akd minfaGgÁkardwknaMenaHtUc b¤FM b¤RbeTsenaHtUc b¤FMeLIy. dUecñH eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;énsgÁm man RBHsgÇ nisSit bBaØvnþ yuvCn yuvnarI kmμkr ksikr BaNiC¢kr mRnþIraCkarRKb;RbePT GgÁkarRKb;sßab½n eTaHCars;enATINak¾eday TaMgkñúgRbeTs nig eRkARbeTskþI maneKalbMNgrYmKñaEtmYy KWeFIVya:gNaeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr rYcputBIGaNaniKmn_ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 6

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kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI¬lYclak;¦ nig rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h‘un Esn edIm,IeGayCatiExμrTaMgmUlman \sSr³PaB vibulPaB snþiPaB RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd ]tþmPaB dUcRbeTsnanakñúgBiPBelak. x-tMrUvtamsßankarN_ (Adjust to Situation ) sßankarN_CaGñkkMNt;eGayeyIgerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþTaMgLay minEmnEpnkarkMNt;sßankarN_eT. dUcenHGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² RtUvkMNt;erobcMbnÞat;neya)ay erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayRsbeTAtamsßankarN_ . eyIgCaemdwknaMneya)ay CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGayuCIvit Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr RtUvsÁal; sßankarN_neya)ayGnþrCati neya)aytMbn; nigneya)aykñúgRbeTseGay)anc,as; edIm,IerobcMGgÁkardwknaM eGaymanlkçN³elceFøaeLIgRsbtamsßankarN_enaH nigCakþIsgÇwmdl;RbCaBlrdæExμrRKb;rUb. ]TahrN_dUcCa enAqñaM 1930 CaqñaM Edlmanvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak edayplitplelIsesckþIRtUvkar eBlenaHelak r:UEsVl CaesdæviTU)anecjmkeFIVCaRbFanaFibtIGaemrik edaHRsayvibtþiesdækic©BiPBelak )aneCaKC½y RbCaBlrdæGaemrik)ane)aHeqñateGayelakCab;CaRbFanaFibtIGaemric 4 GaNtþiCab;Kña EdlCa RbFanaFitI1rUbdwknaMshrdæGaemrikyUrCageK edIm,ICakartbsñgsgKuNelak. enAeBlsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 Cb:un Galøwm:g; GIutalI eFIVsRgÁamedIm,IvatTIRKb;RKgBiPBelak eBlenaH RkummçageTot r:UsIu )araMg Gg;eKøs )aneRbIkmøaMgT½Btbtvij nigRtUvbBa©b;eRkayBIGaemrikcUlkñúgsRgÁam ehIyTMlak;RKab;EbkelITIRkugrbs;Cb:un 2 RKab;enATIRkug hIr:UsIuma: nig Naga:saKI ehIy)anbBa©b;sRgÁamelak. eRkayBIbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 GgÁkarshRbCaCatibegIáteLIg enAqñaM 1945 RbkaseGayRbeTs nImYy²sMerceCaKvasnaedayxøÜnÉg eBlenaHeKeXIjman mhatμak;Kn§I TamTarÉkraCüBIGg;eKøs )ansMercenAqñaM 1947. RbeTsepSg²eTot dUcCa siugkarBYr ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensIu hVwliBinTamTarBI hULg; nig B½rTuykal;. cMENkenA\NÐÚcinvij hU CImij )aneFIVsRgÁamrMedaHxøÜnecjBIGaNanIKm)araMg rhUt)anQñH)araMgenAeDonebonPU )araMgcuHsn§isBaØaRbKl;ÉkraCüenA éf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954 enATIRkughSWENv. GkuslEtExμreRkam RtUvyYn)an RtYtRtabnþ cab;taMgBI)araMgkat;TwikdIeGayyYn éf¶TI 4 mifuna 1949 rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ . kalBIéf¶TI 7 mkra qñaM 1979 Caéf¶EdlyYn)anEkERbneya)ayTmøak;kumμúynisþcas; QøanBanExμr elIkBYYkkumμúynisþfμI eFIVsRgÁamrvagGñkts‘U nig yYn nigRkumGay:gyYn h‘un Esn rhUtdl;mankarekob sgát;BIRbeTsmhaGMNac dUcCa Gas‘an cin nig Gaemrik eGaydkkgT½BecjenAqñaM 1989 eRkayBIemrbs;xøÜn shPaBsUevotRtUvdYlrlM ehIyerobcMeGaymankic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIseLIgenAéf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM1991 Exμrxat yYncMeNj. cMENkbc©úb,nñenH etIeyIgRtUveFIVya:gdUcemþcedIm,IeGayRtUvnigsßankarfμIenH? K-PaBs¥itrmYt (Cohesion) PaBs¥itrmYtrbs;RkumdwknaMenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM s¥itrmYtCamYykargar s¥itrmYtCamYyshesvik Rkum kargarmann½yfa CaRkumkargarmYy EdlsamKÁIKña ÉkPaBKña ecHCYyKña eTAvijeTAmk søab;rs;TaMgGs;Kña minrt; ecalKña ts‘UBüayam Gt;Fμt;TaMgGs;KñakñúgeKalbMNgrYmEtmYy rhUt)aneCaKC½ydl;TIbBa©b;. CaRkummYyEdl sÁal;Parkic© tYnaTIxøÜnÉgc,as; ehIyxitxMeFIVkargartamtYnaTIerog²xøÜn. karTMnak;TMngkargarBIfñak;eRkam eTAfñak;elI BIfñak;elImkfñak;eRkammindac;. eFIVesckþIraykarN_BIlT§plkargar TMnak;TMngkargar Epñkrdæ)al niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 7

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karpþl;Bt’manepSg²dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmk karcuHRtYtBinitü karCYbRbCMuKñaedIm,IbegIátEpnkarEdlmanlkçN³ rs;revIk sVahab; mutRsYc begIáncMNab;GarmμN_sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwk. eFIVya:gNaeGayemdwknaMkMBUl kNþal nigfñak;eRkam manskmμPaBskmμmindac; minrGak;rGYl nigQb;e)aHbg;kargarecalBak;kNþalTI edIrxus TwsedA nigeKalbMNgrYmCaedIm. PaBs¥itrmYtenH eyIgRtUveFIVya:gNa dUcCa «Buk nig kUn b£dUcCa Rcva:k;.

X-rwgbwug maMmYn mutRsYc (Firm and Decisive) GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsCatimYyrwugbwugmaMmYneTA)an GaRs½yelIRbCaBlrdæenaHrwgbwugmaMmYn EdlekItecj mkBI TI 1-emdwknaMl¥ 2-neya)aydwknaMl¥ 3-RbB½n§RKb;RKgl¥ 4-sßanPaBhirBaØvtßúminecHrIgs¶Üt¬esdækic©¦ 5-bec©kviTüaTMenIb 6-sμartIbuKÁlwkrwgbwug eFIVkarecjBIqnÞ³BitR)akd 7-vin½yl¥ nigmanktþabnÞab;bnSMCaeRcIn eTot. edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHmanlMnwgeTA)an RtUverobcMeFIVya:gNaeGaymantulüPaBKñarvagGMNacTaMg 3 GñkbBaØtþi GñkRbtibtþi nigtulakar. kalNaGgÁkardwknaM b¤ RbeTseFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab; eKarBc,ab; manyutþiFm’ mansIlFm’ CaRbeTsnitirdæBitR)akd enHCacMNucmYYyrwgbwugmaMmYn. GMNacTaMgbIenHesIμKña dac; edayELkepSgBIKña mineRkamcMNuHGMNacNamYy. kMNt;GaNtþiemdwknaMRtwmEt 2 GaNtþi edIm,Ipþl;»kas dl;GñkepSg²eFIVkarRbNaMgRbECg elIkTwkcitþGñkCMnan;eRkayeGaymanTwkcitþcUlrYm dwknaMtamKMnitfμI²pg. ktþaTaMgenHGaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHrwugmaM)an eRBaHmñak;²xitxMeFIVkaredIm,IbeBa©jsmtßPaBeGayeKeXIj ehIyKitfaéf¶NamYy eKnwgman»kasmkdwknaMdUcKñaEdr. GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvKitplRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_saFarN³ plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM c,ab;karBar GñkTn;exSay c,ab;karBarplRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ minEmnsMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_buKÁl b¤plRbeyaCn_Rkum dUcsPaKNbkSRbCaCn bMerIEtplRbeyaCn_KNbkS eFIVtambBa¢aCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn Etmñak;ÉgenaHeT. cMENkGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;RtUveKarBc,ab; RtUveFIVtamc,ab; minRtUveyaKyl; xøacGñkFM GñkmanGMNac eFIV)abEt RbCaBlrdætUctacenaHeT RtUveFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab;EdlmanCaFrman edayKμanelIkElgbuKÁlNamñak;eLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;mansiTi§esμIKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GCaJkNþalCaGñk vinicä½ykargar tulakarCaGñkkat;kþIedayÉkraCü RtwmRtUvyutþiFm’ RtYtBinitüdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTArbs;GñkRbtibtþi FanaedaHRsaybBaðavivaT edayEp¥kelIkc,ab; \tlMeGog edIm,IFanakarTukcitþ yutþiFm’enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM eCOCak;BIsaFarN³Cn BIRbCaBlrdæExμr. GgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsEdlmanlkçN³rwgbwugmaMmYn eTaHCaGgÁkar dwknaM enaHtUck¾eday k¾GacRbkYtRbECg ykC½yCMnHelIGgÁkardwknaMEdlFM)anEdr eGayEtGgÁkardwknaMenaH manEpnkarl¥ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RbeTsRb‘uyeN EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic TwkdItUc Etrs;enAedayÉkraCü nigsb,Úrsb,ayeTotpg edayKμanRbeTsNaemIlgay QøanBaneLIy. ekaHTIm½rCaRbeTsmYytUc EdlGac erIbMr:HrYcxøÜnecjBIGaNaniKmn_ \NÐÚensIufμI²enAqñaM 2001 . kardwknaMminsMedAelImankmøaMgtic b£eRcIn mankmøaMg FMb¤tUceLIy eGayEtRkumkargar GgÁkardwknaMmanlkçN³rwgbwug maMmYn k¾GacmaneCaKC½yelIGgÁkardwknaMFMEdr. GgÁkardwknaMEdlmanemdwknaMxøaMg eTaHCakUnecAxageRkamexSay k¾GaceFIVeGayGñkeRkam»vaTxøaMg)an EtebI emdwknaMexSay eTaHbIGñkxageRkamxøaMgya:gNak¾eday k¾minGacdwknaMxøaMg)anEdr. ]TahrN_ dUcCam¢úlEdl CavtßúmYytUc EteyIgGacykvamkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anCaeRcIn GaRs½yeTAtameTBekaslürbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 8

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tamsmþIEdlyYnniyayxagelI srbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjfa h‘un Esn minEmnCaemdwknaMCatiExμrBitR)akd eT h‘un Esn RtUvyYnelIkbnþúbmktaMgBIyYnkan;kab; QøanBanTwkdIExμréf¶ 7 mkra 1979emøH edIm,IbkSkumμúynisþ yYnsMercEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. 4-RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al (Administrative system) RbB½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al CaRbB½n§eFIVeGaydMeNIrkarrdæ)alRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥ GacRKb;RKgkargarmanRbsiTi§ PaB. karRKb;RKgrdæ)alCakic©karmYycMnYnTak;TgeTAnigPar³kic©kariyal½y dUcCakargarTTYleP¶ov ParHkic© rbs;elxaFikardæan nig KNenyü karRbCMu nig dMeNIrRbRBwtþieTAkargar bec©kviTüaeTAelIesvakmμnigkarriyal½y kMuBüÚT½r bNþajkMuBüÚT½r GIuntaENt nigRbB½n§Bt’man.l. karTMnak;TMngtameGLicRtUvnic tamRbiysNIy nig tamTUrs½BÞcl½t. karrkSaTukBt’man nig karRKb;RKgÉksareGLicRtUnik RbB½n§sMNMuÉksarRbcaMqñaMCaedIm k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenAkñúgkariyal½y (Office and Function in the Office) kariyal½ymanmuxgarCakEnøgTTYl nigEbgEckBt’man. karTTYlBt’manBImCÄdæanepSg²TaMgkñúg GgÁkardwknaM nigBIRbPBxageRkA dUcCa TTYlBt’manBIrdæaPi)al TTYlBt’manBIRbCaBlrdæ ¬karbþwgtva:kar sMNUmBr¦ TTYlBt’manBIKUrRbkYtRbECg ¬karvayRbhar ecaTRbkan; karecjesckIþEføgkarN_¦ Bt’mansßab½n hirBaØvtßú ¬GaRtakarR)ak; FanaKar GaRtabþÚrR)ak;¦ RBwtiþkarN_neya)aykñúgnigeRkARbeTs sßanPaBesdækic© dMeNIrkavivDÆbec©kviTüa nigc,ab;TMlab;CaedIm. enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM mankargarCaeRcInEdlRtUveFIV dUcCa eFIVr)aykarN_ eFIVkMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMu GnusarN³épÞkñúg KNenyücugeRkay nigÉksarépÞkñúgepSg²eTot. x-karKUrbøg;kariyal½y (Office design) erobcMKUrbøg;karriyal½y EdltMrUvtamGgÁkardwknaM etIGgÁkardwknaMRtUvkarerobcMkariyal½y tamRbePT EbbNa? KUrbøg;tamkariyal½yEdlebIkcMhr CarebobEdlbiTTVa nigmanRckrebog b¤karriyal½yEdlman eTsPaBl¥ RbkbedayeRKOgsgðarwm tamrebobFmμCati EdlmantubEtg mankEnøgkMsanþepSg² tam cMNg;cMNUlcitþ dUcCamankEnøgelgkILa TUrTsSn_ manrUbPaBemIlepSg². enAkarriyal½yRtUverobcMeGay man]bkrN_kariyal½ydUcCa ma:sIunftcmøg TUrdak;Éksar sMNMuÉksar mansIune)aHBumÖ ]bkrN_enAelItu kMuBüÚT½r Rkdas .l.

K-Parkic©rbs;GñkTTYlePJov (Duty of Receptionist) GñkTTYlePJovRtUvEfrkSakEnøgTTYlePJoveGay)anl¥. enAkEnøgTTYlePJovRtUverobcM eGayman sNþab;Fñab; erobrys¥at hammineGayCk;)arI mankEnøgGgÁúyRsYlsMrab;ePJov manesovePA TsSnavdþI karEst sMrab;GanpgEdr. ebIsinCamanePsC¢³KYrTukenACitédGñkTTYlePJov. GñkTTYlePJovRtUvmanesovePANat;CYb esovePAsMrab;kt;RtaePJov nigb½NÑePJov. manesovePATUrs½BÞ hVak; bBa¢IelxTUrs½BÞEpÞkñúg elxTUrs½BÞsMrab; eBlGasnñ dUcCa b:UlIs GKÁIP½y eBTüCaedIm. RbRktiTin nigtu. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 12

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eyIgCaGñkTTYlePJovcaMfa GñkTTYlePJovCamuxmat;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;ePJovcMeBaHkarTak;TgdMbUg. eBlTTYlePJovGñkTTYlePJovRtUvrYsrayrak;Tak;b:uEnþkMueGayxøaMgRCul nigsVaKmn_ePJovCapøÚvkar edayCMrabsYr CaedIm. sVaKmn_edayrIkray bnÞab;mkRtUvRtYtBinitüeQμaH nigsYrfaetIePJovcg;CYbnrNa? ePJovEdlman kt;RtaenAkñúgkarNat;CYb ehIykt;RtaenAkñúgesovePAvtþman. sMNUmBreGayePJovcuHhtßelxa elIesovePA vtþman TaMgecj nigcUl edIm,IkarBarRbugRby½tñTukCamun eBlmanGasnñ EdlekIteLIgCayfaehtu eyIgGac dwgfaGñkNaxøH? cMnYnb:unμannak;enAkñúgGKarenaH. pþl;b½NÑCUnePJov nig ykRtLb;mkvijeBlEdlePJov ecjBIsßab½neyIg. eBlEdlePJovmkdl; GñkTTYlePJovRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;GñkEdlePJovRtUvNat;CYb. ebIsinCa kñúgkrNIERbRbYl EdlePJovminGacCYbPøam² edaysarkic©karCab;rvl;epSg² GñkTTYlePJovRtUvsMuGP½yeTas cMeBaHkarBnüaeBl ehIyRtUvpþl;Bt’mandl;ePJov eFIVkarNat;sarCafμI ebIsinCaePJovminGacrgcaM)an.

Parkic©epSgeTot dUcCa RtUvedaHRsayBakübNþwgepSg² GñkTTYlePJJovRtUvEtecHKYrsm nig suPaB Tn;Pøn; RKb;eBlevla ehIyRtUvsþab;ya:gRbugRby½tñ eBlEdlePJovTUrs½BÞmk nigecosevogkarrMxanepSg² b£sþab;minyl;Gtßn½y. kt;RtaeGay)anBisþaGMBIkarbwþgtva: BaküsmþIrbs;ePJov edayRbugRby½tñ mineqøIybdiesF nig eqøIyRsbcMeBaHkarbþwgtva:rbs;ePJovPøam² TuksMrab;tYnaTIeGayGñkmansmtßkic©Bak;B½n§. eyIgCaGñkTTYl ePJovmanParHCYysMrbsMrYl CYykic©kar b¤bBa¢ak;bBaðaepSg². Par³kic©mYycMnYneTot dUcCa eFIVkarenAkEnøg CUndMNwg eqøIyTTYlTUrs½BÞ ma:sIunEhVk nigsarsMeLg KitluyTUrs½BÞ TMnak;TMngtamTUrs½BÞkñúgRbeTs nig eRkARbeTs CaedIm. X-Parkic©rbs;elxaFikar (Duty of Secretary) elxaFikarKYrEt rYsray rIkray suPaBrabsar Tn;Pøn; nigmansNþab;Fñab;l¥. elxaCaGñkmanÉkeTs xagTMnak;TMngTaMgsresr nigpÞal;mat;. CaGñkEdlgayRsYlkñúgkarTMnak;TMng nigmanÉkeTsviC¢aCIv³RKb; eBlevla. CabuKÁlEdlmanqnÞ³ecHCYykic©karedayminerIskargar nigmanKMnitpþÜtepþImedaHRsaykargar enA eBlmanvibtþi. elxaFikarEckecjCa elxapÞal; CMnYykar CMnYykarCan;x<s; nigGKÁelxaFikar. GKÁelxaFikar mantYnaTIsMrab;eFIVEpnkar nigerobcMkargar eFIVkarNat;CYbePJov erobcMeFIVdMeNIr eRtomerobcMsMrab;karRbCMu nig erobcMsniñsiT. g-c,ab; nignitiviFI (Rule and Regulation) erobcMeGaymanc,ab;TMlab; sMrab;smaCik smaCika buKÁlwkmRnþIraCkar RbCaBlrdæ enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM c,ab;sMrab;RbeTs eGaymansNþab;Fñab; CaRbeTsnitirdæmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; RtUvmansiTi§esrIPaB esμIrKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab; TaMgGs;KñaRtUvsißtenAeRkamc,ab;. kMueGaymanEtc,ab; EtKμan GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; KμanGñkeKarBc,ab;dUcrbbRtYtRta h‘un Esn sBVéf¶. c,ab;eFIVeGayGgÁkarsßab½n RbeTsCati manvin½y mansNþab;Fñab; esckþIéføfñÚr . c,ab; nignitiviFIepSg² RtUveFIVeGayRsbeTAtamc,ab;GnþrCati c,ab;CatiénRbeTsnImYy² nigeKarBsiiTi§mnusSCaktþacMbg. c,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØCac,ab;cMbgrbs;RbeTs cMENktam GgÁkardwknaMtUc² c,ab;lkçnþik³ nigbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgmansar³sMxan;sMrab;dwknaMGgÁkardwknaMeGay)anl¥. c,ab;RtUv bMerIplRbeyaCn_TUeTAsMrab;GgÁkardwknaM sMrab;RbeTsCati nigRbCaBlrdæ. GñktMNagraRsþCatMNageGay niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 13

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RbCaBlrdæBitR)akd minEmntMNageGaybkSenaHeLIy dUcenHGñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_ Blrdæ. edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaBRtUvmanGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;manRbsiT§PaBEdr edIm,IbgçMeGaymankareKarB c,ab; ebIc,ab;manEtelIRkdas c,ab;manEtelIbbUrmat;rbs; h‘un Esn enaHminEmnCac,ab;eT EtCaGMNacpþac;kar GMNacéRBEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBIGtßn½yénc,ab; edIm,IBnül;bkRsayeTA GñkGnuvtþc,ab;eGayyl; kMueGaymankaryl;RcLM b¤bkRsay xuscMeBaHc,ab; cMENkRbCaBlrdæ EdlCa GñkeKarBk¾RtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;EdredIm,IeKarBtam. srubmk xagEpñknitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtþi nignititulakar RBmTaMgRbCaBlrdæRtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña. c-RbB½n§RtYtBinitü (Controlling System) edIm,IeGayGñkGnuvtþn_kargar eFIVkargarRbkbedaykarTTYlxusRtUv nigmanRbsiiT§PaBenaH RbB½n§RtYt BiinitümantYnaTIsMxan; edIm,IBinitüemIlfa GñkGnuvtþn_eFIVtamKMeragRtwmRtUv ehIyecjlT§plmkl¥ manKuNPaB TTYleCaKC½y. eTaHbICamankareKgbnøM karminTTYlxusRtUvya:gNak¾eday k¾RbB½n§RtYtBinitüGacTTYlBt’man )anRKb;RKan;. RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüenH begIátsMrab;RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar nigkarRbtibtþikargarenAkñúg RbeTsb¤GgÁkarsßab½nNamYy. RbB½n§RtYtBinitüRtUverobcMeGaymancab;taMgBIfñak;yuT§saRsþ fñak;Rbtibtþikar nig fñak;bec©keTs. kalBIdMbUgeLIyRbB½n§RtYtBinitüeKeRbImnusSedIm,IBinitü Etbc©úb,nñenH eKeRbIRbB½n§bec©kviTüa edIm,IRtYtBinitü dUcCa páayrNb kMuBüÚT½r masWunftsV½yRbvtþi Rbdab;RsUbsMelg eRKOgma:sIunCaedIm.l. enAeBlcUleFIVkar eKmanma:sIun vayema:gcUl nig ema:gecjBIkariyal½y. enARbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKeRbI ma:sIunftsV½yRbvtþiBinitüemIlRKb;skmμPaBkargarrbs;buKÁlwk nigGñkEdleFIVxusc,ab;edayminGaceKcputBI RbB½n§RtYtBiinitüs½VyRbvtþieLIy. rhUtdl;eKbegIátCaPñak;garesIubGegát b¤Pñak;garcarkmμ edIm,IeFIVkaresIub GegátkargarsMxan;² EdlRbB½n§bec©kviTüaminGacRtYtBinitü)an CaBiessenAkñúgerOgneya)ay nigerOgkgT½B Edlbec©kviTüaminGacdwgBIEpnkarsm¶at;rbs;sRtUv manEtcarkmμeT EdlGacykkic©karsm¶at; b¤Epnkarsm¶at; rbs;sRtUv. GñkRtYtBinitüRtUvEtÉkraCü nigRtUvelIkTwkcitþ edIm,IeGayGñkRtYtBinitümanyutþiFm’ eFIVkarsMerccitþ edayÉkraCü. q-RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar (Planning System) RbB½n§eFIVEpnkar KWCaEpñkmYydac;edayELk EdlsMrab;erobcMEpnkareGaydMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarkargar enAkñúgsßab½nRksYgGgÁkardwknaM. RbeTsCatiGacdMeNIrkarl¥eTAmux rIkcMerIneCaKC½y GaRs½yelIGñkerobcM Epnkar)anl¥ GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtamEpnkar. RbB½n§Epnkar CaGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ EpnkarRbtibtþikar Epnkarkl,yuT§. ebImanEt EpnkaryuT§saRsþ EtKμanEpnkarkl,yuT§eT minGacdMeNIrkar)aneLIy )anRtwmEt Rsém:. karerobcMkmμviFIepSg² erobcMKMeragkargarCaedIm. edIm,IerobcMRbB½n§enHeGay)anl¥ eyIgRtUverIs buKÁlwk EdlmanÉkeTs RtUvnigckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmkeFIVEpnkar eTIbGgÁkardwknaMenaHGacdMeNIreTA)an.

C-crnþBt’man nigTMnak;TMng (Information and Communication System) crnþBt’man nigkarTMnak;TMng mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaM. ebIsinCacrnþBt’maneyIgl¥ elOn Tan;eBlevla enaHkarerobcMEpnkarepSg²)anl¥. crnþBt’man KWCakarpþl;Bt’manr)aykarN_ ehtukarN_ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 14

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bBaðaEdlekItmanenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM b¤ eRkAGgÁkardwknaM. crnþBt’manGaceGayeyIgdwgBIsßankarN_ RbeTs Cati RBwtþkarN_ ehtukarN_GIVEdlekIteLIg. eKGaceFIVkarTMnak;TMngtam TUrs½BÞ sareGLicRtUvnic viTüúTak;Tg karepJIsar karsresrsMbuRt karbBa¢ÚntamPñak;gar.l. crnþBt’manenH CaEPñkCaRcmuHrbs;GgÁkardwknaM. enAEpñkBt’manenHRtUvsikSaGMBIkarRbmUlBt’man viPaKBt’man bBa¢ÚnBt’man pSBVpSayBt’man eGay)an Tan;eBlevla. Bt’manEckecj CaBt’mancMhr nigBt’mansm¶at;. cMeBaHBt’mancMhr CaBt’manEdleK ecjpSayCasaFarN³tam karEst TUrTsSn_ tamvibsay GIuntaENt.l. EtBt’mansm¶at; CaBt’mansMxan; EdleKminpSBVpSay Bt’manEbbenHsMxan;Nas;sMrab;GgÁkardwknaMnImYy²RtUvdwg. eRBaHfa Rtecok EdlxøaMg KWCaRtecokEdlsþab;B£GIVEdleKminniyayecjmk minEmnsþab;B£rnÞH b¤pÁrlan;eLIy. EPñkEdlPøWCa EPñkEdlemIleXIj kñúgTIggwt emIleXIjkEnøgEdleKbiT)aMg emIleXIjGIVEdleKmineGayeyIgemIl minEmn emIleXIjRBHGaTitüenaHeT. GñkEdlxøaMg KWeFIVGIVEdlGñkd¾éTminGaceFIV)an b¤eFIVeGayPñMmYyGacrMkil)an.

CaTUeTAdMeNIrkarnigTMnak;TMngBt’manEdlTTYl)an tMrUveGayykmkviPaKBicarNa cMra:j;bEnßm munniwgykeTAeRbIR)as;manRbsiT§PaB nigEckcayeTAkEnøgepSg²eTot etIBt’manenaHcMeNj b¤xatsMrab; GgÁkardwknaM . eKEckmeFüa)ayTMnak;TMngecjCa 4 ya:g pÞal;mat; CYbRbCMuTl;muxKña TUrs½BÞ karRbCMutamvIDIGU sresr sMbuRt r)aykarN_ GnusSarN nig kMNt;ehtu tamsareGLicRtUnic dUcCa karepJIsartameGLIcRtUnic nig karEhVk tamkaremIleXIj dUcCa niyaytamGIutaENt snñisITtamvIDIGU Q-rkSaTuk nigkarBarBt’man (Keep and Protect Information) enAeBlEdlmanBt’man eKRtUvrkSavaTukedIm,IeFIVCaÉksareyag. eKGacrkSvaTuksMrab;RbB½n§RKb;RKg ÉksareGLicRtUnic b¤RbB½n§sMNMuÉksar. Bt’mansm¶at; Bt’mansMxan; KYrrkSaTukeGaymansuvtßPaB l¥edIm,I karBar mineGaybBa©ÚlkñúgTinñin½ybEnßm karEkERbepSg² kuMBüÚT½rRtUvdak;elxsm¶at; b¤cak;esarva.

RbB½n§Bt’manCaviFIsaRsþmYysMrab;erobcMTinñin½y nignitiviFI edIm,Icab;ykdMeNIrkar rkSaTuk nigplit Bt’manmanKuNPaBkñúgeKalbMNgeFIVkarsMerccitþ. kMriténkarsMerccitþ EckecjCa 3 KWfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak; kl,yuT§ nigfñak;yuT§saRsþ. fñak;yuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§saRsþry³eBlEvg RtUvkarbTBiesaFn_ karvinicä½y GBÖnþrjaN Bt’manxageRkA nigxagkñúgBit. karsMerccitþfñak;kNþal RtUvmanry³eBlmFüm tMrUveGayman karvinicä½yxøH eRbIr)aykarN_BIfñak;RbtibtþikarpÞal; nigBt’manBIxageRkA. karsMerccitþfñak;eRkam Rbtibtþikar RbcaMéf¶ RtYtBinitü nigelIkElgskmμPaBr)aykarN_BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶. cMeBaHkarepJIrtaméRbysNIy_ eBlEdleKepJIcUlmk RtUvmancuHhtßelxa cuHelxsMbuRtcUl dak;tam RbePTsMbuRt sMbuRtTUeTA sMbuRtÉkCn sMbuRtpÞal;xøÜn Rbjab; sm¶at; . cMeBaHsMbuRtebIkcMhrCaTUeTA GacebIk )an EtsUmkMuebIk ebIsinCasMbuRtepIJCUnbuKÁl CaÉkCn ebIKμankarGnuBaØat. vayRtakalbriecäT eBlebIksMbuRt. BinitüeRsamsMbuRtedIm,IFanafabiT. EckcaysMbuRteTAkEnøgEdlRtUvepJI. kt;RtaesovePAecjcUl. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 15

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j-dMeNIrkarhirBaØvtßú niigParkic©KNenyü (Financial system and Accounting duties) eyIgRtUverobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. skmμPaBrbs;KNenyü dUcCa rkSaesovePA vik½yb½Rt erobcMkarkt;RtacMNUl nigcMNay esckþIEføgkarsMrbsMrYlFanaKar nigR)ak;ExbuKÁlwk. cMeBaHGgÁkar dwknaMPaKeRcIn manbBaðacMeBaHhirBaØvtßú edaykarRKb;RKgminl¥. cMeBaHRbeTsCativij karRKb;RKgcMNUl rbs;fivikaCatinig karcMNaymantmøaPaB ecosvagGMeBIBukrlYy eKgbnøMfvikarCati . RbeTsExμreyIg GMeBIrBukrlYy manplb:HBal;sMxan; RKb;sßab½nCati EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikarCati kñúgmYYyqñaM 250 landuløa eTA 300 landuløa. edIm,IeGayhirBaØvtßúGgÁkardwknaMenaHl¥ RtUvcMNUleGayeRcInCagcMNay b¤cMeBaHesdækic© RbeTsvij RtUvnaMecjeGayeRcInCakarnaMcUlb¤elIktMekIgplitplkñúgRsuk. etIRbPBhirBaØvtßúrbs;eyIgTTYl)an mkBIRbPBNaxøH? GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;esdækic©Cati? etIsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúya:gdUcemþc? hirBaØvtßúenHmantYnaTI sMxan;Nas; eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMGacdMeNIrkareTA)an. ral;karcMNayepSg²RtUvmanvik½yb½Rt Edlecj mkBIRbPBEdlGacTukcitþ)an dUcCavik½yb½RtecjBIma:sIunKitluyCaedIm. ]TahrN_ RbeTsrUsSIedaysarEtneya)ayvatTIrbs;xøÜn enAkñúgTIVbGWur:ub )aneFIVeGaycMNay CaeRcIn elIkgT½BkñúgGMLúgsRgÁamRtCak; rvagRbeTsGaemrik nigshPaBsUevot eRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. eBlEdlRbFanaFibtI kU)aqUv eLIgkan;GMNac eBlenaHsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúrbs;shPaBsUevotFøak;dl;)at ehtuenHehIyeFIVeGay kU)aqUv EkERbneya)ayebIkcMhr nigerobcMrcnasm<½n§sarCafμI RbB½n§esdækic© nig RbB½n§kariyaFibetyü. elak)aneFIVkarTMnak;TMngCamYybs©wmRbeTs shrdæGaemrik edIm,Ikat;bnßykar eRbIR)as;fvikaelIkEpñkeyaFa. cMENkenAqñaM 1997 EdlmanvibtþihirBaØvtßúenAGasIu CaBiessRbeTséf EdlnaMeGayrIkral dalb:HBal;dl;RbeTsmYycMnYnEdleFIVTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmμCamYy dUcCa kUer:xagt,Úg Cb:un r:UsSI ma:eL \NÐÚensIu nighVwliBInCaedIm. . vibtþienHekIteLIgedaysarEt rMelaHrUbiyb½NÑ Edl)anx©ImkvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ sMNg; ehIyTIbMputGñkvieyaK)andkecj nigdkTunecj eTIbeFIVeGayKμanhirBaØvtßú naMeGaymanvibtþienH ekIteLIg. mUniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati)aneGaydk DIbUsiud cMnYnBak;kNþal 50 PaKry EdlCacMnYndkeRcInelIseK TaMgGs;.

5-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl (Coordination System) RKb;GgÁkardwknaMEtgEtCYbbBðaa edayeCosminput ehtuenHehIyGgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanynþkarsMrab; sMrbsMrYlenAeBlEdlmanbBaðavivaTekIteLIgenAkñúgépÞkñgú GgÁkardwknaM. ynþkarsMrab;sMrbsMrYlmanbegIátCa GaCJakNþal begIátCaKN³kmμkaredaHRsayvivaTepSg² nigmanc,ab;sMrab;Gnuvtþn_ ehIyKN³kmμkar RtUvÉkraCü. ebIsinCaenAkñúgynþkarsMrbsMrYlfñak;CatiKW xagnititulakar. tulakarRtUvEtÉkraCü yutþiFm’ RtwmRtUv edayminsßimeRkamGMNacneya)ay buKÁlmanGMNacNamYyeLIy. eRkayBIcb;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 edIm,IerobcMBiPB elakeGaymanreboberobry eK)anbegIátGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 1945 EdlmanRbeTs mhaGMNac shrdæGaemrik )araMg Gg;eKøs rUsSI nigcin EdlCasm<½n§mitþRKb;RKgBiPBelak. enAkñúg sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 EdlCaCemøaHrvagkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigBYkkumμúynisþExμrrNbyYn CamYy niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 16

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ExμrRtIPaKI RtUv)ancuHkic©RBmeRBogsn§isBaØasnþiPaBenATIRkugRkug)a:rIséf¶TI 23 tula 1991 edayman RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaGñkeFIVkarsMrbsMrYlkñúgkic©karenH eRBaH\NÐÚensIu nig)araMgCaRbeTsÉkraCü min Bak;B½n§enAkñúgCemøaHenaH. enAqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμr)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatEdlerobcMRtYtBinitüedayGgÁkar shRbCaCati. dUcenH GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;sMrab;sMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðaCYyBiPBelak eGaymansnþiPaB. cMENkÉkardwknaMkñúgRbeTsmantulakar CaGñkvinicä½y kat;kþInUvRKb;bBaðaEdl ekItman enAkñúgRbeTsdUcenHehIytulakaRtUvEtÉkraCü. ebIenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMtUctac RtUvmanKN³kmμkarÉkraCü sMrab;edaHRsaysMrbsMrYlbBaðaedayyutþiFm’. ynþkarsMrbsMrYlenH ebIsinCamanbBaðavivaTekIteLIg dMNak;kar dMbUg eKeFIVkarcrcarrvagPaKICemøaH bnÞab;mkEsVgrkGaCJakNþal ebIsinCaPaKICemøaHminsuxcitþeTIb Gacdak; bNþwgCapøÚvc,ab;eTArktulakarCYyedaHRsay. k-KN³kmμkar (Committees) karbegIátKN³kmμkarsMrab;; sMrbsMrYlRtUverIseLIgedayÉkraCü CaGñkmanÉkeTsxagc,ab; nigbT BiesaFn_xagc,ab; edIm,IsMrbsMrYl edaHRsaybBaðavivaT. x-karRbCMu (Meeting) karCYbCMuKña CacMNucmYyEdleyIgGacbeBa©jKMnit sikSaKMnit eronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigeFIVeGay manPaBsñitsñalKña. karRbCMueyIgGackMNt;sMrab;ry³eBleTotTat; karRbCMusamBaØ ¬GacmYyExmþg tamkar kMNt;rbs;Rkumkargar¦ b¤ karRbCMuvisamBaØ ¬karkMNt;eBlevlaERbRbYltamkal³eTs³¦ karRbCMuedayRkum kargarBiesstamfñak; karRbCMuFMEdlCakarRbCMuTUeTARbcaMqñaM EdlehAfa mhasniñ)aT. karRbCMuRtUvmankarkt; RtakMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMueGayc,as;las; erobcMrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu rYcpþl;dMNwgdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu ya:gehacNas; 1 s)þah_mun edIm,IeGayGñkcUlrYmRbCMu eKeRtomxøÜnrYcCaeRsckñúgkarcUlrYm. eRkayBIGgÁRbCMusMercGIVmYy eyIg RtUverobcMCar)aykarN_ esckþIEføgkarN_ snñisITkarEst pþl;dMNwgeTARKb;sßanTUt sßab½nTak;Tg bNþaj sarBt’man. edIm,IelIkTwkcitþdl;GñkcUlrYmRbCMu eyIgRtUvbgðajR)ab;BIplRbeyaCn_EdlniwgTTYl)anmkvij sMrab;GñkcUlrYm. enAéf¶RbCMu eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymansnþisux bdisNæakic© karcuHeQμaH nigBiFIkareGay )anRtwmRtUv. eyIgRtUvKitKUrkarcMNayepSg²rbs;GñkcUlrYmdUcCa karcMNayelIéføeFIVdMeNIr sñak;enA mðÚbGahar nigÉksarepSg². eyIgRtUverobcMkmμviFIkalviPaKeGayc,as;las; etImuneBlcUlrYmRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eBlRbCMu RtUveFIVGIVxøH? nig eRkayBIRbCMuRtUveFIVGIVxøH. sUmelIk]TahrN_karRbCMu enAéf¶TI 20-23 Ex mkra qañM 2008 sIþBI siTi§CnCatiedImPaKtic enAGasIuGaeKñy_ EdlmanryHeBl 3 éf¶ ehIymankarcUlrYmtMNagnanaénGgÁkarGnþrCati tMNagGgÁkar shRbCaCati mantMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGgÁkarshRbCaCatimkBITIRkughSWENv tMNagGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSGasIu hVr:ummkBIbNþaRbeTsCag 10 CaedIm. eBlEdlGñkcUlrYmeFIVdMeNIreTAdl;sNæaKarRbCMuenaH eKmanbiT pøaksMrab;;bgðajGMBIbnÞb;EdlRtUvRbCMu . enAeBlEdleTAdl;kEnøgRbCMu GñkcUlrYmRtUvcuHeQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢Ivtþman edaymanTTYlePJov 2 nak;sMrab;ENnaM. eK)anpþl;kmμviFIGgÁRbCMunigENnaMR)ab;BITIkEnøgRbCMu. kaRbCMuman ry³eBl 3éf¶tamrebobvir³GgÁRbCMu. enAeBlRbCMuenaH KwelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðasiTi§mnusSrbs;CnCatiPaKtic niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 17

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EdlRtUv)anrMelaPsiTi§esrIPaBedaysarrdæaPi)al CaBiessKW elIkeLIgrvagGCJaFrevotNamEdleFIVkarrMelaP siTi§CMenO sasna eFIVTukçbukemñj elIbgb¥ÚnExμreRkameyIg nig Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_ neya)ayrbs;yYn. enAkñúgeBlRbCMu eKmanerobcMeBlevlasRmak 10-15 naTI edIm,IeFIVkarRss;RsUb TwkEt kaehV b¤nMCaedIm. kñúgeBlsMrakenaH eyIgGaceqøoteBlCECkBIbBaðaepSg²CamYytMNagnanaEdlcUlrYm kñúgBiFIenaH. enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH eKerobcMeGaymanGahar 3 eBl eBlRBwk eBléf¶ nig eBll¶ac ehIyenAéf¶ cugbBa©b;eK srublT§plkargarEdlecjmkBIkarRbCMu eKnaMeTATTYlTanGahareBll¶ac edaymankareFIVdMeNIr kMsanþeTotpg .

K-GaCJakNþal (Referee) GaCJakNþal CaCnEdlÉkraCü s¥ats¥M esμaHRtg; yutþiFm’ sMrab;edaHRsaybBaða nigCYyrkyutþiFm’ dl;buKÁlwk smaCik smaCika EdlmanbBaða. GaCJakNþalRtUvmancMeNHdwgxagc,ab; nigyl;dwg GMBIc,ab;TMlab;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. eyIgRtUvkMNt;GNtþisMrab;GñkeFIVGaCJakNþaledIm,IkMueGayGaCJakNþalGag nigmanGMeBIBukrlYy lMeGogeTArksmaCikepSg² nigGacCMrujeGayGaCJakNþalfμI²beBa©jsmtßPaB RbkYt RbECg ehIyman»kassMrab;mnusSl¥TUeTA. II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm’ (Rule, Discipline and Morale) edIm,IFanakareCaKC½ykñúgGgÁkardwknaMnImYy² vin½yl¥CaktþasMxan;Nas;. c,ab; nigRkmsIlFm’ eFIVeGay smaCik smaCika manreboberobry manvin½y sNþab;Fñab;l¥RbesIr. ebIcg;eGayBiPBelak mansniþPaB sNþab;Fñab; RtUverobcMeGayRbeTsnImYy²mansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ sNþab;Fñab;l¥Camunsin. ebIcg;eGayRbeTsCati mYymansnþiPaB reboberobryl¥ RtUverobcMRkumRKYsarénRbeTsnImYy²mansuxsnþiPaB manvin½yl¥sin. ebIcg;eGayRkumRKYsarnImYy²manvin½yl¥ sNþab;Fñab; mansuxsnþiPaB suPmgÁl RtUvGb;rM erobcMKMnitbuKÁlmñak;²eGays¶b; manrebobl¥ . dUecñH muneBlerobcMRbeTsCatieGaymansnþiPaB man sNþab;Fñab;l¥ RtUverobcMcitþKMnitrbs;buKÁlmñak;eGay)anl¥ mansNþab;Fñab;l¥sin eTIbRkumRKYsarl¥ sgÁml¥ RbeTsCatil¥ nigBiPBelakl¥. cMENksßab½ndwknaMtUc²vij RtUvmanGñkerobcMbegáItc,ab; GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; Gñkvinicä½yc,ab; edIm,IeGayc,ab;manRbsiT§PaB. c,ab;RtUveGaysmaCik smaCika buKÁlwkkñúgGgÁkar dwknaM)andwg ebIsinCac,ab;sMrab;RbeTs rdæaPi)al b¤sßab½nBak;B½n§RtUvpSBVpSay beRgondl;RbCaBlrdæeGayyl;dwg GMBIc,ab;enaH edIm,IeFIVeGaysmaCik smaCika RbCaBlrdæyl;dwg ykeTAGnuvtþn_kñúgsgÁmmanerobry ecosvagmanbBaða mkBIkaryl;GMBIc,ab; . dUcCac,ab;cracrN_CaedIm RbCaBlrdæmaneRKaHfñak;eRcIneday min)andwgGMBIc,ab;cracrN_ edIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;cracrN_ RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgBIc,ab;cracrN_ EtminEmndUcb:UlIscrcrN_enATIRkugPñMeBj caMsgát;krRbCaBlrdæCMritTaluyenaHeLIy Cak;EsþgenAéf¶mYy eBlEdlesμr CiHm:UtUkBa©as;mYy ma:k qalI eTIbmkBITICnbTdac;Rsyal Rsab;EteBlEdlCiHm:UtU bt;eTAsþaMkac;RCug eTApøÚvneratþm Rtg;eBTüGgÁDYg Rsab;Etb:UlIs mksMLútTarluy dUcCaecarbøn;m:UtU. ´ bg;luyeGayeKGs; Cag 12 000 erol EdlkalenaHb:UlIsTarsMLútykm:UtUeTAb:us nigTaluy 60 000 erol enHehIysgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ KμanKuNFm’ seNþasRbNI cMeBaHCnrYmQamExμr GñkTn;exSayeT EtmanEtCiHCan; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 18

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GñkTn;exSayEfmeTot. c,ab;minbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaymYyRkumtUc b¤c,ab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaybreTs dUcCaBYk RtYtRta h‘un Esn begáItc,ab;pþl;dIsm,TaneGay GñkvinieyaKyYn mkkab;éRBeQI ehIycab;ykdI edayykelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_ EttamkarBitRkumh‘unenaH)andeNþImykdIRbCaBlrdæ deNþImdIcMkar ekAs‘URbCaBlrdæExμr Cak;EsþgenAextþkMBg;cam enAbwgekt yYn eQμaH Lúg )anrwbGUsykdIcMkarekAs‘U RbCaBlrdæExμrenAbwgekt ehIyEfmTaMgedjkmμkrExμrmineGayeFIVkarenATIenaHeTot edayyYnykEtkmμkr CnCatiyYnKñaeKmkeFIVkarCMnYsvij EfmTaMgminGnuBaØateGayExμrcUlkñúgcMkarenaHeTotpg . ebIsinCaExμreyIg cUleTAkñúgcMkarekAs‘U edIm,IerIsC½rekAs‘U EdlenAelITwkdIExμresaH EteKeGaysnþisuxcMkarekAs‘U)aj;smøab;Exμr RkIRk edayecaTfacUllYcekAs‘UeK. vahak;dUcCIvitRbCaBlrdæExμr KμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs‘U EdlenA elITwkdIExμrxøÜnÉg edayKμannrNaCYyrkyutþiFm’GIVeLIy. CivitExμrEdlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉg h‘un Esn minEdlykEPñkemIleLIy EtebIeyIgniyayBIerOgyYn hUrcUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrCabnþbnÞab; tamkarGnuBaØatieday h‘un Esn huk LgDI rdæaPi)alRsemalyYn EdlCasmaKmn_TaMg 19 extþRkug eKfaGñkRbkan;BUCsasn_. sUmbgb¥ÚnGs;elak GñkGanCYyBicarNaBI sm½y b:ul Bt rdækm<úCa nig sm½y h‘un Esn \LÚvetIxusKña b¤dUcKña ebIExμrenAEtsøab; ExμrRtUveKbeNþjecj edIm,IdeNþImdIFøI ExμrenAEtRkIRkrebobenH. 1-begIátc,ab;lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg (Establish Statute and Regulation) karbegIátc,ab;enH CakarbegIátxñatKMrUsMrab;karGnuvtþn_enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaM mantMél mYyBitR)akd. eyIgsegátemIleragBum< e)aHBum< esovePA b¤e)aHBum<karEst eKRtUverobcMBum<rYcCaeRsc eTIbe)aHBum<CaeRkay. karerobcMc,ab;enHeFIVeGaykargarTaMgLay dMeNIrkareTAelOn manvin½y tamxñat KMrUEtmYy eFIVya:gNaeGayGgÁkardwknaMmantMélmYyrwgmaMEdlbgðajBI eKalbMNg TwsedA ebskkmμ nignitiviFI dwknaM. sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIrmYy eyIgRtUvsÁal;pøÚv manmeFüa)ay maneKaledA nigTwsedAc,as;. ebIsinCa minTan;manpøÚv eyIgRtUvbegIátpøÚvCamun pøÚvRtUvs¥atl¥edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBeBleFIVdMeNIr eFIVdMeNIrelOn cMNay Gs;FnFantic eBlevlatic. EtebIsinCaeFIVpøÚvmin)anl¥ kareFIVdMeNIrrGak;rGYl CYb]bsKÁ CYnkal minGacdl;eKaledA edaysarpøÚvmins¥at. dUcenH GgÁkardwknaMEdlbegIátc,ab;RtUveFIVeGayl¥ c,ab;ecjBIRkum kargar minEmnecjmkBIbuKÁlNamYyedayFanafa GñkTaMgGs;GacGnuvtþn_)antamc,ab;enaH. c,ab;l¥ eFIVeGay kardwknaMl¥ KμanbBaðaekIteLIg. RKb;RbeTsEtgEtmanc,ab; eTaHCaRbeTskumμúynisþ saFarNrdæ raCaniym b¤esrIk¾eday. EtRKan;Etc,ab;RbeTsnImYy²manlkçN³xusKña tamcrikneya)ayrbs;RbeTsenaH. 2-TTYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm’ (Responsible for Morale) emdwknaMRtUveFIVCaKMrUnaMmuxeKRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHeFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAmux GgÁkardwknaM minGacmandMeNIrkareTAmux)aneT ebIsinCaemdwknaMenArYjraxageRkay minedIrmuxenAxagmuxeK. ebIcg;eGay eKeFIVGIVmYy emdwknaMRtUvGnuvtþn_muneK dUcCastVGeNþIkeBlEdlvaeFIVdMeNIreTAmux vaRtUveGItecjmk eTIb eFIVdMeNIreTAmux)an. dUcenH edIm,IeGayeKeKarBc,ab; manRkmsIlFm’ emdwknaMRtUvelIktMekIgkarGnuvtþn_ ehIyRtUvGnuvtþmuneK eKarBc,ab; elIktMekIgc,ab; elIktMekIgRkmsIlFm’ CaKMrUdl;GñkeRkam»vaTeFIVtam. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 19

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3-tMélRkmsIlFm’ nigqnÞ³ (Morale and Willing) emdwknaMRtUveFIVmun RtUvGnuvtþn_muneK nUvGIVEdlcg;eGayeKeFIV. dUcCakarpþl;tMélelIRkmsIlFm’ RtUv elIktMélbegIátbriyakaseGaysißtesßrtaMgBIedImdl;cb; edaymineFIVtamkarnwkeXIj tamGarmμN_enaHeLIy. begIátsIlFm’ nigviBaØaNsIlFm’ KWCasμartI menaseBa©tna nigsaμrtIrbs;mnusSmñak;². GIV²Edl emdwknaMeFIVGac manplb:HBal;dl;GgÁkardwknaM. emdwknaMKYrEtdwgCanic© nUvskmμPaB nigkarsMerccitþrbs;xøÜnÉg Gacman\TiæBl elIsmaCik buKÁlwkGñkeRkambgÁab;rebobNa. GnuBaØatieGayRkumrbs;elakrYmcMENkkñúgkar eFIVEpnkarkarsMerc citþ nigdMeNIrkaredaHRsaybBaðaepSg². RtUvykcitþTukdak;Rkumrbs;elak eTaHbICaelak minmanRtYtBinitü karrs;enApÞal;xøÜnrbs;eKk¾eday elakRtUvEtmankarxVayxVl;sMrab;BYkeK. karpþl;Bt’man dl;BYkeK bnþkarTMnak; TMng ebIkcMhrgayRsYlTMnak;TMng TukeGaymnusSmankarKitBicarNa RtYtBinitüCIvitrbs;BYkeK. erobcMeGay kargarmansar³sMxan; rePIb nigmankarRbNaMgRbECg. eFIVeGaymnusSmñak;man GarmμN_fa CabuKÁlsMxan;enA kñúgRkumnImYy². mnusSRtUvkarkargarEdlmansar³sMxan; fIVebIvaCakargar EdlenOyht; KUreGayFuj minsb,ayya:gNak¾eday. BYkeKRtUvdwgfavamansar³sMxan; nigcaM)ac;sMrab;karrs;ran énGgÁkardwknaM. pþl;RbwkSamnusSEdl eFIVkic©karRbqMagnig RbqaMgnigeKalbMNgGgÁkardwknaM .

4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym (Strength, Cofindence and Realistics) GgÁkardwknaMGaceCaKC½y)an edaysmaCik smaCika shesvik enACMuvijmanPaBeCOCak; manTMnukcitþ ehIyxitxMRbtibtþikargarya:gskmμ. eKeCOCak;eTA)an luHRtaGgÁkardwknaMmanPaBR)akdniymdwgc,as;munfa nigsMerceCaKC½ycMeBaHkic©karGIVEdleFIV. GgÁkardwknaMxøaMgCagKUrRbkYtRbECg mann½yfa maneRbobxag yuT§saRsþ Rbtibtþikar bec©keTs hirBaØvtßú ]brkrN_ smÖar³ citþsaRsþ emdwknaM PUmisaRsþ kmøaMgeRcInCag xøaMgCagTaMgsμartI nigbrimaN. EtebIsinCabraC½y RtUvTukCabTBiesaFn_Civit ehIyRtUvgakemIlmkeRkay sikSaBIEpnkarsareLIgvij rkemIlcMNucexSayEdlnaMeGaybraC½y rYcehIyeFIVEpnkarfμIteTAeTot eday minGs;sgÇwmeLIy ebIdYlkEnøgNaegIbedIreTAmuxeTot edayminedIrfyeRkayeLIy. GgÁkardwknaMEdlxøaMg KWbegIátkþIsgÇwmCanic©. kþIsgÇwmekItmanluHRtaEteyIgmanckçúvis½yBitR)akd.

