City of Oslo Agency for Planning and Building Services
The Urban Development of Oslo
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Oslo, capital of Norway 13:24
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Ill: Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter
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“The BlueGreen City”
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33.2% A Growing City
The population of Oslo will increase with 33.2 percent by 2030.
Oslo is the capital of Norway. A small town by global standards, but still a rapidly growing city. The population of Oslo is the fastest growing in Europe, a tendency giving both challenges and opportunities. The urban development of Oslo is founded on core values like physical quality, functionality and aesthetics. The vision for Oslo is to develop a city suitable for living, visiting and working in – a city for everybody. The “blue-green” quality of Oslo – framed by the forest and the fjord, with rivers connecting them – creates spaces for recreation and well-being within the city. Contrary to many cities experiencing a geographical expansion, Oslo is being built from the inside and out, through compact urban develop ment and the establishment of new hubs and transportation solutions. Moreover, to ensure a sustainable urban development and a protection of the blue-green structure, densification within the built up zone is a deliberate strategy. This development strategy is progressive, energy efficient, and may 4
give room for many urban qualities. The urban development in Oslo is carried out in close cooperation with private developers, and specific demands for both area development and buildings are posed. Pre-established, legally binding plans contribute to a development that is in line with the goals and intentions of the municipality. The plans and the area programmes also ensure a comprehensive set of codes for larger areas that are developed over time. This is a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring that Oslo grows and develops into a place with an overall quality.
Barcode, a mixture of dwellings and offices in The Fjord City.
Population growth, 1950-2030 900 000 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000
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regionalt samarbeid om næringsutvikling og areal- og transportplanlegging. Oslos innbyggertall per 01.01.2013 er 623 966. Ved arbeidet med Kommuneplan 2008 – Oslo mot 2025 ble det registrert et potensial for bygging av 81 500 nye boliger og et arbeidsplasspotensial på drøyt 165 000, uten å flytte markagrensen eller berøre friområder og grønne lunger. Oppdaterte beregninger fra Utviklings- og kompetanseetaten angir en forventet befolkningsvekst for Oslo på om lag 207 000 personer i perioden 2013–2030. I arbeidet med kommende kommuneplan er det kartlagt et potensial for bygging av 120 000 nye boliger. Utbyggingen kan i sin helhet skje innenfor Oslos byggesone og hovedtendensen de neste ti årene er at boligbyggingen i
Oslo oppfyller Samhandlingsreformens intensjon. Folkehelseperspektivet er gjennomgående i tjenestene, det er etablert flere frisklivssentraler og prosjekter for å forebygge helse- og funksjonssvikt. Pasienter som skrives ut fra sykehus tas raskt imot, i gjennomsnitt etter mindre enn et halvt døgn. Byrådet ønsker mer forebyggende arbeid og rehabilitering. Fleksibilitet i tjenestene og god dialog med fastlegene reduserer behovet for spesialisthelsetjenester. Gjennom innovasjon i tjenestene med nye arbeidsmåter, ny kompetanse og ny teknologi møtes fremtidens behov.
portplanlegging. Bystyret vedtok våren 2012 planstrategi og planprogram for areal og transport i Oslo og Akershus. Den regionale planstrategien redegjør for hovedutfordringer i regionen, hovedmål for planarbeidet og viktige utviklingstrekk innen temaet areal og transport. Planstrategien ble godkjent av Miljøverndepartementet 23.08.2013. Det regionale planprogrammet omtaler hvordan Oslo kommune og Akershus fylkeskommune vil gjennomføre plansamarbeidet i fellesskap, herunder utredningsbehov, organisering av planarbeidet og medvirkning. Planutkastet planlegges lagt ut til offentlig ettersyn våren 2014 med endelig behandling i Oslo bystyre og Akershus fylkesting høsten 2014.
Facts About Oslo
Population Growth and Dwelling Construction Oslo has a population of 625,000 citizens and is the largest economic, cultural and knowledge-based hub in the country. In 2012, the population growth in Oslo was 1.7 percent. The population increase is partly a result of a large net migration and a high excess of births. 28 percent of the population of Oslo are immigrants. By 2030, the population of Oslo is expected to grow with almost 200,000 people. As a result, there is a need for up to 100,000 new dwellings.
