Thesis I report | Social Experiment to Expand and Develop (SEED)

Social Experiment to expand and develop Approach Guide & Model application

Preface: Through our academic career at AUC’s Architectural Engineering program, we have been supported and instructed by exceptional professors that have allowed us to develop our architectural, research and analysis skills and for whom we owe our abilities which have made the production of this work possible.

We would like to specifically thank all the faculty members that have worked on the coordination and advising of the thesis research work: Dr. Amr, Dr. Zeinab, Dr. Youhansan, Dr. Hisham, Dr. Sameh, Dr. May, Dr. Dalila and last but not least Dr. Ahmad.

We dedicate this work specifically to Dr. Magda Mostafa who, without her effort and support (not only in this course but since our first courses at the department), has continuously worked on exposing us to new design methods, new processes of thinking and on expanding our design, presentation and research skills. We are specifically grateful to her efforts and all her guidance for us in this research and proposal.

We also want to thank all the professors who have worked with us during this semester for their understanding and their engagement with us in all our work, Dr. Basil kamel, Dr. Khaled and Dr. Dalila for their positive support and encouragement.

Finally and mostly we want to thank all our parents which have offered us with all the support and provided us with the means and the opportunities to achieve all our accomplishments.

Project theme1: Project Description: The nation has just emerged from an extremely tumultuous experience that has divided the neighbors and families into opposing camps. The city and its neighborhoods have become demarcated by political and social divides. As the nation faces up to the challenges of building a new future, it needs a new language of architecture that gives rise to the new context that allow for the regeneration of new seeds of solutions for old problems.

The challenge we face today is how do we reconcile our city? How do we reconnect adjacent parts of the city that saw divisive canyons separate them based on who they identified with?

The rifts put into question the basic tenets of the identity of the people of this nation. But can identity be divided? are these divisions we are experiencing deep or they superficial? And when we pause the challenge of reconciliation are we talking about developing a new identity, bringing back the old, or is a process of recycling required a process of using what already exists and refitting, rehabilitation or re utilizing it within a new world vision.

Scope of group work: Each group of students will select part of the city (Cairo) that has come to include on those divisive lines, whether already existing because of the boundaries separation two neighborhoods, or newly emergent due to intense events. The group will study their specific site and analysis its physical characterizes, its occupants and its historic development on the long and short term, to define the specific problem and accordingly identify their thesis statement. The objectives of this project are for each group to propose a

new master plan for the chosen site through: 1) Reusing and adapting existing buildings 2) Reconnecting disconnections’ 3) Identify pockets and potential growth 4) Infilling open areas with new seeds

Scope of individual input: Each member of the group will accordingly select one of the components the group developed in the master plan to develop and identify the specific programmatic needs for its design. Students should identify a suitable sub theme for their individual project depending on the nature of its relationship to the surroundings and the group master plan.

_____________________________ 1. AUC Course description

Abstract: Within the concept of reconciling the city of Cairo presently torn apart by a multitude of divides, this research and development proposal focuses the problem into the concept of “substates”. This new term is used to express the disconnection that exists within the Egyptian cities and districts; it represents the Egyptians’ new affiliations that hinder their connection to the nation and the establishment of Egypt as a national state in the mind of the average Egyptian. The literature supports the existence of such disconnections and establishes the view that most parties involved failed to tackle the problem due to the absence of a holistic approach.

This proposal presents a possible new social architecture reproducible model that is empowered by the available resources around the city and that aims to expand the people’s abilities, free their consumed capacities and guide them to a new development path that is based on the rebuilding of connections to overcome the current divisions through the generation of common interest and platforms. The model proposed the establishment of connectors at each location, which can possibly be used to bridge over the current disconnections that exist.

The research uses both international and local precedents within its parts for the establishment of methodologies and formulation of an approach that focuses on the empowerment of the intangible aspects, learning from the local users, introduction of new functions that make use of resources and that is focused on the present as the new heritage of tomorrow.

Through the development of a quantitative choice methodology focusing on flexibility, land value and future development potentials, a choice of site for the establishment of the model was made. In the process of the research and data collection a participatory method was used to collect data and infor-

mation about the needs as well as to in the assessment process of the proposals.

The project main focus introduces the concept of “Connecting resources to empower people” to introduce five main conceptual progressions each with architectural, infrastructure and business proposals for the eluviation and development of the site. A proposed master plan was developed and chosen between a number of alternatives through a methodology with a street inward mindset where a new parallel living platform is to be created connecting the media center, residential units, creative center, recycling facility and school to be introduced.

Each progression proposed tackles a number of programmatic needs identified by the locals and were assessed through survey to indicate their possible performance.

The proposed development also introduced a number of developments and upgrades in the area of surrounding aiming to enforce the connection to the surrounding “substates” as well as ease the access to the project location. The upgrades also work on providing the connectors, which the model, when applied on the city level, can use to establish the needed interactions.

This project, even though it uses quantitative and qualitative assessments for documenting the current state of the site, has to remain flexible to accommodate any new requirements or variations that may appear through its application.

Purpose: This paper is intended to document and elaborate on the process of approach and handling the proposed site and its development.

The paper is formatted in a way so that it serves as a handbook for people who want to follow or improve upon this approach model and its intents. Various modules presented within the following pages are essential components that plug into the main body of data collected on site to produce a way of realization of the project that is both effective and sustainable. This will allow the model to be adaptive to different sites with different needs and thus different outputs. Also the malleability of the model allow it to be extended to include other module that maybe research in the future or later in the design phase.

Introduction: Cairo has potentials in different sites and a wide variety of resources. The project introduces new ideas to connect these resources in a certain way and re use them in-order to up-cycle the environment and its surroundings. “The Seed” project acts as a catalyst, to develop the community and empower people and it is a reproducible model that could be applied to several sites. This report shows the starting point, in which the model will be applied. The start is a site at the border of historic Cairo, called “El Khayala” that has no historical or heritage physical aspects. This site was chosen to be the start, to test the actual strength of the model, in transforming this area into a focal point. On site there is a craft, which is not exposed at all to the outer community. This lack of exposure is due to their full capacity of thoughts, by safety and financial issues. The area is a frustrate agreement with the government and lack legal

systems of water and electricity, sewage. The residents or workers on site face a difficulty with their daily transportation to “Basateen”. Due to their full capacity of thoughts, they never thought, that they are unique and own a craft that creates an intangible heritage aspect to the area, which needs to be appreciated and exposed. The approach to tackle these problems is divided into phases.

First phase is to legalize all infra-structure, involve the residents and discuss with them the development process, introduce the initiative. The second phase is creating a platform for a work–live environment. The third phase is the idea of adding functions like sport facilities, library and other cultural aspects. The fourth and last phase includes resources and waste management facilities.

Table of contents: Table of figures Literature Review Historic Overview of Cairo Slums and informal Areas Approaches to Heritage Illiteracy in informal areas of Cairo Literacy & Culture Tackling adult illiteracy in communication Government efforts and projects El Darb El Ahmar project Aga Khan Foundation Social Justice & right of participation Critical view on the problem Initial hypothesis Problem statement General Thesis Precedents of Methodology and Approach Comparison 1 Comparison 2 Boulaq El Dakrour, Egypt Master Plan Precedent Sites documentation Khayala stone crafts area Site info Tahrir square Site info Korseya island Site info Precedents Methodology Approach Concept development Resource driven approach Branding Process and development Business model The SEED, Social Experiment to Expand and Develop Tools visuals Human visuals Economy/ Systems visuals Environment visuals Site choice methodology

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Site Location Site documentation Site analysis Physical Site analysis Local crafts Human (Socio-economic analysis) Approach Concept statement Outcomes Proposed development plan Project components Project conceptual progression Masterplan development Individual phase description Masterplan intervention & analysis Future Conclusions Bibliography Appendix A Part 1 Part 2 Appendix B Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

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Table of figures: 8 10 12 14 19 22 23 23 25 25 26 27 30 30 30 30 31 34 34 34 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 40 40 41 41

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. Figure 1: UNESCO world heritage site, Source: URHC . Figure 2: Illustration from the video presented by Engy showing local craftmen that prefer illiteracy . Figure 3: Designs for the “residence” icon. Our initial design (left) was perceived as a hut; the final design (right) is more in line with what our subjects interpreted as an urban residence. . Figure 4: Proposed development renders based on the Cairo 2050 development program . Figure 5: Decision making process as illustrated by Shawkat . Figure 6: Map of the Yerwada in Pune, India. with a highlight on the areas that need interventions, MPPGP India 2012 . Figure 7: Discussions held on site by the team, MPPGP India 2012 . Figure 8: Model built on site and the final expected outcome MPPGP, India 2012 . Figure 9: Examples of site models built for the project, Locus 2012 . Figure 10: final outcome of the project with the streets lit, locus 2012 . Figure 11: comparison 1 table . Figure 12: Visual Comparison between first set of Precedents (Comparison 1) . Figure 13: A chart documenting the social and human aspects within the site and the proposed methods of intervention . Figure 14: picture of the current state of the Russaifah area in Jordan being informal and undesigned (UTT) . Figure 15: group discussions held with the kids of the Rusaifah area, UTT 2010 . Figure 16: digital model of the proposed youth center, UTT 2010 . Figure 17: project master plan proposal, UTT 2010 . Figure 18: demographic and physical mapping produced, GIZ 2012 . Figure 19: Infra structure rehabilitation that was done in the Boulaq area, GIZ . Figure 20: current state of the Zumor Canal. GIZ, 2012 . Figure 21: the zumor market shed which was one of the main additions in the rehabilitation process, GIZ 2012 . Figure 22: comparison 2 Table . Figure 23: Visual Comparison between Second set of Precedents (Comparison 2) . Figure 24: Map locating ezbet el nasr in cairo, Tu berlin 2010 . Figure 25: documentation of Ezbet’s el Nasr status and its social construct, TU berlin 2010 . Figure 26: Mapping of hazards within the site. TU Berlin 2010 . Figure 27: proposed Master plan zoning with the main activities located in the heart of the informal areas and waste facilities closer to the accessibility points . Figure 28 : Satellite image showing the micro context of the site, Source: Google Satellite image . Figure 29: Stone handcrafts on site, Source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 30: Current site condition, Source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 31: Satellite image showing the micro context of the site, Source: Google Satellite image . Figure 32: Tahrir square in Jan 2011, Source: the independent

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. Figure 33: Tahrir square prerevolution, Source: Google images . Figure 34: Satellite image showing the micro context of site, Source: Google Satellite image . Figure 35: View from the site, Source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 36: Existing structures on site, Source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 37: Flow chart describing the process of choice, analysis and outcomes for the precedents overviewed. . Figure 38: Communication model proposed, source: The brand gap . Figure 39: Various participation and communication models, source: The brand gap . Figure 40: Various forms of the SEED logo, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 41: Visual aids developed for use in the tools group, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 42: Visual aids developed for use in the human group, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 43: Visual aids developed for use in the economy group, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 44: Visual aids developed for use in environment, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 45: Site choice line of thought . Figure 46: Various aspects taken into consideration in site analysis . Figure 47: Sites suitability matrix, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 48: Site choice matrix Table . Figure 49: Map indicating the neighbourhood of the intervention site . Figure 50: Zoomed in view of Fustat area (intervention zone) . Figure 51: Map showing various landmarks and areas surrounding the intervention zone . Figure 52: Map identifying the intervention site and its surroundings . Figure 53: Work conditions on site . Figure 54: Workshops exterior view . Figure 55: Stone handcrafts . Figure 56: Stone handcrafts . Figure 57: Stone waste on site . Figure 58: Road conditions on site . Figure 59: Intervention zone definition . Figure 60: Terrain quality analysis . Figure 61: Underground water currents, source: Egyptian ministry of irrigation . Figure 62: Landuses and activities . Figure 63: Intensity of activities, (black most intense) . Figure 64: Infrastructure and their legal status . Figure 65: Resources located on site . Figure 66: Waste materials located on site . Figure 67: Noise generating activities located on site 66 . Figure 68: Road usage intensity located on site . Figure 69: Pedestrian vs vehicular circulation located on site . Figure 70: Site image on year 2000, source: Google satellite . Figure 71: Site image on year 2003, source: Google satellite . Figure 72: Site image on year 2004, source: Google satellite . Figure 73: Site image on year 2013, source: Google satellite . Figure 74: Macro scale accessibility and road network, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

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. Figure 75: Macro scale view of substates and path node analysis, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 76: Close up view of substates and site accessibility, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 77: Micro accessibility to the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 78: Path node analysis on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 79: Building height analysis on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 80: Visual corridors on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 81: Building access points analysis on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 82: Legal status of infrastructure on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 83: Crafts present on site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 84: Road usage by waste on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 85: Location of section cuts on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat . Figure 86: Section 1 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat . Figure 87: Section 2 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat . Figure 88: Section 3 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat . Figure 89: Section 4 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat . Figure 90: Daytime activities prior to intervention . Figure 91: Nighttime activities prior to intervention . Figure 92: Topographic sections through the site, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 93: Topographic map of the site, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 94: Craftsman working on site . Figure 95: Stone waste on site . Figure 96: Cutting machinery used by some workshops . Figure 97: Stone waste on site . Figure 98: Workshops overcrowded by waste . Figure 99: Image showing waste and raw materials . Figure 100: Site visit goal definition . Figure 101: Tools utilized in the social analysis . Figure 102: Truck transporting water to the site . Figure 103: Worker handcrafting stone . Figure 104: Worker having his dinner on site . Figure 105: View of the site . Figure 106: Activities of locals on site and their expenditure . Figure 107: Earnings vs Expediture of workers . Figure 108: Percentage of workers wanting to bring in their families, before and after the intervention. . Figure 109: Percentage of workers feeling secure on site vs workers feeling insecure . Figure 110: Charts showing various demographical relations concluded from the demographic analysis . Figure 111: Tables showing the target group number calculations based on demographic analysis

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. Figure 112: High (red) & low (yellow) density areas with the Catchment area (blue) overlaping . Figure 113: Stone elements used in building, source: Architecture by collective terrain . Figure 114: combination of wood and stone elements in an environmental design, source: Architecture by collective terrain . Figure 115: Diagram showing various services present on site . Figure 116: Site status chart showing the variance of performance rating values regarding different aspects of the site . Figure 117: Master plan design process . Figure 118: Mindset 1 approach and expansion model . Figure 119: Mindset 2 approach and expansion model . Figure 120: Masterplan and component positioning proposal as per mindset 1 . Figure 121: Masterplan and component positioning proposal as per mindset 2 . Figure 122: Comparison matrix between mindset 1 & mindset 2 . Figure 123: Graph showing mindset 1 vs mindset 2 . Figure 124: Mindset 2, variation 1 masterplan . Figure 125: Mindset 2, variation 1 connections diagram . Figure 126: Mindset 2, variation 1 accessibility diagram . Figure 127: Mindset 2, variation 1 Circulation diagram . Figure 128: Mindset 2, variation 2 masterplan . Figure 129: Mindset 2, variation 2 connections diagram . Figure 130: Mindset 2, variation 2 accessibility diagram . Figure 131: Mindset 2, variation 2 parallel platform diagram . Figure 132: Mindset 2, variation 2 circulation diagram . Figure 133: Comparison matrix between variation 1 & variation 2 . Figure 134: Graph showing variation 1 vs variation 2 . Figure 135: Proposed phase 1 location . Figure 136: Exterior view, source: Steven Holl architects . Figure 137: interior view, source: Steven Holl architects . Figure 138: Vertical circulation, source: Steven Holl architects . Figure 139: Massing model, source: Steven Holl architects . Figure 140: Entrance to the institute, source: Steven Holl architects . Figure 141: Chart showing program components of phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 142: Spacial zoning for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 143: Spacial zoning for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 144: Detailed space program for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 145: Target demographics for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 146: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 147: Catchment area for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 148: Connectors needed for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 149: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil . Figure 150: Proposed phase 2 location . Figure 151: Interior view of the towers, source: MVRDV . Figure 152: Exterior view of the towers, source: MVRDV . Figure 153: Plan view of the market, source: Europe studio . Figure 154: Exterior view of the market, source: Europe studio

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. Figure 155: Social spaces in the market, source: Europe studio . Figure 156: Chart showing program components of phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 157: Spacial zoning for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 158: Spacial zoning for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 159: Detailed space program for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 160: Target demographics for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 161: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 162: Catchment area for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh . Figure 163: Connectors needed for phase 2, source: Moaz Khalil . Figure 164: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 2, source: Moaz Mohamed . Figure 165: Proposed phase 3 location 1 . Figure 166: Exterior view of the project, source: UTT . Figure 167: Water microcycle diagram, source: UTT . Figure 168: Vegetation and green production system diagram, source: UTT . Figure 169: Chart showing program components of phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 170: Spacial zoning for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 171: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 172: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 173: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 174: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 175: Target demographics for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 176: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 177: Catchment area for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 178: Connectors needed for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 179: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran . Figure 180: Proposed phase 4 location . Figure 181: Exterior view of the facility, source: Seldorf . Figure 182: Structural system of the facility, source: Seldorf . Figure 183: Bird view of the facility, source: Seldorf . Figure 184: Connection bridges of the facility, source: Seldorf . Figure 185: Solar panels for energy generation, source: Seldorf . Figure 186: Facility plan, source: Seldorf . Figure 187: Chart showing program components of phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 188: Spacial zoning for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 189: Detailed space program for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 190: Detailed space program for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 191: Target demographics for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 192: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 193: Catchment area for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 194: Connectors needed for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 195: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat . Figure 196: Proposed phase 5 location (green) . Figure 197: Exterior view of the academy, source: Aga Khan . Figure 198: View of the courtyard, source: Aga Khan

Figure 199: Exterior view of the entrance, source: Aga Khan Figure 200: Program components of phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 201: Spacial zoning for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 202: Detailed space program for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 203: Target demographics for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 204: Target goals (PRV) for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 205: Catchment area for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 206: Connectors needed for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid Figure 207: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil Figure 208: Macro masterplan proposal Figure 209: Micro intervention in macro context Figure 210: Accessibility of different zones prior to intervention Figure 211: Proposed new street network vision8 Figure 212: New streets (dark red) vs. upgraded streets (white) Figure 213: Addition of tunnels to facilitate movement across substates Figure 214: Addition of parking spots to the macro context Figure 215: Accessibility of different zones after intervention Figure 216: Current public transportation spots prior to intervention Figure 217: Reach of public transportation spots after intervention Figure 218: Vegetation on site, prior to intervention Figure 219: Vegetation on site, after intervention Figure 220: Night activities on site, prior to intervention Figure 221: Night activities on site, after intervention Figure 222: proposed macro intervention in context Figure 223: Potential plugin points for developments Figure 224: Potential developments to connect to the points Figure 225: Proposed primary connections Figure 226: Secondary connections and development overlap Figure 227: Compiled connections, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 228: Compiled circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 229: Compiled social zones, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 230: Combined activitiy patterns, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 231: Transverse section activities after intervention Figure 232: Transverse section activities analysis after intervention Figure 233: Longitudinal section activities after intervention Figure 234: Longitudinal section activities analysis after intervention Figure 235: Combined environmental study, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 236: Combined massing, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 237: Diagram showing workers circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 238: Ezbet Khayralla circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 239: Diagram showing Contractors circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 240: Business partners circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 241: Diagram showing youth circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 242: women and children circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 243: Separation between public and private, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 244: Workshop owners circulation, source: Hassan Safwat 180 Figure 245: Diagram showing combined circulation, source: Hassan Safwat Figure 246: Enlarged masterplan

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Part 1: Literature review & Problem definition An overview of data gathered through literature review and site visits, site choice and precedents reviewed in the process of problem definition

Literature Review: This section aims to present a comparative overview of the literature dealing with the city of Cairo, its history, its development and social status. The categories of literature are divided based on their category of approach and study.

tion when they tried to assess the borders of the historic Cairo as a world heritage site1 .

The team gathered maps of the city at different periods of time and started to overlay them in order to figure out the changes that occurred to the urban fabric and based on this they can define historic Cairo as the part that has its fabric intact and unaffected by the later additions and manipulations.

Historic Overview of Cairo:

Figure 1: UNESCO world heritage site, Source: URHC

The outcome of such approach has come out in a format that separated the land into one of three statuses being a world heritage zone (historic Cairo) a buffer zone and unlisted.

This division resulted in imposing more boundaries and borders between the different parts of the Cairo metropolis for the allocation of resources and media attention has always been biased for the historic Cairo zone.

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1. Urban Regeneration for Historic Cairo.� World Heritage Centre -. UNESCO, 10 Feb. 2010.

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The city of Cairo has been developing since its establishment in 969 AD. The initial spot where Cairo was inaugurated as a city by the Muslims in the Fustat area where the first mosque was built, namely Amr Ibn el Aas mosque. The city’s development boomed even more through the different Islamic dynasties up until Muhammad Ali became the ruler of Egypt. Muhammad Ali pasha had a vision for a modern city and started adding a lot of the modern infrastructure we see today such as the rail road lines, modern sewage and transit lines. The khedivial period added even more with the development of the downtown area which was modeled after the Parisian city plan with a radial grid and wide avenues. Up until this point Cairo was a formal city suffering low or no informal settlements, yet this has changed drastically after the break out of the 1952 revolution. Agricultural land began to be developed into unplanned built areas to house the huge sums of people moving from the countryside to the city. This problem has grown exponentially and nowadays we are standing at a critical point where the informal settlements all around Cairo house more people than formal areas do. A modern day question faces a lot of organizations working in the rehabilitation and conservation of Cairo, what are the borders of historic Cairo? This question forms the nucleus of a much bigger problem being how can we define heritage and what needs to be conserved and what doesn’t? The UNESCO team faced this ques-

Slums and informal Areas: In his article titled, “The world of Slums” published in 2006 Mike Davis1 , a researcher in the social implications of urban environments, the author proves and argues that governments, of countries where megacities have major problems in relation to the informal areas, have deliberately left the problem of its informal areas. Mike Davis claims that countries such as, Egypt, Have deliberately strengthened the slum developments within Cairo. The Egyptian government, being a central weak government, aims to use the residents of the slums as a counter force that its residents should fear, a power that they convey as if they only can control. He uses examples from international cities and focuses on third world countries where he co-relates politics, economics and theories to the formation of those informal areas2. On the opposing end, GIZ’s report on Egypt’s informal the areas looks at the informal areas in a broader sense where the report aims to set a complete guide to the concept and the life patterns within these areas. The article view these informal areas as an asset or resource that is full of challenges yet with a lot of resources.

tion of old buildings surely do preserve a part of the memory of the place but as mentioned

by David Lowenthal4 new methods provided by technological advancements allows us to capture and document the old buildings with high precision. For such reason the concentration of the cultural heritage conservation programs must be focused on preserving the people’s ideology and way of life.

Recreating heritage today for future generations in the new approach in conservation.

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1. Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums: Third World’s Megacities.

London: Verso, 2006. Print.

2. Kipper, Regina, and Marion Fischer, eds. “Cairo’s Informal Areas Between Urban Challenges and Hidden Potentials.”

Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (2009): n. page. Print.

3. Abaza, Mona. “Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.” Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.

N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2013 4. Lowenthal, David. The past Is a Foreign Country. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire: Cambridge UP, 1985. Print.

People always refer to the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of the society as heritage. The previous definition cannot be proven wrong but the idea of beautifying the old without justification is considered nowadays to be out of the heritage window.

This idea was prominently clear in the commentary by Mona Abaza3 in which she criticized the point of view of Dalila El Kerdany when she tried to glorify the old and label it as a part of the heritage. The idea of the heritage has to be tackled in the way it affects the life of people and how can the heritage grow and reform to adopt with the different needs of the people along the time. The preserva-

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Approaches to Heritage:

Engy Allam, a media design student at the German University in Cairo, created for her Bachelor project a documentary portraying the reasons behind illiteracy in some areas in Cairo as well as the circumstances of the lives of the illiterates. A discussion about her project and her findings and observation was held in order to gain more perspective about the world of illiterates.

The main aim of the project was to portray the reasons and backgrounds behind the increasing illiteracy in Cairo. In her documentary, she mentions poverty as the main reason behind the illiteracy, the need for jobs and moneymaking makes education seem almost like a waste of time for some. Many who own workshops where kids who do not go to schools work, are convinced that learning the craftsmanship and starting with an early job is just as equally important and beneficial as going to school, they claim that they “should be paid for it”.

Another reason that was mentioned, is that some people don’t understand the importance of literacy, they get the certificates they need through any illegal methods and believe that finding a job is a lot more important than learning to read and write, they need money as soon as possible and don’t want to waste years in education before they can earn money to feed their family. Another barrier between them and education is their misconception that it would be shameful for an adult to start learning to read and write even when some are starting to understand the importance of it. Through talking to illiterates of different ages she also manages to draw a certain picture about the life and problems that illiterates have.

One of their main daily life problems that they face is being tricked by others; for example about the prices when getting their grocery However Engy explained that the people, especially women, living in Ezbet el Haggan live a sort of a separated world and don’t interact with life outside their area

much. She also described several problems that resulted in their community from the lack of education, such as discrimination and certain other prejudices.

