SPSS اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ Statistical Package for Social Sciences
In Data Analysis
11.5
Dr. Mahmoud Okasha Head of Department Of Applied Statistics, Al-Azhar University – Gaza Palestine
ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ – ﻏﺰﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم SPSSﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم SPSS ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ Statistical Package for Social Sciences in Data Analysis Copyright © 2002 ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ،ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻷﻱ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ . ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ، m.okasha@palnet.comﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ . SPSS
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ :
ISBN: Pending
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ 2002 :
ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ :ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ . 2002
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ SPSSﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻱ 11.0ﻭ ، 8.0ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ 7.0ﺇﱃ 11.0ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ .
اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ :د .ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ – ﻏﺰة ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ .
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم SPSS ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ Statistical Package for Social Sciences
in Data Analysis
دآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ رﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷزهﺮ -ﻏﺰة
اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ -ﻣﺎرس 2002 ﻏﺰة – ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم SPSS ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ Statistical Package for Social Sciences
in Data Analysis ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺩ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ . ﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ SPSSﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ . ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ.
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ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺀ • ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺸﻬﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺭ .
• ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﻴﻥ .
ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ . m.okasha@palnet.com :
áí‡Ôm ﻟﻘـﺩ ﺠـﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ،ﻓﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﺘﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨـﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﺠﻌل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻏﻠـﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﹰﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻴﺤﺫﻭﻥ ﺤﺫﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺠﺎﻫﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ SPSSﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ. ﻭﻟﻐـﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﻀـﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﺼﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﺤـﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﺤـل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜـل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﻔﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺽ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻗـﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ SPSSﻭﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺴﻬل ﻤﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻭﻋـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل. ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﺒﺩﺃﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺄﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ SPSSﺜﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻡ ﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴـﻭﻓﺕ ﺃﻭﻓـﻴﺱ Microsoft Officeﻭﺒﺎﻟـﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒـﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻜﺴل Excelﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻴﻬﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﻭﻟـﻭ ﺒﻨﻅـﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺩﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ. ﻭ ﺘـﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻓﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻁـﺭﻕ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺠﻬﺩ ﻴﺒﺫل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ. ﻭﺒﻴـﻨﻤﺎ ﻴـﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﺘﻭﻀـﺢ ﻜﻴﻔـﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﹰﺍ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ. ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ Non- ﻼ ﻤﺴﺘﻘ ﹰ ﻭﻴﺠـﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﺼ ﹰ parametric Methodsﺒل ﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻐﺎﻻﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻠﺘﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻭل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﺘﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﺤﻠـﻴل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺤـﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ. ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﻟﻸﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ، ﻭﻴﻬـﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌـﻨﻘﻭﺩﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻋـﺸﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ . ﻭﺒﻬـﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻨـﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻜل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ SPSSﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺤـﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤـﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻗـﺒل ﺍﻟـﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ،ﻓﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎل ،ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﷲ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻓﻘـﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻜل ﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ. ﻭﺍﷲ ﻨﺴﺄل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ،،،،،، ﺇﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ،،،،، ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ
ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت TABLE OF CONTENTS اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول :اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ 19 ............................................................................................. .1.1أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب 21 ............................................................................................. .2.1ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪات26 .................................................................................. .3.1اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات واﻷﻋﻤﺪة 31 ......................................................................................... .4.1اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات واﻟﺼﻔﻮف 33 ....................................................................................... .5.1ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث 34 .............................................................. اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وإدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 39 ................................................................ .1.2ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم 43 ..................................................................................... .2.2إدﺧﺎل وﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 46 ....................................................................................... .1.2.2ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات 47 ............................................................................ .2.2.2إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 58 ................................................................................ .3.2.2اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 61 ...................................................................... .3.2ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ 65 ............................................................................. .1.3.2ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻨﻈﺎم SPSSﻧﻔﺴﻪ 67 .................................................... .2.3.2ﻓﺘﺢ أوراق ﻋﻤﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى 69 ................................................. .3.3.2ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ 70 .......................................................... .4.2ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ 74 ................................................................................. اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات 81 ............................................................ .1.3اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ 85 ........................................................................................... .2.3ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات 104 ...................................................................................... .3.3ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات 118 ................................................................ .1.3.3اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ 119 .......................................................... .2.3.3إﻋﻄﺎء أوزان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮدات 125 ............................................................. .3.3.3ﻓﺮز )ﺗﺮﻧﻴﺐ( اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 126 ....................................................................... .4.3.3ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت 128 ...................................................................................
