Urban Neighbourhood Reimagined - Master's Thesis by Milja Hartikainen

U R B A N

neighborhood REIMAGINED

c o m m u n i t y - d r i v e n u r b a n i s m fo r futures of social urban resilience

Hartikainen, Milja (2016). Urban neighbourhood reimagined - Community-driven urbanism for futures of social urban resilience Aalto University, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture Master’s Thesis in Architecture, Urban Design, 30 credits Supervisor: Trevor Harris, professor Tutors: Hossam Hewidy, lecturer Nadine Kuhla-von-Bergmann, lecturer, TU Berlin Language: English

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URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD REIMAGINED community-driven urbanism for futures of social urban resilience

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Author Milja Hartikainen Title Urban neighbourhood reimagined Community-driven urbanism for futures of social urban resilience Department Department of Architecture

Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi

Chair Urban Design Code of Chair ARK-E55 Supervisor Trevor Harris, professor Tutors Hossam Hewidy, lecturer, Nadine Kuhla-von Bergmann, lecturer, Technical University Berlin Year 2016 Pages 187 + 15 Language English

ABSTRACT Recent research has shown that the trend of rapid social change in cities is a largely neglected issue behind a variety of global urban crises with unexpected local impacts. Consequently, there is a growing demand for an approach of social urban resilience in city planning, in order to improve the adaptability of the social-ecological system of a city to these global trends. To more widely apply this approach, evaluating new methods to develope practical tools and holistic strategies is required.

This thesis argues that urbanism should promote social resiliency by changes at the local, community level. The research question was, in what ways, and to what extent, can urban planning practice contribute to this goal.

The aim was to examine potential tools and methods that current planning practices could use to facilitate a community-driven empowering process by which to improve an urban community’s capacity to self-organise, and ultimately thrive, from these changes. This thesis seeks to provide answers to this question in two parts: Research, and Case Study, which are linked together by applying the output of the former to the process of the latter, respectively.

The Research chapter responds to the research question by defining a framework for social urban resilience through a literature review, and by examining practical tools through benchmarking the Promising Practices of urban intervention from two different cities within this framework. In the Case Study, the defined framework and tools are evaluated by developing an example planning strategy for the inner-city district of Moabit, in the city of Berlin, Germany. This strategy was developed through backcasting, analysis of current local conditions and future opportunities, which provided meaningful, locally adapted development agendas within the social urban resilience framework.

This Case Study demonstrates that combining the promising practices from benchmarking and backcasting is a viable method to develop conceptual strategies for a community-driven urban intervention process with qualitative goals for social urban resilience. The planner’s role in the described process should focus on facilitating the communicating and realizing of a variety of interests.

Further research on social urban resilience in planning should develop a better understanding of which efforts are required for a comprehensive process to improve social urban resilience of a neighbourhood, including cross-scale and cross-discipline interaction. Further pragmatic investigations regarding the methods used should include local stakeholders in the example planning strategy and reflect on their feedback in developing participation and revising the implementation process. This future work should also examine the success of the strategy and the single interventions contributing to the social urban resilience goal, and how they could be comprehensively evaluated before and after implementation.

Key words: urban planning, social urban resilience, resilient urban community, scenarios, benchmarking, backcasting, community-driven planning

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Tekijä Milja Hartikainen Työn nimi Urban neighbourhood reimagined Community-driven urbanism for futures of social urban resilience Laitos Arkkitehtuurin laitos

Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi

Professuuri Kaupunkisuunnittelu Professuurikoodi ARK-E55 Työn valvoja Trevor Harris

Työn ohjaajat Hossam Hewidy, Nadine Kuhla-von Bergmann, Technical University Berlin Vuosi 2016 Sivumäärä (selostus + liitteet) 187 + 15 Kieli englanti

TIIVISTELMÄ Kaupunkien nopeat sosiaaliset muutokset ja niiden vaikutusten sivuuttaminen kaupunkien kehityksessä vaikuttavat maailmanlaajuisiin kriiseihin sekä aiheuttavat arvaamattomia paikallisia ilmiöitä. Tästä johtuen, kaupunkien nousevana haastena on parantaa yhteiskunnan resilienssiä ja kaupunkijärjestelmien sopeutuvuutta muutoksiin. Tavoitetta on tarpeen lähestyä suunnittelussa uusin kokeilullisin menetelmin käyttökelpoisten suunnittelutyökalujen ja -strategioiden kehittämiseksi.

Diplomityö väittää, että kaupunkisuunnittelun tulisi edistää kapunkiyhteiskunnan resilienssiä (social urban resilience), muutoksilla jotka alkavat paikallisyhteisöjen ja naapurustojen tasolta. Työn tavoitteena oli kokeilla erilaisia suunnittelumenetelmiä ja -työkaluja, joita kaupupunkisunnittelu voisi käyttää mahdollistaakseen yhteisölähtöisen suunnitteluprosessin, jonka tavoitteena on yhteisön itseohjautuvuus ja menestyminen tulevaisuuden odottamattomien muutosten edessä.

Työ on jaettu tutkimus ja tapaustutkimus osiin, jotka tarkastelevat edellä asetettua kysymystä eri menetelmin ja linkittyvät toisiinsa lopputuloksessa. Ensimmäisen tutkimusosion kappale määrittelee kapunkiyhteiskunnan resilienssin konseptuaalisen viitekehyksen (social urban resilience framework) kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta sekä kehittää toisessa kappaleessa suunnitteutyökaluja kahden eri kaupungin käytännönesimerkeistä kokeilevalla benchmarking menetelmällä. Tapaustutkimus soveltaa tutkimusosiossa kehitettyä viitekehystä ja suunnittelutyökaluja kehittääkseen Moabitin kaupunginosan yhteisön resilienssiä ja mukautuvuutta parantavan esimerkkistrategian. Strategiaa lähestyttiin puolestaan backcasting prosessin kautta, joka pyrki tarkentamaan paikalliset kehitystavoitteet nykytilanteen analyysistä ja tulevaisuuden skenaarioista esiin nousevien mahdollisuuksien pohjalta.

Tapaustutkimus osoittaa, että backcasting- ja benchmarking -menetelmien yhdistäminen on toteutuskelpoinen työskentelytapa yhteisölähtöiseen prosessiin, jonka tavoitteena on kehittää laadullisiin kriteereihin perustuva konseptuaalinen kaupunkisuunnittelustrategia. Tässä prosessissa suunnittelijan roolin tulisi keskittyä erilaisten tarpeiden kommunikoinnin ja käytännöntoteutuksen mahdollistamiseen.

Aiheen tutkimisessa voisi jatkossa keskittyä syvemmin käytännön eri sovellusten ja niiden vaikutusten arvoinnin kehittämiseen. Menetelmien kehittäminen vaatisi käytännön tutkimusta, joka pyrkisi analysoimaan käytettyjä menetelmiä, niiden käyttökelpoisuutta osallistamiseen, sekä siitä seuraavaa palautetta. Lisäksi, olisi tarpeen pohtia, mitä muita keinoja ja tahoja tulisi sisällyttää kokonaisvaltaiseen sosiaalista resilienssiä edistävään monialaiseen ja moniulotteiseen suunnitteluprosessiin. On tärkeää myös kysyä, miten tuloksena kehitetyn strategian sekä käytännön toteutusten vaikutusta yhteisön sosiaaliseen resilienssiin voidaan arvioida tai mitata ennen ja jälkeen toteutuksen. avainsanat: kaupunkisuunnittelu, kaupunkiyhteiskunnan resilienssi, mukautuva kaupunkiyhteisö, skenaariot, benchmarking, backcasting, yhteisölähtöinen suunnittelu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Glossary

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00 INTRODUCTION 0.1 Relevance 0.2 Research question 0.3 Process 0.4 Manifesto

10 12 14 16 18

01 RESEARCH 1.1 Literature review

1.1.1 Background of Global Challenges in Urbanism

1.1.2 Conceptual Framework of Social Urban Resilience

1.1.3 Towards the Practice of Community Driven Future Urbanism 1.2 Benchmarking

1.2.1 Detroit

1.2.2 Christchurch

1.2.3 Conclusions & Output

20 22 22 30 44 56 60 66 72

02 CASE STUDY /Moabit 2.1 Backcasting

2.1.1 Preconditions: Framework & Vision

2.1.2 Current Situation: Berlin and Moabit

2.1.3 Scenario Development: Scenarios and Opportunities 1 & 2 2.2 Strategy

2.2.1 Zoning Plan

2.2.2 Action Plan

78 80 82 84 124 136 140 150

03 CONCLUSIONS

166

Acknowledgements List of References Annex

170 172 188

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 RESEARCH

1.1 LITERATURE

+CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.2 BENCHMARKING

+ DESIGN TOOLS

02 CASE STUDY

2.1 BACKCASTING

+ LOCAL AGENDAS

2.2 STRATEGY

+ZONING PLAN +ACTION PLAN

+RESEARCH OUTPUT

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trend

social resilience

is defined as a long-term pattern that is currently taking

refers to the capacity of individuals or groups within a

place and that could contribute to amplifying global

community or a society to self-organise and adapt to

risks and/or altering the relationship between them.

stresses on their social infrastructure as result of social,

The focus on trends can contribute to risk mitigation;

political or environmental changes, and maintain the

for example, better planned urbanization can help

core functions as a community. (The World Bank, 2012)

alleviate certain risks that concentrate in urban areas.

Trends are occurring with certainty and can have both

self - organizing

positive and negative consequences. (WEF,2015)

means the capacity of communities and individuals to harness local resources and expertise to evaluate

crisis

their own vulnerabilities and capabilities and to help

is a crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning

themselves in stress. (Coaffe, 2013)

point. (Resilience Alliance,2010) urban community

The term community refers to a group sharing a set

disturbances

are external slow stresses and fast shocks that

of common interests and encompasses both physical

disrupt ecosystems,

and social conditions of human ecology. An urban

or communities.

(Resilience

Alliance,2010)

community is larger and denser and more heterogenous than homogenous rural community. Spatially, social

social - ecological system

(SES)

relations and structure of a community can be

is an integrated system of ecosystem and human societies

explained by distance and movement: social contacts

with

interdependence.

consist of the size of the social circle and the number of

The concept emphasizes the “humans-in-nature”

reciprocal

feedbacks

and

contacts. This factor is larger in cities, but contributes

perspective. (Resilience Alliance,2010)

to the feeling of less intimacy and immediacy in human contact. In cities, the forms of contact are also more

resilience

varied, giving the urban community its complexity.

is the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances

However the division is conceptual and and fits in

or changes and to retain its essential features and

between a gradient of conditions.(Park, 1925) Because

identity as well as learn from the change and identify

of the physical and social scale and diversity of urban

and amplify the potential positive transformations

community, creating social cohesion and a sense

(Resilience Alliance,2010)

of community is more difficult than in rural areas.

(Sennett, 1970) (England, 2011)

adaptability

is the capacity of actors in a system to influence

( human )

resilience.

(SES),

means the principles that an individual or society

this amounts to the capacity of humans to manage

considers desirable. Some values don’t affect human

resilience. Adaptability of a complex SES is based on

activities but some guide decision-making. Values are

its self-organization and is mainly a function of the

changing as societal, cultural, political, and economic

social component, the individuals and groups acting to

priorities change and are essential in the development

manage the system resilience.(Walker et.al, 2004).

of human habitats in such a way that they will respond

In

a

social-ecological

system

values

to the emerging global issues and become resilient and liveable. (Twomey et.al, 2010; Daffara, 2011)

resilient sustainable system

is an approach providing insight into the characteristics of urban fabric and management that create resilient

social capital

systems by overlapping strategies that improve qualities

means community assets created informally, such as

that support both resilience and sustainability at once.

sense of community and neighbouring, or formally

The approach acknowledges that some of the qualities

such as empowerment and citizen participation. Social

of urban systems should shouldn’t be retained and that

capital contributes to place attachment and has a

disturbances are new opportunities to reinvent those

great importance for the sense of responsibility and

systems. (Gibberd, 2016)

adaptability of a community. (Manzo et.al, 2006)

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GLOSSARY place attachment

strategic planning

is a term in psychology referring to an affective bond

refers to opening or keeping possibilities open for

between people or communities and places created by

discretion and choice within the planning system.

place-based social and psychological ties. It is created

(Mäntysalo et.al, 2015)

by the feelings and beliefs about local community places and can contribute to people’s values and

futures studies

identity, both positively and negatively. These bonds

aim at to describing and comparing alternative

with places will impact people’s engagement to places

possibilities in order to challenge the current state,

to improve them, or to respond to changes within them.

adapt to a likely future or even influence the future

Therefore it plays an important role in an ecological

by changing the course of current developments. The

approach to community-based planning and efforts in

goal is capacity of communities and cities to co-create

neighbourhood revitalization.(Manzo et.al, 2006)

preferred futures rather than just adapt to the expected changes. (Phdungsilp, 2011; Daffara, 2011)

identity of a place

can be created by both that place’s civic symbols,

scenario

locales that come to symbolise the place over time to its

a method to imagine future possibilities and identify

residents or outsiders, as well as the place’s value as the

relevant drivers of development to enable the decision

locale to the residents inscribe personal memories and

makers to make decisions keeping the uncertainties of

feeling of belonging. Places with such identification

future in mind (Hoch, 2016)

provide windows of opportunity to sustain hope for the future. These locales may also contribute over time to

vision

the personal identity of the residents of the place (place

is used in futures studies methods and in strategic

identity). (Healey, 2012; Manzo et.al, 2006)

planning as a first step to reach long term development goals and it compares to a forecast of the expected development. (Phdungsilp, 2011)

urban commons

can be seen as the common resources that urban residents share and provide a number of benefits to the

backcasting

community (Foster, 2011). For example shared spaces,

is a method, using scenarios to provide a strategy for

resources or services in the city. According to Harvey

action to reach a desired future vision within a chosen

the production of urban commons by redefining urban

framework

goods as urban commons through communicating

consists of a variety of steps and those of constructing

mutual interests is the community’s role. According

a vision, analysing current situation and developing

to Swyngedouw the urban designer’s role is to guide

scenarios are generally also included. Backcasting

the community in this production of urban commons.

can be used for community visioning to encourage

(Harvey 2011; Swyngedouw, 2011)

participation of different stakeholders to create a

of

development

criteria.

Backcasting

shared vision for their city (Phdungslip, 2011). public realm

places of agreement as to the city’s common ground,

( urban )

where differences are celebrated but also blurred.

is a method that allows identifying the main

These are the places of shared experience, where

opportunities and challenges of a given area in a

diversity coexists with community, where participation

project specific set of indicators. Urban benchmarking

and interaction are open to all. The public realm is a

is a feasible method when assessing developments that

powerful symbol of the enduring social relationships

require relative evaluation based on non-quantitative

that define the contemporary city and which are critical

measures. As a comparison method it provides a good

to its success (Sennett, 2016)

starting point for learning and adaptation (Rok, 2013).

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benchmarking

0.1 RELEVANCE 0.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 0.3 PROCESS 0.4 MANIFESTO

This chapter approaches urbanism from the point of view of addressing global challenges. It includes discussion of some approaches that currently dominate planning practices coping with urban futures, and introduces the approach of social urban resilience chosen for this thesis.

Finally the conceptual framework of social urban resilience is outlined, main indicators of this concept are identified, and the central concept of community-driven development is defined.

This provides the framework for the study’s purpose, the research question, and explaining the choice and use of the research methods.

00 INTRO

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0.1 RELEVANCE 0.1 RELEVANCE

Bank, 2008, 2012, UN-Habitat, 2004, 2013, 2015)

The shift from solving static problems to coping

and mostly respond to specific, local impacts of crises.

with uncertainties within planning strategies is a

Conventional approaches of planning tend to react

relevant issue in urbanism of today. Coping with

to changes by aiming to control and sustain current

present global development trends has changed the

conditions of the urban system by specific solutions

planning profession. For example, it is noteworthy

instead of adapting. This bias results in overlooking

accounting for climate change alone has revolutionised

a variety of underlying problems and tends to fuel

planning practices and how for example the notion of

those that are often unacknowledged, such as social

sustainability has since developed and been adopted

inequalities. The present literature review provides

from global agendas to local planning goals (Neuvonen

insight into this perspective and discusses the relevance

et.al, 2014). But despite past attempts to impose global

of new planning approaches

agendas to address global development issues, current

Although there are recorded efforts of planners to adapt

data demonstrates a systematic failure to respond to

to global challenges there is a lack of social viewpoints

the issues of environmental and economic concerns

and official commitment to these adaptation efforts in

alongside conflicts fuelling social instability and an ever

developed cities (Kerr et.al; 2010; ICLE, 2015; Carmin

increasing number of hazards that are threatening the

et.al, 2012).

cities of the world (UN, 2002, World Economic Forum,

current refugee crisis it is becoming evident how the

2015). Another phenomenon, a shift to seeing urban

relationship of cities to conflicts keeps intensifying

spaces as supporting sites of political articulation has

(Suri, 2015). This can be interpreted as just one of

been articulated through social urban movements in

many possible future possible scenarios. Different

early 2010’s, such as the Occupy movement, which are

drivers of crises, from environmental to economic or

manifesting the public’s belief in their democratic right

social, might trigger such large-scale global human

to urban commons. (Krasny, 2014, Ferguson, 2014).

migration where population changes cannot be dealt

The mentioned phenomena link together the globally

with by simple targeted solutions. The Case Study of

urgent issue of recreating urban spaces and redefining

the neighbourhood of Moabit presented in this thesis

resources as commons which support sustainability

is related to this very phenomenon of recent large scale

and equity. This brings to fore the significance of social

global movements. In fact, the neighbourhood is very

impacts and urban communities in relation to the

much affected by the 2015 European refugee influx in

planning efforts concerning urban futures.

2015 as the great proporation of the masses arriving to

This means a new emphasized responsibility for city

Berlin, Germany were waiting for their registration in

planners to consider large-scale, socio-economical

central Moabit.

changes. Cities are key to addressing such issues as the

It seems evident that in a future where similar

urban environment shapes its population’s conditions

large-scale changes might occur, it is essential to

of life and global social patterns. The current problem

act proactively to prepare the urban community for

is that good strategic planning with a comprehensive

multiple scenarios. The emergent concept of social

approach is required to adapt to current trends.

urban resilience prepares a city to adapt and adopt

Such approach is not always applied in Europe,

self-organised

relying instead mostly on the conventional blue-print

further provides an excellent perspective regarding the

planning.

adaptation of global cities facing uncertain futures.

Current adaptation goals have primarily

However, in the vivid example of the

urban

communities.

The

concept

targeted developing communities suffering from

Efforts have shown it is not enough to implement

unequal distribution of rights and resources (World

only large scale agendas or only individual actions.

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HOW TO F AC I L I TAT E COMMUNITY DRIVEN SOCIAL RESILIENCE

BY URBAN PLANNING ?

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0.2 RESEARCH QUESTION Therefore, there is a real need for uncertainty-oriented

change is grasping and harnessing the opportunities

strategic planning for unexpected complex issues by

created by the new conditions emerging from such

strengthening urban communities. It is essential to

change and subsequently the identity of the place.

allow communities to fully engage in understanding

Building social urban resilience is about understanding

the urgency of adapting to uncertainties. This thesis

both sides of the changes, the conditions that have to be

investigates how self-organised, community level

retained and the ones that should be transformed. New

practices might both change the values of individuals

practical tools are needed as most current methods

and initiate greater changes in scaling up to larger-scale

fail

efforts and contribute to making cities more adaptive to

Furthermore, the urban community should occupy

unforeseen futures. The third section of the literature

a central, proactive role in this process. This brings

review defines the concept of social urban resilience

us to the question of the research: How can urban

of self-organized urban communities, discussing the

planning process facilitate self-organised improvement

problems of it and the qualities and actions required to

in social urban resilience of an urban neighbourhood

improve it proactively.

community?

0.2 R esearch Q uestion

These themes of uncertain futures and building

Having established the relevancy of the uncertainty

resilience go hand in hand with the field of futures

oriented urban planning, urbanism should, instead of

studies. Thus, the methods applied in this research

pleasing only local desires, address the common societal

were also inspired by futures studies. Futures studies in

weaknesses that might contribute to both plausible

this case provide a meaningful point of view that serves

and unexpected scenarios impairing the existence of

to address especially the features of complexity and

an urban community or potentially cascading into

unexpectedness in building social urban resilience by

larger crisis. In order to tackle these weaknesses with

urban design. The chosen methods are benchmarking

urbanism, it is essential to understand how to sustain

and backcasting, which have been applied in different

a community’s essence while reorganising the urban

ways to urbanism. This thesis seeks to build a link

system to reach a higher level of resilience.

between the previously discussed concepts and the

The aim of this study was to find ways to increase

planning practice by exploring these methods. The last

social urban resilience. The literature review discusses

part of the literature review introduces the background

this goal, its precondition to seize the opportunity of

of the methods and their relevance and use in building

change, and use this momentum for social learning and

social urban resilience.

reorganisation of a system. The key to facilitating this

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to

comprehensively

address

urban futures.

framework

promising practices

agendas

strategy

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0.3 PROCESS 0.3 P rocess

The benchmarking supports the conceptual framework

The aim of this thesis was first to create a framework

in order to develop practical design tools for planning

and practical tools for building social urban resilience,

the self-organisation of community in order to build

and second, to experiment with them in practice.

social urban resilience. The benchmarking is looking at

The structure of the work was divided into two

promising large-scale strategies and successful small-

parts, research that focuses on the former, and a

scale projects from two different cities that survived

case study that focuses on the latter. In reality, the

two different crises. The aim was to find a way to

process consisted of parallel theoretical and creative

import and adopt knowledge from experiences within

processes, so the chapters here were ordered according

other contexts. The final output of the benchmarking

to the relevant output and the method used for each.

phases translates its main conclusions into design tools

Backcasting was chosen as the main strategic method

for the examplary adaptation strategy in the case study

to try out the process of developing an example strategy

for Moabit.

for the Berlin district of Moabit.

The intention of the case study was to describe a process

The research part had the purpose of setting the criteria

model for the development of an urban planning

for the steps of backcasting and finding practical tools

strategy for increasing local social resilience in the

for applying their outcome in the strategy. For clarity,

urban neighbourhood of Moabit in Berlin. The first part

the research part is divided in this work into two parts

of the case study is introducing the backcasting steps

according to these aims: literature study defining the

for the chosen location of Moabit. Analysis of the spatial

framework of social urban resilience, which is followed

and social conditions of this urban community and the

by the benchmarking of promising practices within this

local trends provide the basis for the development of

framework.

the backcasting scenarios. The analysis is followed by

The literature review was aiming to explain the

two scenarios discussing certain future developments

background and define the concept of social urban

in order to learn from possible and unforeseen futures.

resilience. The review the various approaches to

The future opportunities emerging from these scenarios

resilience by building self-organising community

provide meaningful agendas for the examplary strategy.

capabilities and shared future visions as ways to

In the final chapter of the strategy the developed

contribute to this aim. The final output of the literature

planning tools and the found agendas are first applied

review was the identification of a conceptual framework

to a kind of a guiding zoning plan according to the place

and methodologies to apply in further investigations.

based conditions. The second step suggests strategic action to involve stakeholders and implement the plans in order to allow continuous action.

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0.4 MANIFESTO 0.4 MANIFESTO This manifesto summarises the ideological framework for this thesis, reflecting the discussion points of the following literature review.

»»Local Urbanism and Globalisation Dilemma

»»Self-organising Capacity and Just City

An increasing number of hazards threaten cities.

Social urban resilience is place-based and relies on

Global cities are part of increasingly connected network

a resilient community that is self-organising and

of complex relations in multiple domains. Their high

aware of its vulnerabilities and capabilities. In the

interdependency makes them potentially vulnerable to

face of change, the local community has the means

different disturbances and one-sided global problem

to thrive from change. Therefore, the focus on a local

solving tends to feed an underlying problem of

community’s needs is paramount for improving a

inequality. Therefore, cities need to be seen as key to

city’s resilience. More important than supporting

solving problems, but involving a combination of good

the material needs or the physical conditions of the

local strategic planning with a global perspective is

environment are social needs. Social capital is a core

required.

factor in achieving resiliency and is the foundation of empowerment.There are a full variety of qualities and

»»Complex Unexpected and Social Priorities

meanings behind the experience of a “good city”. The goal should be “just city”.

Global

changes

are

complex

and

inevitable.

»»Urban Commons and Collective Consciousness

Globalization creates a sense of powerlessness and loss of control among local actors that also contributes to unsustainable behaviour. Changing such behaviours

The criteria of resilience for an urban community

that depend on well-established and slow-changing

should be consciousness of global issues in everyday

structures of society, such as habits, conventions,

life, and at the same time fulfilment of a variety of

rules and values requires developing an awareness

individual needs.The public realm serves as a platform

and action in smaller community levels of society.

for creating their value systems for life through mutual

(Resilience Alliance, 2012)

exchange and developing new forms of self-governance and collective action.These new patterns of community

»»Change as a Resource and Meaningful Learning

dynamics in diversifying cities pose challenges to civic engagement. There is a trend of emphasizing “social”

A city is a system in a process of change, interacting

process over the justified outcome and it is therefore

with systems of lower and higher scales and bound

important to pay attention to both how to involve

to collapse. The collapse and reorganisation phase of

and whom to involve. Building social urban resilience

the process has the potential for the reinvention of the

requires commitment from the community, the planner

system. Because of the concious human being, urban

and from local governments.

system has the unique possibility to control the process

»»Scenarios and Shared Future Visions

of change by design. To initiate a meaningful social change for more resilient urban life, the conditions of change have to be understood: the identity, how much

The most important question in developing a city is

the system can change, and resistance, how easy it is to

what the citizens’ shared vision of the future is. Methods

change. The system has to be ready to learn and thrive

of future studies provide urbanism with adaptable

from the new emerging assets.

procedures to start necessary dialogues in order to challenge the current developments and change their course in order to influence the future.

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1.1 L I T E R AT U R E

This section provides insights into the background of the thesis by discussing some underlying problems behind global crises that the majority of current planning approaches might overlook or even worsen. City planning should be seen as a key to dealing with these issues, but good strategic planning is needed.

01 RESEARCH

THE BACKGROUND OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN URBANISM In the currently dominant blue-print planning practices of Europe there is a systematic ignorance of two important aspects: the unexpected and the complex nature of the urban change. Planning for the future requires awareness of not only consequences of a locally specific future scenario, but of the common vulnerabilities of the global society (Sassen, 2002), and the citizens of the global cities network, that leave it weak towards all scenarios, both plausible and unexpected. This thesis argues that the challenge is to become aware of these aspects and adopt the new role and new methods of practice that this requires.

Past global trends demonstrate a failure to act to top-

Most of the current day disasters reflect such underlying

priority global challenges. The most urgent current

social segregation and inequalities by unevenly

global crises as listed by World Vision include violent

distributed impacts of migration, overpopulation,

conflicts, a refugee crisis, outbreaks of deadly epidemics

gentrification and other spatial struggles. These social

and a variety of natural disasters driven by climate

patterns are driven by multiple and altering global level

change (World Vision, 2015). These trends have caused

developments that often interact, thus making cities

predominant and high environmental and economic

complex entities (Marcuse et.al, 2000).

concerns, demonstrating a failure to act in the interests of the UN’s goals of ensuring sustainable development

The stresses impinging upon the global environment

of poverty eradication and managing consumption and

and its resources as well as the social capital by

the natural resource base (UN, 2002)1. Furthermore,

substantial urban population growth is destabilizing,

the probability of interstate conflicts is on the rise

making the outcome of future crises less predictable

due to the trend of conflicts and crises fuelling social

(UN-Habitat, 2015). This increasing pressure causes

instability (World Economic Forum, 2015). Future

different shocks to the environment by having

crises are unknown, but the global mega trends that

unexpected impacts on built environment s and

face the planet’s cities include a growing ecological

infrastructures, as well as socio-economical structures.

footprint, declining hopes, an increased pandemic risk,

However, the current risk-reduction and disaster-

climate change, urbanization of the world, clash of

response strategies typically focus on specific hazards

civilisations and cultures, an ageing world population

leaving out a full variety of possible drivers. This may

and telecommunications expanding our global village

result in overlooking the underlying structural causes

(World Futures Society, 2005).

of vulnerability, such as the unequal distribution of risk between social groups, and ignoring the roles of local

All these mega-trends and crises have specific local

actors and long term planning. (UN-Habitat, 2015;

impacts on cities and urbanisation is increasingly

Brown, et.al, 2015). According to Jabareen (2012)

affecting underprivileged societies (Mayor et.al, 2001).

it is with increasing urgency that cities should take

Intense land use by cities increases their vulnerability,

such complexities and uncertainties of the future into

causing further segregation and unequally distributed

account, thereby building resilience against crises and

risks. This is demonstrated in extreme examples in

all types of plausible hazards and unforeseen risks.

which the unprivileged population is forced to live in

Preparing for a complex crisis requires that cities

unsafe conditions due to lack of available safe land.

improve their understanding of complex relationships

1

Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development

22

1.1 LITERATURE

image 1 Global Crisis, own graphic using photographs by (from the top clockwise): Baz Ratner, Bill Feig, Killian Docherty, UNRWA Archives, Denis Doyle, Sam Laughlin

23

01 RESEARCH - 1 LITERATURE - CHALLENGES OF URBANISM

that could lead to cascading risks and capacity to adopt

analysis, the tradition of economy-centred solutions

new approaches to disaster management in order to

has typically ignored other goals, thus endangering

diversify and strengthen capabilities and resources

social sustainability and resulting in the undercutting

to protect human and natural assets and the urban

of social goods in favour of individual freedom and

commons. (UN-Habitat, 2015)

undermining a sense of collective responsibility for the environment. One solution likely to keep perpetuating

»»Local

Urban

Agenda and Dilemma

Globalisation

the very problem it is trying to solve is capital accumulation, which will only produce further poverty and unequal distribution of resources (Harvey, 2011;

Urban planning bears a growing responsibility to

UN-Habitat, 2004).

integrate these aspects into their implementation

In

plans. Western planning commissions are urged to

sustainable urban planning is often about focused on

pursue sustainable developments according to global

technologically centred solutions revolving around

strategies that aim to ensure global integrity and the

solutions that improve the infrastructure and creating

mutual goals of improvement (Timberlake et.al, 1985).

innovative technology to build “smart cities” thus

However this sustainable development of cities is often

intensifying effective use and production of ecosystem

only targeted for steady economic growth or ecological

services (Kärrholm et.al, 2012). In the hype of these

development (Phdungslip, 2011). These one-sided

new technical innovations it is easily forgotten that

global solution approaches feed into a series of vicious

even technology comes with weaknesses. The price of

cycles of negative feedback loops endangering essential

these technological innovations is often inaccessible

global conditions and human populations through

to the underprivileged and vulnerable communities.

changes that endanger comprehensively sustainable

This disparity creates support for the already stronger

development and the quality of urban environments

societies while contributing to further inequality.