Figure 2: Illustration from the video presented by Engy showing local craftmen that prefer illiteracy

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Illiteracy in informal areas of Cairo:

In his article published in the early 1980s, Enzensberger explores the concept of literacy in the modern age. The author claims that the idea that one third of the earth population is, until that age, illiterate and that they are able to manage and go through their lives is a frightening one that challenges the global understanding and interpretation of illiteracy from being an exception to the rule.

However, Hans Enzenberger sees that the illiterate was an icon to be studied; he depended on memory and his brainpower to overcome his daily challenges in an age where literacy and culture went hand in hand that the illiterate was excluded and isolated from the high class. However, what is more problematic, is the emergence of what he calls “second order illiterate”; the emergence of a class of people who have leaned the basic of reading and writing but are far from what can be described as enlightened. Education, has separated itself from the culture of the rule and the identity of its receptors to create a large set of people that have conquered to social, economic, political and even the educational roams; a complete set of society that, are spoon fed ideas through new age media (television, radios and internet) effected by the global movement. Enzensberger suggests that those second order illiterates have created a shift in the view of culture from being the culture of the ruling class into a new unknown state; culture, or from more elaborate perspective national identity, is no longer considered as the common denominator for the society. The industrialization of education, as the author claims, is the reason for this emergence of the second order illiterate. This figure is adaptive, doesn’t depend on his memory and he is able to get around all his troubles through new age technologies that aid in the completion of his daily tasks and in giving him the sense of well being. In Egypt, this problem is vast, with the deterioration of the educational systems on all its level, the second order illiterate has

conquered the scene; people are separated from the true sources of knowledge and enlightenment to serve a new global market and consumerism. This concept is useful in looking also at how, even illiterate population in the third world countries have managed to use the new age technologies and don’t feel separated from it. The author gives a last hopeful view, with the idea that education, true education that teaches the being the use of memory and brain power to solve and analyze, does not depend on origins, instead it lies in the scope of human choices.

This approach allows for a certain flexibility, one that enables the spreading of a new education that is far from the industrialized process that will allow for the empowerment of the second order illiterate to emerge as a the new figure of power within the societies.

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1. Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. “In Praise of Illiteracy.”

(2010): n. pag. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://www.gardensofresistance.com/ed/illiteracy.html>.

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Literacy & Culture:

Perception process of the illiterate: “illiterates perform worse than people who went to primary school in various neuropsychological variables, such as ability to use ready data for deductive reasoning, shortterm memory, categorization, visuospatial discrimination, numerical abilities, abstract speech. People with at least three years of effective schooling perform better in neuropsychological tests than illiterates. Though it is possible to teach some neuropsychological skills to illiterates, it is unknown whether improvements are sustainable and whether adults can put them to practical use.”

-What is Known about the Thinking Processes of Illiterates?

“Unschooled people perform as they have throughout history, and most of them have no cognitive deficiencies. However, schooled people have acquired cognitive “efficiencies” that give them certain advantages. Learning to read and write during childhood, listening to stories and answering questions, create neuronal connections among parts of the brain that might normally not be directly connected.”

Educated people use more complex sentences, sophisticated words and tend to refer to abstract concepts more often.6 Surprisingly, many illiterates cannot completely understand the messages of radio broadcasts, even if they are in the same language or dialect and have a familiar context Schooling influences the ability to identify three-dimensional figures (called visuospatial discrimination). Many illiterates may have prodigious long-term memory, a skill used to transmit epic songs or events through generations.

However, they typically perform more poorly than schooled people in tasks involving short-term memory: recalling a series of digits backward and forward, remembering

10 words, reproducing a short story, reproducing complex figures that were presented, recalling common objects, remembering sequences. Only in repeating simple sentences do they perform as well as literate people. Possibly, they do less well because the memory functions of literates are stretched in school.10 Along with short-term memory, the attention span is lengthened in school and supports learning outcomes.

They may also categorize concepts differently from schooled people, and may be less likely to use higher-order and lower-order categories.

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1. Medhi, Indrani. “Text-Free User Interfaces for Illiterate and Semi-Literate Users.” Microsoft Research Journal (2006): n. pag. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://research.microsoft.com/ pubs/143179/medhi_ictd2006.pdf>.

2. “DVV | Adult Illiteracy, Brain Architecture, and Empowerment of the Poor.” Dvv International. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013.

Figure 3: Designs for the “residence” icon. Our initial design (left) was perceived as a hut; the final design (right) is more in line with what our subjects interpreted as an urban residence.

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Tackling adult illiteracy in communication:

Text-Free User Interfaces for Illiterate and Semiliterate Users: “Results show that the text-free designs are strongly preferred over standard text-based interfaces by the communities which we address and that they are potentially able to bring even complex computer functions within the reach of users who are unable to read.”

“We arrived at a set of design principlesas guidelines for text-free UIs as a result of the lessons learned from extensive field studies we conducted:” 1. Avoid Text but numbers are ok 2. Use semiabstract graphics and increase photorealism with deeper interaction 3. Pay attention to subtle graphical cues (il literate users can be easily affected by psychological, cultural or religious biases) 4. Provide voice feedback (audio)

used to memorize the steps needed to carry out most tasks. However, rote learning is not understanding, and when things go wrong, understanding is often required to solve the problem. Remember that the used/shared mobile phone and network may be less reliable, and problems are more likely to arise. “making the interface easy to ‘learn’ (which largely means ‘remember’ for people who are less literate), is the best approach – better than icons or audio menus or all other apparently obvious solutions.

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1. Medhi, Indrani. “Text-Free User Interfaces for Illiterate and Semi-Literate Users.” Microsoft Research Journal (2006): n. pag. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://research.microsoft.com/ pubs/143179/medhi_ictd2006.pdf>.

2. “DVV | Adult Illiteracy, Brain Architecture, and Empowerment of the Poor.” Dvv International. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013.

Unexpected situations are the hardest to handle and inconsistency makes the process more difficult. This would also explain the observation that illiterates lead more predictable lives than counterparts that are more literate do from other studies. Learning by trial and error depends on the personal ability to recover from failure as well as the circumstances and consequences surrounding the situation. Limiting the choices and making it simple to either black or white is preferred, extra options that “could” be right only cause confusion. “Our third observation is that there is a ‘parallel universe’ of cues that are visible if only you know how to see it. - like watermarks, scents, or texturesgetting the information from different things other than text or images.”

Fourth – with sufficient application of intellect and memory, rote learning can be

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“We discovered that some users fundamentally doubted the ability of a cold piece of technology to deliver the information they were interested in”

The current policies and actions conducted by the governmental sector responsible for the development. The arrogant vision of the governmental officials has often lead to the development of utopian plans that don’t respond to the requirements of people or the reality of the situation. One of the most recent development plan proposal is the Cairo 2050 vision, a vision synthetized to serve as a pain killer to build a sense of security to the heads of governmental bodies. The Cairo 2050 presents a solution to the ever increasing problems facing the Egyptian metropolis, it is a model solution and a scoped vision to provide the ultimate answer to everyday problems. The project formulators mention their goals saying “Raise quality of life standards to become one of the best 30 countries around the world instead of the current ranking (84) of the 100 countries. Raise human development standards to become one of the best 30 countries in the world instead of the current ranking (111) of the 180 countries.” Such goals would seems as noble and viable goals but in reality the methodology and approach taken into the process of design of the vision is far from giving any consideration or importance to the biggest sector of its users and application zone, namely the informal settlements surrounding Cairo.

The proposal categorizes its development actions in four categories being the “Population and urbanization”, “Employment and economy”, “Environment” & “Human and life”. These four categories should be encompassing every aspect of the city development, however no plan for the interaction between these different categories or how would the later interact to produce a general uplift in the conditions of life in general. The proposal mainly focused on already important areas such as Gameat El Dowal Street, a main street for which a design proposal based on the Champs Elysee Street in Paris was developed. Such development has totally ignored the cultural, social, economic and functional

needs of the street for the pursuit of the creation of a fake image of a successful model rather than developing their own model. Although built on good intentions and the expertise of some of Egypt finest engineers, the vision for Cairo 2050 is not a solution to the problem we’re facing today, they are a part of the problem. Solutions start with immediate actions tackling the people themselves to become partners in development rather than brute forcing the new context on an unwilling population.

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1. Sims, David, and Janet L. Abu-Lughod.Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City out of Control. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2010. Print.2.

2. Abaza, Mona. “Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.” Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.

N.p., n.d.Web. 22 Sept. 2013.

Figure 4: Proposed development renders based on the Cairo 2050 development program

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Government efforts and projects:

The city of Cairo has been on the focus lens for many decades, aiming to achieve a certain margin of success and development noted and acknowledged by the international standards. Perhaps that is what “Cairo 2050” literally hopes and claims to want to do. In the achievement sector of the paper, the authors stated “In 2050, Egypt would become an advanced country (economically and socially) and acts effectively on the regional and international level”. A great objective comes at greater expense. To them the expense is a high-end research based documentation of the Urban and Architectural values of the city of Cairo. The mission aims to raise many standards such as: quality of life, human development, quality of production, as well as reach the ultimatum in sustainable supply and demand in the economic and production sectors. Those aims are mere step stones for the real work to be handed out in a physical and more tangible sense. A second step was to attain the data needed as a next step for layout out the right options on the table. Demographic analysis was conducted thoroughly to check for the proper amount of space for corresponding values; transportation, agricultural land vs. urban development, informal settlements, etc. Post this, the report gathers other visions for great cities such as London, Paris, and Singapore to match the aims with Cairo’s visions.

Nevertheless, those visions are quite different since the infrastructure isn’t the same; culture, heritage, and people. So the authors went down to take the opinions of the Egyptians on the streets. This will help them mix and match the proposed visions down with the eyes of the people living in the targeted city, Cairo. After this comes the rather more realistic and hopeful proposal that deals with the active and current issues faced by the city. Steps such as better governance and enhanced housing for the informal areas act as first steps to such developmental plans.

This accommodated establishing Mega cities,

development of ring roads, massive infrastructure enhancements, beautification of towns and suburbs, and establishing industrial and service cities with large inhabitant capacities. Next is promoting a large scale awareness and implementation of strict environmental laws that prohibit building on agricultural farmlands, planting green roofs, and more efficient garbage and material recycling. After that comes the public transportation phase, which is a manipulation of what already exists as underground and bus routed transportations and creating more advanced, yet enhanced versions of them.

Last in line comes the proper installation of water and sewage systems to all areas of the city regardless (a step which must have already existed for decades now). The list is then launched on several points of focus on interest and requiring development. First is Khedive Cairo, upgrading the city center and touching down to its origins. Then comes Ramses Square and Nile Cournish, for them to act as main touristic nodes of the city as well as benefiting from attractions alongside them such as the Nile. Also the infamous Azhar Park, which lies around the Salah Salem cemeteries area, has been considered the most successful development to the city in the scope of this report. Perhaps the more important, yet similar project would be the development of the informal settlements of Nazlet El-Seman and Khufu Plaza. Those combine all the upper points needed for such statement of “this is Cairo 2050. This is how we want it”. Thanks to the researchers and their diligent and thorough data gathering, others have been able to direct their future plans of the city in a more reasonable and realistic way.

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1. Sims, David, and Janet L. Abu-Lughod.Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City out of Control. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2010. Print.2.

2. Abaza, Mona. “Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.” Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.

N.p., n.d.Web. 22 Sept. 2013.

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El Darb El Ahmar project:

Many other strong accomplishments have been tainted and approached by the very well-grounded Aga Khan Foundation. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) was more than humble to approach the great city of Cairo, focusing its efforts on the Fatimid City and the area surrounding the Citadel. Their contribution helped create a tombstone for urban development, the largest in the area.

Al-Azhar Park is a pure “catalyst for urban, social, economic and cultural renewal and achievement in the city” as mentioned by the Aga Khan Foundation newsletter. Moreover the park, the Aga Khan Foundation has been quite interested in Al- Darb Al-Ahmar neighborhood. “The neighborhood, directly abutting the Park, is socially and physically depressed, but still features a lively and cohesive residential community” mentioned the foundation. This is perhaps a great opportunity for the people of the area to get a chance to witness an advisable and well planned development in their area. The decline in the social status was countered by the historic trademark the place holds.

The most prominent of these are the sixteenth-century Khayrbek Mosque with the adjacent sabil kuttab and an attached eighteenth-century house, the fourteenth-century Alin Aq Palace, Umm al-Sultan Shabaan Mosque and Madrasa, Aslam Mosque and Aqsunqur Mosque (the Blue Mosque). There was a lack of proper urban management in the neighborhood which led to other arousing problems, such as poor hygiene, embedded education system, cultural gaps, and an economic crisis amongst many of the inhabitants. To deal with the issue of enclosure and backdrop of the park, a proposal was put on the table by the AKTC to the Egyptian Governance, it was name The ‘Urban Plaza Development Project. It is designed to be a mixed-use retail mall and commercial car park facility, situated on a site of approximately 17,900 square metres in the Old City

of Cairo. The site is bounded on the east and south by Azhar Park, on the west by the old Historic Wall of Cairo, and on the north by al-Azhar Street. A landmark building for Cairo, it will create a new entrance to Azhar Park. Not only did the Aga Khan Foundation pose a blueprint release on such project, but it also turned it head slightly and looked at Al-Darb Al-Ahmar more deeply. In the 1990s, the Historic Cities Program (HCP) was initiated to shed a light of focus on the people of AlDarb Al-Ahmar. Today, Al-Darb Al-Ahmar is more vibrant but still impoverished, unlike the day it was once was rich with culture, history, and wealth. The reason lies when the city started developing outside its known boundaries, the rich people could afford to move out of the overcrowded core but the poor remained. A virtual freeze on the rent (started in the 1950s) further accelerated the deterioration of the conditions seen by the area. Therefore, man landlords saw it unreasonable to attain to the old buildings and proceed with renovations. Rather they saved their money, which later caused houses due to poor or no maintenance, low employment opportunities in the area and the insufficiency of utilities and public services. It was a domino effect headed towards doom. But the HCT saw the light of hope and vowed to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants in terms of economy, housing conditions, health and eduction. Thus the start of the “socio-economic phase” of development of the area. Over a three-year period, the foundation was able to gather sufficient money to help envision their plans and turn them from ink on paper to brick in a wall, or money in the hands of the people. These are the imporvements seen so far in Housing. Since HCP started its housing improvement activities in 2000, eighty-four housing units – representing 218 individual apartments for 1100 people – have been completed as either newly built or completely renovated houses. Because families in the area lack cash, this work was carried out with a grant component that could rise as high as eighty per

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Aga Khan Foundation:

Working Children’ to issues such as ‘Female Genital Mutilation’ and ‘Domestic Violence’.

The quality of life thus became automatically better for everyone. Disputes among neighbors in the past twelve months, an indicator for local perceptions of changes in the quality of life, showed a remarkable drop amongst those polled (from 18% in 2003 to just 5% in 2009). This reflects positive community participation potential for the future.

In direct relation to the observed reduction in the numbers of conflicts, perhaps, comes a measurable increase in the desire to continue living in the same locality. Willingness to stay in Darb al-Ahmar was already high in 2003 (89% wished to stay) and has increased during the course of the second phase, now reaching ninety-three percent. During focus group discussions where residents revealed general appreciation of the revitalization efforts by the project, housing rehabilitation and open-space development were in particular mentioned as key points. Other projects that were subjected to HCP are: Amir Alin Aq Palace, Amir Aslam al-Silahdar Funerary Complex, Aslam Mosque and Square, Darb Shoughlan School, Jami’ Aq Sunqar, Madrasat al-Amir Khayrbak, Tarabay al-Sherif Mausoleum, Umm al-Sultan Sha’ban Mosque and Madrasa.

Lastly, Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) has been working in Darb al-Ahmar for more than a decade, initiating the ‘Darb al-Ahmar Revitalization Project’ (ADAARP) with the overall objective of initiating a series of activities aimed at bringing long-lasting improvements in the socio-economic status and living conditions of the Darb al-Ahmar community. The project’s strategy for complementary local development aims at “upgrading Darb al-Ahmar’s physical assets on the one hand, and social and economic development of the local community on the other, as two complementary goals to achieve total development of the district.”

The project was very successful in the sense that in order to achieve an economic equi-

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cent. Household Economy also saw a bit of the hope as the average declared monthly household income doubled from EGP 497 in 2003 to EGP 983 in 2009. In 2003 more than seventy per cent of households earned between EGP 100 and EGP 600 per month, while in 2009 less than forty per cent fell into this category. Taking inflation into consideration, real gains in household income levels between 2003 and 2009 ranged from twenty per cent to twenty-five per cent. Evidence of increased household income levels comes from a noticeable reduction in expenditure on food as a percentage of the household budget. The Employment rate boomed with a range of 4300 new job opportunities created, and a 78% employee rate in the area. In education, the 2009 study reports a decrease in the levels of illiteracy among those surveyed (a 5.5% drop in illiteracy for men and a 2.5% drop for women). HCP’s literacy classes since the survey have continued at the same level and illiteracy levels are therefore expected to drop even further. School drop-out rates, a measurement of success of HCP’s engagement with parents of school-going children who are at risk of leaving school prematurely, went down by 3.5 per cent during the course of Phase 2. However, the success was nearly entirely due to more girls completing primary school (drop-out rates were down from 16% in 2003 to 13% in 2009). Boys’ dropout rates, unfortunately, remained critical with no measurable changes between 2003 and 2009. Following the creation of a new health-care center located close to Khayrbek Mosque in Darb al-Ahmar Street and following a review of the principal health development activities (which resulted in a program change whereby future focus would be on mother and child health care), the health program saw a dramatic improvement in its outreach to the community during the second phase. More than three thousand children received a health check-up and a large number of counselling sessions were held for teenagers and women on subjects ranging from ‘Care for the Elderly’ and ‘Care for

ty and balance cap, investors in the foundations decided that is best to fund small individual projects. Maybe the Aga Khan himself explained it better when he said “another lesson here was the important role that microfinance could play in helping residents of this community lift themselves beyond subsistence, enabling them to grow businesses and upgrade the quality of their living conditions.” Now we took all of the above ideas and steps and brain fed them into our theme of development in order to best entangle the problems faced and seen by the people in our neighborhood of focus.

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1. “Social Development.” Egypt. Aga Khan Foundation, 12 Mar. 2003. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.

2. Abaza, Mona. “Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.” Critical Commentary. Cairo’s Downtown Imagined.

N.p., n.d.Web. 22 Sept. 2013.

In his report, urban planner Yehis Shawkat explores, researches and documents the state of the different cities and urban areas of Egypt in relation to the idea of social justice and representation. The author highlight the major idea of the “right of the house” and its relation to the concept of urban justice. The report tackles the problem of social justice and urbanism in Egypt through a three step process of documentation, analysis and application or proposal of guidelines. The documentation of the information is done in a creative representational manner that aims to simplify complex urban concepts in illustrations. The most important aspect in the report is the relation the tackling and analysis of the current policy and government hierarchy that strongly separates the users from the decision-making processes and the lack of true participatory interventions in the areas of great needs. The report, within its view on the right for an adequate house, focuses on the failures of the government to satisfy the needs of the population.

Shawkat, calaims and proves through the data, that the development projects sponsored by the government fails to be guided to the right and needed direction for the problem of representation as well as the un existence of a formal supply and demand system. Also the report also addresses the increasing land prices and compares official versus market land prices. This is extremely important due to the large expansion of the real-estate market in Egypt in the last few years, which had led to the strong increase, sometimes-even unreal increases, in the market prices, which had led to the prices of houses to be even more inaccessible for a large portion of the Egyptian population. Finally the report touches upon guidelines and means in which governments can restructure the polices of representation and community participation processes especially in areas which are considered “dangerous” urban areas or informal development areas.

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1. Shawkat, Yehia. Egypt Map: Social Justice & Urbanism.

Rep. Cairo: Ministry of Housing, 2013. Print.

Figure 5: Decision making process as illustrated by Shawkat

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Social Justice & right of participation:

Initial hypothesis: The approach for the complex and multi-layered problem of the Egyptian people lies in the use of architecture and social studies as a process for community development.

Through establishing a ground of trust by providing local communities with basic needs while developing their existing skills, social, economic and life quality will improve, freeing and liberating them from their daily struggle for security and survival. This process will leave their capacities and will to power as an asset to invest and be guided.

The next step will depend on the guidance of local powers for community development projects that directly improves their status and forces them to interact and to be exposed to new sub-states other than their own, out of their own freewill and for their own benefits.

At this point, the community will have a trust in each other and in their abilities creating a communal example and identity that can be developed and expanded to their neighboring areas through larger scale developed.

This being part of an expanding circle of identity creation and character in the long path to a national identity that is built and shaped slowly based on the planting of a will and development abilities in local and small communities.

The intersection of local identities with development abilities and will to excel and intermingle will create slowly the new Egyptian identity, a nation state dream that was never achieved.

Problem statement: The divisions & opportunities seen and experienced today in the Egyptian community are an outcome of a compilation of failures in the socio-political mechanism in modern history. The state’s failure in securing Egyptian’s basic needs and fulfilling any of the wills are consumed by the peoples’ capacity and will to power and foster. This had lead to the creation of an Egyptian generation with affiliations to local, limited and enclosed sub-states, organized communities, organizations or even families. The lack of security and confidence in themselves and the society has caused them to detach the average person from any national identity and has led to the complete failure to embed the concept of Egypt as a nation state in their minds.

Today we witness a struggle of defense for these sub-states as the Egyptians only perceived means to their security and sense of belonging.

General Thesis: By freeing the Egyptians’ capacity from daily struggles and guiding their wills towards communal development, the expansion of their sub-state will lead to an intermingling with outer communities, triggering a chain reaction of developments that shapes a new true identity and affiliation on the national scale; satisfying their will to contribute in Egypt’s complex fabric as independent distinctive residents.

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Critical view on the problem:

In this section of the reports, four (4) precedents of urban rehabilitation and urban up cycling.

Comparison 1: Yerwada, India: The first precedent that will be analyzed is Yerwada, India1 government and municipal work for rehabilitation and urban upgrade.

Project Description and Reasons of choice: â&#x20AC;&#x153;While the challenges of urbanization are plenty, exponential growth of informal settlements is one of the most alarming. People living in these settlements lack basic necessities, and have inhuman standard of living.. Apart from the anguish of living with the constant fear of being uprooted, they continuously deal with issues of make shift houses, lack of toilet, electricity and water supply challenges.

The government of India has launched national and state level policies and schemes to address various aspects of slum rehabilitation and resettlement. However, recent studies have indicated inadequacy in these efforts while dealing with the needs and aspirations of the slum community. The conventional approach of building rehabilitation colonies in per localities is not proving beneficial for the community. Relegating the urban poor to the peripheries of the city not only takes away the right of the poor to live where they desire but also indirectly aggravates poverty by imposing increased transportation and living coast for these unskilled labor force. The provisions of demolishing the existing slums for either sanitizing the cities or for rebuilding new housing facilities also fail to consider the emotional bonding people hold with

their localities.

The Pune Municipal Corporation came up with a unique community driven in Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) scheme of Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). This project recognizes the prevailing concerns of the urban poor and thereby integrates the community in its planning and implementation process.

The uniqueness of the project lies in its in-situ design that allows the locals to have houses with all the basic amenities in their own settlements brunt of being uprooted to a government imposed outskirt. Every household was designed in consultation with the future residents of the houses. . The project gave special emphasis on the sanitation, hygiene, ventilation and lighting requirement of the community. The highlight of the project is its provision of secure tenure for the slum dwellers, otherwise living with the constant insecurity of being uprooted by the government. The project is its provision of secure tenure for the slum dwellers, otherwise living with the constant insecurity of being uprooted by the government.â&#x20AC;?

This project has emerged as an innovative solution to slum developing world. Its in-situ model and community driven approach has made it a prototype of good governance in urban housing and poverty alleviation.

Partners and funders: The project was partially funded by the Bill gates charity foundation and the Indian government and executed with the help of local and international NGOs2.

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1. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India. In-Situ Slum Up gradation under JNN URM Publication. Mumbai: OneWorld Foundation.

2. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India. In-Situ Slum Up gradation under JNNURM Publication. Mumbai: OneWorld Foundation India, 2012. Print. Governance Knowledge Centre.

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Precedents of Methodology and Approach:

The project main outcomes included the prototype of the buildings and a full detailed master plan for Areas A, B, C, and D. It also included full documentation and GIS mapping for all areas under research.

Within the course of the project, a number of challenges were faced including the lack of funding and the inability in the early phases for the cooperation with the residents which were very fearful and insecure about the project and the possibility of losing ownership and lands. The challenges were tackled on all the program levels, through the work and collaboration with the government to secure funding (the Bill gates Foundation) and to ensure the change and implantation of new legislations and policies that will secure the ownership of the lands to its current residents.