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ :ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 131 ....................................................................... .1.4ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 133 ........................................................................................................... .2.4اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 134 ........................................................................................... .3.4إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ 137 .................................................................................................. .4.4وﺻﻒ وﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت 140 .................................................................................... .1.4.4وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ 141 ..................................................................... .2.4.4وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ 153 ....................................................................... .5.4اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎت واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ 177 ....................................................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ :اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ 183 .......................................................................... .1.5ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 185 .......................................................................................................... .2.5ﻃﻠﺐ أﻣﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ 185 ..................................................................................... .3.5رؤﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ 187 ......................................................................... .4.5ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ 192 .................................................................................... .5.5أﺷﻜﺎل أﻋﻤﺪة اﻷﺧﻄﺎء 198 ....................................................................................... .6.5اﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﻬﺠﻨﺔ 201 ....................................................................................... .7.5أﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى206 ........................................................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس :اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ 217 ......................................................... .1.6ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 219 .......................................................................................................... .2.6اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ :اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات 223 ............................................................................. t .1.2.6ﻓﺮوض وﺷﺮوط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات 223 ...................................................... t .2.2.6اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات tﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﻴﻦ 223 .................................................. .3.2.6اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات tﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺘﻴﻦ 231 ................................................... .3.6اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ 238 ............................................................................................ .1.3.6ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ :اﺣﺘﺒﺎرات وﻳﻠﻜﻮآﺴﻦ واﻻﺷﺎرة وﻣﻜﻨﻤﺎر 239 .................... .2.3.6ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ :اﺣﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎن وﻳﺘﻨﻲ 243 ................................................ .4.6ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت 247 ....................................................................................................... .1.4.6ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ واﺣﺪة 247 ..................................................... .2.4.6اﺣﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺪوث 249 ............................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ 253 ................................ .1.7ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 255 .......................................................................................................... .2.7ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ إﺗﺠﺎﻩ واﺣﺪ 259 ............................................................................... .3.7اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ :اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﺮوﺳﻜﺎل واﻟﻴﺲ 268 .......................................................
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب "ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت" اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ 271 .............................................. .1.8ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 273 .......................................................................................................... .2.8ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم 279 ................................................................... SPSS .3.8ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ 286 ................................................................................................. .4.8اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ – اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻴﻮآﻲ 295 ............................................... .5.8ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ 301 .................................................. اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت 305 .......................................................... .1.9ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 307 .......................................................................................................... .2.9ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ وﻋﻴﻮب اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت 309 .............................................................. .3.9ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم 310 .............................. SPSS .4.9ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪ313 ............................................. .5.9اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ :ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﻧﻔﺮوﻧﻲ 325 ............................................. .6.9اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت 327 ........................................ .1.6.9اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎن ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ 328 .................................... .2.6.9اﺧﺘﺒﺎر آﻮآﺮان-آﻴﻮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ 330 .................................................... .7.9ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ 333 ........................................... .8.9اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ 343 ......................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ذات اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ 345 .................................................... .1.10ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 347 ........................................................................................................ .2.10ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ 349 .......................................... 3.10ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ذات ﺛﻼث ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ 365 ............................................... 1.3.10اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )365 ............................................................. A*(B*C 2.3.10اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ )367 ............................................................. A*B*(C .4.10ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ 368 ........................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺎدي ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ 371 ............................................ .1.11ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 373 ........................................................................................................ .2.11ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻇﻮاهﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ 377 ........................................................................ .3.11ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﻴﺔ 383 ................................................................. .4.11ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ 388 ..................................................................
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار 401 ................................................................... .1.12ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 403 ........................................................................................................ .1.1.12اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ( 404 ................................................ .2.1.12اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد 404 ............................................................................. .3.1.12اﻟﺒﻮاﻗﻲ )اﻷﺧﻄﺎء( 405 .......................................................................... .4.1.12ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد405 ..................................................................... .5.1.12ﻓﺘﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬة ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ 406 .......................................................... .2.12اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ 407 .................................................................................. .3.12اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد 420 ........................................................................................... .4.12ﺷﻜﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺤﺪار 435 ............................................................................ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ 439 ................................................... .1.13ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 441 ........................................................................................................ .2.13ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت 443 ........................................................................................... .3.13اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ 446 ........................................................................ .4.13ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت 449 ................................................ .5.13ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ 450 ......................................................................... .6.13ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻻﻧﺤﺪار ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ 453 ............................................................................. .7.13ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت 457 ..................................................................................................... اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ :اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ 471 ........................ .1.14ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 473 ........................................................................................................ .2.14ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ 474 .................................................................... .3.14اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ وﻧﻤﻮذج اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ 490 ............................ .4.14ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻹﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ 492 ................................................................................ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ :ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ 515 ...................................... .1.15ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 517 ........................................................................................................ .2.15ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺑﻮآﺲ-ﺟﻴﻨﻜﻨﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ519 ......................................................... .3.15اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ 521 ............................................. .4.15ﻃﺮق آﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح 525 ............................................... .5.15اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم 529 ............................................. SPSS .6.15ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎآﻨﺔ 543 ........................................................... .6.15ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ 552 .......................................................................
اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ :اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ واﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات 553 ......................................... .1.16ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 555 ........................................................................................................ .2.16أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ 560 ..................................................................................... .3.16اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم 562 ................................................................. SPSS اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ :اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي 581 ....................................................................... .1.17ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 583 ........................................................................................................ .2.17ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي 586 ................................................................................ .3.17اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام 597 ........................................................ SPSS .1 .3.17اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم 597 ......................................................SPSS .2 .3.17اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ 604 ............................ .3 .3.17اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات 615 ............................. .4 .3.17اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت 622 ....................... K-Means اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ :اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ 631 .......................................................................... .1.18ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ 633 ........................................................................................................ .2.18ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ635 ............................................................................ .3.18اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم 640 ............................................................... SPSS اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ 655 .............................................................................................................. اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻖ 661 ................................................................................................................