(Varis, 2014).

Moreover, technology’s tendency to develop failures

For example, climate change discussion has shaped

with unpredictable impacts, raises the vulnerability

the global futures discussion as no other phenomenon

of societies that depend heavily on highly complex,

before it and resulted in global action targets that have

technology-supported networks (Petroski, 2012).

been widely adopted at the local policies level (Neuvonen

The strategic geographies of the global city network

et.al, 2014). Consequently, ecological sustainability

are an essential dimension of global development

is the predominant approach to future preparedness.

goals. Concepts of New Regionalism (Soja, 2002),

While global goals of sustainability and emissions

emerging

reduction targets are clearly positive outcomes of

territories such as the European Union, and their

futurist discussions there is another side to it: A

impacts at all levels to the local scale become essential

nearly universal adoption of sustainable development

in achieving wanted development. Sassen noted that

as a flexible guiding principle allows various local

the increasing importance of these infrastructures

stakeholders to adapt the concept of sustainability to

of global or large regional scales contributes to de-

their own purposes and interpretations. The challenge

nationalizing of urban space, which generates a sense

for local planning is to avoid such adaptations that

of powerlessness and lack of control over a city among

might have further unfortunate consequences (UN,

local actors, which may be reflected as a reluctance by

2010).

locals to commit to adopting new globally imposed

There is also a risk that in neo-liberal Western

urban agendas. The sense of responsibility and

governments, sustainable development might be locally

commitment from local actors and individuals is

reinterpreted in ways that promote market-driven

essentially based on the question of equality and how

development agendas and challenge the legitimacy

the locals respond to the question of “Whose City is

of state regulation (Raco, 2005). In Harvey’s (2011)

it?” (Sassen, 2002, 2005) Although global cooperation

24

such

globalized

multi-scale

socio-economic

regions

and

contexts,

restructured

POPULATION GROWTH RATE

>2

<0%

image 2 ^Population Growth Rate in Europe, own illustration based on, (Protection group international, 2015) image 3 < Global risks of highest concern for next 1,5 to 10 years (World Economic Forum, 2014)

25

01 RESEARCH - 1 LITERATURE - CHALLENGES OF URBANISM

for sustainable development is required, globalisation

may be fuelling substantial unsustainable behaviour

and the network of global cities becoming increasingly

and exhaustion of natural resources.

connected on every social and economic level results

Reflecting on the significance of the habits shaped by

in them being potentially the most dangerous places

society, it is meaningful to focus on the current lifestyles.

as much as they are the safest places in the face of a

Currently emerging marginal lifestyle trends highlight

disaster (Coaffee, 2013).

new concepts and possible ways of life that focus more on sharing of resources and quality of services and less

»»Complex

Unexpected Change and Planning Priorities

Social

on material ownership. This is reflected in the current estimate that 0-90% of employment in Western “creative cities” will be in services, 60-70% of which will be in

When social goals have been ignored in the planning of

information production and exchange sectors which

urban development, social inequality and social patterns

means less emphasis will be put on wealth and more

of exclusion alike pose a threat to the sustainability of

on the skills and knowledges of people (Hall, 2008).

development. The desired level of currently sustained

This type of trends demands, or provides a chance for,

living standards, together with unequal distribution

adapting urban structures and a different emphasis of

of resources can be seen as largely responsible for

land use.

many global urban challenges. Understanding the

Changing human consumption behaviours which

importance of lifestyles is key to grasping the actual

depend

roles that individuals’ and communities’ commitments

structures of society, such as conventions, rules and

play in achieving any global agenda. Seeing the relation

values requires developing awareness and action at the

of underlying social structures to urban futures reveals

societal levels (Resilience Alliance, 2012). Relative goals

the urgency in urbanism to pay more attention, besides

like equality do not benefit from being subordinate to

to technological or economical solutions to the social

rigid conceptions of sustainability. Therefore, according

patterns and values that are the foundation of the

to Marcuse (1998) social equality and justice should

urban life.

be, to avoid disregarding their importance, always set

Environmental sustainability also partly depends on

as a primary planning goal and sustainability merely a

social factors like equality and the local social conditions

criteria.

affect global sustainable development in multiple ways

Although sustaining a balance in terms of natural

(Wheeler, 2011). For example, energy consumption

resources seems to make sense, according to Sennett

is growing globally in the low and middle classes, but

the idea of balance becomes difficult to apply to

the highest classes tend to still use five times more

social systems like urban areas, where the criteria of

energy per capita while a billion people remain without

balance become instruments of repression through

electricity (World Data Bank, 2015; IEA, 2011). The

rigid rules and structures (2016). As a reaction to

inequality, represented by the distribution of the

the acknowledgement of the issue of recent “negative

electricity as a commodity, demonstrates the issue of

development” efforts, there is an emerging attempt

the consumption habits in our society. Consumption

to look beyond the economic development goals of

patterns in urbanized areas comprise a significant

last centuries, which have poorly served

proportion of the climate impact. According to studies

of sustainability. The recently released UN Cities’

resource exhaustion tendencies of individuals are

Prosperity Report focuses on realizing prosperity in

not necessarily directly related to factual wealth nor

urban areas by promoting people centred sustainability

structural or infrastructural conditions of the urban

to place cities in better condition and a better position

area but are foremost shaped by the cultural aspects

to respond to global crises (UN-Habitat, 2013). The

and behavioural elements of a society (Heinonen,

complexity of urban futures requires multi-scaled,

2012). Therefore high consumption habits and

multi-faceted, cross-sector based approaches and

unequally divided local consumption in some areas

moving from a mind-set of specified support efforts

26

on

well-established

and

slow

changing

the goals

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

=

population

+

+

+

+

wealth

CURRENT CONSUMPTION

technology

+

equality

ECONOMIC GROWTH (50%)

+ 50% resources /10% population

+

+ population growth (20%) +

=

economic equality +

350% resources

image 4 Environmental impact of global equality, own illustration, 2016

27

01 RESEARCH - 1 LITERATURE - CHALLENGES OF URBANISM

towards investing in systems that shape cities, such as

orientation and plan orientation, dynamic and static

society, governance and infrastructure (UCLG, 2015).

problem descriptions, coping with uncertainty and

With this as a starting point, this thesis argues that

fixing of certainties, relational co-production, and law-

future urbanism needs to focus more on the interplay

based procedures (Mäntysalo et.al, 2015). In this sense

of local conditions and social and behavioural aspects

it is necessary to find successful practices of strategic

in terms of adapting to global demands and pay more

spatial planning in order to establish capacities of

attention on aspects like liveability, quality of space and

knowledge, creativity, and critical judgement in

social capital of urban communities.

everyday planning work (Mäntysalo et.al, 2015).

Planning with this aim and dealing with complex societal

»»

issues requires a strategic approach. Nevertheless almost everywhere in Europe the dominant planning system is statutory planning. Statutory planning

There are an increasing number of hazards threatening

process has little strategic instruments and features

cities, causing complex and inevitable global changes

and is focused on the producing of detailed and rigid

that are reflected in local urban conditions. Global

regulations restricting the individual projects. As the

cities are part of increasingly connected network of

global trends are feeding an ever accelerating ‘clash of

complex relations in multiple domains, and their high

rationalities’ making it challenging to meet the demands

interdependency makes them potentially vulnerable.

of global development goals, there is an emerging

The crisis occurring in cities within this network have

demand to question current planning approaches and

cross-national, global impacts, but so far most planning

their assumptions (Watson, 2009). In other words,

approaches focus on specific solutions overlooking or

statutory planning is currently not keeping up with

even feeding a variety of underlying problems, such as

the development of the trends and challenges of urban

inequality. The cultural conditions of a society shape

growth and technological globalisation. In current

the sustainability of its developments, but globalization

circumstances the quality of urban planning cannot

and the resulting power shifts create a sense of loss

be evaluated simply by rigid building codes but by the

of control at the local level, which may contribute

experienced success of the plan by citizens (Mäntysalo

to unsustainable behaviour of local communities.

et.al, 2015; Närhi et.al, 2007; Staffans et.al, 2009).

Turning around such development requires developing

This poses an urgent need for developing planning

awareness and action in smaller community levels of

instruments that operate on different scales and levels

society and addressing the aspects of liveability, space

and keep possibilities open for context-based choices

and equality when imposing global sustainability

to adapt to the complexity.(Mäntysalo et.al, 2015).

agendas locally. Good local strategic planning that

In recent years, strategic planning, in comparison to

supports current planning practices and has a global

the statutory planning, provides a potentially more

perspective is needed to come up with more adaptable

interactive and flexible planning routine, and has been

plans. In the following section, this thesis will focus on

of growing interest among planners (Lehtovuori, 2007).

the conceptual framework of social urban resiliency

However the stakeholders involved and the public

as an instrument for planning strategy development,

should be able to observe, if the goals, quality, and

looking deeper into the social systems that shape

processes of the plan meet the requirements of

cities and their importance as the focus of urban

local law. Therefore, including both approaches in

development.

a planning process is important, and new strategic methods

should

be

complimentary

to

current

practices. To do this, strategic spatial planning should establish some certainties and combine the necessary regulatory elements and strategic wisdom in both visionary selectiveness and comprehensiveness, action

28

image 5 Kottamasu, 2014

29

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE The social urban resilience concept provides complimentary perspectives to other current planning concepts. It acknowledges the crucial aspects of unpredictability and complexity of future urban planning aspects, and emphasizes the important of social goals with the criteria of liveability and sustainability. Social urban resilience concepts look for ways to manage the urban imbalance and opposes the neo-liberal “smart” growth, focusing on qualities like liveability and social capital instead. Currently it is difficult to make rapid advances in planning and implementation, due to overall lack of commitment and acknowledgement of such agendas.

(Carmin et.al, 2012). Naming the indicators that allow assessment of a city’s social resilience is a key to making the adaptation of these strategies possible world-wide (UN-Habitat, 2015).

This section of the study will deepen the definition of the concepts of social urban resilience and community resilience, clarifying the conceptual framework for the thesis. The question considered most critical is, what principles of resilience can be applied in urban planning?

»»Change as a Resource and a Meaningful Lesson

C onditions

of

R esilience

Resilience is part of “stability dynamics” of a system, that Resilience originally emerged as a concept in physics

consist of resilience, adaptability and transformability.

and was used to describe the resistance of materials to

Resilience means the amount of disturbance a system

external shocks (Davoudi, 2013). In 1973 the concept

can absorb and still remain essentially the same.

was developed in relation to biological sciences to refer

Adaptability is the degree to which the system is capable

to the [ecological] system’s ability to absorb different

of controlled self-organization. Transformability refers

types of changes (Holling, 1973). Since then resilience

to the degree to which the system can increase the

has been adapted for use as a loose conceptual framework

capacity for learning and adaptation.

in many different fields of studies, including urbanism.

Resilience is described as a process that is an infinite

From the first appearance of the concept, resilience has

loop consisting of four phases: growth, conservation,

evolved from representing the “absorbing” of change

collapse and reorganisation, as opposed to a static

to “preventing” change and ever increasingly towards

system. Towards the end of the conservation phase the

being integrated to “everyday practice” of life (Coaffe,

resources gained in growth phase become more locked

2013). Evolutionary resilience defines the concept

up and less responsive to change. This is followed by

further, beyond conservation and recovery and the

the inevitable collapse that starts the reorganisation

description of resilience. The essence of resilience is

phase, in which resources are low but resiliency is

not about resisting change but about learning meaning

increasing (Walker et.al, 2004). At this point, the

that a disturbance in a system holds a possibility for

opportunity appears in the form of possibility for new

reorganisation (Folke et.al, 2010). Coaffee (2013)

innovation to flourish, and the structures of the system

argues that there is still a need to develop frameworks

can be changed and made more resilient (Folke, 2006).

for everyday applications of the concept and driving

In social-ecological systems, like cities, this means the

planning towards enhanced localism by local place-

potential to create opportunity for innovations and

based solutions of resilience principles.

development (Folke, 2006).

30

c o l l a p s e

GROWTH

31

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

R esilience

of a socio - ecological system

ways of reorganising the failed economic systems

The resilience of any socio-ecological system (SES), is

and resulted in the global phenomenon of sharing

a complex and one of a kind due to a few qualities. Any

economies and new urban commons (Ferguson, 2014).

urban system is a SES, meaning it is a complex linked

Humanity is a major force in global change as the

system of humans and nature. Cities are composed of

network of global cities and their patterns of production,

material components and human components, of which

consumption, and well-being develop. Sustaining the

human components themselves are complex systems,

ecosystems capacity to sustain this future development

making city a dually complex system (Portugali,

requires adaptive governance (Folke, 2006). If the cities

2011). By the words of Amin (2006) also “technology,

succeed in becoming aware of the chains of influences

things, infrastructure, matter in general, should be

and impacts on their systems, the potential to change

seen as intrinsic elements of human being […] rather

can be harnessed into making cities thrive from the

than as a domain apart with negligible or extrinsic

positive aspects of change (Olzabal et.al, 2012). The

influence on the modes of being human.” Moreover,

capacity to learn from this cycle within urban systems

all SES are in interaction with multiple lower- and

should be improved in order to meaningfully plan for

higher-scale systems. Therefore, the resilience of a city

the future.

simultaneously depends on the cross-scale impacts of

According to Evans (2011), the best practice to increase

other linked SES, “panarchies” (Walker et.al, 2004),

the resilience of a city is constant experimentation and

like its neighbourhoods or its regional context.

reformation. While agreeing to this, it is yet important

The change or disturbance that might trigger the

to define the following attributes as the basis for

collapse and reorganisation phase of an urban socio-

experimenting with this change. These conditions

ecological system may be as well a shock, a fast change,

of system change are latitude, resistance, and

or as a stress, a long term change. These changes can

precaution2

result from a variety of influences that can be projected

much the system can change before loosing its essential

on the local system from higher- and lower-scale

attributes, as well as the level of how easily it can be

systems, as well as both externally and from within.

changed and how close it is to a change in its current

Possible drivers in urban systems are, for example,

state. These qualities in urban systems are represented

external oppressive politics, invasions, market shifts, or

as the essentials of the place and the values of the

global climate change and such influences from linked

citizens; how much the city can change without losing

cross-scale systems scales should not be forgotten

its essential qualities like the identity or basic services,

in the local resiliency efforts. Moreover according to

and at what level the qualities of the city can be changed,

the idea of evolutionary resilience small changes can

which requires identifying the ability of changing the

reverberate through the system, causing large effects

lifestyles and social structures like habits and values.

(Davoudi et.al, 2013).

In an attempt to make the neighbourhoods for example

Since the human being is a central component of a SES,

more environmentally sustainable, for example, it is

urban resilience is not just an occurring quality but can

significant to understand the local identity in a design

be improved through conscious plans and strategies

context and how the essential conditions of life can

to enhance the process (Davoudi et.al, 2013). The

be sustained while planning to reorganise the current

described resilience loop can inform an urban system

urban system according to new goals.

referring to the system qualities of how

of its future improvement possibilities. For planners to understand seizing this opportunity, it is necessary

2 1. Latitude: the maximum amount a system can be changed before losing its ability to recover (before crossing a threshold which, if breached, makes recovery difficult or impossible). 2. Resistance: the ease or difficulty of changing the system; how “resistant” it is to being changed. 3. Precariousness: how close the current state of the system is to a limit or “threshold.” 4. Panarchy: because of cross-scale interactions, the resilience of a system at a particular focal scale will depend on the influences from states and dynamics at scales

to understand resilience as part of the dynamics of a system and analysing them instead of seeking optimal system states. (Folke et.al, 2010, p25) As an example, the recent economic crisis has inspired many new

32

<<<FUTURE

THRIVE RESILIENCE

PLANNING STRATEGY

VULNERABILITY

DISASTER

SURVIVE

HAZARD

UNSAFETY

CURRENT>>>

image 6 Planning resilience, own illustration, 2016

33

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

»»Self-organising capacity & just city

U rban R esilience Some attributes of urban resilience have been briefly

There is no single unanimous definition for the concept

introduced in the previous section of this text. There is,

of urban social resilience. It should be regarded

however, little existing common knowledge on detailed

as a conceptual framework for specific resilience

aspects of this concept and its application (Gibberd,

approaches to urban issues, and this section of the

2016). Social urban resilience can be seen as a specified

study introduces the theoretical background with

sector of urban resilience that, according to the World

indicators that form the basis for the framework of

Bank’s definition (2012), is divided into four sectors:

social urban resilience within this thesis. In this work

social, infrastructural, economic and institutional

the most significant perspective that social urban

resilience. Each sector has a set of qualities that can be

resilience offers, is its positive take on change or

included in assessment of a system’s resilience in that

disturbances and their influence on society. Seeing

sector, and most of the time these qualities contribute

change in a more constructive light and embracing the

to the resilience of more than one of these sectors.

possibilities it might bring, is the essential reason for

According to one analysis, current indicator systems of

choosing social urban resilience concept as the centre

resilience in urban areas can be split into two camps:

of the study. Social emphasis is justified by the current

Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilient Sustainable

lack of social points of view to provide another angle

System approaches (Gibberd, 2016). The former

to the environmentally oriented approach (ICLEI,

suggests that urban resilience indicators should be

2015). There is a need for analyses of social dynamics

context specific and derived from an understanding

and adapting to a range of social urban changes, with

and analysis of the relevant systems, whereas the latter

insight into the role of power relations and culture of

provides a static set of indicators that can be used to

urban communities in an adaptive capacity, as well as

establish a measure of regional resilience by providing

the social aspects of poverty, exclusion, security, and

an indication of the strengths and weaknesses of

changes in demography and lifestyles (ICLEI, 2015).

a region. Suggested by its name, the Disaster Risk

Social urban resilience is a somewhat specific area of

Reduction approach focuses on preservation and

resilience, however it should be clarified that building

reconstruction of the status quo of an area before

social urban resilience does not exclude or work

and after a disaster occurs, and uses research areas of

against the environmental aspects. Although a single

Disaster Profiling, Disaster Mitigation and comparison

sustainable solution is not necessarily resilient or

of short-term and long-term strategies. In comparison,

vice versa, focusing on resilience and strengthening

the

of the self-organisation capacity of urban systems

comparison acknowledges that some of the existing

consequently improves the sustainability of cities, as

attributes of urban systems may not be worth retaining

the qualities seen to support resilience are also those

and disturbances are viewed as new opportunities to

that support sustainability (Jabareen 2012; Gibberd,

create new more resilient systems (Gibberd, 2016).

2016). Social urban resilience is the main focus in

Basically,

this work in order to contribute to the discussion of

assessment provide viable starting points and have

a more comprehensive view, and is seen to ultimately

importance in preparing for and dealing with change.

contribute to the goals of general resilience. In the

However the Resilient Sustainable system is more

practice of building resilience, the different sectors of

in line with the aims and the position of this thesis.

resilience should receive the same attention. Possible

Although not a clearly defined approach, a variety of

specific viewpoints should be chosen consciously of the

resilience literature provides insights into the different

implementation context. For example, in this thesis,

characteristics of the urban fabric and the management

the chosen social focus for the resilience strategy, in the

approaches envisioned by the Resilient Sustainable

context of the case study in Moabit, Berlin is explained

System

by the variety of urgent social issues in the area.

34

Resilient

both

Sustainable

System

approaches

approach

including:

to

approach

urban

combined

in

resilience

function,

SECTORS OF URBAN RESILIENCE

*SOCIAL

**REFLECTIVE & RESOURCEFUL

ic I nf san rastru c it mo ation ture bili she ty ene lter hea rgy l wta th er foo d

Bas

**ROBUST & FLEXIBLE

s ure ice truct v r Se nfras ures t i s ruc ge led ive st ervice w t o s ies kn rotec tem cilit s s p a y f s e eco cation aciliti n f u i ed lture ncat o cu mui com

ent erm ow mp ons er e cisi r old ed de ansfe r keh sta inform dge t vision wle ted kno rdina coo

uln era b war ility a n s dat ing sy sessm ar st ent m eco em o nito rding s ring

v

**INTEGRATED & INCLUSIVE

*INSTITUTIONAL

*INFRASTRUCTURAL

**REDUNDANT

skil ls soc and tr a i em al wel ining fa pl live oyme re liho nt od

*ECONOMICAL

g din fun ms a ent em e stre u nag ma even on risk erse r ovati inn div

S com ocial tal s i p I le Ca dem muni nfrast ial rincip nt c c o o e S of p em gra ation ructu a re c h n ces phic c ty ty s to dis etwor uni e atta iversi t e t n duc d c ribu ks pla ltural geme a info soc tion e rmati tion cu enga ntity on ia q e c pub l equ uality civi cal id ibilty a lic lit s p lo i pon sec space y res nersh urit y ow rust t

*SECTOR

**QUALITY

features

image 7 Sectors, Qualities and Features of Urban resilience, own illustration

35

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

devolution and decentralisation, functional diversity,

C ommunity R esilience

social

adaptive

Erik Swyngedouw characterized community as a

planning, cross scale planning, context specific

mechanism of self-reliance, with a reduced role for the

responses, social learning and participation (Gibberd,

state to manage the risks of everyday life. (Swyngedouw,

2016).

2011). Understanding the conditions upon which such

diversity,

overlapping

networks,

self-reliance depends on, calls for introducing the

S ocial R esilience

definitions of the physical, place-related dimensions of

Understanding resilience within social systems is still

community (Manzo & Perkins, 2006). Manzo & Perkins

exploratory and there are many uncertainties, but due

name three fundamental dimensions: cognitive as

to its importance there are increasing efforts to identify

place-identity, affective as place attachment, and

the key factors contributing to social resilience (The

behavioural as participation in planning. These

World Bank, 2012).

dimensions are reflecting the ways people experience

Social resilience refers to the capacity of individuals or

their community as a place. Place experience links

groups within a community or a society to cope with

to the social experience and connects together in the

and adapt to stresses on their social infrastructure as

mechanism of empowerment that is based on the

a result of social, political or environmental changes

psychological processes including emotional ties to

(Adger, 2000).

both people and places of a neighbourhood, which

This social infrastructure consists of the demographic

contributes to social processes with shared values and

profile of a community including sex, age, ethnicity,

common goals and is the prerequisite of collective

disability, socio-economic status, and other key

action. Therefore place-based shared values are an

groupings, as well as a communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s social capital. These

essential ingredient in resilient communities.

demographic factors may influence where we feel we

Community resilience is again a more specific sector of

belong, manifesting individual identity in everyday use

social resilience. The term community contains both

of places (Manzo et.al, 2006). However, demographic

social and physical domains and community resilience

profiles that are tools for biopolitics, as defined by

also includes the place-based resilience indicators

Focault in 1967, reduce individuals to bits of quantitative

of localism and decentralization (Coaffe, 2013).

data according to set characteristics in order to simplify

resilient community has the skills, energy, resources

phenomena in society and justify governing by relying

and ambition to support its individual members and

on statistics instead of understanding the existing

groups in taking control of their future, in making

diversity of individuals within a society. Therefore,

informed and determinate decisions as to what

recording these demographic profiles is a standard part

happens, and in building strong, healthy and vibrant

of analysing social resilience but trying to assess social

areas where people are proud to live (Hilman et.al,

capital of a community is more meaningful and much

2011) Community resilience is known to be especially

more complicated.

important in cases of emergency or other significant

Social capital is a non-quantitative and fairly flexible

changes in which the infrastructure or other networks

term and cannot be concluded as a sum of demographic

have failed and reliance on larger structures of society

features. Social capital has been defined in study by

have been declined. In such cases it is important that

Manzo & Perkins (2006) as an ability of individuals to

communities and individuals are able to harness

secure benefits as a result from membership in social

local resources and expertise to help themselves in an

networks and structures. It is influenced by wealth and

emergency, in a way that complements the response

demographics, but is largely based on participation,

of emergency services (Coaffe, 2013). A community

informal neighbouring, and conditions across the full

psychology study about citizen empowerment even

range of demographics and socio-economic statuses.

suggests that such situations in which communities

In terms of resilience, social capital refers to a sense

undergo great change, can create opportunities for

of community together with the ability of groups of

empowerment, especially when facing environmental

citizens to adapt (The World Bank, 2012).

36

A

DOMAINS OF COMMUNITY PLANNING SOCIAL

CI

TY

S E C O

P E

IA

M

C

R

AL O

AL

P

IC G

LO

M

O

place attchment

H

COMMONS & PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

E

&

YC

zoning

upgrading

PS

PHYSICAL

urban sprawl

personal

investment

FUNDRAISING & SHARED RESOURCES

public

local

investment

policies

citizen empowerment

ORGANIZATION EMPOWERMENT

power of community

political institutions

POLITICAL

image 8 Multiple Domains and Levels of Community Planning, own illustration, based on Manzo & Perkins, 2006, p. 345

37

*ECONOMICAL

community

SO

DU

E

VI

sense of

>

DI

W

IN

L

N

T

OU

R

GR

SOCIAL COHESION

D N

AL

OO

P

CI

RH

O

SO

OU

TI

social networks

-

HN

AC

IG

informal

>

NE

S

social services

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

threats (Rich et.al, 1995). According to this study,

the possibility of multiple uses, explorations between

the capacity of a community to develop an enabling

fixed and temporary forms, adaptations, and other

response where individuals come together to face a

changes that are made possible without changing the

crisis is determined by the individual characteristics and

identity of space (Kärrholm et. al, 2012). However

social institutions combined. Communities hold the

according to Arefi’s (2011) study on design of resilient

keys to their own resilience by empowering and letting

cities, optimal resilience is not achieved by completely

themselves become experts on their own vulnerabilities

spontaneous use and looseness of space, but by the

and preferred improvements (The World Bank, 2008).

“good city” model, situated between fixed and loose

Thus it is significant to study the relationships of the

forms. It embodies the goal of strengthening solidarity

responses that communities come up with and what

and flexibility by semi-specialized forms. This model is

forms of empowerment these responses suggest (Rich

based in public space, and has the ability to adapt to

et.al, 1995). Self-help and self-organisation capacity

mid-range type changes (Arefi, 2011).

do improve overall sustainability and resilience of any

P ublic

urban community.

space

The role of urbanism in building resilience by

H uman

reorganisation

resilience

through

forming

a

collective

As stated before, the characteristics of individuals

consciousness and shared value changes deals with

determine part of the community resilience. Therefore,

recreating and managing the urban commons. To

how far shocks translate into reduced human

narrow down the scope of an urban commons I have

development depends on individual’s ability to adjust

decided to focus here most especially on the potential

and cope with shocks. Human resilience is about

of public urban space, meaning equally accessible and

reducing vulnerability by building resilience at the

shared open neighbourhood spaces, for social urban

individual and community levels.