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1. Ibrahim, Kareem, and Diane Singerman. “Transcript – Working Session 4.” Community Activism and Avenues of Participation. Proc. of LFC, Egypt, Cairo. Cairo: n.p., 200. N. page. Print.

Figure 6: Map of the Yerwada in Pune, India. with a highlight on the areas that need interventions, MPPGP India 2012

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Critical Overview: The process of the analysis started with the social understanding of the current state which pushed the government in collaboration with a number of NGOs to launch a rehabilitation program where they started by documentation followed by GIS mapping and from there they worked in a participatory manor to involve people in every step in design. The project aimed to tackle a number of the many problems that exist in the informal areas of Pune such as lack of proper infra-structure, unsafe building techniques and lack of health and sanitation awareness.

Through their analysis and extensive human and social research in the area, one of the most interesting outcomes was the concept of the very strong connection the residents have to their plots of land, which in most cases were very small and could barely incorporate 1 room per floor. However, the fear of the people from being deprived from residence created this strong bond to the land which they feel is their only security (that they usually buy or take over illegally). This connection to the land is one that is very similar to the Egyptian slum areas case especially in Ezbet Khayralla according to Kareem Ibrahim1.

The project aimed to design and create housing prototype (3 types of houses) that mainly depended on the users’ needs as well as the available land for building. However, the approach was exceptional in terms of how the municipality included the residents in each and every step from the urban to the private home building and design. Also the building and constructions of site models using everyday materials was a very useful initiative taken by the project in order to enhance the connection between the residents and this outcome of the project. The project also worked on elevating the quality of the infrastructure (water, electricity, and sewage) and held a number of campaigns to increase the awareness for hygiene and sanitation.

Figure 7: Discussions held on site by the team, MPPGP India 2012

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Figure 8: Model built on site and the final expected outcome MPPGP, India 2012

Project Description and Reasons of choice: “Our intervention in February 2012 aims to provide new street lighting along the Zabbaleen Main road to be supplied by solar panels and at the same time to develop the first LOCUS Zabbaleen chandelier out of recycled materials that can be produced and sold by the community. Considering the context and the inhabitants, our main issue will be to develop a project that corresponds to the people and their creativity. The environment of the Zabbaleen community is already rich with details and techniques that may be observed and re-interrelated.

The core of our project lies in that question : how can we make a significant change that will still resonate after the workshop is complete, and that will be built upon, improved, and adapted by the Zabbaleen themselves?As a base to start, our research and ideas aim to stimulate all the participants.

It focuses on the typologies of the streets, on found objects and on lighting installations, one example being the festivals n India.

Light, shadow and reflection can transform both the square and its economy in a relevant and pertinent way for its inhabitants.”2 Cairo´s Zabbaleen district is well known through the work of Sister Emmanuelle. This downtrodden community has already been an example of self-development work for over twenty years, but there is still much to do: Urban shared spaces for social interaction, renewal of life and work conditions, hygiene and safety. LOCUS works with the local NGOs in the spirit of empowerment. With Umeå University and sustainability experts, LOCUS launches in 2011 the second cycle of

sustainable urban development. The Zabbaleen community is already today the example for a recycling-based economy - with its trades and networks of transformation and exchange - which has given the actual structure to the district. The area can further develop itself by empowerment and become an example of a circular urban economy.

Partners and Funders: • Institut Francais, Cairo, • EQI Environment Quality International, Cairo • APE Association for the Protection of the Environment, Cairo • COPTIC CHURCH Zabbaleen, Cairo University of Umea Sweden Critical Overview: Locus foundation work in Zaballeen District along with their partners, aimed, as described in the brief, to use the local community’s ability to recycle and reuse of materials to be able further develop and alleviate the living conditions in the area with a special focus on women’s empowerment as well establishment of a better hygienic and sanitation status and work environment.

With the help from the university of Umea Sweden’s masters students, a mapping and detailed site conditions analysis was conducted. They aimed to create two sets of mapping systems, one that is physical and that works on documenting the physical and quantifiable aspects within the site. The other map was called sustainability mapping and this including the mapping of social and human aspects as well patterns of use and danger zones or causes within the site. The students, worked on developing a full physical model and computer model for the area in order to help them decide and implement their interventions.

A number of proposals were submitted by the students to be viewed by the Locus Foundation committee and their partners as well as the local representatives. Some of those

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Mansheyet Nasser, Egypt: The second part of the comparison focuses on Locus foundation work in mansheyet Nasser1, Cairo, Egypt. The international cooperation aimed to create in situ development for enhancing the sense of security for the residents especially the women.

During the project, a number of challenges were also faced the biggest was the insecurity of the people towards the implementation of the solar PV cells, which the project aimed to solve with the assistance of the religious authorities on the site. The other main problem was the refusal of the government to cooperate and help the project and the

refusal of the placing of lighting or PV cells which required from Locus and the other partners to use their diplomatic and political connections to help the implementation of the project. The last problem was the lack or insufficiency of funding which was persistent but was overcome by the help of the locals and the NGO-s working the Zaballeen area already.

_____________________________

1. Dr. Jana, Revedin. Empowerment by Participative Design The Urban Laboratory Zabbaleen. Locus Foundation.org.

UNESCO, 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2013 2. Dr. Jana, Revedin. Empowerment by Participative Design The Urban Laboratory Zabbaleen. Locus Foundation.org.

UNESCO, 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2013

Figure 9: Examples of site models built for the project, Locus 2012

Figure 10: final outcome of the project with the streets lit, locus 2012

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proposal included street reworks or additions. The most prominent was the idea of adding a mother shelter where they can securely wait with their kids for school busses or pick up transportations due to the high insecurity of the area in the early hours of schools. Also another proposal included the use of religious pictures (which are a prominent aspect in the site) to decorate buildings.

The proposal that was accepted and worked through was the addition of the street lighting or lantern that was designed with the help of an international (Indian) artist through a number of workshops in the area. The idea is to create a permanent work shop for women where they use recycled materials (the tin cans bottoms) to create lighting fixtures that will be used to lighten up the main and side roads of the zaballen district. The idea was generated based on the problem of insecurity, for children and women in specific that was mainly cause by the absence of street lighting in the area.

The project aimed to also, with the aid of funders, to create a parallel solar cells and PV cells that will power the lighting system without any excess charges for the people or the government. The project was successful in creating a prototype of lanterns (Branded as LocusNo1) that was implemented on the main road of the Zaballeen district. The project enabled people to reuse the materials existing on the site (as a resource) to generate a new brand that can return both security and economic benefits if sold to other informal settlements. The Locus foundations aimed to help the locals to develop other prototypes and brand them to be sold or used.

From the table below, we can conclude and highlight the importance of the development of not only the physical aspects within sites but that the intangible or non physical aspects are of the same or even greater importance. The other clear conclusion that could be deduced from this comparison is the importance of securing funding and government cooperation along with a large number of partners. The main outcome is that in situ development, real in situ development doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t lie only in the communication or participation but it lies in the use and connection of the existing resources and aspects available on the site to rehabilitate and alleviate conditions in order to ensure the sustainability of all interventions.

Figure 11: comparison 1 table

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Resource Driven Comparison: In comparison between both precedents they both used in-situ development and some of the positive existing resources to overcome health hazards, fear and insecurity and to create a better living environment. However the outcomes in India were purely physical and delivered houses as a final product while in Egypt locus foundation was able to create a process of enabling and sense of achievement by making the people overcome their own problems with their own resources and within their abilities. Locus foundation mainly faced funding and government opposition while in India the problems analyzed were mainly lack of intangible and sustaiable elements for the project.

This disadvantage rendered the project less successful.

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Figure 12: Visual Comparison between the first set of Precedents (Comparison 1)

Russaifah, Jordan: The first precedent that will be analyzed within that comparison is urban think tank’s work and proposal for acupuncture intervention for the community development in Russaifah1, Amman, Jordan.

Project Description and Reasons of choice: “There is a serious shortage throughout Amman of facilities suitable for the care of children. The shortage is especially pronounced for pre-school age and primary school age children whose parents are unable to provide care for all or a substantial part of the day or post-school day. The Project will produce a plan for youth facilities in Rusaifah in east Amman. Rusaifah is located on the main road between the two governorates Amman and Zarqa. Its population in 2004 was more than 271,000 residents and is now estimated to be close to 500,000 inhabitants. The total area is 50 km2 including all residential areas, and 30% to 45% of the suggested site is buildable. The area is a problem area suffering from criminality and drugs. There is a shortage of housing for youth and few jobs.

Gender is also a sensitive issue, with many of the households headed by women. Also, the area is heavily polluted by its industrial history and therefore on some parts you cannot build. One of the things Rusaifah has to deal with is contamination of the river. Amman Airport is located 4km east of Rusaifah.

Using local knowledge, the Project will map and visualize institutions of relevance to youth transitions. It will also review national and municipal policies related to planning for the city of Amman, its economic development, and the social conditions confronting its residents. Demographic trends related to youth and refugees will also be part of the analysis. The goal is to produce a plan for inserting youth facilities in poor neighborhoods. Tapping into the full potential of youth is one of the most critical economic

development challenges facing the Amman in the twenty-first century. Youth transitions are outcomes of several interconnected markets such as education, labor, credit, housing, and marriage. The difficulty of these transitions is a consequence of distortions and rigidities in the institutions and rules governing individual behavior in these markets. Effective interventions in the education system and the labor market could also help make youth more independent. Programs that define youth career paths backed by investment in specific skills would enable them to enhance future earnings and improve the quality of life for households. The main benefit for Rusaifah’s youth is not just to be educated; not just to know how to read and write; not just to have life skills - but to remind the youth that they too can have a future. The Project addresses the following questions: (a) What kinds of youth facilities are appropriate for Rusaifah? Who will be served? (b) How might these facilities be connected to other facilities and services needed by the residents? (c) Where should such facilities be located and what mitigating measures need to be taken to insert them in such a dense environment?”

The project’s initiative and methods of intervention (acupuncture intervention) along with the complex problems in the area that the project should tackle those resemblances the Egyptian citation in a general sense makes it an interesting and useful project to overview and analyze.

Partners and Funders1: • Ministry of Social Development, Jordan • Alfredo Brillembourg and Hubert Klump ner ( UTT) • Madrasati Initiative school (Russaifah)

_____________________________

1. Urban Think Tank. Sustainable Living Urban Model (SLUM Lab): Amman-Rusaifah Planning Studio. Publication.

N.p.: Columbia Graduate School, 2010. Print. SLUM Lab.

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Comparison 2:

UTT were able to conclude and limit the intervention to four main channels that guided the choice of the projects, proposals and interventions: • Media and communication • Arts and design • Sports and recreation • Environmental & sustainability The great similarity between this project in Jordan and the case in hand at Khayala Cairo, is that the population of Russaifah are refugees that have been relocated to this area by the government in recent times, which creates further challenges in relation to the insecurity and fear of the residents from the government as well as the informality and sometimes illegality of ownership of land and properties. However, the interesting approach and intervention criteria proposed

by Urban think tank included minimum intervention in policy and infrastructure: UTT saw that through raising awareness international and local and “placing Russaifah on the international map” by creating an online website and the international publications of the project. UTT believe all those needs will come later since people, despite some daily struggles, are living and are able to manage their daily life. However, they saw that more

pressing issues in the area included the serious lack of public space for the youth as well as the limitation of environmental awareness and the absence of any skills development or art education spaces. For that, UTT took a daring step to be propose to the government a set of projects (as seen in the project map below) that include 4 main projects that tackle the youth and women empowerment main issues as well as the environmental and expressive media shortages. UTT also aimed to provide a proposal that will establish and stabilize the illegal or black market that is prevailing the area. The project believed that by creating a communal unity, the people will be able to organize themselves and demand their rights and fulfill the needs of their area, and UTT believed that they are commited to provide the people as well as the youth the ground were they can learn to unite and interact for a better future.

A youth center, a farm, a factory and a women work center are the four main architectural interventions proposed that will be scattered with the site with a catchment area that creates a full coverage for all the residents. The project’s proposal also included the establishment of a local transportation network system that will unify and ease the movement for the residents especially women. The project also proposed the conduction of training sessions for management, arts and computer to be able raise their ability to communicate to the world and to the government better.

The project, despite being a conceptual proposal, developed fully a number of buildings prototypes: such as the youth center which was modeled based on Urban Think Tank model of the vertical Gym in Karakas, Brazil. The project’s main challenge was to find the locations for the projects and the process of intervention.

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Critical Overview: Urban Think Tank (UTT) in their design studio conducted in Amman in 2006 (Slum Lab) was able to document and create full maps for the area of Russaifah as well as document the social and human aspects in the site. With the focus of the project for the development and empowerment of the youth of Russaifah, the studio conducted focused on gathering the needs and conducting interviews and sessions in primary schools (Madrasti initiative school and many others) to be able to know what the youth really needed and wanted. UTT also focused on empowering the women and the older youth needed and how to empower them and alleviate their social and communal skills.

Figure 13: A chart documenting the social and human aspects within the site and the proposed methods of intervention

Figure 15: group discussions held with the kids of the Rusaifah area, UTT 2010

Figure 16: digital model of the proposed youth center, UTT 2010

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Figure 14: picture of the current state of the Russaifah area in Jordan being informal and undesigned (UTT)

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Figure 17: project master plan proposal, UTT 2010

The second part of the comparison deals with GIZ interventions and site work conducted in the Boulaq El Dakrour1 Region in Giza, Egypt.

Project Description and Reasons of choice: “In the framework of GTZ-PUMP, the BeD project started initially as a traditional upgrading project, focusing on environmental improvements, on the extension and amelioration of social services and on local economic development initiatives. Since focusing from the beginning on the whole district would have been excessively ambitious and inappropriate for a still essentially explorative phase, a pilot area hosting about 150.000 inhabitants was chosen in Old Boulaq (in the shiakha of Boulaq el-Dakrour) for the first implementation phase.

GTZ-PUMP in BeD did not include in this first stage any Financial Components: it was based exclusively on a Technical Component with a limited budget of 1.2 million of Deutsche Marks of local subsidies for the improvement of existing facilities.

The project consequently focused mainly at organizational, procedural and “soft” development measures which did not require major investments. Further financial contributions were expected to be mobilized from Egyptian governmental sources as well as from line Ministers and from the Social Development Fund, but the access of these resources proved to be more difficult than initially assumed, since the Egyptian counterpart perceived GTZ-PUMP in Boulaq as a classical donor project in which the responsibility for the upgrading is delegated (both in terms of economical financing and of implementation) to the cooperation agency.

Between 2000 and 2001, the first pilot project of participatory urban upgrading

was designed with the cooperation of district authorities, of the private sector and of the local population, who was asked to take part in its design, financing and implementation as well in its maintenance. The participation of the local community was channeled mainly through the creation of street committees in charge of collecting money from the inhabitants for the co-financing of the project. The area chosen was El-Amer Street, one of the most central and busiest lanes of the neighborhood, in whose vicinities commercial activities as well as social services are concentrated. The improvements, which concerned street paving, the creation of pedestrian sidewalks bordered with threes and the renewal of house facades, were above all a show-case, aimed at gaining the trust and the support of the residents as well as of the administration.”

From that, GIZ’s work in Boulaq is good precedent to analyze in order be able to understand how such a project aimed to tackle the problem of infrastructure and empowerment of its residents.

Partners and Funders: • GIZ • Egyptian Urban Research Center • Local municipality authorities • Egyptian Government

_____________________________

1. Piffero, Elena, Dr. Struggling for Participation: Experience of a 10-year Development Program, Boulaq El Dakrour, Egypt.

Rep. Berlin: GIZ, 2010. Print

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Boulaq El Dakrour, Egypt:

The intervention work of the project was mainly concentrated in the creation of a metal shading structure to house the Zummor market on the Canal as well as the bridge over the canal to ensure the safety of the residents in crossing over the canal and to increase the accessibility to the homes and work. Other than that, the project aimed only to upgrade and rework the infrastructure the area. The later phases of the project aimed to work on the community development through he creation of community projects that aim to alleviate the economic status of the residents.

These projects included small scale crafts as well as a sewing club for the women.

However, and as described in the project report, establishing the ground of participation was the main problem and challenge within the project. The people and residents were generally refusing to cooperate and help in the research. The project of creating the shed and upgrading of the market, despite being implemented failed to be sustained due to the lack of any establishment of a local management system which made it deteriorate quickly. Only the rehabilitation of the system of infrasturcute (including roads, water, electricity and sewage) was sustained and supported by the government which helped ameliorate the living conditions for the residents.

However, the project failed to help solve any of the economic, education, lack of public spaces as well as it failed to create any system of management to sustain any of the interventions. The project also faced major issues in financing and government support which cause many challenges within all the phases of the project.

Resource Driven Comparison: In the comparison of both it is evident that the main key difference in the intervention methods created a difference in the quality of the project and its sustainability. In Jordan, Urban think tank aimed to use the youth as a resource where all the project intervention is guided to be able to empower them along with the women to create new functions that will enable them to better communicated and interact paving for them the road for expression and a better future.

The outcomes in Russaifah mainly consisting on adding new functions and resources to the site, while in Egypt, the project aimed to minimally implement any new functions and only worked on rehabilitating or alleviating the existing functions and infrastructure.

It is obvious, that the people are less interested in just a pure rehabilitation or renewal of existing functions since it will not be of a high economic return and it also fails to empower them.

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Critical Overview: The project as described in the brief, mainly aimed to create a documentation and analysis for the area to be able to propose interventions that could be implemented by the government. However, the project was perceived by the people as well as the government as a typical donor project. GIZ however, still started with the basic demographic and physical mapping of the site.

They aimed to create a GIS map for the area as well as a full documentation for the Boulaq El Dakrour main areas. The project also was able to document and analysis the social and economic situation of the area.

Figure 18: demographic and physical mapping produced, GIZ 2012

Figure 19: Infra structure rehabilitation that was done in the Boulaq area, GIZ 2012

Figure 21: the zumor market shed which was one of the main additions in the rehabilitation process, GIZ 2012

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Figure 20: current state of the Zumor Canal. GIZ, 2012

Figure 22: comparison 2 Table

in order to achieve a maintained development project and ideology that would spread out and increase rather than decay into the carelesness and ignorance of the people due to the lack of propoer management of facilities and education.

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From the table above we can conclude the importance of ensuring the additions of functions and to create a sustainable system of management as well as the movement towards acupuncture interventions and not to work on simply upgrading existing facilities.

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Figure 23: Visual Comparison between the Second set of Precedents (Comparison 2)

In this part, a description and analysis of the master plan development based on the GIZ and TU Berlin work in Ezbet el Nasr1.

Project Description and Reasons of choice: “This section presents an intervention strategy for the informal area Ezzbet Al Nasr. The preparatory and analytical process upon which the intervention strategy is based is also documented in this section. Taking into account (a) the objectives set out in the project brief, (b) the contextual specificities related to the study area, and (c) the informational and operational constraints, the study group developed an appropriate methodological approach. The aim is to achieve a high level of impact with a minimum level of intervention. Relying heavily on information generated through participatory methods, the proposals and the analysis from which they derive is a reflection of the residents’ and various stakeholders’ perception of the community needs. Ezzbet Al Nasr is an informal settlement situated in the Basateen District, in the South Zone of Cairo Governorate. Located 4 km east of Nile River and 8 km south of Cairo’s historic centre, the site was planned to be an industrial area in Cairo’s outskirts. As Cairo expanded, the settlement became increasingly integrated into the city dynamics and today it is in a strategic position adjacent to several new formal housing developments. Located in proximity to the south-eastern Ring Road, Ezzbet Al Nasr covers roughly 55 hectares of state-owned land, of which the informal urban fabric covers 30 hectares. The remainder of the land is occupied by a historic Jewish cemetery, a mothballed sewage treatment plant and a 6 hectare paved area that has previously been used as a bus depot and a used car market. The settlement is bounded by a slaughterhouse in the North, commercial developments in the East and dense residential areas in the south and

west. Although the neighborhood located south of Cairo’s Ring Road belongs officially to Ezzbet Al Nasr, it is not included in this study. Due to a greater physical and social connection to formal residential areas in Maadi (south of Ezzbet Al Nasr), housing standards remarkably differ in that area.

Further, this area is well supplied in terms of infrastructure, requiring different approaches of intervention.”

Partners and Funders: • TU Berlin • GIZ • Basateen local authority

_____________________________ 1. TU Berlin, and GIZ. IMPROVING INFORMAL AREAS IN GREATER CAIRO The Cases of Ezzbet Al Nasr & Dayer El Nahia. CAiro: Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP) in Egypt/GTZ, 2010. Print.

Figure 24: Map locating ezbet el nasr in cairo, Tu berlin 2010

Figure 25: documentation of Ezbet’s el Nasr status and its social construct, TU berlin 2010

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Master Plan Precedent:

ment of waste transport station. the waste facilities are all placed as far away from residential areas for environmental and health factors.

The logical of strategic positioning creates a clear guide line of tackling linear sites, basing the intervention and the function on both the accessibility from the main street as well the consideration of health and environmental aspects. Also the creation of waste management facility and its relation to street is a main aspect that will be useful in the approach of the khayala site in Cairo.

Figure 26: Mapping of hazards within the site. TU Berlin 2010

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Critical Overview: The main aspect that is interesting in this precedent is the use of the documentation being GIS maps, mapping of hazards and waste deposits area as well as the site needs being both physical and social in order to develop the master plan of the proposed development.

The research team was able to document the site and its conditions as well as identify its need critically based on a participatory intervention method that aimed to combine both the local residents living in the informal residential area as well as the business (small size) business owners that own workshops and land within the area. The site included a linear land plot, which makes it a bit similar to the Khayala case being linear as well, where the project team suggested placing their interventions. The project, as described in the brief aimed to intervene as less as possible while creating the biggest positive impact on the study area.

The project aimed to solve the waste management problem that the area suffers from significantly by adding a waste management facility and waste land where it can transport safely out. The project also aimed to place educational and recreational activities within the area as well as a transportation stop and community facilities. The approach of the division and setting out of those functions worked (as show in the master plan proposal) on connecting different analytical aspects such as accessibility existing land functions and the hazards that were mapped.

The project team logically places the recreational (garden) and the educational activities on closer to the residential area along with community facility which is all close to the main road access and in proximity to the added transportation hub. And to minimize the health hazards created by the solid waste on site, they aimed to add a waste management facility that will create an economic boost the local comminute and an establish-

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Figure 27: proposed Master plan zoning with the main social activities located in the heart of the informal areas and waste facilities closer to the accessibility points

Khayala stone crafts area: The Khayala stone crafts area is located in the Fustat area, The nucleus of Cairo city development over the ages. The stone crafts area is just down khayala road. Being an exposed and easily accessible site on the border of historic Cairo it has always been on the threshold of media and NGOs attention.

The area of intervention that was scoped is the stone crafts strip located on the border of the Police Khayla club. Given the fact that this spot is the most recent addition of the area due to the relocation of these craftsmen from another location gives it a special sensitivity as it tries to initiate a conversation with the neighboring substates but fails miserably due to the lack of a common background and interest in between these substates. The site is unique in several aspect, first of all it is one of the last surviving strongholds of stone handcrafts in Cairo also it compromises a substate in and of itself that is located on the border of governmental, industrial and residential substates. The lack of governmental effort to establish this substate has left it in a situation where the only the efforts of the locals was the only method to empower their substate. This lack of attention has rendered the locals striving for any assistance that when a site visit was conducted they exhibited an unprecedented will of assistance and cooperation in the process of development and upcycling in their substate. The urgency of the state of this site and the intangible value that it represents has nominated this site to be on our list of the site choices. Also the fact that the boundary between these substates is a virtual boundary poses a challenge and a great benefit in reconnecting them as this is the main form of substate division that we are witnessing nowadays in the Egyptian society and therefore it would serve as an excellent model of application.

Site info: • • •

• • •

Location: 29°59’36.70”N, 31°15’26.91”E Economic value: Stone crafts Intangible heritage: preservation of stone handcrafts Physical value: NA Locals participation index: High Visit conducted on: 14/09/2013

Figure 28 : Satellite image showing the micro context of the site, Source: Google Satellite image

Figure 29: Stone handcrafts on site, Source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 30: Current site condition, Source: Hassan Safwat

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Sites documentation:

Tahrir square:

Site info:

The Tahrir square has always been and will be the center of attention of the Egyptian society. This image has been further planted in the mind of Egyptians after the 2011 revolution that overthrew the ruling regime. Being of such importance a wide array of projects has been conducted on the site targeting various architectural and social problems that are present in the square, nevertheless none of these approaches that were reviewed addressed this idea of substates that is not only a problem facing Tahrir square, but also a problem so commonly found in the Egyptian physical and sociological structure. The site was approached as the pinnacle of the Egyptian society and as a location so important and exposed that it could easily send a message to the society. The site has many advantages in the sense that it compromises a pool of substates by itself, this was very prominent in the course of 2011 revolution where several parties following different ideologies were present in the same location at the same time. Another advantage is the history of the square as a place that point the major milestones in the Egyptian history. During the time of the Khedive Ismail it was called the Ismailia square and was comprised of high end cultural and political venues. After the 1956 revolution the site name was changed to Tahrir square as an indication to a new era of liberation and free thought. In 2011 the Tahrir square made history again and now it is waiting for a makeover that would transmit the spirit of the revolution to the souls of Egyptians. This fact in addition to others made this site on of our shortlisted sites of choice although there are many disadvantages that hinder its ranking among which is the idea that Tahrir square is a public property so it is considered by much a no mans land. This has rendered the participation factor to a very low index to the point that a participatory approach would be almost inapplicable. This requires a different approach other than a participatory one.

