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Asociación Colombiana de Ingenieros - ACIEM Mayo 28 de 2019
Diego Méndez Chaves, Ph.D Associate Professor – Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Internet de las Cosas Fundamentos y Retos
http://www.tynmagazine.com/mercado-iot-en-brasil-podria-llegar-a-us-200-000-millones-en-2025/
The idea of the Internet of Things is that instead of having a small number of powerful computing devices in your life, you have a large number of low energy, ubiquitous computing devices.
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Where did it all begin? • The origin of the term ‘IoT’ – Coined in 1999 by the founders of MIT Auto-ID Center, in the field of identification technologies (RFID) – associated with an open infrastructure allowing computers to automatically identify man-made objects and track them while flowing from the plant to the distribution center
• The evolution of the term ‘IoT’ and the current meaning – An heterogeneous network connecting computers to objects • affordable hardware (not just RFID tags and readers) • network software and protocols • languages for describing objects in ways computers can understand
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Not a Network of Humans
From the Internet of People to the Internet of Things 5
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The Internet of Things • Population of the world: 7.2 Billion • Population of Internet users: 3 Billion • By 2020, expected connected devices: – 26 Billion by Gartner – 30 Billion by ABI – 50 Billion by Cisco
2014 study
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IoT Definition The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. (Wikipedia)
‘Interconnection’ refers to networking (mostly wireless) ‘Uniquely identifiable’ reminds addressing (IPv6) ‘Embedded Computing’ reminds of processing capabilities, reduced size and full integration of components • ‘Existing Internet’ reminds IoT as the next evolution of the current Internet The essential: the IoT is seen as the Internet of the Future, characterized by a very large population of objects • • •
–
It says much but not all! 7
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Internet of Things Many definitions, but the main characteristics of IoT are: – – – –
Highly connected Smart Thing = Not necessarily a computer/phone/tablet Network/physical world interface
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Highly connected Can be internet of course, but can also be : – Intermittent internet (to save power, or because it’s unavailable) – Low bandwidth, long distance (Sigfox) – Mesh networks – ZigBee (multi-hop communications) – BLE (low power communications)
The “Internet” in IoT is not your usual Internet 9
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Smart Smart does not mean the raw information is smart or coming from an ultra precise sensor. Smart if : – – – –
You cross analyze data from basic sensors You perform a first level of AI locally You improve your solution with a central AI It works with an imperfect connectivity
Don’t wait for the perfect sensor. 10
Thing • A laptop will use 90% of your brain. It’s designed as an exclusive tool. • A modern touch phone will use 40% – You can walk, but not drive safely.
• An old phone with keys will use 20% IoT solutions : target 0-5% maximum 11
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Thing Why 0-5% maximum ? • You may have 50 of them at home, – You don’t have time for each of them!
• You don’t want to think while you interact with them. Natural interfaces are better. • The best interaction: no active interaction. No screen, no settings, limited features. 12
Physical World / Network An embedded project may not be IoT if : • no information is gathered from the environment by analog or digital sensors • no physical action is taken by motors, lights, sound, … Plan to interact with the physical world 13
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1021, 270
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Why would you deploy IoT solutions ? • To optimize: an automated air conditioning system could improve your daily life.
– But it can also allow the electricity company to limit your power consumption during summer peak days.
• 20% cheaper electricity all year to allow the electricity company to limit by 10% your consumption during 3 peak days a year ? … why not :-) Think hardware + software data service rather than just hardware. 15
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IoT is Cloud Connected Developer APIs 16
A Basic IoT Model • A very simplistic model for the IoT would consider the following modules: Acquiring Data
Sensors
Actuators
Interfacing and Computing
The Connectivity
Embedded Systems
Data Transmission
Internet of Things
What’s going on?
Data Analytics
Big Data
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Brainstorming!
APPLICATIONS
A Huge Market •
Smart Animal Farming: – Supervising animal behavior, e.g., detecting states of sickness or stress
•
Domotics and Home Automation: – Monitoring and optimization of building subsystems, such as lighting or heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
•
e-Health: – Prevention and reaction for elderly or disabled people 19
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A huge Market •
Smart Cities:
•
– Systems supporting urban mobility and its safety (e.g., Smart Parking, Traffic Congestion, Intelligent Transportation Systems)
Smart Environment:
•
– Detection and localization of trespassers as thieves or enemy troops, by using distributed sensors and alarms
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Smart Water:
Retail:
– Marketing-oriented applications in retail environments, e.g., to track customers’ behavior or feed targeted advertisements in malls
– Potentially dangerous gases in both urban and remote areas using fixed or mobile sensors
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Security and Emergency:
Industrial Control:
– Monitoring of levels of rivers, dams and reservoirs finalized to early warning of flood or drought conditions
– Diagnostic of the status and position of moving vehicles or robots 20
The Google & Nest Story •
Google acquired nest for 3.2B on Jan 13, 2014 –
•
Companies like Honeywell and X10 have been around for decades and provided capabilities in areas like –
•
If it detects that HVAC system is going bad then it will start giving you audio ads for HVAC repair companies
HVAC, Lighting, Blinds, Security, Entertainment, Refrigerator/pool/spa/irrigation
Nest founder Tiny Faddell created ipod, iphone at Apple and Nest is a similar beautiful, intelligent and cloud connected device which can evoke strong emotion in people. https://nest.com/
Home Automation is not New! 21
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Intel IoT Success Case • Intel solution for accident avoidance: Mobileye
https://www.mobileye.com/our-technology/
https://youtu.be/42rmGs0Rvtw 23