In every society,

resilience. ”Through the course of urban planning

some people face restricted choices and capabilities,

history, one of its major attempts was always to build

and human resilience is about removing the barriers

sociality and civic engagement out of the encounter

that hold people back in their freedom to act. It is also

between strangers in public space” (Amin, 2006).

about enabling the disadvantaged and excluded groups

Although social urban resilience is influenced, for

to express their concerns, to be heard, and to be active

example, by housing types, their affordability, as well

agents in shaping their own destinies UNDP (2014).

as qualities and policies related to any private spaces

An empowered community is the top line of defence for

in urban areas, focus on public spaces as a shared

vulnerable individuals in a society (The World Bank,

common and a platform for collective action, offers a

2008).

better option for progressing the themes of previous findings and the interest for community empowerment

S patial

through urbanism. This section discusses the criteria of

resilience

Although there have been claims that virtual non-place

resilience for creating urban spaces.

based communities are becoming more important and even replacing geographically-based communities,

S ustainability

there is enough evidence that place-based social

A standard criterion for spatial resilience should

capital’s importance in real life spaces is visible in

be sustainability in its sense of preserving no less

examples of both thriving communities and those

opportunities than we have for future generations.

facing problems (Manzo et. al, 2006). To relate the

What those opportunities are, is however arguable.

building of social resilience again to the practice of

In decision-making for urban planning, the material

urbanism, it is important to define some indicators

needs are often emphasized, because their impacts are

of resilience in the physical domain of the urban

measurable. However, according to the recent studies,

structure. Spatial resilience can be compared to the

the social needs are presented as primary to other daily

concept of flexibility of space. Spatial resilience, like

needs, outweighing even the material basic needs like

flexibility, can have multiple interpretations indicating

food and shelter, and connectivity to others is one of the

38

and liveability

EFFICIENCY

RECILIENCY SELF ORGANIZED NETWORKS

DESIGNED NETWORKS

INDICATORS FOR RESILIENT PLANNING STATUTORY STRATEGIC

PROCESS

DESIGN

EXCLUSIVE

CENTRALIZED INTEGRATIVE

DISTRIBUTED

SHORT TERM

EFFECTIVE LONG TERM

OVERLAPPING

PROBLEM SOLVING

FIXED AMPLIFYING POSITIVE

PRIVATE

GLOBAL RESPONSE

FLEXIBLE

PUBLIC

LOCAL RESPONSE

PHYSICAL

FACT ORIENTED

SOCIAL

UNCERTAINTY ORIENTED PREVENTIVE

LARGE SCALE ADAPTIVE

SMALL SCALE

image 9 Resilience and Self-organising, own illustration, based on Elmqvist, 2015 image 10 Approaching Resilient Urban Planning, own illustration, 2016

39

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

most important of these needs (Kelly et.al, 2012). The

S uper

ecological economist Robert Constanza (2000) states

A city’s meaning to its variety of people in different

that we humans tend to substitute our true needs based

time and place contexts are also often changing due

on our individual and cultural values with “secondary

to the interaction of variety of parallel conceptions of

needs”. These substitute needs are usually “goods”

ways of life, the values upon which these lifestyles are

offered to us by society to satisfy the urge to fulfil our

based, and what the city is or could be (Healey, 1997).

real underlying desires. This speaks to the argument

The dynamic interplay of these factors, phenomena

that there has been a long line of such unconscious

also referred to as super-diversity, is increasing fast in

social and behavioural patterns that resulted in current

multicultural cities (AHRC, 2011). Since Jane Jacobs’

conditions and standards that might not even be worth

critique on segregation created by modernism3, a

sustaining.

new standard of density and diversity of design, use,

According to Maddox (2013), adding liveability, next

and social groupings of urban space has been a widely

to sustainability, to the criteria of resilience secures

established criterion of urban planning. But diversity

the creation of cities that are both needed and wanted.

can undermine group loyalty, therefore contradicting

This thesis also aims at addressing liveability and such

the goal of a socially resilient city, as disadvantaged

conditions as the equity, safety, happiness and overall

social groups have lower trust and less connection

quality of life of the citizens as targeted conditions to

to the society (Fainstein, 2005; Kelly et.al, 2012).

sustain. The sectors of liveability are categorised as

According to Kurt Iverson and Ruth Fincher (2011),

follows in the Economist Intelligence Unit’s liveability

this is not due to lack of planning, since planners

ranking

have in fact marginalized the interests of different

-

Education,

Stability, Healthcare

Culture and

and

Environment,

Infrastructure

diversity and just city

(EIU,

demographic groups throughout time, although they

2015). These liveability features as well as in terms of

were meant to identify and then implement plans

spatiality, high-quality dense structures, mobility, and

based on “public interest”. Focus should be put on

social connectivity, as well as affordability in terms of

the full variety of real needs of local residents instead

policies, are important enabling qualities and are to be

of forceful diversification and application of mixed

essentially included also to the assessments of social

use while compromising the marginal uses. The most

urban resilience (Staffans et.al, 2009; Fainstein, 2005).

important point is however to move towards a “Just

Although liveability rankings are an interesting tool for

City” by the promotion of equality and the capabilities

naming the indicators and assessing the experiences

among the city’s residents (Fainstein, 2005).

of the urban environment, do they really capture the

3 Jacobs argued that places should become both dense and diverse, either in the form of dense streets or packed squares; such physical conditions can prompt the unexpected encounter, the chance discovery, the innovation which is the genius loci of cities. the death of great american cities Jane Jacobs

essence of the city indicating the primary needs of the citizens? It is not that simple to define what makes our experience of a city: “[…]we find it hard to capture the qualities we see and feel into statements we can agree about” (Healey, 2002, p 1779). Liveability rankings also tend to have the role of enhancing the branding of a city to attract new flows of income from new inhabitants and tourists as well as investors. This phenomenon is a feature of the modern neo-liberal cities driven to competition in an attempt to keep up with development and contributing to pushing other phenomena to the margins, not conveying the full variety of qualities and meanings behind the experience of a good city.

40

GROWTH ESTEEM BELONGING

[1]RESILIENT SOCIETY SAFETY

What has next to global systems a drastic impact are the local level of equality and desired living standards. The equity being an actual ground cause of the probelm to achieve sustainability, social equity and justice should be in all planning strategies the actual goal and sustainability itself merely a criteria.

BIOLOGICAL NEEDS SOURCE: (Marcuse, Sustainability is not enough 1998).

The relevance of changing the approach to localised social problem solving again is in the threats social inequalimage 11 Human Needs, pose own illustration, based development. on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 1943 ity and the local consumption patterns on sustainable

HYPOTHESIS

*

*

Empowering self *organizing urban development [1] x+ x * during

S PAT I A L

x x x+* +x crisis adaptation phase [2] can steer the replanning project [3] [1]RESILIENT x SOCIETY+x * x + * * DISASTER to generating urban transformations [4] that support resiliency a change +x x+ xS3 x x x * a+sustainable *+ * society [6] infra structure towards * * * What has next to global systems a drastic impact are the local level of equality and desired living standards. The equity being an actual ground cause of the probelm to achieve sustainability, social equity and justice should be in all planning strategies the actual goal and sustainability itself merely a criteria.

SOURCE: (Marcuse, Sustainability is not enough 1998).

: primary needs

*CONDITIONS Needs

!

Environment Economy

!

Livelihood Stability

!

!

1. Communities have an important role es-

S PAT I A L

Access

*CONDITIONS Needs

Environment Economy

Livelihood Stability Health

Access

3. Effective way to present complex issu

!!

* tablishing a clear vision of the desired*goal. in the form of few considerate “visions” 1990, Wiesbord 1992, Wiesbord and Janoff * x x (Senge * x1995).x x * * x* * 4. The visions as a*tool for an actual chan 2. The are complex and we have little x have to include both desired and undex *issuesDISASTER * * *x *x * time to come to public judgment.

CRISIS sustainabil sired aspects, allowing a conscious cho x x x x * * among complex alternatives. x x * * * * * According to Yankelovich (1991), * *

!!

infra structure ! !! !

Health

!

secundary needs The relevance of changing the approach to localised social problem solving again is in the :threats social inequality and the local consumption patterns pose on sustainable development.

1. Communities have an important role establishing a clear vision of the desired goal.

(Senge 1990, Wiesbord 1992, Wiesbord and Janoff 1995).

2. The issues are complex and we have little time to come to public judgment.

3. Effective way to present complex issues in the form of few considerate “visions”.

4. The visions as a tool for an actual change have to include both desired and undesired aspects, allowing a conscious choice among complex alternatives.

According to Yankelovich (1991),

x: secundary necessities (goods) * : primary necessities (values)

In order to effectively envision, it is necessary to focus on what one really wants, not what one will settle for.

-Costanza 2000 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol4/iss1/art5/

image 12 Reorganising and Resetting Values through Crisis, own illustration, 2016

41

To clarify the discussed aspects of the conceptual

Social urban resilience relies on a resilient community

framework of social urban resilience, the Features of

and a community is resilient when it is self-organising,

Urban Resilience (fig.7) considered essential within the

aware of its vulnerabilities and capabilities, and has

different domains of neighbourhood scale Community

the expertise and means to thrive in the face of change.

Capital (fig. 8) were listed as set of features in four

Social capital of a community is the foundation of

categories: Managing and Creating Commons, Equality

its empowerment. Building social urban resilience

and Joint Investment, Community Empowerment

requires more responsibility by both, the community

and Cohesion and Networks (fig. 13). Next to that

and the planner, due to the multiple inter-subjective

the qualities of resilient planning were clarified (fig

dimensions of planning. There is a need for a social

13). These features served as a more specified set of

point of view, commitment to adaptive action from

conditions for the application of the concept of social

local governments world-wide and new exploratory

urban resilience in the further investigations of this

methods for practical application of resilience.

thesis.

According to studies social needs are presented as primary to other daily needs and there are a full variety

»»

of qualities and meanings behind the experience of a good city. The goal of development should be a “just

According to urban resilience thinking, a city is a

city” by the promotion of equality and the capabilities of

system in interaction with other systems and in

the city’s residents. In spatial terms resilience could be

a constant process of change, where collapse and

built, for example, by attempting to merge temporary

reorganisation phases of the process have the potential

use and spaces into long-term forms for the city, to

for the reinvention of the system. In urban systems,

create continuity from the successful flexibility towards

the human being is an exceptional component, which

fixed structures for viable, resilient urban spaces.

in comparison to other systems, has the possibility to

This thesis suggests that the criteria of resilience

consciously affect the process. To see resilience as a

for an urban community should be consciousness

potential learning process, it is essential to not only

of global issues in everyday life and at the same time

allow change but to reinvent the system to improve

fulfilment of a variety of individual needs. Therefore it

it while retaining the essential identity, to seize the

is relevant to approach a process of meaningful change

opportunity of inevitable or unexpected change. The

by community-driven urban planning. The tools of

impacts of the change cycle, as well as the lessons,

empowering communities through urban planning are

travel between different scales of linked systems, and

further investigated further in the following section.

learning can happen from the example of others’ crisis coping or from a system’s own experience (ICLEI, 2012). Situations in which communities undergo great change can create opportunities for empowerment. To initiate a meaningful social change for new modes of urban living, the places’ conditions of change, identity, and its resistance, should be understood.

INDICATORS OF RESILIENT COMMUNITY PLANNING PROCESS

PLAN

LOCAL WITH GLOBAL VIEW POINT

DISTRIBUTED & OVERLAPPING

ADAPTIVE & INTEGRATIVE

SMALL PUBLIC SCALE

UNCERTAINTY ORIENTED

SEMI-FLEXIBLE

OPPORTUNITY ORIENTED

LIFE SPAN

FEATURES OF SOCIALLY RESILIENT URBAN COMMUNITY MANAGING AND CREATING COMMONS

EQUALITY AND INVESTMENT

access to public space mobility (walkability) ecosystem services basic needs security

training & skills affordability livelihoods innovation ownership

COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

COMMUNITY COHESION AND NETWORKS

shared principles & vision access to information knowledge transfer monitoring education

cultural & social diversity civic engagement self-organising social learning local identity

ADAPTED FRAMEWORK

image 13 Features of Socially Resilient Urban Neighbourhood, own illustration, 2016

>OUTPUT

TOWARDS THE PRACTICE OF COMMUNITYDRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM Addressing the problem of too slow adaptation and implementation of these adaptation agendas by local officials, this thesis further focuses on the importance of the proactive role of the planner together with citizens and communities to communicate and develop context based solutions. The main question in this section is how to facilitate community-driven urbanism.

»»Creation of Urban Commons and Collective Consciousness

injustice and inequality would have to change space” (2011, p.408). But to reinvent new forms of life, the local urban spaces and operations are in interaction

Based on the foregoing, this thesis suggests that the

with important societal level cross-scale structures

criteria of development of an urban community should

(Marcuse et.al, 2000). Sennett (2016) states that the

be conscientiousness of global issues in everyday life

public realm of the built environment is claimed by

but at the same time fulfilment of a variety of individual

the public as a vehicle of social expression and sharing

needs. According to Phillip Daffara (2011), the key is to

of interests. The public realm is therefore part of an

not just impose global strategies on local communities

open system, in which people create their value system

but also to expand individual actions to relate to global

for life through mutual exchange. He claims that the

conditions.

Triggering a community’s awareness

smaller-scale local spaces are the most encouraging for

of global issues requires offering opportunities for

such bonding. I agree with Sennett’s claim that good,

community members’ self-motivation (Daffara, 2011)

socially open systems do not operate by the approach

and a shared identity which is built by the creation of

of neo-liberal freedom, which in reality opposes the

space and mutual exchange within the public realm.

concept of openness.

The starting assumption for choosing the methods is

Instead it seems apparent that urban communities, with

based on the previous discussion of a city’s complexity

the help of virtual social networks, have also proven

created by the human component and the social process

successful in developing platforms of endless creativity

of producing space. The goal is to find methods to inform

to develop lifestyles of decreasing consumption. The

urban planning of the ways to adapt to uncertain futures

Commons Movement (Hess, 2008) , which inspires

that will have an impact on these aspects and to do this

citizens to develop new forms of self-governance and

based on the “real needs of the community”, promoting

collective action is a ground-breaker for seeking to

local social equality and proactive implementation of

change such patterns with new ways of management

the adaptations. This thesis seeks to use methods that

of urban commons as shared resources aimed at the

pay equal attention to the process and outcome, with

improved sustainability of an urban community.

special focus on the involvement in the individuals and

Planning for social cohesion and the design of spaces of

organisations engaged to get a broad representation

social expression are therefore the first steps towards

with a greater potential to mobilize larger numbers of

any desired change of the city and its civilisation.

the local populace through social networks.

Today’s successful urban interventions in public spaces

According to Lefebvre (1991) social space works as a

are often small-scale, local, and created by the citizens

tool for the analysis of society, prior to social change,

as a form of activism to claim the space. In only few of

and not a mere product of it. This, as interpreted by

these cases do the projects get official recognition and

Iverson and Fincher, means that “attempts to address

support, while profit-oriented projects dominate the

44

GLOBAL

MARKET

PUBLIC

CO-GOVERNANCE of COMMONS

FUTURE

PAST PEOPLE

LOCAL

TOP-DOWN NORMS

PROGRAMMES

EVALUATION

GOVERNANCE

GOVERNMENT

ECONOMY

DELIBERATION

SELF-ORGANISATION

BOTTOM-UP

image 14 ^New Commons and Bottom Up Governance, own illustrations based on Horelli, 2014

45

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - COMMUNITY DRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM

development of public spaces, and in their arbitrary

P lanner ’ s &

forms, tend to threaten “the true nature of public

These new patterns of community dynamics in

community ’ s role

space as collective space” (Sola-Morales, 2006). Such

diversifying cities pose challenges to civic engagement

interventions have been successful in creating many

and mutual self-help models based on membership and

new ways of managing commons, whether economic,

offer a different understanding of participation (AHRC

social, or spatial. The emergence of new ways of settling

et.al, 2011). The question is, if the usual representative

in cities by forming building groups for housing or by

democracy and participation can adapt to the changing

co-funding public projects inspires to increasingly shift

conditions of urban communities. The current need for

power to the citizens.

broad lifestyle changes calls for moral responsibility

One successful example of such projects is the

from every member of society in the development of

Luchtsingel pedestrian bridge by ZUS in Rotterdam, a

urban resilience. In this sense, community resilience

crowdfunded urban project that collected over 100,000

is increasingly encouraged by government policies, but

euros from nearly 2000 donors in order to build a 350

is not an excuse for government to leave communities

meter bridge over a highway separating two districts.

on their own, and should rather advocate for the

2000 donors in order to build a 350-meter bridge over

vulnerable members of society (Coaffee, 2013).

a highway separating two districts. It not only creates

Locality and human-centred governance are part

a unique urban space with a sequence of elevated

of a viable city and key in implementing the human-

functional public spaces, but also demonstrates the

complexity aspect in the goals of a sustainable and

power and effectiveness of collective efforts in taking

resilient city (Staffans et.al, 2009). Social change and

advantage of temporary opportunities in comparison to

changes in “everyday life” are what will enable the self-

bureaucratic city planning processes.

transformation of the production mode of space and

Another example of a project with an ecological

of the space itself. In this process, the urban planne’rs

resilience goal is R-URBAN in the Colombes district of

role would only be that of a guide (Swyngedouw, 2011).

Paris, a project launched by the Atelier d’Architecture

The planners need to understand this role of a guide

Autogérée to improve the neighbourhood’s urban

as serving the urgent agenda of resilience by the terms

resilience with a “producing what we consume”

of the local community and shift to better addressing

mentality in this mostly community-run project. To

socio-economic problems. This thesis joins Indy Johar

date, the project has proven that residents can become

(2014), among many others, in the opinion that the

motivated to acquire new skills and to develop complex

architect must be a change-maker, whose client is the

networks in order to self-sustain such a project.

public and whose responsibility is the public good.

As in the previous examples, various other similar

According to him, the urbanist’s important task is to

projects with a concrete resilience goal teach the lesson,

create a new shared language to communicate these

that collective action is an effective way of enabling

interests in order to develop strategies based on them.

new developments if they support shared interests or

A growing trend in participatory planning processes

if the urgency of action is convincing. Furthermore,

is currently resulting in the emphasis of the “social”

such examples have proven to contribute to concrete

process over the justified outcome. The validity of

changes in the neighbourhood more effectively than

these participatory procedures is questionable, as

those coordinated by city planning. These examples

they are in many cases applied as an obligatory step

also contribute to the social and psychological

and not as a comprehensive method that contributes

bonding between residents and their neighbours and

to real outcomes. There is a consistent critique of

neighbourhood, improving the empowerment of an

this “communicative turn” and a call for focuse on

urban community.

“what is to be done” instead (Iveson et.al, 2011). It is necessary to compare and examine the new emerging ways of conducting a planning process and to name the processes that promote local social equality in the

46

image 15 Community gardens at AgrocitĂŠ, a resilient agro-cultural unit of RUrban in Colombes, aaa, 2013

image 16 Luchtsingel, A crowdfunded urban project in Rotterdam, ZUS, 2013

47

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - COMMUNITY DRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM

outcome (Klosterman, 1996).

Involving individuals

niche level can have an impact on the behaviour of

and communities in conception, investment, execution

larger groups of people on the higher regime level and

and governance are important in order to gain true

up to trends and societal values at the social landscape

social validation (Johar, 2014). Such engagement in

level (Geels, 2002). Proactive community projects,

creating the city’s spatiality, creates a sense of common

could inspire changes by showcasing the existing

responsibility and engagement of individuals, which is

capacities of the community.

a precondition to changing social structures and new

However as David Harvey (2011) argues, small-

ways of living.

scale solutions does not always aggregate up to good

If applying the theory of the resilience dynamics of

solutions on a global scale without being able to

multi-scale systems and on the other hand the examples

anchor to hierarchical decision making structures. As

of successful community-led projects, the community-

in terms of implementation it would also be difficult

driven process to social urban resilience should then be

to make rapid advances in planning to move towards

taken as a serious agenda by the planners, who should

implementing

take a more proactive position as mediators of the

commitment of the local political officials (Carmin

agendas set by of the community. This assumption is

et.al, 2012). When looking at the primary, globally

essentially based on the concept that when a desired,

recorded obstacles to applying resilience by adaptation

major, lifestyle-impacting change is imposed top-

strategies, the problems seem to be rooted in the lack

down and collides with individual or societal values,

of resources and funding at the official level, difficulties

the community will not adapt. Patterns related to

in communicating the urgency of adaptation to local

secondary habits are easier and faster to change than

officials and departments and consequent lack of

underlying values and social identity (Kelly et.al, 2012;

commitment to local adaptation challenges (ICLEI,

Resilience Alliance 2010).

adaptation

strategies

without

the

The pressure to change

2015). The limited resources and strict regulations

such patterns, starts within the community. Individual

imposed on planning practices lock down the possible

citizens’ motivation to change depend largely on the

action creating problematic planning regarding the

extent, to which they believe, other people are willing

involvement the local people. Due to these trends city-

to change (Uzzell et.al, 2002). Therefore considering

level planning often fails to tap into the potential of

not only “how” to involve but “whom” to involve, is

the local community by empowerment, but examples

also essential. For example civic social organizations,

show that communities on the contrary, can have great

have a particularly important role in bringing moral

interest in acting to improve their own future when

evaluations into consideration during decision making

given the chance.

(Klosterman, 1996) or initiating social change bottom-

Therefore, it is highly important to explore how to

up (Swyngedouw, 2011).

alter current policies and infrastructure to match these

It

has

already

been

acknowledged

that

the

“promising practices”. Marginal lifestyle innovations

accomplishments of self-motivated civic practices

responding to new demands like sustainability emerge

scale up to impact large-scale social change, proving

without prior demand and therefore it is important

that willingness for engagement and changes can be

to enable the embedding of such innovations into

initiated bottom-up (Swyngedouw, 2011). According to

the policies at the higher regime level, which enables

multilevel perspective and theory on how sustainable

changes in societal values and in wider lifestyle trends

lifestyles spread on three analytical levels radically new

(Neuvonen et.al, 2014). If innovative local projects

practical, everyday innovations created on the lowest

can be communicated to local governments and inspire

48

LANDSCAPE LEVEL

TRENDS SOCIAL VALUES

REGIME LEVEL large scale experimenting

POLICIES STRATEGIES

NICHE LEVEL everyday innovations

PROMISING PRACTICES

image 17 Transferring sustainable lifestyles to strategies and trends, based on Geels, 2002

49

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - COMMUNITY DRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM

the integration of the agendas they promote into official

F utures

strategies, it would benefit the processes of developing

Futures

resilience and creating a bond between the government

engaging specific groups, continuous social learning,

and the citizens. The planner’s essential role would

producing influential material as a platform for

therefore be to mediate this process.

discussion, and potentially insight to what really

studies

Studies

provides

both

mechanisms

for

should be done regarding long-term futures. Futures

»»Achieving visions of desired futures

Studies’ methods, prove an ideal strategic framework for city transformation in the face of the current

According to Healey (2002), active creation of a city

urban challenges by addressing the multi-dimensional

requires imagining its possibilities, potentials, and

complexity and the metaphysical qualities of urban

dangers, to develop a rich, multidimensional and ever

life. The aim of futures studies is to understand the

evolving concept of the city. If this process and the

future opportunities better by going beyond predicting

concept of the city exists in the public realm, it has

the future by describing and comparing alternative

the potential to develop the strategic power to shape

possibilities in order to challenge the current state,

what different city-dwellers do in different situations

adapt to a likely future or even influence the future

by mobilising collective efforts, inspiring individual

by changing the course of current developments

initiatives and

identity

(Phdungslip, 2011).”Building the foresight capacity of

formation processes. This power lies in informing the

providing

resources

for

communities of cities will empower them to co-create

citizens’ imagination of who they are, where they are

preferred futures rather than just help them adapt to

and what they might do. (Healey, 2002)

the expected tsunamis of change” (Daffara, 2011, p.

The growing consensus is that the decisions regarding

681).

the future should be made collectively as a society. The two essential questions to any city are: Where do the

S cenarios

individual citizens want to be in the future and what

Scenarios, on the other hand can be helpful in forming

is their community’s shared vision (Daffara, 2011)? In

visions. Visions are a Futures Studies tool that have

future developments, communities play an important

been used as a strategic method to address uncertainty

role in defining a particular direction and establishing

in the business world for company management (Wulf

a clear vision of a desired goal that is also truly shared

et.al, 2010). Scenario planning is not a science but an

by the members of that community (Weisbord et.al,

“art”(Schwartz, 1991) as its aim is not to find quantitative

1995). The public’s judgement can’t be based solely on

evidence but to imagine future possibilities and identify

previous experiences, but there is usually little time to

relevant drivers of development to enable the decision

form decisions about pressing issues. One of the most

makers to make more informed decisions with future

effective ways to start the dialogue and move quickly

uncertainties in mind (Friedmann et.al, 2004).

to a public judgement is to present complex issues in

As an example of a global environmental scenario, there

the form of few considerate “visions” (Yankelovich,

are four scenarios described by Robert Constanza in 2000.

1991). Reaching a mutual public judgement is a long,

These scenarios studied the relationship of civilisation

demanding process that requires the three steps of: (1)

to technological development and cases in which either

raising of awareness; (2) developing understanding

the technological sceptic’s or the optimist’s world vision

or “working through”, and (3) resolution or action.

came true. The best-case scenario turned out to be the

Visions, as a tool for change, include both hopes and

technological sceptics’ optimal world vision, in which

fears, allowing a richer exploration of what the future

“Ecotopia” comes true. In another similar example, the

may hold, and a conscious choice among complex

vastly researched and UN-commissioned world visions

alternatives (Yankelovich, 1991).

presented at the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

and visions

demonstrated four different future visions that focused on envisioning the best way to manage global changes.

50

GLOBAL

LOCAL

Global Orchestration

Order from Strength

REACTIVE

PROACTIVE

Techno Garden

Adapting Mosaic

image 18 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Scenarios, own illustration, 2016

51

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - COMMUNITY DRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM

In their conclusion, the best approach was anticipated

scare us and show unpredictable futures of less comfort

to be “Adaptive Mosaic” with local strategies on politics

and safety is more difficult. A multi-dimensional

and economics and global strategies to save common

approach to city development is essential for creating

resources (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).

resilient and liveable human habitats. Cities have to

The results of both of these scenarios ended up criticizing

respond to the emerging issues arising from macro

and contradicting current trends of development to

historical analysis in order to survive (Daffara, 2011).

some extent. The “Adaptive Mosaic” and Constanza’s

The field of Futures Studies is currently dominated by

“Ecotopia” are visions that serve a discussion of the

a traditional forecasting approach, which is unlikely

changes required for desired future society. On the

to break dominant trends, while it’s based on analysis

other hand, as effective as the best-case scenarios are

of them (Phdungslip, 2011). Today the reality is that

the terrifying predictions of what happens if we choose

communities have to admit the unsettling images of

the wrong solutions at every turn.

future in order to plan our future existence around these

The role of the urbanist is to use scenarios to bring story

changes. Envisioning a crisis, and not just an optimal

plots to life that investigate, how different strategies

scenario, can be a fruitful starting point for raising

might resolve anticipated uncertainties for the future

awareness and discussion of urgent topics.

of a place. The idea is not to “define a new conception

One case study of community visioning (Daffara, 2011)

of life”, but to enable an individual or a community

proves that this processes has enhanced the awareness

to develop. This new conception of life should be

of community members of the power of intention to

envisioned by the community and should serve as an

co-create the future as well as global thinking and

input to the work of the urbanist, who will continue to act

the understanding of local actions in response to

as a mediator in the process of development (Busquet,

global forces of change (Daffara, 2011). Envisioning

2012). The idea is that the planner communicates the

the future city allows communities to choose their

future narratives with details that imaginatively resolve

desired future habitats, creates a dialogue for learning,

pressing problems and learning this can motivate

transformations,

people to act for change (Hoch, 2016). The scenario

change, and regeneration of the drivers of change. This

allows the professionals and participating stakeholders

knowledge can contribute to the design of a global-local

to explore different responses to the complex conditions

project that develops the collective thinking from the

and causes that threaten current habits, conventions,

egocentric towards the world centric and transforms

and purposes. (Hoch, 2016) We have to include the

the city as a catalyst for the development of “a planetary

cognitive capability of the urban agents in the dynamics

human civilisation” (Daffara, 2011).

removal

of

obstacles

persisting

of cities (Portugali 2011). This means that the city is to a large extent a landscape of plans, expectations and entities that does not yet exist in the minds of its

“In order to effectively envision, it is necessary to focus on what one really wants, not what one will settle for.”

(Costanza, 2000)

users (Portugali, 2011). In other words, people have a natural “planner’s mind”, with an ability to learn from experience and apply these memories as lessons to the future. Another important quality is the tendency to communicate one’s own interests while belonging to a group or community of those of same interest. A pragmatic view on future scenarios focuses on this human learning that develops in a person as part of his culture and community. This approach encourages people to imagine new forms of civic life (Hoch, 2016).

It is easy to ask and list the things people desire and miss in their lives. However addressing the scenarios that

52

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We need to be able to speculate, to create these scenarios [dramatic transformations caused by natural or human causes], and to be useful in a discussion about the next move. [...] the new scenario gives you a chance to investigate a direction.

(Wood, 2007)

image 19 The Big Mech & CO, (amid.cero9), 2014

53

01 RESEARCH - 1.1 LITERATURE - COMMUNITY DRIVEN FUTURE URBANISM

»»

S trategy

by benchmarking and backcasting

In this thesis I used Futures Studies as qualitative As established before, the indicator for the resilience of

methods to experiment with and investigate the

an urban community should be consciousness of global

possibilities of enabling new processes, instead of

issues in everyday life, and at the same time fullfilment

trying to conduct quantitative research based on

of variety of individual needs.

The key to expand

existing methods. I chose two different Futures Studies

individual actions to address global conditions is the

methods in order to have a broad and a more holistic

managing of urban commons. In this aim, public realm

view on the future possibilities. Both the methods of

serves as a platform for creating the value systems

backcasting and benchmarking have been applied in

for life through mutual exchange and developing new

a variety of different contexts and studies, and have

forms of self-governance and collective action. The

more than one accepted framework approach with

community and its organisations together have a great

different process steps. Both have also been applied

role in motivating value change. Involving individuals

to an urban context but more commonly studies have

and communities in conception, investment, execution,

been found in which they have been applied to a large

and governance of this process is important in order to

city or on a regional scale. Therefore, I have adapted

gain true social validation.

the approaches using different references to fit them

However

these

new

dynamics

related

to

the

to my purposes. Not one particular previously existing

community’s involvement in diversifying cities pose

method can be named, but rather a number of methods

challenges to civic engagement. The planner’s role is to

worked as inspiration to define the applied planning

guide the process. It is important to pay attention to

methods. The output of the use of both methods in the

both how to involve and whom to involve. To enable

following research, contributed to the final planning

implementation of adaptation strategies it is also

strategy.

necessary to gain commitment of the local political officials. Therefore planners should mediate between

Backcasting provides an interesting and promising

different operating levels and actors in a process to

alternative approach to the exploration of city

explore how to alter current policies and infrastructure

futures and is the opposite of forecasting methods.

to match these “promising practices”.

Backcasting uses scenarios to provide a strategy for

Methods of futures studies can facilitate such process

action to reach a desired future vision within a chosen

by providing adaptable platforms to start necessary

framework of criteria for development. This approach

dialogues. The most important question in developing

consists of a variety of steps with both analytical and

a city is what the citizens’ shared vision of the future

design methods and the steps of analysing current

is. The goal is to challenge the current situation and

situation and construction of future vision also are

developments and change their course to influence the

generally included. Backcasting is about encouraging

future. Scenarios are tools for interaction of planners

participation of different stakeholders to create a

and stakeholders to explore possibilities to respond

shared vision for their city. However it is essential to be

to complex issues, which encourages innovating new

conscious of which stakeholders should be involved in

forms of urban life and motivation to undergo urgent

the process of envisioning, because personal agendas

changes. Both unwanted and wanted future scenarios

affect the outcome and goals of the vision (Phdungslip,

help envisioning future development and the scenarios

2011). Backcasting has been used to study for example

should not try to predict but to exhibit a vast range

what lifestyle-level scenarios could enable adopting

of alternative futures. In the planning process, the

low-carbon transitions (Neuvonen et.al, 2014).

community’s role is envisioning and communicating

After comparing the common methodologies among

interests, and planner’s role should be to present a

the different backcasting methods (Phdungslip, 2011)

wide range of alternatives, facilitate the discussion, and

the following steps were adopted to this research:

translate it into plans.