• • •

• • •

Location: 30° 2’46.36”N, 31°14’9.08”E Economic value: City center Intangible heritage: Spirit of revolution and change Physical value: High land value Locals participation index: NA Visit conducted on: 13/09/2013

Figure 31: Satellite image showing the micro context of the site, Source: Google Satellite image

Figure 33: Tahrir square prerevolution, Source: Google images

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Figure 32: Tahrir square in Jan 2011, Source: the independent

Korseya island:

Site info:

The Korseya island is located parallel to the Giza Corniche. The island ownership has long been a subject of debate as the army as well as the locals claim its ownership.

Several cases have been raised and trials were conducted but the current situation remains unsettled. The island is physically isolated due to the lack of connection to the mainland through a bridge or a permanent transportation method, the only method of getting to and from the island is a hand operated ferry that can only carry people across the Nile river. This fact has rendered the site untouched by the metropolitan crawl and growth of Cairo. Although the land is considered of very high value, no formal development has been conducted on site and the only present activities today are fishing and agriculture. Old hangars that has been used to produce ferries for the Pharoanic village that shares the island with the locals have been abandoned and left over for carelessness. The unsettled legal status of the island has left the local residents in fear of being relocated or even kicked out of their own homes, this has made alot of the residents very suspicious and unwilling to cooperate with any part of the public community as they fear this would affect their stance or even take advantage of it. Several villas and high end residential units are also located on the tip of the island which further plants the idea of substates and discrimination in the minds of the locals. The potentials of this site are huge and it would serve as a great model for blurring the lines of substates and to start a movement to legalize and formalize the ownership of alot of the informal settlements in Egypt. Thats why this site has been shortlisted to our sites of choice. The fact that it has abandoned structures as well as alot of unbuilt land poses a great potential for an effective development that would not only upcycle the current conditions of the island but also introduce an economically stimulating factor to the society.

• • • • • •

Location: 30° 0’6.16”N, 31°13’11.35”E Economic value: Fishing and agriculture Intangible heritage: NA Physical value: High land value Locals participation index: Low Visit conducted on: 14/09/2013

Figure 34: Satellite image showing the micro context of site Source: Google Satellite image

Figure 36: Existing structures on site, Source: Hassan Safwat

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Figure 35: View from the site, Source: Hassan Safwat

In this section of the report a complete overview, critical analysis and comparisons of precedents will be conducted in order to conclude a number of guide lines and recommendation for the design approach and process of implementation. The precedents overviewed in this section aim to guide the master plan design and dynamics of the main project. The section will explain the methodology of analysis that will be conducted as well as the methodology of choice of the precedents.

Methodology: Analysis: The analysis is divided mainly into two sections, Precedents of methodology & approach and Precedent for the master plan design.

The analysis aims to critically view and assess the precedents from a resource driven perspective: initially specifying the existing resources on the sites and the intervention criteria and the whether it was successful or

not in connecting and creating new resources in the site. The analysis of the methodologies is conducted in a comparison format for 2 sets of precedents that have worked with sites with similar resources. The aim was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the approaches and their outcomes in order to be able use them as guide lines for the approach and intervention at the site.

Choices: The methodology of choosing precedents depended on the coverage of both local and international projects with similarities to the Egyptian and chosen site conditions. For each comparison of the two comparisons conducted, one local and one international precedent were chosen based on their similarity of the resources available on the site with a difference in methodologies. This choice aims to highlight the vast differences in outcomes and sustainability of interventions based on intervention methods. For the Master plan analysis, one local intervention will be studied, analyzed and criticized based on its resemblance to the chosen site of the project, Al Khayala Area.

Figure 37: Flow chart describing the process of choice, analysis and outcomes for the precedents overviewed.

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Precedents:

Part 2: Approach, Branding & Business model Introduction to our approach and the various social, economical and physical aspects of it as well as the establishment of a development brand and identity

Concept development: The development of our approach concept stemmed up from the literature review and the precedents analysis conducted on a wide array of projects both local and international. While almost all of the precedents could easily produce a short term development plan n that would actually raise the level of the community for the period of the project itself, none of the precedents reviewed discussed the future of their development programs and how these programs would sustain themselves to grow and spread. Based on this observation we have set out trying to develop and approach that would not only produce an instant change and short term development but also it includes a vision for long term aspects of the project and how it would grow. In that sense we can ensure that the projects can sustain themselves and that the effort will not be limited to the physical or financial resources available but will be based on the will and the power of the locals which in our vision is a never ending resource. This has lead us to think of our approach as a resource driven approach that would seek out and grow on resources.

Resource driven approach: The resource driven approach is an open ended approach that can accommodate any form of resources as a base to grow and develop. Through our survey of the different sites of choice, it was very apparent that there are alot of wasted resources all over the different substates of Cairo. Such resources are wasted due to the lack of awareness and cooperation between the different substates in order to create a complete product cycle that could help in developing a new economic and social value to the community.

It is a matter of fact that these wasted re-

sources could be the link to connect the different substates through the creation of a common ground in the form of common economic interest which will translate easily into the mind of the locals and would also in the same time create a mutual benefit that would help them face the difficulties in life.

This approach would make the locals of each substate look at other substates as partners in success rather than competitors. This initial economic bond would later develop into a social and ideological bond thus merging the whole of Egyptian society into one whole body that acknowledge their differences and appreciates them as a uniting factor rather than separating them.

For this research to serve as a handbook for other NGOs or developers looking to follow our footsteps a detailed application of the approach will be included in the model application so that the readers can easily connect the theory to the application in a easy to follow manner that would be replicated and added on easily.

Based on this approach two elements had to be developed in order to give it an identity that could be presented and recognized by the public. The first of them is a brand identity that could serve as a value in and of itself and it would serve as a platform for public participation and other applications following our model would use the same branding to create a uniting factor in development programs all over Egypt. The other thing to be developed is a business model to be able to establish an economic foundation for the activities that will follow our development. This economic model will ensure a fair subdivision of benefit and a chain market structure so that each party participating in the model would preserve its identity and importance in the production chain and to develop a sense of achievement.

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Approach:

The concept of branding as was discussed before will be utilized in order to establish a recognition mark that will help people recognize our approach wherever it is being applied and choose to be a part of it. This brand will also help in establishing a uniting factor in between the different projects following the same approach. The business model will also benefit from the branding process as it will label its product will this brand and this will be an indication of the participative resource driven approach which will indicate a high quality locally made product so people would choose to support the project by purchasing the products.

Process and development1: Most good branding practices go through five different essential steps inorder to esablish their brands in a constructuve and permanent way these processess are differeitiation, collaboration, innovation, validation and cultivation. By using this model we were able to acheive a good brand identity that corressponds to our concept and approach Differentiation For a brand and approach to be accepted and for people to actually believe it could make a difference then it has to be unique and different when it comes to its form, essence and the way it deals with problems. Differentiation is not a goal by itself but it is a mean to establish a successful role model of our approach that would later be accepted as the standard for resource driven approach and to be able to give it the recognition and attention it deserves as our minds are hardwired to concrentrate on the different especially after various similar approaches have failed to deliver the people with the promised development and prosperity.

Collaboration: Being a resource driven process that depends on the people it has to be considered a collaborative approach inorder to yield the highest results with the least financial resources ever. This is due to the fact that the government is overloaded with financial burdens to the point that the only way to get the informal areas out of their passive stance is through the utilization of the efforts of the locals, a never ending resource that would serve as an inspiration and role model for others to follow without excuses since it builds on what already there without the need of any external resources. The main collaboratives that will be involved in the process are the locals, our team and NGOs that will contriubute through awarness campaigns and educating the locals on how to take advantage of their resoucres.

Several research faculties of Egyptian universities will also provide us the know-how on how to render the waste resoucres into end products with the least effort and investment possible.

Innovation: To have a more effective edge in comparison to other approaches, an innovative process has to be an essential part of our brand identity and concept of developement. This innovation has to come out of the community itself as it has the best experience on dealing with their daily life conditions. For example the local crafts in an area can be learned from and further developed into a unique product and process that would sell out to the market as a high value product.

Also as mentioned earlier the involvment of research departments of various universities will add a technological innovation element that would build upon and increase the value of the local knowledge in an attempt to come up with new solutions for old problems.

_____________________________

1. Neumeier, Marty. The Brand Gap: A Whiteboard Overview.

Berkekley, CA: New Riders, 2006. Print.

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Branding:

Validation: The validation process will be an essential part of our branding identity. For a brand to be established and successfull it has to validate its process, approach and outcomes.

This will be a part of our philosophy where different aspects of the brand will be tested as they come to life through comparing them to the theoretical gains that were planned thus ensuring an effective way to evaluate and readjust our approach in each phase.

This will also be the case with the locals who will want to ensure that the proposed methods for development will succeed and that they wont be left one day in the shadow of a failed development approach. This validation will be carried on by the project managers as well as by the people through holding meetings before and after each phase of the development to insure a participatory mindset even in the evaluation phase.

is a challenge that have to be tackled with alot of patience, awarness and persistence.

The driving factor we see most appropriate to drive the cultivation process is the creation of a mutual benefit that would affect the cultivated local community to encourage them to take part in this process and to allow the other party to have the will to participate and devote time and effort in order to grow awarness about this concept.

Figure 38: Communication model proposed, source: The brand gap

The cultivaiton process is a huge gain in and of itself in the development process since it empowers people to control their own fate and not to be left waiting for assisntance from the overloaded government or other NGOs. The way we plant this concept and ideology in the minds of the locals

Figure 39: Various participation and communication models, source: The brand gap

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Cultivation: The final part of creating a successful identity and brand is the cultivation of the mindset and ideology of the developers into the minds of the locals so that they can carry the flag of development themselves and become ambassadors who can better spread the developement and change to the other substates thus creating a unified and homogenous society. The cultivation process will also ensure the ability of the locals to self sustain the project and further expand its benefits by adapting it to the various chanllenges and changes that may occur on any day. Armed with such ideology the developers will make sure that their effort will be well placed and that the upcycling process will continue on even in their absence.

The idea of a incorporating a business model in our approach is based on the essential need of an economic added value that would help the locals grow and expand their usage of resources and contribute more effectively in the financial structure of society. Our business model will mainly focus on what is available on site and developing that into sellable products that fulfills a demanding market sector. For this approach to be successful, the development of prototypes will have to be conducted and discussions with the locals will have to be held to reach the best possible business model that would accommodate their needs and our goals. This prototype will then be applied preliminary on the project site to expose it to the public and grab the buyers attention to its potential and capabilities. Following this prototype experimental run a preliminary production batch will start producing the product in a limited number to sell it to the local community in principle, the cost of these units at this point will only be the cost of the product itself without any added revenue, this would be the first form of revenue from the model, creating a product that would fulfill the needs of the local community. Following the wide spread of the product on the local zone serious production will begin to satisfy the market need that has been growing even since the prototype was exposed to the public. At this point the model would start to make financial profit and reach a break even point. Profits generated from the model hereafter will be shared among the contributors in an inclusive production process.

Ideas for the business model: Throughout our precedents and literature review of the city of Cairo it was very evident that there are two main sets of resources that are totally unused and devalued. These two resources are the Garbage or byproducts of other industries and the human resources that many of the sites all over Egypt

are abundant of but they are lacking the correct management and utilization to reach a productive form. Based on our idea of a business model the two main concepts that came into our minds immediately were the recycling processes and the skills and crafts development plans to create a handmade product identity that would have an added value and would be able to compete with the industrial fortresses owned by investors. A combination of both could also be achieved by creating handcrafts products from recycled materials and it is obvious that these approaches require a minimal amount of investment and startup effort to get going and start to generate profit.

Page | 48

Business model:

The SEED, Social Experiment to Expand and Develop:

Figure 40: Various forms of the SEED logo, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 49

“The Seed” A Social Experiment to Expand and Develop –The name simplifies the concept of the catalyst model applied to all sites to up-cycle. Along with the name there is the colored overlaying circles. Those circles represent sub-states, which were initially segregated, and by time, development and the appliance of “The Seed” catalyst model, they overlap and interactions increase. This model woule be the platform that would encompass all of the values mentioned above and would serve as a model in which all of the different elements would plug into to create a successful process to develop and upcycle. The demonstration of such model would mainly focus on visuals and visual aids to be able to connect quickly with all of the different levels of the society through the use of intuitive and easy to read icons as a main way of communication and participation in the awarness campain that is to follow with the development process. These visual aids will be divided into four groups being the Tools, Human, Economic/systems & Environment.

The tools visuals will cover all of the methodologies and tools that we use throughout our process inorder to acheive the set goals and results. The human group would contain all of the visuals related to human and sociological aspects incuding their needs and the skills they possess as well as their educational status. The economics/systems group will create visuals that symbolize the various upcycling microprojects that will be established as a part of the macro project of upcycling the site. Finally the environment group will consist of the visual that cover the health hazards, pollution and environmental/ecologica status of the site as well as gestures that shows the importance of each of these elements to the site status and its suitability for a standrad living condition.

Tools visuals:

Page | 50

Figure 41: Visual aids developed for use in the tools group, source: Alaa Khalil

Human visuals:

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Figure 42: Visual aids developed for use in the human group, source: Alaa Khalil

Economy/ Systems visuals:

Figure 43: Visual aids developed for use in the economy group, source: Alaa Khalil

Environment visuals:

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Figure 44: Visual aids developed for use in environmental group, source: Alaa Khalil

Part 3: Site choice, Analysis & Methodology Review of the site selection process, the starting point of our approach. Methodology of choice and analysis of site will be reviewed indepth aswell

Site choice methodology: Acknowledging the needs of a resource driven approach, a need emerged to create a systematic evaluation system to choose the best site for housing our development project.

This numberic system had to be adaptable to the various sites and to value the different aspects of interest, the best system found complying with such requirements is the suitability matrix system. Based on that a matrix was developed with six main subdivisions mainly being landvalue, development flexibility, physical attributes, Socail aspects, environmental status and future development potential. These six categories allows the site cohice process to be as fair as possible as it tries to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the sites.Each of the categories under those subdividions hand a score of 0 to 10 with then ten being the highest possible value. These criteria were assessed in the three sites visited in order to select and attain the site with most potential and effec-

tiveness. The site of choice was declared to the the Khayala stone crafts area. The Khyala site will be referred to as the starting point from here on since we see that this process and approach should not be limited to one site and that even if our scope of intervention is scaled to accomodate only one site we want to consider it a starting point for our unique ideology that will be spread from here on to other sites and location creating a coherent boundry-less country where the idea of a substate is no longer considered a weakness but rather a point of strength in the community.

Following the choice of the intervention site a set of site visits were conducted to get more indepth information about the site and its local community to help visualize a future plan for the development of the area. Based on these site visits a detailed site analysis was produced which is divided into a physical site analysis and a human aspect analysis.

Page | 54

Figure 45: Site choice line of thought

Figure 46: Various aspects taken into consideration in site analysis

Page | 55

Figure 47: Sites suitability matrix, source: Hassan Safwat

Korsaya island

Tahrir square

Economical value

8

10

10

Potential value

9

9

6

Cultural value

8

2

8

Availability of empty plots

6

9

1

Cooperation of residents

10

2

1

Existing anchors

7

3

10

Location

8

10

10

Accessibility

8

1

8

Topography

10

8

10

Urban fabric

7

0

9

Infrastructure

7

1

10

Diversity of residents

8

2

3

Human skills and crafts

10

4

6

Activity patterns

7

6

8

Employment rate

6

4

6

Hygene

3

2

8

sewege

2

0

10

facilities

3

0

7

Landscape

2

7

10

Pollution ( 0 is highest)

5

2

0

Exposure potential

10

9

10

Role model

9

7

4

Spread of culture

7

4

3

Branding

9

9

4

Identity

10

7

6

179

118

168

Totals

Figure 48: Site choice matrix Table

Page | 56

Social aspects Physical Attributes Development flexibility Landvalue Environmental status Future development

Khayalla site

Site Location:

Figure 50: Zoomed in view of Fustat area (intervention zone)

Page | 57

Figure 49: Map indicating the neighbourhood of the intervention site

Figure 52: Map identifying the intervention site and its surroundings

Page | 58

Figure 51: Map showing various landmarks and areas surrounding the intervention zone

Site documentation:

Figure 54: Workshops exterior view

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Figure 53: Work conditions on site

Figure 56: Stone handcrafts

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Figure 55: Stone handcrafts

Figure 58: Road conditions on site

Page | 61

Figure 57: Stone waste on site

Site analysis: The site analysis that is based on various site visits, interviews with the local community and physical information obtained from the site visits or other referenced sources. The physical section of the analysis will deal with accessibility, neighbouring substates, infrastructure conditions, landuse & legal status while the human analysis will deal with social aspects including employment, education, economic situation and work conditons.

Physical Site analysis: Intervention zone definition: Definition of various zones on which the intervention will take place and its effect.

Zones A will witness physical intervention.

Zone B will witness intangible intervention in the form of cultural activities and awarness campaign. Zones C and D will witness the effect of the upcycling of the site.

Zone A Zone B Zone C

Figure 59: Intervention zone definition

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Zone D

Terrain and soil analysis: Extraction of data out of a soil research conducted by Dr. Aly Kamel that shows the stability of the soil in various zones in the Fustat area

Unstable soil

El imam el Shafei pool

Relatively stable soil formation

Figure 61: Underground water currents, source: Egyptian ministry of irrigation

Page | 63

Figure 60: Terrain quality analysis

Landuse and activities analysis: Overview of the different landuses and activities occuring in the Fustat area

Industrial

Stone work

Commercial Stone work Stone work Cemeteries Industrial Industrial

Cemeteries Cemeteries

Figure 63: Intensity of activities, (black most intense)

Page | 64

Cavalry Landfills Landfills LandfillsCommercial Planned Commercial Commercial Unplanned Unplanned Unplanned PlannedPlanned Commercial Commercial Stone Stone work work Stone Stone work work Cemeteries Cemeteries Cemeteries Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Cemeteries Stone work Cemeteries Industrial residential residential residential residential residential residential Figure 62: Landuses and activities Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Cavalry Landfills LandfillsUnplanned Landfills Planned Planned Planned Unplanned Unplanned Unplanned Unplanned Landfills Planned Cavalry Landfills Planned residential residential residential residential residential residential residential residential residential residential

Com

Cav

Infrastructure:

Formal areas Formal areas Informal areas Informal areas

Formal areas Formal areas Legal Illegal Legal Illegal Formal areas infrastructure Formal areas Legal Illegal Legal Illegal Legal Illegal infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure Informal Informal areas Formal areas Formal areas Formal areas Legal infrastructure Illegal infrastructure Legal Illegal Legal Legal Illegal Illegal infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure Informal areas Informal areas infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure infrastructure Figureareas 64: Infrastructure andinfrastructure their legal status Informal areas Informal Informal areas

Landfills Landfills Water resource

Industrial Industrial Water resource Landfills Figure 65: Resources located on site Human resources Human resources Water resource

Industrial Human resources

Page | 65

Resources:

Waste materials:

Garbage Stone waste GarbageGarbage Figure 66: Waste materials located on site Stone waste Stone waste

Figure 67: Noise generating activities located on site

Page | 66

Noise generating activities:

Road usage intensity:

Figure 68: Road usage intensity located on site

Figure 69: Pedestrian vs vehicular circulation located on site

Page | 67

Pedestrian vs. vehicular circulation:

Figure 70: Site image on year 2000, source: Google satellite

Figure 71: Site image on year 2003, source: Google satellite

Figure 72: Site image on year 2004, source: Google satellite

Figure 73: Site image on year 2013, source: Google satellite

Page | 68

Site context development: The site has witnessed a set of development on the contextual level, the crawl of Ezbet Khayralla on the Khayala land has created a tension between the two substates forcing the Khayala to stretch a physical barrier (fence) on the border inbetween to prevent further violation of landuse rights. This can be very evident through the observation of satellite imagery dated from year 2000 till the present time.

Road network and accessibility:

Figure 74: Macro scale accessibility and road network, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Figure 75: Macro scale view of substates and path node analysis, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

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Substates and path node analysis:

Site access points and borders of neighbouring substates:

Page | 70

Figure 76: Close up view of substates and site accessibility, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Site micro accessibility:

Figure 77: Micro accessibility to the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Path node analysis:

Figure 78: Path node analysis on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Figure 79: Building height analysis on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

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Building height analysis:

Site visual corridors:

Figure 80: Visual corridors on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Building access points analysis:

Figure 81: Building access points analysis on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Figure 82: Legal status of infrastructure on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

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Infrastructure legal status analysis:

Crafts on site:

Figure 83: Crafts present on site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Road usage by waste:

Figure 84: Road usage by waste on the site, Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Location of section cuts:

3

1

Figure 85: Location of section cuts on the site (red is highest), Source: Gis database, Hassan Safwat

Page | 73

4

2

Section 1:

Figure 86: Section 1 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat

Section 2:

Figure 87: Section 2 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat

Section 3:

Figure 88: Section 3 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat

Figure 89: Section 4 of the site, Source: site 3d model, Hassan Safwat

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Section 4:

Cyclic activities:

Figure 90: Daytime activities prior to intervention

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Figure 91: Nighttime activities prior to intervention

Terrain sections: Various sections in the site were cut at 50 meter increments starting from the main street (top most figure) going towards the end of the site to study the topographic realtions and the relation between the existing buildings and the fence of Khayalla site.

Page | 76

Figure 92: Topographic sections through the site, source: Hassan Safwat

Topographic map:

Page | 77

Figure 93: Topographic map of the site, source: Hassan Safwat

Local crafts:

Figure 94: Craftsman working on site

Figure 95: Stone waste on site

Figure 96: Cutting machinery used by some workshops

Page | 78

The local crafts existing on site are mainly concerned with the stone workshops that were relocated from the autostrad a few years back due to governmental policies concerning crafts and activities in these areas. These stone crafts are the economic driving train that generates both the opportunities and incomes for the workers and residents of the Khayalla area, it is also the main distinguishing factor between the users of the Khayalla area and the users of the neighbouring substates as the latter work mainly in the industrial area while the khayalla users work in their unique stone crafts.

Various raw materials are used by the workers ranging from Bazalt, Sandstone to Granite and marble. These materials are brought from local quarries located on the western mountain chains of Egypt as well as South Sinai. After the raw materials are delivered to the site by trucks, the workers start sorting the blocks into various sizes to be used by the craftsmen to carve out tiles that measure 15 cm x 15 cm from the blocks. The experience of the worker plays a huge factor in the reduction of the waste materials due to the clever selection of the cut line as well as a reduced amount of defected tiles. The rough natural cut lines identifying the tiles add a beauty to the tiling components, this added value is the main distinguishing aspect from mechanically cut stones. However the economical revenue from such manual work is not equivalent to the mechanical work due to the close proximity of the pricing of both products. Clients refuse to appreciate the local crafts and opt for the cheaper mechanically cut tile, this situation has threatened the stone crafts to dissappear with time in the face of economical efficiency. Only a few of the workshops today are still following the manual way of cutting tiles choosing to face the new challenges through holding on to their authentic craft and valuing its meaning as a cultural and an intangible heritage value.

The site also houses some workshops who specialize in the creation of unique marble pieces such as the Mihrabs for mosques as well as statues and other decorative marble elements.The accumulation of these stone crafts in the area has led to the production of substaintial amounts of waste stone that is considered a burden for the workshop due to the high cost to remove the waste and dump it in a remote location. This has led to streets full of stone waste on its sides as well as workshops overloaded with huge amounts of stone waste.

Figure 97: Stone waste on site

Figure 98: Workshops overcrowded by waste

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Figure 99: Image showing waste and raw materials

Human (Socio-economic analysis):

• Initiating a process of self-discovery Introduction of the research team as a group of students in seek of helping the community and up-cycling the site; Trans parency is a necessity in the process of building confidence which is a key element in attaining precise and useful information due to the creation of a base of interest.

• Building a relationship with the local stake holders and workers.

Socializing and getting to connect with the locals on a personal level will open doors of attaining core information that relates to the users true intangible prob lems towards the site. The process will also guarantee the locals support and trust.