III.dMeNIrkar (Process) edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargareGay)anl¥ eyIgRtUvmanEpnkarc,as;las;l¥ ehIynigmanhirBaØvtßúRKb;RKan; bMeBjtamEpnkar . eyIgRtUverobcMFatupSMeGay)anRKb;RKan; FnFansmÖar³ FnFanmnusS bec©kviTüa dI GaKar GñkKaMRT. edIm,IdMeNIrkareGaysUbinkøayCakarBit GgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ GñkRbtibtþi kargar Gñkbec©keTsCaedIm ebImindUecñHeT GIV²)anRtwmEtkþIRsm½yb:ueNÑaH. eyIgGaceRbobeFobdMeNIrkar eTAnigm:UtUmYyEdlGaceFIVdMeNIreTAmux)an. edIm,IeFIVdMeNIreTA)an RtUvmanGñkebIk m:UtU nigsaMgsMrab;cak;m:UtU EtcMeBaHGgÁkardwknaMvijRtUvmanEpnkar emdwknaM nighirBaØvtßú eTIbGacdMeNIrkargareTA)an. dMeNIrkar GgÁkardwknaM RtUvEbgEcktamdMNak;karc,as;las; edayeRCIserIsykdMNak;karmYyEdlmanGaTiPaB mk Gnuvtþn_CabnþbnÞab;. karRKb;RKgdMeNIrkarCaParHrbs;emdwknaMEdlRtUveFIV edayelIktMekIgeGay mankarvivDÆn_ fμI²Canic© karEbgEckFnFan eFIVFnFanmansßanPaBl¥ CaGñkedaHRsaybBaðad¾eqñIm GacBüakrN_ dwgBI niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 20

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vibtþiekItman GacbegIát nigcat;Ecgfvikar GacbegIát nigcat;EcgeBlevla nigEpnkarkargar CaGñkerobcM RKb;RKgKMeragd¾eqñIm GacRKb;RKgvibtþieBlEdlvapÞúHeLIg nigGacvas;EvgdwgGMBIlT§pl.

1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM (Practice Leadership) manniymn½yCaeRcInniyayGMBIkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaM EtsUmelIkniymn½yrbs;kgT½BmUyeKfa PaBCaGñkdwknaM KWkareFIVeGayman\Ti§BlelImnusS edaypþl;eKalbMNg TwsedA nig karelIkTwkcitþ xNHeBl Rbtibtþikar edIm,IsMercebskkmμ nigeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMRbesIreLIg rIkcMerIneLIg sMerceKaledA. edIm,IeGayGgÁkardwknaM b¤RbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInnigsMerceKaledA)an RtUvGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaMCa caM)ac; mann½yfa ktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½yGaRs½yelIkarGnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaM minEmnGaRs½yelIbuKÁlNa mñak;Gs©arü b¤k¾GaRs½yemIleXIjfaGgÁkardwknaMenaHxøaMg FM manGMNacsBVRKb;Ebbya:genaHk¾eTEdr. kar GnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM mann½yTUlMTUlayNas;sMrab;emdwknaMEdlcg;eGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn sMerctam ckçúvis½y b¤facMeBaHGñkesñhaCatiExμrEdlmanbMNgCYyRbeTsCatieGaymansiTi§esrIPaBeBjeljenaH. kar Gnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaMCakarcaM)ac;bMput RtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic©dl;buKÁlwk smaCik GñkeRkambgÁab; edIm,IeGay xitxMeFIVkarsMercdl;eKaledA. karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaMRtUvmanEpnkarl¥c,as;las; karerobcMRtwmRtUv kar Gnuvtþn_kic©karhμt;ct; edaymankarRtYtBiinitüRtwmRtUv. BinitülT§plEdTTYl)anBIkarRbtibtþikar braC½y b¤eCaKC½y. ebIbraC½y eyIgRtUvsikSaBImUlehtuEdlnaMeGaybraC½y b¤braC½ymanxatbg;GIVxøH? ebIeCaKC½y etIeCaKC½yrebobNaxøH?cMNayFnFanb:unμan? etIkarcMNayFnFanTaMgGs;TUTat;nigpleCaKC½yenaH etITTYl plRbeyaCn_mkvij smnigFnFan Edl)ancMNayb¤eT?. sUmelIkerOgmYyenAkñúgRBHBuT§sasna KWerOgstVbkSI nig dMrI edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y minGaRs½yelIfa kmøaMgticb¤eRcIn kmøaMgtUcb¤FM manFnFanb¤Gt; EtktþaeCaKC½yRtUv BwgelIkarGnuvtþPaB CaGñkdwknaM . emdwknaMEdlmanKMnit smtßPaB cMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_ GaceFIVEpnkarl¥\tex©aH nignaMeGay eCaKC½y. ebIsinCaemdwknaMsÁal;BIFmμCatic,as; rwtEtpþl;kmøaMgcitþya:gxøaMg eGayeyIgxitxMBüayamRbwgERbg eGaydl;eKaledA BIeRBaHfaenAkñúgBiPBelak mnusSekItmkKμanGIVRKb;ya:gdUcKña KWmanEtrUbragkaymk EtcMENk smÖar³epSgeTot CavtßúEdlmnusSbegIátTaMgGs; tamkarsikSaeronsURt BIGñkR)aCJl¥ b¤ekItenA mCÄdæanepSg²Kña eTIbeFIVeGayvasnamnusSepSg²Kña. mnusSGacbegIát)ansmÖar³RKb;ya:g edIm,IbMeBjtMrUv karmnusS. dUcenHeyIg CaemdwknaMminRtUvGs;sgÇwmfa eyIgminGaceFIVGIVekItenaHeT. dUcCaerOgstVbkSI nigstVdMrI ebIeRbobeFobstVdMrI nigstVbkSIxusKñaq¶ayNas; minKYreGayeCOfa stVbkSItUcmYyGaceFIVeGay stVdMrId¾FMGacsøab;)anenaHeT. eBlEdlstVdMrI)anedIrCan;kUnrbs;stVbkSIsøab; edaystVdMrIGag faxøÜnÉgFM mankmøaMgxøaMgCag ehIyemIlgaystVbkSI faminGaceFIVGIVxøÜnekIt edIrCiHCan;eK eBlenaH stVbkSIQWcab; eRBaHEtdMrIedIrCan;kUnxøÜnsøab;. TIbMput stVbkSI)anerobcMEpnkaredIm,Ismøab;dMrIFMenaHxanEt)an. dMNak;karTI1 stVbkSI)anehIreTAcikEPñkTaMgBIr rbs;stVdMrIeGayxVak; bnÞab;mkdMNak;karTI2 stVbkSI)aneTAcrcarTak;Tg CamYystVruy edIm,IeGaystVruyenaH eTABgdak;EPñkdMrITaMgBIreGayxVak;. dMNak;karTI 3 stVbkSIeTATak;Tg CamYystVhIug eGayeTAyMenAelIkMBUlPñM edIm,IbeBaäateGaydMrIyl;RcLMfa TIenaHmanTwk EtpÞúyeTAvij niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 21

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TIenaHCakMBUlPñM eBldMrIenaH)aneTArkkEnøg stVhIugyMEdlenAelIkMBUlPñM edaynwksμanfaCakEnøgmanTwk TIbMputdMrI)anFøak;cuHBIelIkMBUlPñMdl;enAkþIsøab;eTA. enAkñúgerOgenH bBa¢ak;R)ab;fa ktþaEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y KWGaRs½yelIEpnkarl¥ dUcCa stVbkSItUcmYyEdl GaceFIVeGaystVdMrId¾FMmYysøab;)an. eyIgminRtUv emIlgay smtßPaBrbs;xøÜneyIgmñak;² faminGaceFIVGIV)anenaHeLIy KWeyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvtaMgcitþdUcCastVbkSIenH edIm,I GayuCivitRbeTsCatirbs;eyIg rYbrYmKñaKit rYbrYmKñaeFIV rYbrYmKñaedaHRsay eCOfaKμanGIVEdlCa]bsKÁsMrab;eyIg CaRbCaCatiExμreLIy. k-begIátdMNak;karkargar (Establish Stage) karbegIátdMNak;karkargarCakarsMxan;mYyedIm,IeGayeyIgecHEbgEckkargartamlMdab;lMeday kMueGay EpnkarmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;. dMNak;karTI1 eyIgRtUveFIVGIVxøH? enAkEnøgNa? nrNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv? ry³eBlb:unμan? cMNayfvikarGs;b:unμan? etIdMNak;karnImYy²smRsbtamTwsedA? nigeKaledAcugeRkayb£eT? tamdMNak;kalkargarnImYy²begIáteGaycMTwsedA eKaledArYmcugeRkay. Cak;EsþgedIm,IsMercEpnkarRtYtRta enARbeTsTaMgbI enA\NÐÚcin dMNak;karTI1 yYn)anerobEpnkarRtYtRtaRbeTscm,a: bnÞab;mkdMNak;karTI 2 yYn)anerobcMEpnkarRtYtRtaTwkdIExμreRkam dMNak;kalTI 3 CadMNak;kalcugeRkay yYnRtYtRtaelIRbeTslav nig RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ. x-begIátlkçxNÐkargar (Working Condition) karerobcMeGaymankic©snüa nigc,ab;bTbBa¢aepSg²edIm,IeGaymanTMnukcitþ. karbegIátlkçxNÐkargar enaH edIm,IeGaymankarTTYlxusRtUvc,as;las;. kalNalkçxNÐkargarl¥ mnusSeBjcitþeFIVkargar kargar rIkcMerIn sßab½nGgÁkardwknaMrIkcMerIn RbeTsCatirIkcMerIn. lkçxNÐkargarenaH KWRtUvmanc,ab;kargar elIk TwkcitþTaMgGñkvinieyaK nigCYyRbCaBlrdæ briyakaskargarTaMgkñúg nigeRkAGgÁkardwknaM karTTYlR)ak;ebovtS eBlQb;sMrak eBlmanCm¶W BiFIbuNü R)ak;bMNac;epSg² karbNþúHbNþal kareRCIserIsCabuKÁlwkCaedIm. K-begIátRbB½n§kargar (Establish Working System) karbegIátRbB½n§kargarenH CaktþasMxan;²sMrab;eGaykargardMeNIrkar)aneTArlUn. RbB½n§kargar dUcCa RbB½n§rdæ)al RbB½n§Bt’man ¬karEckcayBt’maneTAbuKÁlwk smaCik karTTYlBt’manBIsmaCik eGay)an Tan;eBlevla¦ RbB½n§hirBaØvtßú ¬karcMNayepSg²rYmTaMgRbB½n§cMNayelIsmaCik buKÁlwk smÖar³ esvakmμepSg² cMNUl¦. RbB½n§bec©kviTüa RbB½n§RsavRCaveFIVEpnkar kareXasnaCaedIm. X-crwklkçNGgÁkardwknaM Characteristics of Organization) etIGgÁkardwknaMenaH epþatsMxan;elIGIV etIGgÁkardwknaMCalkçN³neya)ay b¤CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al minEsVgrkR)ak;cMeNj b¤ CaGgÁkarEpñkGb;rMbNþúHbNþaltamÉkeTs esdækic© c,ab; b¤ sgÁmepSg². GgÁkar dwknaMepþatelIeyaFa dUcCa rNsirSrMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg GgÁkarrMedaH)a:elsÞIn. GgÁkardwknaMEpñkesdækic© dUcCa GUbiuc Gas‘an dab;bilyUFIGU GWur:ub CaedIm. GgÁkardwknaMEdlCacrwklkçN³neya)ayGnþrCati mandUcCa NatU GgÁkarshRbCaCati GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati nigsßab½ntamtMbn; nigGnþrCatiepSg². niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 22

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2-karbBa¢a (Command) edIm,IbBa¢aeGaymanRbsiT§PaB emdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUvsÁal;kargareGayc,as;. emdwknaMCaGñkman bTBiesaFn_cMeBaHkargarenaHya:gc,as;las; eTIbkarbBa¢armWugma:t; hμt;ct; ehIyGñkeRkambgÁab;manTMnukcitþ mankmøaMgcitþeFIVkar. karbBa¢aGacCakarbBa¢apÞal;mat; karbBa¢aedayRbeyalCalaylkSGkSr tamry³sMbuRt tamry³c,ab; saracr b¤RbkasepSg². karbBa¢aenaHRtUvFanafa GñkEdlTTYlkargarenaHyl;dwgkargar c,as;las;. emdwknaMEdlBUEk KWRtUvdak;mnusSRtUvkargar dak;mnusSeGaycMÉkeTsrbs;eK. emdwknaMRtUv ecHRbemIlsßankarN_TaMgGs;Camun. dUcenH karbBa¢amanRbsiiT§PaB RtUvsÁal;sßankarN_ PUmisaRsþc,as; ecHkargarenaH maneKalbMNg TwsedA ebskkmμ eKaledA karelIkTwkcitþ CaedIm. k-eKalbMNg (Goal) emdwknaMRtUvRbmUlGñkeRkambgÁab; smaCik buKÁlwkmkBnül; ENnaMGMBIsßankarN_TaMgGs; EdlnigekIt eLIgeBlRbtibtþikargar CaBiessBI]bsKÁTaMgLayEdlGacekItmanenAeBleFIVkargar b¤faeRKaHfñak;ekIt eLIgCayfaehtuNamYy Bnül;R)ab;BIPar³kic© tYnaTI R)ab;Bt’manTMagLayEdlBak;B½n§. emdwknaMRtUvR)ab; GMBIeKalbMNgeGaysmaCikTaMgGs;)andwg edIm,IdutqnÞ³GñkeRkambgÁab;eGaysÞúHsÞarRbwgERbgeFIVkar karelIk Twkcitþdl;smaCik buKÁlwkeGayBüayameFIVeGay)anl¥bMputedIm,IsMerceKalbMNg. cMENkÉeKalbMNgenaH minEmnCaplRbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁlNamñak; eKalbMNgbuKÁl b¤RkumNamYy EtCaeKalbMNgrYm CaplRbeyaCn_ rYmTaMgGs;Kña CaplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrTaMgmUl. enAeBlEdlR)ab;GMBIeKalbMNgdl;smaCikehIy emdwknaMRtUv sYrbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTot edIm,IFanafa smaCikTaMgGs;yl;c,as; GMBIeKalbMNgenaHTaMgGs;Kña. dUcCaRKUbeRgon mñak;EdleTAbeRgonsisS caM)ac;RKUbeRgonenaH RtUvecHemeronenaHc,as;Camunsin rYcehIyeTIbRKUbeRgonerobcM KMeragemeroneTAbeRgonsisS eGaymansisSyl; ecH caM GacGnuvtþn_)an edayKitfa kñúgmYyema:gEdl xøÜnbeRgonenaH etIGIVEdlCaeKalbMNgFMenAkñúgxøwmsaremeron edIm,IeGaysisSTaMgyl; caM GaceFIV)an eday minEmnRKan;EtniyayeGaysisSsþab;enaHeT. x-TwsedA (Direction) kartMrg;TwsedAeGaycMnigeKalbMNg nigeKaledACakarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaMRtUvRbkan;yk. kal NaemdwknaMminedIrtamTwsedAEdlkMNt;enaHeT GaceFIVeGayvegVg ehIycMNayeBlevla FnFan \tRbeyaCn_ minsMercdl;eKaledA nigeKalbMNg. emdwknaMRtUvdwgGMBITwsedAEdlRtUveTA ehIytMrg;eTArkeKaledA Edl kMNt;. CaBiessCYyRtYtBinitüemIl tMrg;TwseGaybuKÁlwk GñkeRkam»vaT eFIVkic©kareGaycMTwsedA. sMrab; TahaneKkMNt;TwstamRtWvis½y CIPIEGs nigmanEpnTI edIm,IeFIVdMeNIreTArkeKaledA etIRtUvkMNt;Twsb:unμan? eRkayBIkMNt;TwsenAelIEpnTIehIy RtUvedIrtamTwsEdlkMNt;enaH ebIedIrxusTwskMNt;enaH eFIVeGayvegVg mindl;eKaledAeLIy. b:uEnþeBlEdlman]bsKÁtampøÚv dUcCamansÞwg manGUr éRBsþúkRkas; eyIgGacbt;vag)an EtRtUvcaMGIVEdlkMNt;TwsenaH eyIgGacbt;Ebn)an emIlTwsenaHedaykMNt;cMNay nigeKaledAbnþeGay cMTwsdEdl. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 23

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K-eKaledA (Objective) GIV²TaMgGs;Etgmankarcab;epþIm nigmanTIbBa©b; cMeBaHkardwknaMdUcKñaEdr RtUvmaneKaledAc,as;las;. dUcCaGñkebIkLanRkugmYy RtUvmaneKaledArbs;eK faetIRtUveTAQb;kEnøgNamYyc,as;las;. cMENkemdwknaM vijRtUvbgðajGñkeRkambgÁab;eGayc,as;las;GMBIeKaledAEdlRtUveTA R)ab;BIpøÚv nigehtukarN_TaMgLay Edl ekIteLIgenAtampøÚv EdleFIVdMeNIrtMrg;eTArkeKaledAenaH. etImanGIVekIteLIgxøH? man]bsKÁGIVxøH? manPaB gayRsYlGIVxøH? cMNayeBlb:unμanema:g? b:unμanéf¶? PUmisaRsþqøgkat;sÞwg GUr PñM val PUmi Rsuk edIm,Idl;eKal edAenaH. enAeBlEdleTAdl;eKaledAenaH eyIgRtUveFIVGIVxøH? eFIVya:gem:cbnþeTot? enAkEnøgeKaledAenaH manGIVxøH?. eKaledAKWcMNucEdleyIgRtUvtMrg;eTArkTaMgGs;Kña vaCacMNucyuT§saRsþmYyedIm,IeFIVeGayeyIgbnþ dMeNIrkareTAmuxeTot)an. enAeBldak;eKaledA eyIgRtUvcgcaMcMNucTaMgGs;enH ³ - BYkeKRtUvEtR)akdniym nigGacrkSaeKaledAenaH)an - BYkeKKYrEtxitxMedIm,IeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMRbesIreLIg - mnusSTaMgGs;RtUvcUlrYmkñúgkardak;eKaledA - kmμviFImYyRtUvEtmaneKbegIát edIm,IsMerceKaledAnImYy² X-ebskkmμ (Mission) emdwknaMRtUvkMNt;eGayc,as;GMBIebskkmμnImYy² etICaebskkmμGIV² etIebskkmμenaHRsbnigTwsedA b¤Gt;? dUcCaebskkmμRsavRCavRbtibtþikarcitþsaRsþ ebskkmμeXasna ebskkmμvayrMxan ebskkmμvay yksmÖar³xμaMg ebskkmμvaykan;kab;TItaMg ebskkmμvaykMeTcehdæarcnasm<½n§ TaMgesdækic© nigsμartI b¤ebskkmμbeBaäatsRtUveGaycUlkñúgGnÞak; júHjg;sRtUveGayEbk)ak; bMEbkrcnasm<½n§sRtUvCaedIm. ebIcMeBaH GñkdwknaMneya)ayvij ebskkmμedIm,IcuHsYrsuxTukç ebskkmμedaHRsaybBaðaCUnRbCaBlrdærgeRKaH ebskkmμ RtYtBinitüRBMEdn. ebskkmμrbs;GgÁkarsiTi§mnusS cuHCYypSBVpSayBIsiTi§ elIktMekIgsiTi§ karBarsiTi§mnusS CYyCnrgeRKaHCaedIm. g-karelIkTwkcitþ (Motivation) kardwknaM nigkarelIkTwkcitþRtUvedIrTnÞwmKñaenAkñúgkardwknaM. ebIKμankarelIkTwkcitþ k¾minGacbBa¢abuKÁlwk eFIVkarmanRbsiT§PaBEdr. karelIkTwkcitþl¥ buKÁlwkeFIVkarGs;smtßPaBl¥ kargarTTYllT§pll¥pgEdr. karelIkTwkcitþsMedAeTAelIbMeBjtMrUvkarmnusSeGay)antamtMrUvkar edIm,IeGayBYkeKepþatEtelIeFIVkargarEt b:ueNÑaH. karEdlbMeBjtMrUvkarcaM)ac;nUvGIVEdleKcg;)an karCYybuKÁlwkeGaysMerceCaKC½ydl;eKaledA GIVEdl buKÁlwkR)afña ehIyCatMrUvRsbeTAnigTwwsedAsßab½nGgÁkardwknaM. PaBpÞúyKña cMeBaHkardwknaMrebobkumμúynisþ xusKñaBIkardwknaMrebobesrI RbCaFibetyü. kumμúynisþbgçMmnusSeGayeFIVkar mnusSeFIVkarTaMgmineBjcitþ mnusSeFIVkarTaMgP½yxøac plkargarecjmkminsUvl¥ KuNPaBkargarminl¥ edaykumμúynisþ minKitBIsiTi§mnusSeT EtKitEtelITinñplkargar eFIVeGaykarRbkYtRbECgcaj;BYkesrI. BYkkumμúynisþRTwsþIl¥ EtkarGnuvtþmin)anl¥. cMENkBYkesrIvij eKelIkTwkcitþmnusSeGayeFIVkar edaypþl;CaR)ak;Exl¥smlμm rs;enA)anedayesckþIéføfñÚr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 24

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R)ak;bMNac; KitBIsiTi§mnusS¬suxPaBrbs;mnusS suvtßiPaB¦ nigelIkTwkcitþmnusS eGayeFIVkaredaykarRbNaMg RbECgKñayksñaéd pþl;»kas eGaytMélcMeBaHmnusSTUeTA dUcKña)anbeBa©j sñaéderog²xøÜn. cMeBaHRbeTsrIkcMerIn karbNþúHbNþalGb;rMCaktþasMxan; CamUldæanRKiH PaKeRcIn eKbNþúHmnusSman KMnitesñhaCati RsLaj;TwkdIeGayRbCaBlrdærbs;eK manckçúvis½yFM eFIVkargaredIm,IRbeyaCn_Cati karrIkcMerIn sMrab;Cati. edaysarkarelIkTWkcitþenH eFIVeGaymnusSkøahanmuHmut lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,ICati xitxMeFIVkic©kar edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_CatieKTaMgGs;Kña. ebIsinCaeK)ansagsñaéd eFIVGIVedIm,ICatieK enaHCatieK eGaytMél elIktMekIg pþl;emdayCavirCn vIrburs vIrnarI qøak;eQμaHelIRkaMgmas eFIVkEnøgeKarBbUCa eFIVrUbbdimakr edIm,IrMlwknUvKuNUbrdl;virCnTaMgenaH. eBlEdlTahanrbs;Gaemriksøab;kñúgsmrPUmi eTaHbICaeRcInqñaMknøg k¾edayeKykcitþTukdak;xøaMgNas; rhUtdl;edIrrukrkq¥wgrbs;TahanmktMkl;Tuk. CaBiess karelIkTwkcitþmYyeTotenaH KWeBlcuHebskkmμ b¤eBleFIVkargar emdwknaMRtUvmansmÖar³ RKb;RKan; dUcCabec©kviTüa ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; hirBaØvtßú nigkarykcitþTukdak;sMrab;RkumRKYsarrbs;eKCaedIm. eyIgRtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_eGaysmrmüsMrab;smaCik buKÁlwkNaEdllHbg;xitxMeFIVkar minKitBIGayuCIvit edIm,IRbeTsCati. ebIviPaKBIkILakr)al;Tat;vij eyIgq¶l;fa etIehtuGIV)anCaRkumnImYy²xitxMelg)al;? BIeRBaH eKmankarelIkTwkcitþTaMgpÞal;xøÜn nig karelIkTwkcitþRkum CaBiessxøaMgCageKbg¥s;KWBanrgVan;. eBlEdlRkumNa mYyTat;)al;bBa©ÚlTIQñH eKmaneQμaHl,I nigTTYlplRbeyaCn_epSg² . srubmkkarelIkTwkcitþmnusS GaRs½yelIktþaBIrya:g 1-tMrUvkarBitR)akd 2-karTTYlyknUvkarcat;viFankarBitR)akd nigCYybMeBjtMrUv kar BitR)akd. ]TahrN¾ eBlEdlelakXøan)ay EtelakRtUveFIVkic©karbBa©b; BIeRBaHCitdl;eBlkMNt;. ebIelak XøanxøaMg elaknigTTYlTan. ebIelakXøantic² elaknigbBa©b;kic©karpÞal;édsin. müa:geTot elakman tMrUvkarBIr. elakcg;bBa©b;kic©kar nig elakcg;eTATTYlTanGaharéf¶Rtg;. elakeRCIserIsmYykñúgcMeNamTaMgBIr eRBaHelakRtUvEbgEckGTiPaBrvagtMrUvkarTaMgBIenH. ebIelakeCOfa eKedjelakecjBIkargar elaknigmineTA TTYlTanGahareT elakRbEhlRtUveFIVkic©kareGaycb;sin. ebIelakeCOfa elakKμanbBaðaeT b¤elakKitfa RbEhlbBa©b;kic©karTan;eBl eBlenaHelaknigTMngCaeTATTYlTanGaharsin. mYyeTot ebIelakcg;dak; TNÐkmμ sUmkMudak;TNÐkmμbuKÁlikEdlminGaceFIVkargar EtKYrdak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHGñkEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVkar b:uEnþminman qnÞ³ b¤ kMudak;TNÐkmμebIKμankarelIkTwkcitþedIm,IeCaKC½yvij. ktþaTaMgenHCakarelIkTwkcitþsMxan;²³ 1-R)ak;Exl¥Cak;lak; Tan;eBl plRbeyaCn_eRcIn sniþsuxkargar eKalbMNgrYm. 2-RtUveKarBGμkTaMgenaHCanic© eGaytMél CMenO RkmsIlFm’.

3-eFIVeGaykargarmancMNab;GarmμN_Canic©.

4-pþl;karTTYlsÁal;kargarl¥Canic© tMeLIgbuNüskái 5-pþl;»kasdl;BYkeKkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj.

6-man»kaseLIgzan³kñúgfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 25

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7-pþl;rgVan; b½NÑsresIr emday nimitþrUb sMbuRt esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 3-karRKb;RKg (Management) karRKb;RKgnigkardwknaMmindUcKñaeT . kardwknaMeFIVkic©karEdlRtwmRtUv . karRKb;RKgeFIVkic©kareGay)an RtwmRtUv. Parkic©RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgEpñkyuT§saRsþ RKb;RKgmnusS RKb;RKgdMeNIrkar nig buKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜn. emdwknaMCaGñkEdlfa GñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtBinitü CaGñkeFIVeGayRtUvtamemdwknaM. karRKb;RKgman Epnkar erobcM Gnuvtþ b¤dwknaMeFIV tMrg;Tws nigkarRtYtBinitü. RKb;EpñknImYy²RtUvRKb;RKg eGayc,as;las;. dUcenH edIm,IRKb;RKgelIkic©kareGay)anl¥ RtUvmanÉkeTskic©karenaH nigRtUvykcitþ Tukdak;elIbec©kviTüaeTot bNþúHbNþalmnusSbEnßm eRBaHkarvivDÆfμI²rbs;sgÁm dUcCakarRKb;RKgBt’man RKb;RKghirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgkarGnuvtþkic©karTUreTACaedIm. CaBiess RtUvbNþúHbNþalerobcMmnusStaMgBIekμg EdlCamUldæanRKiHd¾sMxan;. edIm,IyYnRtYtRtaRbeTsExμr yYnmin)anbNþúHbNþalcMeNHviC¢asMxan;²dl;ExμrenaHeT yYnbeRgonbNþúH bNþalExμreGayecHEtkab;smøab; karBarGMNaceGayyYnEtb:ueNÑaH dUcenHyYnbgðat;beRgonEtkl,iccarkmμ kl,yuT§kgT½B menaKmn_kumμúynisþniymyYn eGayExμrlg;kñúgyuT§saRsþrbs;eK rhUtdl;eBlyYnEkøgePTCaExμr eFIVCacarkmμGs; RtYtRtaTwkdIenARKb;TIkEnøg tamEpnkar shB½n§\NÐÚcin eBlenaHExμrBi)aknigerIrYcBInwmrbs;yYn dUcExμreRkam nigExμrenAsUrinbUrIraM eRBaHyYnkMBugEteRbIneya)aycitþsaRsþ dUcéfeFIVelIExμrsUrinEdr. yYn)andak; bNþajcarkmμ TaMgExμr TaMMgyYn RKb;TwsTI edIm,IcaMXøaMemIlRtYtBinitüya:gm:t;ct; mineGayExμrkMerIkrYc CaBiessBYkvasþab;tamRbB½n§TUrs½BÞ Cak;EsþgRkumh‘unTUrs½BÞyYn 097 EdlkMBugEtEckcayeGaynisSiteRbIeday \tKitéfø edIm,IRKb;RKgBt’mankñúgRbeTsExμr ebIGñkKitKUrRbeTsCati KitKUrTwkdI KitKUrGnaKtkUnecA RtUvva ecaTRbkan; cab;dak;Kuk )aj;smøab; edayKμanRtaRbNIeLIy. 4-karRtYtBinitü (Controlling) karRtYtBinitümansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IeGaykargarsMerceCaKC½yl¥tamEpnkar. karRtYtBinitüRtUv manRbB½n§ÉkraCüsMrab;RtYtBinitükarRbRBwtþeTAcMeBaHdMeNIrkarkargar.

RbeTsmhaGMNac)anbegIátRbB½n§ bec©kviTüaTMenIbdUcCa páayrNbedIm,IRtYtBinitü RbB½n§kuMBüÚT½r nigbec©kviTüaepSg² edIm,IeGayRtYtBinitükic©kar.

CYnkal eKmanPñak;garsm¶at; dUcCa sIuGayeG kareseb nigPñak;sg¶at;tamsßab½nnImYy edIm,IeFIVkaresIubGegát kic©karTaMgLayEdlcaM)ac;. RbB½n§RtYtBinitükic©karRtUvmanc,ab;taMgBIkareFIVEpnkar karerobcM karGnuvtþn_ lT§plCaedIm. sMrab;b:UlIs eKdak;kamara:sMrab;cab;rUbPaBCnTuc©rit enHCaRbB½n§RtYtBinitüsV½yRbvtþi man RbsiT§PaB b:UlIsmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab; mnusSxøacc,ab; eRBaHmnusSminGaceKcecj BIRbB½n§RtYtBinitü enH)aneLIy ebIsinCaeKeFIVxusc,ab;.

IV.karRbNaMgRbECg (Competition) karRbNaMgRbECgEtgEtekIteLIg\tQb;QrenAkñúgBiPBelak nigenARKb;TIkEnøgsMrab;karrs;enArbs; mnusS. sgÁmmnusSeRbobdUcCa stVRmwKEdlEtgEtdeNþImplRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk\tRsakRsan.

RbeTsFMmhaGMNacmankmøaMgxøaMg eRkbCBa¢k;plRbeyaCn_BIRbeTstUctacTn;exSay edayxøÜnmancgáÚm niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 26

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maneFμjdUcCastVeta stVxøaCaedIm. cMENkRbeTstUctac dUcCastVQøÚsEdlrgcaMEtcMNIrbs;stVFMEtb:ueNÑaH. cMENkmnusSenAkñúgsgÁmk¾dUcCaKñaEdr GñkmanGMNacGñkFMeKgRbv½Ba© deNþImplRbeyaCn_GñktUctacTn;exSay tamRKb;rUbPaB. \LÚvBiPBelakkMBugEtQaneTArkliTi§RbCaFibetyü EdlsiTi§GMNac mantMélesμIrKña CamnusS dUcKña edaymnusSsißtenAeRkamc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña. kardwknaMrebobRbCaFibetyüenH CakardwknaMRtUvriHrkviFI eFIVya:gNaeGaymnusSRbNaMgRbECgKña edIm,IeGaykargarkan;EtmanTinñplkMritx<s;. karRbNaMgRbECgenaH RtUveFIVeLIgedayRtwmRtUvnigyutþiFm’. edIm,IeGaymnusSRbkYtRbECgKña eFIVRbeyaCn_dl;mnusS nigsgÁmCati tamry³eKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü mankarerobcMe)aHeqñatsMrab;eRCIserIsemdwknaMCaedIm CaKnøiHeGaymnusS beBa©jsmtßPaB RbNaMgRbECgKña xitxMeFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;RbeTsCati. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;man»kasdUcKña edIm,IeTAdwknaMRbeTs tamry³kare)aHeqñat EdlCakarvaytMélrbs;mnusS. kardwknaMRtUverobcMeGay mankarRbNaMgRbECg eFIVkargardUcCaGñkrt;RbNaMg. mnusSxitxMeFIVkargar edayeKrMBwgfa eKnigTTYl)an plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyBitR)akd.

1-karh‘anRbfuy (Take Risk) emdwknaMeRbobdUcCastVGeNþIk² enAeBlEdlvaeFIVdMeNIr vaRtUveGItk,alecj rYcehIyeTIbvaecjdMeNIr eTA. ehtudUcenH ebIelakcg;eFIVemdwknaM elakGñkRtUvh‘anRbfuy BuHBar]bsKÁRKb;Ebbya:g eFIVkic©karRKb; ya:gEdlGñkdéTminGaceFIV)an eFIVkic©karEdlEbøkcMElkdac;BIeK xusBIeK eRbobdUcstVGeNþIk EdlRtUveGIt kecjsin munnigeFIVdMeNIr. CaBiessRKb;]bsKÁEdlmnusSTUeTAminh‘an eyIgCaemdwknaM køahan h‘annaMmuxeK eFIV minxøacsøab; xøac)at;bg;RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn xøac)at;bg;GMNacbuNüs½ká EtemdwknaMRtUvah‘anRbfuy lHbg; RKb;Ebbya:g eBlevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCivit naMmuxeFIVedIm,IplRbeyaCn_rYm edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati edIm,I GayuCivitCatiExμrTaMgmUl. eRBaHfa KμanbuKÁlNaEdlecosputBI vivdþrbs;FmμCati ekIt cas; QW søab; )aneLIy mnusSeTogBIsøab;ecosminrYc ehtuenHekItmkmYyéf¶eGay)aneFIVRbeyaCn_mYysMrab;CatiExμr KWmantMél xøaMgNas; CagekItmYyryqñaM dwknaMbMpøajCatiExμr dUcBYkTm,il pþac;kar bMerIyYn h‘un EsneTot. GayuCIvitCatieyIg FMCagGayuCivitrbs;buKÁleyIgmñak;eTot. karh‘anRbfuyenH eTaHCadwgfaeRKaHfañk;ekItman mYyCMhanenAcMeBaHmuxk¾eday b:uEnþedIm,IesckþIsuxrbs;RbCaCatiExμr GayuCivitCatiExμr edIm,IkUnecAExμr CMnan;eRkay emdwknaMRtUveFIVCaKMrUedIrmuxeK. sUmelIk]TahrN_kalEdlsm½ysRgÁamCamYyyYnQøanBan TwkdIExμr emT½BeQμaH ekA Em:n )andwknaMT½BcuHc,aMgenAsmrPUmiTwkdIExμr eBlenaHyYn)ansÞak;vay ehIyeFIVeGay kgT½Brbs;Kat;)anTl;xñgKña nigcMkarmIn Tal;Rck eTAmuxminrYc eTAeRkayminrYc CaehtueFIVeGayKat;Bi)ak kñúgkarsMerccitþ Kat;)anbBa¢aeGaykUnTahanedIrmuncUleTAkñúgcMkarmIn EtKμankUnTahanNah‘anedIrqøgkat;cMkar mIneLIy cMeBlenaHevlayb;eTot. eBlenaHmanEtemT½BpÞal;ecjmuxedIrmuneK Kat;)andwknaMTahan eFIVdMeNIrqøgkat;cMkarmIn rhUt)ansuvtißPaB. enHCakarbBa¢ak;BIvirPaBrbs;emT½BExμr Edlh‘anRbfuylHbg;CIvit edIm,IkarBarRbeTsCatisMrab;kUnExμrCMnan;eRkay.

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2-karvaytMél (Assessment) karvaytMél RtUveFIVeLIgedayyutþiFm’ nigmaneKalkarN_c,as;las;. karvaytMélRtUveFIVeLIg edaymCÄdæan CMuvijKW 360 dWeRk. karvaytMélEdll¥ RtwmRtUv yutþiFm’ eFIVeGaymnusSmankmøaMgcitþeFIVkar karvaytMélxus eFIVeGaymnusS)ak;Twkcitþ. karvaytMél eKvaytMélelIlT§plkargar vaytMélelIsñaéd vaytMélelI\riyabf vaytMélelIlkçN³sm,tþiCaemdwknaM vaytMélelIkarRKb;RKgnigdwknaM. eyIgman taragvaytMélbuKÁlwk vaytMélemdwknaM smaCik smaCikac,as;las; dUcCa vaytMéledayxøÜnÉg vaytMél BIshesvik vaytMélBIGñkeRkambgÁab; vaytMélBIsarFaN³Cn vaytMélBIemdwknaMpÞal; vaytMélBI Rkumkargar. kñúgdMNak;kalvaytMélnImYy²RtUverobcMkarvaytMélenaHeGaymantMél faetIeFIVkarvaytMél enaHedIm,I)anGIVCacMbg eRKOg\sSr³ys tMeLIgbuNüská pþl;rgVan;epSg²CaedIm. RtUvbegIátKN³kmμkar ÉkraCüsMrab;vaytMélkargarTaMgenaH. karvaytémøelIkarGnuvtþn_kargar Ca]bkrN¾elIkTwkcitþmYyd¾man GMNacbMputcMeBaHemdwknaM. karvaytMélmanTisedA 3 dUcteTA³ 1-edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþn_kargareGaymanyutiþFm’ nigcMTisedAcMeBaHtMrUvkarkargar. eFIVeGaysmaCik smaCika buKÁlwk eFIVkarmanRbsiTæPaB edIm,Ipþl;rgVan;sMrab;kic©karrbs;BYkeK nigbuKÁlwkNaKμanRbsiTæPaB RtUvdak;enAkEnøgeFIVkargarEdlexSay minsMxan;.

2-edIm,IbegIánkarGnuvtþn_kargar kñúgeKalbMNgeGaymankarrIkcMerInCak;lak;. ebIsineyIgmindwgfa eyIgenAkEnøgNamYyeT eyIgmindwgfaxøÜneyIgenApøÚvNamYy eyIgeFIVem:cdwgfa eyIgGacsMedAeKaledA EdleyIgRtUveTA? 3-edIm,IGPivDÆn_eKalbMNgGaCIB edIm,ICMrujeGaybuKÁlwk smaCik smaCika GacxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkar eGaysmRsbnigesckþIRtUvkarrbs;GgÁkardwknaMeGay)ankan;EtelOn .

3-tMrUvkar (Needs) emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;FmμCatimnusSeGayc,as; sÁal;]bnisS½ymnusS sÁal;citþKMnitmnusS edIm,IeGay dwgBItMrUvkarrbs;mnusS. tamelakma:søÚ )anEcktMrUvkarrbs;mnusSecjCa 5 EpñkepSg²Kña EdltMrUvkarTaMgenaH Tak;TgnigjaNTaMgR)aMmYyrbs;mnusS. TI1 mnusSRtUvkarjaMuTwk )ay edIm,ICIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶ mnusS RtUvsemøokbMBak;CMrk edIm,IbiT)aMgerogkay nigCMrksMrab;sñak;enA. TI2 mnusSRtUvkarbridæanl¥ xül;brisuT§ edIm,IdkdegðImerogral;éf¶. TI3 mnusSRtUvkarsuxPaBl¥ ecosputBICm¶W ehIyebIsinCamanCm¶WRtUvmankar ykTukdak;Büa)al elIkTwkcitþBIemdwknaM. TI4 mnusSRtUvkarsnþisux mansuvtßPaBrs;enA edayKμan )armÖBIeRKaHfñak;epSg² P½yGnþrayekIteLIg. TI5 mnusSRtUvkarmuxmat;kñúgsgÁm cUlrYmkñúgsgÁm dUcCa sñaéd eFIVplRbeyaCn_epSg²CYydl;sgÁmCaedIm. kalNaemdwknaMsÁal;GMBItMrUv karrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;c,as; ehIy GacbMeBjtMrUvkarenaH)an enaHemdwknaMBitCaTTYlkarKaMRTBIsmaCik RsLaj;rab;GanBIRbCaBlrdæmin xan.

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V.ÉkeTs (Expertise) etIsßab½ndwknaMrbs;eyIgepþatelIÉkeTsGIVc,as;las; cMENkRkumkargarEdlRbmUlpþúMbegIátckçúvis½y enaH CaGñkmanÉkeTs CaGñkmanRbeyaCn_GaceFIVeGaykargarenaHsMerceCaKC½y. ÉkeTsmanCaeRcIn dUcCa ÉkeTsxagc,ab; esdækic© neya)ay eyaFaCaedIm.l.

1-CMnajviC¢aCIv³ (Professional Skills) CMnajviC¢aCIv³ CacMeNHdwgmYyBitR)akdrbs;mdwknaM. eRbobdUcCakaMbitmut EdlGackab;GIV)an eFIVGIV ecjCalT§pl )anRbeyaCn_sMrab;mnusSTaMgGs; eFIVecjCaRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatiTaMgmUl. CMnajviC¢aCIv³ Rtg;cMNucenH emdwknaMecHTaMgRTwsIþnigkarGnuvtþ mansmtßPaBBitR)akd. ebIkalNaemdwknaMKμanCMnaj viC¢aCIv³c,as;las; eRbobdUcCakaMbitEdlminmut minGaceRbIGIV)anCaRbeyaCn_eLIy eTaHCakaMbitenaHmandg eRsabmasya:gNak¾eday. cMeBaHGñksikSaeronsURtvij eTaHCamansBaØab½Rtya:gNak¾eday EtebIsmtßPaB BitR)akdminman etIeyIgGaceFIVGIV)anCaRbeyaCn_xøH edIm,IecjCasñaédBitR)akdenaH. eTaHCaeyIgkan;sBaØab½Rt bNÐitya:gNak¾eday EtebIeyIgminGaceFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmmnusS b¤eFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;CatieyIg k¾sBaØab½RtenaHmantMélsMrab;EtxøÜnÉg sMrab;ykmkdak;taMg edIm,Ibg¥ÜteKEtb:ueNÑaH. 2-kareCaKC½y (Success) kareCaKC½yCacMNucmYyelIkTwkcitþya:gsMxan;. kalNaemdwknaMEdlEtgEteCaKC½ykñúgkargar em dwknaMEdlFøab;mansñaédl¥²kñúgkargar emdwknaMenaHmingay)ak;TwkcitþeLIy EtgEtmankarrMBwgTukx<s;. kalNaemdwknaMmankarrMBwgTukx<s; emdwknaMEtgmankþsI gÇwm kþIsgÇwmeFIVeGaymanTwkcitþ vaGacnaMeTArk eCaKC½yya:gR)akd. emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;c,as;pøÚvEdlnaMeTArkeCaKC½y mann½yfa emdwknaMmanEpnkarsMrab;QñH rYcCaeRsc. 3-KMnit (Concept) eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmanKMniteRcIn eRbIKMnitKitKUrBicarNaeRcInCageRbIbec©keTs. KMnitenATIenHsMedAeTA elIKMnityuT§saRsþ. ebIeyIgcg;QñHsRtUv RtUvvaylukxagyuT§saRsþ RtUvykQñHxagyuT§saRsþ. kalNa yuT§saRsþeRkameK eTaHCafñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;klyuT§QñHk¾eday EtenAEtcaj;eKdEdl. edIm,IeGayeBj smtßPaBCaemdwknaM RtUvecHtaMgBIfñak;bec©keTs rhUtdl;fñak;yuT§saRsþ. QñHKMnit KWQñHGIVTaMgGs;. KMnit)an mkBIkarsikSaBIGñkR)aCJ bNÐit RsavRCavBIk,Ünc,ab;Km<Ir. emdwknaMRtUvsVHEsVgrkKMniteGayeRcInCageK tamry³karsikSaRsavRCav CaBiess KWkarGanesovePAl¥ TaMgTgnigKMnitdwknaMFM² dUcCayuT§saRsþ kardwknaM neya)ay esdækic© c,ab;CaedIm. 4-karTMnak;TMng (Communication) karTMnak;TMngrvagemdwknaMnigGñkeRkambgÁab; CaktþasMxan;Nas;edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;BI ckçúvis½y. BIeRBaHfa ebIGñkeRkambgÁab;mindwgGMBIckçúvis½y eFVIeGaykardwknaMenaHexSay. emdwknaMRtUvbgðajxøÜn eGayeKeXIj eFIVeGayeKemIlral;kic©karTaMgLay. karTMnak;TMngsMxan;elIbuKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜnrbs;emdwknaM EdlGacsMrbxøÜn)aneTARKb;sßankarN_TaMgGs; man\riyabfviC¢mancMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLay. emdwknaMEdlman niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 29

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RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTMnak;TMng RtUvCaGñksþab;eGaymanRbsiT§PaB karsþab;GñkdéTedayykcitþTukdak; yl;Gtßn½y ehIybeBa©jnUvkayvikar \riyabfviC¢man Caktþal¥sMrab;TMnak;TMng. niyayPasal¥ CaPasaelIkTwkcitþ CaPasaniyaymanGtßn½yxøwmsar manRbeyaCn_dl;Gñksþab; maneKaledA manTwsedAc,as;las;. RtUvKitfa PasaniyayCaPasaKaMRT GBüaRkitüb¤RbqaMg . ebIsinCa karTMnak;TMngtamsMbuRt b£GIuEm:l emdwknaMRtUvRbug Rby½tñcMeBaHkarsresreGay)anl¥ RtUvdwgBIeKaledAEdlRtUvsresr eFIVbBa¢IsresrcMNucsMxan;² RtUvmanKMnit c,as;las;enAkñúgkarsresr erobcMKMnit PsþútagKaMRTKMnit minRtUvsresrRcbUkRcbl; kñúgvKÁnImYyRtUvEjkKMnit sMxan;epSg²Kña eRbIRbeyaKxøImann½yRKb;RKan; c,as; nigCak;lak; eRbIBaküRtwmRtUv vKÁ Xøa karsnñidæan ehIyRtUv BiinitüEktMrUvsareLIgvij. emdwknaMeFIVCaRKUbeRgon eFIVCaGñkbgwVkeK CaviFIgayRsYlTMnak;TMngbMput. karbBa©úHbBa©Úl CaktþasMxan;sMrab;karTMnak;TMng edaybgðajBIehtupl bgðajBIGtßRbeyaCn_epSg² bgðajBI sar³sMxan; nigkar)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_rbs;eKCaedIm. karTMnak;TMngenH eFIVeGaydUcCaRcva:k; kMueGay dac;GarmμN_TaMg 6 eLIy. 5-karbuinRbsBV (Talent) GñkecHdb;minesμIGñkRbsBVmYy. karbiunRbsBVsMedAelIGñkmanbTBiesaFn_ Føab;eFIVkargarenaH eCaKC½y. enHminEmnmann½yfa GñkecHKμanRbeyaCn_enaHeT EtGñkEdlbiunRbsBVGaceFIVkargargayRsYl ehIyl¥Cag elOnCag cMeNjTaMgeBlevla nigFnFan. dUcenHkarbiunRbsBVrbs;emdwknaM EdlCabuKÁlGcäriy mancriklkçN³ eTBekaslürbs;eKBIkMeNItEtmþg . emdwknaMEdlGcäriy manlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM taMg BIkMeNIt lkçN³sm,tþixageRkA kayvikar criklkçN³ citþKMnit PaBqøatevogév ehIyCaGñkeron qab;ecH qab;caM. CabuKÁlEdlebIkKMnitTUlayTTYlKMnitfμI² mankareKarBrab;GanBIRKb;mCÄdæanmnusSTaMgGs;.

6-karBüakrN_ (Forecast) ÉkeTskñúgkarBüakrN_ mann½yfa emdwknaMGacBüakrN_dwgGMBIGnaKtkal BüakrN_dwgGIVEdlnig ekItmaneLIg. emdwknaMGacBüakrN_dwgfa braC½y b£eCaKC½y . emdwknaMGacemIleXIj GIVEdlenAkñúgTIggwt GIVEdleKlak;)aMgedayeRbIcarkmμeGayykBt’man b¤tamjaNBiess. emdwknaMGacsþab;B¤GIVEdleKminniyay ecjmk. CaBiess emdwknaMGacdwgGMBIEpnkarsm¶at;rbs;sRtUv)an eBlenaHehIyemdwknaMGacBüakrN_)an RKb;ya:g.

7-karéqñRbDit (Creative) KMnitécñRbDit CacMNucsMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM edayminrgcaM b¤gab;RkLacaMEtbBa¢a b¤eFIVtamsPavKti eFIVGIVdEdl²eT. emdwknaMRtUveFIVGIVEdlxøÜnKitfa l¥RtwmRtUv manRbeyaCn_ edaymincaM)ac;sMukarGnuBaØateLIy eRBaHfa karsMukarGnuBaØatBi)akCagBaküfasMueTas. emdwknaMRtUveFIVkic©karedayxøÜnÉg edIm,IsMerceKaledAeday mincaM)ac;sYr b£ENnaMBIGñkd¾éT. karécñRbDitekItecj BIkareronKit eroneFIVedayxøÜnÉg. etInrNamYyEdlnwk sμanfa ExSRTmanEt 2 esaH EteKGacécñRbDitelgePøg )aneRcInrab;minGs;enaH enHCakarécñRbDitrbs;Gñk elg. enARbeTseCOnelOn eKerobcMkmμviFIsikSaeGaysisSeronKit RbDiteFIVkic©karedayxøÜnÉg cab;taMgBItUc niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 30

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dUcCakaeronKUsKMnUr nigbegáItkic©kar sMNYrepSg²Ebøk beRgonmnusScas; b¤enACamYymnusScas;Edlman bTBiesaFn_kargar. eyIgRtUverobKMnitmnusSeGayl¥Camunsin enaHkic©karGIV²nigl¥CaeRkay.

8-GBÖnþr³jaN (Tuition) emdwknaMRtUvmanR)aCJaevogévelIsCnTaMgBYg edayKiteXIjPøam²nUvGIVEdlcg;edaHRsay CaCnEdlqøat qab;ecH qab;caM yl;dwgbBaðaTaMgBYg. emdwknaMmanjaNmYyBiessGacdwgBIehtukarN_fanigmanGIVekIteLIg. jaNenHemdwknaMRtUvrkSaTukeGay)an eRBaHCalkçN³Biess EdlGacdwgsßankarN_munCanic© ehIyenAeBl EdljaNenaHbeBa©jeGayeyIgdwgGMBIerOgGIVmYy eyIgRtUveFIVtamjaNenaH edIm,IeGayjaNenaH enACab;Ca mYyeyIg. kalBIenAekμg² esμrFøab;manbTBiesaFn_enHCaeRcIndg CaBiesseBlEdlenAkMBugsikSa esμrGac TsSTaydwgfa elakRKURtUvecjviBaØasaRtg;cMNucNamYy ehIyCak;Esþg viBaØasarecjcMGIVEdlesμr)anKitTuk. enAqñaMRblgsBaØb½RtbzmPUmi esμr)anebIkesovePAKNitviTüa nigesovePACIvviTüa ehIyjaN)anR)ab;fa emeronenHRtUvecj lMhat;enHnigecjeBlRbLg. esμr)anR)ab;mitþP½RkEtKμannrNamñak;ykcitþTukdak;eLIy EteBlEdlviBaØasarRbLgecjmkdUcebHbiT emeron nig lMhat;Edlesμr)anemIlnigR)ab;mitþP½Rk EdleFIVeGay esμryl;GaceFIV)anRtwmRtUv ehIyTIbMputesμr)anRbLgCab; EdlesμrmankþIeRtkGrya:gxøaMg. 9-karpþÜcepþIm (Initiative) KMnitpþÜcepþImmansar³sMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM eFIVeGayemdwknaMmanPaBskmμ sVahab; eFIVeGaykargar rs;revIk. kalNaemdwknaMmanKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcIn eFIVeGayRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn GgÁkardwknaMenaHrIkcMerInskmμ. ehtudUcenHehIy eTIbeKkMNt;GNtþiemdwknaM BIeRBaHfa ebIsinCaeyIgTukemdwknaMdEdlenaH eGayenAdwknaM eFIVeGaykargarywt kargarminrs;revIk kargarminskmμ BIeRBaHemdwknaMGs;KMnitpþÜcepþIm nigmanqnÞ³exSay kalNaqnÞ³exSay eFIVeGaykardwknaMexSayeTAtamenaHEdr. emdwknaMCaGñkeRbIKMnit dUcenH emdwknaMRtUv manKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcInCageK. emdwknaMKitrkbegIátEpnkarfμICanic© eFIVya:gNaeGayRKb;vis½yTaMgGs;dMeNIr karskmμrIkcMerInTaMgGs;. KMnitpþÜcepþIm CaKMnitEdlecjmkfμI ehIyEbøkdac;xusBIeK EdlGñkdéTminGac niwksμandl;.

