Spssintro

SPSS ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Statistical Package for Social Sciences

In Data Analysis

11.5

Dr. Mahmoud Okasha Head of Department Of Applied Statistics, Al-Azhar University – Gaza Palestine

‫ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ – ﻏﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ SPSS‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬ ‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬ ‫‪Copyright © 2002‬‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻱ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ‪ ، m.okasha@palnet.com‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪. SPSS‬‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ISBN: Pending‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪2002 :‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪. 2002‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻱ ‪ 11.0‬ﻭ ‪ ، 8.0‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 7.0‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 11.0‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ‪ :‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ – ﻏﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬

‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬

‫دآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ ‪ -‬ﻏﺰة‬

‫اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎرس ‪2002‬‬ ‫ﻏﺰة – ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪SPSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Statistical Package for Social Sciences‬‬

‫‪in Data Analysis‬‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ SPSS‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ìˆÆ<I<†â‡ù]<íÃÚ^q‬‬

âïy‹Üa@漋Üa@a@âi

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‫ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫• ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺸﻬﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻷﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ‪. m.okasha@palnet.com :‬‬

‫‪áí‡Ôm‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘـﺩ ﺠـﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﺘﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨـﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﺠﻌل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﺫﻭﻥ ﺤﺫﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﻀـﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﺼﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤـﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﺤـل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜـل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﻔﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺽ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻗـﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬل ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻋـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺒﺩﺃﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴـﻭﻓﺕ ﺃﻭﻓـﻴﺱ ‪ Microsoft Office‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟـﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒـﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻜﺴل ‪ Excel‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻭﻟـﻭ ﺒﻨﻅـﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺘـﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻓﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻁـﺭﻕ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺩ ﻴﺒﺫل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ ﻴـﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﺘﻭﻀـﺢ ﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﹰﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪Non-‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻤﺴﺘﻘ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠـﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﺼ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ parametric Methods‬ﺒل ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻐﺎﻻﺓ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﺤﻠـﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤـﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﻟﻸﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻬـﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨـﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻜل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ‪ SPSS‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺤـﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤـﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻟـﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﷲ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘـﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻜل ﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻨﺴﺄل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ‪،،،،،،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ‪،،،،،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫‪TABLE OF CONTENTS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪19 .............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.1‬أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ‪21 .............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.1‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪات‪26 ..................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.1‬اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات واﻷﻋﻤﺪة ‪31 .........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.1‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات واﻟﺼﻔﻮف ‪33 .......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ‪34 ..............................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وإدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪39 ................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.2‬ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪43 .....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2‬إدﺧﺎل وﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪46 .......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.2.2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪47 ............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2.2‬إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪58 ................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2.2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪61 ......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪65 .............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪ SPSS‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪67 ....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ‪69 .................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪70 ..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.2‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ ‪74 .................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪81 ............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.3‬اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ‪85 ...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪104 ......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ‪118 ................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.3.3‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪119 ..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3.3‬إﻋﻄﺎء أوزان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮدات ‪125 .............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.3‬ﻓﺮز )ﺗﺮﻧﻴﺐ( اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪126 .......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.3.3‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ‪128 ...................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪131 .......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.4‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪133 ...........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.4‬اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪134 ...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.4‬إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ ‪137 ..................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.4‬وﺻﻒ وﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪140 ....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.4.4‬وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪141 .....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.4.4‬وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪153 .......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.4‬اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎت واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ‪177 .......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪183 ..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.5‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪185 ..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.5‬ﻃﻠﺐ أﻣﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪185 .....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.5‬رؤﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ‪187 .........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.5‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ‪192 ....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.5‬أﺷﻜﺎل أﻋﻤﺪة اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ‪198 .......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6.5‬اﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﻬﺠﻨﺔ ‪201 .......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .7.5‬أﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪206 ...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ‪217 .........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.6‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪219 ..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.6‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪223 ............................................................................. t‬‬ ‫‪.1.2.6‬ﻓﺮوض وﺷﺮوط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪223 ...................................................... t‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2.6‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪ t‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﻴﻦ ‪223 ..................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2.6‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ‪ t‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻦ ‪231 ...................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.6‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪238 ............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.3.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎرات وﻳﻠﻜﻮآﺴﻦ واﻻﺷﺎرة وﻣﻜﻨﻤﺎر ‪239 ....................