HPE IoT Success Case • HPE + Flowserve: Harnessing the power of Industrial IoT and Edge Compute
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE-jGO6E1Vc 24
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Dealing with the IoT
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Energy Harvesting •
• •
Sensors need to be selfsustaining. Changing batteries in billions of devices deployed across the planet is not feasible Sensors need a way to generate electricity from the environment Wireless technologies for IoT are all interested by energy harvesting Higher performance requirements demand more energy supply http://nikolateslasolar.blogspot.com.co/2015/07/radiant-energy-harvesting-night-time.html
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Energy Harvesters – Sources Energy Harvester
Efficiency
Harvested Power
Solar Panel
10 – 24%
TEG
Piezo Material
thermo-electric generator
Energy Manegement Circuit
StartUp Voltage
Stability Time
100’s of mW/cm2
Voltage Step up regulator, Storage element, Voltage regulator, Li-ion battery charger
250mV
1.5ms
0,5 – 3,0 %
10’s of mW/cm2
Ultralow Voltage Step up converter, 1:100 Transformer, Voltage regulator, Li-ion battery charger
20mV
4.5ms
25 – 50%
100’s of uW/cm2
Diode bridge rectifier integrated with step down regulator, Voltage regulator, Li-ion battery charger
8Vpp
5.2ms
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The Middleware •
Hides the details of different technologies
– For IoT, this means virtualization of physical objects and connection between physical and digital world
• •
SW
SW
Simplifies the development of new services Exempts the programmer from – Issues not directly pertinent to her/his focus – The exact knowledge of the variegate set of technologies adopted by the lowest layers
•
SW
Middleware
Challenges:
– Interoperability, Heterogeneity, Large Scale Communication, Services Orchestration, Context Awareness, among others.
Thing
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Security • IoT extremely vulnerable to attacks
– Unattended components – Wireless communications – IoT components that are energyconstrained and lack of computing resources, cannot implement complex schemes supporting security
• Major problems related to security concern:
– Authentication -> the one who requests info is really who is expected to be – Data integrity -> risk of alteration of original contents https://www.to-increase.com/blog/posts/iot-security-risks-internet-of-things-blog-series-bydynamics-ax-solution-provider-to-increase/#.Vha_Zvl_Oko
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Privacy • People concerns about privacy are well justified • Privacy problems cannot be solved technically (only) by means of algorithms and protocols • The less smart the object, the more complex is the solution to privacy respect Privacy vs Quality of Information? http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/08/privacy-and-the-internet-of-things
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Architectures and Standards • Standardization efforts mainly by: – Different sections of the Auto-ID Lab (MIT) – European standards organizations (ETSI -> ETSI-M2M, CEN, CENELEC, etc.) – International standards organizations (ISO, ITU) – Other standards bodies and consortia (IETF, EPCglobal, OMA, …)
• Some progress has been made, but more is needed. 32
https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2014/october/article1.php
Sensing
ACQUIRING DATA
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IoT Sensors • All easy to purchase online • Most between 5-20 USD each • Large variation in power requirements • Many good for prototyping, but maybe not production
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For instance…
Accelerometer
Barometric Pressure
Air Quality Sensor
Camera
Alcohol Sensor
Collision Sensor 35
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For instance‌
Colour Sensor
Compass
Galvanic Skin Response Global Positioning System
Formaldehyde Sensor
Electrical Current Sensor 36
For instance‌
Flow Sensor
Force Sensitive Resistor
Hall Sensor
Humidity Sensor
Gyroscope
Light Sensor 37
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For instance‌
Loudness/Microphone Sensor
Real Time Clock
Moisture Sensor
Solar Radiaton Sensor
Optical Dust Sensor
Temperature Sensor 38
For instance‌
Touch Sensor: Capacitive
Vibration Sensor
Ultrasonic Range Finder
Ultraviolet Radiation Sensor 39
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Interfacing and Computing
THE EMBEDDED PLATFORMS
Embedded Platforms
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The Embedded Platforms • “A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. • Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. A 7-series BMW or a s-class has about 100 processors
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Embedded Boards on the Market
pcDuino
Odroid-u3
Arduino Yun
gumstix
zedBoard
NetDuino
ifc6410
RaspberryPi
BeagleBone Black
Galileo
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ARM-based Microcontrollers platforms
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Communications among Objects
THE CONNECTIVITY
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Communication Models • Device-to-Device Communications
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Communication Models • Device-to-Cloud Communications
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Communication Models • Device-to-Gateway Communications
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Some Technologies
Which one is the best alternative? 50
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Technologies in the ISM 2.4GHz Band
Comparative Study of Communication Technologies for Power Optimized Automation Systems: A Review and Implementation – – –
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7279943 2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies DOI: 10.1109/CSNT.2015.144
The Things
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The Data
THE CLOUD PLATFORM WHERE IoT MAKES $EN$E
https://www.useoftechnology.com/future-technology-internet-things-iot/ https://medium.com/fusion-by-fresco-capital/data-is-the-new-oil-d6136593e130
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Dashboards
https://thingsboard.io
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Microsoft Azure Services
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/mt573712.aspx
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Summarizing… • Great opportunities. • Big challenges: from technical, to operational, to business issues. • Right design decisions (sensor, processor, communication, cloud platform). • IoT as a service, not a device centered business. 57
Gracias Diego Méndez Chaves, Ph.D
Associate Professor – Pontificia Universidad Javeriana email: diego-mendez@javeriana.edu.co Website: www.javeriana.edu.co/blogs/diego-mendez/
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