1. Framework; 2. Vision & Goals; 3. Current Situation; 4. Scenario Development & Impact Analysis; 5. Setting up Strategy

54

1. As the first step, the process can start by defining

Urban benchmarking is a widely applied method that

a desired framework: which criteria should be set

allows the identification of the main opportunities and

for a scenario. For example, defining environmental

challenges of a given area and the comparative analysis

sustainability as an efficient use of resources; or social

in a project specific set of indicators. Besides that there

sustainability as a result of equality; if a scenario

are five main objectives to benchmarking which are:

happens within a timeline in 20 or 50 years and is

1. to assess the performance of the city

stakeholder participation assumed a part of the process.

2. to identify areas where improvement is needed

2. The second step is to define the future vision at the

3. to find comparable units or entities with a superior

end of the timeline to set the goals.

performance in regard to using good practices to

3. After envisioning, the current situation is always

transfer and adapt to the conditions of a given city

analysed in terms of both the macro level changes

4. to evaluate the effectiveness of programmes intended

and trends as well as of everyday level lifestyle

to restructure and improve the operation of a given city

choices. This step includes naming the naming of the

5. to enhance accountability to various groups of

facilitators of change that have the potential to scale up

stakeholders, particularly the public at large (Rok,

current promising practices to act out the determined

2013).

improvement agendas.

Urban benchmarking is particularly useful for local

4. Based on the current situation, scenarios, that

authorities in conducting evidence-based policy and

represent a variety of future development paths, are

provides opportunities for social participation. Urban

developed. The scenarios can be based on a set of

benchmarking is a feasible method when assessing

drivers that are relevant for the goals of the strategy.

complex developments that require relative evaluation

The scenario development includes analysing briefly

based on ambiguous non-quantitative measures. As

the impacts of the scenario in different areas, such as

a comparative method it reflects the natural human

social, economic and environmental.

characteristic of evaluating one’s position to the

5. The final step is to set up a strategy for action to

surroundings and provides a good starting point for

achieve the desired future vision.

learning and adaptation (Rok, 2013; O’Neill, K. et al.

In this thesis backcasting is used in the context of the

2015).

case study for the neighbourhood of Moabit, Berlin.

In developing the strategy for the Case Study of the

For this, I used an adaptation of the methods described

neighbourhood of Moabit the aim was to design a

above. The theoretical study provided the social

process where the local urban actors are defining the

urban resilience framework for the first step. I then

vision and the final development goals. Therefore, it was

conducted a thorough analysis of the location and its

meaningful to study two cities with promising urban

current condition, paying careful attention to the social

initiatives besides successful strategies. The future-

conditions of the area. I chose to develop different

orientated long-term plans could be easily compared

local scenarios to discuss the changes needed for

to each other and this was useful in comparing the

future adaptations. The scenarios are based on a few

processes of setting the city goals and visions. Since

distressing possible futures in order to decide on best

it was not be possible to compare the impact of these

case scenario for preparing the local community with

strategies, it was meaningful to instead evaluate the

comprehensive social resilience. The aim is to find ways

performance of the smaller scale activities that have

to turn the critical threats into opportunities, these

already been proven successful in specific aspects of

points formed the different agenda set for the strategy.

building local resilience. This way the multi-scalar

The final strategy comprises a kind of a landuse plan

dimension could also be addressed.

for social resilience agenda zones and the strategy for stakeholder involvement and implementation process, focusing on the local organisations as possible “facilitators of change”.

55

1.2 BENCHMARKING

The starting point of the benchmarking was to find solutions for planning in a context like in the Case Study of Moabit, with limitations in the sector of urban resilience and adaptation to future crisis. The goal was to transfer models from the good examples from cities that have had to adapt to shocks and stresses. The benchmarking investigates the opportunities emerging from disturbance by studying long-term governmental strategies and short-term Promising Practices from two different cities that survived a crisis. This provides ideas on how to integrate strategies for future crisis adaptations in the Case Study of Moabit or other contexts.

The focus is on studying how the potential of crisis struck places is harnessed amplifying local identity and strengths of a place through community driven action.

01 RESEARCH

AIM OF THE BENCHMARKING The aim of the benchmarking is to study the crisis response mechanisms of different cities and to analyse them in order to create an understanding of how goals and values guide the development of responses and how they deal with specific issues. The final creative output is the development of a collection of example interventions from the Promising Practices of the reference cases that represent solutions for specific fields of urban resilience.

Two cities were chosen for this benchmarking. Each

official strategieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s level and societal level trends and

have suffered a different types of change with different

values (Neuvonen et.al, 2014). The aim was to evaluate

type of drivers and impacts; in Detroit the long term

the success of the innovative citizen projects as well as

stress of economic crisis and in Christchurch the

the official strategies to enable the necessary change in

short term shock of a natural disaster. The criteria

the societal level.

for the choice of these cities were the differences in

Important sources for gathering the comparable

the nature of their crises, and the comparability of

information were the following official planning

their approaches in dealing with it. Both cities had a

strategies and reports; for Christchurch; the Draft

strong emphasis on social resilience and community in

Recovery Strategy for Greater Christchurch and the

their official agendas, which was the main reason for

Christchurch Central Recovery Plan conducted by

choosing them. It had to be possible to reflect both the

CERA, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority

planning strategy material and the information about

(CERA, 2012, 2011) and for Detroit; Detroit Future City

the initiatives against the indicators set forth in the

strategic framework led by the Detroit Works Project

social urban resilience framework of this thesis.

Long Term Planning Steering Committee (DFC, 2012).

The benchmarking was done to set examples for

The strategies were retrieved from the organisationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

models of social urban resilience Strategy in the

official websites. Studying these strategies provided the

Case Study of Moabit. Therefore the attributes of the

relevant information on the current situation in order

backcasting approach determined previously in the

to identify the SWOT and insight needed for the naming

definition of the method, were for the comparable parts

of the values and goals guiding the development of

applied in the analysis of the benchmarking cases. The

these cities.

analysis of the adaptation in the chosen cities begins

The Strategies themselves provided little understanding

with an explanation of the currents situation. The

of the interaction of multilevel and scalar activities,

current situation analysis profile consists of the Driver

although in both cases, the involvement of civic

of the crisis, the current Trends and the Timeline of

practices were mentioned and emphasized. Therefore

the development of the crisis. Related to the current

besides these strategies, I studied a selection of

situation assessment it was essential to define the

different scales and types of Promising Practices, which

opportunities and threats of the city with SWOT

provide a picture of the parallel, real-time activities

identification (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,

affecting the everyday life experience levels of these

Threats). This SWOT analysis aims to find out the

communities.

internal and external factors significant for achieving the future goals.

Both long term strategies studied vividly drew an image

The multilevel perspective (Geels,2002) of the lifestyle

of the future vision to strive for and represent the long

transformation theory was reflected upon while

term strategic planning approach to the aftermath of

analysing the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s promising practices, strategies and

a crisis. In the analysis, it was especially fruitful to

potential impact of these everyday level practices on

focus on the set of values and goals behind the vision,

58

1.2 BENCHMARKING

DETROIT, MICHIGAN, US ECONOMIC (STRESS)(1950-) BANKRUPTCY 2013 URBAN DECAY, UNEMPLOYMENT

2010

1950

BERLIN, GERMANY CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND NATURAL (SHOCK) EARTHQUAKE 2011 DESTROYED INFRA & BUILDINGS

2010

image 20 Benchmarking Cities, own illustration, basemaps: vecotr map: free vector maps.com, satellite map: google maps

which would reveal the aim for social urban resilience

a detailed long term plan before starting with concrete

reflected in these strategies. These values were common

action, is not relevant in times of constant rapid change.

indicators in different scales and levels of efforts from

These crisis examples prove that immediate intuitive

the long term strategies to the short term immediate

community actions work naturally towards the “public

action.

interest” and the “common good” and such pioneering Copyright © Free Vector Maps

One interesting finding of this benchmarking was the

activity can be both complimentary and beneficial to

resilience approach of the city planning presented in the

strategic development.

strategies of the two cities. Both took the challenging

In the final analysis, comparing the differently

conditions of the crisis as a potential for new positive

scaled activities in terms of their drivers became an

change and focused on amplifying the opportunities in

interesting and essential focus for revealing whether

both the existing assets as well as utilizing the emerging

or not the different levels were interacting and if their

situation in order to improve the city further.

goals were aligned. In both cases the official strategies

By comparison, the urban initiatives studied as

demonstrate a strong will to integrate these Promising

the Promising Practices achieved direct action and

Practices to a cross-scale and discipline interaction

generate positive impact from the newly emergent

based strategy. This was seen beneficial in creating

conditions. Many of these initiatives had a proven

commitment to build and scale-up resilience from

positive influence on the development of the city by

within the local community up to all levels of society.

using the potential of the crisis to develop everyday

The conclusion was that in both cases there would be

innovations to improve resilience. This thesis suggests

a great potential in planning more concrete action to

that the current order of development of establishing

merge these different level operations together.

59

D E T R O I T

STRESS CURRENT SITUATION

VISION

Detroit has been affected by “the stress” of a rapidly

The vision stated is that Detroit will have stabilized its

declining economy and the consequent urban decay

population by 2030, will double the number of jobs,

and increasing vacancy since the 1950’s. From 2000

and will become a city for all. To reach this future

to 2010 the city of Detroit lost over 250,000 residents,

vision, the main challenge was to make people settle

one quarter of its residential population. The impacts

permanently and commit to maintaining the city. The

are a high rate of child poverty, the crumbling of the

goals of the city planning strategy were to stabilize

city’s infrastructure, 26 percent vacancy of residential

the amount of population and prevent emigration by

lots, a city suffering from adult illiteracy and

offering attractive services and stable neighbourhoods,

underemployment rates that have been estimated to

and to make the vacant lands profitable and use them

approach 50 percent. (CDAD, 2016)

to build anew the neighbourhood identities.

TIMELINE DRIVER DISASTER TRENDS

• • • •

• DETROIT 2030 VISION

stress from 1950 to 2013 economic decline bankruptcy urban decay,

• stabilized population • doubled number of jobs • a city for all

The tipping point that threw the city into a state

Interestingly,

of emergency was when the municipality declared

conducted by a Mayor-appointed steering committee

bankruptcy in 2013. Since then the city planning level

of 14 civic leaders representing business, philanthropy,

has worked out strategies to tackle this unstable state

community, faith-based institutions, and government.

by seizing the potential of the current conditions and

The committee was overseen by the Detroit Economic

using them as a platform for growth and reworking

Growth

the identity of the city. Simultaneously, grass-root

disciplines of urban planning and design, economics,

initiatives have been already using this potential for

engineering, landscape architecture, and real estate

immediate actions and creating a new layer of potential

development. Moreover, a Civic Engagement Team

for strengthening and nourishing the community in

along with community and advocacy organizations led

order to reach the mutual goals.

a process to gain continuous input from residents and

SWOT: The trends of the declining population and the

community groups. The Detroit Future City strategy

drop in of the value of the land and property pose threats

was regenerated through the new information and

to future development. However, the community assets

feedback gained during the two-year process consisting

as a strength hold the opportunity to restructure the

of hundreds of meetings with thousands of local

urban programme and strengthen the local identity as

participants in order to develop a shared vision for

well as developing more resilient economies.

Detroit’s future.

60

Detroit

Corporation

Future

(DEGC)

City

strategy

representing

was

the

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - DETROIT

image 21 Detroit weaknesses and strengths, (Detroit Future City, 2012)

WEAKNESSES: VACANT LAND

S W

STRENGTHS: COMMUNITY ASSETS

• community assets • creative economies

• strengthening neighbourhoods • restructuring of the urban program and identifying the neighbourhoods through

• vacant buildings and lands • unemployment

newly defined uses • further abandonment

GOALS

O T

VALUES

• increase the value of vacant land • various sustainable residential densities • improve infrastructure and services to better serve the population • providing residents with meaningful ways to make change in their community and the city

• respecting history and new emerging culture • creating social justice and equity

61

image 22 Vignette from a future Live+Make neighbourhood (Detroit Future City, 2012)

ACTION

attractive neighbourhoods and centres as well as civic engagement during the planning processes. For

strategies

example, the new development master plan contains

The strategy is the first one in Detroit to firstly

ways to improve connections between severely

acknowledge that Detroit will not and must not restore

fragmented parts of the city and improving the quality

the state it was in before the crisis and secondly to

of streetscape in the inner city (DFC, 2012). However

incorporate neighbourhood vision and civic capacity

the strategy, being a mere starting point, contains few

to address the system change. The strategy sets a 50-

concrete plans for action and participation during the

year vision that suggests a set of goals and a framework

steps in the following years of immediate or mid-term

to motivate and guide all the multiple actors involved

action.

in the process of the city’s redevelopment in their own

promising pracices

roles. The DFC Implementation Office, a non-profit

Local initiatives have taken action to improve the

organisation with an independent board of community

situation by claiming the vacant lands and spaces and

expert leaders was created in 2014 to bring the people

using them as the initial capital for fostering ideas and

in contact with this strategy and to carry out its vision.

rebuilding communities. These initiatives are focusing

The strategy suggests a new implementation process

for example on emerging economies and the exchange

by establishing framework zones and future land

of ideas and knowledge, and aiming to build stable and

use scenarios as a base for public investment. It also

empowered community and to strengthen identity and

introduces a new set of landuse typologies in order to

the sense of community.

envision and realise the city’s future development.

Some Promising Practices are place-based solutions

The startegy’s aim was also to enact innovative

tied to certain neighbourhoods or facilities, such as

regulatory reform by updating the framework zones

Avalon Village’s upgrading project, but their operational

every five years and implementing the landuse vision in

and funding models are adaptable to multiple places in

phases, aiming at revising the masterplan and the city’s

Detroit. Others provide knowledge through non-place

zoning ordinance.

based virtual domains, like the Data Driven Detroit.

The strategy’s main approach is to build upon the assets

Many projects also have specific approaches next to the

that have been defined in detail in the strategy. The

presence in urban neighbourhood space a main social

main assets named include: the physical and economic

agenda, like art to The Valley Project and urban farming

capital embodied in the city’s large urban centre and

to MUFI. The project development models vary from

historic built environment, its importance as a hub for

public-private partnership for Campus Martinius Park

international trade and tourism, and the social capital

to NGO driven projects like the Urban Crafts Fair. In

built on the creativity and ingenuity of its people and

all cases they present a variety of useful platforms for

organisations.

activities for identity enhancement of neighbourhoods

The concrete plans of the strategy promote sustainable

and building social capital and they respond to the

population and structural densities and liveable and

specific, local challenges.

62

FRAME

INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIA CHANGE STRENGT

MR AS D

TR

AS

BG

F

A

D

W

AS

BG

W

F

M

developmet of crisis

AS

BG

U

M

BG

BG

W01 FRESEARCH A

- 2 BENCHMARKING - DETROIT

HOW TO READ THE LAND USE DEVELOPMENT TYPE MATRIX

EL

TL

WP

LAND USE DEVELOPMENT TYPE LEGEND

RESIDENTIAL : S F=SIN GLE FAMILY; T=TOW The Land Use DevelopmentType Matrix illustrates how development will be guided MR =MID-RISE ; HR=HIGH-RISE by framework zone and typology to achieve a future vision for the city.

The matrix illustrates which typologies for each framework zone and the DISASTERare appropriate R E D E V E L O P M E INDUSTRIAL N T : U=UTILITY; M=MANUFACTU development types that are appropriate for each typology and framework zone.

D=DISTRI B UTION; W=WAREHOUSE; F=FLE For example, if an area of the city is classifiedModerate-Vacancy 1, there are 5 RETAIL : AS =AUTO-ORIENTED STRIP ; TR=TR appropriate typologies: GreenResidential, GreenResidential Transitional, Traditional MU=MIXED USE; BB=B IG BOX; L=LIFESTYL Medium-Density, Green Mixed-Rise and NeighborhoodCenter. If the desired typology is Green Residential there are then 5 appropriate development types: Neighborhood LANDSCAPE:COMPETITI BG=BLUE / GREEN INFRASTRU DETROIT FUTURE CITY | 2012 THE NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENT : THE CITY OF DIS TINCT AND REGIONALLY VE NEIGHBO and Auto-Oriented S trip retail development types, Blue Green Infrastructure, OPEN SPACES ; EL=ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAP CommunityOpen Spaces, and Transitional Landscapes landscape development types.

LANDSCAPES ; WP =WORKING & PRODUCT

level of activity

519

D

PRO POS E D: LIVE +MAKE NEIGHBORHOO 0 1 IMMEDIATE SHORT

5

10

MID

20

LONG

DS IN 50 YEAR

50years TERM

image 23 Detroit crisis and redevelopment timeline, own illustration

STRATEGY GOALS

• implementing short- and longterm strategies • collaborative regional agenda recognizing strengths and shared destiny

image 24 Framework strategy concept (Detroit Future City, 2012)

63

DETROIT URBAN CRAFTS FAIR Hand Made Detroit, community hub Masonic Temple handmadedetroit.com/ > Consumer sustainability and economic opportunties Temporary sales events *Livelyhoods, Communication and networks >> Organisation level Everyday level

DATA DRIVEN DETROIT D3, non-profit Online datadrivendetroit.org/ > Informed decision making & community planning, Sustainability Providing online data * Access to information & Empowered stakeholders, Data >> City level Strategic level

THE ALLEY PROJECT Young Nation A neighbourhood garage youngnation.us > Interaction and engagement Managing community art projects * Place attachment, Social capital, Civic engagement >> Socail group level Everyday level

AVALON VILLAGE community of Highland park Highland Park neighbourhood kickstarter.com/ > Learning an economic development, sustainability Buillding self-sufficient eco village * Diverse ecosystem services, Education infrastructure, Empowered stakeholders >> Neighbourhood Everyday level

CAMPUS MARTIUS PARK Detroit 300 Conservancy, non-profit Central square of Detroit detroit300conservancy.com/ > Creating lively space Redesigning the central square * Access to public space >> City level Everyday level

URBAN INNOVATION EXHANGE UIX Detroit Online uixdetroit.com/ > Creating communities of grassroots organizers Platform for urban organizers * Networks and communication >> Organisation level Everyday level

URBAN FARMING INITIATIVE MUFI, non-profit New Centre Neighbourhood Detroit miufi.org/ > Reducing socioeconomic disparity and building sustainability Sustainable agriculture * Education, Empowerment, Social Cohesion, Basic Needs >> Organisation - neighbourhood level Strategic & everyday level

MOTOWN MOVEMENT Team of Students A house in Detroit themotownmovement.com/ > Enabling building sustainable house for everyone Building a susainable house * Skills & Training >> Individual to social group level Strategic level

TITLE INITIATOR LOCATION CONTACT INFO > GOAL FUNCTION *SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FEATURE >> LEVEL OF REACH LEVEL OF IMPACT

“ the

IMPACT ANALYSIS

avlon village ”

The Avalon Village is a vision of a self-sustaining

Some of the initiatives have had a great impact

eco-village initiated by a local resident in one of the

on specific communities within the city but their

most abandoned districts of Detroit, Highland Park.

influence alone on social urban resilience is

Together with a team of engineers, futurists, artists

marginal. The true potential lay in the interaction

and urban farmers they developed a vision. The first

of these initiatives and in up-scaling. Therefore it

plan suggested constructing Goddess Marketplace,

is worth noticing that the Civic Engagement Team

an economic development initiative for local women,

has been appointed to involve local organisations

Homework House for children who lost their schools

during the strategy development process. The

and a self-sufficient Greenhouse-to-Cafe foodsystem to

city strategy could consider the potential of

compensate for the lack of healthy local food. During

the initiatives of the Promising Practices. Next

a one-month long campaign the project achieved it’s

to contributing to communication and citizen

goal of raising 250 000 dollars through a kickstarter co-

engagement, they have high capacity to self-

funding platform. The day after the end of the campaign

organize for collaborations between projects and

the construction had already started.

maintaining and innovating new urban practices

The main function of the project is to build sustainable

and activities by making use of the vacant land.

eco-village but next to providing new ecosystem

The experience and input of these projects could

services the project contributes to empowerment

be used to revise the zoning frameworks and the

and engagement of the locals, thus having impact

local typologies in the masterplan.

on social resilience. The project influences a whole neighbourhood on their everyday life level. The concepts and fundingmodels are applicable to other places in the city, other cities with similar problems or just for initiating alternative ecological urban life. The intiative also shows the potential power of a shared vision.

64

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - DETROIT

DETROIT URBAN CRAFTS FAIR

DATA DRIVEN DETROIT

AVALON VILLAGE

THE ALLEY PROJECT

CAMPUS MARTIUS PARK

URBAN FARMING INITIATIVE

URBAN INNOVATION EXHANGE

MOTOWN MOVEMENT

65

C H R I S TC H U R C H

S H O C K CURRENT SITUATION

VISION

The series of earthquakes during 2010 and 2011 caused

The vision of the Greater Christchurch is to recover and

destruction in the city.

progress as a place to be proud of and an attractive and

A 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch in

vibrant place to live, work, and visit.

September 2010, causing destruction to land and

The Greater Christchurch vision is based on the values

buildings. An aftershock damaged the central city. In

that are the essential core of the local community and

February 2011, another earthquake caused substantial

to be preserved through all great changes to come. The

destruction of buildings, widespread land damage and

values named by CERA (2012) are love and respect for

rock falls, leading to casualties and injuries with two

people, stewardship, knowledge and wise consideration

large aftershocks in June with further destruction.

of decisions, leadership and authority. The community

Communities had been significantly impacted; day-

is at the heart of the vision of Central Christchurch

to-day life was interrupted due to the destruction of

becoming the thriving heart of an international city.

infrastructure and services that communities rely on

As a basic guidance the acknowledgement of the

TIMELINE • • DRIVER DISASTER • TRENDS •

stress from 1950 to 2013 natural disaster earthquake destruction of infrastructure

CHRISTCHURCH VISION

• “A place to be proud of an attractive and vibrant place to live, work, visit.” past while reflecting the best of the new should lead

to function, houses and facilities were without power,

future decisions to keep embracing opportunities for

water and sewerage, and roads were damaged. (CERA,

innovation and growth. Therefore, main assets are the

2011)

natural and cultural heritage as well as the skills and

SWOT

passion of local people. (CERA, 2012).

The Christchurch strategy has clearly named the

The goals are to revitalise the economy by rebuilding the

community as the city’s strength. The earthquakes

centre as a prosperous region for work and education,

have however afflicted the economy of the city, which

attracting investment and new economic activities. All

poses the greatest threat in the process of rebuilding

areas, from suburban centres to rural towns should

large areas. The fragmentation of the city with large

have their thriving functions and stay productive.

areas abandoned is also threatening to isolate some

The social goal is to strengthen community resilience

neighbourhoods from the centre. The large destruction

by building community assets, renewing the sense of

sets a blank page for new development and investing

identity and enhancing the quality of life for residents

differently to rebuild a more sustainable city with

and visitors. The rebuilding goals focus on restoring

green infrastructure and building structure. It is also

the natural environment to support biodiversity and

a chance for new innovation that can lead to new types

reconnect people to the nature, and on the other hand to

of livelihoods, creativity and investment opportunities.

build resilient and sustainable housing, infrastructure and transport networks. (CERA, 2011)

66

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - CHRISTCHURCH

image 29 Christchurch weaknesses and strengths, base map from (4Umaps, OpenStreetMap, 2016)

STRENGTHS Community assets & revival projects

WEAKNESSES Population decrease of 20-60% “ red zone ” badly damaged land, restricted access and prolonging of rebuilding

S W

• community

• rebuild a more sustainable city • new innovation, new types of livelihoods, creativity and investment opportunities

• afflicted economy • spatial fragmentation • large destruction

• failure to rebuild large areas • isolated neighbourhoods

GOALS

• centre as a prosperous region for work and new economic activities • all areas functional and productive • community resilience by improving community assets, sense of identity and the quality of life • support biodiversity and reconnect people to the nature, build resilient housing and infrastructure

O T

VALUES

• love and respect for people, • stewardship, • knowledge and wise consideration of decisions, leadership and authority

67

image 30 Vignette from the future centre (Christchurch Central Recovery Plan, 2012)

ACTION strategies

have been accused of not consulting the public during

Christchurch Central Recovery Plan introduces a phased

the process and of encouraging demolition in the name

recovery strategy consisting of short term, medium

of new development and ignoring the heritage of the

term and long term phases of 4 years and longer. It also

city (Bennett, 2014).

suggests a “Transitional City Concept” for the phased

promising practices

reactivation of the central city in cooperation with some

Similar to the case of Detroit, the included Promising

of the Promising Practice initiatives. Immediate and

Practices had examples of very different projects.

short term phases within 1-3 years consist of repairing,

Two projects that became more than a temporary

planning & rebuilding focused on basic human needs,

intervention were the Christchurch Appeal Trust

health and safety. The recovery is based on including

funded Re:Start Market and the Cardboard Chapel

programmes

implementation

financed by the Anglican Diocese. The projects started

and research to understand the geotechnical issues.

off with very different purposes, yet both becoming

Informing and engaging communities in rebuilding

relatable landmarks with a great impact on the identity

and future planning is already essential in this phase.

and coherency of the city’s community. Next to these

Repairing and rebuilding phase aims to start restoration

projects there were a lot of temporary projects aiming

and adaptive re-use, support reinvestment in the central

to activate the spaces and succeeded in scaling up this

city are and build productive partnerships between

impact by multiplying or up-scaling the interventions

government and private sector. Medium to long term

like in Greening the Rubble. Many projects, such as

phases, after 4 years and further, set out to construct,

Artist Residency, Festa, and People building better

restore and improve with the aim of building resilient

cities, were also trying to encourage critical discussion

communities. Major reconstruction projects should be

and contribution to the city development next to merely

by then under way and restoration and adaptive reuse of

reactivating vacant space.

and

initiatives

for

heritage features completed by the time. Development without the lead of the recovery management should

“ the

commons ”

take over by the end of this phase, focusing however

One

example

continuously on the goals of sustainability of both

Christchurch is The Commons initiated by The Gap

environment and economic growth. Although the plan

Filler. The Commons is located on a central site that

is promising a lot of positive developments, there has

has been licensed for transitional projects due to the

been a wide controversy about the way it has been

efforts of the initiative. The space serves as a place

implemented. The authorities behind the blueprint

for experimentation by the makers in the city. Its

68

of

the

Promising

Practices

in

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - CHRISTCHURCH

R E D E V E L O P M E N T

developmet of crisis

level of activity

DISASTER

0 1 IMMEDIATE SHORT

5

10 MID

20 LONG

50years TERM

image 32 Christchurch crisis and redevelopment timeline, own illustration

STRATEGY GOALS

• phased recovery strategy with high activity in short term phases for fast rebuilding • continuing sustainable development after recovery phase

image 31 Transitional City Concept (Christchurch Central Recovery Plan, 2012)

69

CARDBOARD CATHEDRAL Anglican Dicose The location of the old cathedral http://www.cardboardcathedral.org. > Building a landmark and valuing the heritage A transitional cathedral Local identity & Cohesive community >> Organisational level Everyday level

THE COMMONS The Gap Filler Central Square of Christchurch http://www.gapfiller.org.nz/ > Establishing self-organising, up-scalable transitional spaces Providing spaces for experimentation and projects *Community engagement & Place attachment >> Organisational - city level Strategy level

GREENING THE RUBBLE voluntary based organisation different vacant plots in the city greeningtherubble.org.nz/wp/ > Rejuvenation of the city and creating positivity Creating temporary public parks *Local identity & Public Space >> Social group level Everyday level

FESTA City Ups Center of Christchurch livs.org.nz/projects/i/cityups/ > Experimenting and bringing people together Festival of transitional architectur *Cultural Diversity & Cohesive community >> City level Strategic level

RESTART CONTAINER MALL Christchurch Earthquake Appeal Trust Center of Christchurch > Creating a landmark and liveability of the center Temporary shopping center *Econonmic prosperity & Place attachment >> City level Everyday level

ARTIST RESIDENCY The Social, ngo different vacant sites in the city livs.org.nz/projects/i/artist-residency/ > Creating open dialogue and critical thinking To find and supports artists to live in a self-contained caravan. *Cultural diversity & Communication >> Organisational level Everyday level

PEOPLE BUILDING BETTER CITIES Christchurch centre for architecture and city-making Central Christchurch chuthttp://teputahi.org.nz/ > Promoting dialogue on participation and inclusive urbanisation Documenting and exhibiting communitydriven urban projets *Stakeholder empowerment & Civic engagement >> City level Strategic level

LIFE IN VACANT SPACES an independent trust vacant sites in the city http://livs.org.nz/ > Encouraging positive contribution to the community Managing short-term use of vacant spaces *Access to public space >> Organisation level Strategic level

TITLE INITIATOR LOCATION CONTACT INFO > GOAL FUNCTION *SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FEATURE >> LEVEL OF REACH LEVEL OF IMPACT

agenda is to allow self-managing projects a chance for

demonstrated a strong will by the officials to integrate

community engagement with the goal of social change.

specific citizen projects into their short and mid-

The success of the Gap Filler initiative resulted in

term plans. The Gap Filler project was named as one

founding an independent trust, ”Life in Vacant Spaces”,

of the Promising Practices with a central role in the

which works as an umbrella organisation to enable

staged development of the city. However a detailed

organisations like Gap Filler, Greening the Rubble and

plan of ways to empower wide range of initiatives was

Festa. By doing this the initiatives together succeeded

missing.

in scaling up the concept by making it possible to apply

Notably, Christchurch did not have a history of natural

to various vacant spaces in need of temporary use all

events with such drastic and destructive impact in

over the city. This activity had such an impact in the

the past. Nevertheless, the disaster was taken as an

improvement of the city after the earthquakes, that the

“unprecedented opportunity”(CERA, 2012) to draw

city’s official recovery strategy recognices the Gap Filler

conclusions and to learn consciously learn from the

as one of the essential actors in the Transitional City

performance during the crisis, so that successful

concept. This kind of cross-level interaction may result

models would be adopted into further development.

in establishing new kind of urban practices in a scale

Such lessons were enabling community-led responses,

that has impact on the whole city’s society.

building on the strengths of the city and using the opportunity to not only recover but solve problems

IMPACT ANALYSIS

of the past, communicating between all parties and

Christchurch strategy was especially successful due to

making decisions at the local level whenever possible.

the acknowledgement of the importance of transitional

Resilient community and sustainability building

use and the role of local initiatives in it. The strategy

belong to the long term planning phase.