10-KMnitfμI (Innovative) emdwknaMRtUvrkKMnitfμImkdak;xøÜnCanic© tamry³karsikSaRsavRCav tambNÑal½y tamGIuntaENt tam ryHkarGanesovePAepSg² tamry³karcUlrYmsikçasala karerontameGLicRtUcnic karerontamsalabnþ karTsSn³kic©sikSatamRbeTsrIkcMerIn.l. karRbwkSaCamYybNÐit GñkR)aCJepSg² edIm,IykCaKMnitmk eFIVkar BicarNa. KMnitfμIminEmnekIteLIgedayÉkÉgenaHeT EtekIteLIgBIkarsikSaRsavRCavbEnßmfμI² b¤bnþkarsikSa eTot. emdwknaMRtUveFIVya:gNaeGayKMnitrbs;xøÜnenAfμICanic©. karsikSaeronsURt RtUvedIrTnÞwmKñanigkardwknaM.

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sßankarN_RbeTsExμr I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg (Factors which Become Khmer Empire) RbeTsExμrFøab;CaRbeTsmhaGMNacrugerOgmYykñúgstvtSTI12 EdlGñkRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn)ancg RkgTuk CaBiessmanPsþútagdUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþ nigR)asaTCaeRcIn Edl)ancarwkTukCaPsþútagsMrab;;kUnecAExμr CMnan;eRkayeGay)andwg eXIj nigmanemaTnPaB faExμrFøab;CacRkPBmYyEdlrugerOgBIGtItkal. GaNa cRkExμr cab;epþImrIkcMerInrugerOgcab;BIstvtSTI 9 kñúgraCü surüvrμ½nTI 2 mkdl;stvtSTI 12 rC¢kalRBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI 7 eRkayeBlEdlExμr)anTTYlÉkraCüBIRbeTscm,a: nigbBa©b;sRgÁam. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )aneFIV eGayRbeTsmanÉkPaB nigsamKÁIPaBkñúgrgVg;CatiExμrEtmYy Exμr)anrYbrYmkmøaMgKña GPivDÆn_GaNacRkrbs;xøÜn eGayrIkcMerInya:gxøaMg TaMgxagvis½yesdækic© eyaFa nigsgÁmkic©. dMNak;kalrugerOgrbs;GaNacRkExμr manry³eBl 3 stvtS. sm½yenaHcRkPBExμrmanTwkdIFMTUlMTUlay esdækic©CatirugerOg RbkbeTAeday zamBlxøaMgxagEpñkeyaFa nigsil,³sMNg;GgÁr . sm½ymhanKrExμrmanTwkdIFMeFg latsn§wgelIRbeTsExμr bc©úb,nñ ExμreRkam Lav éf eRCayma:LayUCaedIm. kalenaHExμrmanRBMRbTl;xageCIgCab;niwgRbTscin xaglicCab;RbeTs ma:LayU xagt,ÚgCab;smuRT xagekItCab;RbeTsyYn. GriyFm’Exμrnasm½yenaH rugerOg eRbob)andUcCaGriyFm’ Rkic r:Um kalBIsm½ybUraNEdr. R)asaTEdlRbkbedayk,Úrk,ac;rcnaCaeRcIn Cavtßú mantMélkñúgelak )anbnSl;TukCasñaédnigekrþ×tMENleGaykUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkayCasPþútag nigmanemaTnPaB d¾Gs©arüsMrab;CatiExμreyIg. TwkdI R)asaT TaMgGs;enHCakMNb;RTBümhasalrbs;buBVbursdUntaeyIg ksagTuk eGayCatiExμrTaMgmUl CaGcäriyvtßúmYy EdlRbeTsd¾éTminGaceFIV)andUc nigCaemaTPaBbMput sMrab;CatiExμreyIg EdleyIgTaMgGs;Kña CaCatiExμr RtUvnaMKña karBar EfrkSaTuk. emIleXIjsñaédd¾FMeFgenH ebImin)ansag RbeyaCn_GIVmYyCUnCati sUmCYyrkSakarBar EfRbeyaCn_sagsñaéd EdlenAsl;eGayKg;vgS kMueGaybreTs deNþImplRbeyaCn_ RtYtRtaeyIg dUcsBVéf¶ EdleyIgCaCatiExμrrgkarQWcab; BIkarekobsgát;CiHCan; RbCaBlrdæ ExμrCaGñkTn;exSay. etIRBlwgdUnta buBVbursExμreyIg)anesaysuxb¤eT? ebIkUnecAExμrCMnan;enH RtUvrgTukçevTna edaysarEtemdwknaMmYycMnYntUc k,t;;]tþmKti lk;Cati suxcitþbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGaybreTs EdlCasñaéd rbs;dUntaeyIgxitxMksagTukmk. ktþamYycMnYnEdlnaMeGayExμrmanGriyFm’rIkcMerInrugerOgmandUcteTA³ 1-emdwknaMl¥ ¬esñhaCati smtßPaB nigeFIVKMrUnaMmux lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g¦ 2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü 3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ 4-sm,ÚrFnFan 5- KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs 6- karcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr ¬ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg¦ 7-KitplRbeyaCnCatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 33

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TwkdIExμr kalBIExμrCa cRkPBGgÁr 1-emdwknaMl¥ ( Good Leaders) dUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMCatiExμrPaK 1 EdlniyayGMBIemdwknaMl¥ emdwknaMesñhaCatiExμr BitR)akd. emdwwknaMEdll¥CaemdwknaMEdlEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ esckþIsuxsuPmgÁlBit² CUn Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr edayminEmnsuxéf¶enH sMrab;søab;éf¶Es¥kenaHeT RtUvsuxCanirnþ CaCatiExμr . CaemdwknaMEdl manKuNFm’ mansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; mansuxPaBl¥TaMgpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ GaceFIVeGayRbeTsrIkcMerInrugerOg RbCaBlrdæmanesckþIsux suxPmgÁl dUckalkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig sUrüvrμ½nTI 2 CaedIm. RBHmhakSRtTaMgGs;enH manlkçN³sm,tþiKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM edayecjBIsmtßPaBxøaMgBUEk man suxPaBl¥ manKuNFm’ TsBitraCFm’ esñhaCatimatuPUmi ha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,IdwknaMRbeTsCati eGayrIk cMerInrugerOg KYrCaTIeKarBbUCa minEmnCaRBHmhakSRtelaPln; GMNac ehIyelIkbnþúbedaybreTsenaHeLIy. RBHraCanasm½yenaH CaBiess RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )aneRbIneya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati ÉkPaBCati samKÁIPaB épÞkñúgRbmUlRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgeGaysißtenAeRkamkardwknaMRBHGgÁEtmñak; . enAelIPñMKUeln RBHGgÁR)arB§eFIVBiFI eTvraC edaycat;TukRBHGgÁCa RBHGaTieTB EtminxøacjejItcMeBaHsRtUv EdlyayIBIxageRkA RBHGgÁegIbbHe)ar CamYycam eFIVsRgÁamvaylukrhUt)anÉkraCü EdlenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁesayraCBIqñaM¬802-850¦. RBHmhakSRt ExμrPaKeRcInkan;liTi§eTvraC RbCaBlrdæExμrcat;TukRBHraCaCaRBHGaTieTB. emdwknaMExμrTukplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr esckþIsuxRbCaBlrdænigplRbeyaCn_saFarN³FMCagGIV²TaMgGs; karBarplRbeyaCn_ CUnCatmatuPUmi ya:g muHmut Gg;Gac køahan mineGayxμaMgsRtUvdeNþImelIplRbeyaCn_Exμr QøanBan rMelaPelIGFibetyüExμr eLIy. RBHmhakSRtExμreFIVCaKMrUl¥naMmuxRKb;Ebbya:g esñhaCatimatuPUmiExμr lHbg; kmøaMgkaycitþ eBlevla GayuCIvit edIm,IkarBarTwkdI BUCsasn_ RbCaBlrdæ nigkarIkcMerInrugerOgrbs;RbeTs edaysißtenAeRkam emdwknaMEtmñak; EdlRbwgERbgrYbrYm ÉkPaBKña mineQøaHRbEkkEhkhYr rvagExμr nigExμr G;teGanGaFüaRs½y RsLaj;Kñaya:gs¥itrmYt minelaPln; muxmat;GMNacpÞal;xøÜneLIy. Cak;Esþg RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 suxcitþGn; cMeBaHCatiExμr mineQøaH kab;cak;rvagCatiExμrxøÜnÉg edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁeT EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþrgcaM»kas niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 34

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QøanBanrbs;breTs¬cam¦ eBlenaHcam)aneFIVKt;esþcExμr eTIbRBHGgÁegIbeLIg\txøacjejIt rMedaHExμrecj putBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. cm,aMgenAeBlenaHmankMritxøaMgenAmþúMR)asaT)ay½nnig R)asaTbnÞayqμar. RBHGgÁ )anbbYlesþccamc,aMgvayluk rhUtdeNþIm)annKrcm,a:eFIVCacMNuHeTotpg. RBHraCaEdlmansmtßPaBxøaMg man RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 C½yvrμ½nTI3 \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 yesavrμ½nTI1 hasSvrμ½n GIusvrμ½nTI2 C½yvr½μnTI4 hsSvrμ½nTI4 racRnÞvrμ½nTI2 C½yvrμ½nTI5 ]TayTitüvrμ½n TI1 C½yvrμ½nTI1 surüvrμ½nTI1 ]TayüTitüvrμ½nTI2 hsvrμ½nTI3 C½yvrμ½nTI6 dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 sUrüvrμ½nTI2 dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI2 yesavrμ½nTI2 RTihUva:NaTitüvrμ½n nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7.

RBH)ansUrüvrμ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 EdlCaRBHraCa )anksagR)asaTGgÁr KμannNadwgBIkalbriecäT c,as;las;eT EttamGñkRsI ma:dwELn sðwtU fa RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI2 esayTIvgÁtcenøaHqñaM 1150 nig 1155 cMENkRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 esayTIvgÁtenAqañM 1201. eBlEdl RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 esayTIvgÁtenaH RbeTsCitxagmin)anTTYlBt’manenaHeT b:uEnþCaeRcInqñaMeRkaymk eTIbeKdwg. eqøot»kasEdlRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 cUlTIvgÁt; edaymanCMnYyBIBYk m:ug eKal esomcab;epþImerIbMr:H egIbeLIgpþac;xøÜnecj begIátCardæÉkraCü suexaT½yeLIgenAstvtSTI13. emdwknaMExμrsm½yenaH mansmtßPaBxøaMgxageyaFa GacdwknaMT½B c,aMgQñH sRtUvQøanBanmkBIRbeTsCitxag. emdwknaMExμreFIVeGaymanÉkPaBCati samÁIPaBmYyya:grwgbwug eGaytémø eTAelIkarBit KW sc©³ eGaytMélelIGñkesñhaCati GñkR)aCJ bNÐit BwgelICMhrxøÜnÉgCaedIm. RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI 2 nig RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaRBHraCaEdlykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukçRbCaraRsþRBHGgÁxøaMgCageKbg¥s; CaRBHraCa RbkbedayKuNFm’ nigTsBitraCFm’. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 EtgEteFIVsmaFiCaerogral;éf¶ eFIVeGayRBHGgÁman citþRtCak; manmenayiT§i nigmanR)aCJaqøatevogév GacdwknaMRbeTsExμreGay)ansuxsniþPaB Rbkbeday ckçúvis½yEvgq¶ay smøwgeXIjGnaKtc,as;las; dUcCasagR)asaTCaeRcInTukrab;Ban;qñaMsMrab;kUnecACMnan;eRkay CaedIm. eFIVkic©karbc©úb,nñ)aneCaKC½yRbkbedayyuT§saRsþ tamk,Ünxñat Km<Ir RtwmRtUv edayRBHGgÁ)an GnuvtþkardwknaMtam RTwsIþRBHBuT§sasna nigRBhμBaØsasna. emdwknaMExμrnasm½yenaH EtgEtRbEmRbmUl Gñk R)aCJCatiExμrTaMgGs; nigRbeTsCitxageGaycgRkgCaKm<Irk,ÜnxñatedIm,ICapøÚv sMrab;ExμrCMnan;eRkayrab;Ban; CMnan;eTotGnuvtþn_tam EtGkusledayesom)anvayRkuglEgVk nig)andeNþImykKm<Irk,ÜnxñatmkRbeTs eKGs;. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 RtUvRbCaBlrdæExμr fVayRBHnamfaCa RBHmhavir³kSRt ExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁKt; KμanBIr EdlxitxMeFIVeGayvisalPaBExμr l,IxÞrxÞarelIBiPBelak. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 eLIgRKgraCüenARBHCnμayu 60 qñaM ¬ÉksaxøHfa RBHCnμ 56 enAqñaM 1181¦. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 dwknaMRbeTstampøÚvRtUvkøayCamhabursén RbvtiþsaRsþ KμanesþcGgÁNaeRbobesμIr)an.

2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü (Independent Politics) k-neya)ayeRkARbeTs (Foreign Politics) GaNacRkExμrCaRbeTsmhaGMNacmYy EdlmanGriyFm’rugerOgdUc RbeTseGhSIb nigRkugr:Um. neya)ayeRkARbeTsExμrkalenaH Exμr)aneFIVsRgÁamvatTITwkdI ykRbeTsCitxagCacMNuH Etcgsm<½n§PaBCamYy RbeTsFM dUcCa PUma cin nig\NÐaCaedIm . RbeTstUc²ykmkeFIVcMNuH tMrUveGaypþl;sYysarGakr mnusS GñkR)aCJeGaymknKrExμr. RbeTsExμrmanTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmμ TMnak;TMngCamYycin \NÐa nig eGhSIb eRBaHkal niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 35

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enaHExμrGacmanplitplksikmμ eFIVERskñúgmYyqñaM 2-3 dg nigGaceFIVsib,kmμeTotpg. RbeTscm,a: nig GaNÑamCacMNuHrbs;nKrExμr. RbeTsCitxagminTan;man»kasmkdeNþIm nigTRnÞanplRbeyaCn_ExμreT. ekaHCVa)anFøak;exSayenAkñúgraCsniþvgS bNþalmkBIsRgÁamCamYyRbeTsGaNaÑm¬yYn¦ . RbeTsCitxagmin Tan;mankMlaMgRKb;RKan;vayluknKrExμrenAeLIy kalenaHcam)ancat;TukyYnCasRtUvTImYyrbs;eK. cMENÉ RbeTsesomenACakulsm<½n§énRbeTscinPaKxagt,Úg tMbn;yYNanénRbeTscin. RbeTsesomnasm½y enaHmin Tan;ekItCardæenAeLIy rhUtdl;stvtSTI13 eTIbekItCardæmYyeLIg EdlesþcExμr rama: )aneFIVkarpþac;xøÜnecj begIát)anCardæÉkraCü suexaT½y. cMENkÉRbeTsyYnminTan;rYcBIGaNaniKmn_RbeTscinenAeLIy dUecñHRbeTs enHminTan;)aneRtomxøÜn erobcMRbeTseGay)anl¥ Cab;c,aMgCamYyRbeTscm,a: mineRbIneya)ayvatTI TwkdIenAeLIy. GaNacRkExμrmanTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRbeTsmhaGMNac RbeTstUc² xøbxøacsMueFIVCacMNuH ÉRbeTsCVa)anrUbrYmenACMuvijeRkamRBHmhakSRtExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁ. eRkayBIRbeTsyYn)anTTYlÉkraCüBIcin enABak;kNþalstvtSTI10 yYn)ancab;epþImkMerIkeLIg ehIyeFIVsRgÁamCamYYycam rhUtyYnelbykTwkdIRbeTs cm,a:)anenAqñaM 1687. srubmk GaNacRkExμreRbIneya)ayBRgIkTwkdI nigvayykRbeTsCitxag dak;CacMNuH karerobcMkgT½B [)anxøaMgBUEkCakic©karmYycm,gkñúgcMeNamkic©kardéTeTotnasm½yenaH. lkçN³xøaMgBUEk edaymanTahan eRcInnigyueT§abkrN_ bribUN’ehIyl¥²elIssRtUvCitxag. kgT½BCaGñkCYyelIksÞÜyGriyFm’[eLIgx<g;x<s; kgT½Bmanreboberobry k,ÜnyuT§sa®sþ nigTwkcitþesñhaCati EpñkeyaFaxøaMgekItmaneLIg)an k¾GaRs½y edaykarerobcM karhat;hVwkhVWn karGb;rM¬kmμviFIsikSa smÖar³sikSa nigKuNPaB¦ nigKMrUl¥ GMBIemdwknaM ¬EtsMrab;bc©úb,nñ RtUvmanFnFanmnusS yuT§saRsþ nigbec©kviTüa¦. x-neya)aykñúgRbeTs (Local Politics) GaNacRkExμrenAkñúgmhanKrd¾rugerOg Rbkan;neya)aybRgYbbRgYmCatiExμrEtmYy ÉkPaB samKÁIPaB épÞkñúg TaMgemdwknaM nigRbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvykplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM. karGnuvtþn_neya)ayenH cab;BI GaNacRkExμrerIbMrHrYcBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. kalenaHRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 enAkñúgstvtSTI9¬802-850¦ )an R)arB§BIFIeTvraCenAPñMKUeln edIm,IRbmUlRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; enACMuvijEtRBHGgÁmñak; eKalbMNgerIbMr:H ecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;cam cugeRkayRBHGgÁ)ansuKtenArlYs. emdwknaMnigRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbNþúHqnÞ³Ca GñkesñhaCatiExμrdUcKña ehIyRbwgERbg erIbMr:H eFIVsRgÁamCamYycamTaMgGs;Kña rhUtTTYl)anÉkraCü. eRkayBI )anÉkraCü putBIsRgÁammk RBHraCa)ancab;epþImerobcMRbeTsCati edayepþatsMxan;eTAelIkarGPivDÆn_vis½yGb;rM suxmalPaBRbCaBlrdæ nigkarGPivDÆesdækic©RbeTs. karGPivDÆn_esdækic©epþatelIksikmμCaktþaGTiPaB nig BRgwgvis½ykarBarCatiedIm,ITb;sáat;sRtUvQøanBanBIxageRkA. kalenaHRbCaBlrdæExμrmancMnYnRbmaN 10 lannak;. kñúgcMeNamvis½yTaMgGs; manEtvis½yeyaFaeTEdlrwugmaMxøaMgCagvis½yepSg²eTot. ExμrmankgT½B eRcIn køahanmuHmut RbkbedayR)aCJa CMnajeyaFac,as;las; hWVkhVWnRtwmRtUv nig]bkrN_swkRKb;RKan; manT½BdMrI esH nigGavuFyuT§P½NÐman sBVsareBI niges,ogmÖÚbGaharbribUrN_. karsamKÁI nigÉkPaBrwugbwug rbs;Exμrcab;epþImmanBI RBH)aT\RnÞvrμ½nTI1 mkdl;C½yvrμ½nTI2. kgT½BExμrnaeBlenaH )anelIksÞÜyeGay niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 36

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manGriyFm’rugerOg nigmanvin½ysNþab;Fñab;erobcMl¥. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 )anelIksÞÜyeGaymansasnaTaMgBIr KW RBhμBaØsasna nigRBHBuT§sasna. karTTYlykeGaymansasnaTaMgBIrenH eFIVeGayRbeTs)ansux RbeTss¶b;KμankarbHe)ar nigminEbk)ak;épÞkñúg. RBHraCasm½yenaHmanGMNacxøaMgNas; GMNacTaMgGs; sißtenAelIRBHraCa KW GMNacnitibBaØti GMNacRbtibtiþ GMNactulakar. RBHraCaCatMNagRBHGaTieTB. karepþatsMxan;elIvis½yksikmμ nigkareFIVBaNiC¢kmμtameqñrsmuRT EdlplitplnaMecjeBlenaH manplitpl éRBeQI dUcCaPøúkdMrI xñayrmas Es,kstV degáarRkvaj xøwmc½nÞ.l. ehIyplitplTaMgGs;enaH manEtGñk enAkñúgéRBeT cMENkGñkRbma:j;)anmkRtUvlk;fVayesþc nignamWunmRnþIEdlCaGñkmansiTi§ nigmeFüa)ay naMecjniglk;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs. KμanGIVEdleKGacplitenAkñúgRkugenAeLIyeT esdækic©sißtenAelIesdækic© FmμCatienAeLIy. emdwknaM)anbegIát RbB½n§FarasaRsþxVat;ExVg CIkRsH CIkRbLayTwkbBa©ÚlERs edIm,ICa kargayRsYldl;dMNaMksikmμGacplitRsUv)anCaeRcIndg TTYl)anTinñplx<s; ehIyelIsBItMrUvkarrbs; RbCaBlrdælk;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs. eKeXIjmanCIk)aray_d¾FMeFgCaeRcIn dUcCa )arayN_Twkføa b¤)aray xaglic )arayN_ \RnÞatdak )arayN_ rhal; )arayN_ yesaFrtdak edIm,IykTwkeGayRbCaBlrdæeRbIR)as; nigedIm,Ipþl;Twkdl;ERscMkar nigdMNaMdaMduHnanapg. eKeXIjmansuPasitExμrmYyniyayfa eFIVERsnigTwk eFIVswk nig)ay eFIVneya)aynigcMeNHdwg. EtkardwknaMRtUvGnuvtþtamRTwsIþfμIRtwmRtUv EdleFIVeGayRbeTsCati rIkcMerIn BitR)akd dUcCakareFIVERs RtUvmanbec©keTsksikmμ bec©kviTüaEfmeTotedaypøas;bþÚrKMnitcas;min rIkcMerInecj. cMENkeFIVswkvij k¾eyIgminRtUvBwgEtelI)aymYymuxEdr KWeyIgRtUvhVwkhat;ÉkeTseyaFa taMgBIfñak;BlTahan dl;fñak;embBa¢akar eGayecHBitR)akd mansmÖar³swkRKb;RKan; es,og nigmanyuT§saRsþRtwmRtUv. 3-karRKb;RKgrdæl¥ (Good Governance) karRKb;RKgnasm½yenaH KW karRKb;RKgrebobmCÄkar GMNacsißtenAelIfñak;kNþal KW esþc. karsMerc kic©karepSg² RtUvecjBIGMNackNþal¬RBHraCa¦. ebIeyIgeRbobeFobmkRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ RbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbenH eKehAfaRbBn§RKb;RKgEbbpþac;kar. kardwknaMykRBHraCaCaFM RBHraCaCaGTieTB EtRBHraCanasm½yenaH KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFM esñhaCati ykcitþTukdak;suxTukçRbCaBlrdæ RbkbedayKuNFm’ nigTsBitraCFm’. rdæ)alépÞkñúgmanemkRnÞajRbcaMextþnImYy² EdlkalenaHExμrmanextþcMnYn 64 ¬kMBUlR)asaT)ay½n 64¦ tMNageGayextþExμr. karrIkcMerInxagesdækic© edayvis½yksikmμ nigxagviciRtsil,³ k,ac;rcna k¾rIkcMerIn xøaMgdUcCaksagR)asaTburaNCaeRcIn R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlRbkbedayk,ac;rcna\tex©aH. RbCara®sþExμrman CMenOelIGTieTB nigesþcfaCaGñkmanbuNü. sar³sMxan;énGriyFm’ExμreyIgRtUv)aneKrMlwkeLIgfa CaGriyFm’ mYyl¥CageK munGriyFm’rbs;GaNacRkr:UmaMg EdlenAEtmanlkçN³RbesIrCagGriyFm’énGaNacRkcin.

RbeTscinsm½yenaH minTan;GacplitGIV²)anRKb;y:agedayxøÜnÉgenAeLIyeT b:uEnþGaNacRkExμrGacplitvtßú epSg²)anedayédxøÜnÉg)an. mhanKrExμrsm½yburaNrIkcMerInrugerOg manktþaCaeRcInGnueRKaHdUcCa manRTBüsm,tiþ FmμCatibribUrN_¬vtßúFatuedIm stV RTBüelIdIeRkamdI stVRKb;RbePT¦ RbCaBlrdæmancMnYntic Et 10 lannak; rs;enAelITwkdIFMlwVgelIVyRbkbeday]tþmPaB. kalsm½yenaHRBHraCaExμr )anksagrdæFanIGgÁrFM sagsg;pøÚvfñl;sMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún plitplksikmμ sagsg;pÞHsMNak;)ancMnYn 121 nigmnÞIeBTücMnYn 102. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 37

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KμanRbeTsNamYyén]b,TIVbenH GacBRgIkesdækic©)an dUcGaNacRkExμrnasm½yenaHeT eRBaHkarBRgIkesdækic© RtUvkarvtßúFatuedIm. GaNacRkExμrkøayCaCMBUkRbeTsEdlman PUmisaRsþmansßanPaBRbesIr nigkMNt;ya:g twgEtg kñúgkarRbNaMMgRbECgxagmhaGMNac. RbCaBlrdæ)ansßitenAkñúgsniþPaBeBjCaeRcInTsvtSedayKμan kareRCotERCkBIxageRkA CaBiesskñúgsm½yrugerOgdl;kMBUlcugeRkay eRkamkarRKb;RKgRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 CaRBHraCaeKarBFmμaFibetyü mkdwknaMRbeTsCati.

4-sm,ÚrFnFan (Plenty of Resource) FnFanenATIenHsMedAeTAelIFnFanFmμCati nigFnFanmnusS. RbCaBlrdæExμrRbkbeTAedaykaréqñ RbDitx<s; TwkdIFM éRBeQICaTICMrkdl;stVéRBRKb;RbePT dImanTwkdI manCICati manTwkeRsacRsBdMNaMksikmμ bribUN_ sMbUrcMNIGaharstV edaysarePøogFaøk;eCaKCaMRtCak;RtCMudl;pldMNaM manEpøpáal¥. FnFanEr:enARKb;TI kEnøg manmaseBRC Ekvkg R)ak; s<an; Edk nigvtßúmantMélCaeRcIneTot EdlExμreyIgminTan;)anRsavRCavGs;. pøÚvTwk bwgbYr xVat;ExVg eFIVeGaysm,ÚredayRtIenAkñúgbwgTenøsab sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;elIsBIesckIþRtUvkarrbs; RbCaBlrdæ. RbCaBlrdæmanCIviPaBFUrFar sb,ayrugerOg minxVayxVl; nigGIVeLIy. FnFansmÖar³mYycMnYn )anmkBIeGaysYysarGakrénRbeTsCitxag EdlCaRbeTscMNuH. cMENkEpñkxagt,ÚgénrdæenH BwgEp¥kEt elIkardutéRBeFIVcMkardaMRsUvCamUldæan Rbkbrbrb)aj;bRgÁb;hUb. 5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs (Without Foreign Interference) RbeTsExμrmanÉkraCü sniþPaB KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs KWeRkayBI RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )annaM RbCaBlrdæegIbeLIgbHe)areFIVsRgÁam rMedaHExμreGayrYcecjBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. BIeBlenaHmk GaNa cRkExμr mankarÉkPaBmYyya:gTUlMTUlay edaysßitenAeRkamemdwknaMEtmñak; EdlxøaMgBUEk ehIycat;Tuk faCaGñkmanbuNü eTvraC. GaNacRkExμrman»kas ksagRbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn TaMgxageyaFa esdækic© ehdæarcnasm<½n§CaeRcIn. karEdlKμanbreTseRCotERCkenH mkBIkardwknaMkalenaH minEmneRbIyuT§saRsþkarBar eT EteRbIyuT§saRsþvayluk. RBHraCaExμrEtgEtelIkT½BeTAvayRbeTscm,:a nig RbeTsGNaÑam edayminTuk »kas eGayeKvaylukmuneLIy. 6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg (Raise up Khmer Value) ExμreGaytMélxøÜnÉgenH Rtg;fa ExμrecHRsLaj;Kña CYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk ÉkPaBKña rYbrYmKña minsþab; eyabl;eFIVtambreTs EteGaytMélelIExμrKñaÉg sþab;eyabl;ExμrKñaÉg mineCOBakübreTsxageRkA naMeGayExμr Ebk)ak;enaHeLIy. ExμrsuxcitþbUCaRKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IkarBarCatimatuPUmi ebIkalNasRtUvcUlQøanBanyayI. EtExμrrs;edaysuxsnþiPaBCamYysgÁmRKYsarExμrdUcKña.

7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl (Care more about national interest than individual interest)

TaMgemdwknaM kgT½B RbCaBlrdæ)antMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiCacMbg FMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl. plRbeyaCn_sMedAeTAelI TwkdI GFibetyüPaB RbCaBlrdæ neya)aydwknaM rdæaPi)alCaedIm. ebIsin CaktþaTaMgGs;enH )at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ xUcxat RtUvdUrecjEkERbecj. emdwknaM)aneGaytMélelICnesñhaCati niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 38

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matuPUmi sc©³Fm’ yutþFm’ KuNFm’ ehtuenHehIybuKÁlmñak;²xitxMksagsñaéd eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmi. buBVburseyIgsuxcitþlHbg;QamRss; sac;Rss; edIm,IEfrkSakarBar TwkdI vtßßúmantMélepSg² edayminsux citþenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;breTs b¤ tbtCamYysRtUvQøanBanedayminxøacjejIt edIm,IeGaykUnExμrCMnan; eRkay )anrs;enAya:gsuxsanþelIkMNb;maskMNb;R)ak;d¾mhasalenH k¾eRBaHEtBYkKat;TaMgenaHKitBI pl RbeyaCn_CatisMrab;eyIgCaExμrCMnan;eRkayenHÉg. karsnñidæan (Conclusion) karerobrab;EvkEjkmkxagelIenH min)anl¥itl¥n;l¥eT EtCaRKwHsMxan;² KMnitsMxan;² sMrab;GñksikSa RsavRCav ykeTAsikSabEnßmGMBIGriyFm’GgÁr. RKwHneya)ay ¬KWÉkPaB nigsamKIÁCati rYmedaykgT½BmYyxøaMg ehIyerobry¦ RKwHesdækic© KWneya)ayTwkd¾biunRbsBV ksikmμGtipl sib,kmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTs ehIyeyIg)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgRKwHTaMgenHnUvktþaxøHeTot manktþamrtkBIGtItkal ktþamnusS nigRbCaBlrdæ nigemdwknaM b:uEnþetIeyIgGaccat;TukfaRKb;RKan;ehIyb¤enA ebIeyIgenAxVHktþaCamUldæanmYyeTot KWRKwHvb,Fm’ )anesckþIfakarecHdwgsBVsareBIEdlFmμtaRtUvecj BIkareronsURt nigkarGb;rM BIKm<Irk,Ünxñat BIGñkR)aCJbNÐit nigsasnaCamøb;sMrab;BwgBak;GaRs½y nigCapøÚvedIr. CaBiess RtUvykKMnitécñRbDitrbs;GñkR)aCJExμreyIg eBlenaHEdlsagnKreRBagRBat erobcMEkécñrcnabfbreTsmYycMnYneGaymanlkçN³CaExμr.

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II.ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH (Factor Cause Khmer Failed)

bnÞab;BRI BH)aTC½yvrμn½ TI7 cUlTIvgÁteTA enAqñaM 1219 cRkPBExμr)ancab;epþmI regÁaHregIÁr edaysar kareRCotERCkBIxageRkA esom nigcam karEbk)ak;épÞkúñgsRgÁamsasna sRgÁamdeNþmI GMNac nigktþaepSg² Edlnwgerobrab;xageRkam. GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cHu dundabCabnþbnÞab; edaysarsRgÁamvwkvrminecHcb; sRgÁam sasna bgáedayRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 nigcab;BIrC¢kalRBH)aTniBVanþ)aTstvtSTI 14 rhUtdl;stvtSTI 19 Edl manry³eBl 5 stvtS eFIVeGayTwkdIGaNacRkExμrrYmtUc RbCaBlrdærgTukeç vTna )at;bg;]tþmPaB kitüanuPaB ya:gxøaMgrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH. enAcenøaHstvtSTI14 nig stvtSTI19 GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cuHdundab ya:gxøaMg KWCasm½ykald¾exμAggwtrbs;Exμr. emdwknaMexSay elaPln;GMNacBwgbreTs mçagBwgyYn mçagBwg esom eFIVsRgÁamEhkhYrExμr nig Exμr edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁ sþab;breTs tamkarjúHjg;rbs;eK neya)aydwknaM minÉkraCü karRKb;RKgrdæexSay karQøanBanBIbreTs¬yYn cam esom¦ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg vibtþiraCvgS karminTukcitþExμrnigmineGaytMélExμrKñaÉg .l. ktþaTaMgGs;enaHeFIVeGayExμrFøak;cuH bgávinasskmμ RbCaBl rdæ Exμrsøab;)at;bg;Civit køayCaRbeTsmYyTn;exSayRkIRkCaeKelIBiPBelak. TwkdIExμrEdlFMlwVgelIVy \LÚvenHenAsl;Et 181 035 KILÚEm:Rtkaer:¬manEttYelx¦ EdlRtUvyYnRtYtRta KUsvasneya)ayBIeRkay xñgeTot. 1-kMesayemdwknaM (Poor Leaders) emdwknaMEdlKμanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; GaceFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;cuHGnþray edaysarEtkarKitxus eFIVxus KYbpSMneya)aydwknaMKμanÉkraCüsßitenAeRkamKMnabbreTs Caplvi)akmYyya:gxøaMgcMeBaHkarsMerccitþ elIkic©karneya)ayepSg² eFIVeGay)at;bg;TwkdI )at;bg;plRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜn. karRKb;RKgEdlminmank,Ün xñatc,ab;c,as;las; kardwknaMRKb;RKgtamrebobsPavKti minsegátemIlrkKMnitfμItamRbeTsrIkcMerIn. emdwknaM EdlminelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarRbkYtRbECgKña edIm,IeRCIserIsemdwknaMl¥bMputsMrab;RbeTs enHCacMNucexSay énRbB½n§dwknaM RKb;RKgRbeTs. kareFIVsRgÁameRCotERCkBIbreTs nigEbk)ak;épÞkñúgdeNþImGMNacKña eday eRkamyuT§saRsþbreTs breTsCaGñkerobcMEpnkar KUsvasyuT§saRsþeGayExμrlg;kñúg])aykl,. Ca»kas eGaybreTseqøotykTwkdIExμr deNþImplRbeyaCn_BIExμreyIg ebIk»kaseGayeKerobcMRbeTs GPivDÆn_RbeTs rIkcMerInelOnCagRbeTsrbs;eyIg. emdwknaMGtμaniymKitEtplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn deNþImEhkhYrRTBü sm,tþiCatimkdak;RTBüsm,tþibuKÁl min)aneFIVplRbeyaCn_eGayCati edaykþIvegVgnigGMNac buNüs½ká luykak; RTBüsm,tþienaHCaerOgsMxan;CagplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr ktþaTaMgenHehIyCaedImehtueFIVeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSay. emdwknaMKμansmtßPaB Etcg;)anGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTsCati eFIVeGayEbk)ak;raCüvgS mþgehIy mþgeTot eQøaHRbEkkKña bgsmøab;b¥Ún b¥Únsmøab;bg \tQb;Qr karEhkhYrKñarvagExμr nigExμr edIm,IraCblø½gÁ tamkarlabBN’rbs;breTssgxag EdleFIVeGayExμrEbk)ak; kab;smøab;KñaÉg x©IédExμrsmøab;Exμr eGayEbk)ak; samKÁI Qb;KitKUrsuxTukçlM)akRbCaBlrdæ.. karEbb)ak;épÞkñúgenH Cakarpþl;»kaseGaysRtUv hucdgkaMbit eGaysRtUv begIát»kaseGaysRtUvmankmøaMgxøaMgCag mkCiHCan; eFIV)abdeNþImykplRbeyaCn_rbs;Exμr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 40

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nigdeNþImykTwkdIExμr. emdwknaMmineGaytMéleTAelICatirbs;xøÜnÉg sþab;breTs BwgbreTsedIm,IGMNac . enAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþExμr )anbBa¢ak;fa Exμrcab;epþImmansRgÁam kñúgrC¢kalRBHraCa RBHnamfa RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 min)aneRbIneya)aybRgYbbRgYmCati edaylubecalRBHBuT§sasna ehIykan;EtRBhμBaØsasna CaehtueFIVeGay mankarbHe)areLIg ekItsRgÁambMpøajrUbsMNaksasna RBHBuT§ ekaslubrUbRBHBuT§ecal dUcmankarekaslub cmøak;enAtamsrsrR)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlCasñaédrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaedIm. edaymanCMnYyBIBYkm:ugeKal esom)anegIbbHe)areLIgpþac;xøÜnecjRbqaMgnigGaNacRkExμr begáItCardæÉkraCümYyeQμaH suexaT½y enAstvtS TI13 edayesþc RsI\RnÞTwtüa ¬1240-1270¦. esom)anbnþeFIVsRgÁamCamYyExμrbnþeTot edayelIkbnþúb emdwknaMfμI EdlminEmnCaBUCBgSvrμ½neTot eQμaHta Rtsk;Ep¥m EdlRbvtþisaRsþExμrRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehIyman erOgniTanmYyekIteLIg EdlminEmnCaRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd KWerOgtaRtsk;Ep¥m. bnÞab;mkGaNacRkExμrk¾Føak;kñúgsRgÁamvwkvr deNþImraCKña edayesþcBwgelIbreTsCitxag mçagBwgyYn mçageTotBwgesom. esþcExμr)aneTABwgyYneGayCYyc,aMg CamYyesþcExμrGgÁepSgeTot edIm,IRBHraCbl½gÁman dUcCaesþcGgÁsU¬1659-1672¦ GgÁtn; GgÁc½nÞ GgÁnn; GgÁGwm GgÁTg ¬ramaFibtI¦¬1747-1748 nig 1756-1757¦GgÁmuI ¬1834-1841¦ . cMENkkSRtEdleTABwgesomxøHenAeRkam\Ti§Blesom ehIy c,aMgCamYyesþc EdlBwgyYnenaH manesþc RsIsureyaBN’ ¬1602-1618¦ FmμraCaTI 3 GgÁs¶Ün ¬17491755¦ GgÁeGg GgÁGwm GgÁDYg ¬1841-1859¦GgÁeBA CaedIm. eRkaymkeFIVeGayExμrQb;TukcitþExμrKñaÉg edaysarEtsRgÁamdeNþImGMNaccuHeLIgenH eFIVeGay)at;bg;CMenOeCOCak;dwknaMRbeTsedayxøÜnÉgrhUtdl;raC rbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg. RBHGgÁxVayxVl;GMBIkar)at;bg;RbeTsExμr edaykarelbTwkdI karQøanBan BIRbeTsCitxag minecHcb; RBHGgÁk¾rkmeFüa)aydak;RbeTseGaysßitenAeRkamGaNanIKmn_)araMg EtenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁminTan; )ansMerceT eRBaHkarTMnak;TMngmin)ansMerceRBaHesþcesomcab;sMbuRt EdlRBHGgÁepJIeGay)araMg)an. eTIb mkdl;RBH)aTneratþmCabuRtc,grbs;esþcGgÁDYgeTIbkarTak;TgCamYy GñkpSaysasna)araMg)ansMerc ehIy)an cuHhtßelxaRbKl;eGay)araMgkan;kab; 11 sIha 1863. RbeTsExμr)ansßitenAeRkamGNaniKm)araMg cab;BI eBlenaH rhUtmkdl;)araMg)anelIkbnþúbGtItesþc sIhnu eGayeLIgesayraCüenAqñaM 1941 eBlEdlRBHGgÁ kMBugeronenAéRBnKr. k-neratþm sIhnu (Norodam Sihanouk) esþc neratþm sIhnu RbsURtenAéf¶TI31 Extula qñaM1922 CabuRtrbs;RBH)aT suramRmit nig RBHmataRBHnamkusm³. RBHGgÁ)ansikSaeronsURtenAviTüal½ysIusuvtß nigbnþkarsikSaenAéRBnKr ¬TwkdIExμr km<úCaeRkam¦. eBlRBHGgÁkMBugsikSaenAviTüal½ysasUlU)aéRBnKr )araMgelIkbnþúbRBHGgÁeGayeLIgesayraCü enARBHCnμ 18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM1941. eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;)araMg mankarbHe)arRbqaMg nigGNaniKm )araMgekIteLIg edIm,ITamTarÉkraCü enAqñaM 1942 edayGacarü Ehm ecov nigeBaFi kMe)ar EdleKehafa sRgÁamq½Rt. )araMg)anbBa¢aeGay esþc sI hnu cab;Gacarü Ehm ecov b‘un can;ml; nigGñkmYycMnYneTot eTAdak;Kuk enAekaHRtLac. enAeBlenaHclnaExμr\sSr³ dwknaMeday sWug g:ukfaj; k¾RbqaMgCamYyRBHGgÁEdr. enAqñaM 1945 eBlEdlCb:uneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA GasIuGaeKñy_ sWug g:ukfaj;eLIgeFIVCanaykrdæmRnþI niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 41

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EteBlEdlCb:uncaj;sRgÁamelIkTI 2 eBlenaH semþc sIhnu)an GnuBaØateGay)araMgRtYtRtaRbeTsExμrsarCafμI ehIyRBHGgÁ)anRtUv)araMgelIkeGayesayraCüeTot. dl;enAéf¶TI 4 Exmifuna qñaM 1949 )araMg)ankat;TwkdIExμr eRkameTAeGayyYnCapøÚvkarEtmþg. RBHGgÁmanTIRbwkSa PaKeRcInCaCnbreTsdUcCa hSakma:Ey ¬)araMg¦ RBHGgÁ minsUvTukcitþExμrb:unμaneT Cak;Esþg bc©úb,nñRBHGgÁmanGgÁrkSCnCatikUer: b¤cinCaedIm ykRbBn§carkmμ yYn¬m:Unic¦ CaedIm CaBiesskñúgnamRBHGgÁCaesþc RBHGgÁminEdlsresrGkSrExμreT RBHGgÁsresrEtPasabreTsPasa )araMg ehIyKg;enAEtbreTs Kg;enAcin kUer:xageCIg RBHGgÁminEmnCaesþcExμreT RBHGgÁCaesþcbreTs. semþc sIhnu )ankuhke)akR)as;Exμr faRBHGgÁCabitaÉkraCü CaGñkeFIVkaMePøIgeQIedj)araMgecj EttamkarBitRbeTs CaeRcIn)anTTYlÉkraCüeRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbBa©b; EtExμrvij)araMg)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeTAeGayyYn EdlCaGñkeFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMg yYntMNag\NÐÚcin bnÞab;BIyYncuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØaGnþrCatienAhSwENv éf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954. sUmCYyBicarNaRtg;cMNucenH. eRkayBI)anÉkraCü kñúgnamCaesþcEpndI KμanKMnitdwknaM RbeTsCati RsLaj;GMNac dak;raCüeTAeFIVneya)aybegIátKNbkSsgÁmraRsþniymenAqñaM 1955 dwknaM RbmaN Cag 5 qñaM RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgsRgÁam BukrlYy esdækic©Føak;cuHedaysarcaj;e)akyYn. buKÁlwk lkçN³semþc sI hnu CabuKÁlcecs rwugrUs minsþab;eyabl;Gñkd¾éT CaBiess semþcsgÇraC CYn Nat CaGñkR)aCJ GñkesñhaCati )anhammineGayRBHGgÁeFIVkumμúynisþnaMeGayCativinas Etsemþc sI hnu minRBm eTAcuHhtßelxas¶at;²CamYy yYnpþl;TwkdIeGayeyokkugdak;T½BcMnYn 5 extþ enAEx emsa 1965. b:uEnþeRkaymk semþcsgÇraC CYn NatRtUv suKtedayGaf’kM)aMg. sI hnu CaesþcelμaPRsIeRcIn cUlcitþsb,ay eRcog nigsil,³ Cak;EsþgRBHGgÁman mehsIRsIsñMrab;ry eRcog sEmþgelçan EdlxusBIcriklkçN³emdwknaM. kardwknaMRbeTsKμanEpnkarc,as;las; edayeFIVtamGarmμN_nwkeXIj nigeFIVtamkarKUsvasrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ cin nig yYn. cMNucsegçbGtIt esþc sIhnu mandUcxageRkameTot ³ • RBHGgÁRtUVv)anEtgtaMgeday)araMgeGayeLIgesayraCüenARBHCnμ18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM 1941.

• bNþúHbNaþlenARkughaNUy TwkdIkm<úCaeRkam.

• RBHGgÁ)anGHGagfaRBHGgÁTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMg b:uEnþKat;)aneFIVmindwgminB¤BIkic©RBmeRBogkat; TwkdIkm<úCaeRkameGayyYn 4 mifuna 1949.

• TMnak;TnM gsm¶at;CamYyyYneGayeyokkugcUlmktaMgT½BenAkñg ú RsukExμr EdlRbeTskm<úCakal sm½yenaHCaRbeTsGBüaRkitü¬minQrxagkumμúynisþ nig minQrxagesrI¦.

• RBHGgÁ)anGnuBaØateGay s>r>G Tmøak;RKab;EbkenAkm<úCa edayminpþl;dMNwgeGayRbCaCnExμr dwgedIm,I)aneKcq¶ayBIkEnøgTmøak;RKab;EbkenH. • enAedImqñaM1970 neratþm sIhnu )aneFIVButCaQW ehIyyageTARbeTs)araMg b:uEnþtamBit eTARBHGgÁ)aneKcBIbBaðaEdlxøÜnRBHGgÁ)anbegIáteLIg nigminGacRKb;RKgelIevotkugEdl manvtþmanelITwkdIExμr 60 000nak;eTA 80 000nak;.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 42

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ln; Nul nig srImt³ )aneTA)araMgehIysMueGayRBHGgÁyagRtlb;mkvij b:uEnþRBHGgÁ )anbgçM eTACamYyGKÁmehsIrbs;RBHGgÁvij bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)ancUlrUYmCamYyExμrRkhmBIeb:kaMgmk begIátrNsirSrYmCatikm<úCa 23 mina 1970. RBHGgÁCa emExμrRkhm.

• karKaMRTyYnrbs;RBHGgÁ)ansMlab;RbCaCnsøÚtRtg;Cag 2 lannak; rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbBaØvnþ 20° • kare)aHeqñatenAqñaM1993 EdlmankarKaMRT nigRtYtBinitüBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati cMNayfvika Gs; 2>8 ekadiduløa kalenaHRbCaCn 90° )anecjeTAe)aHeqñat eTaHbImankarKMramkMEhg dl;CIvit nigkarbMPitbMP½yk¾eday. b:uEnþmgþ eTot GtItesþc sIhnu)anbMpøajecalsubinþ rbs;RbCaCnedayGnuBaØateGay hu‘n Esn kan;GMNacbnþ ehIyedjGgÁkarshRbCaCati eGayecjBITwkdIExμr. ehtuplenH edaysarRBHGgÁmankarcuHhtßelxasm¶at;CamYyhu‘n Esn CakUnGukyYn enAqñaM1987.

• RBHmhakSRtneratþm sIhnu manGKÁmehsICapøÚvkarcMnYn5 ¬pat; kn§úl sIu suvtißBgSmunñI sIu suvtißmunIeksn semþcRBHraC neratþm nrlkSN_ m:m munñIvNÑ nig mñag munic ¬munInaf sIhnu¦ehIynigmanRsIsñMepSg² eTot CaeRcIn RBmTaMgmanbuRtcMnYn 14.

• semþc sIhnu )anKaMRT h‘un Esn 100 PaKry elIk h‘un Esn Cavir³burs sarubmkGtItesþc sIhnu CaesþcRkhm Edlgb;gl;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ minKitKUrBIGayuCIvit RbeTsCati plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatixøÜnÉg edIm,IEtGMNacraCblø½gÁ. RBHGgÁdwknaMRbeTsCatinaMeGayFøak; mhnþray søab;mnusSrab;lannak;kñúgsm½yExμrRkhm RbeTsCatiexÞcxÞIedaysarsRgÁam nig)at;bg;TwkdICaedIm. eyIgsegáteXIjfa GtItesþcsIhnuenH minKitKUrBIsuxTukçrbs;raRsþRbCaeLIy Kg;enAEtbreTs . karEdlbMpus bMpuleGayExμrTaMgGs; cat;Tukfa sIhnu CaGñkmanbuNü sIhnu CabuKÁlGs©arü CaBakübMpusrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdlkMBugeRbIedIm,IykeQμaH sIhnu e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæExμr eGaylg;eCOGIVEdlminBit eCOxül; edIm,ITuk»kas eGayBYkkumμúynisþdeNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr RtYtRtaExμr sMercEpnkarrbs;eK kñúgkarelbykTwkdIExμr eday viFIRtCak; ¬neya)aycitþsaRsþ¦ TIbMputExμrmanEtsMbkRbeTs ExμrmanEteQμaH ExμrCaCnCatiPaKtic RtUvyYn RtYtRtaRbeTsedayRsYlbMput. tamBakürbs;bNÐitNarBaØKIrITiRt suxcitþeGayGñks¥b;´ eRBaH´niyaykarBit R)ab;Gñk CaCagGñkRsLaj;´ Edl´niyaykuhkR)ab;Gñk. sIhnu minEmnCaemdwknaM BitR)akdeT BIeRBaHGIVEdl Kat;eFIVxus ehIyxuseTot EtKat;minRBmlatRtdagkarBitBIkMhusrbs;xøÜn b¤sMueTas RbCaBlrdæExμresaH kMhussIhnumandUcCa dUcCaKat;dwknaMRbeTseGayFøak;cUlsRgÁam eFIVeGayExμr søab;rab;lan nak; Kat;xitxMlak; kMhusminRBmecjmkTTYlxusRtUv EbCaTMlak;kMhusdak;GñkenH GñkenaHCaedIm. ebIsinCa eyIgmin)ansikSa GMBIneya)ay RbvtþisaRsþExμr nigPaBCaGñkdwknaMeGay)ansIuCMerAeTenaH eyIgminGacvaytMélfaya:gNa cMeBaHsgÁmCatiExμr)aneT? BIeRBaHGñkFMEdlmanGMNacEtgeFIVGIVRtUvTaMgGs; biTsiTi§esrIPaBmineGayniyay karBit biTBt’man mineGayTTYl)ankarBit EtGñktUceTaHCaeFIVRtUv esñhaCatiya:gNak¾eday EtRtUveKTMlak; kMhusdak;ecaTfak,t;Cati ehIycab;dak;Kuk b¤smøab;ecaleTotpg TegIVGs;enH RbeTsCati minGacrIkcMerIn)aneT emdwknaMMCatiExμrCMnan;eRkay² RtUvecosevogcMNucTaMgGs;enaH. cMNucexSayrbs; RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu •

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 43

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KWminmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM rab;taMgBIsmtßPaB KuNFm’ CaedIm eRBaHGtμaniym eFIVGIVtamGarmμN_ l;g;menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn cin dwknaMKμanckçúvis½yc,as;las;.

sIhnu nig paM va:n;dug x-ln; nl; (Lon Nol) elak ln; nl; ekItenAéf¶TI 13 Exvicäkar qñaM1913 enAextþéRBEvg. Kat;)ansikSaenAsalaviTüal½ysIusuvtß ehIybnÞab;mkbnþkarsikSaenAshrdæGaemrik. elak ln; nl;manÉkeTsxageyaFa CabuKÁlEdlesμaHRtg; cMeBaHsemþc neratþm sIhnu. Kat;Føab;eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþI nigCaesnaRbmuxenArbbsgÁmraRsþniym. eRkaymk Kat;RtUv)aneKEtgtaMgeFIVCa GKÁnayknKr)al CaembBa¢karkgT½B CardæmRnþIRksYgkarBarCati eFIVCa naykrdæmRnþI. Kat;)aneFIVCaRbFanaFitI eRkayBIeFIVrdæRbhar enAéf¶TI 18 Exmina qñaM1970 kñúgrbbsaFarN³rdæ Exμr. elak ln; nl; KWCaGñkesñhaCatiExμrmYyrUb Edl)aneFIVsRgÁamtbtCamYyyYneyokkug EdlQøanBan RbeTsExμr. eBlEdlKat;eFIVCaRbFanaFibtI Kat;min)aneRtomxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkardwknaMrbbsaFarNrdæ b¤ karerobcM neya)ayRbeTseT BIeRBaHsßankarN_RbfucjúctMrUv. dMNak;kalenaHkumμúynisþGnþrCati kumμúynisþyYn kMBugEtrIkduHdal. elak ln; nl; )anFøak;exSayEpñksuxPaB edaymanCm¶Wsøab;mYycMehogxøÜn ehIy)an eTA Büa)alenA haév: Gs;ry³eBl Cag 2 Ex k¾RtLb;mkRbeTsExμrvij. elak ln; nl;CaGñkeCOelImnþGaKmn_ GUmGam edaycMNayR)ak;CaeRcInelICMenOenH. kardwknaMrbs;Kat; eKsegáteXIjman GMeBIBukrlYyCaeRcIn edaykarerobcMmin)anl¥ eRBaHfamRnþIraCkarmYycMnYnEdleFIVkarenAkñúgsarFarN³rdæ EtKaMRTrNsirSrYbrYmCati km<úCadwknaMeday esþc sIhnu. TIbMput kumμúynisþEdldwknaMedayyYneyokkug QñHenAéf¶TI 17 emsa 1975 ehIy)anbMBak;C½yCMnHenHeTAeGayBYkkumμúynisþExμr EdldwknaMeday sIhnu ehAfaExμrRkhm. eBlenaH elak ln; nl; )anePosxøÜneTAhaév: nab:unμanéf¶munTahan b:ul Bt cUlkan;kab;TIRkugPñMeBj enAéf¶ 17 emsa 1975.