• Obtaining and documenting the main problems of the site Through both observation and communi cating with the locals, a clearer under standing of the site dynamics and hierar chy within the locals should be identi fied. Asking for whom to turn to will help identify the ‘natural leaders’ of the site while triggering the ‘snowball system’ where people will themselves feel the urge to help and be part of the research

Figure 100: Site visit goal definition

During this first site visit, general information about various components of the site was gathered. In the process of approaching the locals, a clear identification of the team of researchers was made both on a personal and general level along with a briefing about our research and goals were made to feed the locals curiosity and fear. The team was careful to question the locals in various combinations (individual to individual, group to individual, individual to group and group to group) to guarantee the revelation of most information while avoiding any possible censoring. The questioned asked were very general and allowed the locals to reflect the local’s interpretation of the site’s problems.

This along with general questions concerning the locals own status as individuals. The questions included: • What kinds of products do you create?

• What kinds of stone do you work with?

• What do you think of your work place?

• What do you like about the site?

• What are the problems with the site?

• Where do you live?

• What is your relation to the surrounding sites?

_____________________________

1. GIZ. Knowing Local Communities: Guide. Cairo: Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas (PDP) in Egypt, 2012. Print

Page | 80

Methodology: Approaching the human analysis component, the GTZ’s1 ‘knowing local communities manual’ was referred to as a successful and resourceful guide in the process of obtaining information and approaching the local communities in the most fruitful manner. The site visits should be extensive and repetitive in order to gain a bigger understanding of the various layers of the site and its users.

However, these site visits should be organized in a sequential manner that guarantees a smooth entry to a local site that is to some great extent enclosed (sub-state). Entering the site for the first time, there were three main goals to achieve being:

•

•

•

•

Standardized questionnaires and In terviews The preparation of questionnaires that aim to achieve in depth information and data is a necessity in order to later on pro cess and analyze the various aspects of the site and its users. Data collection of information concerning their families, work habits, work process, economics and emotions will help consolidate the findings into usable facts that enhance the process of design and help in the deci sion making.

Daily routine and activity patterns Through both observation and question ing of the locals, a clear understanding of the users dynamics within the site should be analyzed. A clear understand ing of their movements and activities should be made both inside their work shops and outside within the site. A clear marking of the services they use should be made.

Maintaining and strengthening the connection Getting to socialize and spend time on site in an attempt to strengthen the bond with the locals. Exchange of personal phonenumber and opinions about various matters of interest should be able to strengthen the relation ship and help secure the teams’ presence and contributions on site.

Economic Analysis The gathering of data concerning the different locals fees both on a daily and monthly basis in seek of identifying their economic status which is an influen tial aspect that affects them as a community and craft makers. This data could identify a great problem (mentioned in the first site visit)

•

Questioning their opinion By updating the locals with the team’s progress in the research outcomes and possible proposals, a clear understanding of their opinion about the feasibility, practicality and feelings about these ideas is perceived. This guarantees the involvement of the community in the de sign aspect of the project and opens gates to altering or adjusting based on users needs.

During the site visits that followed, a large amount of data was gathered about the daily activities, process of work, economic status, mentality of thought and personal status.

Information about the locals’ families, neighbors within site, vision of expansion and vision of craft future were matters that were tackled within elongated interviews conducted with a number of locals and within questionnaires that included around 45 locals. New key observations were made during these visits concerning more in depth issues.

Figure 101: Tools utilized in the social analysis

Page | 81

After breaking the ice in the first site visit and achieving some kind of connection with the locals, the site visits that were conducted after that had different goals to achieve and different information to gather:

‫‪Statistics:‬‬ ‫‪A questionnaire involving 65 locals of differ‬‬‫‪ent age groups and natures was conducted‬‬ ‫‪on site to reveal information about. The in‬‬‫‪formation collected has revealed a lot of use‬‬‫‪ful results that are revealed in the analysis‬‬ ‫‪that will enforce and help shape the design‬‬ ‫‪proposal later on:‬‬ ‫‪Daily life and patterns‬‬ ‫‪Economic status‬‬ ‫‪Recycling‬‬ ‫‪Work patterns‬‬ ‫‪Services within site‬‬ ‫‪Presence of females on site‬‬ ‫‪Security and site as second home‬‬ ‫‪Neighboring sites‬‬ ‫‪Heritage and craft future‬‬

‫‪Figure 102: Truck transporting water to the site‬‬

‫‪Figure 103: Worker handcrafting stone‬‬

‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬ ‫ •‬

‫‪Data gathering:‬‬ ‫‪The following is a review of the data gath‬‬‫‪ered by following the illustrated methodolo‬‬‫‪gy. Further analysis of data will be conduct‬‬‫‪ed inorder to draw sound conclusions and‬‬ ‫‪judgments upon them.‬‬ ‫‪Quotes and statements:‬‬ ‫‪Following are some quotes and statements‬‬ ‫‪made by a natural leader amongst the work‬‬‫‪ers on site. The local is a 52 year old man that‬‬ ‫‪is well known by all the inhabitants and has‬‬ ‫‪been performing this craft since he was 15.‬‬ ‫’‪The man was selected based on the locals‬‬ ‫‪selection in a small group gathering during‬‬ ‫‪our second visit.‬‬

‫‪Page | 82‬‬

‫' عدوك عدو مهنتك '‬ ‫' احنا هنا كلنا اخوات هنا و قرايب وأهل حتة واحدة‪ .‬أنا‬ ‫أعرف كل واحد بيشتغل في الحتة دي هو واهله'‬ ‫' يعني احنا منعرفهمش معرفة قوية‪ .‬مالناش مصلحة معاهم‬ ‫وال عندهم في عزبة خير هللا‪ ,‬بس نعرف ناس من مصنع‬ ‫التوابل اللي ورا ده) البساتين الصناعيه( أما خيالية‬ ‫الشرطة فـمالناش دعوة بيهم خالص‪ .‬ماجوش هنا قبل كده‬ ‫غير مرة وال اتنين لما حد من الحكايمة بنى في ارضهم'‪.‬‬ ‫' العامل هنا يوميته من ‪ 70-80‬جنيه في اليوم‪ .‬دول يقفوا‬ ‫إيه وال إيه في أيامنا دي‪ .‬دي كباية الشاي بقت بجنيه وعلبة‬ ‫الصجية بثمانية‪ .‬دحنا قبل الثورة كان العامل يوميته توصل‬ ‫‪120‬جنيه وكانت الدنيا رخيصة‪ .‬وبرده كان يادوب اللي‬ ‫جاي على اد اللي رايح أما دلوقتي فـال حالة صعبة‘‬ ‫' الحكومة مش سائلة فينا خالص‪ ,‬وال مية وال كهربة وال‬ ‫نور وال صرف‪ .‬دحنا يا بيه مالناش تأمين صحي‪ ,‬يعني‬ ‫العامل مننا لما بيتصاب ماحدش بيسأل فيه وبنلمله فلوس‬ ‫عشان يعرف يعيش'‬ ‫’‘أجيب مراتي فين يا باشا ما أنت شايف أهو المكان كله‬ ‫رجالة وطوب وزبالة ‪.‬مينفعش أجيب الست والعيال هنا‬ ‫ومفيش مية وال كهربة وال صرف‪ .‬ده مفيش مواصالت‬ ‫للبساتين توديهم مدارسهم’‪.‬‬ ‫‘أحب أجيب عيلتي طبعا وماله بس لما المكان يسمح ويبقى‬ ‫فيه حرمة للبيت وخدمات محترمة عشان الواحد يعرف‬ ‫يعيش‘‬ ‫' العمال دول عايزين اللي يقدرهم ويساعدهم‪ .‬لو العامل‬ ‫واخد حقه حيطلع شغل جامد وحينتج‪ ....‬شغلتنا دي فيها فن‬ ‫وصانعة محترمة وارثينها عن جدودنا و جدود جدودن'ا‬

is their second home and if they feel secure there, their responses assured that 31 of 45 locals felt that this was not there home. (figure 4)

This site produces a lot of waste daily that is moved by trucks and dumped because of the fact that the locals have no use for it.

Samples of this waste material were taken to the labs and tested to obtain results about its strength and capabilities in order to put this material to use. It would make a great difference for them if the waste turns from a material they pay to get rid of to a material they use to increase their income. Upon questioning if they would use this material if a use was found for it earning them money; there was 100% approval from all participants (45 locals).

Figure 104: Worker having his dinner on site

Figure 105: View of the site

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Analysis: The information obtained within these general discussions had revealed to us some very important and significant pointers that the team was unaware of along with the information acquired by the questions in the first place. Information about their history with the site had revealed significant information about their status as outsiders that have been relocated and imposed on the site that they do not consider their home. Workers and crafts-men are originally residents of Al -Basateen zone located between Maadi and the Fustat area, where their workshops where originally situated in-front â&#x20AC;&#x153;El Gesrâ&#x20AC;? parallel to Autostrad main road. Somewhere along the 90s they were relocated to the current site by the government for general safety precautions. The materials and crafts that they work with are Sandstone, Basalt, Pharonic stone and granite, which are handcraft to produce various types of wall claddings, flooring and ornamentation. These locals have been neglected by the government and unrecognized as a great potential that could serve our community. Upon relocation these people were deprived of their right of ownership and were given usufruct contracts. Moreover, they were not provided with their basic needs of infrastructure forcing them to informally and illegally feed their community with water and sewage.

Even electricity, which is provided by the government, is unsubsidized and costs them almost 40,000 pounds to be connected, in addition to monthly costs. All these aspects and pressures enforced by the government have caused the users of the zone to feel insecure and unsupported. Observing their plot, it was noticed that its surroundings enforce a clear this separation and creates an enclosure defined by high-rise industrial facilities and fences surrounding their site. This in addition to the nature of the design of the zone that enforces enclosure itself through the inward facing facades or openings that promote no interaction with outsiders. Upon asking the locals whether they feel the site

requirements from outside in a 10-15 minute walk. Amongst their movements on site is their movement to the bathrooms which are only located at the mosque.

In questioning their economic status, it was understood that a typical worker on site earns around 70-80 L.E. per day. His fees include a 10 L.E. transportation fee to and from the site to his home in Basateen. In addition to the money he pays for his food, tea and cigarettes throughout his long day of work.

The food averages out to cost from 10-15 L.E. per day, the tea for 6-8 L.E. per day (1 L.E. per cup) and the cigarettes for 8 L.E. a pack.

By performing such a calculation, it could be concluded that an average worker could spend 35-45 L.E per day leaving them with only half of their daily earnings to take home during the days in which they go to work.

This information was attained through the questionnaires and data was averaged out of 38 locals on site.

Figure 106: Activities of locals on site and their expenditure

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After observing and questioning their daily life pattern, it was analyzed that the workers start work on site at 9 am working their way through till 5-6 pm. Upon reaching the site, workers start working on their various tasks including carving, breaking or moving of stone. Along with the tasks of emptying the water tanks that deliver water from outside the site and loading their waste onto the trucks. The tasks and products being made in their workshops are quite systematic and repetitive; there is no element of change. To manage the long and boring process of work, the workers find partial leisure in smoking and drinking tea throughout the day while talking, singing or listening to the radio.

They have a snack or break at noon where they can go purchase food to eat and rest for a while in the very same workplace. The tea, food and cigarettes are all located out of their workshops area in neighboring areas ‘Ezbet Khayralla’ and ‘Basateen industrial area’, which means that throughout the day someone has to go purchase their

Upon investigating the local’s connection with the surrounding sites of ‘Ezbet Khayralla’ and the ‘Basateen industrial area’ it was found that their knowledge of the locals of these neighboring areas is minimal. In fact, some 67% of the site’s workers knew no one from these neighboring sites while the remaining 33% knew a few. Upon asking them for the reason of this total separation most of the locals replied stating that there is no common interest or space that they share.

In fact 33 locals out of 45 locals saw no reason that this could be a concern while the 9 others saw it may be good to have neighbors from the area that they could communicate with.

The locals of the site are enthusiastic to see a change; they want to up-cycle their workspaces and make them a better place to spend half their lives. Although, at the beginning all their needs were focused on matters to be solved by the government such as ownership contracts, and the services such as the sewage, water and electricity which are basic needs but after talking to them about up-cycling the workspaces and adding features to their site they were somehow uplifted up lifted. Upon mentioning some of the suggestions that made their workspace a much better place to work such as the addition of residential units, services, recreational areas and re cycling facilities the locals were very support full.

Figure 107: Earnings vs Expediture of workers

Figure 108: Percentage of workers wanting to bring in their families, before and after the intervention.

Figure 109: Percentage of workers feeling secure on site vs workers feeling insecure

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A major observation made since the very first site visit is the absolute absence of females on site. The site is packed with males that perform harsh tasks in dealing with the harsh material (stone) and prefer to leave their wives at home where they are safe and away from the eyes of the fellow workers.

Upon questioning the locals of the possibility of bringing their families to the site under the current conditions, a striking 96% refusal percentage was achieved. 76% of the locals wanted their families to move to the site if changes were to be made.

Method of analysis1,2,3: The first step of analysis included the literature in order to decide on the average population density within Cairo’s informal areas.

Due to the strong lack in official numbers, a method of calculation was developed based on the Egypt Census of 2006 along with the research and documentation of some of NGO-s working in Cairo in the past number of years. The calculation used the average population density of Egypt as the low end density on the site in open and unpopulated spaces. The deduced high density was calculated based on the population number of Ezbet khayrallah and its estimated population of more than 600,000.

The result was to be able to create general index of high and low population density numbers that could be set for appropriate estimations of the numbers.

The next step was mainly aiming to, in order to be able to get a clear estimate of the direct population within the space, to create the focus zone of the area around the site with a radius of 2.5 km around the chosen site. This focus zone was divided, based on

the urban fabric and the documentation and GIS mapping created, into high and low density population zones. The area of each type were calculated and tabulated (As seen in table x). These data were then multiplied with the density indexes calculated to be able to calculate the approximate population of the focus zone in the site area with within a 5 KM diameter of the Khayala Site.

Using the Egypt census and the CIA world fact book, the global ratios of the population age groups, genders, employment and literacy were applied to the calculated number in order to establish a clear ground of design based on a population to function ratio. The outcome is very important in order to understand, through numbers, the clear ratios and quantities of potential users and their educational and age groups.

Finally, and due to the limitations of the site and the deficiency of the current transportation system, a more focused group was calculated based on the walking range radius (0.75KM ) from the site. This group’s demographic can also be seen as they are divided in their genders, age groups, employment and literacy. This information is crutial for the design since these number will have to be reflected and analyzed directly within the design outcomes to measure the actual effect, in terms of employment or provision of activities, to those direct users.

_____________________________

1. “Population in Censuses by Sex & Sex Ratio (1882–2006)”.

Egypt State Information Service.

2. CIA World Factbook - Egypt 3. Korotayev A., Zinkina J. Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis. Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13 (2011): 139-169

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Site Detailed Demographic study: Through the study of the area, it is apparent that the urban texture within it is different than most other parts within the city. The site chosen is located between 4 different land functions: cemeteries, informal dense residential area, industrial areas as well as public owned open lands. The study of the demographics of the specific site in focus as well as its surrounding focus area was essential in order to limit and decide the scope of intervention and to be able to project future growths and potentials.

The indexes, numbers and ratios calculated and illustrated will be used in the proposal for the calculation of the direct catchment areas based on employment, development and service provisions for both males and females within the walking distance of the site.

These catchment areas can become a marker or index of themselves for the success of the program of the master plan to solve part of the illiteracy and unemployment of the population of the focus area. However, the calculation and illustrations for the general catchment area are based on the design aims of the proposals and are not in direct ratio to the demographic studies as they go beyond its scope.

Figure 110: Charts showing various demographical relations concluded from the demographic analysis.

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Analysis & Use of the information in the design: A number of pie charts (that are seen below) were created to document and express the important analysis of the demographic divisions within the area of the walking distance from the site. The information will have to guide the design and will create certain limitation. The high illiteracy rate within the site should dictate the establishment of educational and empowerment activities, while the high unemployment rate in women should be tackled by providing them with work in proximity and favorable environments. Also the high percentage of youth with the site (both large and walking distance ranges) is crucial to the establishment of the programs and the spaces. Also the demographic reveal an important social aspect within the surrounding area, that due to the unemployment of females, most surrounding sites (around the Kahayala which is currently an all male site) are females.

This is crucial again towards the guiding of employment and work activities to empower, educate and develop the female members of the community in order to increase the family incomes.

Figure 112: High (red) & low (yellow) density areas with the Catchment area (blue) overlaping

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Figure 111: Tables showing the target group number calculations based on demographic analysis

Architectural language and Vocabulary: The creation of a unique and corresponding architectural language will not only establish a tying element to the site but it will aslo set a model for the type of language that can be based upon recycling materials and therefore could act as a successful role model for other developments to follow. For the previous reasons the language must be simple and buidling upon what is already available in terms of materials, knowledge and Functional needs. Since there is an abundance of stone waste in site it was the most obvious material to use as the vocabulary to establishing of the archiectural language of Khayalla.

Apartment No. 1 project, Mahallat, Iran.

Mahallat, a city whose economy is totally based upon stone crafts and manufacturing processes was facing a problem in the stone waste desposal which have become a burden on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy and infrastructure.

Figure 113: Stone elements used in building, source: Architecture by collective terrain

Implementation on site A langauge will be developed following the precedent presented above and building upon the research conducted by one of the group members which studies the different walls sections and the application of stone waste as facade cladding, the detailed research is attached as appendix A

Figure 114: combination of wood and stone elements in an environmental design, source: Architecture by collective terrain

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The architects at Architecture by collective terrain have tackled this problem and took advantage of the availability of such precious material in various forms and sizes. Their intervention came in the creation of an architectural language that is based upon exterior and facade cladding elements manufactured from the recycled stone already available in site. The integration of these elements in the designed housing complex has created a highly contextual yet unique langauge that corresponds to the location both economically, functionally and logistically.

- There are 5 local cafes (qahwa) that are located within Izbetkhayralla east of the site ranging from 400-700m. There is one cafe located in the Basateen industrial zone south west of the site within a 200 m range. The cafes are all small and midsized cafes located on the ground floor and are densely populated especially during the afterhours of a working day.

- There are 2 mosques located within Izbetkhayralla zone at the ground level of residential buildings. The mosques are small in size around 150m2 -180m2. There is one standalone mosque located south west of el Khayala site which is 280m2 in size. Both are sufficient for the needs of the people.

- There are 6 different restaurants located

within the 1 km radius, 5 of which are located in Izbet khayralla. Three of these could be qualified as food outlets with no seating areas. There is one restaurant located on the periphery of the Basateen industrial zone - There are two parking lots within the zone. One located south east of the site within a 750m range with a capacity of approximately 42 vehicles and another parking lot located north west of the site across the Khayala land owned by the ministry of interior affairs that could carry 62 vehicles.

- There are two transportation hubs within the zone. There is one bus stop located 1 km south east of the site on the other side of the cemetery area. The bus stop has a 45,000 m2 area and is considered larger than the Khayala workshop site. The other hub is much smaller and is located North West of the site along the street encircling the Khayala land of the ministry of interior affairs. The hub requires a minimum of 950m route of walking although it is only 380m away; this is due to the absence of a physical link to cut the Khayala land.

Figure 115: Diagram showing various services present on site

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Social Services Survey: A process of analyzing the facilities within the 1 km radius (walking distance) of the site was conducted in order to assess the functionality of different components such as educational, services, commercial, economic, creative, social, residential and environmental within the area.

through out the approach ensuring that the users are a major partner in design through each step of the development, in such way the locals’ feeling of sense of belonging and their self appreciation is boosted as they perceive themselves as a successful entity that is directly contributing to their community upcycling.

The evaluation process would follow a very scientific approach based on these charts as the quantifying measure for assessing site development. The bases of evaluation is conducted according to M. Patton’s evaluation method which he describes in the following three steps “1) the imposition of specific forms of discipline on the collection and interpretation of information, 2) The variables examined and 3) That certain normative criteria-evaluation should be addressed to identifiable audiences that have a purpose for evaluation and performed in such way that they can use it”1. By following these guidelines a true feedback system could be developed that would contribute in the design process.

_____________________________

1. Patton, M.Q.; Utilization-Focused Evaluation, Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 1978. p(8-59).

Figure 116: Site status chart showing the variance of performance rating values regarding different aspects of the site

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Site status chart: Based on the conclusions drawn from the site analysis and inorder to construct an evaluation system that could be used as a benchmark for the success or failure or achieveing goals, a chart was constructed to form the bases of what is now actualy existent on site. The chart has been divided into various categories from residential & services to educational and creative. The methodology behind this chart is based on an index that was called ‘Performance rating value’ PRV in short. The rating is on a scale of values ranging from 0 to 100. The evaluation of these values is conducted through surveys with the locals on site where their opinion is quantified as numbers in order to evalute the current situatuin through their eyes, which is the most critical view of the situation since this is their daily life and any deficiency or misjudgement will directly affect their activity patterns. For such reason, each of the developments that would be conducted on site would have to survey the public and create goals and aims to increase the values of these charts as per the locals needs. The aim of the combined developments of the site is to reach a convinving level of local satisfaction inorder for them to be able to concentrate on other upcycling aspects in human development and for them to feel that the site is actually an encouraging component in their pursuit for development rather than a hindering one. Also this chart would be the direct communication channel between the design, designer and the users allowing for a quick medium of assessment and verification of goals intended by design and requested by users. This methodology would consitute the backbone of the participatory design process that is followed

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Conclusion: To conclude, a process of up cycling of the existing structures (in-situ) should take place in order to enhance the people’s connection to the site that is currently not considered a home for them. Based on the users input and the research conducted by the team, the creation of a residential component that preserves the cultural values and maintains a clear distinction between the work and live spaces is necessary. The basic services should be provided to the site to maintain effective cutoffs of the users regular payments thus increasing their profit and giving them a feeling of security in addition to creating a more rich and homey environment. The work spaces should be up cycled to improve their process of work and the cycle and flow of material on site. On the other hand a connection to the neighboring areas should be attempted (advisably through a recreational or entity that guarantees common interest) thus creating a bond that will furthermore enhance their feeling of belonging and security. Also, the creation and enhancement of strengthening the site’s connection to the street is a necessity to improve the Khayala workers input and publicity, which will allow them to develop their products and crafts in a manner that will allow them to create and spread what could be tomorrow’s heritage.

Finally, by investigating the possible uses of the waste material produced on site and the resources available near site, the upgrading of the site’s and local’s’ conditions is guaranteed. By providing the Khayala workers with solutions to their everyday struggles, we allow them to transform their potential to physical craft.

Part 4: Concept, Realisation & Masterplan development Overview of the concept, approach and realisation methodology followed in the masterplan design and the development plan accompanied by it.

Through the compilation of the results of the analysis presented we filtered the outcomes to come up with a methodology of intervention that primarily focuses on a resource driven approach that is reproducible in various parts of the city. The main key points are: • The importance of phasing (as a conceptu al progress) and the general refusal of a one step intervention.

• The importance of learning from people and dealing with them as partners not participants.

• In-situ development following people’s methods (verticality).

• Focusing on multi disciplinary approach es to tackle both physical and intangible resources • To connect resources and create nodes or acupuncture interventions with mini mum expansion and maximum use of ex isting facilities to enable people and up cycling.

Within this approach a few considerations have to be taken into attention including media, management, policy, funding and compromise. From that we expect a creation of heritage through a building of an architectural language; addition of intangible components, overcoming sub-state status as well as the physical addition of functions. Our priorities in the project is in-situ development recognizing the resources of the communities and their potentials to be able to place the communities based on their real value that before have been considered somehow marginal. We are trying to be realistic, very grounded and materialistic, we do not need Cairo 2050, and we are interested in Cairo 2013. We are trying to move away of the concept of relocation and fortress architecture which have consumed our city. We want to see an experience development in place.

Concept statement: “Connecting Resources to Empower People” Outcomes: Using the approach defined previously and taking into thought the considerations of the site; a proposal of in-situ up cycling is derived. The process of up cycling would take place over a number of sequential phases that guarantee the feasibility, community involvement, sustainability, education of people and the existence of adequate infrastructure to support the additions

Proposed development plan: Pre requisites: • Completion of documentation

- GIS mapping

- Site conditions update and sur

vey

- Gathering intangible informa

tion • Establishment of project

- Communication with government

and surrounding stake holders

- Water analysis and literature

review on dealing with waste • Building block initial testing and design • Introduction of the block to the public • Introduction of Development of

resources micro cycles • Connecting with residents and full proposal of project • Funding

- Involvement of research and

development partners • Connecting with NGOS and research funding parties

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Approach:

Project components: 1) “Connecting” Description of focus: The first phase of this project is there to be the connection, to raise the image of the craft, increase exposure and introduce the concept of development and expansion “The Seed”.

Aims and goals: The Central aim of this phase is to increase exposure of the site with its skill and craft.

Secondly, introduce the catalyst model concept. This can be achieved by creating a link between the site community and the outer community.

Importance of the phase: This component is important, because it’s the direct connection with people and the community. It delivers the skill, which rarely exists nowadays. It will introduce “The Seed” the catalyst model for development and expansion that can be applied on several sites.

This Catalyst in this site will be the building block created through waste of stone, and will be used to up-cycle or existing built areas, with adding the new level of interaction.