70

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - CHRISTCHURCH

THE COMMONS

CARDBOARD CATHEDRAL

FESTA

RESTART

GREENING THE RUBBLE

PEOPLE BUILDING BETTER CITIES

LIFE IN VACANT SPACES

ARTIST RESIDENCY

71

 According to the social urban resilience approach

that a lot of the success of the improving situation in

the crisis and the consequent change of conditions

both cases is based on the strong community, without

have to be seen as a learning point and a potential for

the rapid action the recovery wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been

improvement of the underlying problems of the society.

possible. Christchurch recognised this and included

In these case studies the cities dealt with the crises by

building further community resilience in their future

focusing on identifying their weaknesses and strengths

goals. In conclusion, the next step for the successful

and turned them into possibilities. Especially in the

rebuilding of these cities would be integrating the

case of Christchurch the lessons learned were clearly

community level activities and Promising Practices in

named in the reports as a base for further strategies.

a more concrete way into the official agenda as well as

This shows that it depends on the chosen recovery

focusing on means for the city planning to enable them

approach, if the crisis is a downfall of the society or an

more in the existing planning system.

opportunity for change.

In both case studies the recovery from crises started

DEVELOPING PLANNING TOOLS

with the citizen initiated projects, which succeeded

The aim of this benchmarking exercise was to transfer

in identifying and directly focusing on the survival

Promising Practice models to other contexts, in this

or further strengthening of the society based on the

case into the neighbourhood of Moabit in Berlin.

values and goals of the citizens themselves. Different

Transforming the information of the Promising

about these cases was the timeline of the recovery

Practices into translatable data requires identifying the

strategies focused on. While Detroit presented a few

relevant factors in order to apply the practice model

horizons to a 50-year goal, Christchurch focused on a

elsewhere. Therefore, each Promising Practice project

strategy for the first five years after the crisis. By my

was profiled in a comparable format. Thereafter,

interpretation this was due to the shock event and

the profiles were analysed and their main goal

the urgency of the crisis in case of the earthquakes in

identified by evaluating them in the framework of

Christchurch. The destruction by a sudden event called

Social Urban Resilience features and indicators. This

for more immediate action and in this context the small

provides a mechanism to use good and successful

scale responses more viable and effective in the city

reference projects as tools for discussion of possible

scape. The projects became essential part of recovery,

interventions in a different context. The important

which resulted in the officials recognising them in

variables of the Promising Practice projects are divided

their agenda and opening up for a collaboration in the

into two categories according to their adoptability:

official rebuilding efforts. In both cities the community

The Context Variables depend on the implementation

and the civic assets were identified as core strengths

context and have to be locally specified for adaptation

and the existing cultural values and social identity were

and the Conditions are the core features that respond

held high. Consequently in both cases the Promising

to certain situation regardless of the implementation

Practices were able to create resilience by operating

context. They are the Goal and Function, Social Urban

at great level of self-organising capacity, immediacy

Resilience feature, Level of impact, Level of Reach the

and flexibility. Their activities were contributing to

Context Variables are the Initiator and the Location,

sustainability and liveability of the environment while

which depends on the context where the Promising

aiming to also strengthen social cohesion. I recognise

Practice is implemented in.

72

01 RESEARCH - 2 BENCHMARKING - CONCLUSIONS AND OUTPUT

}

Christchurch City Council

STRATEGY LEVEL

Life in Vacant Spaces

SCALING UP

TRENDS & SOCIAL VALUES

THE COMMONS

EVERYDAY PRACTICE LEVEL

Local Makers

image 33 Example of The Commons and growing impact

73

the conditions

the project by time, distance and means. It should be

The Goal and Function simply means the main field

noted that local individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and communities interests

and target of activity of the project.

greatly affect this aspect of range. If the reach is directed

The Social Urban Resilience feature means the specific

to a specific social group, the target group should be

agency of resilience of The Promising Practice. Studying

indicated, for example workers of the area, children,

the goals and operational model of a Promising

the unemployed, artists etc.

Practice, the resilience field can be identified from the framework. This aims at indicating the possible

the context variables

resilience sector, to which the project can be applied in

The Initiator refers to a local actor facilitating the

another context.

main programme of an intervention and can only

For Example, the Commons project from Christchurch

be locally specified. When applying the Promising

clearly states its main goals, which are to benefit the

Practice to a strategy, local actors similar to the ones

community, initiate social change and to create civic

operating the reference project can be involved in the

engagement. These features are related to the focus

strategic planning and discussion the implementation

of Community Cohesion and Connectivity under the

of conditions of the specific intervention.

Social Urban Resilience Framework, which can be

The Location should be defined in a implementation

thus identified as the main resilience focus. Next to the

plan, developed together in an interactive situation by

primary resilience goal, it is contributing to the sector of

the planner, the target group within the Level of Reach,

Creating Commons by creating Access to Public Space.

and the initiating Actors.

Moreover up-scaling and self-organising qualities of the project are features of resilient, empowered urban

P romising P ractice L ibrary

community.

Each Promising Practice project is translated into

In order to apply the functions elsewhere it is

a schematic illustration that simplifies the spatial

also important to note the promising financing or

situation. Moreover each Promising Practice is roughly

management models behind these practices. Some of

categorised according to scale which refers to the

the projects have self-organised funding, which can be

possible physical scale range that depends on how

a useful example in order to realize interventions based

extensive a programme it should facilitate. The scale

on these examples in another context. For example,

may relate to the evaluated potential level of reach and

Avalon Village project was started completely by

impact. The Promising Practice description together

crowdfunding.

with the illustration can be used as a card or other

Level of impact indicates the estimated potential

physical visual representation tool of the possible

to which level of society that the project could have

intervention in an interactive planning situation.

impact. These levels vary between the everyday-

Placed in a 3-D strategic plan of the implementation

practice level of individual innovations, the strategic

context the component can help to illustrate and

level of experimentation within a wider group, to the

discuss certain impacts in relation to the surroundings

trends level that impact values of a society.

and to other planned interventions. This tool provides

Level of Reach refers to the range in which the project

a context based adaptation of a partially defined

has capacity to activate the community, from a specific

solution to a targeted field of Social Urban Resilience.

social group to a whole neighbourhood or the whole city.

The Promising Practice library can be extended with

The width of the range of people attracted to the project

more successful projects and can also exist as an online

is also related to the accessibility and reachability of

database.

74

THE COMMONS

EXPERIMENTING SPACE (THE COMMONS)

*Community engagement & Access to public space Providing spaces for experimentation and projects Establishing self-organising, up-scalable transitional spaces

MANAGING AND CREATING COMMONS

EQUALITY AND INVESTMENT

TITLE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT

(THE REFERENCE CASE)

* Social Urban Resilience feature

COMMUNITY COHESION AND NETWORKS

Goal & Function

MAIN Social Urban Resilience FEATURE OTHER SUR FEATURES

Social Urban Resilience features

75

SMALL

URBAN GREENING (GREENING THE RUBBLE) *Access to public Space & Local identity Rejuvenation of the city and creating positivity

by Creating temporary public parks

USE-IT SPACE (Life in Vacant Spaces) * Access to public space, Civic engagement Encouraging positive contribution to the environment

by Facilitating short-term use of vacant spaces

COMMUNITY ART (THE ALLEY PROJ * Cultural Diversity Building cohesion an

by Managing commu

TRANSITIONS FESTIVAL (FESTA) * Cultural Diversity & Cohesive community & Access to public space Festival of transitional urbanism Experimenting and bringing people together

GATHERING SPACE (cardboard chapel) * Local identity & Cohesive community Building a landmark and valuing the heritage by a transitional gathering space

URBAN MEDIATO (ARTIST RESIDENC *Cultural diversity To find and suppor facility Creating open dialog

DATA FACTORY (DATA DRIVEN DETROIT) *Access to information & knowledge transfer, monitoring Informed decision making & community planning and sustainability

EXCHANGE CENTRE (URBAN INNOVATION EXHANGE) * Skills & Training, Informal Networks Creating communities by offering a platform for urban organizers

DIALOGUES EXHIBITION (PEOPLE BUILDIN *Knowledge transf engagement Promoting dialogue banisation

by Documenting and projets

READY CENTRE (RESTART) Temporary shopping center * Econonmic prosperity & Place attachment Creating a landmark and liveability of the center

SUSTAINABLE VILLAGE (Avlon Village & motown movement) * Ecosystem services, Education infrastructure, Skills & Training, Livelihoods Building self-sufficient services Vibrant economy

MID

LARGE

T JECT) y, Civic engagement nd place attachment unity art projects

MARKETPLACE (Avalon Village) * Livelihoods Entrepreneurial ventures Vibrant economy

COMMUNITY CAFE (Avalon Village) * Cohesive community, Ecosystem services Self-sufficient cafe and free community dinners Sustainability and social support

OR CY) & Communication rts artists to live in a self-contained

URBAN FARMING CENTRE (MUFI) * Shared Ecosystem Services, Basic Needs, Livelihoods, Education, Civic Engagement Sustainable urban agriculture

MAKERS FAIR (DETROIT URBAN CRAFTS FAIR) * Livelyhoods, Communication and networks Economic opportunities and consumer sustainability by a platform of temporary sales events

LIVEABLE SQUARE (CAMPUS MARTIUS PARK) * Access to public space Creating enjoyable, inviting gathering space by redesigning and repurposing central areas

EXPERIMENTING SPACE (THE COMMONS) Providing spaces for experimentation and projects *Community engagement, Informal networks, Access to public space Establishing self-organising, up-scalable transitional spaces

gue and critical thinking

HIBITION NG BETTER CITIES) fer, shared principles, Community on participation and inclusive ur-

d exhibiting community-driven urban

TITLE (THE REFERENCE CASE)

* Social Urban Resilience feature

Goal & Function

MAIN Social Urban Resilience FEATURE OTHER SUR FEATURES

PROMISING PRACTICES LIBRARY

>OUTPUT

2.1 B AC K C A S T I N G

This chapter explains the choice of the neighbourhood of Moabit as a case study and explains the backcasting steps that lead to the development of the strategy for the area. The strategy will be explained in a separate chapter. Berlin was chosen as a location of the case study, because the city is in a constant state of change and has to deal with a range of economic and social challenges as well as sustainability goals. These current changes call for practical applications of social urban resilience approach. The city is at a state of rapid transformation where different drivers have great impact on the urban population in terms of the social capital. The chosen focus neighbourhood for this thesis is the district of Moabit, which is one of the neighbouhoods with the most officially identified problems in Berlin. Howevre, it has also a lot of potential and a strong identity and represents well the development challenges all over the city. The city wide trends and their impacts in Moabit as well as the current resilience of the district are analysed in this chapter.

This section introduces the method of backcasting used to generate the examplary strategy for Moabit in this Case Study. The outlines of the framework are already defined in the output of the research chapter.

The indicators and criteria of social urban resilience framework that resulted from the literature review will be the basis for the backcasting. The general criteria will be spatial and environmental quality, liveability and sustainability while social justice and generating social capital and community empowerment is the priority for planning. The framework frames the focus to approaching this goal through interventions in the open neighbourhood spaces.

The focus will be on the intermediate phase of adapting short term interventions. The main indicators of success of the final strategy will be the social resilience goals defined locally through the backcasting process.

02 CASE STUDY

BACKCASTING FRAMEWORK 1. VISION 2. CURRENT SITUATION 3. SCENARIOS

RESILIENT FUTURE

GY RATE T S .

4

OPPORTUNITIES

S

TH

LOW RESILIENCE TIME

1.

AGENDA

2.

<<

<< >>

>> HIGH RESILIENCE

4. STRATEGY

RE

AT S

3.

>>

image 36 Structure of backcasting, own illustation

80

2.1 BACKCASTING The backcasting process leading to the development of

Department for Urban Planning available online.

the strategy consists of the following steps;

Furthermore, a neighbourhood survey was performed

1. Vision;

to gain understanding of the lifestyles and needs of the

2. Current Situation;

local people.

3. and Scenario Development and Analysis

The important emergent issues to address were; lack of urban activities in the district centre; the growing sense

1. The vision consists of the general goals of social

of social imbalance and unrest; providing locals with

urban resilience adapted to the neighbourhood

opportunities and a greater variety of service alternatives

community scale for Moabit. The vision is an open,

while sustaining the identity of the neighbourhood. In

enabling neighbourhood, with the capacity to empower

order to build upon existing assets, some important

the residents. The neighbourhood responds to a variety

Locales, local situations and experiences that are

of individual needs as well as supports a self-dependent

potentially essential to the local daily lives or the

and self-organising community with strong sense of

identity of the neighbourhood, are identified for the

neighbourhood and united goal¬s for their shared

strategy. Moreover, the neighbourhood was scanned

environment. The neighbourhood has a stronger socio-

for Actors, including initiatives, spaces and projects,

spatial network with high flexibility to adapt to lifestyle

which were identified to have a positive impact or

changes and the goal of having each community

which could trigger and facilitate the up-scaling and

member engage in the development of the community

expansion of the desired changes in the community of

in one way or another.

the neighbourhood.

“Community with high social cohesion and self-

3. In the scenario planning phase two different future

organising capacity supported by the neighbourhood’s

scenarios were developed based on two current

informal socio-spatial networks and high connectivity.

local challenges; the gentrification pressure and the

Great level of self-sufficiency, local innovation and

immigrant influx. The developed future scenarios

mutual investment is enabled in shared spaces and by

present situations after the continuation of negative

resources for joint experimenting.”

development of particular trends. The “worst case

2. The current situation analysis is based on review of

scenario” narratives result in the analysis of the impacts

textual reports and consists of defining the large scale

of the unwanted development in social, ecological and

trends affecting Berlin and Moabit and assessing their

economical aspects and further more allow to discuss

impacts on local resilience.

the question how to turn these development threats

The main sources for the analysis of the social

into opportunities. These opportunities will be defined

conditions were the Neighbourhood Development

as the main Agenda for the last step of the strategy

Concept (Ahmed, et al., 2013), a social study of the

development.

neighbourhood (TOPOS, 2010) and a Neighbourhood

The resulting strategy will consist of a Zoning Plan and

Profile (Gold, M et al., 2012) which were all conducted

ana Action Plan, which will be explained in detail in the

under the official planning efforts of the city of Berlin or

last chapter of the work.

the district of Mitte.

Analysing the current conditions in Moabit and

The spatial conditions of neighbourhood of Moabit

evaluating its resilience, first requires a view of its

is analysed through mapping the conditions more in

context within the city of Berlin. This is in order to

detail. The main source for landuse and geographical

later relate the neighbourhood’s trends to the city wide

data of Moabit and Berlin was the online open source

phenomena.

Geoportal Berlin and the planning reports of the Senate

81

1. VISION ““Neighbourhood with high self-organising capacity supported by connectivity through informal socio-spatial networks, and a great level of self-sufficiency, local innovation and joint investment enabled by shared spaces and resources for experimenting.”

82

FRAMEWORK EVALUATING THE STRATEGY IN THE INDICATORS OF SOCIAL URBAN RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK

SURVEY

T

+IDENTIFYING LOCAL INTERESTS AND LOCAL IDENTITY OF NEIGHBOURHOOD

SCENARIO WORK +DESICIDING DEVELOPMENT FO-

RESPONSE

I CR

A

LOCAL

PROCESS

I ER

THE

DEVELOPMENT

AGENDAS IN SMALL SCALE

PHASING STRATEGY +SCALING UP PROMISING PRACTICES FROM SHORT TERM TO LONG

&

TERM IMPLEMENTATIONS

REVISING STRATEGY +EVALUATING

THE

SUCCESS

BY

QUALITATIVE FEEDBACK FROM EXPERIENCE OF LOCALS

SEMI-FLEXIBLE

PIONEERING PHASE

OVERLAPPING

FUTURES BASED ON LOCAL TRENDS

+TESTING

PLAN “AGENDA ZONES” +DEFINING AGENDAS AND DEVELOPING

ZONING

BASED

ON OPPORTUNITIES EMERGING FROM LOCAL SCENARIOS

“ACTORS LIBRARY” +FINDING LOCAL ACTORS WITH SOCIAL AGENDA

CUS BY DISCUSSING

DISTRIBUTED

T

A

CROSS SCALE & LONG TERM ADAPTIVE UNCERTAINTIES INTEGRATIVE

I CR

I ER

83

“PROMISING PRACTICE LIBRARY” +FLEXIBLE FUNCTIONS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SELF-ORGANISED PROGRAMME

“SPATIAL NETWORK” +CONNECTIVITY BY IMPLEMENTING INTERVENTIONS IN DIFFERENT OPERATING SCALES

“ACTOR NETWORK” +INVOLVING THE ACTORS WITH AS A LINK TO INVOLVING LOCALS +SELF-ORGANISED

NETWORK-

ING AND EFFECTIVE SELF-HELP

BY EASY ACCESS TO LOCAL NETWORK

MOABIT

HOUSING DEMAND LOW SOCIAL DYNAMICS SOCIAL PROBLEMS

image 37 own illustration, data based on, Berlin City Environmental Atlas, fisbrokers.de

84

CURRENT SITUATION BERLIN Economically Berlin is struggling with job creation, job

it is currently unable to respond to current climate

security and low income levels. On the other hand it

change impacts and sustainability requirements. The

has seen positive progress and enjoys the advantages of

city is consequently in risk in case of unpredictable

a location with knowledge and innovation assets. The

events or global fluctuations, which demand high self-

cultural landscape is highly diversified, and it lives off

dependency and capacity for self-management. (StEK

of the connection to new currents, embracing Berlin’s

2030, 2013; CIP Strategy, 2009)

cultural legacy and its unique history. Art and culture

Berlin is poor in comparison to other German states.

play an important role in the integration and identity

In its attempt to become a financial centre, many

of its urban society. The quality of life in Berlin is

properties were privatised. After that the city went for

determined by the ecological, functional and aesthetic

a “creative city” agenda, triggering an influx of tourists

factors of its environment and is characterised by

and “AirBnB” urbanism that caused the rental prices

the expansive and diverse cityscape. Social harmony,

to sky-rocket. Berlin has managed to attract a great

societal permeability and geographic balance create the

proportion of start-up businesses and consequently

foundation for a viable urban community. Berlin has

young creative clientele. There are however clear

the potential for a diverse populace, but has areas with

clusters of underprivileged demographic groups making

high degrees of social problems. The social diversity

some areas more vulnerable than others. Gentrification

defined by the term “the Berlin mix”, the diversity of

is today a common topic among Berliners, but the

the population living harmoniously together and a

challenge is to scale up the action. (Vasudevan, 2015)

vibrant variety of urban cultures create a viable urban

The significance of the changing service structure

community that is one of the most attractive aspects of

of the area becomes clear when reflecting on the

Berlin.

consumption-based theory of gentrification. According to this theory the gentrification process is associated

economic resilience

with the lifestyles of the growing service class of the

A pressing vulnerability of Berlin is its long line of

post-industrial world. The new groups with more

unstable and externally dependent economy. Berlin

consumption power will attract even more of their

has a low per-capita income and a high unemployment

kind. The result is that the type of services is changing

rate.

and the prices are getting higher (Thorns, 2003).

The

consequent

weak

purchasing

power

influences the local industry, which has quite a weak

Despite

representation of companies with high added value.

subletting and the introduction of the rent cap, the

Berlin is highly relying on other federal states with

landlords are likely to be looking for new loopholes in

steadier finance and moreover, its dependence on

these legislations to exploit on the tenants’ expenses,

other outside finance resources is growing. In the inner

which makes it evident why those laws are ambiguous.

city, there are zones high economic activity zones,

The new population flowing in presents an irresistible

however there are also hubs of poverty concentration

financial opportunity to attract more in order to

with weak local economies in the city. The overall

stimulate the business activity of the city. This change

economy is neither resilient to unpredictable global

seems to be inevitable for a city like Berlin, which

trends nor to changing security situations. Therefore,

struggles to stabilise its economy and has a huge

it responds weakly to adaptations that demand high

growing interest from outside, despite solutions like

capacity of management in public sector and high level

rent cap (Thorns, 2003). Instead of adapting to the

investments. The infrastructure is under pressure due

increasing private capital and business opportunities

to a progressive wear and maintenance backlog, hence

the city has continued to facilitate as much investment

85

the

restrictions

on

the

“off-the-books”

NEIGHBOURHOOD CENTRES NEW DEVELOPMENT

image 38 data based on, Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

86

as possible in order to compensate for the lacking

there is also a high rate of annual fluctuation in the

public funds. (Franz, 2015)

population. Berlin has a tendency to attract people, but

What comes to the negative effects of the gentrification,

a large proportion of them moves away after a short

the rent caps do prevent extreme impacts like

period of time. Therefore, there are certain trendy

immediate displacement. However for the groups

areas that have, both population with deeper roots in

vulnerable to gentrification pressure, like elderly

the neighbourhood, and newcomers, expatriates and

and inhabitants with low-income or with migration

tourists. Economic growth attracting investment and

backgrounds, the proximity to their community in

new start-ups and a growing number of visitors is

their established neighbourhoods is more important.

resulting in battles over the public realm and causing

Therefore the location is often valued over the size of

conflict between the city and the citizens. The refugee

the accommodation for example. These groups are a

influx as well has its impact on the social situation, as

great value to a neighbourhood, showing a long term

in 2015 around 80 000 refugees arrived in Berlin. In

commitment to place.

the coming years 50 000 more are expected annually

Resentment emerges within the community and

(Schaffelder, 2015). This comprises a large proportion

conflict can occur between the original “pioneering”

of the immigrants that are more vulnerable than

and the middle class gentrifiers. The old inhabitants,

usual. The mix of cultures is not a risk per se to the

that have built the identity of the area, commonly turn

city, as Berlin has already adopted a very multicultural

inwards, as the newcomers contribute to the promotion

population profile since decades. However the local

of the area outwards. Usually the strong negative

neighbourhoods, and their urban community resilience,

emotions are caused by the fact that the pioneers, as

which will be a target for yet another group of residents

early gentrifiers, become opponents of further new

who are to be integrated to the super-diverse mix of

waves of gentrification. Gentrification can cause

people with different anticipations and parallel life

racial and class tensions in neighbourhoods that were

realities, are being further tested.

traditionally populated by a relatively homogeneous

There is not clear evidence to the opposing theories

group of people. (Atkinson et.al, 2005)

about immigrant neighbourhoods. Other theories

Gentrification should be seen as a neutral process that

suggest

just requires awareness of the social fragmentation

neighbourhoods become insufficiently socialized and

it causes, in order to be able to adapt to the changes.

disconnected from the new mainstream society while

Empowering

community

another theory emphasizes the importance of the role

land trusts or building groups or introducing new

of the social networks and their support in immigrant

management strategies such as social entrepreneurial

enclaves.

city concept can be powerful tools in managing the

In two different longitudinal studies in Sweden and

gentrification process. It is essential to have economic

the Netherlands it has been proven that immigrants

interests in mind while holding to ecological and social

do not necessarily form strong clusters of their own

responsibilities as a precondition to the management

ethnic group. However they are often inhabiting areas

(Franz, 2015)

together with a large number of other migrants. The

new

actors,

such

as

that

immigrants

living

in

clustered

immigrants tend to however rely on their own ethnic social resilience

community’s social network, which is proven to be

Another stressful aspect is the migration pattern and

a great opportunity in the beginning, but in the long

the consequent complexity of the social situation. This

term, after a few year usually, it has resulted in a

complexity is due to its dual nature, as this aspect is

decrease in motivation to develop new skills necessary

both an asset and a great challenge. The characteristic

for connecting with the mainstream society. Therefore,

of “super-diversity” applies to the population of

not only the duration and conditions of stay, but also

Berlin. Nevertheless its contrasting requirements of

cultural aspects are important.

the urban environment makes the coexistence of very

In a study of the immigrant clustering in Berlin between

different people in same neighbourhoods challenging..

1975-1990 shows that in most cases the geographical and

The city has a great population of immigrants, who

cultural distance between a native group, an immigrant

have a prominent role in the city, but apart from that,

group or different immigrant groups affects the social

87

USE OF TRANSPORTATION

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS

image 39 data based on, Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

88

connectivity between those groups (Yamamoto, 1993).

The infrastructures and services that are considered

Times of stronger opposition of immigration have not

critical and absolutely essential in Germany are the

shown to result in forming tighter enclaves. There

basic infrastructure; power, ICT, transportation,

does not seem to be consistent theoretical proof for

water and sewage and the service infrastructure;

the effects of forming of neighbourhoods with higher

health & food, emergency & rescue, government & law

rate of immigrants. Therefore, it cannot be said, if the

enforcement, finance, media & culture (CIP-Strategy,

phenomenon is entirely positive or negative. Trying

2009). In case of crisis, local authorities, institutions and

to prevent clustering by strong forced prevention of

organisations are initially responsible for dealing with

segregation by top down programmes may result in

the consequences. In a long lasting crisis with significant

disturbed dynamics of the existing neighbourhoods,

consequences the next-highest levels are mobilised up.

discrimination or stigmatizing of certain groups.