Kat;nigRkumRKYsar)aneTArs;enAhaév:rhUtdl; qñaM1979 eTIbKat; )anpøas;bþÚreTArs;enA xlIv:kja: rhUtdl;TTYl mrN³PaBenAqñaM 1985.

elak esnaRbmux ln; nl; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 44

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K-b:ul Bt b¤ saLuút sr (Pol Pot ) or Salot Sar elak b:ul Bt ekItenAéf¶TI 25 Ex]sPa qñaM1928 enAextþkMBg;FM EdlmaneQμaHedImfa sa Luútsr.

Kat;man»kassikSaenAviTüal½yneratþm enAextþkMBg;cam. b:uEnþeRkaymk Kat;TTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTA sikSaenARbeTs)araMg BIeRBaH mþaymIgRtUvCaGñkraMr)aM)aeL sñMrbs; esþc sIhnu . enARbeTs)araMg Kat;sikSaEpñk GKÁIsnI EteBlEdlkMBugsikSaenATIenaH Kat;)ansikSaneya)ay edayeBjcitþnigmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ rbs;kal ma:kS ehIy)anRbqaMgrbbraCaniymrbs;esþc sIhnu. eRkaymk semþc sIhnu )ankat;pþac;GarharUbkrN_ ehIyKat;)anRtLb;mkkñúgRbeTsExμrvij edayminTan;)aneroncb;enAeLIy. b:ul Bt )ancUleFIVkarts‘URbqaMg rbbskþiPUmi rbs; sIhnu kñúgGMLúgqñaM 1951. eRkaymkKat;)anbegIátsalabeRgoneQμaHfa km<úCbuRt. Kat; CamnusS EdlmankarKitKUrEvgq¶ay manlkçN³sm,tþirmTmü suPaBrabsabMput nig manR)aCJasÞk; manevaha CamnusSmanrUbrags¥at)atKYreGaycab;citþ BaJjwm rYsray minsUvniyaysIþ EdleFIVeGayKat; manRbCaRbiy cMeBaHnisSitTUeTA. Kat;mandMeNIrrh½srhYn KWCabuKÁlmñak;EdlBUEkTak;TajcitþhVÚgGñksaþb;. eRkayBIman )atukmμekIteLIgenAsMLÚt eFIVeGaysIhnuxJal; bBa¢aeGaysmøab;)atukr xøHRtUvkat;kGs;rab;mWunnak; rdæaPi)al sIhnu )anRbkasedjcab;BYkEdlRbqaMgRBHGgÁman saLútsr exovsMpn h‘U nwm h‘Uyn;CaedIm. saLuútsr )ancUleTACamYybkSkumμúynisþRbCaCnkm<úCaenAqñaM1951 enACamYyTUrsamut EdlenAeRkambkSkumμúynisþrbs; yYn. eRkayBIrdæRbhar 18 mina 1970 b:ul Bt RtUvbgçMcitþedaysar yYn nig cin)aneGay cUlrYmCamYysemþc sIhnu begIátCarNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaenA éf¶TI 23 mina 1970. eBlenaH b:ul Bt CaembBa¢akarkgT½BrMedaH CYrmux. b:ul Bt CaGñkdwknaMmYyrUbyklMnaMtamrbb haVsIus pþac;kar xVHKuNFm’ EdlTTYlkarerobcMbNþúH bNþal elIkGMNacCUnedayyYnkumμúynisþ éf¶TI 17 Exemsa qñaM1975. TaMgsemþc sIhnu nig b:ul Bt edIrkñúgl,ickl,yYn. b:ul Bt lg;kñúgmenaKmn_viC¢akumμúynisþ rYmCamYysIhnu RbqaMgCamYyBYkesrI EdlCaGñk EdlesñhaCati eFIVeGayxUcRbeyaCn_Exμrya:gxøaMg ePøcKitBIyuT§saRsþ sikSaeGaysIuCMerA KitBIGayuCIvit RbeTsCati plRbeyaCn_Cati GayuCIvitRbCaBlrdæ. enHCasmþIsarPaBrbs; b:ul Bt Edl)anniyayeday mindwgxøÜn lg;eCOyYn eTIbEtPJak;xøÜneRkayBIeBlEdleFIVdMeNIreTACYb eL yn; enAhaNUy. Kat;)aneFIVdMeNIr efμIreCIgGs;ryHeBl 2 ExknøH. eBleTAdl; eL yn; )anpþl;ÉksareGayemIl Kat;emIledayl¥itl¥n; rYcTajsnñidæanfa {´)aneXIjtaMgBIqñaM 1930 dl;qñaM 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam

)anniyayBIbkSbdivtþRbCaCnkm<úCa niglav dUcCaEmkFagrbs;bkSevotNam. bkSTaMgBIrGnuvtþn_c,ab;maK’a neya)ay nigyuT§saRsþrbs;bkSevotNam. munnig´)aneXIjÉksarTaMgGs;enH edaypÞal;xøÜn´ ´eCOTukcitþ elIevotNam. b:uEnþeRkayBIGanÉksarTaMgGs;enaHeTA ´Qb;eCOelIeKehIy ´eXIjfa eK)ancat;taMgGgÁkar bkSenAkñúgRsukeyIg edIm,IsMercTwsedAyuT§saRsþEtmYy KW shB½n§\NÐÚcin. eK)anbegIátbkSEtmYy edIm,ItMNag eGayTwkdI bBa©ÚlKñaEtmYy.} Rtg;cMNucenH emdwnaMeRkay²RtUvcaMfa Qb;BwgbreTsCitxag RtUvBwgExμrxøÜnÉg eCOExμrKñaÉg. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 45

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eBlEdlyYncUlQøanBan enAéf¶TI 7 mkra 1979 Kat;)aneKcmktamCayEdn ehIyvaytbt CamYyyYnQøanBan. rhUtdl;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enAéf¶TI 23 tula 1991. Etmin)ancUlmke)aHeqñateT eRBaHKat;emIleXIjfa yYn)anbgáb;enAkñúgKNbkSRbCaCn enAkñúgTwkdIExμr. ExμrRkhm)aneFIVkarts‘UCamYy KNbkSRbCaCneTotrhUt dl;qñaM 1997 eTIbeFIVsmarNkmμ. elak b:ul Bt )ancUlmrN³PaB enAéf¶TI 17 emsa 1998 enAkñúgxÞmmYy edaysareraKBüaFienAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.

sa Lútsr ehAb:ul Bt X-h‘un Esn (Hun Sen) h‘un Esn ekItenAéf¶TI 4 Exemsa qñaM1951 ¬1952¦ enAextþkMBg;cam eQμaHedIm Nal; Edlman»BukeQμaH nag ExSRsLay cin kat;yYn nig mþayeQμaH b:uk manRbBn§yYn eQμaH b‘un ehog ERbeQμaHCa b‘un ra:nI sBVéf¶ . h‘un Esn CasisSeronfñak;TI 7. bnÞab;mk)ancUleFIVCaTahanExμrRkhm tamkarGMBavnavrbs;esþcsIhnu. eBlcUleFIVTahanExμrRkhm CaemRkum EdlRtUvyYnkumμúynisþ)an bNþúHbNþal enAkñúgéRBma:KI. eRkayBIkarkab;smøab; ExμreGayclacl yYn)anpøas;bþÚrneya)ayfμI KWyYn)ancUlmk QøanBanExμr naéf¶ 7 mkra 1979 edayelIkbnþúb h‘un Esn sMrab;bMerIneya)ay. enAqñaM 1979 yYn)anelIk h‘un Esn eFIVCardæmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs eRkaymkeBlEdl Eb:n suvNÑ RtUvyYncab;dak;KukenA haNUy nig can; sIu RtUvyYncak;fñaMsmøab;. sUmCMrabfa eKalkarN_erIs bkSCnrbs;yYn eKerIsEtGñkniymcUlcitþyYn. naqñaM 1985 h‘un Esn RtUveKEtgtaMgCanaykrdæmRnþI kñúgrbbsarFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa EdlCarbbxusc,ab;eRBaH minTTYlsÁal;edayGgÁkarshRbCaCati. enAqñaM 1987 h‘un Esn )aneTAcrcarCamYysIhnu enATIRkug hSakata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigeFIVCabnþbnÞab; ehIyQaneTArkkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs EdlmanGñkRsI mUsuxhYr CaCMnYy kñúgerOgenH. rhUtdl;kare)aHeqñat 1993 erobcMedayGCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñ GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;km<úCa eBlenaHKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn )ancaj;eqñat edayeqñat)anQñHxagKNbkShVwunsiunbiuc dwknaMeday neratþmrNriT§. h‘un Esn)anRbkaspþac;xøÜn eFIVGb,Kmn_enAeRtIyxagekItTenøemKgÁ b:uEnþedayman esþc sIhnu edIrtYrCaGñkpSHpSar begIátrdæaPi)alehIyRbKl;eGayman naykrdæmRnþIBIr neratþm rNriTi§ naykrdæmRnþI TI 1 h‘un Esn naykrdæmRnþITI 2. enAéf¶TI 5-6 kkáda qñaM 1997 h‘un Esn )aneFIVrdæRbhar smøab;BYkGñkesñhaCati GñkRsLaj;RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgKNbkShVinsiunbiuccMnYn 280nak; EdldEgðtamesþckumμúynisþ sIhnu ehIyelIk GMNacÉk]tþm Giug hYt CMnYs. GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatimYycMnYn EdlenAesssl;)anrt;enAtMbn; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 46

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GUsμac; EtRtUvneratþmrNriTi§ehAcUlmkvij ehIyRtUv h‘un Esn smøab; cab;dak;KukCabnþbnÞab; edayecaTRbkan; nig begIátRBwtþikarN_epSg² edIm,IecaTRbkan;eTot dUcCa sIuEGvEGv KN³kmμkarCMnajTI 14 clnamhanKr CaedIm. h‘un Esn eFIVCanaykmRnþICabnþbnÞab;mk minEmnRbCaBlrdæExμre)aHeqñat ecjBIwqnÞ³BitR)akdeT vaCakaerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg. dUcenHebIeyIgviPaKlkçN³sm,tþi emdwknaMrbs; h‘un Esn minxusnigsemþc sIhnu nig taRtsk;Ep¥mb:unμaneT eRBaHKμanlkçN³RKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM rab;taMgBI suxPaB dUcCaBikarEPñkmçag KμanKuNFm’ esñhaCatixøÜnÉg ehIyRtUvbreTs¬yYn¦ elIkbnþúbGMNac eGaysMrab;bMerIneya)aydUc semþcsIhnu nigtaRtsk;Ep¥mEdr. h‘un Esn Gtμaniym elaPln;GMNac lYcnig lk;RTBüsm,tþiCati ykmkdak;Casm,tþibuKÁl nigeGaybreTs deNþImEhkhYrRTBüsm,tþiExμr edaysuxcitþ sßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_yYn. CaBiess CakUnGktBaØÚ eFIVeGaymþaybegIátrbs;xøÜnsøab; edayRcaneGaydYl b:Hk,alnigekAGI Føak;xøÜnQIrhUtdl;mþaysøab; edaysaRKaMRKa . lkçN³sm,tþisegçb h‘un Esn mandUc xageRkam³ 1-yYnelIkbnþúb h‘un Esn eFIVCacarkmμbMerIneya)ayeGayyYn edIm,IeFIVCarnaMgbiT)aMgExμrbMP½nþExμr.

2-h‘un Esn cuHhtßelxakat;TwkdIeGayyYn nigGnuBaØatieGayniKmn_yYnmkrs;enARbeTsExμrtam sni§sBaØa 25 qñaM nigsn§isBaØa 1970 1980 1982 1985.

3-h‘un Esn GnuBaØateGayyYnkab;éRBeQI rwbGUsRTBüsm,tþiExμr.

4-h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYn cab;ExμrbBa¢ÚneGayeTAsøab;enAtMbn; k 5 .

5-eRkamelsGPivDÆn_ h‘un Esn cuHhtßelxaeGaydIsm,TaneGayyYncMnYn 99qñaM tMbn;GPivDÆn_ RtIekaNenA rtn³KIrI mNÐlKIrICaedIm ¬dIyYnya:gRsYl¦ .

6-h‘un Esn suxcitþeGayyYnRtYtRtaRbeTsExμresÞIrRKb;vis½y .

7-h‘un Esn BMumansuxPaBRKb;RKan;eT KWCamnusS)at;sésRbsaTeRBaHxVak;EPñkmYycMehog KWCamnusS eqvqav kMeralcUl Ck;)arI nig eRbIeRKOgjan.

8-h‘un Esn CamnusSKμansmtßPaBdwknaMBitR)akd GMNacyYnelIkeGay. 9-h‘un Esn CaCnpþac;karKμanKuNFm’ eFIVtambBa¢ayYn . ¬yYnesom QremIlsb,aycitþ eBlExμreQøaHKña eFIVsRgÁamExμrKñaÉg¦

h‘un Esn niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 47

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2-neya)aydwknaM (Political Leadership) k-sgÁmraRsþniym eRkayBITTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMgenAéf¶TI 9 Exvicäka qñaM 1953. RbCaBlrdæExμrsgÇwmfa)ansuxsnþiPaB ÉkraCü nigsuPmgÁl eRkamkardwknaMrbs; semþc neratþm sIhnu. KNbkSneya)ayepSg²cUlmkkñúgKNbkS sgÁmraRsþniymEtmYy edayRbCaRbiyrbs;Kat;fa CabitaÉkraCü deNþImÉkraCüBI)araMg eRkayBIsnñisiT§ )an;DugenAqñaM 1955 nigkareRbIhwgSaelIKNbkSRbCaFibetyüCaedIm. enAéf¶TI 21 emsa 1955 sI hnu )andak;raCüeFIVneya)ay edaysnüafamineLIgRKgraCüvijeToteT. sIhnu eLIgRKgraCüsarCafμI b:uEnþéf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM1993. rbbRKb;RKgGMNacsßitenAelImnusSEtmñak; eRBaHkalenaH RBHGgÁCaRbmuxrdæpgnig CanaykrdæmRnþIpg. sPasißtenAeRkamGMNacrbs;sIhnu enAeBlEdlsPamineFIVtamneya)aysIhnu sPaRtUv EtrMlayecaleRCIstaMgfμI² dUcCakñúgGaNtþirbs;naykrdæmRnþI Eb:n nut eBlEdlRBHGgÁyageTAeb:kaMg enAqñaM 1968 Rsab;Etman)atukmμekIteLIgenATIRkugPñMeBj eBlRBHGgÁyagmkvij RBHGgÁ)anrMlaysPaecal eday ecaTfa dwknaMminekIt. enArbbsgÁmraRsþniym sPaRtUvrMlayecalCaeRcInelIk. sIhnu )andak;raCümkeFIV neya)aybegIátCabkSsgÁmraRsþniymenAqñaM 1955 EdlCabkSmYypþac;kar pþÜlrMlMKNbkSneya)aydéTeTot edaykl,icepSg² kñúgeKalbMNgkan;GMNacpþac;mux CaBiess ykRbCaRbiyPaBÉkraCüBI)araMg Edltamkar BitCaÉkraCü Edl)araMgRbKl;eGayyYn eday)araMgcaj;yYnenA eDon ebon PU eRkaysRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 cuHsn§isBaØa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAéf¶TI 20 kkáda 1954. karxitxMts‘Urbs;GñkesñhaCati mYycMnYnEdl)antva:taMgEt BIesþcsIhnuenAkñúgraCbløg½ ÁeRkam )araMgRtYtRta. CMnYykarrbs;esþc sIhnu man 3 nak; sm sarI ln; nl; nig GU FYn. kare)aHeqñatenAqñaM 1955 RbCaBlrdæ)ane)aHeqñateGay KNbkSsgÁmraRsþniym Edlman esþc sIhnuu CaRbmux. RbeTs)ans¶b;KμansRgÁam Gs;ry³eBlCag 10 qñaM .

ExμrminTan;rIkcMerInxagbec©kviTüa nigFnFan mnusSxøaMgenAeLIyeT EtyYneyokmij )anbgáb;eFIVskmμPaBs¶at;² enARbeTsExμrcab;taMgBI qñaM 1946 emøH ¬tamcMkarekAs‘UkMBg;cam nigtamsMLÚt¦. bnÞab;mkRbeTsExμr RtUvFøak;kñúgePIøgsRgÁam vinasexøacpSarQWcab; niraRsþRBat;R)as; Em:« bgb¥Ún jatisNþanCaTIRsLaj; søab;)at;bg;CIvitRbCaBlrdæExμrrab;lannak; ¬sRgÁam\NÐÚcinTI 2¦. sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym RbCaBlrdæExμrmanEt cMnYn 6lanknøH ebIeFobeTAnigRbeTsyYnman 40 lannak; nigRbeTsesommancMnYn 30lannak;. enAcenøaH eBlenaHKWCadMNak;kal énsRgÁamRtCak;rvag kumμúynisþnigesrI. cMENkRbeTsExμreRkamkardwknaMrbs; sI hnu )ancab;ykneya)ayGBüaRkitü KWsnñisiT§)an;DugenARbeTs\NÐÚensIu qñaM1955 EdleBlenaHBiPBelak RtUvmanb:Ul 3 KW sUevot cin nig shrdæGaemric. RbeTsExμrRbkasneya)ayGaBüaRkitmann½yfamincUl xagesrI nig kumμúynisþ. EtenAExemsaqñaM 1965 semþc sI hnu )anlYccuHhtßelxas¶at;² CamYyyYnxageCIg ¬ yYnkumμúynisþ¦ CaehtubegIát»kaseGayyYncUlmkdak;T½BenAkñúgTwkdIExμr cMnYn 5extþ eFIVsRgÁamenA elITwkdIExμr lMeGogeTArkkmμúynisþ. sRgÁamcab;epþImeqH enARbeTsExμrcab;BIqñaM 1965 enAeBlEdlyYn kumμúynisþykTWkdIExμreFIVCasmrPUmi TIlanRbyuT§ eFIVeGayExμr søab;rab;lannak;. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 48

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esdækci ©Føak;cuHcab;taMgBITsvtSTI1960 edaysarGMeBIBukrlYy GesßrPaBneya)ay edaysaryYneFIVviecäT kmμesdækic© dUcCae)aHBum<luyEkøgkøaymkTij mðÚbGahar Ggár edayeGaytMéléføCardæ EdleFIVeGay)at;bg; cMNUlfvikardæ GtulüPaBesdækic© begIátvibtþisgÁm elgEl,gkasIuNU EdlsBVéf¶køayCasNæaKar ExmbUDiya: Na. CaBiess yYn)aneFIVeGaysßankarl¥k;kkr bgárCavibtþiépÞkñúgeLIg edaymçagxageyokkug¬ExμrRkhm nig sIhnu¦ nig mçagxageTotExμresrI¬ln; nl;¦. mRnþIraCkarPaKeRcInRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYy edayesdækic©cab;Føak;cuH cab;taMgBIqñaM 1960 eRkay BIyYne)aHBum<luyEkøgkøaymkTij eKa nig RsUvGgáreTAciBa©wmT½ByYneyokkug.

RbCaBlrdæExμrenAmancMnYntic mancMnYnRbmaN 6>5 lan nak; ebIeFobeTAnigRbeTsCitxag EdlRbCaCn eKman 30 lan eTA 40 lannak;. RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIncMnYn 90 PaKry CaGñkeFIVERscMkar nigmanCMenOeTA elIRBHBuT§sasna Rbkbrbrksikmμtam TMenomTMlab; RbéBNI BIdUnta dUcCaeFIVERscMkar edayeRbI]bkrN_bUraN mnusS nigstV CaedIm. TinñplksikmμmankMritx<s; nigsm,ÚreTAedaysm,tiþFmμCatiRKb;RbePT eFIVeGay BYkKat;manCIvPaBFUrFar Etmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCHeT¬CaBiessRsþI¦. RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKticbMput Edlerondl;fñak;DIbøÚm ehIyk¾CaGñkEdlGs©arübMput. eRBaHfaenAqñaM 1955 RbeTsExμrenAminTan;manskl viTüal½y enAeLIyeT GñkeronPaKeRcIneTAeronenAéRBnKr nigeTAeronenARbeTs)araMg rhUtdl;qñaM 1960 eTIb RbeTsExμr mansklviTüal½y 1 eLIg KW sklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj. enAtamCnbTRsukERs RbCaBlrdæman EtsmÖar³ EtxVHkarcMeNHdwgeronsURtx<g;x<s;. RbeTsExμrCaEdndIsuvNÑPUmi sm,ÚredayePaKRTBüFmμCati dUcCa éRBeQI RtI stVéRB Er: nigFnFansmuRT EdlCacMNIrbs;RbeTsCitxagcg;elbRt)ak;. karEdlsMbUreday FnFan FmμCatienaH)anbgárGMeNaydl;ksipl manTinñplx<s; GacnaMecjeTARbeTseRkA. karsMbUreday vtßúFatuedImenHehIy eFIVeGayeyIggayRsYlkñúgkarrkvtßúFatuedImedIm,Iykmkplit. dIEdlmanCICatipþl;nUv Tinñpl ksikmμya:gx<s;enHehIy eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrmanCIvPaBFUrFar nigKμanxVl;xVay. RbCaBlrdæExμr eRcInEteFVIsMrab;EtRKYsar minEmnplitsMrab;naMecjeRkARbeTs. BaNiC¢kmμnaMecj eRcInCagnaMcUl eFIVeGay esdækic©mankarrIkcMerIn. karEdlmanePaKplFmμCatieRcIn ehIymanRbCaBlrdætic eFIVeGayRbeTsmantMrUv kartic ehIyRTBüsm,tiþhUrehor elIsesckIþRtUvkarenaH begIáteGaymanCIvPaBFUrFardl;RbCaBlrdæ Etkar eFVsRbEhsGMBIkardwknaM nigrbs;emdwknaM kñúgkarEfrkSabI)ac;rbs;;RTBüeGayKg;vgS RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkar vaylukcUlmkkñúgRbeTsExμr kkUrsßankarN_eGayFøak;cUlkñúgsRgÁam. RbeTs)anTTYlÉkraCüeBjelj rYcBIkarykBnæEdlCabnÞúkd¾F¶n;mYy sMrab;RbCaCatiExμr BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. b:uEnþTnÞwmnigkarsm,Úrsb,ay sniþPaB )anEtcMnYn 5qñaM eRkaymkRbeTsExμrcab;epþImmanvibtþiesdækic©Faøk;cuHnigGMeBIBukrlYyekItmanCa bnþ bnÞab;. karFøak;cuHesdækic©bNþalmkBI eyokkugcUlmktaMgTIlMenAkñúgRbeTsExμr ehIyeFIVeGayExμrGesßrPaB nig yYneyokkug eFIVviecäTkmμesdækic© e)aHBumÖluyEkøgkøay Tij RsUvGgár nigeKaRkbIExμreTAciBa©wmT½Brbs;yYn rYmTaMgmaþyekμk semþc sIhnu CaGñkrksIuCamYyyYn cMeNj 250 duløakñúgmYYyqñaM eFIVeGayesdækic©ExμrFøak;cuH ya:gkMhuk. TahaneyokkugmancMnYn 65000 nak;)anmktaMgTIenAkñúgTwkdI RbeTsExμr PaKxagekIténRbeTs. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkRbeTsExμr )anFaøk;cUleTAkñúgePIøgsRgÁam edaysaryYnmindkfyecjBITwkdIExμr EfmTaMg lukluycUleRCAeTA²mkkñúgTwkdIExμr. karEdlsI hnu CYyyYneyokkugCasm¶at;enH KW sI hnu cg;eRbIneya)ay niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 49

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eRbIsBIr cg;niyayfa RtUvCamYyxagkumμúynisþedaysm¶at; EtCacMhr Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkitü minkan;xag kumμúynisþ nigesrI. mann½yfa sIhnu KWkumμúynisþ kumμúynisþ KW sI hnu. edaysmøwgeXIjfaBYkesrI minGacQñHkumμúynisþ)aneT TaMgenA\NÐÚcin nigGnþrCati BIeRBaHeBlenaH KWCasRgÁamRtCak; Edlkumμúynisþ kMBugEtrIkraldalya:gxøaMg KW manRbeTscMnYn 97 CaRbeTsRbkan; rbbkumμúynisþtam m:akS elnIn. cMENk sI hnu kan;ykrbbkumμúynIsþEbbcin EdlbegáItsnñisIT)an;Dug enA ya:kata dwknaMedayelak RbFanaFibetyü sI kaNU GMBI sniñsITmincUlbkSsm<½n§¬semþcsIhnu Gn;citþ CamYYyGaemricEdlminykcitþTukdak;. EtcMeBaH snñisiT§)an;Dug CU eGLay s‘UkaNU )anTHédGbGr ya:gkgrMBg. karEdleRbIneya)ayGBüaRkitenH cg;beBa©os sRgÁamrvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI. edaysmøwgeXIjfa kumμúynisþkMBugEtrIkraldal kumμúynisþGacrkSaGMNac bl½øgÁeGayRBHGgÁ eTIbRBHGgÁCYyyYn eyokkug edaysm¶at; edayeRbIl,iceGaysRtUvvayKña. EtpÞúyeTAvij neya)ayenH)anedIreRkamyuT§saRsþ neya)aykumμuynisþyYn Edlfax©IpøÚv edIm,IeLamB½T§ykbUrI¬TwkdI¦. eRBaHfa eBlEdlyYndak;T½BelITwkdIExμr tambeNþayRBMEdnExμr yYnenaHmann½yfa yYn)aneRbIl,icxI©pøÚvExμr edIr. yYn)ancMeNjTwkdI EdlyYndak;T½B ehIyeRbIR)as;ykesdækic©Exμr eFIVeGayExμrGsniþsux bgá mhnþray dl;RbCaBlrdæExμr nig RTBüsm,tiþExμr eFIVeGayTwkdIExμr CaTIlanRbyuT§søab;mnusSGs;rab;lannak;. eBlEdl yYn)andak;T½BelITwkdIExμr eBlenaH yYnmin)andkT½BecjeT RBmTaMgeRCotcUlbnþicmþgmkkñúgTwkdIExμr ehIy hUCImij)ansmøab;xøÜn enAéf¶TI 9 Ex kBaØaqñaM 1969 edIm,IdutqnÞ³eGayRbCaBlrdæeKxitxMeFIVtamEpnkarhU CImij eGay)ansMercdl;eKaledA minEmn hU CImij caj;neya)ay sI hnu dUcBYkcarkmμ kumμúynisþ edIrniyayenaHeT. kalEdl hUCImij søab; KWedIm,IbM)at;snüarvag sIhnu nig hUCImijEdl sIhnu GnuBaØateGayT½ByYntaMg TIenAelITwkdIExμr. dUecñH l,icrbs; sI hnu enAeRkaml,icrbs;yYn. ehtuenHehIy)anCaExμr RtUvvinasGnþray rhUtmkdl;eBlenH. x-saFarN³rdæExμr (Khmer Republics) cab;BIéf¶TI 18 ExmIna qñaM1970 KWCaéf¶cab;epþImsRgÁamrvagBYkkumμúynisþeyokkug EdlkMBugEtratt,at enAelITwkdIExμrPaKekIténRbeTs edaymanT½BRbmaN 60000 eTA80000nak; EteRkayeBlEdl semþc sIhnu begIátrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCaenARkugeb:kaMgéf¶TI 23 mIna 1970 edIm,I biT)aMgGnþrCatieGayeXIjfaenH CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij ExμrsIhnu b:ul Bt enAxagkumμúynisþEdlmancinCaGñkKaMRTxagkarTUt smÖarHswk nigyYnCaGñkCYybgðat;beRgonklyuT§kgT½B nigmenaKmn_neya)ayepSg² edIm,IeFIVsRgÁamedjBYkesrIecj man ln; nl; esrImt³ EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. GñkEdlQrxagesrI Edlmanéf nigeyokNamxagt,Úg CaedIm. dUcenHehIy eyIgeXIjfa Exμrmçagkumμúynisþ ExμrmçagxagesrI vaysmøab;ExμrKñaÉg edayKμanRtaRbNI CaBiessRkumkumμúynisþEdllg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn. eyIgsegáteXIjfa sRgÁamenA\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 nig TI3 suT§EtmankarKaMRTedaykumμúynisþ cin nigr:UsSIú. sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 1rvagyYneyokmij nig)araMg edIm,IeGayYnedj)araMgecjBI\NÐÚcin k¾cinCaGñkKaMRTyYn. sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 2 yYn nigGaemrikkaMg k¾ KaMRTedaycinEdr EteBleRkaybBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 yYn)andUreTArkCMnYy BIshPaB sUevotvij. sRgÁamcab;BIqñaM 1970 ln; ln; QrenAxagesrI smÖar³swk hirBaØvtßúKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 50

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eFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYneyokkug edIm,IkarBarTwkdI BIkarb:unb:gvatTITwkdIrbs;kumμúynisþyYn EdlcUllukluy TwkdIExμr tamkarGnuBaØatrbs; esþc sIhnu EdlQrenAxagkumμúynisþyYn nigcin . vaCakarlM)akbMputsMrab; ]tþmesnIy_ nl; nl; naeBlenaH BIeRBaHfa karerobcMkgT½BmYyd¾xøaMgehIyrwugmaMPøam² minGaceFIVeTA)an EtKYrCaTIemaTnPaB cMeBaHkmøaMgesñhaCatiExμr edIm,IbuBVehtukarBarTwkdI BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYn RbCaBlrdæExμr RKb;rUbPaKeRcInTaMgnisSit bBaØvnþ eTaHCa min)anhat;eronviC¢akgT½BeGay)ansÞat;CMnajk¾eday k¾køahanegIb eLIgedaymintk;søút c,aMgvaylukedjyYn eyokkug EdlmanbTBiesaFn_xageyaFaya:gsem,Imrab;sibqñaM. virPaBd¾Gg;GackøahanenH CaKMrUEdldk;Cab;enAkñúgRkeGAebHdUgGñkesñhaCatiExμr kUnExμrCMnan;eRkayRKb;rUb eGaymankmøaMgcitþ edIm,IkarBarCatiTwkdIrbs;xøÜn BIkarb:unb:grMelaPQøanBanelICatiTwkdIExμrBIbreTs. karebIk RbtibtþikarswkEdlmaneQμaHfa ecnLa )aneFIVeGaykgT½BsaFarNrdæExμr søab;ya:geRcIn BIeRBaHkgT½BPaK eRcInmin)anhVwkhat;RtwmRtUv ekμgx©I RbyuT§CamYykgT½BeyokkugEdlmanbTBiesaFn_sRgÁamCag 20 qñaMmk ehIyenaH. EtedaykmøaMgesñhaCati karBatiCati matuPUmieTaHCabUCaCIvitk¾minesaksþayeLIy. eKaledA rbs;yYnKWeFIVsRgÁamvatTITwkdI nigsmøab;srsrRTUgExμreGayGs;b£sKl; EdlRsbeTAnigneya)ayGnþrCati EdlmhaGMNackumμúynisþ nigmhaGMNacesrI kMBugEtsßitenAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak; shPaB sUevot EdlCa emkumμúynisþrbs;xøÜnenaH KW yYn)anBRgIk\Ti§BlkumμúnisþenAelI\NÐÚcinEtmþg. yYnkumμúynisþerobcMyuT§saRsþ eFIVeGayRbeTsExμrman PaBvikvr RcbUkRcbl; edaysarePIøgsRgÁamqabeqH esdækic©Føak;dundab mnusS søab;rab; lannak;. b:uEnþesrIminGacQñHkumμúynisþeLIy edaysarkalenaH TaMgkumμúynisþcin sUevot enAkMBugmankmøaMg xøaMgxøa mincg;eGayesrIcUlmkdeNþImplRbeyaCn_enA\NÐÚcineTot cinCaGñkenABIeRkayxñgyYnya:geBjTMhwg kñúgsRgÁamTaMgBIrelIkenaH. Gaemrik)andkkgT½BecjBI\NÚÐcin edaysarnisSit 4 nak;)ansøab;edaykareFIV )atkmμedIm,IeGayGaemrikbBa©b;sRgÁamenA\NÐÚcin. eBlenaHCa»kasrbs;BYkkumμúynisþQñHelIBYksaFarN³rdæ enAéf¶TI 17 emsa 1975. ehIyenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 CasRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyYnxagt,Úg k¾cb;dUcKña EtExμrmin)ancb;eLIy edayvegVg nigkarkab;smøab;KñaCabnþbnÞab;. eBlenaHmanCMnYyrbs;sUevot mkCYyyYnxageCIg nigCMnYyGaemrikmkCYyyYnxagt,Úg cMENkÉCMnYyrbs;Exμr nigRTBüsm,tþiCaeRcIn RtUv)an yYnRbmUlrwmGUseTARbeTseKTaMgGs;. b:ul Bt KaMRTedaycin cMENkyYnKaMRTedaysUevot EdlCaehtunaM eGayExμrRkhmmçagyYn mçagxagcin)aneFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYneTot BIeRBaH cin nig sUevotk¾man CemøaHenAtam CayEdn. edaymankarKMramkMEhgBI sUevot etsIuveBg )angakeTArkGaemrik.

K-rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü (Cambodia Democractic Regime) rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlbgáeGaymanRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;lannak; edayGyutþiFm’enH eyIgmin GacelIkmkniyayRtwmEtqñaM 1975 enaHeT. EteyIgRtUvEvkEjkbkRsay viPaKRBwtþikarN_neya)ay taMgBIedImkMeNItbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcinbegIáteLIgna éf¶TI 3 kumÖ³ 1930 EdlCaedImehtueGaykumμúynisþekIt eLIgenARbeTsExμr. neya)ayBiPBelakrbs;RbeTsmhaGMNac kareqøot»kasrbs;RbeTsCitxag CaBiess yYn EdlmanmhicätaelbTwkdIExμr eRbImenaKmn_kumμúynisþbMEbkExμreGayEbk)ak;tamcrnþneya)ayrbs; sRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ¬sUevot¦ nig elakesrI ¬shrdæGaemrik¦ eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 bBa©b;. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 51

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kardwknaMrbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin. eRkayBIedj)araMgecjBI\NÐÚcin)anTTYlÉkraCü bnÞab;BI)araMgcuHsni§sBaØa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enAhSwENv enAéf¶TI 27 kkáda 1954. yYn)an erobcMeFIVsRgÁambnþeTot edIm,IykTwkdIExμr eFIVCasmrPUmi. yYn)ansMuTwkdIExμrPaKxagekIt edaycuHhtßelxas¶at;² CamYy sI hnu enA Exemsa qñaM1965 edayykelsfaeFIVsRgÁamrMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg ehIysRgÁamcab;epþImeLIgenAExmkra 1959 edayecaTfa ega Dijyim Ca]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;GaemrikkaMg. bkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlyYn bnøMxøÜneFIVCaExμreQμaH swug g:ukmij \LÚvenHkøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. enAqñaM 1954enaH TaMg swug g:ukmij TaMgevotmij nigExμr)anesøokBak;ÉksNæanCaevotmij eLIgk)a:l;tamBYkevotmij eTAsikSamenaKmn_BIhaNUy EtExμrEdleTAhaNYynaeBlenaH minfaxøÜneTAeFIVeLIy. smaCikbkSkumμúynisþ eyokmijGs;sgÇwm edayyYn eKniyayfa eBlenHeKQb;eFIVkarts‘UedayGavuFehIy eKeFIVkarts‘Uneya)ayvij. yYnmin)anbgðat;beRgon GIVeGayExμrecHBitR)akdeLIy yYneGayExμrcaMEteFIVtambBa¢arbs;eK dUcBYkh‘un Esn sBVéf¶ Cak;EsþgenA sm½yenaH ExμreFIVCaembBa¢akar Etkic©karsMerc nigcat;EcgTaMgGs;eRsc EtelIyYnEdleFIVGnuembBa¢akareTAvij. l,icd¾EdlenH RtUvyYnykmkeRbI elIExμrCabnþbnÞab;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH dUcCaGMNacdwknaMneya)ay RKb;RKgBitR)akdedayyYn EtelIk h‘un Esn tMNag taMgeQμaH sIhnu CaExlbiT)aMg. edayemIleXIjdUcenaH TUsamut nigsaLútsr)anrkpøÚvRtLb;mkRkugPñMeBjvij saLútsr )anvilRtLb;mkvij enAtampøÚveday CECkCamYyyYn eQμaH paM va:n; )ar EdlFøab;Gb;rMExμrfa yYnnigExμr dUcCa mat;nigeFμj EteBlenH yYn)an niyayfa {karts‘UGavuFcb;ehIy RtUvts‘Uneya)ayvij EdleFIVeGayBYkGñk ts‘UevotNamGs;sgÇwm.} Rtg;enaH ehIybBa¢ak;eGayeXIjkumμuúynisþExμr TaMg sI hnu nig b:ul Bt KμanyuT§saRsþneya)ayÉkraCü edayxøÜnÉgeT eFIVeLIgtamKnøgyuT§saRsþrbs;yYnCaGñkerobcM edIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_CatieKEtb:ueNÑaH . b:ulBt eTIbdwgPJak;xøÜn eRkayBIeTACYbCamYy eL yn; enAqñaM 1965 . eyIgKYrBicarNaemIl ebIb:ul Bt eTAeFIVCaelxa rbs;TUsa mut EdleRkamkardwknaMrbs;swug g:ukmij cuHrcnasm<½n§ KMnitdwknaMepSg² RtUvedIrtamGñkNa. cab;BIqñaM 1957 b:ul Bt nYn Ca EtgEtCYbCMuKñaenApÞHTU samut kñúgmYyGaTitü 2 b¤ bIdg edIm,IBinitüsPaBkarneya)ay nigeFIVeGay clnakMerIksaeLIgvij. b:ul Bt )anrkviFIedaHédecj begIátneya)aymYyfμIeGayÉkraCü enAqñaM 1960 EdlkalenaH b:ul Bt CaGñkerobcMlkçnþik³ eKalkarN_neya)ayCamYy nYn Ca TU samut ehIyepJIreTAsaxa bkSepSg²rbs;bkS. snñi)aTerIsemdwknaMfμI )anbegIáteLIgelIkTI1 enAqñaM 1960 Edlman b:ul Bt TU samut nYn Ca edIm,IeKalkarN_neya)ayfμI kMNt;yuT§saRsþfμI naMeGaymankarEbk)ak;CemøaH CamYyyYn. eBlenaHb:ul BtCamnusSTI 3 elxabkS. 1960 b:ul Bt )anerobcMbegIátbkSfμIeTotEdl mineGayyYndwg CamYynYnCa nigTU samut enHbgðajeGayeXIjfa yYnlUkcUlya:geRCAenAkñúgkic©karépÞkñúgExμrtaMgmunrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüemøH dUcbc©úb,nñenHEdr mancarkmμyYnbgáb;eFIVkarenABaseBjExμr manCaGaT× sux Kg; cay saMgyun huk LgDI b‘un sm eCIg Ék b‘un ra:nI CaedIm. edaysarehtuTaMgGs;enHehIy )anCamankarsmøab;vikvreBjRbeTsExμr søab;CabnþbnÞab;kñúgrdækm<úCa k 5 rdæRbha 5-6 kkáda )aj;smøab;bnþbnÞab;mk edayKμanrkXatkr eXIjeLIy. kñúgsRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesrI. kardeNþImKñaRtYtRtaBiPBelak )anekIteLIgrIkraldal eFIVeGayRbeTstUctacTTYlrgeRKaH CaBiessRbeTsExμrEtmþg. edayhU CImij manEpnkarrYcCaeRsc hU CImij niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 53

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suxcitþlHbg;CIvitrbs;xøÜn edIm,IRbeTsCatieK edaysuxcitþeGayeKsmøab;enAéf¶TI 9 ExkBaØa qñaM1969 eRkayBIRbCMufñak;dwknaMkMBUl². karsøab;enH hU CImij bgðajBIkarlHbg;CIvit edIm,IbuBVehtuCati dutqnÞ³eGay CnCatiyYnkan;EtmanKMnitesñhaCatiEfmeTot bnþeFIVtamEpnkarrbs;hUCImij. müa:gvijeTot hU CImijeFIVEbb enHedIm,IedaHédecjBIcin EdlFøab;CYyBIeRkayxñg ehIygakeTAP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyshPaBsUevotvij nig edIm,ITukCaemaX³nUvkic©RBmeRBognanaEdlxatplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatieK Edl)anekIteLIg eBlEdl hU Cimij cuHkic©RBmeRBog. eqøot»kasenAkñúgsRgÁamRtCak;rvagkumμúynisþnig esrI ¬r:UsIu nig Gaemrik¦ eRkameKal neya)ayfarMedaHeyokNamxagt,Úg yYnkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþImts‘UedayGavuFvij enAqñaM1959 edayyk elsfa ega Dij yim Ca]bkrN_rbs;GaemriksMrab;QøanBan . hU CImij)anerobcMbMEbkExμr TaMgExμreRkamnig ExμrelI edIm,IeGayeFIVsRgÁam sMlab;ExμrKñaÉg edaymçagQrxagkumμúynisþ¬eyokkug¦ nigmçagQrxagesrI eyokNamxagt,Úg ¬ega: Dijywm¦. eyokkugykeQμaH sI hnu eTAR)ab;ExμreRkamfa eFIVsRgÁamcb;edIm,IrMedaH km<úCaeRkammkvij. cMENkExμrenAxagelIÉenHvij mçagxagln; nl; mçagxagsemþc sI hnu nigb:ulBt EdlRbCaBlrdært;cUléRBma:KI tamkarGMBavnavrbs;semþc sI hnu tamviTüúpSayBIeb:kaMgmk. b:uEnþenAeRkayxñg cin yYnTaMgBIr TaMgkumμúynisþ nigesrI enHCaGñkerobcMEl,gneya)ayedIm,IbMEbkExμrCaBIr x©IédeGayExμrsmøab;Kña eQøaHKña EdlplRbeyaCn_ cin yYn CaGñkcMeNj TaMgesdækic© TwkdI eBlRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab; Føak;exSay edaysarEtsRgÁam. eyIgeXIjfaeBlEdlGaemrikdkfyecj BI\NÐÚcintaMgBIcuHhtßelxaenAhSwENv sþIBIkar Qb;)aj;KñaenAqñaM1973 b:uEnþsRgÁameyokNamxageCIg nigxagt,ÚgminTan;bBa©b;eT eyokkugenAeFIVsRgÁam CamYy ExμrsaFarN³rdæ. sRgÁamRtUvbBa©b; 13éf¶eRkaymkKWenAéf¶TI 30 emsa 1975 eRkayeBl EdlyYn)anQñHelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ 17 mkra 1975 ehIyelIkC½yCMnHenaH elIkGMNaceGay sI hnu b:ulBt ExμrRkhm. esadnakmμ)anFøak;mkelIExμr edaysarExμrlg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlyYn )ancab;eTAbNþúHbNþal nigExμreyokmijmYycMnYn bnþkab;smøab;ExμreTot edayePøcKitBICatiExμr QamC½rExμr ¬edaylg;menaKmn_yYnfa BYkbriva BYkRbtikiriya EtQamExμrCaGñkhUr ExμrGñkrgTukç ExμrEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_¦ cMENkyYn Qr»b édemIl caMTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIExμr bnþcUlmkQøanBan kan;kab;TwkdIExμr EtmþgenAéf¶ 7 mkra 1979. rdæaPi)alrbs; semþc sIhnu )anRbkascab; cMnYn 34 nak; EdlkñúgenaHman sa Lútsr pgEdr ehIy sa Lútsr )anrt;ecjBITIRkugPñMeBjtaMgBIéf¶RbkasdMbUg ehIyrt;eTAcUlkEnøgts‘Urbs;rNsirSrMedaHeyokNam xagt,Úg EdlenAtambeNþayRBMEdnPaKxagekIt tMbn;tanij enATIenaHCaéRBEdlKμanBnøWéf¶cUl)an. enAqñaM 1965 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄwm)ansMerceGaybkS eFIVkarTMnak;TMngCamYYybkS kumμúynisþeyokNamvij CamYyeL yn;. sa Lút sr )anrgcaMkaryl;RsbBIhaNUy rhUtdl; edImExemsa eTIbeFIVdMeNIreTAhaNUy tampøÚv lMhUCImij Gs;ry³eBl 2 ExknøH)aneTAdl;TIenaH . b:uEnþ eLyn;minrIkray sb,ayb:unμaneT edaysarkar CYbcrcar CamYysemþc sI hnu rYcehIy. eL yn; )anpþl;ÉksaeGay sa Luútsr emIl ehIyeBlenaH sa Lútsr emIlÉksar ya:gm:t;ct; PJak;xøÜndwgfacaj;e)akyYn ehIyTajesckþIsnñidñanfa {´)aneXIjfa taMgBIqñaM

1930 dl;qñaM 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam )anniyayBIbkSbdivtþRbCaCnkm<úCa nig lav dUcCaEmkFag rbs;bkSevotNam. bkSTaMgBIrGnuvtþc,ab; maK’aneya)ay nig yuT§saRsþrbs;bkSevotNam . niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 54

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niym EttamkarBitkgT½BenH TTYlbBa¢aBIhaNUy. cab;BIqñaM 1975 mkRbeTsExμr minTTYl)ansnþiPaBEdr karvayKñarEb:s rb:syYn)anrkelsCMemøaHRBMEdn kalenaHCemøaHRBMuEdnTwk EdlevotNamTamTaeGayExμrEk ERbRBMuEdnsmuRTenAEx ]sPa qñaM 1976edIm,Idak;sm<aF pþl;»sanvaTmkelIExμr. yYn)anrMelaPelIGFibetyü bgáCemøaHRBMuEdnTwk tamBityYn)ancuHhtßelxa TTYlsÁal;elIRBMEdnExSeRbvey: rYcehIyrvag semþc sI hnu rNsirSrMedaHeyokNam xagt,Úg edayeKminKit samKÁIPaB mitþPaB dUcGIVEdl sI hnu nigb:ul BtKiteLIy .

EtyYneK bdiesFedaymindUcGIVEdl sIhnu KitBIKuNExμrCYyeKpþl;CMrk eGayeyokkugenAtamCayEdn edayeK niyayfaKμanmUldæanc,ab;c,as;las;. 1 ExeRkay BI»sanvaTsRgÁampÞúHeLIgya:gxøaMgenAtamRBMuEdnsmuRT nig sRgÁamenAtamCayEdnextþRkecH. b:uEnþeKaledAsMxan;sRgÁamrbs;ExμrenAeBlenaH KWkarcrcarsRgÁamenaH k¾edIm,IcrcarkarTUtEdr. enHCaemeronsMrab;Gñkneya)ayExμrCMnan;eRkay eGaydwgBIkardwknaMneya)ay nig mehcätarbs;RbeTsCitxag BaküfamitþPaB shRbtibtþikarbs;yYn CaBakükarTUtEtb:ueNÑaH EteKaledABit R)akdelbRt)ak;TwkdIExμr dak;cMNuHshB½n§\NÐÚcin. eBlEdlmanCemøaHenaH cinCaGñkKaMRTxagrbbkm<úCa RbCaFibetyü edaycinFøab;)anCYyyYn EtyYn)angakeTArkRbeTsrU:sSI ehIybnþsgát;ExμrRkhmeTot eday kalenaH cink¾manCemøaH CamYyshPaBsUevot enAtamCayEdn EdleFIVeGaycingakeTArkGaemrik edIm,I kMueGaysUevotKMramkMEhg. BYkkumμúynisþTaMgyYnxageCIg nigkumμúynisþExμr)anbBa©b;sRgÁam ehIybnþkab;smøab; Exμr GñkesñhaCatiEdlQrxagesrI edayBYkvaecaTfa BYkRbtikiriya RkumesGIuGarCaedIm. Exμrsøab;rab;lan nak;enAkñúgrbbb:ul BtedaymanyYnbgáb;kñúgExμrRkhm. enAeBlEdlExμrmanPaBvwkvredaykar eFIVvT§gSnarbs; yYn nigExμr eyokmij ¬ExμrMedaH¦ EdlbMBak;bMb:nBIhaNUy bBa¢apÞal;BIhaNUy mandUcCa kYy FYn esa Pwm ehgsMrin h‘un Esn CasIum nigCaeRcIneTot )anebIkRbtibtþikarvaylukcUlRbeTsExμr CabnþbnÞab;cab;BIqñaM 1977 mk. edIm,IedaHdUrneya)ayfμI cMeBaHExμrkumμúynisþEdllMeGogcin eGayeTABYkkumμuynisþniymyYn EdlxøÜn)an bNþúHbNþalTuk dUcCa ehg sMrin Ca sIum Ca suT§ say b‘U fg h‘un Esn can;sIu edIm,IeFIVeGay RbeTsExμr cMNuHyYndUcsBVéf¶.l.

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kMNt;edayyYnhaNUyeLIy edaycg;e)aHsnÞÚcrMlgPñM eTATak;TgpÞal;CamYysUevot eBlenaH Kat;RtUv)ansay b‘Ufg nig h‘un Esn eFIVtambBa¢ayYncab;Kat;eTAdak;KukenAhaNUyGs;ryHeBl 10 qñaM 52éf¶ eyagtamelak Eb:n suvNÑ EdlsmÖasenAviTüúGasIuesrI. yYnbBa¢ÚnCMnajkarrbs;eKmkeFIVkarRtYtRtaExμr ExμrKμansiTi§sMerckic©kar GIVTaMgGs;rgcaMEtkarGnuBaØatBICMnajkaryYn eRBaHeBlEdlnaykrdæmRnþIbBa¢aeTAfñak;eRkam bBa¢aenaHKμan RbsiT§PaBeT edayrgcaMkaryl;RBmBICMnajkarsin. neya)aycgsm<½n§PaB dUcCa rvagTIRkugPñMeBjCamYy TIRkug hUCImij. extþtaEkv CamYyextétnij eRBaHkalenaHExμrsißtenA eRkamkarRtYtRtayYnTaMgRsug. sUm,Ih‘un Esn RtUvyYnCaGñkesñIreGayEtgtaMgCa rdæmRnþIRksYgkarbreTsEdr. CnCatiyYn)anhUrcUlmkrs;enAkEnøg sMxan;² dUcCa PñMeBj c,arGMeBA ehIyyYn )anrwbGUsRTBüsm,tþi kab;eQIecjBIRbeTsExμr sUm,IEtensaT k¾yYnGUscab;kUnRtIeTARbeTsvaeRscEtcitþ. Exμr)an)at;bg; plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIneTot )at;bg;TwkdI )at;bg; siTi§esrIPaB edaysaRbeTssißtenAeRkamkar kan;kab;rbs;yYn. yYnGagelIRbeTsFM mankmøaMgxøaMgCag RbeTsExμr kmøaMgxagT½B kmøaMgxagcMnYnRbCaBlrdæ Edlman sUevotenABIeRkayxñg eBlenaHyYn)aneRbIcugGavuF QøanBanTwkdIExμr elIkbnþúbRkumbkSbdivtþn_RbCaCnkm<úCa nigeGaycuHhtßelxakat;TwkdIeGayyYn dUcCa sni§sBaØa EdleFIVeLIgeday ehg sMrin nigh‘un Esn CamYy ehVog kUfac; enAqñaM 1979 1980 1982 1983 1985 CaedIm. CaBiess KWkic©snüa 25 qñaM rvag ehg sMrin nig pan; va:n;dug EdlmanRbkarTI4 )anEføgfa

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PaKITaMgBIr nwgeFIVkic©crcar edIm,IcuHhtßelxa elIsn§isBaØa sMrab;rMlayRBMEdnCatiénRbeTsTaMgBIreday GaRs½yelIRBMEdnnabc©úb,nñ ehIyPaKITaMgBIrsMerc citþmutmaM edIm,IEkERbRBMEdnenHeGayeTACaRBMEdn énsnþiPaB nig mitþPaB sißtesßr rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. } tamry³kic©snüaenH CabMNgR)afñarbs;yYn EdleFIVtamEpnkar hU

CImij edIm,IsMercshB½n§\NÐÚcin. yYn )ansmøab;Exμr bursExμr EdlCassrRTUvCati TukGñkTn;exSay narIePT pþac;BUCsasn_Exμr edIm,IeFIVyYnnUb nIykmμenA elITwkdIExμrTaMgmUl. karbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_kumμúynisþ kab;smøab;ExμreGayenAsl;Et 10 eTA 20 PaKry )ansMerceCaKC½y ehIybnþcUlmkkan;kab;TwkdIExμrEtmþg.