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Target group: Cyclic users: (available based on activities and events proposed) 1. Contractors: targeting contractors to me deals for several projects 2. Investors: The investors will be targeted to attend conferences and understand the catalyst model idea and concept behind it, to invest in applying this model concept to several areas for development.

3. Firms: For the sake of the exposure of their quality of work. The point is when firms visit the site and attend conferences to explore products and their quality of work on site, they will prefer to work with this craft’s outcome rather than with machinery.

Description of focus: The second component of the development of the project lies in the up cycling of the existing workshops in addition to the creation of a parallel platform floating above the existing workshops that would house and introduce new residents being women and children (families) of the site locals. The new living platform should aim to achieve a clear distinction between the workspace and the living space while guaranteeing the connection to the recreational and cultural center to be introduced in the upcoming phase. This phase conceptually works on the development of the workspaces in order to adjust their patterns of functioning to enable and enhance their productivity and dynamics. This process involves the integration of a street in the back of the site along the boundary with the Khayala zone to guarantee better circulation flow and opportunities. This in addition to the establishment of a water treatment plant that provides the site with water from the ‘Imam El Shafei’ spring to be used for various work procedures and service facilities. On a totally other level, the phase will work on creating a living environment that is segregated from the rough and harsh environment on the ground level by creating a parallel level of living that is contrasting and aiming to achieve a smooth interactive environment. Finally, the phase works on the addition of auxiliary functions that aim to serve the existing and new residents of the site making the site an inhabitable space with necessary services within reach.

Aims and goals: The central aim to this phase is to develop the existing functioning workshops to improve the work dynamics and to create a platform of living that will promote and enable people to interact, build relationships, and feel safe.

This in addition to the creation of auxiliary functions within the site to enhance the hu-

man aspect by providing basic services that would make the residents secure. The phase and its functions will aim to introduce a new dynamic to the space by altering the pattern of activities and introducing the addition of components to the site, most importantly the component of females.

Target group: Locals: 1. Workers and workshop owners who inhabit the site during the day working on various types of crafts and procedures Women & children: 1. Female wives of workshop owners who are to be introduced to the site along with their children.

Cyclic users: 1. Residents of Izbet Khayrala: this informal area has almost 600,000 residents (considered one of the biggest informal settlements in Cairo) . However, based on data gathered for the demographics of the area, only 4% are within walking and accessible distance to the site and the target group will mainly include male and female youth as well as limited number of male participants in certain events.

2. Workers from the Basateen industrial zone who occupy the factories facing the site side boundary Importance of the phase: The aims and goals of this phase are a direct result of the site analysis conducted for the human aspect of the site documenting the problems and the status that are concluded in the complete absence of females, basic services, security (feeling of home) and social interaction within the site and amongst neighboring sites. This phase aims to increase the locals’ connection to the site in an attempt to introduce a new dynamic and value to the site.

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2) “People”

Description of focus: The third phase of the development of the project in the areas which works as the first real step towards the integration of the different “sub-States” in the surrounding within the development. These sub-States are mainly the khayala new workers families that are included in the Phase 2 development as well the families and residents of Izbet khayrala area adjacent to the site. Also the integration of the middle income residences that are situated in the north within the activities is of crucial for the success of that phase.

This phase works primarily on the blurring of both physical and conceptual boundaries that exist in the area of intervention through the establishment of a common benefit background in an educational cultural environment. The aim is to promote the concepts of identity and the strengthening of the social bonds of different residents that exist in the site and its surrounding. Establishing of a Premanent active community development representation in the area that could sustain and alleviate the conditions of the up-cycled site as well as working on the development of Izbet Khayrala will be a main focus within this phase.

Aims and goals: the central aim to this phase is to create a platform activities and functions that will promote and enable people to develop their ability to express themselves creatively through different and new means in an active and peaceful manner. The phase and its functions will aim to direct the power and energy of the target group to new languages of expression and to tune them in a self development cycle.

Target group: Cyclic users: (available based on activities and events proposed) 1. Families and workers of the newly up cycled site and those mainly include youth,

women and limited male users.

2. Residents of Izbet Khayrala: this informal area has almost 600,000 residents (considered one of the biggest informal settlements in Cairo) . However, based on data gathered for the demographics of the area, only 4% are within walking and accessible distance to the site and the target group will mainly include male and female youth as well as limited number of male participants in certain events.

3. Middle income residents of the area (almost 400 formal units in the area of Ein el Sira): limited participation is expected from this user group due to their affiliation to other clubs and social venues.

Permanent users: 1. A number of permanent research, development, socialists, trainers and employees are expected to use the facilities on a permanent base to sustain and maintain the facilities functions.

Importance of the phase: The aims and goals of this phase are a direct result of the site analysis conducted for the site and it’s surrounding documenting the problems and the current status which are concluded in the lack of open public spaces, lack of environmental components and vegetation, lack of community interactive spaces and lack of means of empowerment for the residents. The long conflicts and neglect of the government for the users and residents of Izbet Khayrala that was documented by Kareem Ibrahim also create an important focus on creating and establishing a strong connection and development serving them within the reach of the site of the project.

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3) “Empowerment”

Description of focus: The fourth phase of the project development focuses upon the creation of a common base for locals through having a mutual economic interest urging the residents of the neighboring sub-states to cooperate in the goal of achieving an economic benefit thus further blurring the boundaries between such substates. The phase four development will involve the participation of the users of the phase 2 development as well as employing the users with more awareness from phase 3 into a coherent work that values the idea of resources and work.

Aims and goals: The aim of the phase four development is to present such cooperation between sub-states in way that would tighten the relation of the Khayala site to the minds of the residents of other sub-states and would change their view of El Khayala from a business competitor to a partner of success. The phase will also raise awareness and the look of the locals to their by-products to shift from being looked at as waste to being viewed as resources and a further potential for development. The phase will also provide a platform for the development of the crafts and skills of the locals, adding to that the concept of women empowerment through their participation in the production cycle will be emphasized through integrating the women workforce as an essential part of the production process.

Target group: The target group will be divided into two sectors, the first sector is the onsite labor (employees) and the other sector is the benefactors of the phase.

Onsite labor: 1. Families and workers of the newly up cycled site and those mainly include youth, women and limited male users.

2. Residents of Izbet Khayrala: this informal

area has almost 600,000 residents (considered one of the biggest informal settlements in Cairo) . However, based on data gathered for the demographics of the area, only 4% are within walking and accessible distance to the site and the target group will exclusively be focused on young and middle aged women to participate in the production process.

Benefactors: 1. Families and workers of the newly up cycled site through providing them with an alternative to dumping their waste that not only limits their spending on waste removal but also rewards them economically through the introduction of an added value approach.

2. The owners and workers of the El Basateen industrial zone through providing them with a facility to provide a second production cycle that is based on their byproducts as raw materials Importance of the phase: Being a phase that is directly driven from the site analysis and the needs of the locals of Khayala site in specific and El Basateen area in general, it is essential to the completion of the production cycle through the introduction of a micro cycle that deals with the waste of the different industries and turns them to a seed for a new production cycle.

This addition will not only create an economic stimulation to the area but also it will greatly affect the morale and the self-confidence of the locals of the area so that they can feel themselves a direct contributor in the community and an integral part of it.

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4) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Resourcesâ&#x20AC;?

Description of focus: The fifth phase of the development of the project in the areas which works as the milestone step towards the integration of the different “sub-States” in the surrounding within the development. These sub-States are mainly the Khayala new workers’ families (women and children mainly) that are included in the Phase 2 development as well the families and residents of Izbet Khayrala area adjacent to the site. Also the collective attraction of the male working population that are situated in the north within the working platform is of crucial for the success of that phase.

Aims and goals: The core aim of this phase is to place a base of education that will promote and enable the people to bring out their inner abilities and broaden their perspectives on all various areas of interest to which they feel most affiliated. The creative node of this phase also allows for promoting education in man creative ways that encourages both learning and working alongside each other. The language of expression is the power of language itself; reading writing, engaging, originating ideas and building futures sums all that contains this phase’s scope of personal and social development.

Target group: Cyclic users: (available based on activities and events proposed) 1. Families and workers of the newly up cycled site and those mainly include youth, women as well as male users.

2. Residents of Izbet Khayrala: this informal area has almost 600,000 residents (considered one of the biggest informal settlements in Cairo) . However, based on data gathered for the demographics of the area, only 4% are within walking and accessible distance to the site and the target group will mainly include male and female youth as well as

limited number of male participants in certain events. (Refer to table of space program for estimated numbers).

3. Middle income residents of the area (almost 400 formal units in the area of Ein El-Sira): limited participation is expected from this user group at first, but future foreseeing will be able to pull them towards the project.

Permanent users: 1. A number of permanent teachers, development, socialists, trainers and employees (security guards, janitors, maintenance workers, etc..) are expected to use the facilities on a permanent base to sustain and maintain the facilities functions.

Importance of the phase: The aims and goals of this phase are a direct result of the site analysis conducted for the site and it’s surrounding documenting the problems and the current status which are concluded in the lack of public schools (closest school is over 5 kilometers away), lack of environmental components and vegetation, lack of community interactive spaces and lack of means of empowerment for the residents. The long conflicts and neglect of the government for the users and residents of Izbet Khayrala that was documented by Kareem Ibrahim also create an important focus on creating and establishing a strong connection and development serving them within the reach of the site of the project.

Thus proposing a facility that collectively puts those missing points together.

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5) “Expand”

Project conceptual progression : The Idea of phasing is more of a conceptual progression in the development program rather than a converntional chronological phasing program, this approach is followed due to the pool of benefits it provides when it comes to creating sufficient focus on establishing a solid and profound base for each project to initialize its ideologies, effects and partners establishment.

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The conceptual progression program would proceed in an individualistic yet concurrent manner in which the establishment of each of the components would rather start at a time when no other component is initialised yet the development of such component could be going concurrently with the initialization of another component. This emphasies that the intervention would be initilized as a working element from day one yet it would grow in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effect, magnitude and user base. In a sense the intervention program would be considered a child that has all of the elements of life functionality exiting at the moment he is born yet it grows with time so it can achieve more and more as it grows and increases in strength

Masterplan development: Masterplan design process: The masterplan design process started by the introduction of two mindsets of achieving the design requirements. After the two mindsets have been suffciently developed and articulated they are evaluated and one of them is abandoned while the other is further developed upon and two variations are produced using this same mindset. The advantages and disadvantages of each variation are weighed and then the best variation is taken towards full detailing and analysis.

Master plan process Master plan process Mind set 1 2 Mind set 1 2 Variation Variation

1 1

Mind Mind

Vari Varia Varia

2 2

Mindset comparison/ 1 Mindset comparison/ 1 Mind set 1 2 Mind set 1 2 Variation Variation

1 1

Mind Mind

Vari Varia Varia

2 2

Mindset comparison/ 2 Mindset comparison/ 2 Mind set 1 2 Mind set 1 2 Variation Variation Master plan process Master plan process 1 1

Variation Variation

Variation comparison/ 1 Variation comparison/ 1 2 2

1 1

Mind set Mind set 2 2

Mindset comparison/ 1 Mindset comparison/ 1 Mind set Mind set

1 1

Variation Variation

2 2

Variation Variation

2 2 1 1

2 2

Variation comparison/ 2 Variation comparison/ 2 Mind set Mind set

2 2 1 1

1 1

2 2

Variation Variation

1 1

2 2 1 1

Figure 117: Master plan design process

Mindset comparison/ 2 Mindset comparison/ 2 Mind set Mind set Variation

1 1

2 2 1

2

2 2

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Mind set Mind set

1 1

Mindset 1: Concept: The concept of the first mindset is the inside out development process. In this process the initial attention and development are given to the core elements of the site which are upcyced and improved before proceeding from that point further outward. The advantages of such approach is that it works extensively on the core of the problem and give priority to the locals in a short term model so that the impact can be seen within a short frame of time. Yet the disadvantages of the model is that it lacks sustainability since developing a nucleus without preparing the surrounding environment to sustain this development would most often lead to the failure of this intervention once the main force of internvention is stopped and the project is left to be solely sustained by its users.

Figure 118: Mindset 1 approach and expansion model

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Implementation: The first mindset planned to start the development of the site by the initial implementation of the “Resources” component, in such way the economic and working conditions of the locals would be improved and focused upon as the clear first priority while intervention on a wide level would be limited at such stage. later in the development process after the establishment of the first component. The following development element would be the “Empowerment” which consists of a cultural center which is also a project that mainly focuses on the local environment uplift while initializing a channel of communication with the neighbouring communities namely Ezbet Khayralla and the Basateen area. Building on that the element “People” would be introduced as a way to improve the life conditions of the locals and to provide a space where their families could be introduced. The last addition to these components would be the “Connecting” component which consists of a media and exhibition center which would mainly aim for exposing the project to the public.

Mindset 2:

Implementation: This mindset would start establishing itself via the initial implementation of the “Connecting” component, in such way focus is concrentrated on the development that is being conducted and any organisation that would like to take place in this program would be considered and added to the development plan. Next up would be the implementation of the “People” component, since the users are already in a critical situation and thier work and live environment needs to be urgently uplifted. This would also create an intermediate step in the intervention between the outside and the inside. The gap between these two components would be the “Empowering” component which is added at a later stage to serve both the site locals as well as the users of the other neighbouring sites. As a final development stage that aims to spread this upcycling process to the maximum extent, the “Resources” component is added to create a sort of mutual benefit and added economical value to both the locals and the cyclic users of the component.

Figure 119: Mindset 2 approach and expansion model

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Concept: The concept of the second mindset is to grab the attention from the outside by implementing the developments surving the external society first as a priority. The logic behind this mindset is that for a development to grow sufficiently and to be able to sustain itself, several factors have to be prepared prior to the actual development to be able to be sustainable with the effort of the locals.

This allows for a more radical intervention to be conducted without the fear of losing the interest of both the users of the site or the locals in the neighbouring site. By starting from the outside to grab attention the development is exposed to the media and public and therefore the society can aid in the development process as well thus further diminishing the idea of substate or distinctive boundaries of cultural areas.

Mindset outcomes: The mindsets produced various patterns of components placement according to the approah followed in the mindset either from going inside out or going from outside in.

The figures below show the different placement in accrodance with the description of each component and its designed aims and goals. In the first mindset the “Resources”

component lies at the core of the developed site with the other components acting as satellites for the development. This emphasizes the inside out approach. While in the second mindset, the “People” component is lying at the core of the development site but is realised at a later stage in the development process which is initialized through the “Connecting” component to grap the attention of the media and public.

Figure 121: Masterplan and component positioning proposal as per mindset 2

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Figure 120: Masterplan and component positioning proposal as per mindset 1

Matrix for Comparison Of concept Master Plans Mindset comparison: Grade

Mindset 1 Comment

Grade

Mindset 2 Comment

Site Conditions upcyclings

7

Focusing on Site work Dynamics while not raising Awarness

9

Inside in approach to grab attention and increase potential

Minimizing hazards

8

Centralization of waste management and operations

6

Centralization of waste management in an offsite facility

Additions of Services

5

No radical Services added the site

8

Infrastructure Upgrade

9

Providing all services to the site and surroudings

9

Connection to Site

3

lack of open spaces on the site level

5

Open public spaces are connected yet not emphasized

Environmental Conditions

4

Harch conditions with no addition of any vegetation or open spaces within

8

Improved environmental conditions for better work space

Space for Interaction

5

No introduce common social spaces

8

additon of intermediate interaction spaces

Substates Interconnection

3

Limited communal spaces due to segregation of functions

7

Highly connected and integrated with the neighbouring substates

9

Close connection provides the users with more time on site

Open Public Spaces

Communal Spaces

Dwelling Connections Users Availability on Site

5

Users categories

2

10

not much addition of security for users within the site

8

Limited to male users yet new substates are merged Addition of crafts and eductional facilities Site is provided with a clinic and enclosure to enhance sense of security Site boundaries are clear yet not limiting Addition of new activities within the site

8

Security and Health Issues

4

Creative Learning Environment

4

Youth activities

8

Connection of resources

6

Waste and recyclying units are connected

9

raw, waste and recycled materials are efficiently connected

Imputing new functions

5

Addition of new functions within the site are limited to Waste management

9

Addition of new handcrafts and skill plus adding a waste facility

Learning from people

2

the expansion into the land of khayla resulted in lack of use of the vertical building methods

8

Locals expansion model was followed and enhanced to empower people

Creating interaction between Substates

8

the recycling facility location in the site limits the economic connection to other substates

9

The newly added functions create a platform for sharing and better interaction

Acupuncture Intervention

2

no accupuncture with a more horizontal approach

8

Specific points of interference were dealt with in acupuncture manner

Phasing (not 1 step intervention)

3

lack of taking advantage of phasing

8

Taking full advantage of phasing and incremental development

The effect zone & justification of location

7

Influence and Attraction

8

Accessibility

6

accesibility of the functions from side roads limit their effect

8

Highly accessibly from main and site roads

Process of Craft Production

8

connection of waste and production leads to higher efficiency

10

Connection with waste and recycled materials and applying knowledge of crafts in production

Total

130

site boundaries are set and limiting Addition of New activities within the site

limited effect zone for media and publicity Good attraction within and around the new functions

8

7 8

9 8

Extended effect zone targeting different users Good attraction and influence within the site

196

Figure 122: Comparison matrix between mindset 1 & mindset 2

Grade Permeability

users will be more available on site for longer time Site boundaries will still be limited to male users Addition of Crafts school within the site

Educational Facilities

`

tion

Essential services were provided and emphasized throughout the site All necessary infrastructure was provided and enhanced

Plan 1 Comment

Grade

Achievement of fluid flow of circulation within the site

7

poor and minimal circulation within the site

9

creating several access points

4

access points are not clear or well defined

8

achievement of a clear separation between pedestrian and vehicular circulation

3

barely noticeable difference between the two

7

Plan 2 Comment Optimized circulation routes provides easy and efficient access to all zones Clear and emphasized access points Difference expressed through materials and elements high separation between work

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Achieving aims & influence

Achieving Approach Requirements

Archeving Programmatic Requirements (From Site Analysis)

Unsuitable Work Conditions

Figure 123: Graph showing mindset 1 vs mindset 2

Mindset comparison: From the previous comparison it is apparent that the second mindset scores higher than the first mindset. This is due to the priorities existing on site that were found to be more in need of a outside in approach where attention is pulled from the outside then the core itself is developed, after the completion of the core upcycling it would be ready to act as a catalyst for the neighbouring substates and to spread its mindset in the subcultures adjacent to the site.

Page | 106

To offer more option and to be able to adapt various implementations of this mindset, two variations of this mindset were developed in a participatory manner where the needs of the people were further investigated and an additional layer of decisions and design details were added to comply with these requirements and new findings.

Mindset 2, Variation 1:

Figure 124: Mindset 2, variation 1 masterplan

Page | 107

Figure 125: Mindset 2, variation 1 connections diagram

Figure 126: Mindset 2, variation 1 accessibility diagram

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Figure 127: Mindset 2, variation 1 Circulation diagram

Mindset 2, Variation 2:

Figure 128: Mindset 2, variation 2 masterplan

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Figure 129: Mindset 2, variation 2 connections diagram

Figure 130: Mindset 2, variation 2 accessibility diagram

Figure 132: Mindset 2, variation 2 circulation diagram

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Figure 131: Mindset 2, variation 2 parallel platform diagram

Achieving aims & influence

The effect zone & justification of location

7

Influence and Attraction

8

Accessibility

6

accesibility of the functions from side roads limit their effect

8

Highly accessibly from main and site roads

Process of Craft Production

8

connection of waste and production leads to higher efficiency

10

Connection with waste and recycled materials and applying knowledge of crafts in production

Total

130

publicity Good attraction within and around the new functions

9 8

different users Good attraction and influence within the site

196

`

Variations comparison:

Segregation

Permeability

Grade

Plan 1 Comment

Grade

Plan 2 Comment Optimized circulation routes provides easy and efficient access to all zones

Achievement of fluid flow of circulation within the site

7

poor and minimal circulation within the site

9

creating several access points

4

access points are not clear or well defined

8

achievement of a clear separation between pedestrian and vehicular circulation

3

barely noticeable difference between the two

7

achievement of a clear distinction between work and live environments

7

work spaces provide no sense of security to the users

9

Achievement of clear distinction between public and site oriented activities

4

no public spaces are noted to have common usage

8

between females & waste management

6

no direct connection between residential and waste management space

10

strong connection that stimulates interaction between females and the waste facility

children and school

10

Good connection between school and children

8

direct yet long routed connection between the children and schools

children & cultural

7

9

clearly defined routes lead to better connection between

Workspace & Cultrual

3

Cross road connection between the children and the cultural center No direct connection between the workspace and the cultural center

3

No emphasized connection

Clear and emphasized access points Difference expressed through materials and elements high separation between work and live spaces through the creation of a parallel environemtn good use of public space and integration with site activities

Connections

Acheivement of strong connection and circulation component

Izbet Khayrala & Public Functions Achievement of efficient flow for materials and waste

9

passageways leading to and from work spaces and cultural zones on the site

9

stronger emphasis on the briging between khayrala and the site

Waste

9

Two functions are within good proximity One way product movement pattern Direct connection to waste management

10

High proximity of materials Loop product movement is highly efficient High efficiency waste management

Recycled

8

Good connection to retail venue

10

High tech recycling facility

hierarchy interaction zones and connections

4

10

4

poor hierarchy of spaces Lack of interaction zones in the design

8

High hierarchy and definiton of spaces Definition of social interaction zones

5

No dynamic way of activity is encouraged

9

Dynamic and acceleration pattern activity is encouraged

7

Inside out approach misses to focus on outside users

8

Outside in approach emphasizes on attracting outsiders

8

Noted connection between site residents

9

High connection between site residents

5

Disconnection between workshops and residential zones weakens the sense of security

9

High sense of securtiy and home feel

6

Poor attraction points to encourage workers to contribute

8

Wisely placed functions are placed to efficiently their function

4

Lack of direct connection weakens the potential of the garden

8

Good connection highlights the merits of the fruitful garden

7

Through the provision of interesting activites

9

Through the provision of interesting activities

7

no strong base for connection between substates

9

Good platform for connections between substates

1

Position of the waste management facility prevents the access of females

10

6

good production model generates economic benefit

9

Direct connection allows for and encourages females to participate in production Highly efficient economic model through the concept of added value

8

Raising awarness and providing quality crafts education

8

Raising awarness and providing quality crafts education

6

Lack of female empowerment programs

10

Female empowerment through integration in the community

Raw Material

8

Products

7

9 8

Creation of main spines

Achievment of a dynamic pattern of activities in the site

Media Center Achievement of strong attraction for outside users Work live Achievement of connection between residents of site Workshop owners feel secure and at home Auxiliary functions Attract and serve site workers and surrounding areas

Creates a new economic and environmental gadget Creative urban center Achievement of a strong point of attraction Point of relation between different substates Waste management unit Provides good employment opportunity for female residents creates a sustainable economic model Adult collaborative learning center Provides a needed strength of education to children Empowerment of females and youth Total

164

247

Figure 133: Comparison matrix between variation 1 & variation 2

Page | 111

Effect Zones

Garden

Figure 134: Graph showing variation 1 vs variation 2

Mindset comparison: From the previous comparison it is apparent that the second variation is better in comparison to the first one. This is mainly because the circulation system proposed in variation one seemed to invade the privacy of the site and make it too permeable for strangers, this fact has lead to the weakening of the sense of security of the locals who already feel that they are an underpowered minority in the area.

Page | 112

The second variation on the contrary has led a more conservative circulation and zoning system which has improved the permeability and accessibility to the site while tackling the sensitivte issue of feeling of security.

A totaly isolated living platform is created on a second level to provide privacy and extra security which might encourage the owners of the workshops to bring in their families and to feel safe at the same time.

Phase 1: “Connecting” “Growing awareness to feed ideas” This Phase will be tackling the connectivity aspect by growing awareness to feed ideas. This will be presented architecturally through an exhibition (media) center. Up-cycling processes will be taking place for water, sewage, legal confirmation for electricity, upgrades in street lighting and transportation conditions will be considered. Within this phase, the building block will be introduced to the community and development details discussions with the residents will be held. Also trainings will be conducted on site for building block production and researches to develop idea. The site exposure will be increased by creating media coverage and by holding conferences for academic & business potentials.

Main architectural features of phase: Media and Exhibition Center: This Media Center and exhibition will be the main link with the outer community serving the main concept of this first phase. The main aim of this Center will be to connect to people, creating a new level of interaction.

The functions and program of this phase were figured out, upon discussing the issues of the site with the workshops owners. They asked for media coverage in order to increase exposure. A workshop owner, Ayman said “ the quality of work we produce here is an outcome of a skill that rarely exists nowadays, which is replaced by machinery in well known factories, but our products are way better in quality, although they are handmade. The problem is that we are not branded, so we are limited to a certain number and sector of contractors and individuals (villa owners for instance). This point was raised by most of the workshops owners.

From here the main building functions were figured out to be located in the first phase zone at the starting point of the site, right on the street. To give the right image and exposure this craft and skill really deserve.