The final responsibility lies within the hands of the

Therefore, targeted support for those who are

Federal Ministries level, which are the disaster control

unintentionally stuck in an enclave, might make more

authorities that commission the local authorities with

sense than to enforce different communities to mix.

implementation of the required measures. However,

(Musterd, 2011)

it would appear that from an economic and technical point of view, it is not currently possible to ensure the

infrastructural resilience

sustainability of all communications, critical services

When it comes to sudden shocks, Berlin is not particularly

or basic needs of the citizens in case of a wide system

vulnerable to threats, such as natural disasters that

failure.(Petermann et.al, 2011).

can be predicted. However, in national scale there is

This system failure scenario is not regarded as a

a recent history of a number of malfunctions such as

“pressing crisis”, as its probability is not known. In this

floods and power blackouts that have highlighted the

context it yet serves as a scenario to raise discussion

population’s dependence on critical infrastructure.

about what might be the unexpected impacts of a worst

There is in fact a growing number of threats that the

case scenario and which “lifestyle changes” could make

critical infrastructure may be exposed to, including

the urban communities more self-reliant in case of

extreme weather events, technical or human failure as

such unexpected crisis. A scenario of a sudden system

well as terrorism and crime, any of which could cause

failure of critical infrastructure, would cut the district

widespread disturbances to the system.

and its inhabitants off from the transportation as well

Germany is a country with an above-average security

as supply of power and goods for indefinite time. Such

of power supply. However supply bottlenecks, public

an event would disturb most people’s daily routine and

safety problems and disruptions of the transportation

they would have to find ways to continue daily life with

system have revealed the vulnerability of critical

new resources. Very soon people would not be able to

services, which rely heavily on power supply. “Modern,

depend on their own supplies of food etc. anymore,

high-technology societies rely on highly complex

but they would have to pool resources with neighbours

network sophisticated organisational structures and

and members of the community and learn to build

critical technological infrastructure with high levels

trust on the community to survive. Depending on the

of interdependence which is making them extremely

scale of the crisis, the self-dependence of communities

vulnerable”(CIP-Strategy, 2009). Therefore, system

is accordingly increasing. Therefore high community

malfunctions

resilience is also required in dense urban areas, like

on

technology

supported

critical

infrastructure would have variety of impacts on labour

Berlin.

and facilities, electronic data, food and water, damaged

As an example, New Yorkers’ experiences of the North

products and equipment, security systems, payment

East Blackout in the US in 2003 prove that system

and transaction systems, traffic, information and

failure can have not only a dramatic impact on everyday

telecommunications (Bruch et.al, 2011). A prolonged

life but also it raised awareness of the underlying

system failure would definitely pose a risk to public

vulnerabilities and values of the society as well as

safety in Berlin (Petermann et.al, 2011).

motivating the community to self-organise (BBC News,

89

BERLINERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; EXPECTATIONS ON GIVING AND RECEIVING HELP (citizen survey)

IMPACT RADIUS OF COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT SCALES

RANGE

75 000

IMPACT 60 RADIUS OF COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT SCALES

1 LARGE SCALE INTERVENTION OF EACH AGENDA

MIN 20 MIN

RANGE

75 000

500010 000 1 MID SCALE INTERVENTION OF DEFINED AGENDA

OTHER PEOPLE

20 MIN

1 LARGE SCALE INTERVENTION OF EACH AGENDA

60 MIN OF

5 MIN

20 MIN 5001000

NEIGHBOURHOOD 5

1 SMALL SCALE INTERVENTION WITH EVERYDAY FUNCTION

MIN

CLOSE BY FAMILY

40%

1 MID SCALE NEIGHBOURS INTERVENTION OF DEFINED AGENDA

500010 000 20 MIN

75%

5 MIN

5030% 150

GIVING TO RECIEVING FROM (in

any case)

5001000

1 SMALL SCALE INTERVENTION WITH EVERYDAY FUNCTION

5 MIN

50150

90

BERLIN

2003). These experiences might inspire social learning and new innovations in case of lack of resources, for

to escape responsibility, these groups might have

more self-sustaining and self-dependent lifestyles as

difficulties in developing the necessary trust to operate

well as advocating community resilience to adjust to an

as a tight community. In this sense the spatial range

unexpected crisis.

of the community becomes an important aspect when designing for the resilience of neighbourhoods. Smaller

community resilience

scale contributes to some extent in building more sense

A survey (Ohder et.al, 2014) of Berlin citizens’

of community and capability of self-organising and

willingness to help others in a crisis provides

self-help within the neighbourhood.

information to estimate the current social and

The survey also tried to investigate what kind of places

community resilience. The aim is to also discuss how

Berliners would prefer to approach in search of help,

values, such as trust and sense of responsibility towards

by asking to evaluate different possible contact points

the neighbourhood community, can be improved. The

for information and help. There was no unanimous

survey questionnaire was based on a power blackout

response, but the answers indicated that the top three

scenario. However interpretations from the emerging

of most trusted places would be the caretaker, the

behavioural estimations can be applied to other types

railway station and the police. However the responses

of stress and shock situations as well.

were so varied and indicated relative decisiveness, that

The results of the study present a high willingness to

it would be best to establish various contact points. This

give help. Less than 1% of respondents communicated

would also make sense in order to distribute the contact

no willingness to help others in any case. It should

points in a neighbourhood more evenly. Most people

be noted, that usually a person’s effort to help others

however weren’t sure about contacting for example

is conditioned to them not impairing their own

local help organisations or neighbourhood meeting

resources by doing so. Still, the results demonstrate

points, which indicates the lack of connectivity to

that the willingness to help actually tends to correlate

these actors. Making the position of these actors more

negatively with the strength of individual resources. The

prominent in the Berlin neighbourhoods could support

population groups that are particularly vulnerable to

the self-dependency and self-organising capacity of a

sudden crisis, such as older people, migrants or families

neighbourhood in possible crisis.

with children, communicated more preparedness

A general feedback was that people were most keen to

to help others and accept personal restrictions by

offer their knowledge and skills over material resources

sharing rare goods or even housing. There is also

as means of supporting others and in case of power

higher preparedness to take care of others with urgent

blackout, people would like to continue to go to work

needs like acute medical attention (Ohder et.al, 2014).

normally (Ohder et.al, 2014). This demonstrates that

These results suggest on the other hand that, in case of

people value highly staying active and useful as well as

Berlin, the sense of community may in fact be easier

maintaining the life as normal as possible and staying

to build stronger among specific demographic groups

connected to others.

and among people with vulnerabilities, than those who

After a power blackout hits a city, individual self-

maybe already feel very independent from support

dependency drops during the emergency phase of the

networks of the community.

disaster. Parallel to that the access to large scale support

Respondents expressed more willingness to help

networks or distant resources weakens. In a situation

persons living within one’s own spatial environment

where an individual’s mobility and connectivity via

than those in other neighbourhoods. The preparedness

critical infrastructure decreases, so does the sense of

to assist neighbours in need is most pronounced in

responsibility towards the larger system and towards

respondents who have been living for a long time in

those outside of one’s own neighbourhood. Therefore

“their” neighbourhood. Specific groups that have a

through the time span of the recovery phase, the

stronger tendency to leave the neighbourhood are

individual’s interdependency within their community

less committed to help in the neighbourhood (Ohder

is stronger. Although, the study is based on power

et.al, 2014). In Berlin those groups are students and

blackout scenario, the challenges with mobility and

expatriates and although there are no tendencies image 40 own illustration, data based on, Results of a citizen survey in three Berlin districts, (Ohder et.al, 2014)

91

CULTURE

CREATIVITY

SCIENCE & BUSINESS

PRODUCTION

CENTRAL SERVICES

RECREATION

image 41 < The strategy focus points (Berlin strategy 2030) image 42 ^ own illustration, data based on: Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

92

sudden weakened individual resources can reflect

neighbourhood diversity, grow greener, establish

many urban crisis situations like natural events or

groundwork for climate-friendly metropolis and to

the refugee crisis. In attempt to build social urban

improve accessibility and mobility. This strategy with

resilience, it is therefore important to consider different

its detailed indicators for these goals are to serve as a

scales between home and the whole city. in addition to

motivational and guiding framework for different parties

that it must be taken into consideration, how the locals

involved in developing the city or the neighbourhoods

operate among themselves and how their relation to

with the main responsibility laying within the hands

others changes from one scale to another.

of the Urban Development Department. The strategy aims its goals for the time period starting from 2015

institutional resilience

until 2030 and next to the general goals it highlights

The city planning department of Berlin has released

a few transformation areas as centres of new urban

the first strategy for the development of the city since

development projects in different neighbourhoods of

German reunification in 1990. As the focus has still been

the city (Geisel, Berlin Strategy, 2015). The principles

mostly on the regulatory and detailed planning (Närhi

of the strategy are mainly based on the analysis of the

et.al, 2007), Berlin 2030 strategy is first one providing

evident, current trends and it does not include any

a vision and a model for the long-term, sustainable

uncertainty perspectives. As an example, the strategy

development addressing the fast growth and change

that has been published in the spring of 2015, has

the city is facing. (Müller, Berlin Strategy, 2015).

included no guidelines applicable to the refugee crisis,

The highest federal spatial planning is responsible

that escalated in the city soon after.

for the guiding principles in Germany while the local

The Berlin strategy is projected to the district planning

city planning of Berlin is leading the development of

offices and the neighbourhood management offices

specific goals to prepare the use of land for building or

that are managing more localised efforts that fall under

other specified purposes (Pahl-Weber et.al, 2008).

the city’s official Urban Development. The challenge

The federal planning focuses on challenges of rising

for the Urban Development Department is to manage

polarisation of income and unemployment, educational

and coordinate the implementation of this strategy

poverty, demographic changes and climate change,

all the way to those parties shaping the city that are

(The German Association of Cities, 2013) all of which

not in official collaboration with the City of Berlin. In

are visible in the planning strategy of Berlin for the

the case of Berlin especially those actors have a great

coming 15 years.

impact in the public realm as well as in forming the

The challenge in local planning is to adapt to increasingly

neighbourhood communities. The challenge is that the

specific and concrete principles of the federal level

current strategy has a tone of a branding statement

while the local authorities are faced with risk of revenue

and it lacks the perspective of focusing on providing

fluctuations of globally unstable economy, which poses

the existing population with answers to their needs.

a considerable uncertainty to planning activities. In

Reflecting on the goal of a just city, and its importance

addition to that, the privatisation of public tasks and

for social urban resilience, the current approach of

economisation of the administration and reduced local

the strategy does not seem beneficial in long term in

authorities’ control over urban planning and uniform

creating bonds between the places and the people

urban policy making (The German Association of

operating in different levels of the city system. The

Cities, 2013). In Berlin there are many particular issues

demands and expectations of stakeholders in the urban

and local challenges in different neighbourhoods that

community to co-design and co-determine the planning

require targeted smaller scale management.

processes are rising, but is often solely depending on

The Berlin 2030 strategy names eight sectors to focus

citizen’s activity to comment on reports and plans, with

on and the intended directions to grow in improving

no clear obligation for interaction.

the city’s status in Germany and globally. The vision

The Neighbourhood Management is a top-down

emphasizes economic strength, quality of life and

implemented program in Berlin promoting social

social conscience. The goals include to; strengthen

cohesion through involving residents in decision-

the economy, unleash strengths through creativity,

making processes affecting their local neighbourhood

safeguard employment through education, reinforce

and to mitigate the development of poverty hubs that

93

INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN MOABIT

94

tend to develop into social segregation over time. The

where the city’s imported supplies arrive via land and

program is part of the federal Socially Integrative City

waterways.

programme and the driving idea is to support people

Being an island surrounded by water, railroads

living together, rather than coexisting anonymously or

and industry, Moabit appears as a distinguished

turning against each other. The goal is empowerment

geographical area within Berlin, but further analysis

and the means is to help people to help themselves,

confirms Moabit’s distinct character. It has great

thus it is a process in which social capital aims to

diversity and it withholds different zones, with special

compensate for a lack of financial capital creating

character. There are a few clear cut borders dividing

prosperity and sustainability. (Socially Integrative City,

the area into different types of zones according to

2010)

land use and spatial character, the heavy and light

The

neighbourhood

management

has

initiated

industry zones, the “workers quarters” residential

impactful projects during the years. However, currently

zone, the central zone, the administrative zone and the

it does not particularly attract the local initiatives for

new development zone. In terms of management the

collaboration, who often work independently for the

district is divided into two sub districts, West and East

neighbourhood and do not relate to the participation

Moabit. Both subareas have their own Neighbourhood

and validation methods or contradictory agendas of

Management as a part of the federal Social City

the authorities. During the recent increasing refugee

program. (Socially Integrative City, 2010) Within

influx to Berlin, the voluntary spirit and self-organising

the residential zone there is demographically a clear

capacity of the civic initiatives has been highlighted,

separation into two areas within Moabit, Northern

emphasizing the authorities’ lack of adaptation to the

Moabit and Southern Moabit, which are divided by

high urgency situation. In terms of future oriented

the districts retail centre of the west-east orientated

neighbourhood planning, there is currently a lack of

Turmstrasse street and the Kleiner Tiergarten park.

necessary discussion between the stakeholders. More

The two areas show statistical differences in social

attention should also be paid to the alternative futures

status of their population. According to statistics North

that have not been considered and their impacts in

Moabit can be characterised relatively unstable with an

relation to all levels and scales.

accumulation of social problems. Its urban typologies are old tenement buildings and industrial sites. South

MOABIT

Moabit, below the street of Alt-Moabit, has a higher social status, with consistently restored buildings

socio spatial conditions

with little damage from WW II, better maintained

Moabit is one of the 96 neighbourhoods in Berlin and

environment, a lot of administrative government

a part of Mitte, one the 12 districts of Berlin. Moabit is

establishments such as the Ministry of the Interiors and

centrally located, it borders the Government District in

the Berlin main railway station. Empirical exploration

the south east right next to the main railway station.

of the neighbourhood ‘s environment reveals that the

Water and industry are prominent features of the

situation is more complex: There are elaborate social

district. Moabit is actually an island surrounded by the

relationships and cultures in the different coexisting

Spree river and inner-city shipping canals connecting

communities of the Northern Moabit whereas the

the important harbours in Berlin and the riverbanks

Southern Moabit appears more “harmonic” but with

are used for leisure as well as for industry. 25 bridges

less character. The northern demonstrates a stronger

connect Moabit to the rest of Berlin and the first one

tendency towards community cohesion via self-

was built in 1820 starting the industrialisation of the

organisation.

district. Industry is still very present in Moabit which

Moabit is well connected to the inner city as well as

has ever since developed into an inner-city industrial

outwards from the city. The main railway station is

hub. Westhafen Kraftwerk power plant, located in the

located in the south east of Moabit and from the northern

industrial site in the north of the district, provides the

side it is neighbouring the Berlin Ring motorway and

locals with heat and is a major energy supplier in the

the Tegel airport. It is divided by the heavily trafficked

city. Berlin’s food distribution Grossmarkt wholesale

Alt-Moabit street in east-west direction and the city

warehouse is located in Westhafen industrial zone,

train (S-Bahn) connection in the north and the south

95

NEIGHBOURHOODS IN MOABIT

96

of the district connecting to the city, as well as a metro

working on a concept of “Green Moabit” and has had a

line. Only 20% of Moabiters own a car and they prefer

special focus on parks supporting sports and outdoor

to use bicycles or public transport. (Mobility in the

activities. The main current investments in green

City, 2013)

infrastructure and leisure area are mostly allocated

The neighbourhoods in Berlin have great importance

around the new development zones (Berlin Strategy

for their residents, each district centre providing a

2030, 2015).

variety of services to the urban population at a short

Locals often refer to Moabit as “mini Berlin” or

range from housing and support the daily life in

described as “authentic”. This means that Moabit has

the from the near vicinity. Still a Berliner travels on

retained its original “Berliner mix”, which refers to the

average 20 km per day, meaning commuting daily to

typical diverse population with a fair share of people

other districts or parts of the city to school or work

with migration background, different social statuses

or for other reasons. This results in concentrations of

and diverse ways of life. The different lifestyles include

heavy use on some parts of the transportation network.

students living affordably in shared apartments and

Public transportation in Berlin is well functioning and

spending a lot of time out side of Moabit, locally

appreciated by the city’s inhabitants, but the pedestrian

wealthier higher-middle class, usually German, who

and cycling traffic has not been much focused on, which

have their own exclusive circles separate from the

reflects in the statistics. Of the 70% of Berliners who

shared part of the neighbourhood, people who live and

own a bicycle, only 13% uses it daily (Mobility in the

work or have small business in the area, immigrant

City, 2013). Activity in an urban neighbourhood within

families in the area, which rely largely on the local

a short distance from one’s home determines social

community, and refugees, who are very much tied to

encounters and creates a sense of community in close

their shelter and thus lack possibility to move around.

vicinity. Therefore, supporting “short-distance living”

This diversity is reflected in the use of the public space:

is a crucial planning aspect for Moabit. To develop

There are areas or locations that are clearly shared by

Moabit into a “short-distance” neighbourhood, both

different groups of people, such as the shopping area

upgrading the quality of the urban space, supporting

of Turmstrasse and the Ottopark, on the other hand

the central activities, as well as enhancing the short-

there are more ”exclusive” areas or locales within the

distance mobility is required (Berlin Strategy 2030,

residential quartiers, where a more specified group of

2015; Zentren 3, 2011). Between the residential

people is represented.

quarters of the district the walkability is better, than in the centre and in the outskirts of the district, where

moabit trends

the transportation hubs the roads are very dominant at

In terms of diversity, Moabit has kept its profile,

the expense of the quality of pedestrian space and the

while many other inner city districts have grown and

cycle paths.

become gentrified at a significantly faster pace. The

There are currently very few open public spaces,

Moabiter’s take pride in this fact but, there are also

which support the neighbourhood community. Most

downsides to it. In Moabit the conditions of life are

public activity concentrates at Turmstrasse, where

comparatively less favourable. There is a high rate of

basic daily services can be found. Turmstrasse and

poverty, unemployment and immigrants, which has

its surroundings are part of Berlin’s district centre

caused social instability and makes the population and

development programme, with medium-level urgency

communities relatively vulnerable (Ahmed, et al, 2013).

for upgrading action. Other smaller services and social

The social index calculation conducted by the city of

services like schools and kindergartens are relatively

Berlin uses six variables referring to these factors and

evenly distributed throughout the district, but the living

rates Mitte and Moabit as being the least favourable

quarters still lack gathering spaces for neighbours.

among the city’s areas, indicating the district’s low

Open green areas are few, the exception being the river

degree of social cohesion. (Ohder et.al, 2014).

banks of Spree which are partly in poor condition, and

Mitte and Moabit in particular, have the highest rate of

Klein Tiergarten which is surrounded by busy roads

poverty and unemployment of all the districts in Berlin,

and the central transportation hub of Turmstrasse

with 20% poverty rate compared to an overall 14% city-

metro-station. The district administration is currently

wide. A high percentage of Moabiters are receiving

97

OPEN SPACES IN MOABIT

98

»»“Authorities cannot afford this kind of acction, we can only implement it together.” / Neue Nachbarschaft / Moabit financial aid. The households vary; most of Moabiters

are already posing a possible threat to the existence

live alone but on the other end of the spectrum there

of the diverse local small businesses, the possibility

is a high percentage of families, of which those with a

for redevelopment of the currently inhabited critical

migration background have often a number of young

district spaces and living environments and the identity

children. The concentration of unemployment and low

of the district.

household income is higher among the latter group.

There are different new developments affecting the

There are a lot of vulnerable groups requiring financial

district. It is influenced by three transformation zones

or social support from the government. (Gold et.al,

of the Berlin city’s 2030 strategy, one of them includes

2012.). Next to the existing long term issues, the refugee

the plan of Europa City, in the west of the district.

influx of 2015 in Berlin has had a concentrated impact

The exclusivity of this new high-end district has

on exactly Moabit in particular, while the first handling

already sparked some heated responses to the plans.

of the refugees takes place in the centre of the district

(Tagespiegel, Schönball, 2015) The residential areas in

in the State office of Welfare, LaGeSo (Landesamt für

the northern part are under a renovation programme.

Gesundheit und Soziales). This has resulted in weekly

Next to that the transformation of the old brewery in

demonstrations of the anti-migration activists around

Moabit into a commercial centre with 150 stores and

Kleiner Tiergarten, located right next to LaGeSo, and in

brands aims at turning Moabit into a hub for fashion

sometimes hectic situations when it came to encounters

and trade. In this attempt the local businesses that

between

uncontrollably

were former tenants of the brewery building have been

increasing crowds of unattended newcomers waiting

the

protesters

and

the

terminated without replacement (Berliner Zeitung,

for registration outdoors. To fuel the tension this might

Böhme, 2015).

cause, the local media has published stories about increasing crime rate related to refugees in Kleiner

moabit management

Tiergarten (Berliner Zeitung, Kopietz, 2016).

The neighbourhood managements (Ahmed et al., 2013)

Moabit is a growing district, with demand for housing

of Moabit has defined the following focus areas in their

exceeding the supply. Its new development potential

official agenda for development and improvement of

has been evaluated for housing projects, and new

Moabit:

residential areas will be developed to respond to the

• education and training leading to job creation,

increasing demand. The exclusive prices of the new

especially opportunities in arts and culture,

apartments are encouraging the locals to object the

• neighbourhood enhancement with special focus on

new developments. Moabit is behind in popularity in

groups with special needs and the living together

comparison to areas like Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain

• the quality of public space and its role as open meeting

but is following their trend with a growing number of

space and the networking

newcomers coming to the area. The local average rent

• involvement of locals and different actors in

has been rising since 2009 by 60 percent (Torka, 2016).

participation.

High gentrification pressure in Moabit has called for

A lot of initiatives are working in Moabit on community

legislative measures for the locals’ protection, which

enhancement and providing special services, but it is

resulted in a new conservation ordinance building code

hard to evaluate the accessibility and benefit of these to

called the environmental protection. The code will be

the local people.

applied by Berlin’s municipality on basis of special

The main cause is the central location, but rent prices

building development laws. The aim of the code is to

are not generally considered one of its benefits although

protect the social structure of the “typical Berlin mix”

Moabit is one of the cheapest central districts to rent.

by preventing the current population’s displacement

This might relate to the fact that in terms of liveability,

due to rising rents (Berliner Zeitung, Ulrich, 2016).

quality of space and services, Moabit is not comparable

However, the new exclusive developments in Moabit

to the more popular central districts. Community

99

“The mixture of people, a comparativelu quite area, “uncomplicated” people”

Teacher Moabiter for 4 years

“The close by Tiergarten, the river Spree, the Markthalle, the community Gallery”

Social worker Moabiter for 5,5 years

“A lot of vacancy around Turmstrasse - ideal for opening nice Cafés”

Student Moabiter for 1,5 years

“I do not like Turmstrasse, the City Hall or Turmstrasse subway station. “

Graphic Designer Moabiter for 17 years

“Rising rents, the new mall, too many newcomers.“

100

Student Moabiter for 8 years

S • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

W

diverse population & multicultural calm & relaxed diverse urban structure beautiful architecture familiar neighbourhood good infrastructure connectivity by transport central location close to spree and tiergarten authentic representation of Berlin good access to basic needs supports daily life cheap and not gentrified no tourist scene

• little leisure offerings and nightlife • poor walkability • connectivity to other districts • little alternative services • gentrification pressure • refugees and social inbalance • some ugly, ill maintained areas • Huttenstrasse, Beusselstrasse, Turmstasse • new shopping mall • few public meeting places • unsafety around station Turmstrasse • lack of community feeling • unsocial housing development

aspects are experienced as considerably weak, as

written answers about personally experienced pros

only 4-5% of the inhabitants counts in the sense of

and cons of the neighbourhood. The criteria for the

neighbourhood as a reason to live in Moabit (TOPOS,

methods were set to allow answers of unrestricted

2010). This speaks for low social urban resilience as the

input by providing different ways of giving meaningful

sense of community is essential in building the social

place related feedback with both a mapping tool and

capital. In an urban neighbourhood with a high social

open format questions.

and economic vulnerability and a multitude of single

The methods proved partly successful, as from the

households, community resilience is crucial for future

respondents about 1/3 used the mapping tool, which

adaptability. The topic of future adaptation is critical

was made simple and approachable by using the

for Moabit, which is an area of conflict between large

commonly known google-maps platform with its

scale development plans and land use for economic

editing options. When intentionally used, the mapping

growth on one side and meeting the needs of the local

exercise gave a good insight to the respondents’ activity

people and a changing population on the other side.

range in relation to their neighbourhood and the distribution of the essential places of daily life, which

moabit neighbourhood stories survey

corresponded with the aim of the method. All of the

The following survey set out to investigate the day to

respondents were extensively answering to the open

day life patterns of the locals as well as to define the

questions about the advantages and disadvantages of

main potentials and challenges of the district according

the district, describing aspects related to the social,

to the experience of the inhabitants of Moabit. The

service, infrastructural and spatial qualities. This,

survey was conducted as an online questionnaire that

together with the visual mapping, gave a relatively

was distributed in social media groups directed to

comprehensive insight into the experiences of the local

the residents of the district, online channels of local

life in the neighbourhood.

organisations, as well as announcement boards of

The majority of the 30 respondents had lived in Moabit

locales of the neighbourhood.

for less than 5 years and the rest are divided evenly

The questionnaire consisted of two parts, and an

in groups of 5-10 years and 10 years or more. Also

introduction with warm-up questions that served

each age group was represented in the range of <18-

the analysis of respondent’s background. The first

65 years. Furthermore, a variety of occupations were

feedback part was an interactive map. Its aim was to

represented. The biggest portion of respondents belong

experiment with the intuitive use of a visual online tool

to the age group of 25-35 years, which is factually

for mapping emerging experience based information.

according to statistics the biggest age group in Moabit.

The second part consisted of open questions and free

The biggest occupational group was surprisingly

101

map DAILY LIFE

Daily activity range by neighbourhood

Graph of the response activity per neighbourhood Huttenkiez Beusselkiez Westhafen Emdener Strasse Zwinglistrasse Elberfelderstrasse Stephankiez LĂźbecker Strasse Thomassius Strasse Zillesiedlung LĂźneburgerstrasse Heidestrasse

102

students. All household types were also represented.

the sports park of Post stadium, the Arminius market

Roughly one fourth of the respondents lived alone, one

hall, the Spree riverside, and ZKU cultural centre.

third in a shared flat with roommates and half with

Among the more common smaller services there seems

family or a partner, meaning, some people shared a

to be a lack of variety.

home with both family members and house mates not

The average Berliners’ daily transportation habits are

being part of their family.

also reflected in the high percentage of pedestrians and

It is acknowledged that the online format and

bicycle users among the respondents. The least used

the promoting methods might have affected the

means to commute was a private car. This correlates

demographic profile of the sample group. Nevertheless,

with the overall statistics of Berlin. Clearly, more than

it was meaningful to experiment with the use of

half of respondents’ preferred mode of travel within the

independent social media formats to study the

city is biking, which is higher than the equivalent rate

possibilities

community-driven

of Berlin in total. The opinions on the centrality of the

processes. The sample group of Moabiters taking

of

self-organising

location given in the open questions were polarized into

part in this survey is relatively representative and the

those, who appreciated the good public transportation

experiences described are an important resource for

possibilities, and others, who found the connectivity

a qualitative analysis. This method is to be seen as

relatively poor.

a first step to involve the local public, and as such it

The lack of services and their insufficiency to satisfy

seems to be well received. Regarding the effort and

urban life was stressed in many of the responses. In

the simplicity of the questionnaire, the fact that one

general, however, the “normality” of the area was

third of respondents stated their interest to be further

appreciated and all respondents credited Moabit for

involved in the project was a considerable success. The

good support of basic needs. The calmness of the area,

survey could be taken further than its present outcome

in terms of tourists, was perceived as a virtue and

by distributing it throughout a longer period of time

one of the main assets of the neighbourhood was the

and through a wider network in order to improve the

diversity of cultures and its authenticity. The long-term

quality of the input substantially. In a future version,

residents clearly had stronger community bonds and

the mapping tool could be made easier to use to

were thankful for the familiarity of the neighbourhood.

increase the number of its users.

The main concerns emerging from the locals’ answers

The mapping tool provided interesting information

were the insufficient services and the unattractiveness

in terms of understanding the operational scales

of the environment, the social stress, and the insecurity

of the locals. The respondents’ answers indicated

perceived in the face of the rising number of new

a daily activity area that covers about half of the

comers to the area, the new urban developments, and

district in average. The highest concentration of daily

the gentrification pressure related to this. Especially

activity seemed to happen at the shopping street of

the new shopping center, Schultheiss Quartier, received

Turmstrasse. The East of the district was quieter and

negative feedback and its impacts are assessed mostly

fewer visits were reported, for example to the sports

disadvantageous. Gentrification was seen as a negative

facilities at Fritz-Schloss Park.

issue despite its potential to compensate the current

The open questions revealed more defined answers

lack of maintenance of the environment and the low

about the experience of daily life. It turned out that

quality of services available. Due to rising rents and

the most common daily leisure activities, like sports

a new type of competing services and population, the

and independent creative hobbies, can be supported

local population seems to feel that the survival of their

by the services provided within the neighbourhood.

way of life as they know it may be threatened.

Leisure activities requiring more specified services, like eating out, shopping, and exhibitions, often take place in other parts of the city.

According to the survey as well as to the empirical experience of this research, there are few central places in the district that have great importance to the people.

Those are locales and places of particular identity, like

103

LOCALES

104

»» One of the main drivers of change in Berlin is the weak economy that leads to privatisation of space and is causing tension between city and its residents. The ambiguous laws to protect the current tenants are unlikely to fully prevent the course of development.

The substantial immigration that is characteristic to Berlin and is contributing to the valued diversity, is on the other hand causing tension between people that have different commitment to their environment in the city. The challenge of integration is further highlighted by the recently increased refugee influx.

In terms of infrastructure, Berlin is neither prepared to deal with unexpected system failures nor to maintain critical services in a crisis situation, although multiple scenarios could potentially result in a system malfunctions. Regarding these vulnerabilities to fail in cohesive resilience, it would be important to create more self-dependent local urban communities that are flexible and responsive to change. These aspects, however, are currently not considered in the city’s long term strategy.

Aforementioned issues are visible in Moabit, which has high social diversity and diversity within urban structure. The relevant aspects that emerged in both the location analysis and the local people’s feedback on the Moabit Neighbourhood Stories questionnaire were the potential of the multicultural profile of Moabit as well as the problematic areas and the poor conditions of the central area. There are clearly great differences in how attached different people feel to Moabit. This experience depends on how the neighbourhood provides for an individual’s lifestyle. Generally there seems to be lack of alternatives that would respond to the full diversity of people inhabiting the area. This thesis suggests focusing interventions and developments in small local scales in order to address more specifically the needs of coexisting realities and community cohesion of Moabit.

The most stressing current trends according to the locals’ feedback seem to be the gentrification and the uncontrollable influx of newcomers. These trends were also relevant in the larger context as they were presented central in the city-wide analysis.

Consequently, the scenarios in the next section will focus on these phenomena.