RbeTsExμr eRkayéf¶TI 7 mkra 1979 rhUtdl; qñaM 1989 )anFøak;kñúgkumμúynisþyYnRtYtRtaTaMgRsug.

GIVEdlyYnelIkbnþúb ehg sMrin Ca sIum h‘un Esn edIm,ICaExlbiT)aMg GMeBIeXareXA QøanBanTwkdI karbøn;ykRTBüsm,tiþExμr nigx©IédExμredIm,Ibnþkab; smøab;Exμr KñaÉgbnþreTotEtb:ueNÑaH. TahanyYnmancMnYn 40 000nak; nig RbCaCn 2lannak;. yYnmanEpnkar erobcMeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrkøayCaRbCaBlrdæPaKticrbs;yYn dUecñHehIyyYn)an dak;RbCaCnExμrmYynak; yYn R)aM nak; enAkñúgCnbT nig yYn 5 nak; Exμr 1 nak;enAtamTIRkug TIRbCMuCn nigtMbn;esdækic©. cMNucmYyeTot Exμr)anrgeRKaHbnþeTot enaHKWEpnkar k 5 EdlyYn)ancab;bBa¢Ún ekNÐRbCaBlrdæExμr enAqñaM 1984 eTAqñaM 1987 RbtibtþikarsMrab;elIkTMnb; eFIVCarbgenAextþtamRBMuEdnCab;esom dUcCa )at;dMbg eBaFisaFi ]tþrmanC½y nigxagkñúgRbeTsdUcCa kMBg;FM esomram kMBg;s<W CaedIm. BlkrsMrab;kab;éRB tambeNþaypøÚv Edk bwg b¤Tenø. nigelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay EdlmanRbEvg 800 Km tamRBMEdn esom nig RBMEdnlav. eFIVrbg eFIVCBa¢aMgtamyuT§saRsþ h‘MuB½T§RbeTsExμr edaykalenaH RkumnImYy²manmnusSBI 60 000 eTA 100 000nak;. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 57

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EdlsßanPaBxøaMgCagrbbExμrRkhmeTot eRBaHmnusSRtUveFIVkarya:gticbMput 10 ema:g kñúgmYyéf¶ edaymankar XøaMemIlBIkgT½B mðÚbGaharminRKb;RKan; xøHsøab;edaysarRKab;mIn CaBiess søab;edaysarCm¶WRKuncaj; Edlelak eGmIra:l;da luysüÚlI )anpþl;CatYelx ya:gehacNas; manmnusS 50 000nak; )ansøab;. cMENktYrelx EdlRKUeBTüRbKl;eGayenaH KW BI 5 PaKry eTA 8 PaKry sMrab;RkumnImYy ¬km<úCakñúgTIXMuXaMg TMB½r 40-43. enAeBlenaH manekIt clnats‘UeRBagRBateLIg tamCayEdn manCMrMGanesH bkSIcaMRkug RBMuvit GMBil Ngcan GUbuk EdleKEbgEckCa 3 FM²mkKW hViun sIunbuic dwknaMedayKg;sIulas; EteRkaymkRtUvepÞr eGaysemþc sIhnu ehIyenAqñaM 1982 k¾epÞreGay neratþm rNriT§ CaGñkdwknaMvij. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdldwknaMedayexovsMpn. rN³sirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr dwknaMeday elak sWn san. clnats‘UTaMg enaHExμrRkhmmankarKaMRTBIcin cMENkrN³sirSrMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr RtUv)anyYnvaysm¥at tamCayEdn edayRbtibtþikarrdUvR)aMg enAqñaM 1984 eFIVeGayGñkts‘U)anrgeRKaHya:gxøaMgBIkarvayRbharenH. enAqñaM1982 eTIbExμrTaMg 3 PaKIbegIátCardæaPi)alnireTseRkARsuk Edlmanéf nigcin CaGñkKaMRT. éfKaMRTBIeRBaHykExμr eFIVCarbgkMueGaykumμúnisþcUlmk cMENkyYnvijbnþsmøab;ExμrrhUtExμr)anePosxøÜnmkdl; RBMEdnsayFU enAqñaM 1986. cMNucenHminxusKñakalBIsRgÁamqñaM 1970 EdlyYn)anx©Iéd eGayExμreRkamsmøab;ExμrKña edaymçagxag eyokkug mçagxagyYnesrI. bnÞab;BIExμrmçagenAxageyokkug ExμrRkhm nig ExμrmçagenAxagesrI eKeRbIviFId¾Edl edIm,Ismøab;Exμr RKan;EtdUrrUbPaBEtb:ueNÑaH ExμrxagyYn dUcCa ehg sMrin h‘un Esn ExμrGñkts‘UxagsWn san rNriT§. dl;qñaM1993 eKeFIVCacrcarsnþiPaB cab;ExμresñhaCatiEdlenA kñúgRTugRsab;smøab;tamkarecaTRbkan; epSg². Etdl; qñaM1987 eTIbmankarCYy BICMnYyBIshrdæGaemrikcMnYn 5 landuløa edaysikSaBIcMNuc exSayGñkts‘U EdlxVHbec©keTs nigyuT§saRsþkñúgkareFIVsRgÁamCamYyyYn eTIbcab;epþImeFIVkarhwVkhat;kgT½B enAkøaMg dug TwkdIRbeTséf . ehIyeFIVkarvaylukeTAelIyYnenAelITwkdIExμrvij. edayGñkts‘UmaneRbobTaMg karTUt maneRbobTaMgkmøaMgT½B elIkgT½ByYnenAkñúgRbeTsExμr CaBiess eBlEdlshPaBsUevot)andYlrlM caj;shrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot)anQb;pþl;CMnYydl;yYneTot eRBaHshPaBsUevotCYbnigvibtþiesdækic© Gs;hirBaØvtßúBIkñúgTunbMrugeTot CaehtueFIVeGay kU)aqUv )andUryuT§saRsþgakeTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. RbeTsyYn )anenAÉkekaBIqakGnþrCati edaymankarekobsgát;karTUt BIcin BIGas‘an nigshrdæGaemrik eRBaHyYn )anQøanBan)anelIkT½BcUlmkluyRbeTsExμr Edlxusc,ab;GnþrCati sþIBIkarrMelaPGFibetyüPaB ÉkraCüPaB rbs;RbeTsExμr. RbeTsyYnRtUv)aneKh‘uMB½T§esdækic© edayshrdæGaremric nigRbeTselakesrI EtRbeTsyYn manshPaBsUevotenABIeRkayxñg nigpþl;CMnYyRKb;Ebbya:g. shPaBsUevotxatcMeBaH neya)ayenA elITwkdI\NÐÚcin EtsUevotcMeNjBIxagGwur:ubxagekIt edIm,ITrUTat;nigkarxatbg;enH. shPaBsUevot)andk GaNaniKmn_rbs;xøÜn ecjBiIRbeTsGakanIsßan cMENk\Ti§Blkumμúnisþ)anFøak;exSay CabnþbnÞab;enAelIBIPBelak ehIy\Ti§BlkumμúynisþyYn)anFaøk;exSayenAelITwkdIExμr Edlmanrdækm<úCaCarbbmYYyxusc,ab;. eBlEdlyYn emIleXIjcaj;eRbobxagkarTUt nigesdækic© yYn)anbþÚr\riyabf dUryuT§saRsþfμI edaysnüadkT½BecjBI RbeTsExμreGayGs;enAqñaM 1988 edayminGnuBaØateGayGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtYtBinitüeLIy eRkamels niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 58

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famkCYyExμr. EdleBlenaH yYn)aneFIVrUbragdUcdkkgT½B EtyYn)anTukT½BEdlesøokBak;sIuvilenAkñúg RbeTsExμrbnþeTot ehIyeRbIeGay h‘un Esn CakUnGukmkeFIVkarcrcarCamYy sI hnuenA hSakata )a:taya: EdlbgðajeGayeXIjfaCasRgÁamsIuvil dUcyYncin eFIVkalBIqñaM1970 . yYnGacedaHédya:gRsYlBIkar efáaleTasfaQøanBanExμr. PaKITaMg bYn EdlmansaFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa tMNageday h‘un Esn húVinsiunbiuc tMNageday sI hnu km<úCaRbCaFibetyü tMNagedayexovsMpn rN³sirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr tMNageday elakta swn san QaneTArkkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs éf¶ 23 tula 1991 Edlman RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigRbeTs)araMgeFIVCashRbFan nigmanRbeTscMnYn 19 CahtßelxI. EdlGacQaneTArk kare)aHeqñatmYyEdlerobcMeLIgeday GCJaFrbeNþaHGsnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;RbeTsExμrenAqñaM1993 GMNacenAEtFøak;elIBYkkumμúynisþdEdlrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ ehIyyYnenAEtkan;kab; RtYtRtaBIeRkayxñg dUckal BImundEdl. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaTIemagsMrab;eFIVtamEtExSjak;rbs;yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH ebIGñk neya)ayExμrenAEtedIrtamKnøgdEdl² eRkam\Ti§BlbreTs CaBiessGñkCitxag ehIyKμanKMnitdwknaMeday ÉkraCüxøÜnÉgeT RbeTsExμr Cati sasna RbeTsCatiExμr nigKμanesckþIsux suPmgÁl BitR)akdeLIy eRBaHfa yYnminEdlmanKMnitl¥eGayExμreyIg)ansuxeLIy. ebIisinCaGs;elakGñkGanTaMgGs;cg;c,as; sUmcuHeTAsikSa emIlsßanPaBCak;EsþgenAkñúgRbeTsExμrenaHBitCadwgR)akdCaminxan.

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g-RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa (The Kingdom of Cambodia) cab;BIqñaM 1993 RbeTsExμr)anpøas;;bþÚrmuxmat;fμI bnÞab;BIsRgÁamCag 2 TsvtS rvagRkumclnats‘U nig rbbrdækm<úCa edjyYnecjBIRbeTsExμr EdleKehAfasRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3. kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)an CMrujeGayyYndkkgT½BecjBIRbeTsExμr nigmankarerobcMkare)aHeqñatmYYy EdlmankarRtYtBinitüBIGgÁkar shRbCaCati EtxagPaKIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümin)ancUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñateT edaysMGagfamanT½ByYnenAkñúg RbeTsExμr. lT§plénkare)aHeqñatenH)aneCaKC½yelIKNbkS hVú‘nsIunbiuc EdlmanRBHGgÁma©s; neratþm rNriT§ CaRbFan EtKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa Edlman h‘un Esn CatMNag)anTTYlbraC½ykñúgkare)aHeqñatenH. h‘un Esn )aneFIVkartva:RbqaMgeTAniglT§plénkare)aHeqñatenaH edaybegIáttMbn;GPiKmenAextþEb:kxagekItTenøemKgÁ EdlkalenaH manneratþmcRkBgS CaGñkdwknaMbegIáttMbn;GPiKmn_enH. karminyl;RsbcMeBaHlT§plénkar e)aHeqñatenH h‘un Esn )aneFIVeGaymankarraMgsÞHcMeBaHkarerobcMrdæaPi)almYy EdlminGacedaHRsay)an eRBaHGagkgT½ByYnbgáb; . sIhnu CaRbFan]tþmRkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;)anecjmkeFIVGnþraKmn_ eday)anedj GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGayecjBIRbeTsExμr edIm,IRBHGgÁedIrtYrpSHpSarCati EdlpSHpSarEckGMNaceGayBYk kumμúynisþ RbeTsmYymannaykrdæmRnþI2 neratþmrNriTi§ naykrdæmRnþITI1 h‘un Esn naykrdæmRnþITI2. rdæFmμnuBaØénRbeTs)antMrUveGayRbeTs CaRbeTsraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØ LayRBhsßelxa enAéf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM1993. RbeTskm<úCak¾kaøyCa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa EdltamrdæFmμnuBaØ RbCaFibetyü esrIBhubkS ¬raCaniym GaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaئ. karEdl sIhnu edjGgÁkarshRbCaCatiecj ehIyEckGMNaceGay KNbkSRbCaCnenH edIm,Ibnþ»kaseGayBYkkumμúynisþrs;ranbnþeTotenAelITwkdIExμr eRBaHfa sIhnu k¾CaCn kumμúynisþ Kat;KitEteFIVya:gem:ceGayraCblø½gÁenAKg;vgS ehIybiT)aMgkarBitnUvral;kMhusqÁgrbs;RBHGgÁ knøgmkEtmin)anKit KUrdl;plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatisMrab;eBlGnaKtfaya:gNaenaHeLIy. ebIsinCaTuk eGayGgÁkarshRbCaCati edaHRsayeBlenaH ExμrRtUvman»kaspøas;bþÚrneya)ayeTACaRbeTsesrI EdlerIput BI\Ti§Blrbs;kumμúynisþyYn nig Epnkarrbs;yYnEdlcg;elbykTwkdIExμr ehIyRbeTsExμrnig)ansuxsnþiPaB rIkcMerIn eRBaHfa sRgÁamEdlekIteLIgenAelITwkdIExμrtaMgBITsvtS 60 mk sI hnu minEdlnwkeXIjxøac RbCaBlrdæExμr Edlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enaHeT b:uEnþ sI hnu suxcitþCYyyYn eFIVtamcin eGaybgásRgÁamvinas hinehac. luHdl;eBlEdlExμrRtUv erIxøÜneGayrYcBIyYn EbCa sIhnuecj mkkarBarkumμúynisþyYn nig h‘un Esn eTAvij. edaysaremIleXIj sI hnu CakUnGukya:gsMxan; sMrab;kumμuynisþTaMgBIr KWcin nig yYn sMrab;eRbIR)as; ehtudUcenHehIy TaMgyYnTaMgcin)aneRbIR)as; sI hnu CaerogrhUtmkedIm,IplcMeNjTaMgcitþsaRsþneya)ay dUcEdl)an sikSaviPaKknøgmk. eyIgeXIjfa neya)ayrbs;semþcsI hnu taMgBIsgÁmraRsþniymrhUtmkKWKμan EpnkarGIVc,as;las; eFIVtamEtKnøgyuT§saRsþrbs;kumμúynisþyYn nig cin EdleKKUsvaseGay edayKμancMeNjGIV )anplRbeyaCn_GIVdl;CatiExμreLIy manEteGayExμrevTnaedaysarkumμúynisþyYnbnþRtYtRtaeTAeTotrhUtmk dl;sBVéf¶ EdlsMerctamEpnkarshB½n§\NÐÚcinrbs;hUCImij. ebIkalNaRBHGgÁTukeGayh‘VúnsuIn biucerobcMrdæa Pi)alEtmñak;Ég enaHmann½yfa RBHGgÁhuckaMbiteTAeGayxagesrI bkGaRkatRBHGgÁ edIm,ImineGayRBHGgÁ maneQμaH CamhavIr³kSRt RBHbitapSHpSarCati b¤ÉkraCüCaedIm eRBaHenAkñúgKNbkShViunsiunbiuc manGñk niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 60

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esñhaCatiCaeRcIn ehtuenHehIy)anCaBYkkumμúynisþrkviFIsmøab;CabnþbnÞab;mkeTot edayeFIVrdæRbharsmøab; GñkTaMgenaH enAéf¶TI 5-6kkáda 1997 EdlPaKeRcInCaGñkesñhaCati Gñkts‘URbqaMgyYntaMgBIqñaM 1979 dUcCa hU sux ecA sm,tþi RkUc eyOm Ca riT§IQut nigmYycMnYneTotsarubCag200nak;eTot. RtUvdwgfa RBHGgÁCa Cnkumμúuynisþ cMENkKNbkSh‘VúnsIunbiucPaKeRcInCaGñkesrI nig RbCaFibetyü EdlmanGñkxøHeKniyayfa emTa EtbeNþIrkUnman;. karEdlRbmUlGñkts‘UeGaycUlkñúgRTugtaml,ickl,crcarenH Gñkneya)ayesñhaCatiExμr TaMgGs;RtUvcg;caMTukfakumμúynisþyYn nigBYkGay:g eKminKitfa eyIgCaExμr manQamC½rCaExμr KitKUr plRbeyaCn_CatieT EtelμaPGMNac lg;menaKmn_yYnTaMgenaH eFIVtamEtRKUyYnrbs;va edIm,IeGayEtGMNac enAKg;vgSEtb:ueNÑaH. cab;BIeBlEdlG‘untak;dkecjeTA GñkesñhaCatidUcCa stVenAkñúgRTug EdlRtUvema:g eKsmøab;eBlNaeRscEtcitþ edayecaTTmøak;kMhusdak;tamEtl,icrbs;BYkva. semþc sI hnu nig h‘un Esn)an RbmUlGñkesñhaCatieTAsmøab;ya:gRsYlTukeGaykumμúynisþrwugbwug yYncUlcUlmkRbeTsExμr eFIVkarkñúgCYrb:UlIs Tahan eRkampøak KNbkSRbCaCn nigmanesþcCaKMrb edIm,ICYylak;)aMgGMeBI]Rkidæ sI hnu h‘un Esn nigBYkkumμúynIsþeFIVknøgmk nigrYcputBIkarefáaleTas. etIvasnaGnaKtTwkdIExμr vasna Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμrnigeTACaya:gNaenAeBlxagmux. eRBaHkMhusrbs;kumμúynisþEdleFIVeGayExμrsøab;rab;lannak; kalBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib etyü nigExμrsøab;edaysarsRgÁamCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgrbb h‘un Esn EdlyYnkan;kab; enAEtKμannNamYy h‘anecjmklatRtdagenAeLIy eRBaHBYkkumμúynisþCaGñkQñH ehIyenAkMBugEtman GMNacral;éf¶ EtsUmkMuePøcfa RbvtþisaRsþkMBugEtkt;RtaBYkemdwknaMEdlGsmtßPaB elμaPGMNacTukeGay kUnecAExμr)andwgB¤Caminxan. dUecñHehIyeyIgsegáteXIjfa kare)aHeqñateRkay²mk CakarerobcMqakelçanrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn km<úCa edIm,IbMP½nþeGayeXIjfa mankare)aHeqñatEdlRsbeTAniwgeKalkarN_RbCaFibetyü lT§plminEmn CalT§plecjBIqnÞ³rbs;ExμreT CalT§ple)akR)as;. eyIgGacsegátemIlRbB½n§Bt’mank¾minÉkraCü tulakar minÉkraCü edaysßitenAeRkamGMNac h‘un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg. mankarkab;smøab; manEt bBaðaekIteLIgminecHcb; bBaðaekItmanBImYyeTAmYy dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYy niTnþPaB tulakarGyutþiFm’ kar kat;eTasExμrRkhm TMnas;dIFøI TMnijeLIgéfø CemøaHR)asaTRBHviharCaedIm edIm,IbEgVkarcab;GarmμN_ rbs;RbCaBlrdæ bBaðaekItmanminecHcb;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr EtKμandMeNaHRsay. dUcenHetIIb£sKl;bBaðaBit R)akdenAÉNa? dUc)anerobrab;CUnxagelImkehIyfa b£sKl;bBaðaenaH KW shB½n§\NÐÚcin ¬kumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin¦ EdlyYnCaGñkerobcMEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaenA\NÐÚcinenHÉg EtRbCaBlrdæExμr CaGñkrgeRKaH rgTukçevTna RkIRk QWcab;karCiHCan; GyutþiFm’epSg²kñúgsgÁm. karbegIátbBaðaEdlCacitþsaRsþneya)ay edIm,IbEgVkarcab; GarmμN_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ enHminEmnCaqnÞ³neya)ayBitR)akdeT. neya)ayRbeTsExμreRbobdUcCaGñkCm¶W eGds_ Rtdrrs;edIm,IesckþIsøab;nigmkdl;Etb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH esμrsUmelIkykbriyakasneya)ay nigbBaða mYycMnYn mkviPaKCaKMnitdUcteTA³

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 61

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g-1-briyakasneya)ay

(Political Environment)

karRKb;RKgsßankarN_ nigyl;dwgTaMgGs;GMBIRBwtiþkarN_neya)ay EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsExμr b¤eRkARbeTs CaBiess dMeNIrvivDÆn_neya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsExμr. bc©úb,nñenH ebIeyIgemIlRbeTsExμrBIsMbkeRkA eyIgeXIjKNbkSRbCaCn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg kan;GMNackumμúynisþpþac;kar EtyksMbkRbCaFibetyü mkBak;pøakbnøMRbCaBlrdæExμr. tamkarBitdMeNIrkarneya)ay nigRbB½n§RKb;RKgTaMgGs;EbbCakumμúynisþ EdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnBIeRkay. tamkardkRsg;ecjBIvibsay yUFUb (Youtube) h‘un Esn niyay sarPaBpÞal;fa {´niyayRtg;Etmþg KWfa´Gay:gyYn \LÚvmanTahanyYnCasIuvil 100 000 nak; enAkñúg RbeTsExμr}. karEdlyYnerobyuT§saRsþeGaymanRBHmhakSRt KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig sasnaRBHBuT§ enHRKan;EtktþacitþsaRsþneya)aymYy sMrab;eFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMgExμr edIm,IeGayExμrGs;citþfa GIV²TaMgGs;Carbs;Exμr ExμrÉkraCü ExμrmansnþiPaB k¾b:uEnþ plRbeyaCn_CatiExμr TwkdIExμrTaMgmUlnwgRtUvFøak;elIkNþab;yYn CatiExμr nwgsøab; eRbobdUcCadgáÚvdYgvacUlsIurUgdl;bNþÚleQI ehIyTIbMputeQIenaHRtUvsøab;ÉgEtmþg. yYncUlmk RbeTsExμrrs;enAeRscEtcitþ rhUtdl;fμI²enHyYnmincaM)ac;manTidækar deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr RtYtRtaExμr eFIVevecäTkmμepSg² kab;smøab;Exμr edaybnøMeFIVCaExμr manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑCaExμr nigmansiTi§e)aHeqñat EtExμrenA elIdIxøÜnÉg ExμrmYycMnYnRtUv eK)aj;smøab;edaysaredIrerIsC½rekAs‘U edIm,IciB©awmCivit hak;dUcCaCivitBlrdæ ExμrKμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs‘UeLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd RkIRk rehmrham sMuTaneK ehIyxitxMeFIVkar Ca´bMerIeK CakmμkrsMNg;epSg² TTYlR)ak;ExtictYc min)anRKb;RKan; xøHeTotrt;mksMuTaneK xøHeFIVCakmμkrenA eRkARbeTseTotpg.

RbeTsExμrsißteRkamGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisyYn Edlman KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn nig esþc CarnaMgbiT)aMg

g-2-KNbkSneya)ay (Political Parties) KNbkSRbCaCn KWCaKNbkSEdlyYnCaGñkbegIáteLIg manry³eBl 57 qñaMmkehIy dMbUgyYn)an dak;eQμaH bkSbdivtþRbCaCnExμr enAqñaM1951 b¤sKl;rbs;vaekItecjBIbkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlyYn hU CImij begIáteLIgdUcerobrab;bkRsayxagelI. ehtudUcecñH KNbkSRbCaCn CaGñkbMerI nigeFIVCaGay:gGnuvtþtam neya)ayrbs;yYn. BYk h‘un Esn bMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn edIm,IGMNaclYcCati lk;CatiÉg Etb:ueNÑaH. BYk h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin enHCamnusSrbs;ynY Edl)anelIkbnþúbeGaykan; GMNackalBITsvtS 1980 eBlEdlyYncUlmkQøanBanTwkdIExμrenAkñúgsRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI3 ¬GMLúgeBl sRgÁamRtCak;¦. ebIsinCa h‘un niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 62

rkSasiTi§

Esn mineFIVtamneya)ayyYn vasnarbs;BYkenH nwgdUc can; sIu ¬cak;fñaMsmøab;elIynþehaH¦ Eb:n suvNÑ ¬yYncab;eTAdak;Kuk enAhaNUy¦ Caminxan. ehtudUecñH ehIy )anCayYnbegIát CaeKalkarN_neya)ay mitþPaB snþiPaB nigshRbtibtiþkarrvagyYn nigExμr edIm,IbMP½nþRbCaBlrdæExμrfa yYnCaGñkmanKuNelIExμr. EttamBit ExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn. yYneRbIl,ic smøab;TaMgExμreRkam TaMgExμrsBVéf¶ ExμrminmanÉkraCü ExμrKμan siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj Exμr)at;bg; plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn dUcCa kat;TwkdIeGayyYn cuHhtßelxa sn§isBaØa bMeBjbEnßmCamYyyYn enAéf¶TI 15 Extula qñaM 2005 elIsTi§sBaØaxusc,ab; qñaM 1979 1980 1983 1985.

ExμrKμansiTi§kñúgkarniyay sþIeBjelj GMBIRbeTsCati RtUvyYneRbI h‘un Esn KMramsmøab;tamRKb;meFüa)ay TaMgesdækic© sμartI nigGayuCIvit. CnCati yYn cUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIExμrKRKwkKeRKg begáItsmaKm 19 extþRkug begIátKNbkSneya)ay ¬KNbkS cMerInExμr KNbkSRbCaFibetyü¦CaedIm. yYn)aneRbIBYkyYnEdlecHExμr b¤eRbIExμrxøHeGayTijdI deNþIm dIedayRsbc,ab; BIRbCaBlrdæExμreRkamelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. kar )at;bg;dIFøIenH )aneFIVeGayb:HBal;dl; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrya:gxøaMg BIeRBaHfa RbCaBlrdæExμrsgwÇm elITwkePøog nigmandIERscMkarbnþicbnþÜc EdlCaqñaMg)ayedIm,IciBa©wmRkBH. eBlEdleKrMelaPKMram deNþIm dIFIørbs;Kat;ehIy etIRbCaBlrdæExμr)anGIVsMrab;ciBa©wmCivit cMEGtRkBH edIm,Irs;teTAeTot. dUecñH BYkCn kumμúynisþ vaBUEkxag PUtPr kuhk bMP½nþEPñkeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;RcLMvegVgNas;. eRBaHvasmøab;Gñk ecHGs;ehIyenAsm½yb:ul Bt GñkEdlenArs;CaGñkEdlmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCH ehIyRtUvlg;kñúg menaKmn_rbs;yYn EdlvaerobcMmk. vaeFIVGIVRKb;ya:gtameKalkarN_neya)ayrbs;yYn c,ab;eFIVeLIg edIm,I karBarGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_GñkmanGMNac minEmnkarBarplRbeyaCn_CatiExμreT. c,ab;manEtelIRkdas EtvaminGnuvtþtameLIy niyayeGaycM ebIGñkesñhaCatiExμrNaEdlh‘anRbqaMgneya)ayyYn BYkvaRtUvbBa¢a eGaykUnGukva KW h‘un Esn tamcab;bRgáabsmøab;Pøam ]TarhrN_dUcCa Ca viC¢a RBHetCKuN sM b‘uneFOn GñkkarEstExμr KIm sMbUr RBHsgÇExμreRkam smaCikKNbkSsmrgSI nigsmaCikKNbkSsiTi§mnusS edayKμan rkXatkreXIjeT rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. EtebIyYnsøab;enAelITwkdIExμrvij h‘un Esn nigbkSBYkERskEkþg² tamRbdab;bMBgsemøg xVayxVl;xøaMgNas; eGayrkXatkr ykmkpþnÞaeTaseGay)an. cMENkKNbkSneya)ayepSg² EdlCaGñkesñhaCati nigGñkRbCaFibetyü yYnvabBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn rkvIFIsmøab;tamviFIepSg² tamrebobPavrkmμ bMEbkbM)ak;ExμrexÞcxIÞ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RBwtþikarN_EdlBYkkumμúynisþ h‘un Esn )anRbDiteLIgedIm,Icab;TMlak;kMhuselIExμrGñkesñhaCatienAéf¶ 2 mkra 2009 dUcCacab; elak esam Ék nigGñkesñhaCatimYycMnYneTot. h‘un Esn elμaPGMNac nigRTBüsm,tiþ lg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn ePøcKitGMBICatiExμr nigQamExμrdUcKña eFIVtamyYneRbIl,icdUc sm½y b:ul Bt Edlva)an smøab;Exμrrab;lan nak;knøgmk. eFIVya:genH KWeFIVeGayExμreyIgTn;exSay RKb;Ebbya:g taMgBIesdækic© R)aCJa nigsμartI ¬Xøan exøA xøac¦ edIm,IgayRsYlyYnRtYtRta deNþImplRbeyaCn_Exμr ehIyTIbMputyYnelbykTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl edayviFI RtCak;bMput. yYnRKan;EtelIkbnþúbBYk elμaPGMNac buNüs½ká muxmat; smÖar³ BYklYcCati edIm,IplRbeyaCn_xøÜn eGayeFIVCaKMrbbiT)aMg CatiExμr RbCaCatiExμr nigGnþrCatiEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH KμannrNaGacCYyExμr eRkABIExμrCYyExμr

xøÜnÉgeLIy.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 63

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KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; RtUv)anKNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn eRbIl,ickumμúynisþbMEbkCaKNbkStUc² EdlminGacykC½yCMnHelIKNbkSrbs;va)aneLIy eRBaHKNbkSRbCaCnmankgT½B TahanyYn nigRbCaCn yYnsMrab;CYy. KNbkSRbCaCnmaneRbobxagesdækic© xageXasna edaysarBYkvalk;Cati niglYcBICatiExμr CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. RbB½n§Bt’mansißtenAeRkamGMNac nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkva Bt’manminÉkraCü Bt’man eFIVtamneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ. BYkeK)anbiT)aMg RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaydwgkarBitbiTsiTi§esrIPaB RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaytva:CaedIm. dUecñHebIeyIg viPaKelIKNbkSdéTeTot minGacykQñHelIKNbkSRbCaCn EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYneT Etvak¾Gacbg¥ak;dMeNIrneya)ayyYn nigCYyeGayExμrPJak;rlwkmYycMnYnEdr. ebIsinCaKNbkSNamYyQñHeqñateRkABIbkSRbCaCn k¾yYnbBa¢aeGay h‘un Esn eFIVvT§gSnaeday mankarGnþraKmn_CMnYyBI esþc sI hnu b¤rdæRbhar dUckalBI h‘un Esn caj;eqñatkalBIqñaM 1993 ehIy)aneFIVrdæRbharsmøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr enAéf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda qñaM1997 bnþeTottamEpnkaryYn. ehutenH KNbkSneya)ayepSg²eTotenaH begáIteLIgRKan;EtsMrab;cMeNjneya)ayyYn nig h‘un Esn eGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIjfa CaRbeTsÉkraCü manRbCaFibetyü snþiPaB Etb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþebIeyIgCa GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akdrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy eTIbeyIgGacQñHyYnkumμúynisþ. eRbobdUcTwkhUrrYmBIéd TenøepSg² cUlsmuRTEdlKμanGIVmkraraMg)aneLIy. ebIKNbkSNa b¤GñkesñhaCatiExμrNacg;eFIVneya)ayenARbeTsExμr RtUveFIVitamKMnUsneya)ayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn Edlvas;kMriteGayniyay eGayGnuvtþ. eRBaHyYnmanEpnkar tamyuT§saRsþminGacTukeGay KNbkSNaykC½yCMnHelIva)aneLIy. eyIgemIleXIjya:gc,as;fa RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶ CaRbeTskumμúynisþ sißtenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_yYnEbbfμI. dUecñHehIy vasnaGnaKtCatiExμr nwgdUccm,a: nig km<úCaeRkamminxaneLIy ebIeyIgmints‘UerIbMrH. ,

RbFanbkS smrgSI

RbFanbkS siTi§mnusS

RbFanbkS neratþmrNriTi§ KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa

g-3-kat;eTasExμrRkhm (Khmer Rough Tribunal) salakþIExμrRkhmenH begIáteLIgRKan;EtCaEl,gneya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ Edlman h‘un Esn KNbkSRbCaCnCakUnGuk ehIylak;)aMgkMhus sI hnu TukeFIVCarnaMg sMrab;eKaledAcugeRkayrbs;yYn Edlcg; elbykTwkdIExμrb:ueNÑaH. varwtEteFIVeGayExμrkan;EtvegVgeRCAeTA minGacrkXatkrBitR)akdeXIjeTotpg.

EteyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμrRKb;Kñadwgc,as;fa XatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμúynisþyYn ¬\NÐÚcin¦ Edl)anerobcM nigbMBak;bMb:nlTi§enHeLIgeGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;lannak; TaMgExμreRkam nigExμr bc©úb,nñ ehIyyYnbBa¢ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs eFIVCaExμrfμIelITwkdIExμrvij. sI hnu nig h‘un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 64

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bMerIneya)ayeGaykumμúynisþ edIm,IGMNac nigplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜnÉgnigbkSBYkEtb:ueNÑaH EtCnkumμúynisþ TaMgenH min)anbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayCatiExμr nigRbCaBlrdæExμreT. ehtudUecñH kMusgÇwmfa salakþIExμrRkhm nigTTYl)anyutþiFm’BitR)akd eRBaHfa salakþIenHedIrkñúgKMnabneya)ayrbs;KNbkS RbCaCnEdlman yYnCaemekøag. yYnvamincg;rkyutþiFm’eGayCnrgeRKaHExμrBitR)akdeT. b:uEnþ salakþIenH CayuT§saRsþ neya)ayrbs;BYkkumμúynisþyYn CaGñkcMeNjb:ueNÑaH ¬ 1-ExμrenAEtEbk)ak;Kña QWcab;nig Exμr ¬Rkhm¦ b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuN 7 mkra yYn h‘un Esn 3-RbCaBlrdæExμr enAEtmindwgkarBit fanrNaCaXatkrBitR)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμúynisþRtYtRtaExμrbnþ ¦. salakþIenHekIteLIgehIy EtGUsbnøayBnüaeBl vaRKan;EtCafñaMbnSabeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr EdlCa CnrgeRKaHGs;citþTaMgGyutþiFm’b:ueNÑaH eRBaHkarBitenAEtmin)anlatRtdageGayRbCaBlrdæExμr dwgc,as; eLIy fanrNaCaXatkrsmøab;Exμr mann½yfakaMbitminGaccitdgxøÜnÉgeLIy. éf¶ 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExμr ¬Rkhm¦ dUcKñanig éf¶ 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμúynisþ yYnQøanBan elIkbnþúbGMNacExμr h‘un Esn Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin Edr cMENkÉ sI hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμRkhm begIátExμrRkhm k¾minh‘anecj mksarPaBTTYlkMhuseTot. dUecñH salakIþenHeFIVeGaycMeNjneya)ay 7 mkra rbs;yYn EdlEtgEtelIkeLIgfa yYnmkCYy rMedaHExμr nigrwtEteFIVeGayExμrvegVgkan;EteRCA kñúgGnøg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ. RbeTsExμrenAEtsißtenAeRkam kNþab;édrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdlmanyYnCaemekøag. cMENkGnþrCatiEdlcg;;rkyutþFm’eGayRbCaBlrdæExμr nigcg;bM)at;niTnþPaB )ancMNayluy\tRbeyaCn_mkeGayBYkCnBukrlYy. CnTTYlxusRtUvkMBUlCafñak; dwknaMExμr ¬Rkhm¦BitR)akd min)anykmkpþnÞaeTaseT eFIVLb;ELr e)akR)as;RbCaBlrdæExμr eGayrgTukçevTna edayrbbkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkbnþúbdak;elIRbeTsExμr taMgBIrbbExμrRkhmrhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. srubmk eKaledAplRbeyaCn_cugeRkayénlTi§kumμúynisþ KWcMeNjeTAyYn Edlcg;elbykTwkdIExμr dak;RbeTsExμr CacMNuHrbs;yYn.

ebIcg;rkyutþFm’eGayExμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt nig sIhnu h‘un Esn yYn cin Edr

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g-4-CemøaHdIFIø (Land Conflict) edIm,IeGayCatiExμrFøak;exSayTaMgxag esdækic© eyaFa neya)ay nigekrþi×eQμaHsMrab;eFIVeGay yYngayRsYlbMeBjeKaledA kñúgkarkan;kab;RtYtRtaelbykTwkdIExμr)an yYnEtgEteRbIyuT§saRsþ vaylukRKb; meFüa)aymkelIRbeTsExμreyIgCabnþbnÞab; dUcCayYncab;epþImduteGaymansRgÁam enAelITwkdIExμrenAqñaM ¬1964-1975¦ eFIVeGayExμrkab;smøab;claclenAcenøaHqñaM ¬1975-1979¦ cUlmkRtYtRtaQøanBan TwkdIExμr bøn;RTBüsm,tþiBIqñaM¬1979-1991¦ edayyYn)anRtYtRtaExμr tamrUbPaB xøaBak;Es,kla . yYnyk GavKNbkSRbCaCn RbCaFibetyü esþcBak;bMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμrrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ. yYneRbI h‘un Esn bnþdak;bBaðamkelIExμr CabnþbnÞab;minRBmedaHRsay dUcCa bBaðaCnGenþaRbevsnþyYn bBaðaBukrlYy TMnijeLIgéfø karsmøab;mþgmYyCabnþbnÞab; rwbGUsdIFøI nigkab;éRBeQIykeTARsukyYnCaedIm. yYnykluy mkCMritTijdIRbCaBlrdæExμrEdlRkIRk edayykeQμaHRkumh‘un Caelsfa vinieyaK nigGPivDÆn_. bBaðaTaMgGs; enH BYkRtYtRta h‘un Esn minRBmedaHRsayeT TIbMput TwkdIExμrTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACakmμsiTi§yYn cMENkExμrman Etsm,kRbeTs eQμaHfa km<úCa Etb:ueNÑaH. yYnmincaM)ac;eFIVsRgÁambgðÚrQamdeNþIm ykdIExμrdUckalmun² eToteLIy enHehIyeKehAfa neya)ayRtCak;. tamRTwsþI s‘un s‘U GñkEdlBUEk xagyuT§saRsþ KWminEmnGñk

Edlc,aMgQñH sRtUvrab;rysmrPUmienaHeT EtKWCaGñkQñHsRtUvedaymincaM)ac; RbyuT§ b¤QñHsRtUvedayKμan QamhUrmYydMNk; b¤QñHsRtUvedayminxUcxatsmÖar³GIVbnþicesaHeLIy.

edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrlk;dIeGayyYn yYn)aneRbIyYnEdlecHExμr b¤ExμrEdlbMerIva ykluy duløamkTijdI dMeLIgdIeGayéfø eFIVeGayGñkmanGMNacrwbGUsdIksikrRkIRk ykeTAlk;eGayBYkva ebIeTaHCamin cg;lk; k¾BYkvaeRbIl,icepSg² edIm,ITij dUcCaKMrameGaylk; ebIminGBa©wgeT varwbGUsykTeT². tamyuT§saRsþkumμúynisþyYn vakat;pþac;es,og kat;pþac;hirBaØvtßú luy nigkat;pþac; smÖar³ BIsRtUv ¬Exμr¦ edIm,IeGayExμrexSay. ebIRbCaBlrdæExμr minlk;dIeGayBYkva Kat;xøac)at;bg;TeT ehtudUcenH Kat;lk;TaMgsþay TaMgcitþexøacpSar eRBaHdIenHehIyCaqñaMg)ayrbs;Kat;. yYneRbIl,iceRkamrUbPaBepSg²eTot eFIVeGayExμr FujRTan; edaybgábBaðaepSg²dUcCa eKTijdIEdlh‘MuB½T§CMuvij dIrbs;Kat;ehIy eTIbeKbgçMeGayKat;lk; ebIminlk; Kat;KμanpøÚvcUleTAdIKat; beBaäateGaypþiteméd faGeBa©HGBa©úH rYcehIyBYkeK)anelseqøIyTMlak;kMhusfa RbCaBlrdæCaGñklk;dIeGayvavij b¤vabgáreGaymanCemøaHerOgra:vCaedIm. ExμrRtUvpøas;ecjBItMbn;sMxan;² dUcCa tMbn;esdækic© BaNiC¢kmμ neya)ay eTAkEnøgEdldac;Rsyal kab;éRBrs;enAtamTICnbTCaedIm b¤ BYkvaecaT KMramtamcab; tamsmøab;eGayrt;ecalRbeTsCatiCaedIm. RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYn 85 PaKry Caksikr kan;EtRkIRkya:b;yWun ERskehArkGñkCYyrkyutþiFm’ EtBYk h‘un Esn minedaHRsayCUnExμreLIy. Cak;Esþg RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgekμgcas; )anedIrtaMgBIextþ)at;dMbgmkpÞH h‘un Esn enAtaexμA extþkNþal edIm,IeGayCYy EtTIbMputRtUvGgÁrkS h‘un Esn vayeFIV)abEbkk,al cMENkÉ h‘un Esn vij EbeTAkarBarBYkQμÜj vinieyaKyYnvij edayniyayfa kMuniyayerOgdIFøI BIeRBaHxøacb:HBal;erOgCati. karEdldIeLIgéfømkBImankMeNInRbCaBlrdæ b:uEnþtamBitkMeNInenaH vaminEmnCakMeNIncMnYn RbCaBlrdæExμreT KWkMeNInCnCatiyYn EdlvacUlmkenAkñúgtMbn;sMxan;² dUcCaesdækic© bwgTenøsab PñMeBj

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RkugRBHsIhnu kMBg;cam mat;TenøemKgÁ esomrab e)a:yEb:t EdlCaebHdUgExμr. BYkvaeron PasaExμreGayecH vapøas;bþÚrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgepSgeTot eFIVCaGñkcMNUlExμrfμIedayExμreyIgRsukERscMkarmin)anyl;dwgBIbBaða enHeLIy. cMENkRbeTsExμrmanRbCaBlrdæticRsab; vaeRbIneya)aypSBVpSayeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgBnüa kMeNIteTAvij. enHehIyCa neya)ayyYnnUbnIykmμ enAelITwkdIExμr. g-5-GMeBIBukrlYy (Corruption) GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm¶WmYyya:gsahav EdlkMBugratt,atkñuúgsgÁmExμrbc©úb,nñ eRBaHCnpþac;kar kBa¢HbreTs h‘un Esn elμaPGMNacbMerIplRbeyaCn_yYn KμanqnÞ³edaHRsaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyeGayGs;kúñgsgÁm ExμrTal; EtesaH. Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn KμanectnaedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBugRbQmmuxcMeBaHsgÁmExμreT EfmTaMgbegIát bBaðaeGaykan;EteRcIneTotdUcCa kardeNIþmdIFIøRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ectnaeFIVdUcenH KWeKmanbMNgeGay RbCaCatiExμrkan;EtRk nigexSayeTA² gayRsYl h‘un Esn bnþkan;GMNac bMpøajCati lak;)aMgkMuhus emdwknaM mYycMnYn EdleFIVxuscMeBaHCatiExμrknøgmk CaBiess h‘un Esn manectnarkSakarBarrbbkumμúnisþeRkam \Ti§BlyYneGaysißtesßrenAelIRbeTskm<úCaCaGmt³.

GMeBIBukrlYyenHCab£sKl; eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrsißtenAkñúgPaBRkIRk ehIyGñkRkkan;EtRkeTA² CaBiess GñkRsukERscMkarkan;EtmanCIvPaBRkIRk KμanlT§PaBeronsURteRCARCH mansμartITn;exSayeTA² KitEterOgCIvPaB lg;eCOkare)akR)as;rbs;BYkpþac;kar h‘un Esn Edl)annwgkMBugbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati dUcCYyBRgwgGMNaceGayCnpþac;karEfmeTotb:ueNÑaH. GMeBIBukrlYyCaTunmYysMrab;BRgwgGMNacbkSBYk h‘un Esn eGaykan;EtruwgmaM nigmanCIvPaBFUrFar EtRbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRkeTA )ak;s,atminGacegIbeLIgRbqaMgtTl;nigkareKobsgát; rbs;BYkmanGMNac EdlykkardwknaMtamrebobkumμúynisþ eRkamGaNaniKmyYn. GMeBIBukrlYyeFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikaCati kñúgmYyéf¶rhUteTAdl; 1 lan duløa ehIyebIKitkñúgmYyqñaM CamFümRtUv)at;bg;cMnYn 250landuløa eTA300landuløa. etIluyGs;TaMgenaHCarbs;nrNa? luyTaMgenaH Carbs;CatiExμr minEmnCarbs;bkSBYk h‘un Esn enaHeT etIeKmanR)ak;Exb:unμan ? )anCaman Lan vILa nig RsIyYn cMENkmRnIþraCkar elakRKU GñkRKU kmμkr EdlminEmnbkSBYk h‘un Esn R)ak;ExtictYc minRKb;RKan; ehIykan;RkIRkeTAvij. rdæaPi)alpþac;kar h‘un Esn TTYl)anCMnYy nigxI©breTsrab;landuløakñúgmYyqñaM² etIluyTaMgenaHBYk h‘un Esn ykeTANa? luyTaMgGs;enaHCaluyrbs;CatiExμr b¤Carbs; h‘un Esn Etmñak;Ég )anCanaMKña lYcykRTBü sm,tþiCati ykeTAdak;enAFanaKareRkARbeTsrab;landuløa EtTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA CaGñksg vij. dUecñH RbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs y:agehacNas; 1500 duløakñúgmñak;. bBaðaTaMgGs;enH KWCaKMnitd¾exμARkxVk;rbs;Cnpþac;kar h‘un Esn bMerIyYn manectnaeFIVeGayCatiExμr Rk nig exSay edIm,IbnþGMNacpþac;karbMpøajCati nigbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYnEtb:ueNÑaH.

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g-6-R)asaTRBHvihar erOgR)asaTRBHviharEdleTIbekIteLIgfμI²enH tamBiteTA vaCacitþsaRsþneya)ay EdlerobcMedayyYn eGayKNbkSRbCaCnbegáIteLIg edIm,IbEgVGarmμN_RbCaBlrdæExμreGayePøcerOgRkIRk TMnij eLIgéfø deNþImdIFøI BukrlYy GyutþiFm’epSg² edIm,IeGaymtiCati nigGnþrCatiyl;RcLMfa kardak;R)asaTRBHviharcUlebtikPNÐ BiPBelak eFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrKaMRTe)aHeqñateGayQñH edIm,IbnþGMNac h‘un Esn KNbkSRbCaCn teTAeTot EtvaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnEtb:ueNÑaH. tamkarBitR)asaTRBHvihaenH salakIþTIRkugLa eG)ankat;kIþeGayExμrQñHesom éf¶ 15 mifuna 1962 dUcenHR)asaTRBHviharCakmμsiT§iExμrrYceTAehIy. b:uEnþ sux Gan )ancuHhtßelxakat;dIeGayesom eFIVEpnTIfμI bgáCaCemøaHenHeLIg. karbegáItCemøaHerOgR)asaT RBHviharrvagExμr nigesom Edlesomdak;T½BQøanBanTwkdIExμr edIm,IeGayExμrePøcyYnPaKxagekIt EdlcUl mkeBjRbeTsExμr RbmaNCag 4 lannak;. yYneFIVeGayExμrRcbUkRcbl; manbBaðaminecHcb; x©IédExμreGay bgársRgÁam GñkEdlrgeRKaHKWCatiExμr GñkEdl)anplRbeyaCn_ KWyYneTAvij. tamkarBiteTATaMgyYn nigesom taMgBIGtItkal EtgEtelgEl,gq<inEPñkdak;Exμr edIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_CatieKb:ueNÑaH. eyIgCaExμrRtUvBinitü sikSaRbvtþisaRsþExμreGayc,as; eyIgminRtUvBwgBak;TukcitþelICatisasn_déT CagCatisasn_xøÜnÉgeLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Kña sUmkMuePøcplRbeyaCn_FM dUcCaTwkdIExμrTaMgmUl EdlyYnkMBugEtRtYtRtasBVéf¶ R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlyYn sux Kg; kMBugEtekIbluyykeTAeGayrdæaPi)alyYnCaedIm. sUmeyIgBicarNafa eBlEdlesomQøanBan etIGas‘an b¤GgÁkarshRbCaCati CYyedaHRsaybBaða eyIgb¤eT? dUcenHkMusMGagfamanGas‘an Exμrmin)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ )at;TwkdIenaH eRBaHEpnkarGIVRKb;ya:g eKeFIVRsbtamsßankarN_TaMgGs;. cMENkkarcrcar nigkardak;T½B vaCaEl,gneya)ayq<inEPñkExμreT KμancMeNj GIVdl;Exμr eRkABIExμr )at;TwkdI Exμrclacl Gsnþisux nig P½yxøacb:ueNÑaH.

R)asaTRBHviharExμr

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4-kareRCotERCkBIbreTs¬sRgÁam¦ k-karQøanBanrbs;esom (Siam Invasion) karcab;epþImratt,atrbs;BYkmugeKalcUlmkcin. esom)anrYbrYmCamYykulsm<½ntUc² dUcCa lav nig GaNÑam EdlmanCMnYyBIm:ugeKalkMBugEteFIVkarratt,atenAGasIuGaeKñy_. RBH)aT\RnÞvrμ½n kan;RBHBuT§sasna ehIy)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeTAeGayRbeTscm,a:. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 KWCaesþcEdlkan;sasnaRBhμBaØ ehIyrMlay RBHBuTæsasna EdlCaehtueFIVeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;enAkñúgvibtþisRgÁamsasna. eqøoteBlEdlExμrkMBugEt manvibtiþépÞkñúg kareRCotERCkrbs;breTsnaqñaM1220 RbeTscm,a:)anvaylukcRkPBExμr Etmin)ansMerc edaymanCMnYyBIBYkm:ugeKal RbeTsesom)anvaylukRbeTsExμr nigRbkasÉkraCüehAfa suexaT½yenAstvtS TI13 . s®gÁamsasnaenAkñúgraC RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI8 Edl)anbþúÚrBIsasnaRBHBuTæeTAsasnahiNÐÚ enAqñaM 1283. kgT½Bmu:gehÁal)anvayc,aMgtamRBMEdn cRkPBGgÁreRkayBIRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI8 RtUv)andeNIþm raCedaykUnRbsarrbs;RBHGgÁ ehIy)andUreTACasasnaRBHBuTævij. kalEdlminGackarBarnUvRbB½n§FarasaRsþ nigminGackarBarTwkCMnn; nigminmanTwkRKb;RKan;kñúgrdUvraMgs¶Üt eFIVeGayplitplrbs;ksikmμFøak;cuH esdækic© k¾Føak;cuH nigCakarFøak;cuHéncRkPBGgÁr. tMhyRbCaBlrdæbNþalmkBIkarsøab;edaysarsRgÁam nig søab;eday sar Cm¶WepSg²dUcCa RKuncaj; RKunQamCaedIm. enAqñaM1352 raCaNacRkesom)anRbkaseTACaGayuFüaeday ra:ma:FitI 1. enAkñúgGtItkal cam)anbnþredIm,Idak;karKMramkMEhgeTAelIRckRBMuEdnPaKxageCIgénRbeTsrwt EtF¶n;F¶reTAeTot KWclnalUtlas;eq<aHeTAxagt,ÚgénRbCaCnesom Edlqøak;CardæfμImYyenAkñúgTwkdIEdl Exμrkan; kab;. dUecñH suexaT½yenAemNamxagelI)anRbkasÉkraCürbs;xøÜnÉgrYcputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrenAqñaM 1219 ¬ÉksaxøH 1201¦ KWCaqñaMEdlRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7cUlTIvgÁt;. eRkaymkenAstvtSTI13 GñkRKb;RKgmu:g ehaÁlrbs;RbeTscin)aneFIVeGayGMNacExμreyIgexSay edayCMrujCnCatiesomeGay pøas;bþÚreTAkñúgGasIu GaeKñy_ RbEhlCamankareqøIytbeTAnigkarKMramKMEhgenH kgkmøaMghñwg)anbnþeFIVkarRbqaMgCMTas;GMNac ExμrTUTaMgRbeTskñuúgry³eBlénkarsuKtrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7. RbeTscamenAPaKxagekIt nig RbeTsesom enAPaKxaglic)anykbMENkmYyya:gFMénGaNacRkExμr. enAkñúgqñaM1431 GgÁrxøÜnÉgRtUv)anRKb;RKgeday CnCatiesom nigExμr)anTTYlsareLIgvijnUv rdæFanIBIGtItkalsMrab;ry³eBld¾xøI. b:uEnþenAkñúgqñaM1434 Exμr)ancakecj BITIRkugGgÁrnig begIátrdæFanIfIμmYyeTotEk,rTIRkugPñMeBj. karpøas;bþÚrTIRkugmanCabnþbnÞab; ecjBIRkugGgÁrmkekaHekr enAqñaM 928-944 ecjBIekaHekreTARkugGgÁrvijenAqñaM 1431 . ecjBIGgÁrqñaM 1431 eTATYl)asanqñaM 1431-1434. ecjBITYl)asaneTAPñMeBj qñaM1434-1505. ecjBITIRkug PñMeBjeTA ]tþúgÁ 1505-1515 ecjBI]tugÁeTAeBaFisat; qñaM1515-1528. rYcecjBI eBaFisat;eTAlEgVk 1528-1566 . rYcehIyRtLb;eTARkugGgÁrvij qñaM1566-1576. rYcecjBIRkugGgÁrRtLb;mklEgVkvij 1576-1594.

