vol_10_no_10 by Michigan Review

Scott Gast to Top CC'sTi'c'ket by KlMore Jay....... With the objective of "staying the course," the Conservative Coalition (cq has selected Scott Gast as its Michigan Student Assembly (MSA) presidential candidate. Gast, a sophomore majoring in political science, is currently MSA's Health Issues Commission chairman. He is CC's choice to succeed James Green, the rent MSA president who was also a CC candidate. His running mate, Beth O'Connor, a junior majoring in international relations, is currently involved with the LSA student government. The MSA elections, scheduled for April 1-2, will reveal whether the stu-

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nevertheless feels that a cap would condent body - or at least whatever portion - . decrease the bureaucracy involved in the of it is not too lazy to vote - is satisfied .student government. trol MSA spending, because any increases with CC's agenda. O'Connor agreed, in the fee would have to be approved in a student-wide election. The main effect remarking that MSA In a recent interview, Gast stated that needs to become more would be to give students more control over deciding where their money is all~ his primary goal is to strictly accountable to continue Green's pou.., students if it is to imcated. des. "I think students would really like to prove its image both see instituted," explained O'Connor. "It in the eyes of admin''James Green has would send a dear signal that MSA is istrators and students. really cleaned up J_ ~. - " "';''' MSA, and he has . there to work for them. A cap would One of Gast's proforce MSA to get students' permission creased its posals- is a cap on before seeking an increased fee. We're with the administraMSA's fee. Currently, even looking at perhaps cutting the fee tion," said Gast. He each student pays added that MSA must " , .. $6.27 per term. Al~aiR-!.I-o In another effort to streamline MSA, though the Green administration low.., .-' become more accountable to the students, Gast maintained that the body should and one way to achieve to this goal is to dedthe fee by $.50 from $6.77, Gast stop funding the Ann Arbor Tenants Union and Student Legal Services. "These are excellent services in gena subcommission of the Students' Rights "'fighting:words" and "clear and present eral, but they should not be tied to MSA," Commission (SRC) headed by Michael , - danger" exceptions to the First said Gast. He stated that both organizaWarren recently presented a forty-two : . Amendment's protection of free speech. tions would become more efficient and would better serve students if they were page report on the policy to the Michigan Because speech "constitutes fighting not funded by MSA. Student Assembly (MSA). The report, words only when it leads to imminent Gast would also fight to abolish the which took nearly a month to compile, violence,"the report suggested that it is contains a thoroughgoing legal analysis , difficult, if not impOSSible, for college Peace and Justice Commission. He feels of the interim policy and several recOInspeech codes to regulate discriminatory that it does nothing for students' needs, mendations for modifying or replacing or hortatory speech if such speech does despite its heavy politicization. Gast it. " -.. " not effectually provoke violent behavior. could not recall the commission doing The report, presented at the January This consideration was Judge anything substantial in the last year ex28th MSA meeting, alleged that major Warren's primary motive for overturncept bringing one sp~tP<er to campus. problems affect the present policy. In ing the Wisconsin code in 1991. LikeAnother part of G'a st's agenda is to wise, according to the Warren SRC subgeneral, the report attacked the interim eliminate the distinction between MSA policy as unconstitutional, observing that, commission, the University of MIchigan'S regardless of its good intentions, it still policy restricts speech which does not entails the hindrance of free speech. directly lead to violence. It is therefore The report dealt specifically with the also unconstitutional and should be re"overbreadth and vagueness" of the moved or struck down in court. policy, which might allow the University In referring to speech which might to prosecute speech which is protected be construed as "fighting words," subunder the laws of the United States. The commission co-chair Peter Mooney comsubcommission also addressed the probmented that "even nasty, angry argulems inherent in enforcing such a policy, ments contribute to the marketplace of ideas, which ultimately provides the best such as the subjectivity of what actually constitutes sanctionable behavior or " way of getting to the truth. If you want to speech, the necessity of due process, and establish the truth, you have to engage in the right of the accused to face his acargument, debate, and critical thought, cuser. and that can't happen when ideas are The subcommission's findings fosuppressed." cused on an analysis of various court The SRC subcommission's recommendations were outlined in a resolucases, in particular the overturning of a similar code at the University of Wiseontion for the "Preservation of Students' sin. In connection with this case, the reFreedom of Speech at the University of '~'IChT'S - port included an e>;amination of the , Please !fee Page 14

SRC Challenges Interim:: Spe-,ec:h :Code by Tony Ghecea and Beth Mer1In In an attempt to initiate debate on the

Interim Policy on Discriminatory Conduct,

Racist Cur to Speak at U-M \

by John J. Miller A professor who claims that white people are intellectually and morally deficient creatures will visit the University of Michigan next week. Professor Leonard Jeffries" chairman of the African-American Studies Department at City College d New York, will present a lecture, sponsored by the Black Student Union as part of Black History Month, on February 18 at 7 p.m. in the Michigan Union Ballroom. Jeffries is perhaps best known for his theory of lithe sun and the ice," which maintains that an individual's melanin content determines his moral worth. Europeans have been exposed to the ice ages, and are therefore, according to Jeffries, genetically inferior to Africans, who have lived in warmer climates. He has also been accused of making anti-Semitic remarks at previous engagements. For more information, contact the Black Student Union at 747-1067.

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Life of Ryan

Students for Buchanan

Gay Gene Debate

Interview: Ralph Williams

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February 12, 1992

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Serpent's Tooth Forrest Green ill, long suspected of being one of the Daily's most naive and outspoken Afro-fascists, recently proved himself to be a viable contender for an everlasting pla<:e in the Review's Hall of Shame and Blathering when he recently wrote, 'The Michigan Review, my own pick for what is truly the most regressive, white supremacist publication in Ann Arbor, would weakly depict me as an extremist." Extremist? Never! He's only the same entrenched pseudo-intellectual who asserted that all white women secretly fantasize about being raped by black men. Forrest, you're pathetic. Administrators at Wellesley College recently hired a lesbian as a residence hall director because they thought she and her lover could provide students "with potentially new ideas on sexuality." And as long as they are prOviding such potentially new ideas, perhaps they might consider hiring a necrophiliac and his dead lover, or a nymphomaniac and his stuffed animals, or better yet, some bestial guy and his pet hamster. After all, aren't those "potentially new ideas on sexuality?" What do you get when you combine eggs, cabbage, tuna, potatoes, nuts, noodles, olives, catsup, and some lumpy green stuff? Beats us. Ask the head chef at your residence hall. Recently hear~ during an Ann Arbor Committee to Defend Abortion and Reproductive Rights rally was the chant "Right to Life has got to go, hey hey, ho

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ho!" So does this mean we now have the right to kill AACDARR members at will?

grunge rock (Crusty made this decision). In honor of various campus activists, we're calling our band Feminana, and hereupon announcing our first single release: "Smells like Catharine MacKinnon." The only intelligible lyrics will be, "Here we are now, liberate us .. ." In the same tradition, the album will be appropriately titled Nevermind.

Another sign we couldn't help but notice at a recent AACDARR rally: "I fuck to come, not to conceive." And doesn't that just sum up their "movement?" A group calling themselves SHIT Happens (Students Halting Institutionalized Terrorism) chalked up the diag last week with slogans opposing deputization of the U-M police force. Of course, one of their leaders is Todd "Repeat Offender" Ochoa. We just want to remind students that if you witness one of the SHIT heads getting mugged, beat up, assaulted, raped, etc., don't offer any assistance. Rather, hollar, ''1' d call for help, but the cops are all fa~~ts!"

The Ecology Center, an environmental activist group in Ann Arbor, recently inserted informational pamphlets in the Daily topromote environmental awareness. Too bad their propaganda defeats its own purpose. By lOa.m. on the day that they appeared in the Daily, the floors ~f nearly every building on campus were decorated with the pamphlets, which fell out of the newspapers en masse. What conservation!

Julie Steiner mig~tbe gone, but that's not stopping SAP AC from churning out more stupid propaganda. One of their latest flyers asks men, "Did you ever want to talk to other men about issues such as male roles, masculinity, and other issues related to being a man in our society? Do you want to join a supportive group of men to work to change?" Rumor has it that the first seminar is titled "Time to throw out your jock straps," followed by "Accepting the truth: you're all male sexist pigs," and finally, "The joy of succumbing to feminists."

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The Campus Affairs Journal of the University of Michigan Editor- in-Chief."."""""".Adam DeVore Publisher." .."""""".".Karen S. Brinkman Executive Editor"."".",,, .. ,,,,Tony Ghecea Executive Editor""""" .. ".David Powell

Contributing Editor" """."."",Corey Hill Contributing Editor"""" ..Jay D. McNeill Contributing Editor.... Kishore Jayabalan Contributing Editor." .... ""Stacey Walker Managing Editor... ".Andrew Bockelman Assistant Editor,""" " .. """Ryan Boeskool Assistant Editor,,, """""", ..... "..Joe Coletti Assistant EditoL" " .. ".Peter Daugavietis Music Editor...:" .. " .. """"",,, "Chris Peters

The neo-Marxist PC-freaks over at the People's Republic of Berkeley have just In light of the Review's ever-growing changed Columbus Day to Indigenous popularity and success, we have decided Persons Day and 1992 to the year of the to begin releasing Ann Arboresque Indigenous Person. Along those same . lines, Berkeley will by oe M artin soon change the name of its engineering school to make it U::OK OJT 1l4E WINIA:)W more apt and fitting: I!='YW ~IT\ the college of social BEl..laIE:' Me:· engineering.

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"We are the Establishment"

An RWL front group known as the RadiLiterary EditoL ."".""".Adam Garagiola cal Youth and Student Coalition is demanding the abolition of the racist, anti:: . 'r"" Production Manager.. ,,, ..Tracy Robinson youth, anti-homeless Michigan UnIon Business Manager.. ",,,, .. ,,,, .. ,, ,Chet Zarko security checkpOints. Yeah, right. It's a Personnel ManageL " .. "" .. ""Beth Martin crying shame our Union isn't a combinaMTS Meister... .. """ .. ",........Brian Schefke tion Chuck E. Cheese playland/homeMTS Meister.",.. ,,,,..... ,, .. ,, .. ,,.Doug Truese less shelter. One question: wasn't some Staff drifter just stabbed at the Union last Eddie Amer, Chris Bair, Dave Berriman, Mike month when the racist, anti-youth, antiBeidler, David Boettger, Mister Boffo, Michele homeless policy was not in effect?

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MICIDGAN REVIEW

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Philosophers have long wondered whether, if a tree were to fall in the forest, but no one wer.e present, would It make a sound? Well, our question is if Forrest' G i l l '

to colla;: onw:.: Diag, while many

Brogley, Chris Brokaw, P.J. Danhoff, Laura DePompolo, James E. Elek, Brian Ewald, Athena Foley, Robert Frazine, John Gnodtke, Jonathan R. Goodman, Frank Grabowski, Jonathan Haas, Mike Hewitt, Lauren Hillburn, Nicholas Hoffman, Chuck Hugener, N ate Jamison, Ken Johnston, Avram Mack, John P. Mackey, Mary the Cat, Kirsten McCarrel, Peter Miskech, Bud Muncher, Crusty Muncher, Shannon Pfent, Hashim Rahman, Mitch Rohde, Sid Sharma, Michael Skinner, Ed Sloan, Dan Spillane, Jay Sprout, Kenneth W. Staley, Eric StrOm, Jessica Super, Perry Thompson, Jim Waldecker, Jemmie Wang, Jennifer Wei!, Tyler Welton, Matt Wilk, Tony Woodlief.

Executive Editor Emeritus ........Jeff Muir Kapusta Editor,.. " .............Brian Jendryka Grunge Editor.. " ...................John J. Miller Editor Emeritus .... " ... "........ Marc Selinger The Michigan Rroiew is an independent, nonprofit, student-run journal at the University of Michigan. We are not affiliated with any political party, Unsigned editorials represent the opinion of the editorial board. Signed articles represent the opinions of the author and not necessarily those of the Review. We welcome letters and articles and encourage comments about the journal and issues discussed in it Our address is:

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people were present to observe him, would anybody care? We'll let you " decide, b,ut the answers the same.

Suite One Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1265 TeL (313) 662-1909

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

February 12, 1992

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Roving Photographer What is your favorite word, and why? by Mitch Rohde

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.I ... Chris Katros, LSA Senior: Sharing, because without sharing, the world would go to Hell in a handbasket.

Gary Zajac, Engineering: Tsaa. It means Tejal Patel, Engineering Sophomore: to be speedier than speedy, or let's be Epiphany, because I'd like to have one, better than the best. It sounds like th~/. esp'ecially in engineering. Roadrunner displacing air.

Becky Luebke, Kinel"eology Junior: Stellar, because it's such a "creative" word for so uncreative a person.

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"Sir, dinner is served."

"Not now! I'm reading the Review!"

I Nahid Karim,.Public Health Graduate Student: Fop. It's a great word. It describes my friend Jeff Nicholls perfectly.

James Rawls, LSA Junior: Persistance. 1t sums up everything. It gets straight to the point. It definitely summarizes my character.