105

106

map 1/8 URBAN STRUCTURE

GREEN AREA

SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL SITE

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SITE

BUILDING SITE

107

108

map 2/8 NEIGHBOURHOODS

WEST / EAST MOABIT SOUTH / NORTH MOABIT

KIEZ (QUARTER) BORDERS

DISTRICT / COMMUNITY ORGANISATION DISTRICT: MITTE NEIGHBOURHOOD: MOABIT: 21- WEST MOABIT 22- OST MOABIT QUARTERS: 2101 HUTTENKIEZ 2102 BEUSSELKIEZ 2103 WESTHAFEN 2104 EMDENER STRASSE 2105 ZWINGLISTRASSE 2106 ELBERFELDERSTRASSE 2201 STEPHANKIEZ 2202 HEIDESTRASSE 2203 LÜBECKER STRASSE 2204 THOMASSIUSSTRASSE 2205 ZILLESIEDLUNG 2206 LÜNEBURGER STRASSE 2207 HANSAVIERTEL

image 43 data based on, Bezirksregionenprofil, Moabit West & Ost, 2012

109

110

map 3/8 LANDUSE RESIDENTIAL POPULATION DENSITY 15-<20 / SQM

POPULATION DENSITY 10-<15 / SQM

POPULATION DENSITY 1-<5 / SQM

PUBLIC FACILITIES

MIXED USE

ADMINISTRATIVE

TO BE BUILT

image 44 data based on: Berlin Geoportal

111

112

map 4/8 SERVICES

SCHOOL

KINDERGARTEN

YOUTH CENTER

PLAYGROUND

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL

HEALTH CARE

SOCIAL FACILITY

SERVICE BUILDING

image 45 data based on: Berlin Geoportal

113

114

map 5/8 EMPLOYMENT

UNEMPLOYMENT >18%

UNEMPLOYMENT 14-18%

UNEMPLOYMENT 10-14%

UNEMPLOYMENT 6-10%

SINGLE HOUSEHOLDS 47%

GERMANS 50%

<â&#x201A;POVERTY RATE 20%

image 46 data based on: Bezirksregionenprofil, Moabit West & Ost, 2012

115

116

map 6/8 DEVELOPMENT

ACTIVE CENTER -URBAN UPGRADING

URBAN

REDEVELOPMENT

ACTION

SPACES

TRANSFORMATION ZONES

image 47 data based on: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

117

118

map 7/8 MOBILITY

cycle route towards central areas cycle path cycle route outwards of city car share pickup

<20% carowners

20-30% carowners

70% bike owners (14% bike daily)

HAUPTBAHNHOF main railwaystation u-bahn (metro) s-bahn (inner city train) regional (regional train)

city train with <80000 commuters/ day > 800000 metro line with <80000 commuters / day

Port

Freight

Transport

Centre

(GĂźterverkehrszentrum, GVZ) with rail network

access,

Classified

waterway

network

25-50000 cars per day 50-75000 cars per day 75-10000 cars per day (MOTORWAY)

in to city traffic out of the city traffic

image 48 data based on: Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

119

1

3

2

120

map 8/8 METABOLISM

heat & power station (provides local heating to the district)

electricity line distribution station water pipes input from ( Waterworks (daily pumpage > 150000 cubic meters - pumping stations: 1Tegel <10km dist 2Tiefwerder <10km dist 3Jungfernheide <5km dist

rainwater drainage to Spree

Waste Water Pump station waste water drains

Wholesale (BIG Berliner Grossmarkt (6 million people in Berlin & Brandenburg) transportation over seas & waterways transportation by land

image 49 data based on: Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt

121

STRENGHS

2. CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS

S E OP

N

S

C PA

ES S

E AC

SP

N PE

O

BA

SIC

SE

IC RV

IL

S

ICE

RV

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DA

ES

G IN S D A IE GR ILIT P U SIB S NS PO LA P S ING TIE AD IBILI R G S UP POS &

D AN UBS Y H T IVI ORT T AC S P AN TR ITY

TIV

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N ON

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IVE T I S y) PO urve H T (s W I ARNEATSSIONS S G E QU E A ROTNI O A R CSSIETAD ONNAIRE S OBA AS

STRENGTHS 122

WEAKNESSES

W S ON I T I E N D R AT O C SE O R W U ASC E O P S PION LO D L ICCONDAITREAS N A UPBOORLIKED P DIS OF & E S SIV ENT U M CL EX LOP VE IVE US TS DE CL MEN X E P LO

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ED OP LE L E EV SSIB D E R D E AC C N N U U D & N LE A S CESSIABREAS A E UN ACUSED AR ER ND U

AL CI O S W ICS O L AM N DY

L CIA SO CS R I O PO NAM DY

E TIV A G y) NE urve H T AS N-( s WAKI ARUEESNTIOS S E Q E A SEWIDAONTNAIIROE R A A BC SO AS

N-

WEAKNESSES 123

124

SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT The following scenarios are based on the issues emerging from the analysis of the current trends and developments in Moabit presented in the previous section. The narratives are developed based on the analysis of these trends in the chapter of Current situation in Berlin and the combination of this knowledge and assumptions of the future developments. However, the narratives serve as examples for a possible discussion in a community planning process, and are representing a problematic future situation, in order to spark dialogue. Both scenarios are evaluated against the social urban resilience framework to identify the emerging threats and opportunities. The analysis of the Threats and Opportunities of these scenarios results in locally Agendas within the framework, which are further applied in the Strategy chapter. In an ideal process, these Agendas are defined together with a group of involved local stakeholders.

image 50 basemap, edited from, Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Digitale Innenstadt, 2015

125

FUTURE THREAT exlusivity

CURRENT ASSET shared open space

Kleiner Tiergarten

ND

MA

DE

G SIN

U

HO ER” ENT E C NT TIV ME “AC ELOP V DE

ING

W

NE

LL

MA

P OP

SH

IVE

US CL EX G W SIN NE HOU

REA

EA

IV LUS

EXC

W

NE

Turmstrassece

CURRENT ASSET local basic services

FUTURE THREAT abandonment

S

ES

SIN

BU

SCENARIO 1 “ gentrification and attachment in M oabit

loss from

of

2015

to

place

2025”

The shopping centre of Schultheiss Quartier had been

students, kindergarten teachers, and engineers, all in

completed by 2018, followed by The Europa City some

the same supermarkets in Turmstrasse, and became

years later, with 3000 new exclusive apartments and a

alarmed by the change. The services that had been

set of new high profile services. These developments

providing the long term resident’s with their daily

fuelled the already upcoming gentrification of Moabit.

needs were eradicated, but the new services failed to

The city of Berlin had seen its opportunity in generating

respond to these needs.

investment through these projects. However the city

The local social services and the local small businesses

was utterly unprepared for the sudden socio-economical

were most affected. The rising prices of the services

change of the area. Not succeeding to harness the

and retails got them into a situation of either losing

new economic capital of the area for common good, a

their space or losing their customers. The non-profit

process of division started at a fast pace.

community organisations, which were doing lifelong

A new urban community within Moabit started to

work with the neighbourhoods, were not able to

rapidly build upon this exclusivity. The new comers

sustain. Therefore, many of the former entrepreneurs

were attracted by the lush opportunities of the

and actors lost their occupations in the district and at

emerging neighbourhood. Production of urban space

the same time inhabitants lost their services, resulting

became more and more privately-led installation

in more daily travelling for services and to work outside

of commodities in an eager attempt to upgrade the

of the district. The rent cap in central Moabit prevented

environment according to the tastes of the new

some of the inhabitants from being forced to move. As

population. Large parts of Moabit were turned into a

their locales were slipping away, many of them chose to

homogenous corporate zone with increasingly uneven

leave, as the area’s character was not representing their

consumption of the public space. Turmstrasse was

values any more. The ones who stayed to fight for their

entirely taken over by these new types of services,

familiar neighbourhood no longer felt at home. They

following the lead of the development of the new mall.

have withdrawn into their old communities which are

The new community, enjoying the new facilities and

rowing smaller and ever more distant from the other

commodities, increasingly continued to promote the

each otherwhich keeps contributing ever more to the

“change they were enabling” in order to attract more

socio-spatial exclusion.

similar inhabitants. The Moabiters, who had called their district “the authentic Mini-Berlin” in 2015, had been used to shopping together with Turkish families,

127

S

+ investing

in local

values

+ growing

+ communicating

local

O

common

interests

capital

+ sustainable

and alternative lifestyles

W

- building

- lack

of focus on local needs

on

exclusivity

- loss

of identity & locality

128

T

OPPORTUNITIES 1 G entrification

the

of the neighborhood and rely on the growing demand

sharing culture and community networks

of alternatives to create greater variety of services and

This scenarioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most obvious impact on the resilience

lifestyles supporting sustainability and resilience. It is

of the area is the decreasing economic diversity and

meanwhile essential to align the goals with the values

affordability, which are important features of economic

of the locals, both the new comers and the long term

resilience. The social impact on the other hand is the

population in order to find the common interests.

loss of social cohesion. The old inhabitants lose their

Enabling citizens to actively create their public space

place attachment and the new inhabitants are not able

is a means to an end for greater social cohesion. In this

to build a long term commitment to the neighbourhood

practice the aim should be to highlight the strengths

either, without an existing sense of neighbourhood to get

and address the challenges. Greater local economic

attached to and merely based on exclusive commodities.

power can open doors to community empowerment

These impacts also have environmental consequences,

and stronger self-governance through for example

while lack of place attachment and economic inequality

collectively funded projects to cultivate the public

may result in a lack of responsibility and engagement in

space by the community. Creating new commons that

sustainable behaviour.

support the specific identity and respond to the locally

and

developing

preferred everyday life choices, allows stronger relation Gentrification is inevitably happening in Moabit and

between individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to the neighbourhood

it is important to take advantage of the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

and his benefit from it. This will generate a better

efforts in trying to secure the equal share of the resulting

sense of community and responsibility towards the

benefits. A possible way to prevent the negative impacts

environment, as well as pave the path to sustainable

of the development is to try to channel the growing local

behavior and world centric thinking.

resources into common good for the local community.

Here lies an opportunity improve the self-dependency

129

FUTURE THREAT CURRENT ASSET overpopulation shared open space

Kleiner Tiergarten

ES

ITI

UN

MM

O DC

NS

TE LA

ISO

TIO RA

ST

ON

M DE

ER

OV

ED

WD

O CR

RK

PA

TE LA

ISO

Turmstrassece

CURRENT ASSET social mix

FUTURE THREAT clustering & unrest

ES

ITI

UN

MM

O DC

SCENARIO 2 :

society, most new comers found a place of their own in communities, but dealing with the great masses

immigration

increase

and

of the community from

of people, a lot of individual cases were left without

fragmentation

2015

to

2025

attention. Most of those in very urgent need had

After the acceleration of the refugee influx across

received support in learning the language, networking

Europe in 2015, Moabit had suddenly become a centre

and finding apartments and jobs. However immigrants

of receiving the refugees arriving to Berlin after fleeing

with more vague reasons for migration received less

from different conflict and crisis zones. Immigrants

attention and neither formed a connection with other

from a wide range of different ethnicities and

communities, nor found that of their own.

backgrounds as well as numerous new reasons from

After the following years the area become increasingly

economic to environmental threats, continued to arrive

socially fragmented. This was reflected in the

to seek security or better opportunities and to establish

distribution of people in the public spaces, as streets

a new life in the seemingly welcoming and safe city. As

and open spaces around these clusters became

more people came, the impacts of the phenomenon

territories of specific groups of people. The impacts

kept intensifying in Moabit:

of the erratic integration process emerged only years

In 2016 alone, 70 new temporary refugee shelters

after. It had been left unnoticed that the maintaining

were built in the city. The number of the shelters had

social balance in the already troubled district was

doubled in Moabit alone. The wheels of bureaucracy

worrying the locals who were dependent on their

however couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t keep up with the influx of people, and

existing local conditions and community. Some locals

the isolated, overflowed temporary shelters triggered

started to increasingly avoid some public space due to

the creation of psychological clusters far away from the

the masses of unplaced, unoccupied people wandering

mainstreamsociety.

about the neighbourhood, Due to the unrest caused

The psychological segregation in shelters located

by demonstrations and increasing actions of the anti-

in central areas of Berlin, like Moabit, became even

migration movement the sense of safety in the public

more highlighted. As the influx of people increased,

spaces were sevely affected. All of this had slowly

the process of finding people permanent homes

caused the unnoticed, passive eviction of the long term

slowed down. Consequently, the people in shelters got

residents from the few street corners and parks that

trapped in these islands of high control and security

had once served as meeting places for the neighbours,

measurements within the neighbourhood, forming

but felt no longer quite peaceful.

rapidly large communities with minimal mobility.

There were a lot of immigrants, who would not really

The newcomers were increasingly occupying the

get support for integration; because the efforts had

undefined park and street spaces in the central district.

focused on the whole area and not on special cases.

The unrest was rising and especially the underused sites

On the other hand, the groups that had been in the

at the fringes of the neighbourhood became increasingly

focus of the integration process, became distant from

occupied by people trying to find new spaces within the

the mainstream population, because of the divided

neighbourhood. The different culturally distant groups

opinions and attention they were getting, which resulted

of migrants had been accommodated in shared areas

in stigmatization of these groups. The dynamics of the

or shelters, and the new comers have become drawn

neighbourhood are disturbed as new strong enclosed

to the community of their own migration background,

communities coexist next to older ones. When the

while being closely mixed in housing together with

gentrification started, the immigrants could not tap on

other enclaves. In the beginning, as a lot of volunteers

its benefits, but their communities were pushed into

and organisations were engaged in helping out the

smaller and smaller enclaves.

new communities in integrating into the mainstream

131

S

+ growing

+ redefining

O

identity and repurposing spaces

diversity

+ cultural exchange + new practices & services

W

- social fragmentation - inequality - unrest

- lack

of safety and flexibility

132

T

OPPORTUNITIES 2 I mmigration

cultural

The new communities should have a strong contribution

livelihoods

to the area, while staying open and not turning

This scenario demonstrates the lack of organisational

inwards. Like the Turkish community in Kreuzberg,

and functional flexibility of the current urban

new communities can have a great impact on the local

infrastructure to adapt to rapidly changing needs. The

community and consequently gain acceptance. The

social impacts of the scenario are lack of demographic

newcomers have proved a high willingness to contribute

distribution and loss of security in public space. The

to the society, as in 2016 about 4000 refugees were

economic impacts concentrate on declining social

working as volunteers in Berlin (RBB, 2016). The rapid

welfare and equal livelihood possibilities. The resulting

growth and changing demographics of an area can also

environmental impacts are similar to the first scenario,

be a positive phenomenon and an opportunity for new

depending on the lack of common responsibility and

innovative forms of urban life. Questioning the current

unity of princi-ples created in the area due to social

living densities and dynamics of a neighbourhood

fragmentation and inequality

through such change may result in redefining more

exchange

and

and

spaces

for

experimental

sustainable and resilient lifestyles. The growing Despite the different backgrounds of the immigrants,

diversity can be channelled into cultural exchange.

they have a lot in common. As newcomers, they

Investing in emphasizing the diversity of individuals

have a certain dependency on the community. This

and supporting emerging cultures and livelihoods and

dependency should not be seen solely as a vulnerability,

enabling low threshold self-organised contribution to

but rather as a possibility for a stronger bond. The new

the community may improve the response to individual

communities can contribute positively to the image of

needs as well as community cohesion.

the neighbourhood, strengthening and redefining the identity with a strong sense of common goals. The increasing number of people in the public spaces is also not a threat per se, but rather can bring the feeling of security and common responsibility as long as purposeful use of space is made possible.

133

3. SCENARIO ANALYSIS

T

THREATS

Y

LIT

UA

LQ

IA AT

P RS

OF CK NT LA TME ES CE INV SPA IN

O

PO

IES

OF CK NT LA TME ES CE INV SPA IN

NC

CA VA

<< LACK OF USE >> D

E AR

SH OF ES CK C LA SPA

<<

E

IV URBAN DECAY>> US CL EX ES IC BL NEW RVIC PU SE IN ST E RE AC UN SP

IC BL PU E OF MM CK A LA OGR PR

D TE LA IES ISO UNIT MM

CO

<< ABANDONMENT >> << SPATIAL CLUSTERING>>

<< URBAN DECAY>>

G

SIN

U HO IVE US ESS CL EX BUSIN W & NE

<< LOSS OF LOCAL SERVICES >> << LOSS OF COHESION >> << UNSAFETY>> << SPATIAL CLUSTERING >> << SPATIAL EXCLUSION>>

O

OPPORTUNITIES D SE PING D O RU DE EVSELO RHO G UN SD ITE OU PIN D HB LO OO IG VE RH NE DE BOU H IG NE

<< REPURPOSING OF SPACE>>>> << REIDENTIFYING << REIDENTIFYING >>

R& TE EN ITY E C TIV TIV EC AC NNC CO

D SE RU S DE G UN ILDIN BU

& DITY L INTEIV ITA & EFEC ACAEP ITY L NNDN SGP C TIV ITA CUO LWICIN B EC CAP UO R P NN D G EG IC IN CO W IN E BL F C PU DREO PA IN UNG IC S ST E BL RE AC PU UN SP

S ITE DS SE CON RU DE OD Y UN D GOTIVIT AN NEC

IC BL PU E OF MM CK A LA OGR PR

<< CREATING MEETING SPACES>>

<< REPURPOSING SPACE>> << REIDENTIFYING >>

<< NEW SHARED PROGRAMME>> << LOSS OF << NEW SHARED PROGRAMME>> << REIDENTIFYING >>

D TE ING LA IES OW ISO UNIT GR MM CO G SPACE>> << REPURPOSING INOF D P LO OO G VE RH PIN D DE BOU LO OO H IG VE RH NE DE BOU H IG COHESION >> NE

AL PIT

CA

<< UNSAFETY>> << NEW SERVICES>> << SPATIAL CLUSTERING >>

<< REIDENTIFYING >> << REIDENTIFYING >>

AGENDAS

ACCESS TO PUBLIC SPACE Gaining ownership over public space by purposeful cultivation of open space sector: Creating & Managing Commons Indicator: context specific, flexible, functional diversity

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER Empowering the citizens through creating places for local information, communication and knowledge transer

sector: Community Empowerment Indicator: experimenting & interactive

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Redefining and strengthening identity of fragmented residential quartiers by new cultural exchange sector: Social Cohesion & Connectivity Indicator: social learning

LIFELIHOODS & INNOVATIONS

Utilizing underused spaces for innovation of new livelihoods and services sector: Equality Joint Investment Indicator: equality, diversity, affordability

AGENDAS

>OUTPUT

2.2 S T R AT E G Y

The strategy is an urban transformation concept consisting of a Zoning Plan and an Action Plan for Social Urban Resilience in Moabit. The strategy proposes a community-driven process that works towards a shared vision keeping in mind the criteria of the Social Urban Resilience Framework, the local challenges and adapting to the described future scenarios. The strategy is presented as complimentary to existing local planning efforts and it is suggesting possible actions in order to focus more on social resilience approach and community driven development.

02 CASE STUDY

STRATEGY = 1

10

2 3

4

6

5

7 8

9 23

12 20

19

18

13

14 17

21 22

ZONING PLAN + ACTION PLAN

138

15 16

2.2 STRATEGY The starting point of the strategy is to reverse negative

Ultimately, this process has to be seen as a continuous

developments and threats of the backcasting scenarios

activity where constant input from all community

by using the emerging opportunities of these trends

groups is necessary in order to reach a permanent

instead. The Zoning Plan presents the set of spatial

spatial outcome with a long lasting impact.

and social conditions that create a basis for envisioning

The Action Plan defines the concept of this process.

development based on these opportunities. The Action

The Action Plan aims to enable the local Actors and

Plan suggests steps for a process that engages the local

community groups and members to become key players

stakeholders in defining and realizing these envisioned

in initiating locally relevant changes. The starting

developments. The envisioned result of this strategy is

vision is determined by the community members and

a neighbourhood with high level of social cohesion and

constantly redefined through the process, which aims

unity of goals, and thus self-organising capacity.

at wide involvement of the local community.

Therefore, instead of proposing a strictly programmatic

Gaining wide input is attempted by involving individuals

land use plan, the strategy approaches this goal by a

by reaching out to them throughout the process via the

process of creating a self-organising and self-sustaining

local Contact Group. The Contact Groups are local key

network of spatial interventions, which can be employed

Actors that have existing ties to specific social groups

specifically to facilitate programmes supporting locally

and use this potential during the process in order to

defined goals of community resilience, the Agendas.

engage and empower more individuals in the process.

Another purpose of this network to local resilience is

The aim is to create a network of Actors that can grow

to serve as spaces with functional flexibility that can

in order to reach out to the local community and self-

be adapted to required use in case of sudden emerging

organise for mutual collaborations.

changes.

The Actor network can be supported by a platform

The intervention network serves as an open platform,

in virtual space but should be strongly present in the

establishing itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept as a fixed and prominent part of

physical in order to work as a mediator of ideas and

the socio-spatial infrastructure of the neighbourhood,

interests within the public space. This will enable

but staying adaptable for hosting a variety of changing

collaborations between different organisations and

and growing activities. The conditions for the use of

interest groups as well as individual people of the local

the spaces within the network are determined by the

community to create new forms of resilient urban

Agenda Zones and Implementation Criteria introduced

life. Therefore, the role of the spatial intervention

in the Zoning Plan. This concept which allows flexibility

network that develops through the process, is to work

in terms of specific programme. The Zoning Plan seeks

as a platform for these experiments. By bringing

to ensure that the regulation over the use of these

community actors and members closer to one another

shared spaces will be tied to the community-improving

it is building a neighbourhood community that is

qualities proven successful through the feedback of the

self-dependent and adaptive to changes. The aim is

residents, instead of specified use with efficiency or

to create easily accessible and reachable spaces that

productivity oriented demands.

can become a part of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily life in order to

The development of the network can start from the

allow the Actors of local promising practices, to have

smallest scale interventions and aims to multiply or

a stronger presence and more beneficial impact on

scale up the practices that prove the best ability to host

the local community. Therefore the aim is to create

the desired changes. The facilities, the programme and

different scale interventions to provide shared spaces

the engaged group of Actors can grow or change over

for purposeful but flexible use. The goal is to gradually

time according to the changing realities and needs of

gain residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; engagement and contribution to the

the local population and involved community groups.

community development in their own way and field of interest and build up trust among the neighbours.

139

ZONING PLAN

A ND E AG NES ZO

IM

PL

N TIO A NT ITES E S EM

<< REIDENTIFYING >>

N TIO N S E RV ALE E T SC IN

1

10

2 3

4

6

5

7 8

9 23

12 20

19

18

13

14 17

21 22

15 16

OR T AC R Y RA LIB

140

ZONING PLAN The aim of the Zoning Plan is essentially to present

local conditions for Moabit, each intervention should

the current urban situation and all the conditions and

contribute to:

qualities relevant to the specific urban changes.

- sustainabile lifestyles

The Zoning Plan consists of the following elements:

- safety of the area - purposeful use of vacancies

A genda Z ones

- improved pedestrian or bicycle mobility

The Agendas are locally defined social urban resilience

- cleaniness and appeal of the area

goals for Moabit. They derive from the key features of social urban resilient neighbourhood (fig. 13)

I mplementation S ites

that especially require attention in Moabit due to

The implementation sites are defined as the site of

the depicted future developments. These focused

the first intervention within the Agenda Zone. The

agendas have been specified according to the Threats

criteria for the Implementation Site, as the main

and Opportunities emerging from the developed

focus site of the Agenda, is that, that the intervention

backcasting Scenarios.

may expand to facilitate the centralized functions

Access to Public Space from the sector of Creating

related to supplying other interventions and hosting

Commons,

the experimentation with combinations of different

Knowledge

Transfer,

the

sector

of

Community

activities and programmes supporting the Agenda. The

Empowerment,

Implementation Sites can be underused or undeveloped

Cultural Diversity the sector of Cohesion & Connectivity,

sites or existing buildings that need upgrading and

and Innovation & Skills from the sector of Equality &

their quality can be improved by repurposing them

Joint Investment.

for new use. As an example, in central Moabit, within

Locations of the Agenda Zones depend on the social

the defined Knowledge Transfer Agenda Zone, is a

and spatial conditions of Moabit defined through the

large unused site behind the Arminius Markthalle.

backcasting: In the Current Situation analysis of Moabit

The future of the site, which is an old childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

the relevant information about the local conditions

traffic school, is currently undetermined. Therefore,

were translated into analysis maps. Based on this

to prevent any undesired decision on its future

information, the Opportunities and Threats from

development, the strategy suggests to claim the space

the Scenarios were analysed and mapped, outlining

as an Implementation Site in order to start the process

the critical zones in Moabit in terms of the defined

of redefining the space from bottom up.

Agendas. The Agenda Zones therefore suggest the most critical areas for the development of each Agenda,

I ntervention S cales

thereby guiding the implementation of appropriate

The purpose of the intervention scales is to determine

interventions. For example the location of the Agenda

the rules on how the interventions related to different

Zone of Knowledge Transfer is located close to the most

agendas should be distributed through the area. The

active centre with optimal possibilities to reach the

goal of the scales is to divide the whole of residential

necessary range of people and where most local actors

Moabit into zones of different scales and thereby making

with related operational goals are located.

sure that each person has possibility to engage in the

Next to meeting the goals of the corresponding Agenda,

network through an intervention at near vicinity from

each implementation of an intervention within these

their home. This creates a network of shared spaces

Agenda Zones requires consideration of the general

that may establish as part of the local communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Implementation Criteria. This way each intervention

daily activities.

is obliged to contribute to the improvement of the

The examplary interventions in the Promising Practice

important liveability and sustainability issues essential

Library are divided into large scale, middle scale, or

for the resilience of the neighbourhood environment.

small scale interventions. This categorisation is based

According to the criteria that was adapted to the

on the level of reach that can vary from a small local

141

LA IE ISO UNIT MM

CO

<< ABANDONMENT >>

<< URBAN DECAY>>

ING

US

HO IVE US ESS CL EX SIN W & BU NE

<< LOSS OF LOCAL SERVICES >> << LOSS OF COHESION >> << UNSAFETY>>

<< SPATIAL CLUSTERING>>

<< SPATIAL CLUSTERING >> << SPATIAL EXCLUSION>>

ZONING PLAN AGENDA ZONES

G PIN D LO OO VE RH DE BOU H IG NE

<< REIDENTIFYING >> & ITY L TIV ITA EC AP NN G C CO WIN O GR ED IC BL FIN CE PU DE PA IN UN IC S ST E BL RE AC PU UN SP

IC BL PU E OF MM CK A LA OGR PR D TE LA IES ISO UNIT MM CO G IN D P LO OO VE RH DE BOU H EIG

<< NEW SHARED PROGRAMME>> << LOSS OF COHESION >>

<< REIDENTIFYING >>

N

<< UNSAFETY>> << SPATIAL CLUSTERING >> << REIDENTIFYING >>

IM

NT ME E E PL SIT

IO AT

N

142

social group to the whole neighbourhood. The scales

in this thesis. The Promising Practice Library is used

are applied to the strategy by defining their range

to discuss different intervention possibilities for the

based on the local context of Moabit. In the case of

specified agendas. There are a number of Promising

Moabit for example the smallest scale is defined by

Practices within the library, with a resilience focus

the average block structure. The smallest intervention

fitting the Agendas in the strategy for Moabit. Such

scale facilitates therefore the range of a single block,

practices may be adapted into the context of Moabit by

with maximum reach of around 500-1000 residents

translating them into new interventions together with

within 5 minute radius by walking. The intention of

local Actors that work in similar focus. The reference

an intervention within this scale is to create simple

projects behind these promising practices represent

everyday practice level impact on the smaller group of

also different self-organised and -funded practices

people. The agenda for each small scale intervention

and looking into the financing or management models

can be therefore determined, according to interests

behind these practices can help to discuss ways to

of the residents within the reach, which gives the

realize the desired interventions.

individuals of the community a chance to contribute to the environment. The small scale aims to provide

A ctor L ibrary

possibilities for contributing in flexible terms to the

The Actor Library is a collection of local Actors with

community of the close vicinity.

agendas relating those chosen for the strategy. When

The larger scales aim to provide more specific

working on the implementation plans, this library can

programmes that benefit whole neighbourhood and can

be used to link the example interventions from the

facilitate more activities at once. Large interventions

Promising Practice Library to the local activities. Part

offer more fixed facilities for larger scale community

of the library is visualising the operating level of each

activities for the improvement of the specified main

Actor, explaining the range within which they may reach

agenda goals. The choice of these scales is based on the

local people and on what level they have impact on their

activity mapping of the survey Moabit Neighbourhood

lives, through everyday life practices or strategic level.

Stories and an estimate of the Berlinerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mobility

The Operating Level helps to understand the Actorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

and willingness to mobilise also discussed through

capacity to work at different levels and collaborate with

the Current Situation analysis (fig 39, p. 102). The

others, in order to involve the right Actors in different

scales are also based on the research and the resulting

types and scales of developments.

discussion on the public realm and urban commons as well as the benchmarking. The assumption is that small neighbourhood scale spaces enable creating community

ACTION PLAN

cohesion and empowerment most effectively. A closer

When the Zoning Plan is ready, it can be used to develop

study of the Promising Practices provides also examples

and revise the intervention plans together with local

of different ways of managing these interventions in

Actors. The Action Plan is the strategy for the planner

terms of co-funding, -designing or -managing.

to facilitate this interactive phase.

The previously described elements of the Zoning

P promising P ractice L ibrary

Plan are the basic tools for the planner to discuss and

This library is a collection of example interventions

decide with the Actors the possible actions in terms

that have been evaluated in their impact on the social

of spatial interventions as well as the program or

urban resilience in the benchmarking chapter. The

operating model for developing the new shared spaces

Promising Practices are divided into 3 scale categories

for the community. The plannerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role is to visualise

and their main agenda has been identified. The library

these future possibilities in order to communicate the

can be extended by studying more reference cases,

alternatives to other community groups and actors of

next to those of Detroit and Christhurch mentioned

interest that need to be motivated for engagement.

143

ZONING PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION SITES

144

AGENDAS

LIVELIHOODS & INNOVATION facilities for experimenting with new services and practices

CULTURAL DIVERSITY facilities for cultural exchange public cultural programme

ACCESS TO PUBLIC SPACE shared spaces open facilities cultivation of space

IMPLEMENTATION CRITERIA contributing to: - sustainabile lifestyles -the safety of the area - purposeful use of vacancies - improved pedestrian or bicycle mobility - cleanliness

INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER places for sharing and exhibiting local information and communicating local interests

145

ZONING PLAN

INTERVENTION SCALES

146

LARGE Intervention is large scale, and a temporary or long term semi-fixed facility and can support or

IMPACT RADIUS OF COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT SCALES

MIN. 1 LARGE SCALE INTERVENTION OF EACH AGENDA / IMPACT RADIUS OF COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT SCALES

facilitate also smaller scale interventions The reach radius is the whole neighbourhood as it

RANGE

facilitates programmes for wide public IMPACT RADIUS OF COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT SCALES

The impact level is accordingly strategic level due

RANGE 75 000

to specialized programmes or functions

SCALE NTION AGENDA

60 75 000 RANGE MIN

Large

SCALE NTION AGENDA

20 60 75 000 MIN

pioneeering phase

SCALE NTION AGENDA

20 60 MIN MIN

1 MID SCALE INTERVENTION /

ALE NTION NED

500020 10 000 MIN 20 5000MIN 10 000

ALE NTION NED

5 20 5000-MIN 10 000

ALE NTION NED

5 20 MIN MIN

SCALE NTION RYDAY N SCALE

NTION RYDAY N SCALE NTION RYDAY N

scale

Interventions

Implementation

Sites,

are

decveloped

up-scaling

from

at the

MEDIUM Intervention is middle scale, requiring some fixed facilities but flexible The reach radius is a part of the neighbourhood or specific group of people of the neighbourhood The impact level is locally strategic having impact on daily life with specific focus

SMALL

500- 5 1000 MIN 5 1 SMALL SCALE INTERVENTION /500- MIN 1000 5 500- MIN

Intervention is small in size and flexible to install The reach radius is small and therefore it reaches a the people from very close by range The impact level is accordingly improvements on

1000

everyday life level 5 MIN

Scaling up impact by connecting operation with larger scale interventions or multiplying the intervnetion to several locations to reach a larger amount of people. The Agenda can be locally

50-

defined.