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎن وﻳﺘﻨﻲ ‪243 ................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.6‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ‪247 .......................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.4.6‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪247 .....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.4.6‬اﺣﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺪوث ‪249 ...............................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ‪253 ................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.7‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪255 ..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.7‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ إﺗﺠﺎﻩ واﺣﺪ ‪259 ...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.7‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﺮوﺳﻜﺎل واﻟﻴﺲ ‪268 .......................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‪271 ..............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.8‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪273 ..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪279 ................................................................... SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ .3.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ ‪286 .................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.8‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ – اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻴﻮآﻲ ‪295 ...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.8‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪301 ..................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪305 ..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.9‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪307 ..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.9‬ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ وﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪309 ..............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪310 .............................. SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ .4.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪ‪313 .............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.9‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﻧﻔﺮوﻧﻲ ‪325 .............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6.9‬اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪327 ........................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.6.9‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪328 ....................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.6.9‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﻮآﺮان‪-‬آﻴﻮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪330 ....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .7.9‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪333 ...........................................‬‬ ‫‪ .8.9‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪343 .........................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ذات اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪345 ....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.10‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪347 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪349 ..........................................‬‬ ‫‪ 3.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﺛﻼث ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ‪365 ...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ 1.3.10‬اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )‪365 ............................................................. A*(B*C‬‬ ‫‪ 2.3.10‬اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )‪367 ............................................................. A*B*(C‬‬ ‫‪ .4.10‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪368 ...........................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ ‪371 ............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.11‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪373 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.11‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻇﻮاهﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ‪377 ........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.11‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪383 .................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.11‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪388 ..................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ‪401 ...................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.12‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪403 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.1.12‬اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ( ‪404 ................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.1.12‬اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد ‪404 .............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.1.12‬اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ )اﻷﺧﻄﺎء( ‪405 ..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.1.12‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‪405 .....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.1.12‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬة ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪406 ..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.12‬اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ‪407 ..................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.12‬اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد ‪420 ...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.12‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ‪435 ............................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪439 ...................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.13‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪441 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.13‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ‪443 ...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.13‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪446 ........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.13‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ‪449 ................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.13‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ‪450 .........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6.13‬ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻻﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ ‪453 .............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .7.13‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ‪457 .....................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ ‪471 ........................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.14‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪473 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.14‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ‪474 ....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.14‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﻮذج اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪490 ............................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.14‬ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ ‪492 ................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ‪515 ......................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.15‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪517 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.15‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺑﻮآﺲ‪-‬ﺟﻴﻨﻜﻨﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪519 .........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.15‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪521 .............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4.15‬ﻃﺮق آﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح ‪525 ...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5.15‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪529 ............................................. SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ .6.15‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎآﻨﺔ ‪543 ...........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6.15‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ‪552 .......................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ واﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ‪553 .........................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.16‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪555 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.16‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ‪560 .....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.16‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪562 ................................................................. SPSS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ‪581 .......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.17‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪583 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.17‬ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ‪586 ................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪597 ........................................................ SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ .1 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪597 ......................................................SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ .2 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ‪604 ............................‬‬ ‫‪ .3 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ‪615 .............................‬‬ ‫‪ .4 .3.17‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت ‪622 ....................... K-Means‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪631 ..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1.18‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪633 ........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2.18‬ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪635 ............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3.18‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ‪640 ............................................................... SPSS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ‪655 ..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ ‪661 ................................................................................................................‬‬