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niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 72

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niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 73

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begIátkarpøas;bþÚr I>begIátyuT§saRsþ (Establish Strategy) ebIsinCaKμankarcaM)ac;pøas;bþÚreT KMnitPaBCaGñkdwknaMKWKμann½yeT. PaBCaGñkdwknaMminEmnGrUbIeT tamKMnitelak )øatug vaKwCaskmμPaBGnuvtþn_ EdlmaneKaledACak;lak;enAkñugKMnit. karpøas;bþÚrenAkñúgGgÁkar dwknaM eRbobdUcCakarebIkLaneTAmux EdlmaneKaledACak;lak;sMrab;eTAEdr. emdwknaMCaGñkeFIVeGayman karpøas;bþÚrmYyy:agsMxan; b:uEnþeKminGaceFIVvaEtmñak;Ég)aneT eKenAEtmankarcaM)ac;karnUvCMnYyBIGñkd¾éT mann½yfa emdwknaMKWCaGñkbegIátGñkedIrtam kic©karrbs;emdwknaMKWRtUvCMrujmnusSeGayeFIVkargar. ebIKaμnGñkedIr tameT KWKμanemdwknaMeT. edIm,IeFIVCaemdwknaM nigpøas;bþÚreTA)anGaRs½yelIsßankarN_ emdwknaMl¥enAkñúg kal³eTs³ b¤sßankarN_mYy minGaceCaKC½ykñuúgkal³eTs³b¤sßankarN_epSg²eLIy . elak Winston Churchil EdlmankareCaKC½ydwknaMkñúgeBlsRgÁam nigbnÞab;mkbraC½yenAkñuúgeBlmansniþPaB edaykarcaj; eqñatCaTUeTA. emdwknaMRtUvbegIátsßankarN_ begáIt»kas minrgcaMsßankarN_enaHeLIy. 1-ebskkmμ (Mission) kñúgnamCakUnExμrmñak; EdlmanesovePAenHGanenAkμúgéd eyIgRtUvmansμartIPJak;rlwkdwgGMBIkatBVkic© Parkic©sMrab;xøÜneyIgCaExμrmñak;² faetIeyIgRtUveFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatimatuPUmieyIg? eyIgmañk;²RtUvmankatBV kic©TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbeTsCatieyIgenAdMNak;kalenH edayminbeNþayeGaybuKÁlNamñak; RkumNamYysMerc vasnaRbeTsCati eFIVGIVmYyEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_Cati b:HBal;GayuCivitRbeTsCati tamEtcitþenaHeLIy. eyIgRtUvEtdwgKuNdl;buBVbursExμreyIg eyIgRtUvEtsgKuNTwkdIExμr eyIgRtUvEtRsLaj;karBar CYyCatiExμr minbeNþayeGayrlay)at;bg; edaysarEtbuKÁlGviC¢a BalelμaPGMNac lYcCati lk;Cati mñak; b¤ mYYyRkum enaHeLIy. BIeRBaHfa CatiExμr mann½yfa RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;enHehIyCaGñkkarBarEfrkSaCatirbs;xøÜn minEmneXIj emdwknaMEdlyYnelIkbnþúb dUc h‘un Esn EdlbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayyYn TukRbCaBlrdæExμr EdlQamC½rCaExμr eGayrgTukçevTna ehIyeyIgenAnaMKñaQr»bédemIlfaCaGñkxøaMg GñkBUEkqøattammenaKmn_va enaHeLIy. RbCaCatiExμreRbobdUcCaRkdass minEdl)aneFIVGIVmYyeGayb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_Cati )at;bg; plRbeyaCn_Cati k,t;CatiExμreLIy b¤ eyIg)andwknaMRbeTsnaMeGayExμrsøab;mnusSrab;lannak; b¤dwknaM RbeTsFøak;Gnþray dUc sIhnu nigh‘un Esn eLIy. EteTaHbICa sIhnu h‘un Esn eFIVxusF¶n;F¶r ya:gNak¾eday k¾emdwknaMTaMgenHminEdlTTYlxuseLIy EtgEtTMlak;kMhusdak;Gñkd¾éT minTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHkardwknaMrbs;xøÜn EfmTaMgGYtxøÜnfaCaGñkmanbuNü GñkxøaMgeTot. dUecñH eyIgRtUvrYbrYmKñaeLIg samKÁIKña eLIg eGayÉkPaB CatiExμrEtmYy edIm,ICatiExμrrs;. kñúgdMNak;kard_RbkbedayeRKaHfñak; EdlRbeTsCatienHCitdl;eRCaHmrN³ eyIgminGacQreGab édemIlrhUtRbeTsExμrRtUvFøak;eTAkñúgkNþab;édyYnTaMgRsug dUcExμreRkamenaHeT eRBaHeyIgeXIjfa yYneRbI neya)aycitþsaRsþ edayviFIRtCak; nigedayviFIekþA bMP½nþExμreyIg edayeyIgemIlEPñkTeTmineXIjeLIy yuT§saRsþeK edIm,IRtYtRtaelbykTwkdIExμrtamEpnkaryYnhUCImij edayExμreyIgmanEteQμaHfa km<úCa niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 74

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Etb:ueNÑaH EtplRbeyaCn_RKb;ya:gRtUvyYnCaGñkrwbGUsyk yYnCaGñkRtYtRtaExμr eFIV)abExμrtaml,icRKb;Ebb ya:g. dUecñHebskkmμd¾FMeFgsMrab;eyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvEtnaMKñaeRkakeLIg cgRkgKñaCaFøúgmYy edIm,IrMedaH RbeTsExμrsBVéf¶enH ¬Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr¦ ecjBIGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμIenH eGayCatiExμr man ÉkraCü RbCaFibetyü siTi§esrIPaBeBjelj karBarCatimatuPUmiExμreGayenAsißtesßrKg;vgS sMrab;kUn ecAExμrCMnan;eRkay. eyIgTaMgGs;KñaminRtUvlg;eCOtammenaKmn_yYn KNbkSRbCaCn h‘un Esn edayKμan karsikSaRsavRCav RtiHriHBicarNaeGayyl;BI ehut nig pl BitR)akd emIleXIjyuT§saRsþyYnenaHeT ¬ebImin)ansikSaRsavRCavGMBIyuT§saRsþneya)ayeGaysIuCMerAeT eyIgminGacyl;dl;kll,icexμARkxVk; rbs; kumμúynisþyYn nigkUnGuk sIhnu h‘un EsneLIy¦. yYnykKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa h‘un Esn CakUnGuk eFVItamyuT§saRsþva ehIyesþc sIhnu CaExl nigBak;GavRbCaFibetyü snþiPaBEkøgkøayeGayExμr eyIgemIleXIjnigEPñkfaExμrmanÉkraCü mansnþiPaB manRbCaFibetyü eRkayBIyYneRbIl,icerobcMEpnkar smøab;Exμr bM)ak;sμartI sm½y b:ul Bt mk. EtebIeyIgsikSaRsavRCav emIledayR)aCJa eXIjfaExμrenA RkIRk rgTukçevTna P½yxøac tamkarerobcMEpnkarfμIrbs;yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. ehtuGIVExμrenAEtRkIRk ebIeyIgmanRbCaBldæ tictYc ehIysm,ÚredayRTBüsm,tþieBjRbeTs dUcCa Er:t,Úg mas eBRC éRBeQI RtIsac; dImanCICati tMbn;eTscrN_ nigR)asaT. ehtuGIV)anenAEtmanGMeBIGyutþiFm’ BukrlYy kab;smøab;Exμr. ehtuGIV)an CayYncUlmkrs;enAeBjTwkdIExμr TaMgsIuvil nigTahan manGtþsBaØaNb½NÑ mansiTi§e)aHeqñatelITwkdI ExμreRsc Etcitþ. ehtuGIVyYnmansiTi§ebIk smaKmn_ 19 extþRkug edIm,IGIV? yYneFIVkarenAkñúgRksYgsMxan;²rbs;Exμr dUcCa b:UlIs Tahan RksYgkarbreTsCaedIm. 2-eKalbMNg (Goal) RbCaBlrdæExμr eyIgTaMgGs;KñamaneKalbMNg cg;pøas;bþÚrsgÁmCatiExμreGaymanÉkraCü mansiTi§esrI PaBeBjelj manRbCaFibetyüesrIBitR)akd CYyRbCaBlrdæExμreGayrYcputBIPaBRkIRk P½yxøac GyutþiFm’ nig GMeBIBukrlYyepSg² edIm,IeGayRbeTsCatimansuxsnþiPaBBiitR)akd rugerOg]tþúg]tþm esμIrmuxRbeTsnana elIBiPBelak. k-pøas;bþÚremdwknaM nigrcnasm<½n§ (Change Leader and Structure) kardwknaMEdlmanlkçN³RbNaMgRbECgKñaedayesrI nigyutþiFm’ KWCadMeNIrkarEdlGacQaneTA rkkarrIkcMerIn eRBaHfakareFIVEbbenH vaGaceGayemdwknaMmñak;²xitxMRbNaMgRbECgKña eFIVl¥cMeBaHCati ykcitþTuk dak;cMeBaHsuxTukçRbCaBlrdæ tMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM xitxMGPivDÆn_RbeTsCatieGayrIkcMerIn. eyIgmin GacTukemdwknaMcas;d¾Edl² eFIVCaemdwknaMrhUtenaHeT eRBaHKμanKMnitfμIsMrab;EkERbfμIeGayRbeTsrIkcMerIneLIy eRbobdUcCaeyIgminRtUveRbIeKaRkbIcas;²eBkeT eRBaHvaGs;kmøaMg famBl TaMgR)aCJa sμartI KMnitfμI KμaneCOn elOneTAmuxeToteT. eyIgRtUvEtpøas;bþÚrfμI edIm,IeGaykargarRbeTsCatidMeNIrkarelOnqab;rh½seTAmux dUceyIgmankuMBüÚT½rcas;pøas;kMuBüÚT½rfμI kargarrIkcMerInelOn ehIymanRbsiT§PaBx<s;Cagmunya:gdUecñHEdr . eyIgCaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Cam©as;GMNac EdleRCIserIsdMNagrbs;xøÜn edayecjBIqnÞHBitR)akdrbs;xøÜn niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 75

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edIm,IykmkbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kña minEmnerIsmksMrab;CiHCan; KMramkMEhg deNþImdIFøIeyIgeT eyIgerIsbuKÁlNa EdlykRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatiCaFM sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_eyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaCatiExμr. eyIgRtUv eRCIserIsykemdwknaMEdll¥bMput The King of the King or The best of the best.. x-pøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaM (Change Politics) CakarBitehIy kardwknaMneya)aysMrab;CatimYy RtUvEtKitplRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatienaH CaCagpl RbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁl b¤ minEmndwknaMneya)ayedIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_CatidéT dUcBYk h‘un Esn )annwg kMBugeFIVenaHeT. eTaHCadwknaMneya)aytamEbbkumμúynisþ b¤ tamEbbesrI RbCaFibetyü tamEbbraCaniym k¾eday k¾neya)aydwknaMenaHRtUvEtÉkraCü sMrab;bMerIplRbeyaCn_Catirbs;xøÜnÉgEdr. RKb;RbeTsnanaenA elIBiPBelakeRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 RtUvEtmanÉkraCürag²xøÜn sMercvasnaRbeTsedayxøÜnÉg dUcCa RbeTsenAGaRhVik \NÐÚcin¬Exμr lav yYn¦ \NÐa maeLsIu siugkaBU hiVlIBin PUma Rb‘ueN nigfμI²enH TIm½rxagekIt kUsUvU: tamsn§isBaØaGnþrCati. eTaHCaGuIRsaEGl TIm½rxagekIt Rb‘uyeN CaRbeTstUcmYyk¾eday k¾RbeTsTaMgenH kan;neya)aydwknaMCMhrÉkraCü edayminsßitenAeRkamKMnabRbeTsNamYy dUcRbeTsExμreLIy. GkuslEt RbeTsExμr minRtwmEt)at;bg;TwkdIExμreRkam TwkdIExμrelIeT EfmTaMgneya)aydwknaMrbs;RbeTsExμrbc©úb,nñ enAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYneTot. karEdlneya)aydwknaMeRkam\Ti§BlyYnenHehIy EdleFIVeGay CatieyIgKμanÉkraCü kñúgkarsMerceCaKvasnaRbeTsCatiedayxøÜnÉg tamsn§isBaØaGnþrCati b¤karR)afña cg;)an rbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlrgTukçevTna\tElð BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;. dUcenH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtpøas;bþÚrneya)aydwknaMrbs;BYk h‘un Esn eGayeTACaneya)aydwk naMCatiExμr EdlÉkraCü mansiTi§esrIPaBeBjelj tamEbbesrIRbCaFibetyü edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμrvij.

K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKg (Change Regime) karRKb;RKgtamRbB½n§kumμúynisþ minrIkcMerInelOndUcRbB½n§RKb;RKgBYkRbCaFibetyüesrIeLIy. kumμúy nisþbgçitbgçMmnusSeGayeFIVkar edayepþatelIkic©kareRcInCagsuxmalPaBmnusS mnusSeFIVkarTaMgP½yxøac KuNPaBkargarminsUvl¥ TinñplkargarTab esdækic©exSay. dUcenH tamkaremIleXIj kumμúynisþmin KitKUrdl;siTi§mnusSeT edayKitKUrEtrdæb:ueNÑaH. cMENkesrIvij ykcitþTukdak;elIsiTi§esrIPaB suxmalPaB mnusS RbCaBlrdæCaFM mnusSsb,aycitþeFIVkar eBjcitþkargar KuNPaBkargarl¥ niyayBit eFIVBit Tinñpl kargarx<s; esdækic©rIkcMerIn. eyIgRtUvpþl;siTi§GMNacdl;fñak;mUldæan edIm,IeFIVkarsMerccitþerIsemdwknaM nigeFIVkic©GPivDÆtMbn;EdlxøÜn rs;enAedayxøÜnÉg minEmnecjBIGMNacmnusSEtmñak; b¤sMercEtBIfñak;elI dUcBYkRkum h‘un Esn eT. ral;bBaða ekIteLIg fñak;PUmi XMu k¾ h‘un Esn CaGñkedaHRsay cuHemPUmiemXMu manParkic©eFIVkic©karGIVxøH? )anCaTukeGay naykrdæmRnþIeFIVkarCMnYsvij mann½yfa naykrdæmRnþIdeNþImkargaremPUmi emXMu KμankarEbgEck Parkic© tYnaTI karTTYlxusRtUvc,as;las;. ral;smiTi§plTaMgLayeFIVeLIgeday h‘un Esn Etmñak;Ég cuHÉNaeTA RTBüsm,tiþCatiExμr . eyIgRtUvpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§RKb;RKgBI kumμúynisþ eTARbB½n§RKb;RKgRbCaFibetyüesrIvij. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 76

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RbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbesrI b¤ RbCaFibetyü KW GMNacsißtenAelIRbCaBlrdæ RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§esμIrKña enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GMNacTaMgbI nitibBaØtþi nitiRbtibtiþ nititulakar dac;eday ELkBIKña esμIrKña. RbCaBlrdæmansiTi§TTYlBt’manBIRKb;mCÄdæan Gb;rMkMritdUc²Kña e)aHeqñatedayesrInig yutþiFm’. RbB½n§sarBt’manÉkraCü niyaykarBit minlMeGogeTAbkSneya)ayNamYy ÉbkSneya)aynImYy² eBlCab;CardæaPi)al RtUveFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;CatiExμrTUeTA minEmnRbkan;bkSenH bkSenaHeLIy. CaBiess sgÁmRtUveKarBc,ab; manyutþiFm’ elIktMekIgGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd nigGñkmansmtßPaBBitR)akd eGaydwknaM RbeTs. X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay (Open-Mined Nationalism) eyIgRtUvEkERbpñt;KMnitExμreGayecHRsLaj;CatixøÜnsareLIgvij edayeGaytMélCatixøÜnÉg eCOelICati ExμrxøÜnÉg sþab;eyabl;CatiExμr rYbrYmExμrsareLIgvij Qb;BwgBak;GñkdéT¬breTs¦eRBaHEtGMNacplRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜn ecHCYyExμreTAvijeTAmk mankarseNþasRbNI emtþakruNa nigha‘nlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:g edIm,IkarBar plRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGayCatirIkcMerInrugerOg. eyIgmuneFIVGIVmYy RtUvdMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiExμrCaFM EteyIgRtUv manshRbtibtþikarCamYyRbeTsCitxag GnþrCati b¤mhaGMNackñúgelak kñúgzan³CaCatimYyesμIrKña mitþPaBl¥ cMeBaHCatisasn_déTkñúgnamCamnusSCatidUcKña mansiTi§esμIrKñacMeBaHmuxc,ab;. edIm,IbgðajnUvsμartIesñhaCati rbs;eyIg buKÁlwmñak;RtUvelIkTwkcitþExμr eGaytMélGIVCarbs;ExμrtamRKb;rUbPaB cab;BIkarCYyTijplitplTMnij ExμreLIgeTA. CatiExμrman TwkdI RbCaBlrdæ rdæ rdæaPi)al GFibetyüPaB ÉkraCü CaedIm. edIm,IbNþúHeGayExμr manÉkPaBCati rwgbwug samKIÁKña ksagRbeTsCati eGayrIkcMerIndUcRbeTsnana. eyIgRsLaj;karBarCati EteyIgRtUvsMLwgemIlneya)aytMbn; nigBiPBelak EdleFIVdMeNIreq<aHeTAmuxTan;RbeTsrIkcMerInnana eTotEdr. g-karBarkareRCotERCkBIbreTs ¬eRkam\Ti§BlbreTs¦(Foreign Interfere Protection) karEdleyIgGackarBarBIkareRCotERCk deNþImplRbeyaCn_BIbreTs)anenaH luHRtaEt RbCaBlrdæ rbs;eyIgxøaMg TaMgfamBl TaMgR)aCJa TaMgsμartI eTIbeyIgGackarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati)an GPivDÆCatieGayrIk cMerInrugerOg ehIyeyIgGaccMeNjplRbeyaCn_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IeKaledA suPmgÁl suxsnþiPaB TaMgGs;Kña. eyIgRtUverobcMRbB½n§karBareGay)anrwugmaM RbB½n§karBar manTaMgBIr EpñkxageRkA ¬karBarCati¦nig Epñkxagkñúg ¬sniþsuxCati¦ nig kmøaMgR)aCJasμartIrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;. RbvtþisaRsþ)anbeRgoneyIg ya:gc,as;GMBIkareRCotERCkBIbreTs nigExμrEdlBwgBak;breTs mçagBwgesom mçagBwgyYn rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñ enH RbvtþisaRsþenaH)anvilmkrkeyIgvijdEdl EdlsBVéf¶ h‘un Esn sßitenAeRkam\Ti§BlyYndUcRbvtþi GtItkal. c-KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl (National Interest Much more than Individual) RbeTsEdlmanPaBrwugbwug nig rIkcMerInrugerOg EtgEtbNþúHbNþalRbCaBlrdæeGayxøaMgTaMgR)aCJa sμartI CaBiess Gb;rMeGayRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;ykcitþTukdak;eFIVplRbeyaCn_CUnCatiCaFM KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFMCag plRbeyaCn_buKÁl mann½yfa RbCaBlrdæRtUvKitKUreFIVRbeyaCn_edIm,ICatiTaMgGs;Kña esñhaCati edIm,IeGayCati rIkcMerInrugerOg. eyIgman]TahrN_Rsab;ehIy RbeTsEdlkMBugCamhaGMNac nigRbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 77

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dUcCa shrdæGaremrik cin Cb:un G;geKøs éf yYn CaedIm. ktþaTaMgenH ebIeyIgRkeLk emIlsßankarN_RbeTsExμrvij eXIjfa edIrbRBa©asTwsnigRbeTsrIkcMerInTaMgGs;enH CaBiess emdwknaM dUc h‘un Esn nigmYycMnYnkñúgKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa KitEtGtμaniym lYcCati lk;CatiykmkeFIVCaplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn edayTukeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrPaKeRcInrs;enARkIRk evTna rgTukç BIGñkmanGMNac. cMNucEdleRKaHfñak;bMputKWfa TahanenATYlRksaMgPaKeRcIn kMBugEtQøk;vegVgnigRsIs¥atyYn EdleKbBa©ÚleGayeFIVCaRbBn§cugrbs; emTahanenaH ehIy)anrkerOgElgRbBn§cas;EdlCaExμrecal. EdlmanemT½ByYn RbcaMkarenAtMbn;TYlRksaMg enaHeQμaH eCIg Ék CaCnCatiyYnsuT§saF. cMENkPariyarbs; h‘un Esn eQμaHedIm b‘un ehog k¾CaCnCatiyYnEdr EteRkaymkdUrmkdak;eQμaH b‘un ra:nI vij. enHCabBaðaeRKaHfñak;sMrab;RbeTsCatixøaMgNas; cMeBaHkareRCotcUlrbs;carkmμyYn edIm,IRKb;RKgenAkñúgsßab½nsMxan;² ehIyplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr CatiExμr nig)at;bg;mþgbnþic² tamyuT§saRsþrbs;eKerobcM etIeyIgCaExμrEdlkMBugGanesovePAenHenAkñúgéd etIeyIg beNþayeGayCatieyIgTaMgmUl RtUv)at;bg;edaysarneya)ayd¾RtCak;enH? b¤ eyIgTaMgGs;KñaTukplRbeyaCn_ CatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GayuCIvitCatiFMCagGayuCiviteyIg ebIeyIgBicarNaRtg;cMNucenH eyIgeXIjfa CnCatiyYneKbNþúHbNþalmk TaMgRbus TaMgRsI lHbg;RKb;ya:geFIVya:gNa edIm,IplRbeyaCn_CatieK KWdeNþImplRbeyaCn_ExμrtamRKb;rUbPaB CaBiess hU CImij dIExμrmYydMu KW dMu eBRCmYydMu. dUcenHehIy eyIgmñak;² EdlBak;páay Bak;s½ká manLanvILa mansBaØab½RtbNÐit GnubNÐit briBaØab½Rt KYreGayxμas RbsinebIeyIgmin)aneFIVplRbeyaCn_CUnCatimatuPUmiExμreyIg nwgKμanKMnitkarBar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμreyIg suxcitþ»nk,albMerIKNbkSRbCaCn EdleRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;kumμúynisþyYn enaHGn;CagRsIebsüayYnxøaMgNas; EdleKlHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gmkelbykdIExμredIm,ICatieKrugerOg. II-eRCIserIsyuT§saRsþ nig ]bkrN_ (Strategic Choice) edIm,IsMerceCaKC½ytameKalbMNgxagelI EdlRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs;cg;)anenaH eyIgRtUverIsyuT§saRsþ mYyd¾RtwmRtUvsmRsbeTAnigbriyakasneya)aykñúgRsuk tMbn; nig GnþrCati. b:uEnþ CarYmmkeyIgRtUvman neya)aykñúgRsuk neya)aykarTUt esdækic© eXasna kgT½B edIm,IeFIVikic©karenHeGay)ansMercdl;eKaledA. GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;CatisMrab;CYykñúgebskkmμenH rYmmanRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm sasna CnCatiPaKtic Catiniym RbCaFibetyü nigsiT§mnusSCaedIm. ktþaTaMgenHKWeyIgeFIVya:gdUcemþc edIm,IrYbrYm RbCaCatiExμr BIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁmEdlenARKb;mCÄdæan eGayman ÉkPaBKña samKÁIKña edIm,IbuBVehtu rMedaH karBar EfrkSa Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eGayrYcputBIGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI nigCnpþac;kar h‘un Esn edaysMerceKaledAcugeRkay KW RbeTsExμrman\sSrPaB ÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB RbCaFibetyüeBj elj. enHRKan;EteKalyuT§saRsþEdlelIkykmkniyay edayminbriyayeGay)anl¥itl¥n;enaHeT. ktþaEdl naMeTArkeCaKC½yGaRs½yelI Epnkarl¥\tex©aH EdlmanCadMNak;karCabnþbnÞab; edaymankarcUlrYmBI RbCaCatiExμrBIRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm EtGñkniBn§min)anlatRtdag eGayl¥itl¥n;eLIy. BIeRBaHfa EpnkarRtUvEt manlkçNHsm¶at; minRtUveGayKUrRbqaMgdwgeLIy. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 78

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müa:gvijeTot eyIgkMuePøpøÚvEdlRBHBuT§ RBHbrmRKUéneyIg)anKUrbBa¢ak;TukeGayeyIgeRbIR)as;enaH Kw GgÁmaK’aTaMg 8 KW karKitRtUv kareFIVRtUv karRbkbrbrcBa©wmCIvitRtUv karBüayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv karsmaFiRtUv karseRgÁaHRtUv nig>>>cUreyIgykKtienHmkGgÁúyKitBicarNaTaMgGs;KñaenaHeyIgR)akd CarkRck ecjrYcCaminxan. k-neya)ay (Politics) eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymanGgÁkardwknaMneya)ay emdwknaMneya)ay eKalkarN_neya)ay yuT§saRsþ neya)ay GñkKaMRTneya)ay nigktþaepSg²eTot. GgÁkarneya)ayRtUverobcMeGayman menaKmnviC¢a neya)ay ¬raCaniym Catiniym RbCaFibetyüesrI sPaniym kumμúynisþ sgÁmniym pþac;kar¦ citþsaRsþneya)ay. eyIgRtUvdwgGMBIRbvtþisaRsþ¬Cati tMbn; BiPBelak¦ RbvtþisaRsþneya)ay TsSn³viC¢a neya)ay viTüasaRsþneya)ay karviPaKneya)ay RBwtþikarN_neya)ayfμI² nig PUmisaRsþneya)ayeTotpg. eBlEdlecHGMBIneya)ayenH ehIyeyIgerobcMeGayneya)ayrbs;eyIgeGay)anl¥ eFIVya:gNaeGaymankar cUlrYmKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; TaMg sasna CnCatiPaKtic nig EpñkRkumplRbeyaCn_sMxan;² dUcCa kmμkr BaNiC¢kr nisSit ksikr .l. eyIgRtUvsikSarkcMNucrYmmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;cg;)an ehIydak;ecj CaeKalkarN_neya)ay. x-eXasna (Propaganda) kareXasnaEdlmanRbsiTi§ KWeFIVskmμPaB Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_BitR)akddl;RbCaBlrdæ. karkarBar plRbeyaCn_Cati plRbeyaCn_rYm. karesμaHRtg; Caneya)ayl¥bMput. karniyayBit eFIVBit¬sc©³¦ CaeXasna manRbsiT§PaBbMput. CaBiess karedaHRsaybBaðaEdlmanry³eBlEvg edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæTTYlsux suPmgÁl Catiman]tþmPaBesμIrmuxelIelakCaedIm. kareXasnaenH RtUverobcMEpnkareXasnaeGayRtwmRtUv edIm,IsarBt’manpSBVpSayeGaydl;RbCaBlrdædl;Gñksþab;. manviFIeRcInNas;kñúgkareXasna tamryHkar eFIVskmμPaBepSg²dUcCa xitb½NÑ bda viTüú TUrTsS TUrsa eGLicRtUvnic GIuntaENt Evbsay bNþaj eXasna.l. kareXasnaTak;TgnigkarcMNayetIlT§plmkvijmanRbsiT§b:uNÑa emdwknaMEdlenAs¥itrmYt CamYyRbCaBlrdæ CacMNucmYyman\Ti§BlxøaMgbMput.¬sUmGanesovePA yuT§saRsþeXasna¦ Cak;EsþgmuneBle)aHeqñatfμI² enAéf¶TI 27 kkáda 2008 knøgmkenH. h‘un Esn )anerobcMerOgfμI dUcCa erOgR)asaTRBHvihar edIm,IbEgVGarmμN_eGayePøcerOgcas;² EdlminTan;edaHRsay edIm,IeGayExμr ePøcyYn PaKekIt Etcab;GarmμN_éfPaKxaglicvij. éfQøanBanTwkdIExμrCabBaðaEdlKYreGayQWcab; EteyIgRtUv RkeLkemiIlkarQøanBanrbs;yYnPaKxagekIt taMgBIqñaM 1979 EdleKniyayfa yYnmkCYy nigeFIVtamrUbPaB eRbIGay:g h‘un Esn CamitþPaB edIm,IQøanBanTwkdIExμredayRsbc,ab;enaHpg. K-hirBaØvtßú (Finance) edIm,IdMeNIrkarGgÁkarneya)aymYyeTA)an hirBaØvtßúCaktþasMxan;sMrab;bMeBjtamKMeragnImYy². ehtu enHeyIgRtUvmanRbPBhirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. karcUlrYmviPaKTanrbs;smaCikCamUldæanCaRKwHd¾rwugmaMrbs; niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 79

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GgÁkarneya)ay. KYbpSMnigkarEsVgrkkarKaMRTepSg² nig begIátCaRbPBhirBaØvtßúdUcCa shRKas nig Rkumh‘un epSg².

X-kgT½B (Military) edIm,IBRgwgkgT½BmYyeGayxøaMg)anTamTareGaymankarhVWkhat;eGay)anhμt;ct;RtwmRtUv edIm,IeGay TahanmanCMnajc,as;las; mankmøaMgeRcIn mansmÖar³ es,og nig]bkrN_ eRbIR)as;TMenIb ¬kaMePøIg nigRKab;¦ mnÞIreBTüTahan bec©kviTüaepSg². TaMgGs;enH minTan;RKb;RKan;eT vaGaRs½yelIembBa¢akar sßankarN_ sßanPaB PUmisaRsþ KuNFm’emdwknaM nigvin½yTahaneTot. vaTak;TgPaBv½yqøatrbs;emdwknaM EdlmanÉkeTs erobcM TaMgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ yuT§viFIepSg²enAsmrPUmiBitR)akd. emT½BEdlxøaMgRtUvecHtaMgBIbec©keTs kl,yuT§ Rbtibtþikar yuT§saRsþ RbkbedaybTBiesaFn_elIsmrPUmiBitR)akd. g-kaTUt (Diplomatics) edIm,ITTYlkarkaMRTBIGnþrCatieyIgRtUvyl;GMBIc,ab;GnþrCatieGayc,as;. ehIyeyIgRtUvBinitüemIl sßankarN_neya)aykñúgRbeTsedIm,IelIkykmkbgðajGnþrCati edaymanPsþútagc,as;las;. EtRtUvcaMfa ebIGñkGgÁúykEnøgNa GñkeRkakkEnøgenaH. enHbBa¢ak;fa GnþrCatiRKan;Et CaKMrbeyIgEtb:ueNÑaH minGaceFIVeGay q¥in)ay)aneT ebIsinCaeyIgmindutePIøgeGayekþAdl;tYrvaenaH tYekþAeTIb)an)ayq¥in ehIyvaRtUvnigBakü rbs;RBHBuT§brmRKUéneyIg Gtßahi Gtßena naefa xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn ya:genaHEdr. GIV²GaRs½yelIxøÜneyIgCaGñkkMNt; GñkeRkACYyeyIg)ankñúgRKaGasnñmYyRKab:ueNÑaH. III>Gnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþ nigkll,ic s‘un sU‘ (Implement the strategies and Tactics of Sun Zue 1-eronRbyuT§ (Learn to fight) eronRbyuT§enATIenH mann½yfa eyIgRtUvrkkl,l,ic yuT§viFIRKb;ya:g RbkYtRbECg eFIVya:gNaeGay QñHédKUr QñHsRtUv. eTaHCaeyIgtUc b¤FM RtUvmanKMnitRbNaMgRbECgCanic©. eFIVya:geGayRbeTseyIg rIkcMerInlUtlas;l¥CageK. eFIVya:gNaeGayGgÁkardwknaMrbs;eyIgxøaMgCageK TaMgxagEpñk kmøaMg R)aCJa sμartI smÖar³ nig bec©kviTüa edIm,IvivDÆn_eGayTan;sPaBkarN_rbs;tMbn;nigBiPBelak. BiPBelakeRbob dUcCastVRmwK EdldeNþImplRbeyaCn_Kña stVNamankmøaMg cgáÚmxøaMgCagEtgEtQñHstVtUcKμancgáÚm dUceta nig xøaEtg eRbIcgáÚmrbs;xøÜn edIm,IKMramkMEhgstVtUctac. ehtuenHehIy stVQøÚsrgcaMEtcMNIrbs;stVmancgáÚm. CaBiess ekItmkCamnusS minRtUvrYjra xøac rgcaMesckþIsøab;dUcCastVQøÚsenaHeT RtUvEth‘anRbQmmuxRKb;]bsKÁ RtUvEth‘antTl;cMeBaH sßankarN_Edlbgámhnþraydl;eyIg dl;CatieyIg eTaHCaeyIgtUc exSayCagsRtUv k¾eday Etya:gehacNas; eyIgminrgcaMesckþIsøab;enaHeT eyIgRtUvEteFIVedIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_Cati kMuTukeGayeKmkbMpøajplRbeyaCn_CatiCiHCan;CatieyIg edayKμankartbtenaH. ebIeyIgrs; ekItCaCatiExμr ehIy eyIgmin)aneFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_Cati eTaHCaeyIgrs;manGayurab;Ban;qñaM k¾KμantMélKμanRbeyaCn_ sMrab; CatimatuPUmieyIgEdr. EtebIeyIgrs;enAmYYyéf¶ ehIyeyIgeFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμr karBarRbeyaCn_CatiExμr CYyCatimatuPUmi CYyRbCCatiExμr eTaHCasøab;eTAk¾CatiExμrenAEtcgcaMeQμaH cgRkgTukCaRbvtþisaRsþ sMrab; kUnecAExμrCMnan;eRkay ykmkeFIVCaKMrUEdr. eyIgRkeLkemIlRbeTsTIm½rtUcmYy EtTIm½rxitxMerIbMr:HBIRbeTs niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 80

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\NÐÚensIu)aneCaKC½ytaMgBIqñaM 1979 Etmkdl;qñaM 2001 eTIbTTYl)anÉkraCüeBjelj. cMENkÉTIRkug hugkug k¾TTYl)anÉkraCüBIRbeTsGg;eKøsenAqñaM 1997 Edr. 2-bgðajpøÚv (Show the way) emdwknaMEdlxøaMgKWCaGñkbgðajpøÚv CaGñkR)ab;pøÚvEdlRtUvedIreTAdl;eKaledA. CaemdwknaM Edldwg RKb;sßankarN_ erobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ kareRbImnusSeGayRtUvCMnaj kargar nigsßnkarN_. CaGñkdwknaMmun nUvral;ehtukarEdlxøÜn)anerobcMeGayeFIV fabraC½y b¤eCaKC½y. emdwknaMEbbenH kMrrk)anNas; eyIgeRbob RbdUcemdwknaMEbbenHeTAtYrGgÁ xug eb:g enAkñúgerOgsamkuk EdlmanPaBévqøatdwgBIRKb;sßankarN_ vaytMél sßankarN_ erobcMEpnkar yuT§saRsþykC½yCMn³elIsRtUv)an.

3-Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv (Do the right thing) karxitxMeFIVkic©karrbs;xøÜneGay)anl¥bMput GnuvtþeGayRtUvtamTwsedAEdlkMNt; eFIVtamEpnkar edIm,I sMercdl;eKaledA. ebIeyIgniyayGMBIGgÁmaK’arbs;RBHBuT§vij KW karKitRtUv karniyayRtUv kareFIVRtUv karBüayamRtUv karPJak;rlwkRtUv karRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitRtUv karsmaFiRtUv karseRgÁaHRtUv . eyIgRtUvcaMfa karniyaygayCagkareFIV ehtudUcenH ebIeyIgdwgRTwsIþehIy eyIgcaM)ac;dak;vacUlkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ edIm,IeGayeyIg dwgBIlT§plBitR)akd. CYnkalRTwsþIl¥ EtkarGnuvtþn_minGaceFIVtamRTwsIþ 100 PaKryeT. 4-sÁal;sßankarN_ Know the circumstance sßankarN_CaktþasMxan;Nas;sMrab;emdwknaM edIm,IkMNt;EpnkarepSg². emdwknaMRtUveQøosév RbemIl emIlsßankarN_ sÁal;sßankarN_eGayc,as; ehIyecHbt;Ebntamkal³eTs³. karRbemIlemIlsßankarN_enaH eyIgRtUvKitemIlfa etIGIVEdleyIgnigeFIVGacsMerceCaKC½ytamkareRKagTukb£braC½y. eyIgCaemdwknaMdwg sßankarN_munCanic© fanigmanGIVekIteLIg. karsÁal;sßankarN_mun eyIgGacerobEpnkaredIm,ITaj cMeNjBI sßankarN_enaH b£eyIgGacbeB©aosnUveRKaHfñak; ehtukarN_EdleFIVeGayxatRbeyaCn_epSg²)an. ehtuenH ehIy emdwknaMRtUvtamdanBt’man erobcMeGaymanbec©kviTüaRtYtBinitüsßankarN_ RtUvmanPñak;garBt’man nigcarkmμsMrab; pþl;Bt’mansm¶at;rbs;xμaMg edIm,IeGayeyIgdwgsßankarN_munCanic©.

5-KitEpnkarcaj; (Prepare for the lose) kareFIVEpnkareyIgminRtUvKitEtEpnkarQñHb:ueNÑaHeT eyIgRtUvKitEpnkarcaj;pgEdr. eyIgRtUvKit eGay)anl¥itetIeBlEdleyIgQñHeyIgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH?eqøIytbeTAnigkarcMNaykmøaMg eBlevla cMNayFnFanenaH etIkartbsñgmkvijelIsGIVEdleyIgcMNayenaHb¤eT?. eyIgRtUvKiteRtomcaj; ebI eyIgmin)aneCaKC½yetIeyIgdkfytampøÚvNa? ehIyeyIgTTYl)anGIVxøHBIkarcaj;enaH. Epnkarcaj; eyIgmin RtUvxUcxatkmøaMg smÖar³ sμartIrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;rbs;eyIgeLIy. Cak;EsþgEpnkaryYnEdleFIVsRgÁam \NÐÚcin elIkTI 2 nigelIkTI 3 plRbeyaCn_rbs;eKTTYl)ansMrab;EpnkarQñHenaH KW TwkdIExμr ehtudUcenHehIyeTaH CaeKRtUvcMNayGIVk¾edayk¾eKRBmEdr EtebIeKcaj;eKvij eK)aneFIVCaesdæI edayeKRbmUlRTBüsm,tþirbs;Exμr RbmUlCMnYy BIxagcin r:UsIS nig GaemrikeTARbeTsrbs;eK. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 81

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6-begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y (Speed up to success) karBnüaeBlkñúgkareFIVsRgÁam kardwknaMEdlmanry³eBlyUrehIymindl;eKaledA eFIVeGayeyIgCYb braC½y edaykgT½B b£GñkeRkambgÁab;mankarht;enOy Gs;kmøaMgcitþ kmøaMgkay cMNayeBlevla nig RTBüsm,tþieRcIn EdlCakarxatbg;sMrab;kardwknaM eFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;Elgsþab;emdwknaM )at;bg;rebob vin½y. ehtuenHehIy edIm,IrkSaTwkcitþrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab;enaH emdwknaMRtUvbegáInel,OneGayelOnbMput tamEt GaceFIVeTA)an. karbegIánel,OneTA)an luHRtaGgÁkardwknaMenaH manlkçN³RBmRKb;RKan;.

7-dutqnÞ³ (Burn the bridge) eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvecHdutqnÞ³ RkumkargareGayxitxMeFIVkic©kar edIm,IsMerceKaledArYm eGay)anCadac; xat. RtUvecHdutqnÞ³GñkEdlKaMRTeGaycUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgkargar. kardutqnÞ³ KWeFIVya:gNaeGayGñkTaMgenaH manqnÞ³xitxMeFVIkic©kareGay)ansMerc tamryHkarelIkTwkcitþCaedIm. b:uEnþcMeBaHTahanvij eKeRcInEt eRbIviFIkat;s<anecal CMerIsmanEtmYyrbs;kgT½B KWRtUvRbyuT§eTAmux mann½yfa Tahanmkdl;smrPUmiehIy ebIvileTAeRkayk¾min)an ehtudUcenHmanEtsMrukvaylukeTAmux EdleFIVeGaykmøaMgenaHeCaKC½y)an. GñkEdl ecHdutqnÞ³ KWCaGñkcitþsaRsþ EdlsÁal;sßankarN_c,as;las; edayeyIgcg;eGayxwg cg;eGayQwcab; cg;s¥b; cg;eGayRsLaj; cg;eGaybHe)ar cg;eGayRbwgERbgkargar eyIgGaceFIV)anTaMgGs;. enAeBlEdleKcg;eGay sgÁmmYyEbk)ak; eKRtUvbM)at;GIVmYyEdleKkMBugEteKarBbUCa manCMenOxøaMg dUcCakñúgraCRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 eKbM)at;RBHBuT§sasna bnÞab;mkmankarbHe)areLIg ekItmanCasRgÁamsasnaeLIg. mYyeTot enAeBlEdlyYn erobcMeGaymankar bHe)arenARbeTscm,a: edayeFIVeGayRbCaBlrdæcam)anbHe)arRbqaMgCamYyesþcxøÜnÉgenaH edaysaresþccameFIVtamRKUTay EdlCacarkmμyYn enAkñúgvaMgCamYyPariyayYnenaHÉg. edIm,IeGayeKeCOCak; emdwknaMEtgEts,f b¤ b:gsmøab;xøÜnCaedIm. CaBiess hU CImij Edl)ansøab; CakardutqnÞ³GñkeRkambgÁab; rbs;eK dutqnÞ³RbCaBlrdæ eGayman KMnitesñhaCati xitxMeFIVsRgÁameGay)aneCaKC½y bnþtamEpnkar edIm,IRtYtRtaelbTwkdIExμreGay)an. dUceBlbc©úb,nñenH eKdutqnÞ³eGayExμr QWcab;nigéf EdlkMBugQøanBan EteKmin)anniyaydl;yYnEdlenABaseBjTwkdIExμr TaMgsIuvil TaMgTahan kat;TwkdIeGayyYn yYnbegIátsma Kmn_ 19 extþRkug yYnCaemdwknaMkñúgsßab½nCatisMxan;²dUcerobrab;kñúgesovePA PaK1. h‘un Esn minEdl niyaydl;yYnkat;k,alExμrdaMEtGug CIkERBkvijet bMpøajvtþGara:m erobcMeGayman rbb b:ul Bt tMbn; k5 EdlyYn)aneFIVmkelIExμreLIy eRBaH h‘un Esnxøacb:HBal;mitþPaB CaBiess buNüskáiGMNacEdlyYn elIkbnþúb eGay. 8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg (Make it better) kareFIVeGaykan;EtTMenIb eFIVeGayenAfμICanic© cab;taMgBIEpnkar karerobcM Gnuvtþn_ nig bec©keTs CaedIm. smÖar³brikça RtUvEterobcMeGaymanlkçN³fμICanic©. mann½yfa GIV²minRtUvenAdEdl RtUveFIVeGay rIkcMerInlUtlas;eTAmux RbkbedaycIrPaB. eRbob)andUcCasmÖar³EdlplitfμI² tamqñaMCabnþbnÞab;Canic©. dUcCardUvkal EdlmanEt 4 EtRtUvvilcuHvileLIgminecHcb; RtUvecHEkécñeGaykan;EtEbøk kan;EtTMenIbCanic© minRtUveRbIl,icdEdl² RtUvqøas;cuHeLIg dUcyb;nigéf¶. eRkayBIbBa©b;sRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3 ¬1979niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 82

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1993¦sRgÁamsIuvil¬1993-1996¦ Føak;cUlmksRgÁamRtCak;¬1996-2003¦ Et\LÚvenH eKeRbIneya)ay citþsaRsþvij¬neya)ayRtCak;¦.

9-ÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña (United) edIm,IeGaymankarÉkPaBKña xitxMrYmKña luHRtaEtkardwknaMmanckçúvis½yc,as;las; nigmaneKalbMNg rYmmYy EdlplRbeyaCn_sMrab;GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;Kña. dUcenaH edIm,IdwknaMRkumNamYy eyIgRtUvEsVgrkpl RbeyaCn_rYmrbs;Rkum karBarplRbeyaCn_sMrab;RkumenaH. ebIkalNaemdwknaMmaneKalbMNgrYmehIy GaceFIV eGayRkum ÉkPaB samKÁIPaB minmankarEbk)ak;Kña enaHkardwknaMGacnaMeTArkeCaKC½y. eyIgGacniyaymüa:g ÉkPaB kñúgkardwknaM ÉkPaBkñúgCYremdwknaM kuMeGaymankarEbk)ak;KñaedaysaerOgtUctac EdlminEmnCapl RbeyaCn_FMrbs;Cati. TaMgfñak;elInigfñak;eRkamRtUvxitxMrYmKña edIm,IeGaysMerceKaledA. dUcCaenAsRgÁamGIura:k; EdlkgT½B TaMgGs;sißtenAeRkamembBa¢akarEtmñak; edIm,IxitxMrYmKña eCaKC½yelIsmrPUmiCaedIm. 10-eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt (Keep them guessing) karbMP½nþsRtUveGaymanRbsiTi§PaB CaktþasMxan;bMputkñúgkll,icsRgÁam. eFIVeGaysRtUvmindwg c,as;las; sgS½y edayeKmindwgEpnkarc,as;las; karrkSaEpnkarsm¶at; eFIVeGaysRtUvyl;xus. karlYYcvay sRtUv edayminecjmux. karrMxansRtUvedayeRbIkarjúHjg; karbeBaäatsRtUveGaycMNaykmøaMght;ehv enOyNay cMNayeBlevla smÖarH ]bkrN_ eBlsRtUvsMrakRsYl. karjúHjg;eGayEbk)ak; eBlsRtUv mansamKÁIPaB. karjúHjg;eGayxwgRceLat eBleyIgdwgsRtUveqvqav. cUrRkeLkemIlRbvtþisaRsþ d¾CUct; rbs;ExμrenA sm½yb:ul Bt EdlyYnerobcMEpnkareGayExμrmankarsgS½yrhUtmkdl;eBlenH enAEtyl; faExμrRkhmCaGñksmøab;ExμrenaH eFIVeGaypñt;KMnitrbs;RbCaBlrdæExμr PaKeRcInenAEtsgS½y edaymindwg c,as;fa nrNaCaXatkrsmøab;Exμr . ebItameKalkarN_lkçnþik³bkSkmμúynisþ EdlEcgya:gc,as;fa TisedAKW eFIVkarts‘Uya:gmWugma:t;dac;xat edIm,IkMeTcGaNaniKmniym)araMg cRkBtþiGaemrik nigbrva. cMNucRtg;enaH bBa¢ak;faExμrsøab; KWBYkenH KitfaCabrvaGaemrik edayminKitBIQamC½rCaExμrdUcKñaeT enHehIyEdlExμrmYycMnYn lg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþEdlbMBak;bMb:nmenaKmn_mk edIm,Ismøab;Exμr eFIVeGayExμryl;xus eFIVxus ehIy sgS½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk minecHcb;.

IV >vaytMélyuT§saRsþ (Strategic Assessment) karvaytMélyuT§saRsþenH eyIgcg;dwgfalT§plcugeRkayénkarGnuvtþn_EpnkaryuT§saRsþenaH etInig TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH?. karQñHsRtUvedaykarTUt edaymincaM)ac;RbyuT§ CaC½yCMnHl¥RbesIrCag GIVTaMgGs; b¤faQñHedaykarTUt. mYyeTot eyIgniyayfakarQñHsRtUvedayyuT§saRsþ CaC½yCMnHBitR)akd. dUcenH eyIgRtUvvayluk b¤karBarelIsRtUv RtUvvaylukxagyuT§saRsþ. edIm,IeGaydwgfayuT§saRsþ EdleyIg erobcMmanplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH? TMhMb:unμan? eyIgRtUvvaytMélyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIg edayKitfaebIeyIgQñH eyIg)anplRbeyaCn_GIVxøH? ebIeyIgcaj;eyIgxatbg;GIVxøH ?. bnÞab;mkeyIgRtUveRbobeFobyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIg CamYy yuT§saRsþsRtUv etIyuT§saRsþrbs;eyIgQñHyuT§saRsþsRtUv 100PaKry b¤yuT§saRsþeyIgcaj;yuT§saRsþ sRtUv ebIeyIgdwgfaeyIgcaj;sRtUvehIy eyIgmincaM)ac;eFIVkarRbkYtRbECg b¤tTl;CamYyeKeLIy cUrsikSa niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 83

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GMBIyuT§saRsþTwk rbs;elaksMerag éRC ¬emdwknaMCatiExμr PaK 1¦. kareRbobeFobyuT§saRsþ eyIgRtUv eRbobeFob kmøaMg sμartI ÉkeTs smÖar³ es,og hirBaØvtßú emdwknaM TItaMgPUmisaRsþ vin½y dMeNIrkarGnuvtþyuT§ viFIrbs;eyIg eFobeTAkmøaMg rbs;sRtUvdUcEdlerobrab;mkenH.

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CMBUkTI 4

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begIátGñkGnuvtþn_tam I.karP¢ab;TMnak;TMng (Connected Communication) emdwknaMminGacdwknaM)aneLIy ebIeyIgenAEtmñak;Ég b¤ ebIsinCaemdwknaMminsißtenACab;nigsßankarN_ b¤enArYmsux rYmTukçCamYyRbCaBlrdæ. karP¢ab;TMnak;TMngCamYyRbCaBlrdæenaH KWeyIgbeBa©jTsSn³rbs;eyIg pSBVpSay ckçúvis½ydl;RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IeGay)andwg dUcCaRBHBuT§ eBlEdlRBHGgÁEsVgrkpøÚvrMlt;TukçeXIj ehIy RBHGgÁ)annimnþedIreR)asstV mann½yfapSBVpSayGIVEdlRBHGgÁrkeXIj edIm,IeGaymnusSTaMgLaj Gnuvtþtam. enACab;CamYysmaCiksmaCika RbCaBlrdæ edIm,IdwknaMpÞal; CYyedaHRsaybBaðaepSg² sÁal;tMrUvkar nigTwkcitþ KMnit sμartIbuKÁlwk.