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miljø, brukere og ansatte skal bidra til innovasjon og nyskaping. Rehabilitering er et viktig satsingsområde for byrådet. Mange med nedsatt funksjonsevne er ikke syke eller pasienter, men trenger rehabilitering for å bedre sin evne til å mestre dagliglivets utfordringer. Byrådet vil rette oppmerksomheten mot mulighetene for forebygging, aktivisering, rehabilitering og tidlig intervensjon på alle nivåer i omsorgstrappen. Helsestasjons- og skolehelestjenesten er ofte første møte med kommunen for barn og familier som trenger bistand, og kan bidra til at det gis et helhetlig og
Living Conditions Oslo has a high degree of social equality, participation and political stability. The citizens of Oslo have a high employment rate. Still, some districts have a lower degree of employment, and house many citizens who receive social security money. As a result, there are differences in living conditions and different challenges in different parts of the city. The public health is good, and the average life expectancy is increasing each year. Longer life expectancy and a strong population growth lead to a growing need for old age pensioners’ institutional homes. Oslo is a multi-cultural city with citizens from 187 different nations. The immigrant population is generally well integrated in the Norwegian society.
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læring. Ikke alle barnehager arbeider tilstrekkelig med læring og barns språkutvikling. Byrådet har igangsatt prosjekt Oslobarnehagen for å få et kvalitetsløft i barnehagene. Gjennom bedre opplæring og økt standardisering vil byrådet skape et betydelig kvalitetsløft i Oslos barnehager. Et godt barnehagetilbud kan redusere sosiale forskjeller og sikre tidlig innsats for barn som trenger det. Byrådet vil bruke 50 mill. kroner de neste fire årene på en særskilt satsing for å styrke barnehagene og skolens bidrag til sosial mobilitet. Tiltakene omfatter utvikling av kartleggingsverktøy, språkstimuleringsmateriell og lederutdanning i barnehagene. Dette kommer i tillegg til den omfattende satsingen på kvalitet i Oslo-barnehagen de siste årene. Byrådet foreslår også å øke bevilgningen til Arbeidsplass-
avgjørende for at eleven skal få fullt utbytte av undervisningen i skolen. I Oslo bor mange barn som har annet morsmål enn norsk, og mange av disse barna bor i områder der det er mangel på arenaer for å lære seg norsk. Barnehagen blir dermed barnas viktigste språkarena. Byrådet vil styrke språkarbeidet i barnehagen. Det er iverksatt tiltak for å styrke de ansattes norskferdigheter og kompetanse om barns språkutvikling. Byrådet vil utvikle et digitalt verktøy for normert språkkartlegging fra 3 års alder, med tiltakspakker som sikrer målrettet oppfølging. Tidlig innsats er avgjørende for barnas ferdigheter. Derfor er det viktig at flest mulig barn, spesielt de som har utfordringer, begynner tidlig i barnehage. Byrådet vil stimulere til økt deltakelse i barnehage, herunder
Childhood and Culture In Norway, all children have the right to a place in a kindergarten and ten years of compulsory schooling. The population projection shows a constant increase in children of kindergarten- and school age, and the Oslo municipality is building many kindergartens and schools. Culture and sports facilities are key elements for the quality of life for the citizens, and they are the foundations for creativity, well-being and economic growth in the city. Budsjett_Del1.indd 14
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å svare på befolkningens transportbehov. Dette er viktig for å nå Oslos mål om 50 prosent reduksjon i utslipp av klimagasser innen 2030. Kollektivreiser står for 45 prosent av motoriserte reiser i Oslo. For å stimulere til økt bruk av kollektivtransport vil byrådet i 2014 videreføre lav pris på månedskort. Byrådet vil i 2014 øke kommunens tilskudd til kollektivtrafikken, utvide kollektivtilbudet, og arbeide videre med vedlikehold og oppgradering på T-banen. Bygging av Lørenbanen startet opp i 2013, og vil være ferdig bygget i 2016. Banen vil øke totalkapasiteten i T-banenettet. Den gjør det dermed mulig å doble antall avganger på Østensjøbanen, som rehabiliteres fra 2015. Byrådet vil fornye trikkeparken med moderne trikker som vil gi plass til flere passasjerer. Oppgradering av