With your tax-deductible donation of $20 or more, you too can receive a one-year subcription to the Review to read at your leisure. The Review will keep you posted on the U-M bureacracy, campus activists, academic issues, and much, much more! YES! Keep me informed! I'm sending my tax-deductible contribution of: _ _$20

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From Suite One: Editorials

February 12, 1992

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Anti-Cop Protestors Are Misguided, Again enforcement concerns for the community. One need only recall the local authorities' Well, the paranoid, anti-whatever-the-regents-decide protestors have emerged repeated insensitivity towards students (e.g. the September tear-gassing) to suspect from hibernation, and lest we forget last year's antics, they come scrawling juvenile rantings in chalk. Renewed interest in the topic of deputized security officers arrives that the sheriff is too far removed from students to insure their well-being. The regents, on the other hand, have an extra incentive for maintaining a safe not only at a time when the prospect of warm-weather protests rouses many activists, campus. As elected university officials, the regents share in the burden of attracting but also when the University of Michigan Board of Regents is preparing to assume and retaining students. Insuring a safe and secure campus is one way of doing this. The control of the already-deputized branch of the U-M's security force. What should be regents, despite the allegations and gloomy predictions of many chalk-wielding a simple negotiation to transfer accountability from the Washtenaw County sheriff to warriors, are not above the law - they cannot run roughshod over the rights of the regents has hit a stumbling block, as the chalkers once again engage in petty denunciations of regental authority. students in frenzied, trigger-happy power sprees. Quite to the contrary, accountability to the regents creates a more streamlined chain of responsibility, and provides Public Act 120 requires the regents to hold two open meetings to consider student students with more accessible channels of communication regarding campus security. input before assuming control of the deputized force. Due to the unruly behavior Members of MSA's vigilant Students Rights Commission can also continue to typically displayed by a small group of vociferous student loons, students hoping to cultivate direct and ongoing lines of communication with the regents, thus providing speak at one of the upcoming meetings must call ahead to reserve five-minute an additional, quasi-official forum for voicing student concerns about deputization. speaking blocks, which are available on a first come-first serve basis. Students who What really matters is not so much to whom individual officers must answer, but fear they will be denied speaking privileges or wish for additional time were encourthat they conduct themselves responsibly in the line of duty. Lt. Vemon Baisden of the aged to submit letters to the Board of Regents prior to February 10. Despite the obvious shortcomings of such a forum, the regents are to be applauded for their adeptness at . Department of Public Safety and Secutity is quick to remind students that all Univeravoiding what surely would have deteriorated into a prolonged shouting session, in i' sity officers have undergone additional training beyond that required for community which only the loudest and most obnoxious voices would have prevailed. law enforcement officers. The planned transfer of authority from the sheriff to the re.gents should be a cause Prudence dictated that the U-M not rush headlong into deputization, and for its restraint, the administration is to be commended. The behavior of the student of celebration for all peace-loving students. After all, tpe'tegents are m6re likelyJo agitators, however, pales in conparison. They ought to throw down their chalk and display a greater empathetic sensitivity toward student concerns than the county worry about their schoolwork. . sheriff, who has no additional interest in campus security1ieyond his general law

Academic Credit for Activism? Teaching Assistant Pattrice Maurer recently decried the elimination of her section of the psychology department's Project Outreach course, a section creatively titled "Social Outreach" In both the Michigan Daily and a flier advocating a "Phone Zap / EMail Zap" of Pat Gurin, psychology department Chair, and Jerry Miller, head of Project Ou\reach, those in favor of saving Maurer's section from the psychology departmen~ budgetary axe called on students to fight the cancellation of the psychology department's "only course dealing with issues of racism, poverty, sexism, homelessness, heterosexism, and community action." In response to a smattering of distressed phone calls, the section (originally cut due to an expected shortage of psychology teaching assistants) has been incorporated into a new section entitled "Race, Gender, and Society." But questions about the nature of the new course still remain. Maurer's concern for her section of Project Outreach highlighted more than a simple squabble within the bounds of the Psychology Department. f.1aurer's section possessed one requirement that distinguished it from other Outreach sections: a social "activism" requirement. Students in Maurer's section were obligated to devote some of their time to furthering the agendas of such groups as the Baker-Mandela Center, the Ann Arbor Tenants Union (AATU), the Ecology Center, and the Lesbian and Gay Male Programs Office (LGMPO). Such "activism" requirements are hardly unique to Maurer's course. Certain sections of Biology 1m have required the completion of an "action project" during past semesters. Environmental Studies 320 has often required students to write proenvironmental letters to various ecological authorities. More recently, section leaders of Women's Studies 240, among other courses, have taken it upon themselves (and their students) to "translat[e] theories and ideas into concrete political action." As Marx turned Hegel on his head, so do they invert academics. While the actual gist of the "theories and ideas" espoused by the teaching assistants who lead activist sections varies to some degree, the ultimate goals of "direct action" projects are unavoidably as similar in their social engineering objectives as they are clearly conflations of politics and academics. Typical projects include "letterwriting, demonstrations, petitions, peer education," and apparently even requiring students to attend unbalanced conferences on political correctness, such as the one recently hosted by the University of Michigan. In theory, such requirements are politically ~eutrjil: students are supposedly left freeto,chP9se their cause. A~l)lany

students who have taken such courses have remarked, however, liberal projects consistently receive more attention and encouragement from instructors than moderate or conservative ones. A more important question to consider, however, is whether students should be required to volunteer their time to groups with overt political agendas in order to pass a course? Arguably not, for such requirements often needlessly conflate the pursuit of scholarship with participation in political activism. The most common justifications for activism requirements can be reduced to two types: those which claim that participation is good for students in ways that mere study is not (and of which students might not even be able to conceive until they are "guided" in the proper direction), and those which believe that the imposition of activism requirements somehow benefits society in a way significant enough to justify a breach of traditional academics. Supposing the latter amounts not only to the outright advocacy of social engineering, but it also condones the use of coercion for the advancement of hardly unanimous political ends. If one adopts the former rationale, however, it becomes unclear why the University should refrain from promoting a host of other causes as well. Many members of both the left and the right are eager to see their pet causes promoted under the guise of providing students with experiences they might not otherwise have; members of both groups might do well to think historically about the dynamic between academics and politicS, for through such reflection it becomes evident that liberty within the Academe is best preserved when politicS are relegated to the voluntary spheres of students' lives. When CO\ll"SeS require students to dedicate their time and effort to the advancement of politically-motivated extracurricular groups, classrooms cease to be places for uninhibited inquiry and take on the unmistakeable air of a politcal organization's recruitment headquarters. While the psychology department's cancellation of Maurer's "Social Change" section is to be applauded because it rid the department of a politicized "activism" course, the department has earned its praise not by honest effort and design but rather through economic accident. It will be lamentable if the psychlogy department's reshuffling of sections amounts to nothing more than a juggling of course titles in order to obscure the retention of a corrupt requirement. When it takes a budgetary shortfall to prompt the department to reform, one must wonder whether the department is striving f()r,political propri~ty or academic int~grity.

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The Life of Ryan

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Fear and Loathing in East Lansing Ann Arbor is a generally cool place to hang out. But when you are underage, without a fake 10 or a car, sitting around the dorm drinking Busch Light and puling fire alarms gets a bit monotonous. There is a lot to be said about drinking Busch Ught and pulling fire alarms, but when I came to this school I knew there had to be something else for U-M students to do. I decided it was time for my first official road trip to Michigan State University. Here are the finer points of travel, eating and partying at MSU. Call up that high school friend (or pretend you are friends), pack a bag, and do not forget your Advil. With a college lO, you can get a roundtrip Greyhound bus ticket for twenty dollars. The Greyhound bus station was curiously devoid of homeless people. This was most likely due to the new "No Loitering" sign or maybe they are just afraid of getting

stabbed. Unfortunately, no one was paying much attention to the "No Smoking" sign. I had not seen this many people light up since the Pink Floyd concert. Do not come to the station prepared to see the latest in fashionable apparel. There was so much plaid flannel in the room I thought I was in a Chevy Truck commercial. One warning; be the first in line to get in the bus. Greyhound does not believe in one ticket per seat, so several people had to stand in the aisle. I had to sit all-too-dose to this middle aged car salesman, who thought he was Don Juan in corduroy. The whole trip he kept calling to the standing girls, "Hey, pretty ladies, I'll either give you my seat or cushion your fall. However you want it." Throughout the trip he heckled the bus driver, offered lapr.J'iaes, and smoked cigarettes in the'bathroom. When he

mentioned he had been reading serial killer novels lately, I wrote down a physical description just in case I ever saw him on America's Most Wanted. Quote of the trip: "Is there a difference between Lansing and East Lansing?" It is generally a good idea to know where you are getting off before you get on the bus. Amy Eigner, a U-M freshman and victim of the middle-age man's torment, summed up the bus trip well, "I didn't mind standing up, it's just the people you have to deal with." Bring mace and headphones, and the trip will be fine. I spent the weekend in the South Hubbard dormatory. If you have a choice of friends to stay with, pick the one that live~ in Shaw dorm; which is in a better location, if there is such a thing at State. The campus makes as much sense as a ~.Y.O.B. policy. What U-M has in prox~imity (exduding North Campus), MSU

Letters Reader Defends Geo18'e Jackson and Angela Davis Angela Davis ... supported murderers like George Jackson and supplied him with weapons." So says David Horowitz in the January 8, 1992 Review. Was Goerge Jackson a murderer? He spent all of his adult life in California prisons for a robbery in which nobody was killed. When he died, he and two others ("The Soledad Brothers") were faCing charges for killing a prison guard. In the subsequent trial his surviving codefendants were exonerated. The prosecution didn't show that Jackson murdered anybody. Did Angela Davis ;;upply George Jackson with weapons? Has anybody other than David Horowitz and the ReFiew ever alleged that A,)gela Davis supplied George Jack.'.:,on with weapons? Can the Review document its charges? One man was accused of supplying George Jackson with a weapon. Stephen Bingham was accused of smuggling a 9mm pistol into San Quentin, inside a tape recorder. Then, so it was said, Jackson smuggled the pistol into his prison umt under an Afro wig. These claims were later shown to be physically imposSIble. Bingham was acquitted. Why was such a story alleged? Right after meeting with Bingham, Jackson was killed by pnson guards, and the gun story was used to portray him as something other than the murder victim that he was. II

has in living arrangements. Most dorms are all suites; which are two huge doubles connected by a bathroom. My friend's double is much bigger than my triple. There are no such thing as "economy" rooms because of all the dorm space. One building, Fee, was originally built as a dorm, but now it serves as a morgue for science classes. Food for thought: do not eat the tofu in the cafeteria. Speaking of food, the best food on the road is free food. If you can borrow someone's ID, you should be able to get in. The monitor does not check the picture all of the time, so give it to him picture side down. It was a good thing she did not check mine, since it would have been difficult explaining how I was adopted into the Bhimani family. If they catch your scam, say that you accidentally grabbed your roommate's ID. I could not obtain an ID Saturday so I had

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David Horowitz knows that his claim can't bear scrutiny. Whatever epithets he may throw at a whole generation, it is Horowitz who destroys the truth. But what of a younger generation of the far right? The Review published a lie, a big time display of how you don't know what you're talking about. If you have an ounce of integrity you will apologize to Angela Davis. Eric Jackson Ypsilanti

Horowitz Answers Critic On August 21,1971, George Jackson - Angela Davis' lover and hero - appeared in the maximun security wing of San Quentin penitentiary brandishing a 9mm automatic and shouting "The dragon has come." At Jackson's command, three guards and two white inmates were tied up by prisoners he had freed. Then, while the five were lying helpless, and again at jackson's command, their throats were slit with razors. Two survived to tell the tale as witnesses at the Trial of Jackson's cohorts - the socalled San Quentin Six, whose defense was based on the claim that Jackson has terrorized them into carrying out the brutal murders. It is true that Jackson was never tried for the prior murder of guard John Mills, who was thrown off the third tier of Soedad Prison; where Jackson had been previously incarcerated. But the" exon-

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eration" of Jackson's "Soledad brothers" and co-defenders only shows that the jury was persuaded that Jackson committed the murder rather than they. (One, John Cluchette, was set free only to be rearrested later for another murder. Fleeta Drumgo, a drug dealer and addict, later re-arrested for brutally beating his girlfriend and locking her in the trunk of a car, was killed gangland style in 1980. Angela Davis eulogized him at the funeral as "a Communist martyr") While he never stood trial, George Jackson boasted about his role in the murder of Mills to several members of Defense Committee, including Gregory Armstrong and Eve Pell (Pell is a journalist and frequent contributor to The Nation magazine). Jackson also told Pen that he had killed a dozen immates while in prison and that he intended to poison the water system of Chicago (where he had grown up) if he ever got out. Jackson's socio-pathic personality is on display in his posthumous book Blood In My Eye. His prison exploits are recounted by his prison-mate and fellow Black Panther, Jimmy Carr, in Carr's autobiography, Bad, as well as in Destructive Generation, by Peter Collier and myself. The sentence in my interview Angela Davis ... supported murderers like George Jackson and supplied him with weapons" should have read" and supplied murderers like his brother Jonathan with weapons." The arsenal that Angela Davis bought was used by Jonathan ina desperate and aborted attempt a year Ii

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earlier to free his brother. On August 7, 1970, Jonathan and a gang of thugs took five hostages from a Marin County courtroom intending to hijack a plane to Cuba, from where he intended to exchange the hostages for his brother. The kidnappers were stopped by police and a shootout ensued. Three people died. One of them, a judge, was killed when a shotgun, whose barrel Jonathan had taped to his jaw,. discharged. Angela Davis has spent her political life supporting and promoting revolutionary thugs like George Jackson and his brother Jonathan. As a young Communist, she worshipped the greatest mass murderers in human history, Stalin and Mao. As a Communist leader she could be seen travelling the gulags of the Soviet empire, collecting Lenin prizes and other accolades for her work as an agent of that empire-one of the most oppressive systems the world had ever known. The lounge named in her honor at the University of Michigan is an obscenity and a disgrace. It insults the memories of the millions of people whom her fellow Communists murdered, and the hundreds of millions whom they buried alive. It is Angela Davis, and those who honor her, who owe the apologies; not the Michigan