1. Exhibition Space: A universal space for exhibiting the products produced on site, with a permanent exhibition area for the project itself. There are several kinds of stone work products 2. Conference Hall: A Hall for conferences with a small stage and podium.

3. Administration (management): A management Department to manage various aspects like transportation of waste to factory, maintenance of workshops and machinery and dealing with the government.

4. Information Center: A built Kiosk to emphasize the gateways of the site and for visitors/investor to ask questions or grab information about the history of the site and the catalyst model applied to develop the area.

5. Transportation Hub: Bus and taxi stop for transportation of people, whom will still be living in Basateen.

6. Main vertical Circulation: Vertical circulation to reach the second level of interaction (platform above workshops).

Choice of site: Criteria: The criteria for using the site of the Media and Exhibition Center is that it to be located at a gateway to be the main connection between the outer community and the inner creative community. It has to be located at the main link.

Site choice: Right on the main street leading to Basateen and coming from Khayala, the project with its different zones will be integrated with the existing buildings after the up-cycling process.

Page | 113

Individual phase description:

The Current Site Conditions: • Mosque, 500 m2, 3.5 meters high • Public bathroom at the entrance edge with khayala site, area 240m2, • There is a main central exhibition 170, 3.2 meters high • The other 2 exhibition spaces on both corners are 54m2 each • Central Workshop right after the

central exhibition between the main 2 main routes of the site, area of 240 m2, 3.5m high.

• 3 workshops 200m2, 3.6 m high • There are 2 main routes 6m wide each, full of waste.

Functional Program: Exhibition and Media center: 1. Exhibition Space: • Lobby • Exhibition area for the products of

the site.

• Permanent Exhibition Space for the

Project itself.

• Services: includes the following bath

rooms, kitchenette & genitors & etc.

• Offices • Vertical Circulation 2. Conferences Zone • Main Conference Hall • Sub Conference Hall • Meeting Rooms • Preparation Rooms • Services 3. Administration (management): • Offices • Meeting rooms • Bathrooms • Services • Kitchenette

4. Information Center • Services • Waiting Area 5. Transportation Hub 6. Main vertical Circulation

Figure 135: Proposed phase 1 location

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Site Data: Land: An area of 3900 m2, located at the main entrance of the site, which is already built. It includes 3 small individual exhibition spaces at the main entrances of the site, public bathrooms, mosque and 3 workshops.

Precedent overview: “The Institute for Contemporary Arts (ICA). City of Ricmond, United States, Steven Holl Architects”

The institute has 2 entrances (one to the city and the other to the campus) leading to a double height space or forum, welcoming both the outer community and the inner community to participate. This space acts as the central heart of the building connecting the ground floor with the performance space, sculpture garden, café and the three levels of the gallery (for easy circulation).

The transparency of the building (the interplay of translucent glass), shows the outer community the activities taking place inside, which grabs more attention and brings natural light into the building during day time and prevent heat in summer time. Also green roofs are used to maximize insulation and absorb storm water.

Figure 136: Exterior view, source: Steven Holl architects

Figure 137: interior view, source: Steven Holl architects

Figure 138: Vertical circulation, source: Steven Holl architects

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The institute was designed by one of the country’s most influential architects, Steven Holls. The project acts as an informative gateway to educate and inform people to make people aware of what is beyond it. Steven Holls used a large mass as a main landmark with the interplay of materials to establish the attraction the building aims to achieve.

It acts as a catalyst for contemporary arts.

The use of pure and simple masses added to the appeal of the building, while the configuration itself sent a message of an attractor point behind the massess where everything originates thus increasing more the attraction factor and the curiosity of the users.

The Institute for Contemporary Arts ICA will feature: • 10,000 square feet of exhibition spaces for contemporary arts • Art classroom accommodating 35 students • Spacious entry forum for social and community events • Sculpture garden • Meeting rooms • Offices and support spaces for staff • Art storage, preparation and fabrication spaces • Loading drop off for vehicles • Parking area on site with additional parking nearby

Figure 139: Massing model, source: Steven Holl architects

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Figure 140: Entrance to the institute, source: Steven Holl architects

Figure 141: Chart showing program components of phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Figure 143: Spacial zoning for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 117

Figure 142: Spacial zoning for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

m²/ user

Capacity (person)

Quantity

m²

Total (m²)

Entrance & Lobby Seating area

4x3 2x3

1 1

48 6

48 6

Information Desk Space (room)

4x5

1

20

20

5x5 5x4

1 2

25 40

65 80

1 1 1 3 1

120

120

40

40

48

48 6

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

Entrance and Lobby Kitchnette Offices Bathrooms Meeting rooms Genitor rooms

8x6 4x4

3x5

1 1 8 2 2 2

Sitting Area Services

2x3 5x4 4x4 15x20

Services Sotorage Bathrooms

Main Product Exhibition Space Vertical Circulation Perminant Exhibtion Space for project Offices Entrance & Lobby Seating area Services Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 60 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with Genitors Room

30

4

10

8x6 2x3

Bus Stop

1

6

6

2 1 1

40 16 300

56

2 2

228 40 40

308

5x4

1 1 1

114 42 20

114 42 20

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

Conference Hall

5

2.8

15

1.9

Bathrooms Preparation Rooms

120

5x4 5x4

Sub-Conference Hall Meeting Room Lobby & Entrance Services

1.9 2.8

Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 60 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals

60 15

40

300

296

362

604

120

3x5

2

Total Area Circulation

120

30

3

219

334

48 16 120 40 42 30

5x4

Bathrooms Food outlet

Genitors Room

4

Global

30

1815 15% for Circulation Added

2087.3

Figure 144: Detailed space program for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 118

This zone located on the main street at the gateways of the site.

Exhibition for products produced on Site to show Craft & Skill and Exhibition for the project.

Managing All Processes on Site For workers who will not move to the New living platform (Phase 2) created This a Zone for conferences to share ideas with investors and increase exposure.

Conferences Zone

Transportat ion Hub

Admin.

Exhibition Space

informatio n Center

m

Women

Men

95

120

Phase 1 Media Users Direct affected (x5)

215 1075

2.8%

Figure 145: Target demographics for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Figure 146: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 119

Figure 147: Catchment area for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Horizontal connetion Vertical connetion

Figure 149: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 120

Figure 148: Connectors needed for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

“Creating a Platform for Life” This concept rose from the analysis conducted, the focus and aims of the phase that were described above. The concept puts in focus the main aspect of creating a parallel level of living that inhabits a very diverse function that contrasts with the existing site dynamic giving the site a new layer and dimension.

The additions applied to the site are a key factor for the alleviation and up-cycling of the living, social and economic status of the users in the site and its surrounding.

Main architectural features of phase: Re habilitation of workshops: This process includes the treatment of the existing workshops by the addition of functions; re-design of spaces and introduction of new understandings. As our research has revealed, the site today is considered a harsh, non secure and unqualified environment for it’s users. Their attachment to the site is minimal due to the difficult economic conditions they face, the lack of services and lack of sentiment. This phase aims to up-cycle the workshops to alter their process of functioning, and to add a new dimension to the locals’ perception of the space changing its classification of a non-secure harsh environment to a home they could inhabit that enriches their lives.

1. Workshop space: The workspaces located on the ground floor need to be re-designed to satisfy and compliment the work habits and patterns of each workshop; the flow of material, the circulation of workers, storage areas, arrangement of stations and re habilitation of workers zone of crafting.

2. Social spaces on ground floor: The creation of spaces where workers would have a chance to rest and have breaks from the non-changing routine process of breaking and carving. Space would enhance social interaction and would create a contrasting

treatment of material to attract and serve the hard working workers.

3. Residential units: Since the research conducted has concluded the introduction of females to the site; residential units for workshop owners and their families are to be created in a parallel floor of interaction expanding in the vertical direction. These spaces are to give the site a new dynamic and sentiment. The harsh nature of the site would be broken by the addition of a contrasting function that works and functions in parallel.

4. Green roofs: The addition of green roofs is part of the process of improving and enhancing the softening process of the site. The language of green will benefit the sites on the environmental and psychological level. They would enhance and advocate the process of interaction by creating an outdoor zone of attraction for people to interact and connect.

5. Platform of interaction spaces on first floor: A platform is to be created connecting various living units of the first floor aim to achieve a social connection between residents and their neighbors enhancing their feeling of security and their existing bond.

6. Bathrooms: The addition of public bathrooms to serve the whole site since there is a clear lack of toilets; 4 toilets for whole site by the mosque.

7. Café: The addition of a café within the site to serve the workers’ daily need and supply of tea and drinks generally. Research has concluded that these drinks are brought from the outside of the site, which causes the workers a loss of time and effort, along with the feeling that the space is harsh and unequipped with basic needs; workers feel neglected.

8. Market: The creation of a market to serve the new residential platform created by providing them with basic services and products that a home would acquire in order to function.

9. Street:

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Phase 2: “People”

Choice of site: Criteria: The rationale of building on the existing workshops of the site goes back to the fact that there is no room for expansion in the horizontal direction, this in addition to the fact that the locals have expressed their view of expansion to be vertical. Expansion in the vertical direction would provide us with an opportunity to create a distinction between the two very contrasting functions while giving us space and opportunities to create connections of various configurations. As for the auxiliary functions, the choice of addition of bathrooms in the core of the site to serve the workers and locals spread along the vertical elongated layout of the workshops within the site. The creation of the café and market on the site periphery to avoid the distraction of the work environment and atmospheric conditions that would promote health risks.

This along with the fact that these functions (especially the Café) aim to promote interaction between the site locals and the neighboring sites’ locals. site choice: On the border of the Khayala site, 2 workshops were chosen to accommodate the Café and the market. The choice of the locations was made based on the study conducted to identify the best position amongst the possible workshops nominated for change of function. The identification of the possible workshops was based upon the study of possible workshops to be shifted or reshaped causing no harm to owner of the workshop who will definitely be compensated for his loss of space.

Site Data: • Site: 12,000 m2 • Number of existing workshops: 120 • Approximate workshop heights: 3.5-4m • Approximate dimensions of workshops: Varies vastly • Number of workers: Approximately 330-390 locals • Expansion on the ground level is

restricted by current site existing work shops and areas; 2 empty plots and no deserted workshops • There are workshops that could be cut short due to the fact that the owner does not fully use his workshop.

Figure 150: Proposed phase 2 location

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The creation of a street to access the site from the side bordering the Khayala zone of the ministry of interior affairs is a component of this phase’s development process.

The street aims to access the workshops and site from the back introducing additional access points. The street also aims to create a connection to facilities that will be developed in later phases of the project without overcrowding the site’s narrow streets that contain a lot of the local’s movement as part of their work processes and movement patterns.

10.Water treatment: The creation of a water treatment plant on the other side of the Khayala zone owned by ministry of interior affairs next to the ‘Imam El Shafei’ water spring or lake is another aspect of the second phase of site development. The water treatment plant aims to use the water resource of the lake, in order to provide the Khayala site along with neighboring sites of Izbet Khayrala and possibly others with purified usable water. The water would be used in both the serving of work procedures, irrigation and service facilities.

Precedent overview: â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Cloud: Two Connected Luxury Residential Towers / MVRDVâ&#x20AC;?

Figure 151: Interior view of the towers, source: MVRDV

Figure 152: Exterior view of the towers, source: MVRDV

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The selection of this project was based on its success in creating a physical connection between different entities creating platforms of interaction far away from the ground level. There is a clear segregation at certain levels of the project between the two different entities while there is clear interlocking and interplaying connections at other levels. The bond or connection appears to be strong and dominant; it speaks a different architectural language with the different intrusions, extrusions and play of geometries. It also presents new elements such as open spaces that neither are existing nor incorporated within the towers themselves; there is a clear contrast. The treatment of the architectural component of the connection represented in the use of different materials and creation or irregular spaces that overlook one another are very interesting. The space certainly influences the patterns of life and strengthens the interaction between different users in a unique experience. The connection at this level is a distinctive experience itself; users are hung to explore the emptiness of the atmosphere with no direct structural entity carrying them. Overlooking the interior space design, a strong connection between spaces could be recognized while still maintaining the openness of the space.

The project is relevant to be overlooked within the process of designing the residential component of the Khayala site since there is a clear direction of creating a platform of interaction on a segregated level from the workshop zone in the ground floor. The platform design is aimed to achieve the needs of being strongly connected and needs to incorporate different architectural treatments to define the space and strengthen the social interaction aspect within the site while preserving the sense of openness.

Precedent overview: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Market for Arts and Crafts / Europe Studio Architectsâ&#x20AC;?

Figure 153: Plan view of the market, source: Europe studio

Figure 154: Exterior view of the market, source: Europe studio

Figure 155: Social spaces in the market, source: Europe studio

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The selection of this project was based on its success in the creation of a unique experience by the play of geometries and creation of negative spaces that allow and enhance social interaction. The use of multiple grids has allowed the architect to create unique experiences within a very linear site. The irregularity of the building blocks orientation and features such as heights, materials and connections have to some great extent helped enhance the uniqueness of the experience. The play with geometries was not only maintained for the creation of an interesting experience but also for environmental reasons exposing all the open courts to sunlight during the day.

The project is relevant in the process of designing the residential component and up-cycling the workshop component on the ground floor in Phase II due to the similarity of the site function, design objectives and site shape (linear). Using this project as a reference could be very useful in altering the existing linear and harsh site layout and conditions; the site contains no open spaces for interaction nor is it an interesting experience to walk through.

Figure 156: Chart showing program components of phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

Figure 158: Spacial zoning for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

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Figure 157: Spacial zoning for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

m

Total # of Global Total (m²) units (m²)

2x3.5

Washroom

2x3.5

Seating area

7x4

7 1

7

42

1

28 (1.8m x 1.3m module)

Storage Rooms

2.5x3.8

1

8.75

8.75

Freezer and fridge

2.4x4

1

9.6

9.6

Cashier

1.2x1

1

1.2

1.2

Display

2.2x8

3

17.6

Public bathrooms

(to serve a zone of 120 users) 7x4

2

28

5x4

1

20

Clinic

1

246

52.8

56

2

20

1

55.5

1

Restaurant Kitchen

2.x4.8

Serving area

6x6

Storage

3x2.5

12 1

36 7.5

Bedrooms Master bedroom

4x3.5

14

Children bedroom

3.5x3.5

12.25

3.75x4.5

16.875 53.325

Living room

120

Bathroom 2x1.5

3

Kitchen 3x2.4 7.2 Total area of residential unit accounts for approximately 53.5 m

Total Enclosed

Designed circulation areas forming an interconnected First floor Gound floor platform of outdoor space outdoor spaces living and interaction on the first floor level above the workshops.

circulatio n and spaces

Outdoor Open Public

Total Enclosed With additional Services &

6645

15% of Total Enclosed

Ground floor area of 12000 m² with the deduction of workshops and added services

7642

6749.1 8390

Buildable Area of 75% of floor area with the deduction of 25% for void open spaces to ground floor

1641.15

Green roofs

1000 2250

Platforms of circulation

1250

Workspaces located on the ground floor need to be redesigned to satisfy and compliment the work habits and patterns of each workshop.

Total Proposed Program Area Worshop Rehabilit ation

6399

Open space workshop Primary proposed within

Storage Waste (Box) Work zone (Crafting) Services (water outlet) Machinery(if any)

6x6

18282 1

1.5x2.25 1.5x1 2x3.5 1x0.75 3.5x2.25

Total Proposed Program Area With Rehabilitation

36 120

4320

22602

Figure 159: Detailed space program for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

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Residential units

m²

(2m x 1.7m table modules)

Kitchenette

Super Market

A parallel level of interaction inhabiting a living function and dynamic; residential units for the families of workshop owners on the first floor above the workshops.

Services

The creation of auxiliary spaces where workers would have a chance to rest and have breaks from the nonchanging routine process of breaking and carving.

Cafes

m²/ Capacity Quantity user (person)

Women

Men

0 355

540 340

Phase 2 Workspace Living Users Direct affected (x5)

1235 6175

15.9%

Figure 160: Target demographics for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

Figure 162: Catchment area for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

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Figure 161: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 2, source: Moaz Sameh

Horizontal connetion Vertical connetion

Figure 164: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 2, source: Moaz Mohamed

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Figure 163: Connectors needed for phase 2, source: Moaz Khalil

“ Empowering through Expression” this concept rose from the analysis conduct, the focus and aims of the phase that was described above. The concept puts in focus the main aspect of empowerment as the key factor for the alleviation and up-cycling of the living, social and economic status of the users in the site and its surrounding.

Main architectural features of phase: Creative Urban Center: This Center for the community will be directly serving the concept of the phase that was described. The main aim of the Center will be to empower people through providing the users and residents and exposing them to new means and channels of expression.

To come up with the functions and activities that such center should house, a broader view on the Egyptian community, its evolution in expression through the past few years of turmoil was a great inspiration for the design criteria that should be followed and implemented within the building. The Egyptians before, through and after the revolution have created a base for talents to develop and new means of expression to arise and become ever more strong to convey ideas and concept: such means included music, short films, arts (graffiti and many other forms) as well as standup comedies along with the mix of sports which has a large base of affiliates and supporters.

From all those aspects a new building function can be assigned to the stagnant perspective on Community or youth Centers in Egypt. A new perspective as a platform of dynamic and interactive channels and languages of communication that was a result and outcome of the revolution: a revolution not only on the political but on the social and cultural standards and status of the Egyptian communities today.

From here the main building functions that the community center will house can be briefed in the following each tackling expression from its own view and perspective: 1. A sports facility: where sports is looked at as mean of transferring values in of rules, fairness and team spirit.

Despite the existing of some sport activities within youth centers around the country today, we have to understand that the facilities are only serving based on how they are run.

And for that, the inclusion of highly skilled social and physical trainers on site will result to the right guidance and the creation of a deeper understanding of sports as channel of expression. This view is not new to sports, for many years now; development camps for the youth have used sports as their main activities for educating children and youth cultural, social and even religious values (as in the case to Youth Camps such as WSC and many others) . Also the strong affiliation of a great number of Egyptian youngsters to football and sports club and the use of the sport figures as idols to be looked at, it is still crucial to include sport activities within any youth or development oriented facilities. The sport facilities and training can also be used as an active method of prevention against the abuse of drugs and tobacco that is prominent in the Egyptian society.

2. Communication and Computer Graphics Center: The situation of the political status of Egypt in the last few years has proven the strength and power of social and communication web venues. Also the power of the digital imagery and data was seen and felt in every part of notion through the various videos, pictures and graphics that were published on the internet through various and many internet sites. From here we draw the importance of educating the community members and expose them to this field of communication and graphics by providing them the means and the training needed for the right use and promoting the use of technologies.

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Phase 3: “Empowerment”

3. Music and singing School: Music was a very strong mean of expression for Egyptians long before our time, national songs and idols in the musical history of music are still looked up to today by all generations including: Sayed Darwish, Om Kalthoom, Said Mekawy and many others. However, we have seen that music has risen in the last few years from a new and modern perspective, social projects such as “Mashroo Al Mareekh” others have used singing and music as mean of promoting respectful self expression. With that view of music that shapes culture, and where culture is something that can be redefined through the actions of individuals who challenge, engage and existing social norms. The aim of the project will be to provide adequate space to learn and exchange knowledge in music and singing and where events can be held to promote this view on music as modern channel of expression of freedom and personal experiences.

4. Experimental Theater, cinema and stage performance School: Following the same view on the music and singing, the performance arts, theater and cinema are all fields which have a great ef-

fect on the communities. The low and decaying quality of film making today (on the commercial level) has led to the rise of a number of organizations to promote new types of cinemas and performing arts. Also the revolution has led to the creation of many idols and the popularity of new kind of stage arts that did not widely exist before such as sarcastic comedy TV shows (Al Bernamg by Bassem Youcef) and Egyptian standup comedy shows and idols. Other tried to promote international trends such as short films and began creating a ground of interest in such forms of perfuming and cinematic arts.

The aim of the project is to use the importance of film, cinema, theater and other performance arts for the Egyptians to educate and create spaces for people to learn express themselves through them. This is promising to establish this mean 5. Creative arts and crafts Workshops: The site in focus is very rich and dense in the arts and crafts, the project will aim to establish a ground for the site users and target group to exchange knowledge with others to teach them their hand crafts and arts within an educational training environment. This is very important for the focus site group since their teaching to others will promote their craft and they will be able to develop a sense of achievement and the feeling of respect towards their work and crafts. Along with the stone crafts, the project should aim to create a number of preparations for housing various wood, paintings and wall art studios and workshops for the locals where they can learn again to express themselves freely through this very strong channel.

6. Outdoor Public Social interaction space: The aim of the public area is to serve the locals of the site and Izbet Khayrala which within their residences have a strong lack of open public spaces. This open space should be in direct contact with the building and vegetation and preferably with an access to the sport facilities.

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Egypt and especially Cairo, through its social problems, have managed to be ranked as one of one of the most places were Google users search for the word “sex” or other pornographic contents over the internet. This is a result of frustration and lack of guidance in terms of using technologies. Also the redundancy and existing of “cyber café” outside the parental control has increased such social phenomena . This makes it even more crucial that in centers to include computer technologies with the aid of training in order to teach and guide the users to productive and constructive means of usage that can lead to personal and community development: learning the power of web communication, computer graphics and internet as a channel of expression and empowerment.

8. NGO and Cultural development permanent unit: This permanent unit that will be included within the building will house offices for a number of representatives and members of active community organizations being both governmental and nongovernmental that will be responsible collaboratively to create programs and session that will use the building functions and to also house various events for promotion and fundraising purposes for the center and their organizations as well. Such can include “ADEF” (Arab Digital Expression foundation) which work on development projects in local areas to raise awareness and promote free expression, The Aga Khan Development Network which work primarily on educational and development projects and also other Sports NGOs such Global Sports Alliance (GSA) and others.

Garden Addition: This garden is to be added on the Governmental khayala property to use the vacant lands within them. The main concept of the garden is to improve the environmental conditions of the site as the main return benefit for the surrounding sites (Khayala and Izbet Khayralah as well as the Bassatin industrial area), however, and as a response to the addition of the water treatment plant in the land of the ministry of interior affairs, the garden will be planted with fruitful fruits

as well as vegetables that can return an economic benefit to the ministry and maybe an exchange benefits if the fruits are sold in the local areas serving the people.

2. Addition of a road to close the a full circulation loop around the khayala Site.

Choice of site: Criteria: The criteria for using the site for the garden was limited to the existing large land stretches of the khayala’s ministry of interior properties as these gardens don’t need to serve as a recreational area but rather as an environmental center for the whole of old Cairo area.

As for the Creative urban center, the land required for the execution of the project needed to be in close proximity to the khayala site also in direct relation to the Izbet Khayala borders and away from the industrial area due to noise and air pollution as well as for safety reasons in regards to traffic and materials movement.

Site choice: On the border of the Khayala site, 2 sets of empty plots surrounding an industrial facility that is due for relocation exist. The proposal is to use the 3 entities (2 lands and the industrial facility) to create the urban center. The site is located on the border line between the Khayala area and Izbet Khayrala and it is also on the border with Bassateen Industrial area: which makes the site a pivot point within the three sub-states existing on the micro scale. The location is also in direct accessibility to outside users through Farkhada Hassan Street. With the expected addition of the street on the northern side of the site, the location will be accessible by vehicles on both sides.

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7. Research and Academic Facility: This a mandatory component within the project that will contain mainly a small scale library with access to number of books and periodicals for the local people (being youth or young researchers) to have access to information and provide them with spaces such as classes, small conference rooms or study rooms to complete their work, present it or teach it to others. This is a more formal mean of expression but the requirement of the areas in the site dictates such function due to the lack of any library resources or financial capability to attend private lessons.

Site Data: â&#x20AC;˘ Garden: almost 45000 m2 of plain, semi deserted land are available. â&#x20AC;˘ Creative Urban Center: o Land plot 1: 725 m2 of generally rectangular space surrounded by workshops on the eastern side, the factory on the west and the main Khayala fence on the northern side. o Land plot 2: 1400 m2 of L shaped empty land surrounded from the north from the khyala fence, east with the factory and west with residential (Izbet Khayrala) buildings. o The factory facility is setback from the street by almost 7 m meters with a total footprint of 1300 m2 repeated over 4 floors. The ground being with floor to floor height of 5 meters and 3 repeated floors each 3.5 meters in height.

The site will dictate the conditions of having to reuse and rehabilitate the old factory to house some of the new functions as well maybe added built areas for new functions.

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Figure 165: Proposed phase 3 location

Precedent overview: “Urban Think Tank: Grotao Community Center in São Paulo, Brazil”

Figure 166: Exterior view of the project, source: UTT

Figure 167: Water microcycle diagram, source: UTT

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For this phase of the project, only one main precedent will serve to cover for of the concept generation and support as well as the functional motivation for the local project in hand. In their Project, Urban think tank was focused on providing the very dense and informal community of Grotao, with new facilities with the minimum damage that could be cause to existing private ownerships.