Byrådet ønsker at veksten i persontransporten skal tas via kollektivtrafikken. Det vil bli gjennomført tiltak for å øke fremkommeligheten for trikk og buss i Oslo. Mindre stans og kortere reisetid vil gjøre det mer attraktivt å reise med buss og trikk. Det blir dessuten stadig mer enkelt og brukervennlig å reise kollektivt. Billetter og månedskort kan enkelt kjøpes gjennom Ruters app via smarttelefoner. I tillegg vil det i løpet av 2014 tilbys teledekning gjennom et 4G-nett i Oslos T-banetunneler. Av hensyn til bedre fremkommelighet skal gateparkeringsplasser reduseres, og det skal legges til rette for økt parkering i parkeringshus. Det er viktig å ha en regional tilnærming til mobilitetsutfordringene i hovedstadsområdet. For å legge til rette for økt kollektivandel vil byrådet arbeide
Transportation Oslo acts as a hub for the national and the regional transportation system. Despite the large population growth, Oslo has experienced a lower car traffic increase than the national average. This is partly a result of the strengthening of the public transport system, which had a 20 percent increase in the same period. The population increase is expected to lead to a 50 percent freight transportation increase by 2030. The city will require large investments in communication systems and an integrated land use and transportation planning. Budsjett_Del1.indd 20
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The building with the angled top is the new Munch museum, to be finished in 2018
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The large population growth will be countered with general urban planning measures which secure and further develop the urban, natural and historical values of the city, and which facilitate high quality architecture and urban design.
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Oslo Will Grow Through Compact Urban Development
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The Blue-Green Structure of the City Will Be Protected and Developed
Oslo Will Be an Attractive City with Safe and User-Friendly Urban Spaces
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Green areas Walking paths
D E
Oslo Will Become an Internationally Leading Climate-Friendly City
The National Cultural Axis Will Create Attractive Meeting Places and Make Areas Publicly Accessible 9
A
nittberg. Her er flere soner med et og granittblokker som sittebenker. er hvor barn kan vasse og leke. niversell utforming. De gjør det også med bena i vannet.
75% 75 percent of the newly-built lodgings were in houses with more than ten flats.
Oslo Will Grow Through Compact Urban Development
Oslo will grow from the inside and out through a densification along pre-existing or new subway lines. In addition, new hubs will be established where necessary. This facilitates an urban development with a high floor ratio and a high degree of public transportation, contributing to a climate friendly urban development. Hubs are attractive 10
locations for dwellings and knowledge-based companies, because they ensure easy access for quali fied employees. The development of dwellings must keep track with the population increase, and in all new residential areas, variation and physical quality are in focus.
Aker brygge
The Tjuvholmen in the Fjord City was only 10 years ago a run-down industrial area. It is now a compact mixture of business offices and dwellings.
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B
Hvelvet under T rondheim refleksjo sveien b ner fra va lir porte nnet gir n til park det et b ens hje evegelig rte, Gro mønste ruddam r på bro men. Ta hvelvet. ket und Det bidra er broen r til en tr lyses op ygg og p, og sa hyggelig mmen m atmosfæ ed re.
The Blue-Green Structure of the City Will Be Protected and Developed Oslo has a close proximity to the forest belt Nordmarka and the fjord. The rivers constitute vital arteries for urban hiking and recreation, and for experiencing nature within the city. Green areas supply the city with fresh air, filter polluted air, provide wind screening and even out the tempera ture fluctuations. The Oslo Green Structure Plan handles the green structure as a comprehensive network, and sets requirements on providing new green structures for urban projects.