Re-Jie-,{J. David Horowitz

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

February 12, 1992

Satire

Review Spy Tells "Truth About Dorm Life By Chris Brokaw

experience. She overheard us, came over, will be able to afford college. Sucks to be I'll give you an example of this new Every weekday at 6:30 a.m. I begin and said (with her characteristic mastery my younger brother. walk-on-the-wild side attitude. I started another glorious day by waking up to of the English language), ''You much As far as money goes, with dorm life to take three napkins at meals - without that well-intentioned but annoyingly noise, you more quiet or I break you up." you don't exactly get what you pay for. guilt Screw the trees and employ a logpersistent beeping noise made by garLuckily, my student advisor is pretty For the money I shell out for a cramped ger, that's what I say. When I leave my bage trucks as they drive backwards in cool; in fact, he's so cool that he hardly room and cold, tasteless food, I think I room, I now leave the lights on. If I have search of quality U-M refuse. As an outever associates with us. deserve some fun and exciting activities. to pay so much for out of state tuition, I of-state student, I pay top dollar for a But since my RA spends most of the This rarely happens, however, and we need to justify it somehow. I think I earned reason. Not only do I get this gracious time meditating on a mountaintop comusually have to amuse ourselves. the nickname "Mr. Wildman", though, alarm clock service, but I also have the municating with the powers that be, she for using the S.o.S. (S**t Only Stall) stall Sometimes it gets pretty weird. I can still picture the excitement on my friend's for a number one, even if someone was privilege of being . , ~~~ keeps tabs on us waiting. And I take my time. face as he strutted proudly down the hall able to say that I live ~-~ :''tl.1'.\",'. . •,, ":-I · I~ about as well as we , • in the only room in . \ i ,_. , \ -"-I " saw the SoVIet coup one evening, announcing to everyone So there you have it. My experiences Alice Lloyd which :-;~ "%. .. ,; . '\ I ~'II corning. This is as it that he had just gotten mugged by four in dorm life have not all been for naught. directly overlooks .~ ci'1\ ·1. should be, but for a They have given me precious friendships people. Just what I needed - folks on the the "garbage dunes." substance free hall, that will last a lifetime, countless wishall to start having pangs of paranoia Such luxuries, typify the only thing we and demanding the strengthening of dom from reading the bathroom wall, dorm life. lack is our own and a tolerance to MSG. Dorm life has University cops force and replacing their But the fun does whisky still. Which ''No Cops, No Guns, No Code!" banners given me a new vantage point from which not stop there. The would cut out the to view the world - behind bars. Next with signs reading "Give us arms." Milimajor adjustment walk to the store •. tant hippie-wannabes: lovely. The exyear, you can expect to find me sleeping I've had to make in We're hoping tQ. citement continued when the Daily on the sofa in my friend's apartment. coming to the U-M " remedy this obvious printed a five-sentence article on the -.... . ~ need by March, alinvolves the college Chris Brokaw is a freshman in electrical mugging. So maybe we weren't that exstudent's best friend (next to the ATM though storing the oak casks in the hall's engineering and a staff writer for the cited - but we began to accept living life Review. machine) - the bathroom. The evidence broom closet might raise some eyebrows. on the edge. of a good party is usually found there. On occasion, when my roommate is Fortunately for the cleaning lady, she coping with a particularly difficult day , i i i f 1_ f • never has to deal with it; she has the in his favorite alcoholic way, he likes to weekend off. But for the rest of us, weekshow me his high-powered BB gun, end relief is not an option. Never before smile, and muse, "You know, there is have I had to plan "the call of nature" on only one way I can get a 4.0 now ... " such a rigorous schedule. N or have I before trailing off into sick and threatenpossessed the instinctive reflex to jump ing laughter. I sleep well after that. But to back at the sound of a flushing toilet. give credit where credit is due, after a On the other.side of the coin, or maybe semester of slaving for good grades, my roommate and I have a better chance of the same side, the cafeteria has given me many interesting surprises as well . The getting cirrhosis of the liver than GPAs of only positive thing the food has going for 4.0. it is that it is in and out of your system in But raising our blood alcohol level twenty minutes, so damage is minimal. I wasn't the only thing that we have have come to accept cereal as being the worked hard at. We are, after all, male staple of choice during mealtime. I think college students. We came here for a the cafeterias serve something truly delipurpose - to hit on wymyn like there is cious about as often as Shakey Jake and I no tomorrow . One of the advantages of sing a duet. That's {lot to say the cooks paying so much for our education is acdon't occasionally try to serve a good cess to the Male Touring System, or MTS. meal- but when they screw it up and This nifty little gadget lets you meet call it something exotic like Norwegian people, ask them out, and get dumped, Vegetarian Bagel Deluxe, I begin to comall without ever having met them. For the computer illiterate, there is the Freshman plain. And worry. When Tuesday's pork chops become Saturday'S Hungarian Record (A.K.A. the Freshman F**k goulash, it's time to make a run for the Finder). You have no idea how many border. guys know the hobbies, hometown, and Answers appear on page 9. Dedicated to Guy Giberson Luckily, I have wisdom and guidhigh school of half of the freslUnan class. ance at my disposal twenty-four hours a I don't want to give the impression, day, thanks to my resident advisor. She that we have a lot of free time on our Across Down always knows just what to say, and t<r hands. As a matter of fad, my parents 1. JFK might have been a victim of __ 1. CC Dominated 2. Featured in Backdraft 2. Teamster Occupation day, she even learned my name. I think I mortgaged their house and I work two 3. Pose as a bum or a 3. Job, usually held by 12 15 year-Qlds have talked to Chris Webber more than I jobs so I can have the best time of my life. 4. Linberg's baby taken for_ 4. Call1-900-Har -BABE for have my RA; but every time I do, it has All kidding aside, {work very hard in my 5. Equal rights group 5. Engler to grant $3 million in '92 classes. I have to. This school costs so been quality time.l remember one time 6. Game show 6. Sole reason Garth Brooks when. after a particularly stressful day, a much that I have the honor of being part . has a number one album 7. Watergate,.group... . . '. . group-ot~·w~'~'g·<dUr·~e.. of-the last generation-in -my family--which . . .' .. .. 8. Operation run in Pretty Woman 7. A~ -ArbOr bars crack 'on

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW'

February 12, 1992

Essay: Election '92

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Studentsfot BubhananJoin Battle by David J. Powell was," Fisher said. . benighted public into a brighter tomorKennedy. Republican presidential hopeful "Our first goal is to assure people row, in which the govemment'srole will ' Nor does Kennedy subscribe to allePatrick Buchanan will be getting some that in supporting Buchanan they are not increasingly diminish. gations of xenophobia. being disloyal to the Republican party," Yet to view Buchanan as help from campus conservatives in the "People are so caught up in upcoming Michigan primary. Students Kennedy commented. "This is a battle the undisputed champion of this PC) multi-culturalist for Pat Buchanan for President, an offfor the heart <;>f the Republican party. small, unobtrusive governgaroage that one can't even shoot of U-M College Republicans, held When you raise taxes and sign backroom ment ismisleading, for he emspeak the truth. Buchanan its first meeting last month on the third quota bills you do more damage to the braces a trade policy that apwas making some valid GOP than Pat Buchanan proachesthe interloping pro-. floor of the Michigan points (about immigration). If you let everyone in, everyLeague. Some 30 peopre atr~ could ever do in New tectionism currently ' esone will come. There have to t~nded the sparsely publi1\ ' ..... \ Hampshire," he added. . pou.sed by b.i g. g.ove~ment be some criteria based on azed event. """'~ Whatever the QutDemocrats (although hiS supwhat's best for the country." ~ According to LSA jun, ~~, come, Buchanan's method porters take issue here). . Despite th~ obstacles, ior Ron Kenn~dy, who is ~ -.~, , is like electrosho<;k: he is Stem for instance, iOsists chairing the group, the 10' principled where Bush is .the "protectionist" la\>elisthe there are compelling reaSOns cal campaign will focus on pragmatic, insistent where resuItof a delib.erate misin., for thinking that Buchanan is .more than just aprotest canregistering potential Bu~h is flailing. ~ewsweek formation campaign by the didate. Most evidently, his Buchanan voters in time for recently labeUooBudtanan Bus~ White House. the March 17 primary. That a "bully boy" . and · lithe . Any~ody who looks at statewide campaign is being chaired by Harry Veryser, the deadline is February 17. Right's great divider," call~ghiscandiwhat Buchanan is saying .'. Detroit Republican who steered Pat It is not entirely clear, however, dacy an "attack" on 5Pj!.president. Sup1<nows he's a free trader - he believes in Robertson to his 1988 primary victory. whether Buchanan, a syndicated columporters,.howeverl;£Orisidet his candidacy .tteeand fair trade," Stem contends. "We don't expect a good showing in nist and former preSidential an affirmation ofthos~values that have Buchanan's perceived isolationism Michigan," Kennedy remarked, "We exspeechwriter, actually covets the '92 made this country a ~acon to the world. is unsettling to many neo-conservatives pect to win." nomination or is merely hoping to prod They claim they are not waging awar on as well, although President Bush is (onthe president into adopting a more conthe president, but rather on the shortsidered vulnerable on precisely the op- /~'1fresident Bush recently announced - that he relishes a goo<ffigllt. Candidate servative agenda. Indeed, President'· sighted political program he seems to posite charge; Bush had better feel the same, for it doth George Bush, in his annual State of the have embraced. Whatever his positions Oil foreign seem the battle hath been joined. Union address last month, had already "This is how George Bush makes affairs, Buchanan is Jlun~v~y" prousurped some of Buchanan's more popudecisions," mocks FiSher, JiCkmgand then life,says K-ennedy, and favors aconstituDavid}. Powell is a junior in political lar campaign themes, such as tax relief extending hlsindex fingertodetenrune tional amendment establishing.prayer in science and an executive editor of the and a greater emphasis on domestic isthe direction of the wind. ' schools. . Review. sues. Therein lies,the major In addition, Buchanan has been the object of biting Local supporters, however, insist difference betWeen the two the Virginia-based Republican is in it to candidates: byaU accounts criticiSm frOm the left as.well win. Ask~ ab?ut t~e, possil:\ilitr that Bush believ~ in.~. demo.. . . as the right for his qu~onBuchanan IS usmg tl\e 92 campaign to cra.tic .will, e~pressed . bt : .able'remarks about forelgnestablish himself as the early front-runpolitical majorities. He c ers and Jews; Recurring therefore beljevesthat his . .charges ohenophobia and ner in 1996, Kennedy quipped, U As sitting president ofthe United states I asproperr01e'as the nation'~ PROSPERITY' '.. an~ti.Smhav~l'JctS:Ued sume he will~ the front",runner." topexecutivei$,to translate, . ;. . ' . " hisc~pai~thus far. . .• "Pat Buchananh$beenvery up front those wish~·jnto p~blic pollcy. ·..... "Buchan4UlJlasSai~ ,thingsthatcotUd about thi~He haS $i1idfu>inthe begin~ Buchana~however,~mu~h liRe bedeEimed' anti-Semitic ...... criticiSm ning that,he would n()tbe run,ning if ,~e RonaldR~agan ~ promises fo)ead~' of.Israel often.is ....,.but 'are riot," said didn't thiI1k he couldwi.nt saldLSA I . . . . . . junior and Studen~ fc)rBuchanan Om~ vassing chair Mark O. Stem. There are some, however, who consider themselves ideoJ<>gical bn:thren to . Buchanan, but who view his candidacy .' []D.~'Wl.l ~T.'l.l '0 as a liability to the Republican party ~ .' "I like what Buchanan stands fOf, This new book by ex~leftists Peter'Collier and DaVid Horowitz but look at what happened to LBJ and authors of DestructiVe Generation, is a coUecti~n of ~ys addressCarter when they faced primary chaling AIDS, affirmative action, Angela Davis, Afghanistan, America lenges as incumbents - .i t can only hurt after Reagan, and many other topics. the party," claimed one student. Engineering junior Mike Fisher, Students for Buchanan fund raising chair, The book is listed at $14.95 by the pub&her, but the Michigtln disagrees, citing among other things the Review is making a 1imitecI nuntber of CQPies,avaiiable for the low, VVednesdays, 7:00PM relative weakness of this year's Demolow price of ~~OO. ~ caIl{313l 662-1909 for more information. Michigan League cratic challe~gers. We wiD be happy to mail copies fOr a $2.00 postap fee. "It's a totally different situation; Johnson and Carter were destined·to lose as it

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February 12, 1992

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Letter to the Editor

Reader Contests Hypothalamus Essay I found Tyler Welton's essay "The Hypothalamus Fallacy" (The Michigan Review, January 29) to be so confusingly argued as to almost defy criticism. Nonetheless, because it contains a great deal of misleading information as well as important errors in reasoning I feel compelled to respond. The general thrust of Mr. Welton's essay appears to be that the media and the psychiatric profession, under the influence of gay activists, have conspired to suppress information regarding the true nature of male homosexuality. This information, in the form of studies carried out by psychiatrists such as Irving Bieber and Charles Socarides, reveals the phenomena--<:lose-binding-intimate mothers, indifferent fathers, and inadequate integration into male peer groups-which supposedly predispose to a homosexual orientation. If these studies received the attention they deserved, Mr. Welton claims, the pathologic origin of homosexuality and hence its essentially pathologic nature would be exposed, and the claims of gay activists for legitimization of their lifestyle would be unjustifiable. Mr. Welton bases his claim that Bieber's work has been unfairly neglected on a comparison to the hoopla surrounding the publication in Science of neuroscientist Simon leVay's work on hypothalamic nudei in hetero- and homosexuals (hence the title of the essay; an inapt one, however, becat.l8e no claim is made that Mr. LeVay's work is fallacious). In explaining the comparative silence attending the publication in 1988 of Bieber's work HomosexuaJity,tl\eauthor.raises the specter of a homosexual cabal exerting undue influence: IIWas the allotment of such unequal attention purely accidental? The politicized history of the American Psychiatric Association (AP A) suggests otherwise." What Mr. Welton fails to point out, however, is that Bieber's book, bearing a 1988 copyright, is actually a re-release (with a new foreword) of a book initially published in 1962 based on research done in the 195<Ys, and could hardly have been exJ>ected to make much ct a splash in the media. Either Mr. Welton was unaware of this fact, whicb suggests sloppy scholarship, or he intentionally refrained from reporting it, which suggests disingenuousness at best. An additional explanation for the indifference granted Dr. Bieber's work is that it is strongly psychoanalytic in its theoretical orientation. Modern psychi.... tryeti!' ~~dits PEJ~~t;\1-~J~~(~~. n cs, an sopuJ:>ucatt:U pnarmac0poeta.

pays much less attention than it once did to the workings of the id, ego, and superego, and this is even more true regarding coverage of such topics in the mass media This explanation applies equally well to the obscurity of Socarides' work, which is also psychodynamic, favoring the theory that homosexuality arises from a fixation in the preoedipal period (ages one-and-a-half to three). Yet more important than Mr. Welton's misplaced concern about the recognition given these authors, how-

and abnormal genetic conditions as well as normal and abnormal acquired conditions. Mr. Welton appears to realize this in his disaission of schizophrenia when he states that "the inability to account for the origin of a given behavior or mental condition does not prohibit the condition's classification as an illness," yet he forgets it later when he urges postponement of domestic partnership legislation until the matter of etiology is settled. Granting, then, that the facile rei a-

does not fit a preconceived pattern of psychosexual development. Bieber writes: All psychoanalytic theories assume that adult homosexuality is psychopathologic ..." No surprise, then, when his research--<:onducted entirely on patients undergOing psychoanalysis-bears this out. Socarides, likewise, is hardly the model of the disinterested scientist. His recent book, The Preoedipal Origin and II

Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions (1988), was reviewed in the American Journal of Psychotherapy by a physi-

cian sympathetic to the analytic point of view, who nonetheless found Socarides' work to be marred by "polemical assertions" such as the needless use of the term "pervert" to refer to homosexuals, and "sweeping generalizations," such as the claim that "perverse patients [e.g. homosexuals] endure great suffering, tionship between a phenomenon being massive unconscious guilt masked by pathological and being environmental defenses, profound psychopathology, does not hold, how else is one to decide and severe overall impairment in funcwhat is normal and what is not? Mr. tionmg." (To the extent that this is true of Welton thinks science has the answer. HeJlis patients, on which he bases his findderides the AP A decision as "scientifi;; ,.' ings, I daresay it is likely the result of his cally unfounded," calls for us to "get all relentlessly offensive therapeutic style.) the facts," and suggests that we wait Dr. Socarides also argues that hetero"until we know for sure whether homosexuality is "anatomically outlined," and sexuality is a 'normal' behavior or a disdecries homosexual apologists for order" before passing judgement on it. "rais[ing] the status of the anus to the This scientific certainty will presumably level of the vagina" Such arguments from be attained when researchers such as design, of course, have the moral force of Bieber and. Socarides are given free rein. the assertion that if God had meant us to Unfortunately for those of us who would fly, He'd have given us wings. like to see a favorable judgement passed Mr. Welton also makes several facsometime soon, we will have to wait tual errors. He describes LeVay's experiuntil hell freezes over for such scientific ment as comparing the size of certaiJ;\ty because it does not exist, parhypothalami, when it actually compared ticularly in psychiatry. To quote from the sizes of nuclei within the hypothalami. The New Harvard Guide to Psychiatry, "... He inaccurately characterizes Bieber's concepts of disease, illness, and disorder concept of the homosexual's fear of parare the products of human discovery and ticipation in heterosexual relationships the results of negotiated agreement beas being a "heterophobia," analogous to tween the medical profession and the but opposite from the current concept of larger society.... They are not facts given "homophobia." And he incorrectly states in nature, but ideas developed by social that the diagnostic entity" ego-dystoniC groups and legitimized by consensual homosexuality" was introduced into the validation." One looks in vain for objecDSM-II in 1973. In fact, the similar but tive criteria for maladaptive behavior, not identical category of "sexual orientathough this does not imply that a fair tion disturbance" was introduced at that degree of agreement cannot be reached time to denote individuals disturbed by about such matters. their sexual orientation. Ego-dystonic Unfortunately, Bieber and Socarides homosexuality did not appear until the are not likely to be of much help. Workadvent of DSM-III in 1980. It was later ing from a psychodynamic perspective removed with DSM-IIIR. each starts with the assumption that h<r Gregory Prokopowicz mosexuality is maladaptive because it

Mr. Welton's essay appears to suggest that the media and the psychiatric profession ... have conspired to suppress information. ever, is his a~on that their work on the etiology of homosexuality courd somehow establish whether or not it is a disorder. Mr. Welton succumbs to the fallacy that if you establish that a behavior has a dysfunctional origin, then the behavior itself must be pathological. It is easy to demonstrate that this is not so. Consider the hypothetical situation of a man who has grown up in abject poverty, and compensates in later life by working his way up to the presidency of a large corporation. We don't label iliat person's behavior as pathological, the result of a "dysfunctional childhood." If it can be demonstrated (and I am not convinced) that homosexuality is a response to inadequate male bonding or some other misfortune during childhood, this still has little or no bearing on the "psychological propriety" (to use the author's odd coinage) of homosexuality. What counts is whether being gay restricts one's function as an adult or is in some way not conducive to a happy life. I and many others feel that, barring meddlesome influences from officious moralists, this is not the case. Mr. Welton adds to his problems in argumentation by confusing 'genetic vs. acquired' with 'normal vs. pathological': "if ... an environmental explanation for homosexuality were accepted by science-then homosexuality ... would have to be considered a disorder" and later, regarding the APA' s decision that homosexuality is not a disease: "If scientists already know that homosexuality is "natural," then leVay's data [that hom<r sexuality is biologic in origin] should be new to no one." Of course, there is no nElC~ reJ,,~qn b~tr-:een:th~ nvo di~ . chotomies; e){짜np1es<l\>oun&o(I1Qpnil!

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February 12, 1992

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

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Author Defends.Hypothalamus Essay by Tylat' Welton

neglect, such research receives far less amine any causal link between the child's attention and publicity than research environment and his or her subsequent dealing with a solely genetic root, a fact behavior. Surely some children possess which has an awful lot to do with ~hapthe ability to rise above "abject poverty," ing public perception -; of homosexuality. but did his child's poverty cause him or I also feel the her to become a need to comment corporate presi0 n Mr. dent? I think it Prokopowicz's safe to say it did one-sided analynot. Whether or sis of the data not Mr. which I have preProkopowicz sented. I would buys into have hoped that Bieber's (and others') asas a medical student who has sumption that clearly taken the "heterosexualtime to educate ity is the biohimself on this logic nonn," the issue, he would fact remains that "dysfunchave dedicated at .".It' least as much./ tional" environtime to examinments can and ,.A Dr. Irving Bieber ing the problems often do beget with Dr. Simon LeVay's experiment as "disordered" behaviors or lifestyles. Mr. Prokopowicz also suggests that he did in dealing with the work of Bieber and Dr. Charles Socarides. Unfortunately, "[w]hat counts [in determining the nature of homosexuality] is whether being he has not. Seeing as how I have previously stated that "both studies (Bieber's gay restricts one's function as an adult or and LeVay's] suffer from a number of is in some way not conducive to a happy significant methodological flaws," I think life." In answer I have already put forth the case of mild schizophrenics who hold it only fair that I give LeVay's study as jobs, are married, have children, and live much criticism as Mr. Prokopowicz has relatively functional and happy lives, yet afforded my other sources. One of the first things which the who are still classified as having as havpress neglected to mention in its ing a "disorder." If Mr. Prokopowicz can overzealous coverage of LeVay's hypoexplain how such people have any more of a disorder than the "happy" and "functhalamus experiment was the fact that Dr. LeVay is gay. This, of course, might tional" homosexuals which he is so quick have warranted criticisms of experito cite, he will surely be one up on the APA, which calls even mild menter bias, which is why, I trust, Mr. Prokopowicz also neglected to mention schizophrenics "sick" and homosexuals it. leVay based his claim that gay males "mentally-different." As Steven Goldberg states in an esand heterosexual females have analogous hypothalami on the following subsay assessing genetic theories of homoject pool: 19 heterosexual male brains, 16 sexuality from a Freudian psychoanagay male brains, 3 heterosexual female lytic perspective entitled "What is Norbrains, and no lesbian brains. Now mal?" (February 3,1992, National Review), granted, brains are often harq to come "(Q]uestioris of psychological normality are always in part non-scientific. They by, but it is obvious that three heterosexual female brains is quite a small numare scientific questions in that their anber, and that that number versus 16 gay swers depend on an understanding of causes male brains is hardly a ratio upon which and functions of the behavior if an assessment to base any valid conclusions. And what of its normality is to be made. They are of the absence of lesbian brains? Cernonscientific in that such an assessment is being made." (italics mine) In short, tainly Dr. leVay could have done better than that. Fortunately for him, the press science itself does not decide what is is often selectively forgiving. normal, but it is obligated to provide As for Mr. Prokopowicz's argument society with the information which socithat a "dysfunctional origin" need not ety must have if it is going to decide whether a behavior is normal. Yet when result in a "pathological" behavior, I am afraid his criticism is a bit off base. In his groups like the AP A give us politics, and tain-enviro~~~.·In. a,ny,eYf;mt. ·., · exampl~ £'1b.~reftpwr. chjlfl.st9'r~up·t,~ ;.. n9t science, whel) we, inquire as to the "causes and fUrtctions" of a behaVior like fQ{ 1~~sP~ •.of· bQt.h: ~~P9t?ularity an~ : . .be a corpora~ p~~si,dent) hefa.il~ ~~

Just a bit of clarification in response to Mr. Prokopowicz's "confusion." It is truly unfortunate that what might otherwise have been an excellent letter started out on such an inaccurate note. Mr. Prokopowicz suggests that the "general thrust" of my essay was to expose a "gay conspiracy" to suppress certain information about homosexual research. Let me make this very clear: there is no such conspiracy, nor have I ever stated or implied that one exists. I have, however, tried to explain the effect of the AP A' s politicized reclassification of homosexuality, which has been a skewing of research toward an exclusively genetic perspective and a subsequent shifting of public perceptions toward a scientifically-unfounded acceptance of homosexuality. As for Mr. Prokopowicz's concern with the copyright dates on Dr. Irving Bieber's work, I fail to see how the fact that a book was republished should hurt its credibility or relevance to the debate. Indeed, the fact that it was republished should speak to its continued relevance. When a science text quotes extensively, for example, from Darwin's On The Origin of Species, a book first published well nigh over 130 years ago, does the age of Darwin's work diminish its importance or its contribution to the theory of evoluhon? I should think not. 1£ Mr. Prokopowicz's conc~rn lies in the possible outdatedness oj Bieber's work, I suggest that he read Reparative Therapy for Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical Approach, by Dr. Joseph Nicolosi, first published in September of 1991 by Jason Aronson, Inc. The publication of this book, too, was accompanied by very little fanfare. But perhaps this publication date would be a little more to his liking. As for Mr. Prokopowicz's qualms about psychoanalytic theory, I find it hard to believe that the popularity or unpopularity of a theory should be the standard by which we see fit to judge its validity. Unless, of course, he considers the original suppression by the Roman Catholic Church of the once-unpopular theory that the sun is at the center of the universe to be the makings of "good science." The fact of the matter is that research which suggests an environmental cause of homosexuality does exist. The fact that I chose to present psychoanalytic research instead of the work of cognitive or behavioral theorists merely reflects the immediate availability of cer-

homosexuality, our decision on the normality of homosexuality is not only misinformed, it is scientifically dishonest as well. In reference to Mr. Prokopowicz's quote from Socarides concerning the raising of the "status of the anus to the level of the vagina," while Prokopowicz may find some childish humor or a nonexistent moral premise in these words, for either reasons of ignorance or purposeful neglect he fails to mention that this quote is a direct allusion to Freudian theory, which is at the heart of Socarides' psychoanalytic perspective. As such, it is an integral part of Socarides' theoretical construct, and not the moral judgment which Prokopowicz so carelessly suggests. Let me end with one final clarification. The purpose of my essay was simply to reveal the weak scientific foundations upon which the present degree of societal acceptance of homosexuality is based.:., I have presented information " whi'ch suggests that homosexuality is a disorder in terms of how the AP A usually defines disorders, and that conventions which presuppose its origins and institutionalize its acceptance (such as gay family ordinances and family housing) are premature, misleading, and serve only to further entrench the AP A' s politicized reclassification of homosexuality. By undercutting the current liberal stand on homosexuality I seek to drive the debate back toward a political and ideological middle ground, where it ultimately belongs.

Mr. Welton thanks Mr. Prokopowicz for his thoughtful response.

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Golden Apple AWCil"cJ Winner Tells His. Story WILliAMS: This year I did a course on coordinating the program, conducting Primo Levi, a course in literature in Enresearch, or whatever, I've been inltaly gland to about 1720,a graduate course on some part of every year for the last 20 years. It's been an absolutely wonderful theories of editing a text, and a section on world religion. I'm CUITelltly doing a Bible part of my life. What the university procourse this term (what wonderful stuvides for me, as it does for the students, if dents, they're lovely), and I'm doing a the sort of intellectual excitement and the possibilities for following them doWn. . course on the Renaissance epic. It's just super. REVIEW: How would you assess the So over the course of my time here, state Of the U-M as an academy? What given the fact that I'm just head over changes have you seen in shldents over heels in love with all sorts of things intelthe years? How would you assess the lectually, I've tearn taught within a variintellectual environment as it compares ety of units with a number of my col-

On February 6, Adam DeVore and Stacey Walker of the Review interviewed Professor Ralph Williams of the English Department. Wllliams was recently named the second recipient of the Golden Apple Award. The awpd, given annually by a group c:alled Students Honoring Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching, is the culmination of exceptional student evaluations given over the amrse of the year. The Ontarioborn Williams came to the United States as a freshman at Andrews University in Bemon Springs, Michigan where he acquired a B.A. in English and developed an intense love for Near Eastern Studies. REVIEW: How did you come to teach at the university of Michigan?

WILllAMS: I carne to Ann Arbor for my PhD. in English but I carried on the interest I had in Near Eastern Studies. From the time I was a lad, I had grown very interested in classical studies, Latin as well as Greek, and they had a wonderful department in here. So while I was finishing my graduate degree in English, I carried on with the graduate courses in the classics. Once I graduated from U-M, I took a teaching position at Cornell, but I missed Ann Arbor. After I had been at Cornell a couple of years, I heard pleasant noises from U-M: would I be interested in coming back for the possibility of a post-doctoral position, and so on. Well, yes I did want to come back because I love Ann Arbor, and I've been here ever since with great happiness.

leagues and just a whole variety of contacts. Within my own department, I've taught Medieval Renaissance courses, 18th-century Philosophy through the graduate level, then I've taught and arn teaching a course this term on the Bible in English, I teach a course called World Religions and I keep an informal Dante seminar going at all times. I meet with the students for 2 or 3 hours each week. No one gets any academic credit for it, but we read through The Divine Comedy. Some of the students have Italian and some don't, so we use both languages. It takes generally three years to go through the Comedy. It's truly wonderful because the students are generally graduate students or upper-level undergrads, and if we want to stop and talk for an hour on a medieval conception of this or its relationship to a 20th century view of the uses of language or language philosophy, we do it. There's a level of intensity about it that is just wonderful. One of the things I've loved about this department and the University is that it will sponser and enable a sort of ranging intellectual light and that sort of collaboration has meant a very great deal to me.