____________________________________ 150 SPECIAL RESPONSE MODES

50-

150situation, the small scale interventions operate in the spcial when in a sudden shock or stressing crisis

task of facilitating the sharing of resources and distributing basic needs within their operating range 50-

150meetings and storing of supplies while larges scales can facilitate gatherings,

147

ZONING PLAN ACTOR LIBRARY

1

10

2 3

4

6

5

7 8

9 23

12 20

19

18

21

(STRATEGY LELVEL)

LEVEL OF OPERATION

20

2 (EVERYDAY LEVEL)

LEVEL OF IMPACT

21

5 13

8

9 15

10 12

14 30

28

16 INDIVIDUAL

3

4

6

SOCIAL GROUP

17

18

25

23

7

19

24

NEIGHBOURHOOD

LEVEL OF REACH 148

29

22

31

26

1 27

CITY

13

14

reading THE ACTOR LIBRARY: 22 Quartiersrat Moabit West, colour shows that it operates on

1 2

of empowerment of community means that its

operation reaches the community

3

it’s

operation

inbetween

tells that

influences

are

everyday

life

the

practices and higher strategic level

4

Culture center & citizen advice, supports

7

15

15 Betroffenenrat Lehrterstraße networking and infoming the citizens of www.lehrter-strasse-berlin.net/betrof-

3 Wohnungslosentagesstätte Warmer Otto

fenenrat 16 “Moabit Hilft!”

16

active first hand help for refugees together

www.berliner-stadtmission.de

with local stakeholders

4 Haus der Weisheit

Lehrter Str. 26A

educational and mosque association, place

www.moabit-hilft.com

17

17 Kulturfabrik Moabit culture and entertainment, meeting place

5 Quartiersrat Moabit West

for lively neighbourhood growng strong

selects and supervises neighbourhood pro-

together with self-help ideas

jects, engages pucblic, socio-cultural focus

www.kulturfabrik-moabit.de/kufa/

18

18 StadtRand Supports with self-help advice in all forms

Provides social contacts to newcomers in

of life.

Moabit, socio-cultural focus

www.stadtrand-berlin.de

7 Zentrum für Kunst und Urbanistik

19

(ZK/U)Berlin

19 Arminius markt halle food, culture, meeting place www.arminiusmarkthalle.com

& Moabiter Stadtgarten artistic & research residencies, exhibitions

20

& entertainment, public green space & meeting and interaction www.zku-berlin.org/de/der-ort/

20 Rathaus Moabit city administration office www.service.berlin.de/standort/122282/

21 22

17

22

the neighbourhood www.stv-turmstrasse.de

developments

www.neuenachbarschaft.de

7

aims to articulate the common interests of

shaus/

www.moabitwest.de/Der-Quartiersrat 6 Neue Nachbarschaft / Moabit

6

14 Stadtteilvertretung Turmstraße

www.moabiter-ratschlag.de/nachbarschaft-

of meeting and dialogue www.haus-der-weisheit.de/

5

14

www.berliner-tafel.de/berliner-tafel/ 2 Stadtschloss Moabit

shelter for homeless

of the whole neighbourhood the level of impact

distributes food to the less privileged

socio-cultural projects

the social urban resilience sector the level of reach

1 Berliner Tafel e.V.

21 Lageso the city social administration www.berlin.de/lageso/ 22 Berliner stadts mission Fluchltinge notunterkunft, emergency shelter emergency shelter that houses the arriving

15 16

refugees for their first nights before registration and replacement www.berliner-stadtmission.de/

23

23. Galerie Nord - Kunst Verein open forum for arts, science and culture, with a focus on current social patterns www.kunstverein-tiergarten.de

8

fight the plan of wholesales, plannign of surroundings

9

//online practices

8 Bürgerinitiative Siemensstr..

www.bi-siemensstrasse-umgebung.at 9 Interessengemeinschaft „Wir für die Turmstraße e.V“

24

www. kultur.knwm.de

25

10 62 Neue Nachbarschaft Moatbi, colour shows that it operates

on the sector of Community Cohesion & Networks the level of reach

tells that

it’s operation influences specific everyday practices

26

12

12 Bürgerverein bÜRSTE e.V. - Citizens for Stephankiez

27

quality living and working conditions, cooperation of stakeholders www.moabit-ost.de/aktiv-im-kiez/ quartiersrat/

149

27. Stadtpflanzer urban greening project 28. Ecke Turmstrasse monthly publication about local interest and developments www.turmstrasse.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/ stadtteilzeitung.html

www.stephankiez.de

13

26. Give Something back to berlin city-wide volunteering platform

www.stadtpflanzer.de

28

creates sense of belonging and responsibility over the community 13 Quartiersrat Moabit Ost

platform for sharing local information

www.givesomethingbacktoberlin.com

www.netzwerk-moabit.de

reaches a more specified group the level of impact

Corporate network Moabit strengthens Moabit as the commercial and industrial centre

means that it

of people in Moabit

10 Unternehmensnetzwerk Moabit e.V.,

25. Moabit 2.0 www.moabitzweipunktnull.com

focuses on planning of the environment of Turmstrasse

24. Kulturnetzwerk Wedding&Moabit online community for local culture

29 30

29. Arriving in Berlin a map about critical services for newcomers www.arriving-in-berlin.de 30. Foodsharing citywide foodsharing platform www.foodsharing.de

ACTION PLAN

1.INTERVENTION PLAN

2.PIONEERING

3.UP-SCALING

4. HEADQUARTERS & RE-EVALUATING

EVERYDAY LEVEL

LEVEL OF IMPACT

STRATEGIES

TRENDS 6 VALUES

ZONING PLAN

TIME

IMMEDIATE

SHORT TERM

MEDIUM TERM

LONG TERM

LOCAL OFFICIALS

INITIATOR

CONTACT GROUPS

ACTORS

COMMUNITY MEMBERS

IMPACT LEVEL

150

IMMEDIATE

1.

I nitiators

MID-TERM 3. U p - scaling & M ultiplying

and

intervention planning

The mid-term development of the interventions

The first step is to begin the reach out to the local Actors

should focus deeper into the possibilities of growing

sharing goals similar to the set Agendas. The aim is to

and multiplying the pioneering interventions as well

find a few Actors that want to get involved and engage

as introducing new activities and programmes in new

in gaining input from locals for the development of

locations. This phase should also aim at introducing

specific Agendas.

new actors for different scale interventions all around

These Actors then engage in a workshop to plan the first

the neighbourhood as Contact Groups to engage the

interventions in public space. The Actors responsible

local community further. The goal now is to involve

for the first step engagement of the public become the

the community of the area in larger scale through these

Initiators. As seen in the benchmarking examples,

different Contact Groups and to scale up the initial

different activities and programmes can serve to the

Interventions that were proven successful. The planner

same resilience goal. On the other hand, one program

should act as a coordinator between all the Actors,

can serve more than one goal. Therefore the aim is to

until a solid network is formed and it can start finding

experiment together with the Initiators in order to find

ways to self-organise and continue expanding. The

out which form of implementation has best impact in

aim is to expand beyond pioneering and engage locals

the context of a certain Agenda Zone. According to the

in building their own shared network of spaces. The

Zoning Plan, the location of the intervention should be

Actor network can be supported by a virtual platform

based on the Agenda Zones in order to tackle areas that

that can help in operating it self-dependently. As soon

need special attention or are critical for reaching the

as the network is created the goals should be revised

target groups. The aim is to draft the first vision of the

together with all the involved Actors and individuals

desired future impact of the Interventions in long term

of the community groups. At this point new emergent

plan. Main focus is, however, on staring immediately

issues should also be included in the Agenda in order

with the first small scale interventions. The choice of

to support local goals by these collective efforts within

location of smaller scale interventions can also directly

the network.

respond to local feedback.

SHORT TERM 2. P ioneering

LONG TERM 4. H eadquarters

The first intervention can be small scale, and very

The long term activity should aim at spreading the

temporary and flexible and may change according to

impact within the area of Moabit and establish a

the experience gained. In this step the Initiatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; role

permanent and adaptable network of spaces with

is to communicate the experience and the success in

central facilities, the Headquarters, for communication

meeting the goals that were set for the implementation

and sharing of resources between Interventions with

of the intervention. The plannerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s task will be to

united goals and interlinked activities.

redefine the plan and suggest further development

The long term development should also include re-

based on this feedback. The success is measured in how

evaluation as an essential part of the continuous

people experience the impact of the intervention in

activity. Meaningfull assessment of the developmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

their everyday lives. Engaging the close by individuals

success requires constant monitoring of the resulting

and closely related local Actors to the network and

activities and reviewing the goals and indicators of the

aiming at linking more people with the interest to the

framework according to the findings and feedback.

defined Agenda is the most important goal of this step.

As a result of the strategy, the emerging promising

Also redefining the impact range of interventions by

practices initiated as pioneering interventions will

recording how many people and from how far away in

enable the residents to become a part of developing the

the area the intervention reaches helps to continue with

new practices of their urban life. This will become a key

developing the intervention for the desired impact.

to binding residents together as well as binding them to

The first pioneering interventions in the Agenda

their environment.

Zones become ideally later the central facilities, the Headquarters, for all the related interventions.

151

ACTION PLAN PIONEERING

PROMISING PRACTICE *Resilience feature

1

possible

Initiator

possible Contact Groups & Actors

c c

-

(connected intervention)

(multiplied intervention)

1

URBAN GREENING

ACCESS TO PUBLIC SPACE

27

Stadtpflanzer

MARKET PLACE

LIVELIHOODS & INNOVATION

“From small temporary markets and crafts fairs to workshop center for skills and training of the whole neighbourhood”

* Livelihoods

30

Foodshare

COMMUNITY ART

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

* Cultural Diversity

“From litte placemaking projects to events for cultural exchange to a space for experimenting and building community culture.”

6

Neue Nachbarschaft Moabit

IMMEDIATE

-

example of INTERVENTION PLANNING

“From creating liveable space & purposeful use of space to creating a local ecosystem”

*Access to public Space

INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

“From local information and meeting points to platform for critical development discission and a center for producing and exhibiting information” 152

USE-IT SPACE * Communication

14

Wir für die Turmstraße e.V

SCALING UP

HEADQUARTERS

2

3

-

c-c

-

cc

cc

c-c

URBAN FARMING CENTRE

LIVABLE SQUARE & SUSTAINABLE VILLAGE

* *Access to public Space, Basic Needs,

* Access to Space, Basic Needs, Ecosystem Services

27

-

7

27

16

c c

(market

(urban

-

place) (community kitchen)

greening)

7

16

1

30

c c

(makers fair) (community cafe)

(urban

greening) (urban farming)

MAKERS FAIR

READY CENTER & EXCHANGE CENTER

* Livelihoods, Informal Networks

* Skills & Training, Communication and networks

31

-

6

17

c c

(urban

(market

6

19

mediator) (transitional festival) place)

TRANSITIONS FESTIVAL & COMMUNITY CAFE * Cultural Diversity, Civic engagement

6

-

30

1

19

c c

(urban

(community art)

24

-

17

19

10

26

18

cc

(experimenting space) (dialogues exhibition)

(market

place) (makers fair)

EXPERIMENTING SPACE * Cultural Diversity, Engagement, Cohesive community

6

7

-

farming) (market place)

30

1

19

24

7

(exchange center) (dialogues exhibition)

(urban

greening) (urban farming)

DIALOGUES EXHIBITION & DATA FACTORY

* Communication, Informal networking

* Access to information & knowledge transfer

-

12

14

23

c c

URBAN MEDIATOR

8

15

15

18

-

13

5

2

25

29

28

c c

(community art) (transitional festival)

c c

(exchange center) (experimenting space)

(use-it space)

(use-it

153

space) (urban mediator)

17

ACTOR

Promising Practice NR. Local Actor

- PIONEERING - example development SHORT TERM

Urban Greening small scale 27 Stadtpflanzer Moabit

1

Community Art & Community Cafe small scale 6 Neuenachbarschaft Moabit 154

Market Place small scale 30 Foodshare

Use-It space small scale 14 Stadtteilvertretung TurmstraĂ&#x;e

155

- UP-SCALING - example development

c-c

(multiplied intervention)

-

MID TERM cc (

connected intervention)

Urban gardening mid scale 7 Moabiter Stadtgarten

2

Transitional Festival mid scale 23 Galerie Nord 156

c-c

c-c c-c

Makers Fair mid scale 10 Unternehmensnetzwerk Moabit

Urban Mediator mid scale 25 Moabit 2.0

157

LONG TERM - HEADQUARTERS - example development

c-c

Sustainable Village 1 Berliner Tafel

3

Experimenting Space 17 Kulturfabrik

158

Exchange center large scale 26 GSBTB

Data factory Dialogues Exhibition large scale 29 Arriving in Berlin 25 Ecke Turmstrasse

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

This thesis set out to find methods that can be used to facilitate community-driven urban planning processes with the result of the improved local and social resilience of a neighbourhood.

The choice of this approach was introduced briefly in the Background section of the research, which explains some of the thought process leading to the formation of the research question.

For the few past years, I was living in central Europe, subjectively observing rapid urban developments in my surroundings and the impacts of changing urban climates on the local population. This evoked an urge to objectively comprehend what the impact of a local action is on the global scale, and conversely how global trends cause unexpected local consequences.

Thus the research topic forming over a long span of time ended up focusing on how unforeseen changes could be turned into positive outcomes and avoid the conditions that would turn them into urban disasters.

The key issues that compelled me to study this topic have only been highlighted in Europe since the beginning of this thesis process. After the work had begun in April of 2015, the worst refugee crisis in Europe in decades escalated, relatively unexpectedly, within a short period of time. Many urban societies are touched by this phenomenon at the social and psychological level, but it also became clear that this represented just one among many chains of events with an uncertain influence on urban life in global cities. Therefore, throughout the process, the importance and relevance of this topic became increasingly stressed.

Due to the lengthy process needed to define and conceptualise this research topic, it became a challenge to frame the focus of the study. From the many possible viewpoints, the focus on social urban resilience was chosen. This concept envelopes the most essential perspectives I wanted to include in my approach: adapting to the unexpected nature of future, embracing the opportunities yielded by change, and inclusion of a strong social perspective, which I felt were lacking in the majority of contemporary approaches. The concept of social urban resilience was however problematic to apply to the approach in some ways. While resilience aims at a comprehensive perspective on development, only focusing on social resilience seemed somewhat contradictory. Social resilience is inseparably related to all other sectors of urban resilience, and the features and indicators of social resilience can be also interpreted as indicators in other sectors. Therefore, it was reasonable to specify the perspective by the scale of a neighbourhood community, the choice of which was deduced through the research.

Therefore focus on community-driven processes of improving social urban resilience at the neighbourhood scale was the logical result. Although specifying the viewpoint was intentional and necessary, it proved difficult meanwhile to reflect extensively on other possible perspectives on development, as the chosen focus was already quite complex and multifaceted. Therefore, it was emphasized that the whole approach should be seen as a complimentary conceptual approach to the full variety of existing approaches to urban development.

03 CONCLUSIONS 167

The first step of the actual research process was to

of a community. Therefore, the main focus became

define social urban resilience. Although there was no

necessarily to define the role of the urban planner and

clear, pre-existing definition, it was possible to clarify

of the community in relation to one another, which was

a conceptual definition and features of social urban

successfully achieved through the example process and

resilience by combining theoretical information from

strategy.

different sources. Identifying key indicators and criteria

The goal for the process of this thesis was to experiment

for the study through reviewing a variety of literature

with new methods in order to provide alternative

was not difficult; however, figuring out to what extent

practical models supporting the suggested approach

planning can apply these criteria in practice was. As

of social urban resilience. The chosen methods of

the aim of this thesis was to discuss to what extent

benchmarking and backcasting for the practical

the urban planner can contribute to the goals of social

experimentation of this thesis proved to be appropriate

urban resilience, the greater challenge was to find how

choices. These methods fitted the aim of adapting to

urban planning relates to social goals, such as justice

unforeseeable futures. Sufficient varied information

and equality, as defined at the core of social urban

exists about these methods to apply them to fit the

resilience.

purposes of this thesis, and they still provided new

It became clear through the research that planning

lessons and alternative perspectives to traditional

plays a role in social goals, but to define its impact

methods. Combining the output of the Promising

qualitatively was very complicated. In the literature

Practices and the emerging opportunities brought even

review, as well as in the benchmarking of the Promising

more depth to the process of developing the Strategy

Practices, it was explained how spatial qualities in the

for the Case Study. The intention of the process was

physical domain mostly have either a direct or indirect

to potentially facilitate participation, and both of the

impact on social behaviour and social capital. Studying

methods chosen have great potential for use in many

how the impact of a certain urban intervention’s relation

kinds of interactive situations between citizens and

to the community’s social capital could be identified

other involved stakeholders or disciplines.

and measured was attempted by creating a framework

As a drawback, the use of many different methods, such

with the indicators of social urban resilience. This

as literature review, benchmarking, and backcasting,

framework was used to identify the impact of the

included analysis of vast amounts of different data in

Promising Practices outlined in the benchmarking

different formats, making the structuring of this thesis

chapter on social resilience. This helped to evaluate

quite challenging. However, using all of these methods

the usability of the indicators of the framework, and

in parallel to each other supported the understanding

later on, they were again applied to determine the

of the complexities of applying social urban resilience,

focused agendas for the strategy for Moabit in the

combining different angles to investigate the concept.

Case Study. The developed framework was also formed

These different methods had each of their defined tasks

through the experimentation process in this way. The

and contributions to the final product from the start.

developed framework thus provides a good theoretical

Aside from experimenting with these methods, one

direction for developing an adaptable and applicable

important task was the use of the output of these

framework, which should be fine-tuned ideally through

different parts in the process of creating tools that

experimentation in real life.

would be applied in the final strategy of the Case

One additional aim of this thesis was also to understand

Study. Part of this was preparing a variety of graphic

what other efforts, next to urban planning, are needed to

products. The idea behind this was not only to create

achieve the social resilience of a neighbourhood. It was

illustrative material to support the text, but also to

stated that the process should include cross-scale and

take the suggested communicator’s role in the example

interdisciplinary interactions, but the questions of who

planning process. The goal was to create material that

needs to take over and where a planner’s responsibility

could potentially be used in the described example

ends were not fully investigated in through this

process, in order to support communicating the

research and remain for future works. This thesis

interests and intentions of stakeholders from different

however especially attempted to explain who should

kinds of backgrounds. Therefore the criterion for the

be primarily involved in a community-driven process

infographics was most especially to be as intuitive,

to enable engagement of the full spectrum of people

inspiring, and self-explanatory as possible.

168

The next step, in continuing on beyond this thesis,

results of previous surveys.

would be to create a real interaction situation, to test

Fortunately,

out and evaluate the potential and communicative

neighbourhood planning departments have extensive

value of the created tools. For example, the Promising

documentation openly available online, in the form of

Practices library could potentially be used in both

both geographical information data and statistics and

physical and virtual interaction situations, and by

reports based on citizen surveys and demographics. The

planning professionals, community organisations,

online survey for Moabit residents, carried out as part

or other interested parties. If based online, it could

of this research, was initially planned as the first step

serve as an empowerment tool for local populations

towards engaging the public before staging a workshop

or groups to harness their urban planners’ minds

for a group of interested respondents. There was

for solutions in their own interests. The method of

relatively positive interest from respondents to take part

profiling Promising Practices could then be modified

in such a workshop, but in the end, it was not carried

and improved according to the experiences from its

out due to the simple lack of resources for coordinating

application, and could serve as a database for different

such an event. The final proposal therefore only

communities and purposes in planning. It could also be

detailed a possible example of a strategic planning and

easily expanded, once the Promising Practices format is

implementation process, instead of the actual results

defined and other examples can be analysed and added

of one. The example strategy for Moabit was however

to the collection. The library could also be potentially

based on solid analysis of the respondents’ feedback,

used as an intuitive participation tool in situations led

official reports and data, empirical experiences of the

by a professional planner and to enable discussions

area and the local population’s relation to it gained

within a common framework and vocabulary.

through a stay of over one year in the neighbourhood

The Actor Library model, which by contrast works

during the research and development of this thesis,

only in a local context, could also be used in order to

therefore achieving an accurate local relevance.

visualise and create networks and possibilities for

The main conclusion of this thesis is that the theme

communication between actors that share similar goals

of social urban resilience and community-driven

of development of a place but work in different fields or

development is highly relevant. Social resilience should

on different levels and scales.

be adapted in land use policy and urban development

The achievements of this thesis lay in translating a

and thus has great potential to be studied further. It

conceptual framework based on both literature as well

is however a wide and complex concept, and no single

as examples from real life into potential tools and a

planning model can currently encompass all of its

model planning process. Another achievement was

dimensions. Development of different kinds of analysis

the use of backcasting for locally adapted agendas

tools beyond defining or expanding those suggested in

within the framework of social urban resilience. The

this thesis is highly possible. The most critical question

example tools and processes are merely however a first

for further studies on this topic is to experiment with

attempt to approach social urban resilience with these

the implementation of these and other methods related

kind of methods, and it should be acknowledged that

to this theme and to measure their impact through

the suggested models need be redefined after future

real participation processes. Furthermore, this area

experimentation. This brings us to the shortcoming

of study overlaps with the expertise of several other

of this thesis, which is that the engagement of

disciplines, and therefore calls for interdisciplinary

local populations and authorities in this particular

collaboration with other fields of studies to properly

experiment within the Case Study of Moabit was

research social urban resiliency further in order to

not achieved to the desired extent. The goal was to

develop applicable, practicable models. In conclusion,

have face-to-face encounters with local residents and

urban planners specialising in this practice could focus

planning officials in order to try out the suggested

on developing tools for communicating a wide range of

tools in an environment of real interactions. Such a

global and local agendas and possibilities for dealing

situation, however, was not possible due to a lack of

with them through urban intervention, envisioning and

resources and networks, as well as pure will in from the

visualising future scenarios for discussions, developing

contacts in case of officials. This research therefore had

flexible land-use planning in anticipation of changing

to rely on official reports from the city’s database, a self-

needs and new resilience criteria, and translating the

conducted online survey with 30 respondents, and the

the

city

of

Berlin

and

its

input of this process into implementation plans.

169

local

170

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A lot of people deserve to be acknowledged for helping

Thank you to my friends Kourosh Zarghani and Bernd

me in so many ways through out the process of this

Hollinger for proofreading and feedback, and all

thesis.

other support. Also thank you Bernd for the german translation and proofreading of the online questionnaire

First I want to thank my supervisor and instructors;

for carrying out the Moabit Neighbourhood Stories

my supervisor Trevor Harris for encouragement,

survey.

inspiration and feedback; instructors Hossam Hewidy for all the support and

Thank you for the finnish proofreading to my friend

guidance through the process;

Kaisa Karvinen.

and Nadine Kuhla von Bergmann for local support and advice in Berlin with my Case Study in Moabit.

Thank you to Hub and Angeline Haan for your help and support along the way.

Thank you also to the countless other people for offering their expertese on specific issues;

Thank you to my parents Maija Hartikainen and

Ute Menski for providing great sources of information

Petteri Kylliäinen and the rest of my family for their

for the research about Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resilience to crises;

unconditional support.

Raoul Bunchoten for feedback; Antti Lehto and Taru Niskanen for useful feedback and

And a huge thank you with with the most gratitude

advice.

to dear Jurre Haan, whose support every day made it possible.

Thank you for the english proofreading to Jason Stoetzer, Keith Ogawa and John Meskers.

Thank you to the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Career Services for their support in arrangements.

171

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page 68 image 30 Christchurch vignette from the future centre: Christchurch Central Recovery Plan (2012). Central City Recovery Plan. Christchurch, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. / Colour edited from original page 69 image 31 Christchurch crisis and redevelopment timeline, own illustration, 2016 page 69 image 32 Transitional City Concept: Christchurch Central Recovery Plan (2012). Central City Recovery Plan. Christchurch, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. / Colour edited from original page 71 CARDBOARD CATHEDRAL: digital photograph, ChristChurch Cathedral, viewed 10.8.2016, <https://www. theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/16/cardboard-cathedral-new-zealand-city> page 71 THE COMMONS (page 71 & 75): digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://www.christchurchnz.com/media/ newsroom/christchurch-named-as-a-leading-visitor-destination-for-2014/> FESTA: digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, livs.org.nz/projects/i/cityups/ GREENING THE RUBBLE: Fitzgerald community garden, digital photo, Greening the Rubble, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://greeningtherubble.org.nz/wp/fitzgerald-community-garden/> RESTART: Lincoln, M (2011), NZRAW/CC BY 2.0, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://www.treehugger.com/modulardesign/shipping-container-news-lawsuits-threatened-over-pop-shopping-mail-christchurch.html> PEOPLE BUILDING BETTER CITIES: Christchurch centre for architecture and city-making, digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://teputahi.org.nz/> ARTIST RESIDENCY: digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <livs.org.nz/projects/i/artist-residency/> LIFE IN VACANT SPACES: digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://livs.org.nz/updates> image 33 page 73 Example of The Commons and growing impact pictures used from: EVERYDAY PRACTICE LEVEL: THE COMMONS: digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://www.christchurchnz.com/media/newsroom/ christchurch-named-as-a-leading-visitor-destination-for-2014/> SCALING UP: basemap: Data CC BY-SA by OpenStreetMap, 4UMaps.eu / Colour changed from the original STRATEGY LEVEL: Transitional City Concept: Christchurch Central Recovery Plan (2012). Central City Recovery Plan. Christchurch, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. / Colour edited from original page 75: THE COMMONS: digital photo, viewed 10.8.2016, <http://www.christchurchnz.com/media/newsroom/ christchurch-named-as-a-leading-visitor-destination-for-2014/> page 78 own photo image 35 Structure of backcasting, own illustation, 2016 Berlin Maps page 84-92 basemap: own illustration, information based on: fbinter.stadt-berlin.de

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page 84 image 36 own illustrations, 2016 data based on: Berlin Environmental Atlas, http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de, fbinter.stadt-berlin.de page 86 image 37 own illustration, 2016 data based on: Transformations räume 2030, 2014, Centre concept Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Referat IA Stadtentwicklungsplanung und Bodenwirtschaft, 2005 page 88 image 38 own illustation, 2016 data based on: StEK 2030 prioritären Elemente, 2013, Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013 and Mobility in the City, Berlin Traffic images 2013 page 90 image 39 own illustration, 2016 data based on: Ohder, C., et al. (2014). Relief Needs and Willingness to Help in the Event of Longterm Power Blackout: Results of a citizen survey in three Berlin districts Berlin, Berlin School of Economics and Law image 40 page 92 The strategy focus points: Berlin Strategy 2030, (2015). Senate Department for the Urban Development and the Environment (2015). Berlin Strategy: Urban Development Concept Berlin 2030 Berlin, Senate Department for the Urban Development and the Environment, City of Berlin. image 41 page 92 own illustration data based on: StEK 2030 prioritären Elemente, Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, 2013 Moabit Maps pages, 94, 96, 98 & 100 page 94 INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN MOABIT page 96 NEIGHBOURHOODS IN MOABIT page 98 MOABIT OPEN SPACES page 100 own illustrations basemaps based on Digitale Innenstadt by Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt page 100 quotes based on the survey ”Moabit Neighborhood Stories” Moabit maps page 102 own illustrations basemap own illustration, information based on: fbinter.stadt-berlin. page 102 data based on ”Moabit Neighbourhood Stories” online questionnaire page 104 Locales own illustrations 3d information based on: Digitale Innenstadt by Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt page 106-122 own illustrations basemap based on: fbinter.stadt-berlin.

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page 106 Urban Structure, own illustration, 2016 vector information based on: Digitale Innenstadt by Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt page 108 Neighbourhoods, own illustration, 2016 data based on: Bezirksregionenprofil, Moabit West, 2012, Bezirksamt Mitte von Berlin Arbeitsgruppe Sozialraumorientierung, Bilddatenbank der Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Bildrecht/freigabe: SenStadtUm Bezirksamt Mitte von Berlin - Abteilung Stadtentwicklung - Fachbereich Stadtplanung page 110 Landuse, own illustration, 2016 data based on: The zoning map of the Land Use Plan Geoportal Berlin, http://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/ page 112 Services, own illustration, 2016 :data based on, The zoning map of the Land Use Plan Geoportal Berlin, http://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/ page 114 Employment, own illustration, 2016 data based on: Bezirksregionenprofil, Moabit West, 2012, and Bezirksregionenprofil, Moabit Ost, 2012, Bezirksamt Mitte von Berlin Arbeitsgruppe Sozialraumorientierung, Bilddatenbank der Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Bildrecht/-freigabe: SenStadtUm Bezirksamt Mitte von Berlin - Abteilung Stadtentwicklung - Fachbereich Stadtplanung page 116 Development, own illustration, 2016 data based on: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, planning, and Berlin Strategy 2030, Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, page 118 Mobility, own illustration, 2016 data based on: Mobility in the City, Berlin Traffic images 2013, Sentatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt page 120 Metabolism, own illustration, 2016 data based on: Urban Development & Planning, Types of Supply, <http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/ planen/stadtentwicklungsplanung/en/versorgung/> page 125 & page 126 Threats - exclusivity: Pläne für Schultheiss-Brauerei verärgern Anwohner, High Gain House Investments, Morgen Post, viewed 11-7-2015 <http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/article125774888/Plaene-fuerSchultheiss-Brauerei-veraergern-Anwohner.html> page 125 & 130 Threats - overpopulation: Zahlreiche Flüchtlinge sitzen in Berlin auf dem LaGeSo, dpa, viewed 23-09-2015 <http://www.rbb-online.de/politik/thema/fluechtlinge/berlin/2015/09/glietsch-erwartet-bis-zu-50000fluechtlinge-in-berlin.html> page 130 Threats - clustering & unrest: Bärgida, viewed, 09-06-2015 <https://de.indymedia.org/sites/default/ files/2015/06/12776.JPG> page 152-157 Organisations’ logos used in illustrations are the property of the organisations and retrived from their websites, mentioned in the actor library on page 147 / Cropped and colours edited from originals

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DAILY AMOUNT OF RESPONSES

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