The Green Structure Plan will contribute to: n Preserving and strengthening Oslo’s character as “The Blue-Green City” n Meeting the demands from the citizens for green recreation areas within the urban zone n Urban development according to urban ecological principles 12
To reach the goals posed in The Green Structure Plan, five strategies have been worked out: 1. Securing a continuous green network 2. Securing ample coverage of green areas 3. Facilitating a varied availability of different types of green areas 4. Further developing the blue-green structure 5. Utilizing the blue-green structure to achieve a better local climate, local air quality and natural water balance
The increase in population density implies an increased need for awareness of the importance of local green areas with good quality.
Green areas Walking paths
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C
4.3% 4.3 percent of the population aged between 25-66 years old are registered as unemployed.
Oslo Will Be an Attractive City with Safe and User-Friendly Urban Spaces
Alna Miljøpark Mulighetsstudie Grorudparken Plan Urban / Atelier Dreiseitl
GRORUDDAMMEN - PARKENS HJERTE Etter at elven har krysset under Trondheimsveien flyter den
In urban development it is important to make the Structure Plan for Square and Meeting ut i den store dammen, The som utgjør en av parkens mest Places facilitates: city a good place to live in, with urban space for social meetingsentrale opportunitiesmøteplass and thus favour intern Squares and meeting places that provide univerog oppholdssted. action, local identity and a sence of belonging. The sally accessible space for different activities and urban spaces pay attention to different user groups user groups and should be accessible for everyone. Making sure n Continuous networks of different types of safe Her kan en vasse barbeint, bade og fiske. Her er også no area of the city is more than 200 meters away squares and meeting places with architectural from the nearest square or social place, is og utformet quality plassert en meeting liten kafé små plasser med utsyn an overall goal. For parts of the city with a lack of n The needs of children and young people ogcodes oversikt over omgivelser og aktiviteter. meeting places, with requirements are set for n Spaces with good local climate and ecological new squares in building projects. conditions
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En ny gangvei som knytter Grorud skole bedre sammen med parken ledes direkte ned i dette område, og skolebarna
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Shutterstock
The Opera was completed in 2008 and has become one of Oslo’s main attractions and a popular meeting place.
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80% 80 percent of transport for work in Oslo is with collective means of transport.
Ved nedre del av dammen ledes vannet videre i en foss. Over fossen er utformet en plass med tredekke og sittemuligheter, en plass for refleksjon.
Oslo Will Become an Internationally Leading Climate-Friendly City En ny gangvei som knytter Grorud skole bedre sammen med parken ledes direkte ned i dette område, og skolebarna kan ta i bruk området mer aktivt enn i dag.
Her kan en vasse barbeint, bade og fiske. Her er også plassert en liten kafé og utformet små plasser med utsyn og oversikt over omgivelser og aktiviteter.
The city council in Oslo has agreed on a goal to reduce the climate gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030, and to make Oslo a climate neutral city by 2050. To achieve these goals, several measures have to be implemented. Transportation makes up the largest source of emissions. Oslo has the best public transportation system in Europe when it comes to subway coverage, and 80 percent of commuting is done by public transportation. Housing and commercial development is often located close to transportation hubs. In addition, encouraging buildings and facilities with low energy consumption and climate emission is a goal. The city itself will use only electrical vehicles, provide car parking mainly for electric cars in the city center, and abolish oil based heating in all local authority owned buildings and properties. Oslo is applying to be voted European Green Capital in 2016.
Etter at elven har krysset under Trondheimsveien flyter den ut i den store dammen, som utgjør en av parkens mest sentrale møteplass og oppholdssted.
GRORUDDAMMEN - PARKENS HJERTE
Alna Miljøpark Mulighetsstudie Grorudparken Plan Urban / Atelier Dreiseitl
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The Municipality of Oslo is participating in FutureBuilt, a 10-year regional development programme for climate neutral urban areas and buildings with high architectural quality. One of the goals of FutureBuilt is to realize 50 model projects testing out a minimum of 50 percent reduction of climate gas emissions.
“Tallhall” – The Norwegian Meteorological Institute
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Bjørnsletta school
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En ny gangve med parken le kan ta i bruk o
64%
64 percent of the total amount of newlybuilt lodgings are built in the inner city.