REVIEW: You seem to take on a rather heavy course load each term, one that combines many disciplines. WILLIAMS: ~ me tell you one thing about the U-M that I love in particular. One of the reasons I came back is that it is a university enormously rich intellectually in a huge variety of areas. When I came back, I was able to continue to sit in classes as I still do within various departments. I sit a graduate course in this department or that department be it art history, some philosophy, or some history of music, or German or some Romance language and so on. It's just a wonderful intellectual help because it keeps me near the edge of where any of these disciplines are. Just the possibilities of the university are wonderful. For example, I becatne involved early on out of my love for Dante in our Italian Stud~ ies Program Outd that, either tea.dUng}

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to 20 years ago? WILUAMS: Let me point out that it is very difficult to do such an assessment partly out of the fact that one is assessing an event in which one is oneself in motion. To say the University "was that" 20 years ago may be to say, "from what I was 20 years ago and as I saw the U-M 20 years ago, here is what I saw then." Or it may be to say, "Here I am, Ralph Williams, in 1992. Now as I look back and see the U-M 20 years ago, here's what I thoughl" There's that difficulty. There's also the difficulty of the fact that to a certain extent even as ranging as my own interest in the U-M is, one sees locally. One knows best one's own department, and it would be priggish of me to attempt an easy global assessment. A warning, first of all, that this is old Williams. It's from the vantage point that I am, myself, a moving observer, and it needs to be taken with those reservations. A couple of things I can say first of all, the students that I know now are as deeply intelligent, as engageable, as they ever were. I wouldn't know how to suppose that over the course of 20 years the countries and the world who send students to us are producing more or less· intelligent human beings. I think it would - be pretentious 'Of me ro try ,to generalize

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about that, out of my own experience. I wouldn't have any basis for saying that you folk are less keenly interested, less deeply engaged as intellectual and moral beings than the students I had 20 years ago. From my point of view, that simply is not true. I find myself urgently distressed by a suggestion that the students which I know could be captured by any catagorical statement that students are simply career-minded or predominantly career-minded or are less morally aware or less intellectually engaged. The ones with whom I come into contact are ones first of all, about whom any single generalization will not fit. And secondly, I don't see any such narrow-mindedness which would speak of a general decline. The culture within which the academy is moving is in very textured ways different from what it was 20 years ago, and student rhetoric shifts over those years, the rhetoric through which one shares concerns and so on. It is under..standable to me, in fact, that given what I take to be the social and cultural lines of development in this country over that last couple of years or so, that what I'll caIl now "first level discourse" (what are you doing at the U-M, what is of interest to you, where are you headed towards in you career, what things are intellectually most interesting, why are you taking these courses, etc.) the rhetoric with which one discusses with students, this shifts over the years. But if one has a care to get to _ know the students and their minds as complex human beings beyond this first level discourse, I don't see any shift which is to be worried about in reaching the level of significant contact with one's students. The possibilities and the barriers shift over the years, and for that I think one simply needs to remain agile and find the ways to engage. Students who come here do include students to my observation who have what I would say is some growth to be achieved in terms of their human understanding of what an education might be. The U-M draws to itself, overall, a splendid group of student human beings and faculty and puts them into complex interrelation with one another. I am infinitely grateful to the University and its ongoing institutions for doing that I see a number of ways in which I'd like to intervene in that and say, "Here we could do this, here we might do this better, and so on. But I find no reason for condescending to the students by supposing them to be less than they are, as I understand them. ,, >: • '.. \ , , '

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1992

THE MICHlGAN REVIEW.

ationS~ve~a;~u~a$:~'. . \»w~r~ ~ffse~:.en. . t~. . '~.' .; ,n.1.1 w.,hi.,·ch was.pro-.', ... tQ.bear on.the discourse as ideas are petUnghere, how do you understand . wo~d be ~ycmish and SiJi1to~t li dpced 19~a:~~ and 'Continues ,"hemg concetved and bantered about, (reo Dr. Bombades criticism that the U-M there aren't large economic pressures, to worry many. It is a document very.ating a complex representation which is becoming a corporation? and that when decision time comes those much of a person who speaks that lanwould receive information and address pressures are so~times dealt with hid-, .' guage: It encourag¢ the university comthe whole needs of the institution in a eously. It is very troublesome. So in the munity· to think in terms of itself as a useful way. It may be that in this area we matter of staffing and class size ameni"corporation" and of students as "cusneed a nudge. We have an administraWILLIAMS: Let me take that in two ways, if I could. First of aU, in a personal ties, there's a lot of work that is neces,. tomers" and "clients." For those of us tion of extremely eager people wanting and collegial way, I've been grateful over sary. From my vantage point, the state whospeak virtually the language of value to address problems, but from a vantage the years for the presence of Professor isn't doing what it needs to do in this in thehurnanities, to hear this sort of point that includes engineering, business Hornback and what he has brought to regard for a university of this sort and came across as though we were encouradJ:Junistration, social sciences, but which aged to be.:crass, money:-driven people includes very little of a mix of the huwithin the university, we can find things the university, and I am genuinely sony to do. with market demands. From my vantage manities. Oh yes, there is a good deal one we're losing him and all those wonderful point, for a major administration of.a things he brings. My second point is that can learn from.those concerns. major institution which expresses itself One of the facts of life is that your every person has his or her story, and I've REVIEW: What would you propose? thus is to run a very grave risk of being coming here, my being here, is caught up been grateful over the years for Bert's misunderstood. There come two qUe&in a system of enablement which is instory. Bert's story has been good for us WILUAMS: On a strictly personal level, because it has consistently reminded us tions. How capacious is the viewpoint, eluctably in one way economical. You there are a couple of things that could be not now of Mr. Whitaker,.but of the adcan't be here unless you have certain of times when Bert has said, "To my way said. There is a phrase in Locke of which of thinking this isn't going well. Here's I am very fond where he is talking about resources such as food and clothing, and ministration? Secondly, what about the what needs to be done. We aren't paying ideas. "Ideas will have," says he, "the extenttowhich what's involved is a form I can't be here without those basic enough attention over here," and so on. of address which may be saying useful enablements as well. Any notion that we tang of the cask." Which is to say, what thing~hich one needs to hear. as an academy can be relieved of underHe has a very firm, very strong, sharply you know, that when a person expresses focused line on that. And J've been glad There is an art of speaking and an art standing and addresSing ourselves well himself or herself, when one wants to of hearing in my terms, both of which to questions of economics is just in my for the story because whether or not I understand the way in which an idea is in agree with the texture and the temper of have view wrong. We are not fundamentally a person's mind one ~ account of the ,,.. an . obligation. In this regard thus I his analysis, I think it has been healthy particular backgrotind, nature, educaw()td4. expect the upper levels of the about being a corporation, but we are a adnUnjstration to be attentive to the ways corporation if you look at the economic for us to hear that. I like an institution tional expertise of that person. When an within which there are Berts and their administrator, or anyone else speaks out life of it. In my view, unless those in the in which problems are conceived within stories are heard. the university. I would expect first of all of his background I expect to see him try h~manities know how to formulate reHis story is not, however, in all ways that education be conceived as a basi;' 'sponsible, economic requests, press the to bring to bear the best of his profesmy story. My story is one in which in the sional expertise on the matter as you or I cally complex human enterprise in which reasons why these requests are justified, movement I see through the college, there the questions of knowledge and value show that in hard times they're practicwould. A recent report by the Provost, are more people like Bert, not necessarily Gilbert Whitaker, was very strongly are kept in complex interaction. I would ing economies of scale, show that they in the sharp edge of what he now precouched inthe language of his profesalso hope that at the upper levels of the know how to reroute resources in their sents as a refusal of the university, but in sional expertise. He was the dean of the administration there would be those who Please See Page 12 people who invest a large amount of School of Business AdministrationThe would apply their own cask backgrounds their time and concern in teaching. I hear a lot of concern about students. My story isn't exactly Bert's story on this. The University brings these p~ple here and its culture isn't nearly as itVrnical from my vantage point to that form of engagement as Bert's story seem to be with him. But are there things we could be by Joe Coletti doing better? Are there matters to be Former University of Michigan psySuch praise, however, could not save division head. worrying about that Bert's story does chology professor Drew Westen won last Westen's position at the U-M. Since 1985, Many of Westen's colleagues in cliniinsist that we reflect on? Oh yes. We need year's Golden Apple Award, but the psyhe had been a temporary professor at the cal psychology are said to be upset and more resources and we need them badly. chology department chose not to grant U-M. The psychology department has bitter about the way in which the matter We need more faculty and better space, him the tenure-track position he sought. an unwritten policy not to grant tenurewas handled. Adelson believes that for faculty and students, bUffacu1ty isn't Westen now works in an adjunct aptrack positions to its own doctoral graduWesten, 33, will be famous someday for my main concern right now, students pointment at a hospital connected to ates. The psychology department wants his accomplishments. He may actually are. Let me indicate a few ways in which Harvard. to avoid the "in-breeding" that can occur have benefitted by leaving the U-M, said it is so: the rooms in which one teaches The popularity of Westen's lectures if too many of its members practice the Adelson. are often poorly eqUipped and allowed him to win a number of other study of psychology from the same apDespite all of the administration's overcowded, some are very noisy, in othteaching recognitions, including the proach. Westen earned his Ph.D. at the recent rhetoric about the quality of an ers there is nearly no external air to be Michigan Daily's best professor of 1990 U-M. undergraduate education at the U-M, had, in some, no natural light. and the Michigan Psychological This custom is sometimes set aside, the Westen fiasco supports claims made There wants the level of faculty apAssociation's "Master Lecturer" award. however. Sandra Bermann, for example, by those critical of the University. The Upointment which will allow staffing deAccording to his colleagues, Westen received a tenure-track job in the clinical M and the psychology department lost a cisions to be rather more driven by pedawas also an exceptional scholar. Before psychology division, which was the same great scholar and researcher. More imgogical concerns and rather less driven he gained his Ph.D., he had already pubpart of the department in which Westen portantly, the students lost a wonderful by economical concerns, particularly for lished two books. He combined Freud's worked. Although Bermann received her professor who came pretty darn close to class size and class molds. I wouldn't ideas with work in new areas. degree at the U-M, she performed two making neurons fun again. want to be understood as saying that This combination of exceptional years of post:-doctoral work elsewhere, a economics drives all the decisions bescholarship and the ability to teach well fact which supposedly freed her from the Joe Coletti is a junior in Asian studies cause it doesn't. Not by a long shot. We is livery rare," according to professor of unwritten psychology department reguand an assistant editor for the Review. J tty to keep it so that pedagogic considerpsychology ioseph Adelson. lation, Bermann is also the wife of the --------------------~--~~~--~~~T~

REVIIW: In light of wlW you see hap-

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Whatever Happened to Drew Westen?

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

February 12, 1992

Interview • J.i"",

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sic, come on, let's do it! But I am profoundly unwilling to say, '1 will shut this down and require myself because I represent 'the great tradition.'" I'd rather, when things come down to it, leave a lot of access, keep as much as possible to level ground, and then start the discussion and see where it goes. So consequently, I would be distressed at any curriculum which dismisses the value of what had been studied heretofore. It would be priggish to set that aside and look down on it. On the other hand, I don't intend to stand on those books and look down my nose a priori at other things either. But you can bet I'll be out there maKing my pitch!

own units, WeN! not going to succeed in doing the best by our own humane ideals. And that's not the fault of some administrator at 3 or 4 removes, that's our fault. Difficult as that may be, I think that we as humans need to learn not to be crass, not to mistake our goals, but to have a decent respect for the fact that resources are finite, and that we need to be agile in conceiving what we need and directing our resources.. This is not an easy and simple answer but it is to say that I would like to see the university administration conceive itself more complexly in terms of the areas that I know. I would like it to address itself to the interest and concerns of those areas of the university better than they do. But I want us to hear them in such a way as to benefit from their backgrounds and areas of expertise. And I think we have a responSibility to do it.

is there to be read, what is there to be understood, that tries out what one-literary critic calls "fables of identity," is to argue that we ought to be enabling a fairly broad study of those out of the broad range of backgrounds and histories and interests of those who are here. And I have a considerable deal of respect for the "here-ness" and the "now-ness" of things. Let me give an example. My own background is one of a sort that you hear. It is pervaded by a love of and a respect for the literatures of the long ago and the far away, as well as the here and now. I will be attentive, however, to the

REVIEW: In light of the importance you've placed on tracing the tang of the cask, how, as builders of the curriculum, do you decide out of what to make the cask?

points. One has to do with the material, the other with my reasons for approachWILLIAMS: Well, the depiction of the lecture is that it is my last lecture. I think ing that material. If the reasons for my approaching that material include the the last word of that is going to be 'free,' and in its own way it will probably have chance of talking with others, then the situation is going to become very coma large triadic structure-no that's preplex indeed. I like to hear others as ~ber5"r"''''' tentious. It will have three parts, one having to do with beauty, one with truth, want to be heard. I would prefer, both and one with the university, and the last with works written and with human beings, to come to them trying my best to be word will be free. fact that there are other stories than mine, prepared to hear them tell their own other backgrounds than mine. Other Review: If you had to choose an epitaph stories in their own ways and to try to understand what that means to them. from a literary work, what would it be? backgrounds that have profoundly to do With text, I want to prepare myself with this country at the end of the 20th Williams: My choice comes from Dante. century and where it might go in the 21st. as best I can to hear them in their own At this particular moment, he is speaking This is not a university in Canada, or language, which is one of the reasons I of the competing demands of the light of England, or Italy. It is a university in the love languages so. Out of their own the mind, as expressed in the drive toUnited States, and for me that matters molds, out of their own history, speaking ward knowledge, and the light of appesomething. I should like the complex to their own purpose, I'd like to enable tite and emotion, which might be exmyself, find ways of helping others help resources of the written material of this pressed in love. And in one stunning line country to be available to a range of me to become a complex sense of receivhe fuses them both together. Intellectual students who come and who arguably ers. Then if I'm preparing to talk with light, full of love. For your humble sershould be able to come and study here others, I want to remember one or two vant, that is the challenge. and work over materials of high skill and things. I am not the point of the process, density over which they can transact the communication is, and therefore, I fables of identity. I should like myself for must prepare to receive not only the there to be a decent minimum of presupmanagement from the written text, in position about the intrinsic and preempcomplex ways which enable me to meditive rightness of anyone body of material ate and know what they are saying on in there to access through the system of their own terms to mediate the distance discussion. Take the Bible, for instance. to my own internal process, but then to You can scarcely believe how in love I am hear as welL those with whom I am talkAsked whjch books or authors he ing, my students, as it comes through with the richness of material that is there. I would suggest students read in their their minds, and to be there so that in But I would be profoundly unhappy if 'I spare time, Williams named, among that were required of students. I kind of whatever way I can, that complex comothers, the (ollowing: like level ground. I am willing to go out munication between text and student can there and make the best pitch I can for the take place. I don't intend to wholly efface \ The Bible, Homer, Oedipus Rex, broad access of materials. For those of us myself in that process, because if all goes 1 Aeschylus, Euripides, Plato, Aristotle, well, not only do I find profoundly interlike me who are overwhelmingly imVirgil, Augustine's Confessions, Dante, pressed with, in love with, the Bible, with esting the use of my time in listening to Ariosto's Orlando Furioso Montaigne, 1 Homer, with Virgil, with Dante, with those books, but I find engagement in I Descartes, Hume, Shakespeare (espe- 1 Primo Levi, I'm willing to go out there that it is Stacey's mind. There will never cially the Tempest, Hamlet, and King and make my pitch for that material and be another mind receiving Primo Levi Lear) Sappho, Whitman, The Color " say this is intrinsically interestingi,!t is exactly lik~ this,andUpv~ that tangQ£ Purple, Joyce, Woolf, and Levi. I the cask again. It's wonderful! At the culturally compelling, it is humanly bai

REVIEW: How should a critic approach a text? What should the critic bear in mind? What should be the mindset?