1-begðIbBITsSn³ (Open Viewpoint) eyIgRtUverobcMBiFIeGay)anRtwmRtUv edIm,IRbmUlRbCaBlrdæmksþab;GMBITsSn³yl;eXIjrbs;eyIg. CadMbUgeyIgRtUvpþl;dl;GñkEdlmannisS½y GñkEdlKaMRTTsSn³rbs;eyIg GñkEdleBjcitþCaedIm edIm,IeGay BYkeKCYypSBVpSayt²KñaGMBITsSn³enaHeTAGñkdéTeTot. eBlEdlBYkeKyl;eXIjtamTsSn³rbs;eyIgehIy eKsμ½RKcitþedIrtamTsSn³rbs;eyIg eTIbeyIgerobcMkmμviFIeGayc,as;las; edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; cUlrYmtamdMeNIrkarrbs;eyIg dUcCaRBHBuT§ eR)assav½kTaMgR)aMrbs;RBHGgÁEdr. 2-bgðajckçúvis½y (Show Vision) eRkayBIsμ½RKcitþedIrtammaK’aeyIgehIy eyIgbgðajckçúvis½y edIm,IGñkTaMgenaHyl;c,as; ecHcaM rhUtdl;Gnuvtþtam ehIyTTYlpleCaKC½ydUcGIVEdleyIg)aneFIV edIm,IeFIVeGayeKeCOCak; nigCYypSBVpSay nUvGIVEdl eK)anGnuvtþn_enaH. ckçúvis½yenaHRtUvbgðajGIVEdleKmin)andwgBIGtItkal bc©úb,nñkal nigGIVEdl niwgekItman eLIgeBlGnaKt. 3-pSBVpSayckçúvis½y (Advertise Vision) eBlEdlGñk)anGnuvtþn_tamckçúvis½yenaH manRbsiT§PaBtamkaryl;eXIjehIy emdwknaMRtUverobcM pSBVpSayckçúvis½yenaHeGaydl; skmμCn RbCaBlrdæ edayeRbIviFIsaRsþepSg²kñúgkarpSBVpSay Edlman RbsiT§PaB eRbIviFIsaRsþEdlKYreGaycab;GarmμN_ tamry³bNþajpSBVpSay bNþajsarBt’man nigGñknaMBakü emdwknaMepSg².

4-bgðaj eKalkarN_ TwsedA eKaledA (Show the Goal, Principle and Objective) karpSBVpSayenH edIm,IBnül;bgðajRbCaBlrdæExμr yl;GMBIeKalkarN_dwknaMrbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn nigeGayRbCaBlrdæExμremIleXIjGMBIeRKaHfñak;rbs;RbeTsCati. yYnkMBugeRbIyuT§saRsþ dgáÚvDYg EdlkMBug sIurUgépÞkñúgRbeTsExμrsBVéf¶enH TIbMputCatiExμrRtUvsøab;. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUveFIVya:gNaeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr KaMRT b¤cUlrYmCamYyeyIg edaylHbg;TaMgeBlevla smÖar³ kmøaMgkay citþ edIm,IeGaysMerceCaKC½ytam eKalkarN_enaH. minfasRtUvenaH tUc b¤ FM b:uNÑaeLIy k¾eyIgCaGñkesñhaCatiExμr GacykQñHsRtUv)anCanic© eGayEteyIgmanEpnkarl¥bMput (The Best Plan). emdwknaMRtUv bgðajbkRsay GMBIeKalkarN_ nigeQμaH niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 86

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rbs;GgÁkardwknaM eFIVmenaKmn_neya)ay sRgÁamneya)ay citþsaRsþ tamskmμPaBepSg² EdlxøÜnman smtßPaBGacerobcM)an.

RtUvelIkykeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)aymkbkRsay nigbgðajdl;saFarN³Cn edIm,IeGay eKdwg TTYldMNwgykeTApSBVpSaybnþ CaBiess RtUvelIktMekIg nigsesIr GMBIeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkar neya)ayxøÜn. BIeRBaHmanEtGgÁkarneya)ayenH EdlCaGñkesñhaCati nigKitKUrerOgGayuCivitRbeTs CatiBitR)akd. RtUvpSBVpSayelIktMekIgeKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayeyIg edayFanacMeBaHRbCaBlrdæfa BitCaGacdwknaMRbeTsCatieGaymankarrIkcMerIn dUcGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. cMNucsMxan;énkarbgðajenH RtUverIscMNucEdlxusKñaBIsRtUvnigmaneRbobelIGgÁkarneya)aydéT dUcCa emdwknaM yuT§saRsþ eKalkarN_ GgÁkarneya)ay karerobcMRbeTs nigcMNucEdlnaMeTAeyIgTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaedIm. eyIgRtUveFIVkar eRbobeFobrvageKalkarN_rbs;GgÁkarneya)ayxøÜn nigGgÁkarneya)ayrbs;Gñkd_éT EdlCaeKaledAkñúgkar RbkYtRbECg. RtUvbkRsayGMBIGIVEdlGgÁkarneya)ayenaHman dUcCa LÚkU eQμaH BaküeBcn_ Gtßn½y xøwmsar nigskmμPaBrbs;emdwknaMepSg².l.

5-bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yuT§saRsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA (Show the strategy) edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;mankmøaMgcitþ manTwkcitþeFIVkic©karenaH luHRtaeKemIleXIjfa pøÚvenaHnaMeTA rkeCaKC½y sMercdl;eKaledAEdr EtebIeKKμanrMBwgKitfanigTTYlC½yCMnHenaH eFIVeGayeKKμankmøaMgcitþeT. karEdlKμankmøaMgcitþnaMeGaybraC½y)an. eyIgeRbobeFob eBlEdleyIgeLIgCiHLanRkugmYy edI,m,I sMedAeTArkeKaledAEdleyIgcg;eTA ebisinCaeyIgmindwgc,as;fa LanNamYynaMeTArkeKaledA EdleyIg cg;eTAenaHeT eyIgnigvegVg nigmineCOCak;fadl;eKaledA EtebIeyIgdwgc,as;enaH eyIgeLIgCiHLanenaHeday KμanxVl;xVayeLIy eRBaHeyIgdwgya:gR)akdfa BitCadl;eKaledAya:gR)akd.

6-bgðajplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an (Gain The Interest) eBlEdlGñkedIrtampøÚvrbs;RBHBuT§ enaHGñknigTTYlsMercniBVan rYccakputTukçTaMgLayEdlekItman TaMgLay. cMENkkardwknaMrbs;eyIgdUcKña eyIgRtUvR)ab;BIRbeyaCn_EdleKTTYl)an eBlEdlGnuvtþn_tam kic©karenaH etIplRbeyaCn_GIVEdlnigTTYl)anmkvij?.

II >ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM (Factor Cause the Followers to follow the Leaders) 1-cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; (Important Person) emdwknaMRtUveGaytMéldl;GñkeRkambgÁab; RtUveKarBGñkeRkambgÁab; edaycat;TukeKCamnusSsMxan;². ebIsinCaeyIgeFIVcMeBaHxøÜnÉgya:gem:c eyIgRtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkdéT nigGñkeRkambgÁab;ya:gdUecñHEdr. eyIgRtUveFIVkar ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukçGñkeRkambgÁab; eFIVeGayeKmanGarmμN_fa eKCamnusSsMxan;. eyIgRtUvcgcaM GIVEdl eKeFIVeGayeyIgminmankareBjcitþ eyIgminRtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkd¾éT b£GñkeRkambgÁab;. eKnigedIrtameyIg ebIsin eyIgTukeKCamnusSsMxan; EteyIgminRtUvcat;TukxøÜnÉgCamnusSsMxan;enaHeLIy. ebIeyIgsMerccitþeFIVCa emdwknaM eKenaH eKminedIrtameyIgeLIy. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 87

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2-ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg (Friend in Need) ebIeyIgRsLaj;xøÜneyIgb:unμan eyIgRtUvRsLaj;GñkdéTdUcKñaEdr. eyIgeFIVsMrab;xøÜnÉgya:gNa eyIg RtUveFIVcMeBaHGñkdéTdUcKñaEdr. eyIgRtUvRbemIlemIlGarmμN_GñkdéTCamun RtUvsMLwgemIlcitþGñkdéT etIeKman GamμN_ya:gdUcemþc?. RtUvykcitþTukdak;RbCaBlrdæExμr ykcitþTukdak;GñkeRkambgÁab; dUcCa «Buk nig kUn. 3-minEkxøÜn lak;kMhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT (Not Blame Others) cUrkMuBüayamTMlak;kMhus sþIbenÞasGñkeRkambgÁab; eBlEdlkargarbraC½y. GñkeRkambgÁab;eFIVkar min)aneCaKC½y minRtUvTMlak;kMhusrbs;xøÜnelIGñkeRkambgÁab; eyIgminGacCaemdwknaMyUrGEgVgeLIy ebIeyIg BüayamTMlak;kMhuselIeK. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvTTYlxusRtUvnUvskmμPaBrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUvTTYlsÁal;karBit. 4-sresIrCasaFarN³ riHKn;CaÉkCn (Praise in Public, Criticize in Private) eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvkMNaj;nUvBaküsresIrcMeBaHbuKÁlwkeT. BaküsresIrCakarelIkTwkcitþsMxan; Nas;. karelIksresIrenAkEnøgsaFarN³RtUveFIVCalkçN³TUeTATaMgGs;Kña. EtebIeyIgcg;riHKn; eyIgRtUveFIVCa lkçN³ÉkCnEtBIrnak; edaylkçN³riHKn;enaHRtUvCalkçN³riHKn;sßabna. ebIeyIgcg;riHKn;cMeBaHbuKÁlNamYy eyIgRtUveFIVPøam EtRtUveFIVCaGaf’kM)aMg. kMuBüayamtamcab;kMhusGñkeRkambgÁab;.

5-bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal; (Being seen) karEdleyIgedIremIlkargar edIremIlbuKÁlwk pþl»; kaseGayGñkeRkambgÁab;)anBiPakSa pþÚreyabl; karCECk karelIkTwkcitþbEnßm. karcMNayeBledIremIldMeNIrkarRbRBwtþeTAénkargar edIm,ICYsCulGIVEdl eFIVxus. eyIgRtUvbgðajeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;eXIjeyIg. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUveFIVkarGs;BIkmøaMgkaycitþ eGayGñkeRkambgÁab;emIl. 6-eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg (Competition) mnusScUlcitþRbkYtRbECg ehtuenHeyIgeRbIkarRbkYtRbECgCaEl,gkñúgkarsMerceKaledAkñúgkardwknaM. edIm,IeGaysisScUlcitþGanesovePA eyIgRtUveFIVkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkcMeNHdwgepSg² edIm,Ipþl;rgVan;dl;Gñk Edl BUEkecHcaM. edIm,IeGaysisSxitxMeron manKuNPaB RKU)anerobcMeGaymankarRbLg erobcMkic©karRsavRCav eGaysisS edIm,IbegIánKuNPaB. cMENkkardwknaM minxusKñaeT emdwknaMRtUvKitBIkareRbIkarRbkYtRbECg edIm,I eGaymnusSxitxMeFIVkargar.

III>ktþaEdlman\Ti§BlkñúgkardwknaM (Factor that influence in Leadership) 1-karbBa©úHbBa©Úl (Persuasion) kareRbIviFIbBa©úHbBa©ÚlenH eyIgRtUveRbIsMrab;GñkEdlman\Ti§BlRsedogKña b¤GñkEdlman\Ti§Bl CageyIg. kñúgkrNIenH eyIgRtUvecHbgðajehtupl PsþútageGay)anc,as;las; eFIVya:gNaeGayeKKaMRT yl;Rsb tamKMnitrbs;eyIg. bgðajGMBIeKalbMNgnigTwsedArbs;eyIgEdlRtUveFIV. karbeBa©jTsSn³ eyabl; pÞal;xøÜnCaedIm eGaymanlkçN³tkáviC¢a LÚsIuk. kareRbIviFIbBa©úHbBa©ÚlmanRbsiT§PaBluHRtabuKÁlenaH man eKaledAkargardUcKña ehIyRtUvBnül;ehtupleGay)anek,aHk,ay EtebIsinCaBnül;ehtuplmin)an ek,aHk,ay niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 88

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eT b¤KμanPsþútag Éksar edIm,IKaMRTKMnitenaH karbBa©úHbBa©ÚlnigGacTTYlbraC½y. mYyvijeTot karbBa©úHbBa©Úl EtcMeBaHbuKÁleKaledA eyIgRtUvBnül;GMBIsMeNIsMu b¤KMeragesñIrsMu Edlpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;buKÁlenaH dUcCa GtßRbeyaCn_EdlTak;TgnigGaCIBrbs;eK edIm,IeGayeronCMnajfμI² edIm,ICYbmnusSsMxan;² b¤edIm,IeXIjGIVEfm eTot nigTTYl)anekr×þeQμaHeTot. CaBiess eFIVeGaykargarrbs;buKÁlenaHkan;EtRsYl nigKYreGaycab; GarmμN_. edIm,IeCaKC½yenH GaRs½yelIGñkEdlbBa©úHbBa©Úl RtUveFIVeGayeKTukcitþ. cMENkÉ karbBa©úHbBa©Úl tamEbbGMBavnavvij RtUveFIVTak;TgGarmμN_ nigtMélCamUldæan EdlpÞúyBIkareRbIdUcviFIehtu pltkáviC¢adUcEdl )anniyayxagelI. eKalbMNgKWeGaymankarGbGrsaT nigkarebþCJacitþ edaymankarepþatGarmμN_xøaMg Edl Tak;TgeTAnigkþIsgÇwm tMél ]tþmKti sMeNI b¤KMeragsMeNIrbs;buKÁlenaH. ]tþmKtimYycMnYn EdlGacrab;bBa©Úl )andUcCa esñhaCati esμaHRtg; esrIPaB karbMeBjkatBVkic©xøÜnÉg yutþiFm’ RtwmRtUv esμIrPaB esckþIRsLaj; emtþa mnusSFm’ nigrIkcMerIn. ]TahrN_TahanEdleKbBa¢ÚneTAkEnøgEdlmaneRKaHfñak; edayeKbBa¢ak;GMBIkar esñhaCatimatuPUmi. 2-karcrcar (Negotiation) kareRbIviFIcrcarenH enAeBleKman\Ti§BlesμIrKñanigeyIg dUcCamitþP½Rk b¤GñkEdlmanGaCIBdUcKñanigeyIg CaedIm. müa:gkarcrcarenHeRbIenAeBlEdleyIgmanplRbeyaCn_tictYceGayeK. karcrcarenHGaceFIVeLIg cab;BIbuKÁlBIrnak;eLIgeTA. karcrcarRtUvepþatelIplRbeyaCn_ minRtUvepþatelItMENgrbs;xøÜn GagfaGMNac epþatelI\riyabfbuKÁleLIy. sMrab;GñkEdlmansmtßPaBRbhak;RbEhlKña.

3-karesBKb; (Involvement) kareRbIviFIesBKb;sñiTsñal CaviFIEdlman\Ti§BlCageKbg¥s;. kareRbIviFIenH eFIVeGayeKeCOCak; Tukcitþ nigTTYl sÁal;GMeBIl¥rbs;eyIg. karesBKb;enH luHRtaeyIgCamnusSl¥ RbRBwtþnUvGMeBIsucrit RbkbedayKuNFm’ ecHCYy KñakñúgRKaGasnñ nigesμaHRtg;. karesBKb;enH CakarelIkTwkcitþxøaMgbMput eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvpþl;KMnit RbwkSa eKalbMNg nig TwsedA. 4-kartMrg;Tws (Direction) kareRbIviFIenH sMrab;eyIgman\Ti§BlelIeK dUcCaeyIgCaRKUbeRgon «BukmþayCaedIm b¤ eBlEdleKcaM)ac;RtUv BwgBak;elIeyIgTaMgRsug. CaBiess enAeBlEdleyIgmankMrityuT§saRsþxøaMgelIeK eyIgRtUvdwknaMeKeFIVEtmþg. eRbIviFIenaH enAeBlGñkeRkamEdlmansmtßPaBTabCageyIg b¤CaGñkEdleyIgman\Ti§BlelI. IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; (Factor that Cause Some one Confidence) 1-eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg (Act like a leader by one-self) eyIgRtUveroneFIVCaemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg edaymincaM)ac;eKEtgtaMgeGayeFIVCaemdwknaMeLIy. GñkEdl BüayamsikSaeronsURtCaemdwknaM GñkEdlmanlkçN³CaemdwknaM EtgEtmanqnÞ³sikSaeronsURtCaRbcaM eRBaHkar eronsURt nigkardwknaMRtUvedIrTnÞwmKña. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIlsßankarN_ehIybegIátsßankarN_enaH sμ½RKcitþeFIVCa emdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg. emdwknaMmancriklkçN³taMgBIkMeNIt EteyIgGacerobcMxøÜneyIgeGayeTACaemdwknaM)an edaycab;epþImGnuvtþn_tamRTwsIþ cab;BIeBlenHteTA. emdwknaMminEmnCaGñkFMGagGMNac eTAekobsgát;eK niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 89

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faemdwknaMenaHeT emdwknaMminsMedAeTAelIGgÁúyelIekAGItMENgFMfaemdwknaMenaHeT emdwknaMKWCaGñkmanckçúvis½y eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCati eFIVRbeyaCn_CUnRbCaCatiExμrBitR)akd. emdwknaMEdlbgðajnUvcriklkçNHxøaMgenaH mankar CMrujfamBl cMeBaH\riyabfbuKÁlwk smaCik smaCika emdwknaMRtUvman ckçúvis½y karebþCJacitþ vin½ypÞal;xøÜn qnÞ³ KuNFm’ sñaéd nigesckIþkøahan. emdwknaMEdlmancriklkçN³EbbenHGacdwknaMGñkedIrtam)an. b:uEnþcMeBaH emdwknaM EdlmanlkçN³exSayminlkçN³dUcerobxagelITaMgGs;enHeLIy. 2-CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm’ (Help others honestly) eyIgCaemdwknaM minRtUvKitBIplRbeyaCn_xøÜnÉg Gtμaniym kMNaj;sVitenaHeT. emdwknaMCaGñkEdl mancitþTUlay ecHCYyGñkdéT edayTwkcitþsb,úrs edaymincg;)ankartbsñgsgKuNGIVmkvijeLIy CaGñkCYy Gñkd¾éT CaCnrYmQamdUcKñaedaycitþbrisuT§. ebIeyIgecHCYykarBarplRbeyaCn_eK elakCYyrkplRbeyaCn_ eGayeK eKnigmkrkelakeGayeFIVCaemdwknaM. 3-GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßPaBCanic© (Keep Learning Always) eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbNþúHbNþal GPivDÆn_CMnajrbs;eyIg nigGñkEdlenACMuvijxøÜneyIgCanic© CaBiess RtUvbNþúHbNþalRbCaBlrdæTaMgmUleGaymansmtßPaB kalNaRbCaBlrdæmansmtßPaBxøaMg eyIgCaemdwknaM k¾xøaMgEdr kalebIRbCaBlrdæexSay emdwknaMk¾exSayEdr. dUc)anbriyayxagelI kareron nigkardwknaMRtUvedIr TnÞwmKña eronKμanTIbBa©b; kardwknaMk¾KμanTIbBa©b; BIeRBaHkarrs;enArbs;mnusSRtUvkarRbkYtRbECgKñaedIm,I plRbeyaCn_KμanTIbBa©b; eyIg CaemdwknaMRtUv eFIVeGayKMnitfμI smtßPaBkan;EtxøaMgeLIgCanic©.

4-\riyabfviC¢man (Positive attitude) eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvman\riyabfviC¢manCanic© \riyabfGacsMrbxøÜneTARKb;sßankarN_TaMgGs;. eyIgCa emdwknaM RtUvmansμartIKitGIVCaviC¢man RtUvmanKMnitsuTidæiniym RtUvGanesoePAEdlmanKMnitl¥mkdak;kñúgKMnit edIm,IeGayeyIgmanKMnitl¥KMnitviC¢mandak;kñúgKMnit eFIVeGayKMniteyIgmanKMnitviC¢man manKMnitl¥ eFIVeGay \riyabfrbs;eyIgviC¢manl¥Edr. eyIgminRtUvbeBa©j\riyabfGviC¢man dak;GñkeRkambgÁab;eT b¤eyIgminRtUv bdiesFeday\riyabfGviC¢manEdr. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvsm¥atcitþeGays¥at kat;eGaydac;nUvcitþEdlCab;CMBak; nigGarmμN_TaMg 5 eTIbeyIgGacsMrbxøÜntamRKb;mnusSTaMgGs;)an. emdwknaMEdlxøaMg³ ¾ RtUvmanCMnajxagsmtßPaBc,as;las; ¾ RtUvmanKuNFm’ nigRkmsIlFm’kñúgkardwknaM ¾ RtUvsÁal;ktþaTaMg 4 ya:g dUcCa GñkedIrtam GñkdwknaM karTMnak;TMng nigsßankarN_ ¾ RtUvsÁal;BIxøÜnÉg dUcCa cMNucexSay nigxøaMg criklkçN³ cMeNHdwg nigCMnaj ¾ RtUvsÁal;BIFmμCatimnusS ¾ RtUvsÁal;BIkic©karrbs;elak ¾ RtUvsÁal;BIGgÁkardwknaMrbs;elak ¾ eFIVKWeyIgRtUvR)ab;TwsedA dUcCa kardak;eKaledA karedaHRsaybBaða karsMerccitþ nigkareFIVEpnkar niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 90

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eFIV KW karGnuvtþ dUcCa karTMnak;TMng karsMrbsMrYl karRtYtBinitü karvaytémø ¾ eFIV KW karelIkTwkcitþ V>eKalkarN_bBa©úHbBa©Úl (Principle of Persuasion) 1-bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ (Flexible and Comonflage) karecHbt;Ebntamkal³eTs³ karecHEkøgePTtamFmμCati edIm,IkMueGayeKsÁal;eyIgc,as; edIm,IeFIVkar bBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaymanRbsiT§PaB eFIVeGayeKeCOCak;. ebIsinCaeyIgeXasnabBa©úHbBa©ÚlenAkñúgmCÄdæansisS nisSit eyIgRtUvbþÚrrUbragCalkçN³nisSit edayeyIgcab;yknisSitEdlman\Ti§BlkñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl. eyIgsißt enAsßanPaBNa eyIgRtUveFIVRsbkñúgsßanPaBenaH. dUcyYneKbþÚrrUbraglkçN³mkCaExμr tamrebobcarkmμ edayeronPasaExμr TMenomTMlab;Exμr RbvtþisaRsþExμr edIm,IdeNþImplRbeyaCn_BIExμr nigelbTwkdIExμr tamviFIcitþsaRsþ. müa:gvijeTot RbCaBlrdæExμrElgeCOCak;elIGñkneya)ay s¥b;Gñkneya)ay edaysarkar e)akR)as;rbs; emdwknaMneya)ay)annigkMBuge)akR)as;Kat;mþgehIymþgeTot. ehtuenHehIy eyIgminRtUvsMEdg xøÜnCaGñkneya)ayedIm,IbBa©úHbBa©ÚleLIy EteyIgGacniyaykñúgnamExμrCatiExμr EdlxVl;xVay BIGayu RbeTsCati.

2-niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; (Target Audience Problems) karbBa©úHbBa©Úll¥ RtUvniyayBIbBaðarbs;Gñksþab;. RtUvcaMfa eKmincg;sþab;erOgpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eyIg bBaðarbs;eyIgeLIy b:uEnþKat;cg;sþab;nrNaEdlGackarBarplRbeyaCn_eGayBYkKat; b¤GñkEdlCYyedaHRsay bBaða GñkykplRbeyaCn_mkCUnKat; CaBiess Kat;cg;sþab;erOgEdlTak;TgnwgerOgrbs;Kat;. dUcenH eyIgCaGñkeXasna RtUvelIkykbBaðarbs;Gñksþab;ykmkniyay nigeFIVkaredaHRsayCUnKat; . b:uEnþ eyIgminGacsnüa GIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)anenaHeT. 3-manxnþI Gt;Fμt; (Patience) eyIgCaGñkbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRtUvGt;Fμt;RKb;ya:g Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHeBlevlaeTaHyUr b¤qab;k¾eday Gt;Fμt;RKb; eBlevla RKb;TIkEnøg eGayEteyIgsMerceKaledAEdlRtUveFIV. Gt;Fμt;cMBaHBaküriHKn;epSg² Gt;Fμt;cMeBaH karemIlgay Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHkarRbqaMgepSg² Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHGñkEdlyl;eXIjxusBIeyIg. Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHkargar rbs;eyIgEdlkMBugeFIV edayBüayameGayGs;BIsmtßPaB. Gt;Fμt;cMeBaHbuKÁlEdleyIgTak;Tg cMeBaH saFarN³Cn cMeBaHRbCaBlrdæ. karGt;Fμt;enaH edayeyIgCaemdwknaMminRtUvxwg Gn;citþ mineBjcitþ cMeBaHTegIVTaMgLayEdleKminKaMRTeyIgCaedIm. 4-begIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ (Good fame) eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvbegIáteGaymanekrþ×eQμaHl¥ Casvagekrþ×eQμaHminl¥ dUcCaCnBukrlYy lYcsm,tþiCati lk;sm,tþiCatiedIm,IRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn nigRkumRKYsar. CaCnRbRBwtþiGMeBIBalaGava:Es xVHesckþIéføfñÚr dUcCa elgEl,gsIusg pwksIu RsIjICaedIm CaBiessKWeyIgKitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn CagRbeyaCn_Cati eFIVeGay eyIgKμanRbCaRbiy. karb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_GñkdéT b¤plRbeyaCn_RbCaBlrdæ edaykarCiHCan; kibeKg ¾

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XubXitbkSBYkniymCaedIm. ehtudUcenH edIm,IbegIátekrþ×eQμaHl¥ eyIgRtUvRbRBwtþiGMeBIl¥ ecHCYyGñkdéT eFIVRbeyaCn_CUn Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr nigGnuvtþPaBCaemdwknaMEdlmankñúgesovePAPaK 1 nig PaK 2 enH. 5-kMuRbEkk tmat; eQøaH (No quarrel) eyIgCaemdwknaM b¤ CaeXasnik EdledIrtYsMrab;bBa©úHbBa©ÚlCnrYmCatiExμrd¾éTeTot eGayemIleXIj GMBIeRKaHfñak;RbeTsCatidUceyIg eyIgminRtUvRbEkkykQñHcaj; eQøaHKña tmat;KñaeTAmkenaHeT. ebIsinCa manlkçN³EbbenH eyIgminEmnCaemdwknaM b¤CaeXasnikd¾l¥enaHeT. eTaHCakaryl;eXIjxusKñaya:gNakþI EteyIgRtUverIsykehtuplNamYyEdleKGacTTYlyk)an edayeCosvagkarRbEkkKñadUcniyayxagelI. 6-Tajkarsnñidñan (Positive Conclusion) karTajsniñdæaneGaymanlkçN³smehtupl manPsþútagRtwmRtUvBitR)akd nigP¢ab;eTAnigsßanPaB Cak;Esþg. karTajesckþIdæanenHeGaysmRsbeTAnigkaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigGñkEdleyIgTMnak;TMng CamYy karTajsniñdæan EdlxusBIkarBit eFIVeGayeKmineCO xVHPaBeCOCak; CaktþabraC½ykñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl.

7-elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; (Feedback) elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn;EklMGr eRBaHCakBa©k;qøúHbBa©aMgnUvskmμPaBrbs;eyIg. karelIkTwk citþeGaymankarriHKn;enH eFIVeGayeKsb,aycitþ cUlrYmskmμPaBCamYyeyIg edayeKmanemaTPaB cMeBaHGIVEdl eK)anrYmcMENk edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarrIkcMerIn. CaBiess enAeBlEdleyIgTTYlykKMnitenaHeTAGnuvtþn_ nig EkERbCafμI. eFIVeGayeKmanGarmμN_fa sñitsñal ehIyeCOCak;eTotpg.

8-begIátTMnak;TMngl¥ (Good Communication) bBaðaCaeRcInekIteLIgedaykarTMnak;TMngEdlmankMhus ehIybBaðaenHGacnaMeGaymankarRcLM nig eFIVeGayEpnkarbraC½y. TMnak;TMng KWCakarpøas;bþÚr karbgðÚrB½t’man nigKMnitBImnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot. vaBak;B½n§GñkbBa¢ÚnB½t’man nigGñkTTYlB½t’man. TMnak;TMngmanRbsiT§PaBekIteLIg luHRtaEtGñkTTYl yl;B½t’man nigKMnitBitR)akd rbs;GñkbBa¢Únmanectnacg;bB¢Úan. karsikSadMeNIrTMnak;TMng mansarsMxan; BIeRBaHelakbeRgon sMrbsMrYl RbwkSavaytMél nigRtYtBinitü tamryHdMeNIrkarenH. TMnak;TMng KWCaGIVEdl eyIgBüayamedIm,IeFIV niyaycMeBaHGñkEdlenACiteyIg. dMbUgBt’manmanenAkñúgKMnitGñkbBa¢Ún KMnitenHGacCaKMnit eyabl; Bt’man nigGarmμN_. dMNwgRtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAGñkTTYltamry³ BaküsMdI nigCanimitþsBaØa. cugbBa©b; GñkTTYlbkERbBaküsMdI nignimitþsBaØaCaKMnit b¤Bt’man EdleKGacyl;)an. karTak;Tg KWCaviFIEdleKbBa¢ÚndMNwg nigRtUv)aneKsÁal;Ca Pasa EdleKrab;bBa¢ÚlTaMg sMelg EPñk Pasakayvikar kayvikaréd nigsPaBlkçN³GarmμN_ xøac xwg minR)akd mineCOCak;. tamBiteTA eyIgTukcitþ PaBc,as;las;rbs;\riyabf CagkarEdlRKan;EtniyaypÞal;mat; . karTMnak;TMngman]bsKÁmYycMnYndUcCa vb,Fm’ Pasa BIeRBaHenARbeTsepSgKña tMbn;epSgKña eRbIR)as;PasaepSg²Kña EdlBi)akyl;enAkñúgkarTMnak;TMng edayminyl;Gtßn½y. CYnkalmkBIxøÜneyIg EdlmanelsepSg² sMelgGU‘GrrMxan eRBaHKμankarcab;GarmμN_ sþab;min)an FujRTan; minyl;CaedIm. brisßan niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 92

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edayenAkEnøgq¶ayBIKña kEnøgggwt b¤kEnøgEdlmanmnusSG‘UGreRcIn manGakasFatuekþA ePøogxøaMg xøins¥úy . karekobsgát; EpñkGarmμN_ nigeRkam\Ti§BlGIVmYy EdlBi)akkñúgkarniyay nig TMnak;TMng. karbegIátTMnak;TMngl¥sMrab;mnusSTUeTA. vaGacRbRBwtþieTA)anGaRs½yelIbuKÁlwklkçN³pÞal;xøÜnrbs; eyIg. eyIgRtUvecosvagkñúgbgáTMnas; begIátsRtUv sUm,IEtmñak; EteyIgRtUvBüayambegIátmitþeGay)aneRcIn tamry³begáItTMnak;TMngl¥. karbegIátTMnak;TMngl¥enH RtUvmaneKalbMNg eKaledAc,as;las; manEpnkar c,as;las; ehIyRtUvmanplRbeyaCn_TaMgsgxag. eKnigsb,aycitþCamYyeyIg kalNaeyIgman dMNwgl¥ plRbeyaCn_eGayeK eKnigminsb,aycitþebIeyIgnaMbBaðadak;eGayeK. edIm,IeGaykarTMnak;TMngl¥ eyIgRtUv CaGñkskmμ Gñksþab;d¾l¥. Baküfa B¤ nigsþab;mindUcKñaeT. karsþab;EbgEckCaBIrRbePTskmμ nigGkmμ.

Gñksþab;skmμ manlkçN³dUcteTA³ 1-cMNayeBlsþab;eRcInCagniyay 2-kMubBa©b;RbeyaKniyayrbs;GñkdéT ¬niyaykat;¦ 3-kMueqøIysMNYredaykarsYrtbeTAvij 4-dwgBIkarlMeGog 5-GIVEdlminc,as;kMuniyay b¤kMukan;ykKMnitrbs;eKniyayBImun mkniyay 6-Tuk»kaseGayGñkepSgeTotniyaypg. kMueGayniyayRKbsgát;elIeK ¬niyayEtmñak;Ég¦ niyay vayRbhaeKGñksþab; KMnitRbqaMgeday\riyabfGviC¢aman.

7-eFIVEpnkareqIøytbeRkay eKniyaycb; minEmneqøIytbenAeBlBYkeKkMBugniyay.

8-pþl;Rbtikmμtb b:uEnþkMuniyaykat;minQb;minQr. 9-viPaKedayRkeLkemIlktþaBak;B½n§TaMgGs; nig sYrsMNYr ebIkcMhr. 10-eFIVeGaykarsnÞnaenAEtbnþGIVEdlGñkniyay minEmnGIVEdleFIVeGayeKcab;GarmμN_. kt;cMNaMxøI² CaerOgsMxan; edIm,IepþatelIGIVEdleKniyay.

9-pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar (Cooperation) eyIgRtUvcUlrYm nigpþl;karyl;RBmshcMeBaHkarsMeNIbs;eK b:uEnþebIsinCaeyIgbdiesFeyIg RtUvecH eRbIPasakarTUt edayminbdiesFRtg;Etmþg. karshRbtibtþkarkargarCamYy vaCaktþaCH\Ti§Bldl;citþsaRsþ ya:gxøaMg edayeyIg)anCYyeFIVRbeyaCn_eGayeK nigmanPaBsñiT§sñal sÁal;citþeføIm. karpþl;FnFancaM)ac; b¤CMnYycaM)ac; ebIsinCabuKÁlenaHnigeFIVkaresñIrsMu nigGnum½tyl;RBmsMeNI. Rtg;cMNucenH EtgEtmankarpøas;bþÚr plRbeyaCn_KñaeTAvijeTAmk. 10-eRbI\Ti§BlRkum (Use Influence of Team Work) eyIgRtUveRbI\Ti§Blrbs;Rkum edaybgðajBIeQμaH LÚkU eKalkarN_ yuT§saRsþepSg² emdwknaM nig skmμPaBEdl)aneFIVRbeyaCn_CUnCatiknøgmk. eyIgRtUvbgðajGMBIcMNucxøaMgrbs;Rkum niglkçN³xusKñaBIkar dwknaMepSg²eTot. munnigmanRbsiT§PaB eyIgRtUvCasmaCikrbs;RkumenaHsin eTIbeyIgyl;BIeKalkarN_ nigkic©karepSg² ehIyeTIbeyIgGaceRbI\Ti§BlenaH)an. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 93

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11-nimitþrUbEdlman (Symbol) etIeyIgmanGIVCasBaØasMKal; manlkçN³GIVCasMKal;sMrab;RkumeyIg. etInimitþrUbenaHmann½yxøwmsar ya:gdUcemþc?. nimitþrUbenH GacCarUbstV EdlmanGtßn½ytamlkçN³rbs;stV ehIyeGayGñkd¾éTgayyl; gaycaM gayykmkeRbI)an.

12-minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay (Effective Listen) karCECkKña eyIgminRtUvmanKMnitCECkykQñHcaj; eFIVeGayGñkd¾éTGama:s; cg;eGayeKelIksresIrxøÜn GMNYtfaxøÜneyIgxøaMg xøÜneyIgCaGñkBUEkenaHeT EteyIgRtUvEsVgrkehtuplRtwmRtUv mkbkRsay eFIVya:g NaeGayTsSn³rbs;eK emIleXIjdUceyIg yl;dUceyIg bkRsayeGayeKyl; nigRBmTTYlykGIVEdl eyIgniyaybkRsayenaH. 13-sMueGayeKcUlrYm (Appeal for participation) eRkayBIeKcab;GarmμN_ yl;RsbKaMRTtamKMnitrbs;eyIg eyIgRtUvENnaMeGayeKcUlrYmenAkñúg skmμPaBrbs;eyIg edIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_sMrab;sgÁmCati plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati. karsMueGayeKcUlrYmenH eyIgRtUvR)ab;BIplvi)akkargar plRbeyaCn_kargarEdlTTYl)aneGayc,as;las; R)ab;BIParHkic©kargarEdlRtUv eFIVeGayc,as;las;.

14-eRbIGñkEdlman\Ti§Bl (key communicator) enAkñúgsßankarN_xøH eyIgminGacsMrbeTAtamsßankarN_)anRKb;TaMgGs;)aneLIy eyIgRtUveRbIviFIeRcot cUledayeRbIR)as; Tak;TajbuKÁlEdlman\Ti§Bl ¬ RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü eGayeKCYyeXasna eGayeyIg¦ enAkñúgsßankarN_enaH ykmkbNþúHbNþaleGaysÁal;kic©kar nigeKalkarN_rbs;kardwknaM ehIyeGayeKCYypSBVpSaynig dwknaMbnþenAkñúgtMbn;enaH. 15-eRbI\Ti§Bl smaKmn_ GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot»kasbBa©úHbBa©Úl (Key Organization) GIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr eyIgRtUveRbI\Ti§Bl smaKm GgÁkar shKmn_ edIm,Ieqøot »kasbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGayRbCaBlrdæ eFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm eFIVRbeyaCn_sMrab;mnusSCatiTUeTA eFIVGIVEdl CaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr.

16-RtUveKarB eGaytMéleTAelInimitþrUbenAkEnøgenaH edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenO nig Tukcitþ Raise Value

CMenO sasna TMenomTMlab; nimitþrUbEdl RbCaBlrdæenATIenaHeKeGaytMél eKeKarB eyIgRtUvEteKarB eGaytMéltamRbCaBlrdækEnøgenaHEdr. kalNaeyIgeKarB eGaytMélGIVEdlRbCaBlrdæeKeGaytMél enaH eyIgnigTTYlkarKaMRT ehIyRbCaBlrdæenAtMbn;enaH eKmanCMenOTukcitþ . kalNaeKmanCMenOelIeyIgehIy eyIgniyayGVVIk¾eKGacsþab;tam nigeCOeyIgEdr. 17-bBa¢ak;BIeKalbMNgrYmKña (Confirm Goal) dUc)anniyayenAkñúg yuT§saRsþTwkrbs;GñkesñhaCati rbs;elak sMerag éRC ebIsinCaTwk nig Twk gaycUlKñaNas; EtebIsinCaTwknigeRbgminGaccUlKñaedaygay)aneT. cMENkGñkesñhaCati k¾dUcKñaEdr niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 94

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RKan;EtbegIðbBIerOgRbeTsCatiPøam manKMnitdUcKña RtUvKña cUlrYmeFIVkarCamYyKña edIm,IeKalbMNgrYmKña KWedIm,I GayuCivitRbeTsCati edIm,IplRbeyaCn_Cati edaymincaM)ac;eKniyay bBa©©úHbBa©ÚleRcIneLIy niyayeGay cMGñkesñhaCatiBitR)akd h‘anlHbg;GIVRKb;ya:g eFIVkic©karBitR)akd edIm,IRbeTsCati edaymincaM)ac;rg caMGñkdéTmkdas;etOneLIy KWTwkEtghUrrkKña rt;rkGñkesñhaCatidUcKña. EtminEmnCaGñkesñhaCatiEkøgkøay EdlniyayEtmat; EtpÞúyeTAvij BukrlYy lk;Cati KitRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜneRcInCag RbeyaCn_Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμrenaHeLIy. 18-erobcMKMeragCamun (Plan first) karcab;epþImeFIVkic©karGIV²k¾eday edIm,IeGayc,as;las; eyIgRtUverobcMeGaymanKMeragmun kmμviFIerobcM eGayc,as;las;. KWeyIgKiteGay)anl¥itl¥n; RtwmRtUvc,as;las; KNnaeGay)aneRcIn sarcuHeLIg edIm,I ykKMeragenaHeTAGnuvtþn_eGaysMerc TTYlEpøpáaCaviC¢man.

19-niyaysareLIgvij nUveKalsMxan;² (Repeat the important point) cMNuceKalsMxan;² EdleyIgRtUveGayeKyl; cg;eGayeKcaM eyIgRtUvrMlwksareLIgvij edaybegIát CasMnYr b£ begIátCakmμviFIedIm,IeGayeKGnuvtþ cMeBaHeKalsMxan;²enaH edIm,IeGayeKgaycaM nigyl;Gtßn½y eKalsMxan;²enaH. eyIgRtUveXasna sacuHsaeLIg nUvcMNucsMxan;enaH. 20-eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl¥ nig eBlsmrmü (Choose appropriate location) edIm,IeFIVkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaymanRbsiTi§PaB eyIgRtUveRCIserIskEnøgl¥ Ebøk nigeBlsmrmü. TIkEnøg sMedAeTAelIkEnøgEdlmanpasuxPaB kEnøgEdlmansnþisuxl¥ TIkEnøgEdlcMNaysnSMsMéc Etsmrmü sMrab;Tak;Taj GñkcUlrYm dUcCa sNæaKar ePaCnIydæan kEnøgRbCMu TIlan sMxan;².l. eBlevla sMedA eTAelIeBlEdlGñkcUlrYmGaccUlrYm)anedayTwkcitþrIkray Kμanb:HBal;plRbeyaCn_ b:HBal;kargareK cMeBl sMrak cMeBlTMenrBIkargarCaedIm. 21-bgðajTwkcitþTaMgsgxag (Do with Willing) eyIgeFIVGIVedaykþIesμaHRtg; edayecjBITwkcitþBitR)akd edayminEmn hutTwksmøwgkak KWCamnusS minEmnEtsMedAemIleXIjplRbeyaCn_Etb:ueNÑaH eyIgRtUvbgðajBITwkcitþrbs;eyIgcMeBaHeK edaykþIRsLaj;Bit GaNitGasUrBitR)akd.

22-eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; Immediate Response eyIgRtUveqøIytbcMeBaHGñksYreGaysmRsbtameKalkarN_ nigcMeNjneya)ay edaymankarKaMRT BImtisaFarN³Cn mankarKaMRTBIRbCaBlrdæ. munnigeyIgeqøIytbeyIgRtUvsþab;sMnYreGay)anc,as; nigsþab;BI eKalbMNgénsMnYrrbs;eK. ebIisinCasMnYrNaEdleyIgminGaceqøIy)aneT eyIgRtUveqøIyedaymanviFIbEgVsMnYr b¤ viFIkarcab;GarmμN_eTAepSg b¤eyIgsMuGP½yeTas edayminGaceqøIy)anCaedIm. 23-ecHeRbI\Ti§BlEdlman nigRbCaRbiyPaB Use what Enable eyIgRtUvecHeRbI\Ti§Blrbs;eyIgEdlman dUcCaeyIgCaRKUbeRgonEdlman\Ti§BlelIsisS RBHsgÇ RKb;GgÁEdlman\Ti§BlelI])ask ])asika nayksalaman\Ti§BlelIelakRKU GñkRKU saRsþacarüCaedIm. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 95

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ecAhVayRsuk XMu PUmi eRbI\Ti§BlelIRbCaBlrdæeGayecH eFIVGIVEdlCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmCati. \Ti§BlenaH RtUveFIVeGaycMTwsedA edIm,IplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati minEmneRbI\Ti§Blrbs;cg;)anlaPskáar³ buNüs½ká GMNacenaHeT.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 96

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CMBUkTI 5

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 97

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GMNacemdwknaM GMNacemdwknaM emdwknaMmanGMNacTaMgGs; 10 y:ag EdlmanGFib,aydUcxageRkam ³ 1-GMNacmenayiTi§ GMNacmenayiTi§CaGMNacFmμCatiEdlemdwknaMmantaMgBIkMeNIt. lkçN³RBmrbs;emdwknaMmantaMgBI kMeNIt kaysm,Ta kayvikar citþKMnit PaBQøasév. Rtg;cMNucenH emdwknaMRtUvykQñHxøÜnÉg RtUvyk QñHFmμCati CaBiessRtUvykQñHcitþrbs;xøÜnCamunsin. emdwknaMGacRKb;RKgGarmμN_TaMg 6 ehIyGac eFIVEbbenH cMeBaHbuKÁldéTGacTTYl)aneCaKC½yedaygay. RBHBuT§manBuT§dikarfa QñHbuKÁl1000 nak; minesIμnigQñHxøÜnÉgmñak;eLIy. karEdlykQñHelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉg CakarkRmmYy BIeRBaH mnusSeyIgekIt mkedaytNða tNðaekIteLIgBIGarmμN_TaMg 6. b:uEnþeTaHCaya:gNak¾eday ebIelakGñkcg;køayCaGñk dwknaMmYyrUbd¾eqñIm elakGñkRtUvEtxitxMhat;eronBt;lt;dMGarmμN_rbs;GñkrhUtdl;GñksMercCasßaBr. ebIeyIg eFIV)an eyIgnigmanGarmμN_RtCak;nigs¥atbrisuT§RbkbeTAedaybBaØaevogév ¬sIl smaFi bBaØa¦. kareFIVrebob enHmankarlM)akbMput eRbobdUcCaykePIøgmkdutkMedAkñúg»ra:rbs;Gs;elak ehIyvarwgCagfμ citþmanlkçN³ esμaKeRKaKdUcCalUTwks¥úyGBa©wg citþeyIgCavtßúEdlrwgbMputenAelIEpndIeyIgenH. citþenaH KWGarmμN_rbs;Gs; elakGñkenaHÉg EdlEtgEtelatcuHeLIgRKb;vinaTI ebIelakGñkGaceFIVeGaycitþrbs;elaksUnüehIyenaH KWelak GñkGacykQñHxøÜnÉg)an ehIyelakRtUvrkSavaeGayenARtg;cMNucsUnüenaHCaerogrhUt. eRBaHfa citþeyIg eRbobdUckuMBüÚT½rEdleRbIR)as;ehIyvamanemeraKcUlmkEdr ehtuenHeyIgkMuePøcsMGatvaeGays¥at Caerogral;éf¶ tamviFIeFIVsmaFi ebIminGBa©wgeT emeraKnigcUlmkeBjeTotdUckMuBüÚT½rminxaneLIy. ebIelakGñkQñHcitþrhUtdl; cMNucsUnüehIyenaH elakGñknigman esckIþkøahand¾Gg;Gac manGarmμN_l¥RKb;kal³eTs³ mansmaFi manmenayiT§i mankareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg esckIþesμaHRtg; eFIVGMeBIl¥ manKuNFm’ senþasRbNIdl;mnusSCati RbCaBlrdæTn;exSay. dUcenH ebIelakGñkcg;køayCakMBUlemdwknaM elakGñkRtUvh‘anlHbg;GarmμN_TaMgR)aMmYy eGay)anTaMgGs;Camunsin.

I.

etIeFIVdUcemþ:c edIm,IlHbg;GarmμN_TaMg 6 enH)an?

elakGñkRtUvEtxitxMEsVgrkviC¢amkdak;xøÜn nigGb;rMGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnCaerogral;éf¶ tamry³karGanesov ePAeGayeRcIn edaymincaM)ac;eFIVtamGarmμN_EdlbBa¢aeGayeyIgeFIVeT EteyIgRtUvbBa¢aGarmμN_rbs;eyIgvij eGayeFIVtamkarkMNt;rbs;eyIg dUcCaeBlEdleyIgXøan edIm,IbMeBjtamGarmμN_rbs;GNaþt eyIgRtUv Gt;Fμt;kMueFIVtamva eyIgjaMumaneBlevlaema:gkMNt;c,as;las;. sþab;tamkarbMeBjGarmμN_rbs;Rtecok eyIgminRtUveFIVtamGarmμN_Rtecoksþab;cMerogtamcMNg;rbs;eyIgeT EteyIgmankmμviFIkñúgkarsþab; eBlNa sþab;cMerog eBlNasþab;Bt’man.l. kMubMeBjGarmμN_rbs;EPñk ebIEPñkrbs;eyIgcg;emIlGIVEdlxUcGarmμN_ eyIgkMuemIltam kMubMeBjGarmμN_rbs;RcmuH dUcCakarhitkøinRkGUb eRbIeRKOgRkGUb CaedIm. kMubMeBj GarmμN_rbs;Es,k dUcCab:HBal;CamYyePTxusKñanaMeGayGarmμN_ekþACaedIm. dUcenH tamryHGarmμN_TaMg 6 niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 98

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eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvhat;eronbBa¢aelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜnÉgrebobenH eFIVya:gticbMput 10 qñaM eTIbelakGñkGac ykQñHelIxøÜnÉg)an RKb;RKgelIGarmμN_rbs;xøÜn)an.

2-GMNacKuNFm’ (Reward Power) GMNacKuNFm’ CaGMNacEdl)anmkBIkareFIVGMeBIl¥ EdlmanRBhμvihaFm’ karseNþasRbNI nig TsBiFFm’dl;GñkeRkambgÁab; nigRbCaBlrdæ. dUcCa«BukmþayciBa©wmbI)ac;kUnEfrkSakUntaMgBItUcmk enHCa GMNacKuNFm’rbs;«Bukmþay EdleyIgTaMgGs;KñaCabuRtFItaRtUvEttbsñgKuN«BukmþayeyIg EdlCaGñkman KuNdl;eyIg. RBHBuT§EdlsMEdgnUvFm’l¥dl; BuT§sanikCn eGay)anesckþIsuxsMrab;sgÁmmnusS enHCa KuNFm’mYyEdleFIVeGay])ask ])asika eKarBbUCarhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶. elakRKUGñkRKU EdlxitxMCYybgðat; beRgon kUnsisSCaedIm EdleFIVeGaykUnsisSeKarBeGaytMéldl;RKU)arGacarü. TanGIVminesμIrnigFmμTan. KuNGIVminesμIrnigKuNFm’eLIy. cMeBaHbuKÁlEdlCYyseRgÁaHGñkd¾éTedaysb,úrsCaedIm EdleFIVeGayCnrg eRKaHrMlwkKuN minePøcBIKuNUbkar³rbs;eK. dUcenH Kb,IeyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvykGMNacKuNFm’enHmkeRbI edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;manesckþIsux suPmgÁlnigsnþiPaB. mYyeTotGMNacenHsMedAelIbuKÁl EdlRKb;RKg kan;kab;FnFansMxan;² RKb;RKgFnFankRm CaGñkEdlmanGMNacEbgEckFnFan nigpþl;rgVan;epSg².

EtGMNacenH sMrab;EtGñkEdleFIVkarenAkñúgGgÁkarsßab½nCamYyKñaenaHeT. GMNacenHmancMeBaHbuKÁl Edlman smtßPaBGaceFIVtamkarsnüa)an EtvaKμanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHbuKÁlEdlminTukcitþ dUcCaRbPBFnFan nigrgVan;.