Ved nedre de foss. Over fos sittemulighete
The National Cultural Axis Will Create Attractive Meeting Places and Make Areas Publicly Accessible The long landscape-shaped waterfront of Oslo gives the city its character. The waterfront promenade is 10 kilometers long and stretches from the west to the east of the city. The area along the fjord was previously closed off for the public, and was characterized by harbour and transportation activities. In developing the overall planning of the Fjord City, the municipality has since 2002 developed the National Axis of Culture. By using culture as an urban development strategy, and placing cultural institutions along an “axis” between the east and the west, the areas are made accessible and attractive for the citizens. The axis is like a string of beads of important cultural facilities running from the eastern previously more deprived part of the city centre, to the more affluent parts towards the west. In addition, the cultural axis contributes to the interconnection and unification of these areas. 18
With The Ekeberg Sculpture Park, the Park of the Medieval Ages, the Munch Museum, the National Opera and Ballet House, the Deichman City Library, the National Museum of Architecture, the National Museum, and the Astrup Fearnley Museum at Tjuvholmen, the National Cultural Axis is established. The strategy of culturally based urban development is also employed to open up the old industrial zones along the rivers in Oslo. Along the Akers elva river, important cultural and educational institutions are now located, such as the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, the Oslo Academy of the Arts, Jacob Church of Culture and The House of Dance, which greatly contribute to the reshaping of the character of the area from an abandoned industrial area into a vivid and attractive residential and cultural neighbourhood.
National Museum
The Deichman Library
The Park of the Medieval Ages
T HE
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The Ekeberg Sculpture Park
The National Opera National Museum of Architecture The Astrup Fearnley Museum
The Munch Museum
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Redevelopment of Run-Down Areas In addition to the basic strategies, redevelopement of larger run-down areas is a foundation. These areas have a great potential that requires public efforts, for instance regarding infrastructural measures. Korsgata 5, an “infill� project with high architectural quality
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Ill: Spacegroup / MIR
Hovinbyen
Hovinbyen is today an area dominated by traffic and construction work. In a few years it will be transformed into a nice and calm area for business and dwellings.
Hovinbyen The Hovinbyen development area is a district at the outskirts of the inner city that has several existing and potential hubs. The area is dominated by industry, warehouses and traffic terminals. Through re-defining, the area will be transformed into a new and attractive urban district with 25,000 dwellings and 2.5 million square meters of work-
spaces and commercial areas. Hovinbyen serves an example of how the inner city density and urban structure may be built in new areas, thereby expanding the city from within. The development depends on a subway line that will connect several areas and create a strong regional hub.
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Photo: Scanpix
The Fjord City
The Astrup Fearnley museum was opened in 2012 at Tjuvholmen, which only a few years ago was a container harbour.
The Fjord City After several years of debate the City Council decided in 2000 to develop the Fjord City on the waterfront. The port area of Oslo is being relocated southeast of the city center to improve the operation efficiency, and to free the harbour areas for urban development. The areas will be used for multifunctional urban development with housing, business, recreation and culture. The Fjord City plan, passed in 2008, explored and specified different urban development patterns for the whole area. 9,000 dwellings and 45,000 workplaces are being developed.
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Cultural institutions and several dozens of hectares of parks, public spaces and commons are planned, which connect the existing city and the fjord. 10 kilometers of continuous waterfront boardwalk, a new tramline and several ports of call for passenger boat traffic are being established and several development contracts secure public and private funding and implementation. Today, more than 25 percent of the urban development potential is completed, and the area already presents itself as a new and exciting district of Oslo.
Groruddalen
The new Grorud Park was opened in 2013 in a valley characterized by old industry. The Park is now connecting three neighbourhoods.