• WILLIAMS: I'll make two reference

WlLUAMS: Let me begin by observing that I will speak now as a private citizen. If one proposes changes in any institution, one is not dealing with an abstract situation. That is, it is not the question, "What do I do if I ride into an absolute blank and begin afresh and construct what might be viewed from my vantage point as 'the perfect curriculum?'" One has a series of traditions within which the faculty operates, one has a variety of abilities on the faculty, there are institutional constraints and one would be very very foolish indeed to suppose that one should ride in as an ideological juggernaut and suppose that one can flatten all that and start again. That doesn't happen. 50 a series of very complex reflections ensues incorporating the traditions of an individual, the faculty, the students who come, or who arguably, one hopes, will, the society within which it is embedded, where its been and where it is going. And then, the art of the possible. What can one do? As I was involved in the curricular changes here at the U-M, in Michigan, in the United States of America, at the end of the 20th century looking forward to the 21st, what do I want to set-in which will allow a series of motions of the mind and the aVailability of materials which would be appropriate to that. One thing which occurs tome is that as I understand the student body and the society, it is diverse. The extent to which the academy and more particularly such a department as ours, becomes a place for the observation of where we been, what

have

same time, here I am and I bring my own small Canadian tang to stuff. And I hope sometimes that can be interesting, too. The point of all this is communication and the connections between text and student and back and forth for which I can be the occasion, and I have my own certain convention, but I am not the point of it. It becomes a wonderful sort of triangular relationship so that I'm getting to know what's going on in your mind and we can do it in ways in which I'm not coming at you saying "Here's what you have to believe," and you're not coming back at me saying, "I hate you for believing that," because we have this third thing out there to which we both remain true. We can speak to one another in terms of honor to and about and of a text. Can you conceive of anything happier? REVIEW: Have you envisioned your lecture topic yet?

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February 12, 1992

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Satire

" 1'

The Perennial Return of Cupid's Folly by Lauren Hillburn Ah, the glory of St. Valentine's Day (VD)! The true Day of Love. It is that special day when hands are held, first kisses are exchanged, and words of love are whispered into would-be sig Os' ears. Ah! That inspiring aura of rampant, unrestrained amour! Doesn't it just make you tingle? Surely VD has been celebrated ever since you can remember, right? But, how did it all begin? Why, all of a sudden, on this particular date, do we get all goofy and go buy chocolates for someone we love, when it might as easily be taken as a subtle way of saying, "Hey, you like to eat." Current wisdom has it that February 14th is the same date on which Saint Valentine was martyred, and that our tradition was bom of that tragedy. Oh, so that's the origin of VD? Au contraire, my nalve friend. The symbolic exchanges of love that began in the Middle Ages appear to be simply coincidental with Saint Valentine's death. In fact, many theories have sought to explain why this particular date marks that special day when our palms sweat so effusively. One unpopular conjecture has it that the date of the 14th was chosen because it falls in the middle of the month, thus avoiding the extremes ofthe month's I _ beginning and end. A more plausible explanation relates February 14th to the

Medieval European belief that this is the time of year when birds mate. In short, when we are all exchanging many gifts of love, so are the birds. Speaking of gifts, let's pause to evaluate some typical VD gifts. Sure, they are all sweet and kind and from the "heart," but honestly, certain gifts send some subtle messages of which socially competent folks should be aware. Would you really want to give your "sweet cheeks" a bottle of perfume or cologne? It might hint that "Hey, this aroma suits you much better than your usual body odor." Now, don't just choose any old gift besides perfume for your little "buttercup" without giving it careful thought, guys. A cute, pink fuzz-coated stuffed animal - or a firmly-inflated, heartshaped helium balloon - could hint to your valentine that you think she has the mentality of a childJ~u.t, then again, this may be a good thitlg. Why let the child inside of that big, pUIDPing thing in the chest grow up? Go ahead! Let it live and jump around and play forever! 50, what about jewelry? By giving your little "honey plums" jewelry, are you actually saying, "Hey, you don't know how to accessorize?" Or, are you actually giving your valentine atrue token of love, something so sentimental that it will be treasured forever (unless, of course, therelationship nose dives off a cliff and tumbles head over heels

into a dark, seemingly bottomless abyss, have those families that also go out to eat before crashing to the ground in a great at those restaurants on this special day. ball of fire, never again to rise like the The little kids just love it. Not only do Phoenix). But, then again, even that they get to spend this glorious evening sounds somewhat romantic. Seriously with their parents - but, they get to though, you can't rescope the restaurant ally go wrong with for smooching. Just jewelry, unless, of watch their eyes: the course, you have no penetrating stares, the subsequent hortaste. If it's expensive enough, of course, the rified expressions of gaudiness factor may revulsion. be excused. Truthfully, Something that is though, why not always sweet to give have a quiet dinner on Valentine's Day is a bouquet of flowfor two at home? And, don't be too scared ers. Those precious little guys that grow to wander from the typical Valentine's in the ground are just so happy to get Day gifts. Even though I poked fun at pluc~ed for the first and last time on this candy, perfume, stuffed animals, balspeCIal day. But do not just give your loons, and flowers a bit, they are all nice "sweet pea" flowers! Doing that only gifts, though perhaps a bit trite. So why proves that you forgot all about not give something that isn't quite as .valentine's Day. What really happens is predictable? Try tickets to a show, an that on the way to your love's home, the engraved picture frame with a photodate February 14th hits you like a falling graph of the two of you, or a walk along the beach while the sun sets (that may flower pot from the sky. Then the ineredible idea·of stopping along the side of the ~ ..costy'ou a bit more, though). But in any road and pick some"wild flowers" then - case, give something creative to "lambchops." strikes you. If you're especially lazy, you'll run into a supermarket and pick So next time you're walking outside, up one of their glorious bouquets. "Oh, all happy and jittery, and thinking about Thank you! How thoughtful!" Yuck! your "sweet petunia" on St. Valentine's And hey, how about that expensive Day, just give a little look up into the sky but romantic dinner for two that you and and give the birds a wink. Trust me, your cuddly "fruit flower" go to? Don't they'll know what you mean. They love you just love watching other charmingly the day, too. -L---Hll-'-l-b--'--fr-hm---'-LS-A cute couples display their affection while auren urn IS a es an In they attempt t0 eat gracefully.? It' s such a d taff . f th R . lovely sight. And then, of course, you an a s wnter or e evzeUJ.

The Life of Ryan Continued From Page 5 to enter via the "Employees Only" door. Hint: wear your best Sears outfit and you will blend in without a problem. Friday night was Century Club night in the dorm. For those non-aicoholics, this means one shot of beer every minute for one hundred minutes. This equals eight and a third beers in an hour and forty minutes. After an hour, we had to requisition a designated timer to keep it legitimate. Helpful reminder: do not bong a beer before you attempt this suicidal beer mission. If you want to experience alcohol poisoning, go for the 151 Club. One shot of beer for one hundred and fifty minutes and finisb it.¢iwith uh,et «(ija,car~ii lSl.

Only college students could dream up something this cruel. The feeling of accomplishment when the clock read 10:40 was something short of finishing the Boston Marathon. And the events afterward will be remembered forever. Plan to visit State when it is warmer, since there is quite a bit of walking to do. Most of the noteworthy restaurants and stores are located along Grand River. For an exquisite meal, check out The Varsity. My meal choice consisted of whole wheat bread, pepperoni, sausage calzone with sauce on the side. For $3.95 you can't beat it. On a nice day, it is a must to dine outdoors. The closest thing we have to this at U-M is Dominick's. The biggest disappointment was the clo~hing st0'reS; Jacobson's wasunchat-~ ~

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acteristically substandard. There was no selection at Reddwood and Ross. The only big name at the mall is Hudson's. Then again, that is the only store you need. One bright spot was the Student Book Store (SBS). It is triple the size of Ulrich's and has everything you would never want in MSU paraphernalia. Best t-shirt award: "Michigan State- The best 5 or 6 years of your life. How do the Spartan women size up to our Wolverettes, you ask? I once heard that nine out of ten girls in the Big Ten are good looking. The tenth goes to Michigan. Thankfully, I have found the joke was not completely true. Yet, in comparison to State, we do have more than a fair share of Birkenstock cloppin', wool sock w.earin~~. ti'e',dye!coUed:inl; Pee" Wee 1

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Herman haircut, ring in the nose, granola eatin' females around here. The women at State have a reputation for being good looking. The fact that I woke up next to one of them Sunday morning in no way biases me to confirm this fact. If you ever venture out to MSU, I hope you have as good a time as I had. State is a great place to visit In the springtime the campus is simply beautiful. Of course I would not ever want to go to school there. We have a far superior basketball, football, hockey team etc. They do not even have an alternative newspaper. And damn it, we're smarter, too.

Ryan "'The Traveler" Boeskool is a freshman in political science and an assitant editpr of ~e,R~irw, )

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February 12, 1992

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Free Speech

CC Candidates I;"

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Michigan." Citing "the Interim the administration. This would include Policy's noble purpose" in acting Has Continued from Page 1 more informal MSA "pizza talks" bea shieJd against harassment and dis. committees and commissions and then .tween MSA representatives and students aiminatioo," the resolution nonethe-, let the students choose six or seven to in each dormitory. In a continuation of a less recognized the potential for the keep. In line With ee's quest tode:-politi- ' tradition begun by Green; Gast would policy to be "used as a' sword to sicize MSA and increase its involvement,in like to meet with President Dud~t at lenee." It called upon, the University academic issues, Gast would like to,place least once a month, citing the importance "to abandon the policy and instead more emphasis on the Academic Affairs of maintaining contact with theadminis"'endorse the MiChigan Collegiate Speech Protection Act," a bill Cur.;; Commission and increase the influence tratiOIL . .MSA has with the U-M adminiStration. , rently in the Mithigan State Senate "To' get things done, MS~has to In order to serve,as a solid voice workwith the administration;" Observed which would place a unilateral ban the administration, MSA cotildcreate a :O'Connor. "Until we can sit;d6wn and . onc:ollege speech codes. , committeeo£ all studentlead~rs~Gast The subcommission is optimistic communicate one on onel'wewori'tget .. , .' '., .. about its recommendations' pOlenadded. M~mbers from MSA,".' t!1e anything done." tialto effect positive d\ange oncatn;Interfraternity Council .and :the . While admitting thatth~ ~iCOnsetv~ ';pU8~ "Our goal is to have the cOde I; PanheJleruc Association, the Midn,gan '. tive" in CC's name nught be ,anUsrio~, Union Board of RepresentatiVe$; the,Resi': . Gastdid state that CC' s ~~~l lito dOne away with by. the end Of the work with and for all studentstCC seeks . "semester," commented Warren. To • dent Hall Association, artdthe various U-M schools COlleges wOuld:be ~.. .' to de-politicize student'iSSU~Clllamake that end the SRC ispfE!6ently byillg to gamer student support for its recom- ' duded in 'sucl\"acorruriittee. , . " ". theU-Ma place of learilirig;fl()t one ~f Since CCcandidates havew~ntw()" protest. But, Gast added, "we are not mendations concerning the code. "The report must reach out to all students, of the last thr.~ :presidentiaJrelef'tions . reactionary, because we ar~ proposjng including minorities-~ Mooney stated; , and controls the assembly, Cast fee1,s.that .sOme changes." The imph~mentationof "'If We can prove that eliminating the .his partyJ)at'~eived asttOllg~cUWate 24-hour libraries is one suchdUmge. . code is consistent with doing away from the students to tum MSA. into a Green said thatGastwaschosen as " reasonable, ~ve studentgovmunent . the CC candidate because~he has the . with racism, sexisn, and hmlOphcbia, ,we c:an get 80 percent,of students to ' which brlngsstudent concems:ditedly ' best vision for the future'of~C:" Greeh support the code's repeal;" to the administratiori, and dOes notpur~ would like to see the The subcommiSSiOn hassblicited ' . '. sUe pei'sorlal orradi~, political agendas. The administration should know how the input of campus minority groups ' in formulating its recommendations. students feel about campus:issues, Gast commented~ adding "I donrttl\W< they Although the only minority groups ,invited to participate haVe,come front .' , carHell [what.stud¢nt.opiriioniSl from · . the Daily." .. within the Law School, thesubcommission has also sent out a series of Gastwould like to seeMSAestablish fliers to other campus groups, il:tdUdstronger ties with both the stu~~llts and .. ins many which cater to minoriti~ in hopes of gaining input'tothe alternatives'to the code. Co-cltairs Mooney and W~n;. however, have been diScouraged by the minimal level of,cooperaticm ,. whic;h such groUpShave;actually (4~ . •. ~ "These groups itre·the.ones most, affeqed by the code, and for whose . protection it wasaeated/'~~en .. i. sai«t "and yetweatehayiilg tr:o~bl e . 1 ·.. etting input.fromthem." . . Students will determine the , c:od~5 fate duringtheMsA election this spring. In the meat\time/ the sub. commission is circulating petition arou.nd campus in.order to eduOlte · ,students about the excessive strktuJ:es . the code places on speech. Mooney hopes that a 1/strongresp<>ns&tothe petition drive wiUalert the administration to students' contempt for the oode and their resolve to defend their First Amendment rights." .