GMNacenH eKeRcIneFIVsMrab;GñkeRkambgÁab; eKmineRbIsMrab;GñkEdlman\Ti§BlelI dUcCa emdwknaMxagelIeyIg eLIy. etIeyIgeRbIGMNacKuNFm’eBlNa? eyIgeRbIenAeBl ³ RtUvpþl;rgVan;GIVEdlmnusScg;)an pþl;rgVan;EdlRtwmRtUv yutþiFm’ nigmansIlFm’ kMusnüapþl;GIVelIsBIGñkRtUvpþl;eGay Bnül;BIlkçxNÐEdlRtUvpþl;rgVan;enaH ehIyeFIVCalkçN³smBaØ pþl;rgVan;tamkarsnüaebIsinCatMrUveGaybMeBjtamtMrUvkar eRbIrgVan;CanimitþrUb kMurgVan;EdlminGacTukyUr 3-GMNacTMnak;TMng (Communication Power) ebIeyIgenAEtmñak;Ég min)anTMnak;TMngmnusSkñúgsgÁmenaH KμannrNamñak;sÁal;eyIg KμannrNamñak;dwg BIckçúvis½yrbs;eyIgeLIy dUcenHemdwknaMcaM)ac;RtUveFIVTMnak;TMngmnusSsMxan;²kñúgsgÁm edIm,IeGayeyIgman tMéltamenaHEdr. karTMnak;TMngenH eyIgRtUvTMnak;TMngcMeBaHbuKÁll¥ buKÁlEdlmanskþanuBlxagGIVmYy buKÁlmanRbCaRbiy eKcUlcitþeRcIn buKÁlEdlmanskþanuBlkñúgsgÁmCaedIm edIm,IeGayxøÜneyIgmanskþanuBl tam enaHEdr. eyIgGacTMnak;TMngeTAsaFarN³Cn tamry³sñaédrbs;eyIgEdleFIVGIVmYyCaRbeyaCn_dl;Cati RbeyaCn_ dl;sgÁmCaedIm. karTMnak;TMngenH edayeRbItamviFI karesBKb; karbBa©úHbBa©Úl karcrcar nig tMrg;Tws dUcGFib,ayxagelI. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 99

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4-GMNacbgçitbgçM (Coercive Power) GMNacenH mancMeBaHemdwknaMelIGñkeRkambgÁab; eBlEdlemdwknaMeRbIGMNacdak;TNÐkmμelIbuKÁlwk EdlmanRbePTepSg²Kña eTAtamGgÁkarsßab½ndwknaM. GMNacbgçitbgçMenH eKeRbIenAkñúgrbbpþac;kar kumμúynisþ EdlPaKeRcInenAkñúgeyaFa nig GñkdwknaMneya)aykalBI 3 TsvtSmun. ]TahrN_ dUcCa edjbuKÁlwkecal eBlEdleFIVkic©karminl¥ TahanRtUveKsmøab;BIeRBaHTahanmineKarBbTbBa¢aeBlRbyuT§CaedIm. kñúgkrNI emdwknaMBwgBak;sMGagelI GñkeRkambgÁab; eFIVkic©karsMxan;² eBlenaHGñkeRkamGacmincUlrYmshRbtibtþikar)an ebIsinCaemdwknaMminRBmeFIVtamsMeNI. cMENkenARtg;cMNucxøH GñkeRkambgÁab;GaceFIVeGayxUcekrþ×eQμaH emdwknaM bþwgtva: kUdækmμ )atukmμ CaedIm. GMNacenH eRbIsMrab;RBman KMramdl;buKÁlEdlminRBmeFIVtamsMeNI c,ab; nigeKalneya)ayepSg² ehIybuKÁlenaHnigCYbplvi)ak. Etbc©úb,nñenH eKhammineGayeRbIGMNacrebobenH enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn. eyIgeFVIenAeBlEdleKBwgBak;eyIgTaMgRsug cMeBaHkic©karGIVmYy eyIgCaGñkman\Ti§Bl elIeK eyIgGaceRbIGMNacenH)anEtebIeyIgKμan\Ti§BlelIeKeT eKminBwgBak;eyIgeT eyIgminGaceRbIGMNac enHeT. kareRbIGMNacenH dUcCakarRBman karKMramkMEhg karTamTad¾Edl karRtYtBinitüjwkjab; edIm,IeGay buKÁlenaHeFIVeGayRsbsMeNI. eKeFIVcMeBaHGñkEdlx¢il CagGñkEdlCMTas;. enAkñúgcMNucenHCakardak;sm<aF rwgpg nig Tn;pg. eBlEdlyYn)aneFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMgenA eDonebonPU ehIy)ancab;Tahan)araMgCacMNab;xμaMg bgçMeGay)araMgRbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin edaycuHsn§isBaØaenARkug hSWENv éf¶TI 20 Exkkáda qñaM 1954. minEmnedaysar semþc sIhnu eFIVkaMePøIgeQIKμanRKab;Gacedj)araMg ehIyRbeTsExμrTTYl)anÉkraCüenaHeT. eyIgGacniyaymüa:geTot GMNacbgçitbgçMenH KWCaGMNac Edl eRbIkmøaMg eRbIeyaFa eRbIhwgSaCaedIm. ehtuGIV)anCa RKb;RbeTsmhaGMNacxitxMBRgwkGMNaceyaFa edayplit GavuFnuyekøEG‘r enHCaGMNacmYyxøaMg dUcshrdæGaemrik CamhaGMNaceyaFaRKb;RKgBiPBelak bnÞab;BIQñH sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. karTUtRtUv manT½B karTUtGt;T½B dUckaMePøIgGt;RKab;. eRbIGMNacbgçitbgçMeBlEdlcg;eGaymanvin½yl¥ kñúglkçN³dUcteTA³ Bnül;c,ab; nitiviFI lkçxNÐtMrUveGayeFIV nigFanafaeKyl;BIkardak;TNÐkmμkMritF¶n;enaH eqøIytbPøam² cMeBaHkMhusEdlsmRsb EdlRbRBwtþixus esIubGegáteGaydwgkarBitsin munniwgdak;TNÐkmμ ecosevogkarsnñidæanxus nigeFIVkarecaT Rbkan;xus elIkElgcMeBaHkareFIVkMhusF¶n;F¶r edayeFIVkarRBmanpÞal;mat; nigCalaylkSGkSrmuneBl dak;TNÐkmμ eFIVkarRBmanCaÉkCn eCosevogkarKMramKMEhg enAes¶om nig ecosevogkarbeBa©jkarbdiesFpÞal;xøÜn sEmþgBIkarcg;CYyedayesμaHcMeBaHbuKÁlenaH edayecosvagkardak;TNÐkmμ GeBa¢IjmnusSeTAedIm,IsMeNIreGayEkbBaða nigEsVgrkkic©RBmeRBog niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 100

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rkSaTMnukcitþ RtUvdak;TNÐkmμ RbsinebIenAEteFIVkMhusdEdl eRkayBIeFIVkarRBmanrYcehIy dak;TNÐkmμ EdlRsbc,ab; RtwmRtUv smnigkMhusF¶n;F¶renaH 5-GMNacÉkeTs (Expertise Power) GMNacÉkeTs KWCaGMNacEdlemdwknaMmancMeNHviC¢aÉkeTs nig cMeNHdwgbec©keTsGIVmYyBitR)akd. cMeNHviC¢aEdlcMElkGMBIviFIl¥bMputedIm,IeFIVkargar nig edaHRsaybBaðasMxan;² eFIVeGaeyIgman\Ti§BlskþanuBl eTAelIGñkeRkambgÁab; shesvik ecAhVaynayCaedIm. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday GMNacÉkeTsenH mansuBlPaB enAeBlNaEdleKBwgelIeyIg b¤GñkEdlmancMeNHenaHEtb:ueNÑaH EtkñúgkrNIbBaðamYyEdleKedaHRsay CaGciéRnþy_ b£GñkdéTeronedaHRsaybBaðaenHedayxøÜneK enaHGMNacÉkeTsminGacmantMél)anyUr GEgVg eToteLIy. ehtudUcenHehIy)anCamanGñkxøH Edlcg;rkSaGMNacenHrbs;eK eKBüayamlak;)aMg karBar GMNacÉkeTs edaylak;minbeNþayeGayeKdwgTukCasm¶at; edayeFIVeGaykargarhak;dUcCa sμúKsμaj Gaf’kM)aMg nigbMpøajRbPBBt’manepSg² GMBInitiviFIkargar dUcCa kMNt;ehtuRbcaMqñaM RbvtþisaRsþ k,ÜnxñatKm<I kmμviFIkMuBüÚT½r düaRkam nigsñamédCaedIm. eKGaceFIVkargarsMerceCaKC½y ecjCalT§plEpøpáa)an plRbeyaCn_ dl;CatiExμrTUeTA. GMNacÉkeTs dUcCa ÉkeTsesdækic© eyaFa neya)ay c,ab; bec©kviTüaepSg². eyIgGaceRbIGMNacÉkeTsenAeBl Bnül;ehtupl sMrab;sMeNIsMu sMeNIKMeragfamUlehtuGIV)anvasMxan; pþl;PsþútagEdlKMeragsMeNIenaHGaceCaKC½y kMueFIVesckþIEføgkarEdlKμanRbeyaCn_ minsmRsb nig GaRkk; kMuniyayelIs nig bkRsayxuscMeBaHehtukarBit sþab;edayykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarxVayxVl; nig sMNUmBrrbs;mnusS eFIVedayeCOCak; nigebþCJacitþeBlEdlmanvibtþi 6-GMNaceyag (Reference Power) GMNaceyagCaGMNacmYyCaFmμtamancMeBaHbuKÁlEdlrYsrayrak;Tak; Tak;GarmμN¾ manmnþesñh_ nig KYrCaTITukcitþ CaGñkEdlEtgEtsMEdgkarxVl;xVayGMBIGñkeRkambgÁab;edayesμaHsμ½RK ehIyGMNacenHniggay )at;bg;eTAvij ebIkalNaeyIgBüayamsMEdgecjnUvkarlak;But minBit eFiVButCarYsray eFIVButCaxVl;xVay edayminEmnesμaHRtg;ecjBIdYgcitþBitR)akd bgðajnUvkarTukcitþ eKarB nigeFIVcMeBaHbuKÁldéTedayRtwmRtUv yutþiFm’. GMNaceyagenH GaRs½yelIcriklkçN³rbs;emdwknaM. skmμPaBB¤xøaMgCagkarniyay. meFüa)ayEdlTTYlyk nig EfrkSaGMNaceyag bgðajkarrab;GanCaviC¢man nig TTYlyk eFIVkarKaMRT nig eFIVRbeyaCn_ karBar nigenABIeRkaymnusSeBlEdlsmrmü lHbg;xøÜnÉg edIm,IsMEdgnUvkarxVayxVl; rkSaBaküsnüa

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 101

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7-GMNacRsbc,ab; (Ligitimate Power) GMNacRsbc,ab; KWCaGMNacpøÚvkarsMrab;skmμPaBkargar . GMNacenHTak;TgeTAnigbegIátGMNac Rsbc,ab;mYy b£siTi§edIm,IRbePTsMeNIsMuBiessNamYy CaBiesssMrab;kic©karRbcaMéf¶. Tak;TgnigGMNacenH manlkçN³ sμúKsμajbnþic. tamFmμta edIm,IerIsemdwknaMRtUveFIVtam rdæFmμnuBaØ eFIVtammaRtac,ab; tamRbéBNI karTTYlykGMNacenH GaRs½yelIkarTTYlyknUvtMENgdwknaMrbs;emdwknaMenaHb£Gt;. vaytMélsMrab;buKÁlwk épÞkñúgeKarBtYelxGMNac bgðajnUvkareKarBcMeBaHc,ab; nigeFIVtamRbéBNI. GMNacRsbc,ab;CaFmμta RtUveKeFIVtamsMeNI bTbBa¢a karENnaMEdlTak;TgtampÞal;mat; b¤CalaylkSGkSr. ebIsinCaemdwknaMsMEdg ecjnUvkarsgS½y minc,as;las; karP½nþRcLM eFIVeGayGs;\Ti§BlelIGñkeRkambgÁab;. EdlekIteLIgBIkarEtg taMgedayRsbc,ab; BIGgÁkarsßab½nNamYyc,as;las;. dUcCaGMNacEdlEtgtaMgeday esþc RbFanaFibetyü naykrdæmRnþI EdlEtgtaMgKNrdæmRnþI EtgtaMgecAhVayextþRkugCaedIm. ehtuenaH GñkTaMgenH ykGMNacenH eTAeFIVRbeyaCn_dl;CatiExμr eFIVRbeyaCn_dl; RbCaBlrdæ minykGMNaceTACiHCan;ekobsgát;RbCaBlrdæeLIy BIeRBaHGMNacBitR)akd KW)anmkBIRbCaBlrdæEdlRbKl;eGayeFIVCatMNagEtb:ueNÑaH tamry³kare)aHeqñat. eBlEdlRtUveRbIGMNacRsbc,ab; eFIVsMeNIEdlc,as; ehIyKYrsm Bnül;BIehtuplsMeNIr kMuniyayelIsTMhMGMNacrbs;Gñk BinitübBa¢ak;BIGMNacebIsinCacaM)ac; tamExSry³RtwmRtUv tamdanedIm,IBinitübBa¢ak; 8-GMNacBt’man (Information Power) RbPBGMNacsMxan;mYyeTot KWRKb;RKgBt’man. karRKb;RKgBt’manenHTak;TgnigkarRbmUlBt’man sMxan;² dak;bBa©ÚlkñúgTinñin½y nigRKb;RKgelIkarEckcayBt’maneTAGñkeRkambgÁab; nigGñkepSgeTot rYmTaMg fñak;dwknaMxagelIpg. dUcenH karRKb;RKgelIBt’manman\Ti§BlTaMgxageRkam xagelI nig\Ti§BlTUeTA. ebIsinCaemdwknaMCaGñkTTYlBt’manRKb;Ebbya:gBIxageRkA emdwknaMman»kasbkRsayRBwtþkarNTaMgenH eGay GñkeRkambgÁab; nigman\Ti§BlelI\riyabf. enAeBlEdlGñkeRkambgÁab;manBt’mancaM)ac;sMrab;emdwknaMeFIVkar sMerccitþ eBlenaHvaCaRbPB\Ti§BlelIkarsMerccitþrbs;fñak;elI. GñkeRkambgÁab;xøHEsVgrkRbePT\Ti§Blrebob enH edaysnSwm² TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRbmUlBt’man rkSaTuk nig raykarN_ Bt’mankMBugRbtibtþikar. ebIisinCaemdwknaMBwgEp¥kelIGñkeRkambgÁab; edIm,IbkRsaykarviPaKd¾sμúKsμajénBt’manRbtibtþikar enaHeKnig GeBa¢IjGñkeRkambgÁab;enaHeGaycUlrYmpÞal;kñúgkarsMerccitþEdlsMGagelIkarviPaKenaH. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾GñkeRkambgÁab;enAEtman\Ti§BlelIemdwknaM ebIsinCaGñkeRkambgÁab;RKb;RKgBt’mansMxan; eTaHmin)ancUlrYm edaypÞal;k¾eday. Bt’manGaceFIVeGaysgÁmmYy seTACaexμA exμAeTACas)an. ebIsinCaBt’manminÉkraCü yutþiFm’ GñkEdlTTYl)anminGacvinicä½yRtwmRtUvyutþiFm’eLIy. müa:geTot eyIgsegáteXIj RbB½n§sarBt’man niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 102

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viTüú TUrTsSn_ karEst CaedIm mansar³sMxan;sMrab;mnusSTUeTA vaCaGMNacmYysMrab;GñkEdlecHdwg TTYl)anBt’maneRcIn CaBiess Bt’mansMgat; GIVEdleKmindwg eyIgGacTTYl)an Bt’manenaH eyIgdwgelIseK ehIypþl;Bt’manenaHeTAeGayGñkepSgeTotenaH CaGMNacmYysMxan;Nas;. dUcenH eyIgRtUvRbmUlBt’man eGay)aneRcIn TaMgBt’man gab; nig Bt’man rs;. Bt’mangab;CaBt’manEdleKbeBa©jeGaysarFarN³Cndwg EtBt’manrs;CaBt’manEdlsaFarN³Cnmindwg sm¶at;.

9-GMNachirBaØvtßú (Money Power ) GMNachirBaØvtßú CaGMNacmYysMxan;bnÞab;BIGMNacneya)ay nigeyaFa. GMNachirBaØvtßúKW esdækic© CaGñkmanluy RTBüsm,tþieRcIn. GñkEdlmanluyeRcIn Gacman\Ti§BlxøaMgmYyEdr sMrab;eFIVGIVmYy ehtuenH ehIy neya)ay nigesdækic©RtUvedIrTnÞwmKña. GñkEdlmanneya)ay eRbobdUcCaGñkmanEpnkar b¤KMeragkar dUcCaGñkEdlmanm:UtU cMENkÉGñkmanesdækic© CafvikasMrab;eFIVeGayKMeragenaHcab;epþImdMeNIrkar dUcCasaMg sMrab;cak;m:UtUeGayeqH GacCiH)an.

10-GMNaceGkULÚsIu (Ecological Power) GMNaceGkULÚsIuenH CaGMNacEdlRKb;RKgelIbriyakasxageRkA bec©kviTüa nigkarcat;Ecgkargar Edlpþl;»kaseGayman\Ti§BlRbeyalelImnusSepSgeTot. CakarerobcMKMeragbøg;edIm,IelIkTwkcitþbuKÁlwk. karerobcMKMeragbøg;RbB½n§Bt’man CaRbPBman\Ti§BlTaMgGs;dl;GñkepSg²eTot. GMNaceGkULÚsIuepSg²eTot mandUcCa ePøIg eRKOgpþl;sBaØaRtYtBiinitü edIm,IR)ab; RBmaneGayQb; p¥ak edaymaneRKaHfñak; b¤xUcCaedIm. II>tYnaTIemdwknaM (Role of Leaders) 1-GñknaMBakü (Spokesman) emdwknaMmantYrnaTICaGñknaMBaküeGayRkumkargaredIm,IpSBVpSayesckþIEføgkareTAxageRkAGgÁkardwknaM nig pþl;dMNwgeTAfñak;eRkamRKb;lMdab;fñak;. cMENkfñak;dwknaMtamlMdab;fñak;RtUvRtUveFIVesckþIraykareTA fñak;dwknaMxagelI eTARbFan b£KN³kmμkarnaykCaedIm. GñknaMBaküCaGñkEdleFIVkarTMnak;TMngsarFaN³ edIm,IniyayeGaymanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;Kat; nigedIm,ITTYl)annUvkarKaMRT kareKarBBIxageRkA sarFaN³Cn RbCaBlrdæ.

2-Gñkcrcar (Negotiator) emdwknaMCaGñkcrcarmYyd¾buinRbsBV karcrcarepþatelIplRbeyaCn_ epþatelIkaredaHRsaybBaða minEmn epþatelIdMENg GMNac nigepþatelIbuKÁlwklkçN³buKÁlenaHeT. emdwknaMmuncrcar RtUverobcMKMeragyuT§saRsþ kñúgkarcrcareGay)anc,as;las; edayCYbRbCMuRkumÉkeTsEdlBak;B½n§nigkargarenaH. karcrcarEdlman RbsiT§PaB KWedaysarkmøaMgT½BmanRbsiT§PaB. karcrcaredIm,IbBa©b;CemøaHmineGaymansRgÁam Etkar eFIVsRgÁamGaceFIVeGaymankarcrcarvij nigGacbBa©b;CemøaHpgEdr ]TahrN_ muneBlbBa©b;sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 KWeRkayBI shrdæ)ancUlkñúgsRgÁam ehIyTMlak;RKab;EbkenATIRkug hIur:UsIma: nig NagasaKIenAeBlenaH GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anbegIáteLIgenAqñaM 1945 edIm,IbBa©b;mineGaymansRgÁameTot. mYyvijeTot munQan niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 103

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eTArkkarcrcarsn§isBaØaTIRkug)a:rIs éf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM 1991 rvagctuPaKI sRgÁam)aneFIVeLIgCamYyyYncUl mkQøanBanExμr cab;BIéf¶TI 7 Exmkra qñaM 1979. karcrcartMrUveGayemdwknaMmankarebþCJacitþ eGaysißtesßrBIFnFanEdlmaneBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,IsMrbsMrYl eGaymanGMNackñúgkareFIVkarebþCJacitþ.

3-GñkbeRgon nigGñkelIkTwkcitþ (Coach and Motivator) eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvecHral;kic©karEdlRtUveFIV cab;taMgBIfñak;bec©keTs fñak;Rbtibtþikar¬karRKb;RKg¦ fñak;yuT§saRsþ¬dwknaMkMBUl¦. eBlEdleyIgecH ehIyeyIgRtUvmancitþTUlay kñúgkarEbgEckcMeNHdwgenaHeTA eGayCnrYmCatiExμrbnþ minfaCacMeNHdwgGIV edIm,IeGayRbCaBlrdæExμr CnrYmCatiExμrTTYl)anKMnitcMeNHdwgfμIl¥² ykeTAdwknaM ykeTACYyksagRbeTseGayrIkcMerIn. RbeTsrIkcMerInmYycMnYn eKEkERbkmμviFIsikSa edaydak; RTwsþIenAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg edIm,IeGayGñkeron yl;dwgc,as; TaMgRTwsþI nigkarGnuvtþn_ GaceFIV)an eBlEdleroncb; GaceFIVGIVCasñaéd ecjCalT§plBitR)akd. cMENkeyIgCaemdwknaM eyIgeron)anRTwsþIehIy eyIgRtUvykRTwsþIeTAGnuvtþn_kñúgsßanPaBCak;EsþgehIy eyIgRtUvykbTBiesaFn_enaHmkbeRgont eyIgCa emdwknaMRtUveronxøÜnÉgbnþeTot ehIyeyIgcuHGnuvtþn_edIm,IykCabTBiesaFn_eTot nigbeRgoneTAGñkeRkam bgÁab;t. ebIsinCaGñkeRkambgÁab;minGaceFIV)an eyIgCaGñkdwknaMGaceFIV)an CaGñkbeRgon CaGñkbgðat;beRgon nigCaGñkelIkTwkcitþRKb;eBlevla edIm,IeGaysMercdl;eKaledA. enAsalanayTahanCan;x<s;Gaemrik Tahan EdlhVWkhat;cb; ehIymanbTBiesaFn_enAkñúgsmrPUmi eKRtUvtMeLIgeGayeFIVCaRKUbeRgon ehIyeRkay mkcUlkñúgsmrPUmieTot eTIbeKtMeLIgbuNüs½ká ebIGñkenaHmansñaédeCaKC½ykñúgsmrPUmieRkaymkeToteTIb eKtMeLIgeGayeFIVCaemT½B b¤eFIVCaembBa¢akarkgT½BCaedIm. emdwknaMCaGñkEdlGacemIleXIjcMNucexSay rbs;GñkeRkambgÁab; cMNucexSayRbB½n§RKb;RKgdwknaM ehIyriHrkviFIedIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIreLIg kalNaKuNPaB buKÁlwkmansmtßPaBl¥ plkargarl¥ GacRbkYtRbECgQñHeK eFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMenaHmanrIkcMerIn. GñkGPivDÆn_CYyGñkd¾éTeGayerontamry³karbeRgon karbNþúHbNaþl nigkarhVwkhVWn. erOgenHbegIát kEnøgKYreGayGs©arümYyedIm,IeFIVkarnig eron. minEdlecal»kasedIm,IbeRgon b¤eron GIVmYyfμIxøÜnÉg. GñkEdl eFIVkareGayeyIg enaHeKeronBIkMhusrbs;eK ehIynigQñHenAeBlcugbBa©b;.

4-GñkbegIátRkumkargar(Team Builder) eyIgCaGñkbegIátRkumkargareLIg edayemdwknaMecHeRbIRKb;viFIsaRsþkñúgkarTMnak;TMng karbBa©úHbBa©Úl karcrcar b¤kareRbIsmtßPaBEdlGnuvtþn_nUvPaBCaGñkdwknaM edIm,IeFIVeGayRkumkargarenaHekIteLIg. eyIgCa GñkbegIátRkumkargar edayeCOCak;faRkumkargarCaRkumEdlmansmtßPaB GaceFIVsMerctamckçúvis½yEdleyIg kMNt;. kalNaeyIgbegIátRkumEdlKμansmtßPaB enaHRkumminGaceCaKC½yeLIy. emdwknaMRkumRtUvrkSa eKalbMNg eKaledA viFIsaRsþBak;B½næ nigmanRbeyaCn¾. sUmkMuxøacRbLak;éd xøayenOyht; RtUvdwknaMRkum eFIVeGayGs;BIsmtßPaB.

niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 104

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5-GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum (Team Player) ral;kic©kargarTaMgLay emdwknaMRKan;EtCaGñkedIrtYtMNagRkumkargarEtb:ueNÑaH dUcenHral;karsMerc epSg²RtUvykeyabl;Rkum b£eKarBtamesckþIsMercrbs;Rkum. eyIgRkeLkemIl emRkumkILa)al;Tat; EdledIr tYnaTItMNageGayRkumrbs;eK kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaepSg².

6-GñkedaHRsaybBaða (Great Problem Solvers) emdwknaMKWCaGñkBUEkemIleXIjbBaðaBitR)akd ehIymansmtßPaBedaHRsaybBaðaenaHmanRbsiT§PaB. CaBiess emdwknaMemIleXIjbBaðamun ehIykarBarmineGaybBaðaenaHGacekItmaneLIg enHCaemdwknaMBUEk. emdwknaM RtUvkarBarvibtþi kMcat;bBaða begIánsuxa rkSacMerIn. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvkarBarCamun minRtUveGaybBaðaekIteLIg eBlmanbBaðaeyIgRtUvRbjab;edaHRsaybBaðaenaHCabnÞan; kMubENþtbeNþayTukbBaðaenaHekItmanFMeLIg eRcIn eLIg rhUtdl;Bi)akedaHRsay. eyIgeRbobeFobbBaðaeTAnigCm¶W karBarmineGaymanCm¶Wqøg eBlEdlqøg RtUvRbjab;eTArkRKUeBTü b£Büa)al ebIeyIgTukdl;Cm¶WF¶n;F¶renaH eyIgRtUvEtrkRKUeBTü CMnajBitR)akdeFIVkar vHkat; edIm,IeGayGñkCm¶WGacrs;)an. bBaðaCaTUeTA EdlemdwknaMRtUvdwg mankareRCIserIs smaCikeFIVCaemdwknaMM eRcInhYsehtueBk elIsBItMrUvkargar EdlenAkñúgeKalbMNgcg;)anmuxmat;. ehtudUecñHehIy Rkumkargar KμantulüPaB kEnøgeFIVkardUcKña EtmancMnYnmnusSelIs nigcMENkÉkEnøgTMenr KμanmnusSeFIVkar. emdwknaM minyl;BIPaBxøaMg PaBexSayxøÜnÉg lTæPaB nigkareBjcitþ. emdwknaMmindwgGMBIfaetIRtUvelIkTwkcitþ buKÁlwk edayrebobNa? BIeRBaH mindwgBItMrUvkarrbs;mnusS nigbuKÁlmñak;². smaCikkñúgRkumkargarmanGarmμN_fa RkumkargarmineFIVkareday\trGak;rGYl. ehtuenH ebIsinCamankarRbQmmuxnigbBaðadUcteTA eyIgRtUveFIVkar BinitüsareLIIgvijkñúgkrNI ³ 1-TinñplkargarFøak;cuH 2-bNþwgtva: 3-CMelaHrvagbuKÁlwk 4-KμaneKaledAc,as;las; 5-karRcLMGMBIkic©kar 6-xVHKMnitfμI minha‘nRbfuy 7-karRbCMuKμanRbsiTæPaB 8-xVHKMnitpþÜcepIþm 9-karTMngTMngexSay 10-xVHkarTukcitþ 11-nieyaCikmanGarmμN_fa kargarrbs;eKminTTYlsÁal; 12 karsMerccitþ RtUveKCMTas;

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CMhanedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRkum³ 1-kMNt;eKalbMNgRkumkargarRtUvkarcg;ecH GIVEdlRtUvepþatelI elakGacdak;ecjnUveKalbMNg CamUldæan. kat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;enAkEnøgeFIVkar b:uEnþvamansar³sMxan;edIm,ITukeGayRkumkargarkMNt; nigBRgIk eKalbMNg. 2-minRtwmEtedaHRsaybBaðab:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgR)ab;BImUlehtu . RkumkargarKYrEtkMNt;bBaðaEdlman kñúgGgÁkardwknaM nigRkumkargar. karsMerccitþedaHRsayl¥ RtYvsYretImanGtßRbeyaCn_GIV? 3-kMNt;]bsKÁEdlnigTubsáat;RkumkargarBIkarsMercGIVEdleyIgcg;)an. epþatelI]bsKÁxagkñúgmin EmnEtbriyakasxageRkA. vaminRtUvniyayfa eyIgminGaceFIVGIVGMBIerOgenH. 4-\LÚvenHRkumkargareFIVEpnkarskmμPaBTwsedArbs;xøÜn. erobEpnkartamCMhan 4 b¤ 5 viFankar GacemIleXIj ehIysresrva. minEmnsakl,genaHeT skmμPaBRtUvCaskmμPaBBitR)akdCak;Esþg. begIátrUbmnþskmμPaBedIm,IeBal. cat;viFankar\LÚvenHPøam. enHKWCaviFankarsMxan;bMput. vaKWCaGIVEdlRbsiTæPaBRkumman RbsiTæPaB BIRkum nigRkummankarRbCMueRcIndgCamun. ebIsinCaFøab;cat;viFankar RkumkargareGayeKeFIV. karebþCaJBI smaCikRkum kargarnImYy²edIm,Icat;viFankareTAelIGIVEdlCak;lak;.

7-GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT§saRsþ (Strategic Planner) CacMNucsMxan;bMput sMrab;emdwknaM EdlRtUvecHerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþ. emdwknaMRtUvmanKMniteRcIn emdwknaMRtUvmanKMnityuT§saRsþ BIeRBaHfaeyIgRtUvmanKMniteRcInCageK RtUvmanyuT§saRsþxøaMgCageK eTIbfñak; eRkam TaMgfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak;bec©keTs kl,yuT§ GaceCaKC½yBitR)akd. emdwknaMCaGñkRKb;RKgEpnkar yuT§saRsþ edayGacbt;EbntamkarERbRbYltamkal³eTs³. emdwknaMCaGñkyl;dwgbriyakasCMuvijsßankarN_ TaMgesdækic© sgÁm neya)ay RbCaBlrdæ KUrRbkYtRbECg karvivDÆn_kñúgtMbn; nigBiPBelak. viPaKRtwmRtUv nUvral;karsMerccitþTaMgGs; TaMghaniP½y ehtukarN_epSg². manlT§PaBGacyl; emIleXIj RbmUlBt’man xageRkA Bt’manEdleKminGacTTYl)an nigxkxanminTTYledayeKcat;TukfaminsMxan;. dwgBIcMNucxøaMg nigcMNucexSayrbs;GgÁkarsßab½ndwknaM ehIyGacEkERbcMNucexSayenaHeGayxøaMg TTYl)aneCaKC½yeTot. GacbegIát nigGnuvtþn_yuT§saRsþrbs;GgÁkardwknaM eFIVeGaykan;EtxøaMgeLIg. bgðajnUvkarebþCJax<s; edIm,IeFIVeGay mankarpøas;bþÚr eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg eFIVeGayEbøkxuseK. bgðajkarebþCJax<s;kñúgkarbegIát nigEfrkSaeGayCa GgÁkardwknaMmYyEdlnaMmuxeK CaGgÁkardwknaMEdleronmYy. begIáteGaymankardwknaMEdlmanry³eBlyUr mYy. 8-GñksMruHsMrYl bRgYbbRgYm ( Coordinator and Arbitrator) emdwknaMCaGñkpSHpSarPaKIGñkmanCemøaH CaGñksMrbsMrYl. emdwknaMRtUvCabuKÁlEdlGacmantYr naTIpSHpSar man\Ti§BlelIGñkmanCemøaH)an. GñkbRgYbbRgYmerobcMskmμPaBeRcInEdlekIteLIgtamry³GgÁkar niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 106

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dwknaMedaypþl;TsSn³GnaKt niglTæPaBTTYlva)an. eCaKC½yGacTTYl)anluHRtaEtmankarÉkPaBkñúgCYr GñkdwknaM. 9-GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ (Mediatiator) emdwknaMRtUvmancitþsmaFiRKb;eBlevla kalNamansmaFiral;kic©karRKb;ya:gGacsMercTaMgGs; BI eRBaHfa kalNaemdwknaMmansmaFi R)aCJaekItman naMeGayGarmμN_s¶b;l¥ RtCak; mineqvqav minekþARkhay nignr eFIVeGaykarKitmansNþab;Fñab;l¥ Epnkarl¥ enHCaktþanaMeTArkeCaKC½y. emdwknaMNaEdlman esckþIBüayam nigGt;Fμt; emdwknaMenaHnigeCaKC½ykñúgkargar BIeRBaHfakarBüayam nig Gt;Fμt;enHekIteLIgBIcitþ citþCaRbFan ebIeyIgeFIVcitþeyIgeGays¶b; mansmaFiehIy kargarsμúKsμajya:gNak¾GacedaHRsay)an b£kargar EdlnigbraC½yk¾GacEkkuneGayTTYleCaKC½y)anEdr. emdwknaMEdlykkareFIVsmaFicitþmkGnuvtþn_)ansMerc eTAehIymanRBHBuT§ nigRBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 Nab:UlIGug .l. kareFIVsmaFicitþenH eyIgRtUvhat;eFIVCaerogral;éf¶ ral;RBwkl¶ac rhUtdl;eyIgGackMNt;citþrbs;eyIg mansmaFiRKb;eBlevla.

10-GñkerobcMxñatKMrU (Standard Designer) GñkerobcMxñatKMrU erobcMKMeragkargartamRkmsIlFm’enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMmYy CaGñkpþÜcepþImKMnitedIm,I erobcM eGaykarpøas;bþÚr Tajyk»kaseGaysßankarEdlmanRbesIreLIg. CaGñkerobcMxñatKMrUedIm,IbegIát karTukcitþ BIfñak;eRkam»vaT nig mCÄdæanCMuvij.

III.ktþanaMeGayman\Ti§BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknaM (Factors that influence others and in leadership)

1-PaBs¥itrmYt (Cohesion) PaBs¥itrmYt rYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyGñkeRkambgÁab; CaktþamYyman\Ti§Blya:gxøaMg elIkTwkcitþdl;buKÁlwk eGayxitxMeFIVkar esμaHRtg; nig lHbg;RKb;Ebbya:gedIm,I sMerceKalbMNgrYmKña. PaBs¥itrmYtenH KWeyIgmin RtUvRbkan;b£kRkGWtRkTm KitEtRsYlxøÜnÉg suxxøÜnÉg EtGñkdéTBi)ak eRKaHfñak;CMnYsxøÜn EtRtUvCYyral;kic©kar dl;GñkRkumbgÁab; eBlEdleKminGaceFIV)an. EteyIgRtUvrwgbwug ehIymWugma:t;kargar edayecosvag eLHeLaH elgesIceFIVeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;citþ ElgxøacemIlgayeyIg. eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvRbkan;PaBéføfñÚr ecos vagkareFIVeGayeKemIlgay. BaküExμreyIgniyayfa {esñh_minQñHsñiT KWPaBs¥itrmYtenHÉg}.

2-kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; (Personal Direction) kardwknaMeFIVpÞal;eFIVeGay GñkeRkambgÁab;GacemIleXIj ykKMrUtam ehIyman\Ti§BlxøaMg Cagkar RKan;EteyIgniyay. kardwknaMedayskmμPaB manRbsiT§PaBxøaMgCag karRKan;EtniyayehIymineFIV b¤ minGac eFIV)an. niyayeGaycM ecHEtRTwsþI EtminGacGnuvtþn_kargar)an.

3-EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnusS kargar nig criklkçN³ cMeBaHlT§plkargar nigcriklkçN³mnusSepSg²Kña. emdwknaMRtUvecH eRbICaRbeyaCn_nUvRKb;mnusS TaMgGs; eRbobdUcCa stVXμMúEdlehIreTAeRkbkRmgpáa BIRKb;páa mkeFIVCaTwkXμMú. dUcenH RKb;mnusS eyIgRtUv niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 107

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eGaytMélepSg²Kña tamlT§plkargar. edayeyIgminEbgEck mnusS nigkargareLIy. eQIeTaHevoc eTaHRtg; eTaHgab; b¤rs; GacykmkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anTaMgGs; GaRs½yelIkarécñRbDitrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;.

4-rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc©³ (Keep Promise) karrkSaBaküsnüaenH CakarsMxan;Nas;edIm,IeGayeKeCOCak;. cUrkMuePøcBaküsnüa GIVEdlGñk snüacMeBaHGñkd¾éT. GIVEdleyIgminGaceFIV)an cUreyIgkMusnüa. eyIgRtUveFIVeGayecjCalT§pl ehIyeyIg niyayCakarsMxan;. ehtuenHehIy munniwgniyayGIVmYyeyIgRtUvKitCamuneGayc,as;las; etIniyayeTAman RbeyaCn_b¤Gt;RbeyaCn_ cMeNjb£xat ebIxateyIgkMuniyay kMusnüa. cUrRbkan;karBit c,as;las; R)akdRbCa yutþiFm’ sc©³ karTTYlxusRtUv karTTYlsÁal;karBit. 5-eqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man (Positive Reply) kMuniyayBaküGviC¢man CMTas; bdiesF EtRtUveqøIytbeday\riyabfviC¢man. eyIgRtUveRbIBaküRsal² edaymineRbIBaküEdlF¶n; dac;Nat; eRbIkarniyayedaymineGayGñkenaH Gak;Gn;citþ xwgeLIy. kñúgGarmμN_ rbs;eyIg kMueTIsTal; kMuceg¥otcg¥l; kMuxwg kMemIlgay kMuxμasGñkd¾éT CaBiessmanKMniterIseGIg GñktUcTab CaedIm. RtUvrYsrayrak;Tak; kMuRbkan;xøÜn eTaHCabuKÁlEbbNak¾eday. ecHeRbIPasaTMnak;TMng)anl¥ manBiFIkar kñúgkarniyay.

6-bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH (Love from heart) eyIgRsLaj;rab;GanbuKÁlNamYy RtUvRsLaj;rab;Gan CYyeKedayesμaH edayminsMLwgemIleXIj plRbeyaCn_GIVeLIy. eyIgRtUveFIVGIVmYyeGayesμaHGs;BIdYgcitþ edayminlak;elom b£ hutTwksMLwgkakeLIy. ebIeyIgRsLaj;xøÜneyIgb:uNÑa eyIgRtUvRsLaj;GñkeRkambgÁab; GñkdéTdUcKñaEdr. 7-snñidæan b¤KitcMNucl¥bMputcMeBaHGñkdéT (Optimistics) eyIgRtUvemIlelIKuNsm,tþirbs;GñkdéT eyIgemIlcMNucl¥EdleKeFIV ehIyelIkTwkcitþ edayyk Rtg;cMNucl¥mkniyay. eyIgminRtUvmanKMnitTuTidæiniym emIleXIjEtcMNucGaRkk;rbs;eKenaHeLIy. EteyIg RtUvBinitü segátemIlBIcMNucGaRkk; cMNucexSayrbs;eyIg ehIyEkERbecj enHCacMNucl¥. kalNaeyIgemIl eXIjEtcMNucGaRkk;cMeBaHGñkdéT eyIgCamnusScitþceg¥ot eTas³ eRkveRkaF EtgEteqvqavxwgCanic©. emdwknaMkMuePøcBakü GrKuN cMeBaHGñkdéT rMlwkKuNeK eTaHCaeKeFIVKuNenaHtictYcya:gNak¾eday.

8-EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun eTIbbgðajGñkdéTCaeRkay (Seek first to understand and to be understood)

ral;kic©kargarTaMgLay eyIgRtUvEsVgyl;xøÜneyIgCamun eyIgyl;c,as;ehIyfa eyIgRtUvGnuvtþn_ eGayecjCaEpøpáa )anpleCaKC½ysin eTIbeyIgbgðajR)ab;GñkdéTCaeRkay. eRbobdUcRKUbeRgon EdleronecH yl;c,as;ehIy eTIbykemeronenaHeTAbeRgonsisSCaeRkay ebIsinCaemeronenaHRKUminTan;yl;pg ehIyyk eTAbeRgonsisS eFIVeGaysisSBi)akyl; ehIy)at;bg;\Ti§BlelIsisSCaminxan. eyIgRkeLkemIl RBHBuT§ GgÁm©as; RBHGgÁ)ansikSaeronecHcb; ehIyGnuvtþn_)ansMercdl;RBHniBaVnþeTot eTIbRBHGgÁecjeTAseRgÁaH niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 108

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stVelak)an. ehtudUcenH eyIgCaemdwknaM RtUvmansmtßPaBeFIVkic©karenaHCamun eTIbeyIgGacR)ab;GñkdéT eGayeFIVtam)an.

9-citþTUlay esμaHRtg; (Open-minded and Honest) eyIgmancitþTUlay esμaHRtg; cMeBaHGñkdéT nUvral;kic©karCakarsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVeGayGñkenACMuvij eCOTukcitþ kareCOTukcitþbNþaleGayeyIgmankmøaMgcUlrYmeFIVkargar. citþTUlay GaceGayGñkdéTBwgBak;)an mnusSCaeRcIncUlcitþ RsLaj;rab;Gan. ktþaTaMgenH CacMNucBiessrbs;emdwknaM EdlGaceFIV)an EtvaCakar lM)aksMrab;GñkEdlminKitBIGñkdéT ehIyKitEterOgtUctac kMbwukkMb:uk dUcenHcUreyIgKitBIbBaðaFM² dUcCaerOg Cati sasna nig RbCaCatiExμrTaMgmUl. 10-mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y (Good understanding) eyIgCaemdwknaMRtUvmankarGt;eGanGFüaRs½y cMeBaHGñkeRkambgÁab;eGay)aneRcInbMput. eyaKyl; nUvkMhusqÁg Edlminb:HBal;dl;plRbeyaCn_rYm plRbeyaCn_FM CakMhusqÁgbuKÁl kMbwukkMb:uk . eyIgminRtUv Rbkan;nigerOgkMbwukkMb:ukeBkeT ehIyeyIgRtUvbMePøcecalnUvGIVEdleKeFIVxus edayminTukcaMenAkñúgxøÜneLIy EteyIgRtUvcaMGIVEdleKeFIVl¥ eFIVRtUv. 11-RBmTTYlkMhus nigsMueTas (Admit Mistake and Make Apology) ´manerOgmYyenAkñúgsRgÁamevotNam eBlTahankMBugRbyuT§Kña rvagevotNamnigkgT½B shrdæ Gaemrik eBlenaHelakembBa¢akar)anbBa¢aeGayGñkTak;TgviTüúehA CMnYyT½BGakasmkTMlak;RKab;Ebk Rsab;Et eBlenaH GñkehAviTüúTMlak;xusTwsedA ehIycMelITahanxøÜnÉgeFIVeGayrgrbYsCaTg¶n; b:uEnþeBlenaH embBa¢akar min)anbenÞaskUnTahanKat;eT pÞúyeTAvij Kat;)ansarPaBfa enHCakMhusrbs;Kat; Edlmin)an bBa¢aRtwmRtUv tameKaledA Gs;elakxMRbwgl¥Nas; ehIyTahanrbs;Kat; dMbUg)ak;TwkcitþCitcaj;Tahan yYneTAehIy EtedaysarBaküsMdIrbs;Kat; eFIVeGaykUnTahanKat; ERskfa enHminEmnCakMhusrbs;elakeT ehIykUnTahan Kat;manTwkcitþsuxcitþbUCaCIvitedImI,Kat; TIbBa©b;Kat;)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgsmrPUmi. 12-eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV (Recommitment) RtUvrMlwkCaerogral;éf¶ enAckçúvis½y eKaledArbs;eyIg edIm,IkMueGayeyIgePøc . karEdleyIgrMlwk edIm,IeFIVeGayeyIgeFIVebþCJacitþsarCafμI nUvGIVEdleFIV nigkMBugeFIV. cUrkMueFIVRbEhs RtUvRbugRby½tñCanic© eTaHCa kal³eTs³Nak¾eday. ebIkalNaePøceKaledA eFIVeGayeyIg)at;bg;qnÞ³ xVHkarelIkTwkcitþ ehIyeFIVeGay eyIg)at;bg;karebþCJacitþ.

13-CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs (Help other honestly) emdwknaM RtUvriHrkviFICYyGñkdéTCanic© eTaHtamviFINak¾eday karCYyenaHRtUveFIVedaycitþesμaHRtg; edayKμancg;)anGIVtbsñgmkvijeT EteKalbMNgKWCYyeGayeK)ansux edaHRsaybBaðaEdleKCYbRbTH. RtUvbgðajkarCYy edayTwkcitþesμaH GaNitGasUr. ehIyCabuKÁl EdlBwgBak;)an RKb;eBlevla eBlEdlman GñkRtUvkarCMnYy. CabuKÁlEdlminEdl bdiesF cMeBaHbuKÁlNamYyEdlesñIeGayCYy. niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 109

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14-GñkdéTman\Ti§BlelImun (Being Influenced first) emdwknaMRtUvCabuKÁlEdlgayeKBwgBak; gayRKb;y:agsMrab;eKTMnak;TMng sb,ayrIkray nig TTYlkar rab;GanBIGñkdéT. eTaHCaeBlNak¾eday eyIgRtUvEteFIVRbeyaCn_eGayeKCamun edayminKitBIplRbeyaCn_ tbmkeyIgvij.

15-\riyabfviC¢manRKb;sßankarN_ (Positive Attitude) ecosvagkarKitGIVCaGviC¢man ecosvagkarKitGIVEdlGaRkk; ecosvagemIleXIjniyayGaRkk;GMBI GñkdéTBIeRkayxñg. eTaHCaGaRkk;k¾eday l¥k¾eday emdwknaMRtUvrkSaTukkñúgcitþ minRtUvniyayecjmk eday eFIVkarkMNt;sMKal;edayxøÜnÉg. RtUveFIVCabuKÁlEdlmanPaBrIkray Rss;føa nig GarmμN_RtUvbgðajesμaHRtg; edaymindwgerOgrbs;buKÁlenaH eTaHCaeyIgdwgehIyk¾eday kñúgkrNIeKmineBjcitþ b¤niyayGaRkk;BIeRkayxñg.

CabuKÁlsnþiPaB EsVgrkmitþPaBRKb;TIkEnøg EdlEtgEtdak;xøÜn nigelIktMekIg eGaytMélGñkdéT. 16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneBlniyay (Think first before speaking) CakarBitNas; munniwgeFIVGIVmYy eyIgRtUverobcMKMnit erobcMkarKitCamunsin. etImaneKaledAGIV maneKalbMNgGIV ?etIcMeNjb¤xat ?etImankarKaMRT b£RbqaMg etImankarvayluk b¤karBarxøÜn. etITwsedA sMedAeT xagNa? eyIgRtUvecaTsYreGayGs; BIkarbkRsayepSg² edayRbCMuBiPakSaeGaym:t;ct;. eyIgRtUvyk mkniyaysakl,g faetIkarniyayrbs;eyIgenH)anRtwmRtUvtamkarKit nigyl;c,as;ehIyb¤enA bnÞab;mkeyIg Gacniyay)anl¥ eBlniyayCapøÚvkar.

17-minRtUvman³ (Not Stuborn) emdwknaMminRtUvman³ tamcitþrbs;xøÜnÉgeLIy kalNaman³ emdwknaMnig )at;bg;»kas. emdwknaMRtUv es¶oms¶at; Etrwgbwug. Tn;Pøn; rIkray EtminEmn Tn;RCay. eyIgRtUvsþab;eyabl;BIRKb;mCÄdæan ehIyyk mkBicarNaRsavRCavemIl etIcMNucNal¥GaceFIV ehIycMNucNaminl¥ eyIgminKYreFIV. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIl ehtuGIV)aneKRsLaj;kUnekμg BIeRBaHkUnekμgTn;Pøn; sþab;eKarB CMrabsYr GñkdéT ehIyniyayBaküBit s¥at)atCaedIm. eyIgRkeLkemIl ehtuGIV)anEdk RtUveKlt;dM dutePøIg munnigRtUveKykeTAeRbIR)as;eFIV]bkrN_ GIVmYy? BIeRBaHEtEdkenaHvarwg.

18-niyayPasamantkáviC¢aRtwmRtUv nigGarmμN_l¥ (Logical Word and Good Feeling) PasaEdleyIgniyay RtUvmanlkçN³tkáviC¢a manPsþútagc,as;las; ehtukarN_ RBwtþikarN_ekIt eLIgCak;Esþg cMeBaHbuKÁlenaH. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIl kMrityl;dwgrbs;eK ehIyniyayGIVEdleKgayyl; niggayTTYlyk)an ecosvagkarniyayGIVEdlhYsBIkarKit niksμanmindl; Bi)akyl;CaedIm. Pasaniyay RtUvPasal¥ PasaelIkTwkcitþ GarmμN_l¥Canic©.

19-pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT§PaB (Delegate Effectively) emdwknaMRtUvsÁal;GMBIsmtßPaBGñkeRkam»vaT buKÁlwkrbs;xøÜneGayc,as; edIm,Ikarpþl;kargar tam smtßPaB ehIymanRbsiiT§PaB. edIm,IecosvagkareRbIbRB©aasTisedA GñkEdlmansmtßPaBx<s; eGay niBn§eday s FmμrgSI 110

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eFIVkarEdlgayRsYlCaedIm. eRbImnusSeGayRtUvnigsmtßPaB eGaysmnigkargar edIm,IeGaycMeNj TaMgeBlevla FnFan. ebIsinCaemdwknaM pþl;kargarminRtwmRtUv eFIVeGaykargarywt ehIyKμanRbsiT§PaBx<s;.

20-esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² (Contact Important Person) karesBKb;mnusSsMxan;² GaceGayeyIgman\Ti§BleTAtamenaHEdr BIeRBaHenHCaGMNaceyag. EteyIg RtUvrkSaeRkDIt tMélrbs;eyIgeGayenAsißtesßrmantMéldEdl. rkSaTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgeGay)anl¥CamYy mnusSsMxan;²TaMgenaH. ebIeyIgesBKb;GñkR)aCJ eyIgnigmanKMnitdUcGñkR)aCJ ebIeyIgesBKb;mnusSl¥enaH eyIgCamnusSl¥pgEdr ehIyebIeyIgesBKb;mnusSl,I manRbCaRbiy mnusSsMxan;² eyIgnigkøayCamnusSsMxan; Edr. eRbobdUcCapáaQUk EdlenACMuvijRBHBuT§ya:gdUcecñHEdr.

esckþIsnñidæan

(Conclusion)

srubmkenAkñúgesovePAemdwknaMPaK 2 enH cg;bgðajRbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; Gs;elakGñkGanRKb;rUb eGayemIleXIjb£sKl;bBaðaBitR)akd edIm,ICaKnøwHlatRtdageGaykUnExμrCMnan;eRkay)andwg CaKtisMrab; BicarNa cg;eGayRbCaCatiExμrRKb;rUbrYmcMENkCYyKitKUredaHRsaybBaðaenHeGay)ancb;. bnÞab;BIeXIjb£s Kl;énbBaðaehIy tamry³esovePAmanbgðajeKalyuT§saRsþmYycMnYn EdleKmincg;eGaykUnExμrecH GMBIviFIdwknaM edaHRsaybBaðaRbeTsCatiedayxøÜnÉg caMBwgEtbreTsnigR)ab;pøÚvsMrab;eFIVkarpøas;bþÚr kardwknaMrbs;BYkh‘un Esn EdleRkamGMNacyYnral;éf¶. karbgðajBIsßankarN_rbs;RbeTsCatiExμreyIg neya)aytMbn; nigGnþrCati edIm,I eFIVkarpøas;bþÚrtamckçúvis½y EdlmanyuT§saRsþRtwmRtUv eFIVeGaysMerceCaKC½y tameKalbMNgcg;)aneday GnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM minRtUvBwgelIGIVEdlKμankarBit BwgemX Bwgxül;enaHeLIy. emdwknaMCatiExμrRtUvyk smtßPaBxøÜneyIg mkxitxMbMeBj xMeFIV edIm,IbMerIplRbeyaCn_RbeTsCati karBar RbeTsCati edaykaredaHRsay bBaðaxøÜnÉg minBwgelIbreTs mineCOelIbreTs EdlnaMeGayCatiExμrEbk)ak; eCOelIExμrxøÜnÉg. ebIemdwknaMNa BwgbreTs eCOelIbreTs bMEbkbM)ak; kab;smøab;Exμr eFIVtambreTs dUcCa sI hnu nig h‘un Esn eyIgCa RbCaCatiExμr RtUvebþCJaya:gmuHmutTaMgGs; TTYlxusRtUvkarBarcMeBaH Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr EkERbecj eGay)anCadac;xat edayminrgcaMbeNþayCnBalTaMgenH bMpøajCatirhUtdl;ExμrkøayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn tamEpnkaryYn shB½n§\NÐÚcin dUcerobrab;GFib,ayxagelIenaHeLIy.

{ ExμrrYbrYm Exμrrs; }

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Éksareyag 1-GTieTBRkugGgÁr 2-EvbsayGasIuesrI ¬RbvtþisaRsþ¦ 3-RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa BIedImmkdl;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü edayelak exovsMpn 4-ÉksarRbvtþisaRsþ km<úCaeRkam ¬GMNacKμanExμreRkam¦ eday elakRtaMgqat b‘ut 5-vibsayGtßbTviPaKneya)ayrbs; bNÐit NarBaØ KIrITitü 6-dMeNIreq<aHeTATwsxaglic edayelak nYn eXOn 7-Evbsay kulbuRtGgÁr rbs; elak )a:g suexOn¬GnubNÐit¦ 8-vibsay exGay emD½r 9-vibsayvIGUeGr 10-klb,vtþRbvtþisaRsþkm<úCa

11-GgÁrbUrI 12-exmrCati 13-EvbsayExμrRsLaj;Exμr , khmerlovekhmer.co.cc 14-EvbsayExμrviPaK 15-Leadership in Organization, fifth edition, Gary Yukl,Ph.D 16-The Art of Leadership, 17-World Politics,by Johnh T.Rourke ,Ph.D and Mark A Boyer, Ph.D University of Connecticut 18-The International Politics of the Asia Pacific, Second edition and revised edition,

by Michael Yahuda,Ph.D 19-Vietnamese Communist( 1925-1945) by Huy nh Kim Khanh 20-Political Analysis, Technique and Practicse by Louise G White,Ph.D 21-Mondern Office Technology and Administration by Joan Gallagher Siobhan Coghalan, second edition, 2002 22-The Art of War Sun Zue translated by Thomas Cleary 23-The Root of Strategy, Book1, 2,3 by Colonel Ardant du Picq, French Army, translated by Colonel John N.Greedy, field artillery, U.S Army and Major Robert C.Cotton , General Staff ( Infanstry), U.S army.

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