Groruddalen The Grorud valley is located in the northeast of Oslo and has about 135,000 inhabitants. The area was primarily developed in the period 1950–1980. From the late 90’s, Groruddalen was increasingly regarded as a underprivileged area, and in 2007 it was decided to refurbish the area. The main target for the 10 year action plan, a partnership between the City of Oslo and the Norwegian central government, is sustainable urban development, environmental renovation, improved quality of life and overall enhanced living conditions in Groruddalen. The kindergarten
and educational sectors are also actively involved. A comprehensive plan for area development in accordance with the overall urban development strategies in Oslo has been detailed. Furuset is one of the areas of Groruddalen experiencing a facelift, and one of the FutureBuilt programme projects. The neighbourhood will be developed into a model area with regards to green and climate efficient urban development, and will form a foundation for a future reduction of climate gas emission.
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Illustration from an Oslo Charette. This huge area of railway tracks may be covered with houses in 2060
Tools The Comprehensive Municipal plan for Oslo 2010–2030 suggests parameters for how the city should be developed. The plan consists of a social development segment that lays out the overall strategies according to political priority, and a legally binding land use plan that ensures the implementation of the various strategies mentioned above.
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85%
85 percent of all children between one and five years old have a place in kindergarten.
Public Participation The municipality is responsible for securing active public participation during the preparation of development plans. The progress of the municipal planning contributes to the public debate, and information measures aiming at keeping citizens and organizations informed are taken. Participation conferences like “charettes” and workshops, as well as exhibitions are key instruments for securing public participation development. The Oslo Charette In larger area development projects, such as the Fjord City, “Oslo Charettes” are being held. This is a workshop where alternative planning concepts are being presented, debated and further developed. For a successful planning and area development, it is a prequisite to get the professionals and
the public involved and making them understand and participate. The method is based on different feasibility studies, reflection, enthusiasm and contribute to a public discussion.
The Oslo Planning Model Based on the formal planning tools of the Planning and Building Act, Oslo has developed a model for effective and simplified utilization of the planning system. “The Oslo Model” makes the planning processes more flexible by the use of different planning types in combination. The model uses formal planning briefs based on the Municipal plan, with certain guidelines as the basis for local master plans. This simplification can save time and resources both for the developer and the municipality.
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Ill: Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter
Development Contracts and Collaboration The Municipality of Oslo uses specified planning programs to provide an area based framework for the urban development. It is supplied with guideline principles for the quality of for instance public spaces. The plans are detailed in collaboration with property developers. The principle for the development is that private developers and investors are responsible for the financing and building of dwellings, local streets, public spaces and commercial buildings, while the local government lays out the overall infrastructure and the social public facilities. Oslo is thus being built and developed with “other participants’ bricks” through publicly specified frameworks and close collaboration between private developers and the municipality. n Municipal Planning Strategy –
provides the strategic choices regarding the city`s development made by the municipality
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n The Comprehensive Development
– provides the municipal, regional and national goals. The plan has a social development segment and a legally binding land use plan. n District Master Plan – is used where such a plan
is a condition for the municipal plan, or when the municipality demands a more detailed specifi cation of land-use in a larger part of the city.
n Area Development Master Plan –
development plan that specifies land use, protection and urban design and the physical surroundings
n
Development Contract – a contract between the municipality and the developer. The contract covers the provisions of technical, green-blue and social infrastructure according to the Comprehensive Development Plan or District Master Plan. The contract may also control the number and size of dwellings in the area, as well as other requirements for buildings and area development.
Lillehammer
Hamar
Gjøvik
Oslo Drammen
Oslo, november 2013 Front page: A pedestrian bridge across the railway tracks connecting the “Old town” with The Barcode and the fjord. Photos/illutrations: If not stated, Agency for Planning and Building Services / Millimeterpress Design: Millimeterpress Print: Oslo Fokustrykk Circulation: 4000
Moss
Tønsberg
Sarpsborg Fredrikstad
Porsgrunn 10 km
Sandefjord Larvik
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Agency for Planning and Building Services
Visiting address: Vahls gate 1, Oslo, Norway Postal address: N-0187 Oslo, Norway Tel: +47 02180 email: postmottak@pbe.oslo.kommune.no
www.pbe.oslo.kommune.no
The Ekeberg Sculpture Park opened in 2013. The Walking Woman by Sean Henrys is one of the most popular sculptures.