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continue with his policies. "We have consolidated opposition to a politicized MSA," observed Green. An ~1y that is more active on issues that affect academics, a more responsible and effective Academic Affairs commission, and the abolition of the Peace andJustice commission are other important i~es. Cast appears to be the logical successor to Green. His platform could be described' as one based on student populism, in contrast to other campus political parties which further their own elitist and liberal political agendas to the discredit of MSA and the sacrifice of studentS' best interests. Gast and O'Connor wish to further the lotof a11students, not just tha;e who are environmentally sound or politically correct ~hcir pledge is one that the so-called liberal or progressive opposition will be hard-pressed to match in vigor and sincerity. Kishore Jayabalart is a senior in economics. and politiCal science and a con.fribu'ting em tor of the Review..

UNo means no, Susie! At least,

Tony Ghecea is a Junior in English and an executive editor ()f the Rt1J1ew. Beth Martin is jumotis En-

not until you get your doublenotarized SAP AC · . <:onsent f~ and~JUl4lhna~tJ-.~f the ~ l' 'fbtm/ln'ltripficatcH)J[ WI 'v r;~ ._-- ---a". : : ~ , ;', "~ ~ ~ , ~ :!~ ,.., ' .. : (t:... .*. ' J ~. ~,. :., :~ ~·~:'2 t:.: t 6. ~ .. ," ~~ ) :~ ~~\:r::~: fi..-: I.

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Posters $5.00 each. Call the Review at 662-1909 to get yours .

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW.

February 12, 1992

Sports

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The Unpredictabi"e World of Sports by David Berriman

seemed like the eightieth time. Today we world of sports. In 1984, the Detroit Tisay he was one of the best to ever have gers were the elite of the league. They played the game. Only a couple months . started the season with a 35-5 record and never looked back until they were drenchafter announcing his retirement after testing HIV-positive, he was the MVP of the ing each other with champagne in the NBA All-Star game and preparing for locker room following their convincing victory over the San Diego Padres in the the upcoming OlympiC games. World Series. Four seasons later, howUnpredictable and ever-<:hanging. ever, they had the worst record in all of Fascinating, intriguing, and sometimes baseball and set a franchise record with gut-wrenching. That is the world of sports, even at the college level. The Uni103 losses. What happened? How does a team go from invincible to horrible in versity of Michigan teams provide ample evidence of this phenomenon. How does such a short period of time? Or how about 'Iron' Mike Tyson? one explain the U-M men's basketball team's sudden collapse a couple weeks The Magnificent! The Invincible! The best fighter of all time? He may be, but while ago? One night, they were a few missed free-throws away from defeating the he was on top of the world, with no compe~ition in sight, Marvelous Mike unbeaten and number one team in the land, the Duke Blue Devils. Yet, just a was dr9)'ped to the canvas like a brick by a guy named Buster Douglas. Buster short while later, they played their worst who? Never heard of him, until that illgame of the season and were defeated on their home court by a !~-than spectacufated evening. And now, Mighty Mike lar Purdue team. 'Then they turned may end up spending a good portion of his life in the slammer if he is found around and wiped out bpth Illinois and Michigan State on the road before falling guilty of the rape charges he is facing. So it goes, game after game, season to Ohio State at home. does that make any sense? Not really. But that's the nature of sports. Although Michigan teams often finish with outstanding records, they too have less than spectacular games and seasons. Remember, if you can bear to, the 10-0 shellacking the Michigan hockey team received from Lake Superior State earlier this season? Despite a loss of that magnitude, the Wolverines regrouped, and, having swept the Lakers in a showdown at Yost Ice Arena. Last weekend the Wolverines were swept at home by Bowling Green. There is still time to get back on track for the playoffs. Nothing remains constant in the

Interesting how quickly things change in the sports world, isn't it? I mean, who would have thought that the Atlanta Braves and the Minnesota Twins would be battling it out for the top spot in professional baseball last season? In 1990, both of those teams finished last in their divisions. In 1991, one of them would be world champion! Unpredictability is sometimes the best part of sports. In the late 19808, the Detroit Pistons found a way to beat the Chicago Bulls time and time again. It seemed that the Bulls were ordained by the NBA to be the Pistons warm-up act for the championship series each season. Suddenly, the tide has turned, and, unfortunately for Pistons fans, it appears as though the Bulls Express may again be a dominating force on the court. Look for the Bulls to stampede through the playoffs and once again claim the crown. A team like San Antonio or Portland may get hot, however, and steal it away from Chicago. Stranger things have happened in the world of sports. Last season, the National Hockey League also featured two teams that were hardly considered championship material in its championship series. The Pittsburgh Penguins and the perennial underachieving Minnesota North Stars surprised everybody by rolling through the playoffs en route to their first appearances in the Stanley Cup finals. Big changes. Big ~urprises. That seems to be the name'of the game in sports. Last spring. Earvin 'Magic' Johnson was considered by many to be the best basketball player in the world, as he lead his team to the NBA finals for what

after season, the surprises are unlimitedand to me, that's the fun of it all. Would I watch a football game if I knew who would win? Would I dish out twenty bucks to watch a hockey game if the outcome were not up for grabs? Heck no! Would I continue to get season tickets for Michigan football if I knew exactly how each game would turn out? Well, maybe, but Wolverines football is a special case. The one hundred thousand other maniacs make any outing to a football game worthwhile. I love the changes and the surprises, the unpredictability of individual games and entire seasons. As long as there is an element of uncertainty, and suspense, I will remain a die-hard sports fan. Perhaps one day the Northwestern Wildcats will finally show the world its true colors by having an undefeated season and winning the national championship. Well .. .nah, they couldn/t-could they? David Berriman is a senior in psychology and a staff writer for the Review. ~Q

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As the semester progresses, the maunderings of one

Forrest Green III grow increasingly tiresome. This arrogant bore recently wrote in his typically boneheaded Daily column that the Michigan Review is his "pick for what is truly the most regressive, white supremacist publication in Ann Arbor." Since nobody on our staff can recall endorsing white supremacy, we would like Mr. Green to refresh our memories.

Ulrich's carries name brand clothing from Champion - Jansport - Gear - Beezll - Russell Athletic Along with many styles of Imprinted sportwear we carry Hats, Caps, Pens, Pennants, Mugs, Bumper Stickers, Rulers, History Books, Shoelaces, Posters, Fishing lures, Stationary, Footballs, Basketballs and Much, Much Morell If It's got an ' M' on It, Ulrlch~ proba bly carries it!

We hereby graciously extend to Mr. Green the following offer:

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The Review will print, unedited, an essay by him of up to 1,000 words which seeks to substantiate his claims. ' ) "'I ~· "I

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Main Bookstore: 549 East Univers~y Art/Engineering Store and Electronics Showroom: 1117 South University Phone: 313-662-3201 Monday-Friday 9:00-6:00 Saturday 9:30-5 :00 Sunday 'Noon to <4":00 ' .

THAN A BOOKSTORE

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THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Book Review

February 12, 1992

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Repairing the Auto Industry The Machine thltt Changed the World James P. Womack. Daniel T. Jones and Danlef ROO8

Macmillan Hardcover. $29.96 3231398. by Joe Coletti

The Machine that Changed the World, by James Womack, Daniel Jones, and Daniel Roos, is perhaps one of the best books available on the auto industry. It represents the culmination of a five yearlong, five million dollar study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the future of automobile production. In the study, members of MIT's research team visited and surveyed auto plants acrC6S North America, Europe and Japan in order to compare quality, inventory control and production technology. They also examined the time it takes to get a car from the planning stage to actual production, down-time during factory retooling, and relationships with suppliers and customers. The reseaF-..hers' most important discoveries dealt with the revolutionary production processes that successful Japanese firms have adapted. The authors call this new approach "lean production," as opposed to the mass production system pioneered by Henry Ford. To illustrate the significance of the advent of lean production, the authors first give a brief hist0IJ; of auto manufacturing from the time of ~rtisan reliant "craft production" in Europe, through the rise of mass production in the U. S. and the world, to the present promulgation of lean production. The beneficial aspects of lean production, which the authors describe in detail, can be summarized in one word: cooperation. Auto companies which employ the leart production system work closely with their suppliers in long-term relationships to improve the quality of parts and production methods. When developing a new car, lean production emphasizes a coordinated effort among all an automaker's various departments (marketing, design, engineering, etc.) right from the product's inception. Parts and dies are designed at the same time as well so that parts can be stamped out easily and with fewer defects. On the factory floor, all workers have the ability to stop the line if they spot a defect or have difficulties with their task. According to Womack, Jones, and Roos, the reliance upon line workers to spotd.e£ects.and report.them is. the greatest advantage of lean production. Instead

of conducting quality-control inspections after the product is completed, quality is designed-in from the start. When there is a problem, instead of simply fixing it once and hoping that the problem is an isolated one, specialists attempt to correct it permanently by removing its source, be it procedural or technical. Although this can initially cause many delays in the production process, it allows . similar problems to be avoided in the future. This learning process, what Toyota calls "the five whys," solves the mass-production dilemma of high quality versus low costs. The authors also observe that "lean" companies have the ability to change dies rapidly as a result of improvements~

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in the die making process; this facilitates the production of better dies. This quickchangeability reduces down-time during changes in production runs and allows different cars to be made at the same factory. This compares quite favorably to the single model assembly plants upon which the mass-producers rely. The ability to change products quickly in turn allows a lean producer to maintain shorter production runs for individuallines compared to the reliance on economies of scale by mass producers. This allows Japanese companies to target "niche markets" with limited run cars (e. g. the Acura NSX or Mazda Miata) more easily than mass production companies.

The Machine that CJzanged the World, now available in softcover, has become the bible of Saturn workers. In producing the Viper, originally shown as a prototype in 1989, Chrysler also used the "lean" concept of team development - as Lee Iacocca has pointed out in numerous commercials. An even earlier sign of improvement in the domestic auto industry is given in the study itself: "Ford ... is now . practically.as.lean-inits North American assembly plants as the average Japanese

transplant in North America. The best U.5.-owned plants in North America are now nearly as productive as the average Japanese plant," and one U.S.-owned plant actually had higher quality than any Japanese plant. That the American companies still have some way to go in implementing the ideas of lean production is, however, tellingly obvious in the delay it will take to build cars with the steering wheel on the right side of the car (our passenger seat) for the Japanese market. Ford made headlines last month with its plans to sell its new Probe in Japan with right-side steering; however, this is possible only due to the kindness of Mazda, which manufactures the car and sells it in their own line as the MX-6. Production of a right-hand drive car is a prerequisite to U.S. entry into Japan's mainstream marketo Another key factor in the ability of U.S. companies to penetrate the Japanese market and to recapture market share ,." here is the dealer network. Most eftOpt~have heard or lived through nightmarish experiences at car dealers when looking at cars or when trying to get their car serviced. The authors offer their own examples of ignorant salespeople, including one "who defended the merits of rear-wheel drive in the front-wheel drive car he showed us." They argue that the dealers, particularly in North America, have "little incentive" to let the manufacturers know what consumers want and have no channel through which to communicate this even if they so desired. As an example of this lack of com- . munication, they cite a divisional manager who agreed to sell a "major new model" for a u.s. manufacturer. In the two years between the time of his agreement and the time the car was actually ready to be produced, several changes had been made so that, "the car he saw was entirely different in character and consumer appeal from the prototype he had agreed to sell." Womack, Jones, and Roos then offer the lean alternative to the typical dealership in North America. There are few cars in the lot, both for lack of space and becau se cars are usually produced after being ordered. A salesperson doesn't descend upon the hapless shopper;" instead all the salespeople help if a customer has a question. Furthermore, dealers are in frequent contact with the manufacturer about product development and consumer satisfaction, allowing,trpIJ1.to r~ceive c¥s,t~<}t,th~y will,b.e able to sell . The customer's needs are at 11

the heart of lean production. Such an emphasis on the customer is one of the things to which mass production is not best suited. Both here and in their relations with suppliers, the authors feel, the lean producers have a distinct advantage due to better communication. The result is improved quality and productivity, as well as an enhanced ability to satisfy consumer demands, for the company using lean production. The Machine that Changed the World is a remarkable book. The authors' history of the auto industry and their remarks on the future of lean production are wellwritten, as is their description of various production techniques. The book is packed with tables and graphs which vividly illustrate the differences among Japanese, North American, and European plants and manufacturers. In these troublesome economic times, The Machine that Changed the World makes a solid contribution to the world of auto manufacturing. Joe Coletti is a junior in Asian studies and an assistant editor of the Review.

Could you design a

better box than this one? The Michigan Re vie w is c urrently looking for

Graphic Artists Cartoonists and Illustrators If you're interested, please contact eithe r Karen or Adam D. at 662-1909.

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

February 12, 1992

Book Review

'., ,. 1»'"

Why and How to .Reform.Public Education We Must Take Charge: Our Schools and Our Future

Cheater E. Finn The Free Preas Hardcover, $22.95

365 pg8. by Kirsten McCarrei Everyone knows that the American education system is riddled with deficiencies. At a time in which many high school students are verbally, mathematically, and geographically illiterate, Chester Finn has produced an analysis which seeks to explain these failings. According to Finn, who is often mentioned as a candidate for secretary of education, liberal educators have been politicizing the classroom since the 1930s in an effort to create a more just society. Despite the worthiness of many of these social goals, schools cannot reasonably be expected to solve all of society's ills, the author argues. The most fundamental aim of the school instead lies "in the cognitive domain." He claims that exposing students to a rigorous core liberal arts curriculum will produce well-informed, responsible citizens. This premise appears sound; if students spend much of their time learning about social ills but not that the North won the Civil War, how can Americans expect students to gain more than a "general lack of knowledge" in school? Finn cites the lack 01 accountability within the school as o~e of its major problems. For example, it is often unclear who should be held responsible for a specific problem. When educational policy fails, government officials, school administrators, teachers, parents, and students typically blame someone else for the problem, often perpetuating the ' patterns which originally allowed the problem to occur. Finn rightly maintains that it becomes difficult for anyone to improve the system when individual accountability is absent. According to Finn, accountability is sorely lacking, insofar as immediate positive and negative consequences do not follow performance within the system. Finn notes, for instance, that the typical high school student can exert little sch<r lastic effort and still attend college. Finn also claims that the system undermines teacher accountability by paying a good instructor the Same salary as a rotten one, and by granting tenure to incompetent teachers. The author advocates a system of accountability that would involve clearly defining the school's role in educating yi:>ilog '}>eopre'anQ'~~e~ thaHRe ' , .. .. "

other sectors of society fulfill their responsibilities instead of expecting the school to "take up the slack." In discussing other elements which. erode teacher and student accountability, Finn refutes a popular educational theory which posits that schools should prioritize nurturing children's self-esteem over the transmission of specific knowledge. When taken to its extreme, according to Finn, such an approach assumes that politically proper "fairness" (read: avoiding any subject matter p<r tentially offensive to histOrically oppressed groups, regardless of its historical truth) is more important than the substantial transmission of knowledge.

:CHESTER E, f !Ntt JR.

By reducing the study of history, for example, to the study of oppression and victimization, educators seek to promote social justice and self-esteem; the actual effect, however, is to promote a vidimhood mentality and deprive students of the real tool of liberation: a full and accurate knowledge of history. The author cites Jaime Escalante, a famous mathematics teacher who has taught socalled remedial students to pass the Advanced Placement calculus exam, stating that this seemingly "sympathetic" attitude toward the disadvantaged often backfIres and fosters a sense of intellectual inferiprity among many minority students. To teach students to think, Finn argues, educators must first provide them with facts. The idea of spending much of one's teaching time trying to ascertain which facts are "fair" and which are unsuitable for teaching appears ineffective. By the time a teacher decides what knowledge is appropriate, it is likely that no knowledge will have been transmitted. The author claims that most American methods of educational assessment exacerbate the accountability problems Within individual schools and communi-

ties. According to Finn, major methods of educational assessment testing lack accountability because they are instituted and interpreted largely by the same people who benefit from the public's belief that their schools are doing well. Within this educational schema, Finn maintains, the feedback Americans receiveabout education tends to be inaccurate. 'Most educational assessments base their scores on national averages, which makes it difficult and often impossible for patents to know how their children compare with students in other countries, .or with other specific American schools. Finn asserts that America will never .Clddress the mediocrity of its education~system relative to other nations if it is unable to acquire the necessary inf01'l'I\ation, as well as comparisons, that resultfrom obtaining accurate testing ani 'statistics. "' S~eeping reform is needed, according to finn, if an effective educational system with dear goals is to be created. He proposes a national core curriculum of geOgraphy, history, science, mathematics, literature, and writing. For the reason that eSsential knowledge is more important than the superfluous this core curriculum would be sufficient. Finn stipulates, however, that the core curriculum should not comprise the entire curriculum, :because each child and community is sUghtly different. Finn suggests that national school exams be required to determine whether or not students have gained the knowledge ofthe core curriculum. If students do not pass the exam, then they should be required to study until they are able to .c omplete the test successfully. Because noteYl¥Yone will pass the examinations .thefi~time, Finnwould not have these exammations be the sole determining factorjn college or trade school admissions decisions. , · .· Finn proposes national examinations Whkhare meant to enforce minimal standlri'ds·of achievement. The tests would Mt~.efor the purpose of eliminating stuq,ents from the system, but of helping st.ud'ents achieve a substantial level of acad~mic competency. '. Some measures which could be implemented to encourage students to stay in school and pass their exams include various work, college, and government incentives, Finn writes. Eliminating grade levels and letting students advance at their own pace would give student achievement more significance. Also, the author suggests that a flexible, longar,school year would allow students

more time to learn the material, and would allow pupils having difficulty to spend more time in school than their more quickly-achieving peers. In order to best serve the student, schools must remain competitive, Finn writes. If the school system were to be run like a marketplace, then the ~tter schools would be more in demand; this, according to Finn, would lead to better quality schools for everyone. Thus, he advocates "school choice," and argues that school competition and the needs of different children necessitate that parents be able to choose the best schools for their children. In addition, the author suggests that parents demand adequate testing and statistics regarding their school's performance. Finn does not imply that the new schools of choice need be privately operated in order to meet the needs of a market-based system: Rather, he proposes that parents be allowed to send their children to public schools which ~~. their children's needs. It is not entirely clear what would happen to the public schools if these schools of choice if they were to be instated nationally; Finn indicates that he believes that private schools tend to be more economical than public schools. It is clear, however, that Finn believes the marketplace should largely determine a school's success or failure, provided that parents are able to receive reliable information about the schools. Finally, Finn suggests that in order to put student welfare first, the American education system must eliminate teacher tenure and provide quality instructors with merit pay. The former suggestion seems consistent with Finn's premise that profeSSional teac:;hers should, by definition, be easily terminable from their jobs. His suggestion of merit pay for teachers also seems constructive in its approach; if done impartially, this measure would reward highachieving instructors for their efforts. Although Finn's suggestions for educational reform are broad and extreme, and thus will not be implemented easily, the main purpose of the book is to frame the problems of American education. Finn does an excellent job in this area, and his suggestions convincing. That Finn's educational goals appear unattainable to many Americans is testimony to the necessity of implementing them.

Kirsten McCarre! is a senior in English and a staff writer for the Revie'w.

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February 12, 1992

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

Music Reviews

Crosby, Stills, and Thrash by Mike Beidler With one look at this album's cover art - a spaceship resembling the head of a long-horn steer - I did not know what to expect from the self-titled debut of the Galactic Cowboys. Within the first 10 seconds of ''I'm Not Amused," which features a mooing cow, breaking glass, and flamenco guitars, all eventually stampeded by a crushing rhythm section that would make Metallica shake in its boots,

Doss were later joined by vocalist Ben Huggins and guitarist Dane Sonnier, and the Galactic Cowboys were quickly signed by DGC Records in the spring of 1990 with the help of manager / producer Sam (King's X) Taylor. This album took over a year to record, and was anxiously received by fans who have seen them tour withJ<ing's X and Overkill. With the members' musical influ-

tradictory genres? Not so according to Colvin, who says that by combining thrash and harmony you can "really thrash your brains out, yet still have something you can sing to, and have a melody you can really enjoy. We're trying to do something a little different." The first track, "I'm Not Amused," is a hard-hitting polemic against the rise of Satanic cult-related murders in Texas

Space Cadets: The Galactic Cowboys are Monty Colvin, Alan Doss, Ben Huggins, and Dane Sonnier. I realized that I couldn't expect anything conventional from this Texas quartet. How often does one come across a band that soundsllike a marriage of Abbey Road and Metallita? Bassist Monty Colvin and drummer Alan Doss previously belonged to The Awful Truth, one of Houston's most popular underground bands whose selftitled debut album was released by Metal Blade Records in early 1989. Colvin and

ences including not only gospel and thrash, but also Cajun, blues, and psychedelic, one can only expect strange and wonderful things from the Galactic Cowboys. In an interview, co-founder of the Galactic Cowboys Monty Colvin said that the band seeks to "make good art, to make good music, and do it to the best of our abilities, which God has obViously given us to glOrify Him with." But aren't harmony and thrash con-

and the proliferation of Satanic images in heavy metal videos. The Galactic Cowboys also address "typical arrested adolescence" with "Why Can't You Believe in Me," the band's unofficial debut single which features a four-part a cappella harmony interrupting a solid wall of sound and fury. The song is currently gaining a tremendous amount of airplay on heavy metal stations and college radio.

The band's musical intensity can also be matched by its members' senses of humor. "Kill Floor," which has also received Significant airplay on metal radio, is a humorous look at the negative psychological effects of slaughtering cattle. The 61-second "Pump Up the Space Suit" reveals the warped minds of these space-obsessed individuals with the rhyming pleas of a suffocating astronaut. The Galactic Cowboys may also find an audience in local environmental movements with "Kaptain Krude," a light-hearted spoof of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Galactic Cawboys also offers glimpses into the band members' minds with the cherubic "My School" and the irOnically furious "Sea of Tranquility." The 10minute plea for divine revelation, "Speak to Me," and'the Beatlesque "Someone for Everyone" both feature beautiful fourpart harmonies, intelligent lyrics, and unexpected rhythm changes. The compact disc ends with the uncredited "Jazz Odd Horsey," an attempt at free-form jazz with a hilarious deadpan recitation of a school cafeteria menu. Colvin said that he is collecting menus for a sequel on their next album and encourages the University of Michigan students who are unfortunately familiar with dorm food to submit some of their cafeteria favorites.

Mike Beidler is a senior in political science and a staff writer for the Re-

vie-w.

'Deep Space Jam on an Alien Terrain The Church Priest =Aura Arista Records by John J. Miller The Church's eighth maj9r release continues a trend that fans have observed in the process for years. The Byrds-like jangle that marked the Australian quartet's early work grows increasingly sedated here; ethereal guitars and shimmering atmospherics now account for the music more than anything else. Priest = Aura contains a pair of more immediate departures, too. Long-time drummer Richard Ploog, apparently having been excbinrrlllnicated, is replaced by former ·Patti Smith -Group 'strckman

Jay Dee Daugherty. Waddy Wachtel, who produced the previous two albums commercially and artistically the group's best - is also absent; Gavin MacKillqp , controls the knobs this time. The effort is ultimately a mixed one, Peter Koppes and Marty Willson-Pipe~ work their guitar magic everywhere, most notably on the glowing album-openers "Aura" and "Ripple." The latter would probably make a fine lead single, and will hopefully become a staple in the Church's concert repertoire. "Lustre," "Feel," and "Kings" are similarly appealing tunes. • , ~.assist and vocalist Steve Kilbey sings in fypic'af moMtbM, "aha 'chiffs some of his better lyrics for this effort.

his

Kilbey's penchant for surrealism has occasionally led his words toward meaninglessness, but he largely avoids this tendency on Priest =Aura. As a result, he comes up with a few gems. On "Lustre," for example, he describes a relationship gone bad, all in a place where "The irony is hot" and "It's hard to know what's genuine / And what's a genuine fake.': A few problems begin to emerge as the album plays on. The circus rhythm of "Witch Hunt" does not mesh well with the preceding songs. ''The Disillusionist" would fit nicely into the album were it not for an exceedingly loud and brash chorus, which disrupts what, it' o.t!.w.r- .' wiS'e a'm~n6w 1istenil'lg·ex~riente. ~,', '" "Chaos" is likewise something of a

disappointment. At its core, this might be the album's best track. Experiment, indulgence, and ambition send it awry, however, and its cacophonous bridges make this rather lengthy song more a matter of endurance than pleasure. All in all, Priest = Aura is a worthwhile album. It certainly does not match 1988's Starfish or 1990's Gold Afternoon Fix, but any fan will want to own it, as will anybody who likes lush and dreamy sounds. This is not an album to play at parties, but rather with the lights out, the headphones on, and a beer in hand.

Jol,m J. Miller is a seniOl: in, English and

,editor-~ahlarge-of the Review.

. _'

THE MICHIGAN REVIEW

February 12, 1992

Music Review

Crusty's Corner

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Hip-Hop n' Roll of Hard Corps by Crusty Muncher Run-DMC and Aerosmith got the ball rolling with their hip-hop n' roll rendition of "Walk This Way." The song hit number four on the Billboard charts in 1986, and since then there have been many ventures into fusing good 01' guitar rock with the spoken poetry and funky beats of rap music. More recently, Urban Dance Squad has sold plenty of copies of their rockrap fusion records, an Anthrax-Public Enemy collaboration ended up on the charts, lee T. brought his new hard core band Body Count on the road with him as a part of the Lollapalooza tour, and the Beastie Boys will be releasing a guitarheavy record in the very near future. Even rappers like D-Nice, Hammer, and Pop's Cool Love have been touring with their own bands for a "live rock" vibe. The Hard Corps is the most recent act to have some success with this increasingly popular formula. Out of Nashville, Tennessee, of all places, the group includes two rappers, a OJ, and a four

piece band. They will be performing with Ice T. on February 16 at the Ritz in Roseville. The guys are on the road supporting their debut Def Before Dishonor, which was produced by Run-DMC's legendary Jam Master Jay, as well as Joe Nicolo, who has also worked with the Fresh Prince and Cypress Hill. I

The record sounds,.-like a cross between the first Public'Enemy album and a corporate metal band. R~ppers Deputy Dirty Bob and The Beast rhyme in the old-school style of break dance era rap while guitarist Rev-Kev and bassist Ma-

chine Gun Kelly thicken things up with simple and tight power rock progressions. The songs are often cheesy, but judging from the names they've given themselves, it's unavoidable. It appears as if they they just don't know any better. Def Before Dishonor includes a slamming cover of AC-OC's classic "Back in Black" and a strong version of War' s R&B gem "Why Can't We Be Friends." Party jams like "Oh Yeah" and "Bring Down The House" are nifty and goofy. The first single and the band's anthem, "Hard Corps," is a busy, P.E.-style jam that has been receiving air time on both Yo! MTV Raps and Headbanger's Ball. Thestrength of this band definitely lies in ~ir live shows. Rap concerts have been criticized for their stiff staleness that _often results from the pre-recorded accompaniment and poor mixes. "It's hafd to generate a lot of power from a OAT machine," explains the Beast. "We've got the energy of six people. We are a true band, not to be confused with a crew or a posse."

by Crusty Muncher Tired of 2 Live Crew's weak releases and need some good X-rated rap? AMG's debut Bitch Betta Have My Money is hilarious, and the tracks are much funkier than those boring Miami beats. Compton's king of porno rhymes is coming up with fellow crew members OJ Quik and 2nd IT None ... More music out of the Review's favorite city. Seattle's hip-hop maestro Sir Mix-a-Lot has a new album called Mack Daddy. Interestingly, Mix digs techno bands like Kraftwerk and Devo. Check out his new video/ single "One Times Got No Case."

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