The priority of the designers in the project was to mainly tackle the strong lack of infrastructure by providing water, sewage and lighting. However, and through extensive social and cultural studies, UTT were able to identify main points to tackle in addition to the physical aspects that are needed and these were the lack of voids within the urban fabric, the lack of social infrastructure, the lack of public gathering spaces and the need for youth empowerment.

They aimed using the facilities and resources provided and considering the limitation in the area and community to provide the maximum potential. The project, based on all research, was destined to be a community based center that serves and houses various activities that can empower, entertain and educate the local community. The choice of the site was a main point in the project, the designers identified the program specifically and within the dense urban fabric were able to choose a site with a lower density due to its rough topography. However, within the project, this topography was respected and dealt with to create privacy and protection to the center designed while also providing a connection or bridge for the land type that once separated the site.

According to UTT, “The proposed urban model aims to translate a society’s need for equal access to housing, employment, technology, services, education, and resources— fundamental rights for all city dwellers— into spatial solutions”. They integrated two

vacated land in productive public space that Is built socially. The slopes were partially designed to be sitting and gathering spaces that are fully integrated within a fruits and vegetable garden. The vegetation is used to stabilize the land as well as an economic boost to the community.

Some of the concept and views in regards to the proposals as well as the concepts and approaches that are presented in this important precedent will be the key towards tackling the urban center that is proposed in the khayala area. The area lacking social and public spaces along with the total absence of youth activities makes the programmatic proposal of the Sao Paulo project very useful. Also the introduction of the fruit and vegetable garden is a very new economic approach that in Cairo can have a great positive outcome not only economically but also environmentally.

Figure 168: Vegetation and green production system diagram, source: UTT

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main aspects within the very limited site area: the housing of educational, recreational and sports activities as well as the creation of open, sustainable and economical open spaces.

The building itself, through the use of smart leveling, use of topography and the concept of vertical stacking, is able to create gathering spaces, educational spaces along with a large scale auditorium that could be used for theater or shows. Along with all that, the designers though of the importance of the addition of sports activities in the lower levels of the site; the sports there were used as an active mean of empowerment and to use these activities to create new networks of social connections in the area.

What is more interesting however, is the proposal for the sloping lands surrounding the new structure which was mainly an proposal for the transformation of this harsh and

Figure 170: Spacial zoning for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

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Figure 169: Chart showing program components of phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

The sport facility on the ground floor will be through public direct access on the street with open field system within the building structure, no special egress conditions are stated.

Main Ecnslosed Multi Purpose sports Multiple types of field linings: Basket Ball Small Sizer Soccer (5 Aside) Handball (7 aside)

Offices For trainners Mian Gym

m²/ Capacity user (person)

32 x 24

Quantity

m²

1

768

Global Total (m²)

768

26 x 16 30 x 18 .5 30 x 18

3x4

Fitness Classes

Total (m²)

2 6

15

24 165

24 165

1067

Sports Services Sotorage Rooms Bathrooms & Changing Rooms Minimum 2 Cubicals and 2 showers with 10 lockers

5x5

2

50

30

2

60

2.5

25

3 3

187.5 60 20

267.5

2.5

30

1 1

80 20

100

4

30

120

120

10

6

60

6x5

110

main computer and Graphics labs Preparation Rooms Services & auxilary

5x4

Projection room Main Projection Room Preparation Rooms

5x4

Graphic and Computer Arts Exhibition Teacher office Open Plan System of office

60

642.5

Services Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 60 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

5x5

1

25

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

95

Main Center Theater Seating area

0.8

300

240

Main Stage

80

Secondary Areas

30 % of Room

Backstage & Services

2.5

96

60

150

566

Inclusing Changing Rooms, Bathrooms & Storage Overall minimum Volume is Approx 5m³/person (Audience & actor) = 360 x 5 = 1800 m³

Cinema Seating area

1

Secondary Areas

150 30 % of Room

150

195

45

Classes Workshops classes

2.4

25

3

180

Main Projection Room

2.5

30

1

80

Reharsal Auditauriams

3.6

20

2

144

404

1481

TV Studio (With control) Main Studo

8x12

1

96

Practice & Preparation Rooms

5x4

2

40

Teacher office Open Plan System of office Services Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 60 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

10

6

60

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

136

60

120

Classes & Traning Rooms

Figure 171: Detailed program for phase 3,2.4 source: 20 Sherif Goubran Musicspace Workshop 3 Orchestra Practice Room Practice & Preparation Rooms

Small Event Room Music Studios Music Studios High Sound Isolation Control Unit Teacher office

2.8

30

144

1

84

2

40

2

280

6x4

2

40

4x4

1

16

5x4 4

Open Plan System of office

10

35

6

60

268 280 56

60

Services Storage Rooms

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

Bathrooms expectation of 40 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated

Page | 136

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Computer Labs

ill require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

hool of Music and Vocals School

Experimental Theater, cinema and stage performance School

Communication and Graphics Center

Sports Facility

m

120

784

5x4

Teacher office Open Plan System of office Services Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 60 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

2 10

6

40 60

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

60

120

Classes & Traning Rooms Music Workshop

2.4

20

3

144

Orchestra Practice Room

2.8

30

1

84

2

40

2

280

6x4

2

40

4x4

1

16

Practice & Preparation Rooms

Small Event Room Music Studios Music Studios High Sound Isolation Control Unit Teacher office

5x4 4

Open Plan System of office

10

35

6

60

268 280 56

60

784

Services Storage Rooms

5x5

2

50

5x4

2

40

Bathrooms expectation of 40 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

Library Book Shelving Reading Room

120

3x5

2

10000 volume Library. 11.5m²/1000 volumes for Open shelve reading room Library 2.2 40

Computers Room

30

115

243

88

4

10

40

Lecture Room

1.9

60

1

114

Meeting Room

2.8

15

2

84

Academic Purpose Rooms

Group Study Room

4x4

5

80

Offices Services

4x3

4

48

5x5

1

25

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 80 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

Arts & CraftsWorkshops Preparation Rooms

5

130

5x4

1.3

20

1

20

5x5

1

25

5x4

2

40

3x5

2

30

3x4 4x5

3 3 3 3

54 36 60

4x3

2

24

278 48

664

95

150

Services Storage Rooms Bathrooms expectation of 40 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 5 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 3 cubicles and 3 urinals Genitors Room

NGO offices Open Plan System of offices Supervisors Director Office

3

6

245 95

150

Services Bathrooms expectation of 15 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 3 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 2 cubicles and 2 urinals Genitors Room & Storage

204 54

3x5

2

30

Figure 172: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran Total Enclosed

Outdoor Public & Social interaction space

Total Enclosed With additional Services & Circulation

15% of Total Enclosed

5087.5

5851

450

Total Proposed Program Area

6301

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This will require an additional This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Creative arts and crafts Workshops: NGO and Cultural development permanent unit

Research and Academic Facility

School of Music and Vocals School

Experimental Th

Practice & Preparation Rooms

3x4 4x5

3 3 3 3

54 36 60

4x3

2

24

3

6

150

Services Bathrooms expectation of 15 users from each gender. Female bathroom including 3 cubicles (with segregated lobby) . Male having 2 cubicles and 2 urinals Genitors Room & Storage

204 54

3x5

30

Total Enclosed

5087.5

15% of Total Enclosed

5851

Outdoor Public & Social interaction space

Total Enclosed With additional Services & Circulation

2

450

Total Proposed Program Area

6301

Available Trees options are Pomegranate, Oranges, figs, Mango, Lemons and olives.

Based On conditions and type of soil and land.

Fruitful Garden

Figure 173: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

Total Available Area:

Ha.

m²

4.5

45000

Using a Square 10 x 5 x 5 m planting method with double infill. 3 Different types of trees can be planted varying in size.

Tree/Ha

Total

Type 1 (Main)

100

450

Type 2 (filler)

100

450

Type 3 (filler)

140

630

Total / 4.5 ha

1530

Figure 174: Detailed space program for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

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This will require an additiona egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

NGO and Cultural development permanent unit

NGO offices Open Plan System of offices Supervisors Director Office

Women

Men

110 65 70 70 60 90 35 55

150 80 80 75 120 150 70 80

Phase 3 Sports Computers Arts Music Social Theater NGO Reseach Users Direct affected (x5)

1360 6800

17.5%

Figure 175: Target demographics for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

Figure 177: Catchment area for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

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Figure 176: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

Horizontal connetion Vertical connetion

Figure 179: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

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Figure 178: Connectors needed for phase 3, source: Sherif Goubran

“Reiterate to differentiate” The concept of this stage was built upon the process of thought that went into the effort and brainstorming for solving the proposed problems that were faced by the end of data gathering and analysis. The introduction of the idea of reiteration to the locals would mean that they can extend their understanding and comprehension of various materials and add them as resources rather than as waste. This concept of reiteration will help them to set a good role model for other sub-states and will differentiate them in a successful and a constructive way that other sub-states would join this thought line to achieve better development and a higher rate of production. To achieve such high communication to the public the phase would create channels to locals to deeply plant its ideas.

Main architectural features of phase: Waste management and recycling facility: The main architectural feature for this phase is a waste management and recycling facility that would serve as the landmark for recycling in the local community. For the facility to serve its function and the wide array of users it has to be flexible in the way that it deals with different materials and its process management scheme has to be able to accommodate various production volumes to cope with the inconsistent by product supply that will depend on the rate of production of the waste providers. The whole facility has to be transparent and open to the public in a sense that it communicates its aim, methodology and ideology to the public so that this model can even be replicated on a small scale by the residents of other substates thus expanding even further the ideology of the phase.

The facility will be composed of various components that work together to create an

additive process that increases the efficiency and the production capability of the facility, also the separation of functions in this sense adds more flexibility and expandability to the phase. The components are to be as follows: 1. Loading/ unloading facility: Since this is an industrial facility, the movement of raw materials and products must be facilitated in order to prevent any bottle necks in the production sequence. A loading/unloading bay equipped with overhead cranes and all the needed handling equipment is to be an essential component of the project. The loading bays will be design to accommodate large trucks since this is the most common type of transportation vehicles used by the industry and on site.

2. Warehousing and storage unit: To allow for a variable production rate and a flexible process management scheme a storage facility has to be introduced to allow for the pending of waste materials awaiting processing and the finished products awaiting shipping. The storage facility will be composed of three separate zones, the first being an unsorted waste zone, the second being a sorted waste zone and the third is a warehouse for the finished products. The addition of a storage zone for the sorted waste is due to the fact that some of the sorted materials will be sold as an end product to be used by other recycling bodies since the proposed facility will only be able to process a selected set of materials.

3. Waste categorization and separation unit: The waste categorization and separation facility is a highly automated zone in which machinery will be utilized to separate the waste into four categories namely metals, plastics, aggregates, paper products and organic waste. These categories are then stored in the warehouse to await processing.

4. Automated recycling unit: The automated recycling facility will be the backbone for the production sequence. The automated facility will mainly deal with recycling plas-

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Phase 4: “Resources”

5. Manual recycling unit: The manual recycling facility will be the primary employer in this project, women from the site of Khayala as well as Ezbet Khayrala will use the intermediate materials produced by the automated recycling facility and turn them into end products through the application of handcrafts.

6. Project management unit: The project management facility will responsible for the operation supervision and management. The facility will also include a section for raising awareness to the operation of the facility and for meeting up with investors interested in expanding this idea 7. Retail and showroom unit: The retail zone of the facility will be responsible for the publicity and the exposure of the facilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s products. It will be composed of a section for retail sale and a section for whole sale of products.

8. Connection Bridge to phase 2: The connection to the main projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body will be through a connection bridge that will be spanned between the two structures creating a direct pedestrian passage way providing the women working in the facility with easy access to the working areas. The bridge will also contain a conveyor belt attached to its bottom to facilitate the handling of waste materials from the site of Khayala in a con-

tinuous and hassle free manner, the view of the conveyor belt to the public will also serve as a catalyst to the facilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideology.

9. Services unit: The complex program of the project requires a services facility to be attached to the other components to provide auxiliary functions. The auxiliary functions will include a food serving cafeteria, a clinic, changing rooms and bathrooms. The facility will also include a briefing room for new workers and to give updated on the production process thus creating a stronger ties between the management and the workforce.

10. Bioenergy generator: Powering the facility will partially depend on green energy produced from a bioenergy generator that would work on the biowaste collected and separated through the first processing stage.

This generator will further increase the environmental impact of the facility on the site and when the recycling process is in slow progress or stopped, the generator can actually add electrical energy to the grid creating an energy positive facility.

Choice of site: Criteria: The site choice process was based on the functional criteria that the facility would dictate in order for it to efficiently operate. A huge empty plot of land had to be an essential part of the site to be able to house the storage facilities and the heavy equipment needed for processing of the materials. Also the site had to be directly connected to a main road to allow for each access of the truck to the facility. An industrial infrastructure also had to be present at the site of choice to provide a backing for the industrial processes that will be introduced.

Site choice: The site of choice is found to be an non-operational factory building located on the Farkhand Hassan street, the site also has an adjacent empty plot of land that reaches to

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tics and paper materials and produce final or intermediate products out of them. The aggregate waste would complete its production cycle at this point by being recycled into the proposed building block thus moved into the finished products warehouse directly after this phase. As for the plastic and paper products, if the products are final they too will be moved to the products warehouse, if not they will proceed to the manual recycling area where these will be used as raw materials for hand crafts that will add more value to it.

the site road taking advantage of the street corner to create a flowing traffic pattern to the site. The abandoned factory would have to be assessed and rehabilitated thus further increasing the economic feasibility of the project as well as reducing its carbon footprint Site Data: â&#x20AC;˘ Empty Land plot: 3500 m2 of generally rectangular space surrounded by roads on the western side, a factory on the east and Farkhand Hassan road on the northern side. â&#x20AC;˘ The factory facility is setback from the street by almost 8 m meters with a total footprint of 1200 m2 with 2 floors. The ground being with floor to floor height of 8 meters and First floor height of 6 meters.

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Figure 180: Proposed phase 4 location

Precedent overview: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sims Municipal Recycling Facility, Selldorf architectsâ&#x20AC;?

Figure 181: Exterior view of the facility, source: Seldorf

Figure 182: Structural system of the facility, source: Seldorf

Figure 183: Bird view of the facility, source: Seldorf

Figure 184: Connection bridges of the facility, source: Seldorf

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The precedent review for this phase is the South Brooklyn Marina terminal, a new recycling facility will be built using sustainable design practices to minimize environmental impact. The facility is built on a marina dock in the Brooklyn area, one of the most densely populated metropolitan areas in the world.

The Project however provides a lot of modes and methods to help keep its efficiency at the highest level while producing the least possible carbon footprint and environmental impact. The vision for this project is achieved through the development of not only a project design but also a project operational model which tackles all of the details of the workings and the operation of the facility on the short and long run. Recycled materials were used extensively and whenever possible in the project starting from the use of recycled corrugated sheets recovered from old containers to the use of recycled insulation materials, the project also devised a clever transportation mode to the facility which utilizes barges to deliver the waste to the site instead of following the standard procedure of using trucks, this alone has saved the Brooklyn infrastructure some 260,000 vehicle miles annually. This would have a direct positive impact on infrastructure maintenance, fuel consumption, congestion, and vehicle emissions. The facility also aims to spread out the concept of recycling and merge it into the culture, this is done through providing the facility with open social spaces where people can meet up and enjoy their time while increasing their awareness of the recycling process, this experience is enhanced because the facility design is opened up in such a way that it is very easy to follow up the recycling process visually from the social spaces. The facility will include classroom space where New York schoolchildren will get first-hand experience with the recycling process. The Department of Education is developing a curriculum where school-

children will learn the theory of recycling in class, then see how recycling takes place at the facility. One to two classes will visit the recycling plant each day and bus parking has been accommodated in the design plans.

The facility will be built embracing sustainable design elements, including green roofs, renewable energy generation and it aims to be a zero energy building once it sets on it full capacity of recycling. Energy is generated through the consumption of some of the waste materials in bio chambers that would generate liquid bio gas which burns cleanly and is a cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternative to the fossil fuels typically used in such situations.

Figure 185: Solar panels for energy generation, source: Seldorf

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Figure 186: Facility plan, source: Seldorf

Figure 188: Spacial zoning for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

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Figure 187: Chart showing program components of phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

m²/ Capacity Quantity unit (person) Crane bay

Loading/Unloading facility

The loading/unloading facility will be directly located on the Farkhand Hassan Street providing an easy access for the trucks in and out of the site

Warehousing and storage unit

The warehouse facility will be composed of three zones being unsorted, sorted and finished products zone.

This is to be located in direct connection with the loading/unloading bay

Waste categorization and separation unit

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Automated recycling unit

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Manual recycling unit

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Project management unit

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

Retail and showroom unit

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

m

Truck bay Safety buffer zone Storage ground area Auxilary functions

m²

Total (m²)

4 4 4 2

24 8 24 9

96 32 96 18

2.5 x 20

2

50

2.5 x 20

1

50

100 50

3 2

1 2

16 12

16 24

30 ton 4 ton 4 ton

1 4 2

100 16 12

100 64 24

20 20

4 2

20 10

9.6

16

192 160

1 5 3

48 2 4

48 10 12

1 3 2

40 6 4

40 18 8

1 2 4

96 20 4

96 40 16

144 16 240

6x4 2x4 24 3x3

Handling area Equipement manouevring space Equipment parking space

Global Total (m²)

432

Access control Observation room Security room

4x4 3x4

Unsorted waste storage Aggregate waste from Khayala Domestic waste Industrial waste

10 x 10 4x4 4x3

3.33 4 3

Sorted waste storage Storage container Circulation space

2x2 1x2

Final product storage Shelving Ground storage

8 x 1.2 4x4

80 40

660

Domestic extraction line Equipment and machinery Auxilary functions Storage

8x6 1x2 2x2

4 ton/hr

Industrial extraction line Equipment and machinery Auxilary functions Storage

4 x 10 2x3 2x2

2 ton/hr

288

Aggregate preparation line Equipment and machinery Auxilary functions Storage

8x12 5x4 2x2

3 ton/hr

Blocks production line Equipment and machinery

4x8

4

36

Observation room

4x4

1

16

4 x 12

4

60

Storage and auxilary functions

Plastic Recycling line Equipment and machinery

16 x 2

3

32

Observation room

4x4

1

16

16 x 2

3

32

Storage and auxilary functions

96 16 96

768

Paper recycling line Equipment and machinery

8x8

2

64

Observation room

4x4

1

16

Storage and auxilary functions

4x4

1

16

128 16 16

Materials handling unit incoming material storage

4x4

2

16

Outgoing material storage

4x4

2

16

32 32

Production wards Handcrafts ward 1

10 x 10

2

50

2

100

Handcrafts ward 2

10 x 10

2

50

2

100

6

464

200 200

Facility management 2

36

3x4

2

36

4x5

1

60

72 72 60

1 1 1

48 25 60

48 25 60

48

48 12 40

Open Plan System of offices Supervisors Director Office

3

Investor center Conference room Lobby and entrance Director Office

8x6 5x5 4x5

Connectio n bridge to phase 2

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building additional egress users of the B class y building

Storage Bathrooms

3x4

1

12

4x5

2

20

Wholesale Showroom

6x8

1

48

Bathrooms

4x5

2

20

48 40

2

36

72 6 24

188

Pedestrian bridge Main pathway

3 x 12

102

Services Grey waterline

0.5 x 12

1

6

Conveyor belt

2 x 12

1

24

Serving area

8 x 10

1

80

Kitchen

6x7

1

42

Open bar

3x6

1

18

1

25

Cafeteria 1

80

Clinic Reception area

5x5

80 42 18

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Retail

Figure 189: Detailed space program for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat Showroom 6x8 1

s unit

337

Con for t the categ

2

100

50

2

100

6

200 200

2

36

3x4

2

36

4x5

1

60

72 72 60

Director Office

1 1 1

48 25 60

48 25 60 48 12 40

3

Investor center Conference room Lobby and entrance Director Office

8x6 5x5 4x5

Showroom

6x8

1

48

Storage

3x4

1

12

4x5

2

20

337

Retail

Bathrooms

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

Wholesale Showroom

6x8

1

48

Bathrooms

4x5

2

20

48 40

2

36

72 6 24

188

Pedestrian bridge Main pathway

3 x 12

102

Services Grey waterline

0.5 x 12

1

6

Conveyor belt

2 x 12

1

24

Serving area

8 x 10

1

80

Kitchen

6x7

1

42

Open bar

3x6

1

18

Cafeteria 1

80

80 42 18

Clinic Reception area

5x5

1

25

First aid room

4x4

2

16

4x3

1

12

Office

25 32 12

393

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

Services Changing rooms

5x4

4

20

Bathrooms

5x4

4

20

Ganitor rooms

4x3

2

12

80 80 24

Generator Equipment and machinery

4x4

3

16

Switchgear

2x4

3

8

48 24

4

6

24

96

Equipement Fuel tanks

Total Enclosed With additional Services & Circulation

2x3

Total Enclosed

3728

15% of Total Enclosed

4287

Figure 190: Detailed space program for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

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This an

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the E class type category building

50

2

Supervisors

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

This will require an additional egress Considerations for the users of the B class type category building

M re Project management unit

2

10 x 10

Facility management

Connectio n bridge to phase 2

Retail and showroom unit

10 x 10

Handcrafts ward 2

Open Plan System of offices

Services unit Bioenergy generator

Handcrafts ward 1

Women

Men

320 60

80 820

Phase 4 Recycling Indirect Users Direct affected (x5)

1280 6400

16.5%

Figure 191: Target demographics for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 193: Catchment area for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

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Figure 192: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

Horizontal connetion Vertical connetion

Figure 195: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

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Figure 194: Connectors needed for phase 4, source: Hassan Safwat

“Educate to step up” This concept rose from the analysis conduct, the focus and aims of the phase that was described above. The concept puts in focus the main aspect of mental empowerment as the key factor for the alleviation and up-cycling of the living, social and economic status of the users in the site and its surrounding.

Main architectural features of phase: Collaborative Learning Complex: This Collaborative Learning Complex will be directly serving the concept of the phase that was described. The main aim of the complex will be to empower people through providing the users and residents and exposing them to new means and channels of expression through creative learning.

To come up with the functions and activities that such complex should house, a broader view on the Egyptian community, its evolution in education through the past few years of turmoil was a great inspiration for the design criteria that should be followed and implemented within the building.

The Egyptians before, through and after the revolution have created a base for learning that was essential to mark where their future will head out on and new means of expression to arise was created after the revolution and the ever powerful use of social media. Education has become ever stronger to convey ideas and integrate proper means of communication within Egypt and with the outside world. Such means included creative learning aspects, sustainable education, and new and broader means of getting information across.

From all those aspects a new building function can be assigned to the stagnant perspective on schools and learning centers in Egypt. A new perspective as a platform of dynamic and interactive channels and lan-

guages of communication that was a result and outcome of the revolution: a revolution not only on the political but on the intellectual, social and cultural standards and status of the Egyptian communities today.

From here the main building functions that the community center will house can be briefed in the following each tackling expression from its own view and perspective: 1. Sports facility: Sports is looked at as mean of transferring values in of rules, fairness and team spirit of the conducted activities.

Despite the current proposal of an urban center at most proximity to the educational complex, we have to understand that school facilities are only serving the students and first hand users. And for that, the inclusion of highly skilled social and physical trainers on site will result to the right guidance to the attendees and the creation of a deeper understanding of sports as channel of expression within an educational sphere. This view is not new to education, as of many years now and as long as history recalls, schools and education facilities acquire students to engage in healthy activities as a means of intellectual boost and social bonding. It will also encourage and enhance a better understanding of cultural, social and even religious values (as in the case of all precedents marked in books) . Also the strong affiliation of a great number of Egyptian youngsters to their schools comes from the great effect of sport activities within the borders of those facilities. The sport activities and training classes can also be used as an active method of prevention against the abuse of drugs and tobacco (a critical phenomenon that is prominent and unfortunately growing in the Egyptian society) through the means of healthy encounters and acts as mood boosters and steam-offs.

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Phase 5: “Expand”

group that marks where this country will be heading on the list of developing countries).

Egypt and especially Cairo, through its concurrent problems, have managed to be ranked as one of one of the most places were social media and internet area used to express one’s opinions, whether political, social, or even personal. Thus creating a healthy environment where the youth area able to express themselves properly and encounter a proactive engagement in those issues first hand is a crucial step in the learning process.

3. Blogish School for Adults: When speaking of adult schools, the talk becomes more constructive and better awarded. The reason to this is that teenagers above the age of 15 and up to 50s have the ability to multitask. Many of the existing targeted groups of this age are already wither working in the workshops or gaining a different kind of learning on the productive industrial/skillful market. Noted is that with education and broadened minds, the professions exist only to those who have been practicing them long enough and depending on them as means of income to provide for themselves and their families. This is a dying cause, the children want to become something else other than what their parents are doing. So targeting the right skills at the right professions is a task that is difficult enough.

The old experienced professionals are ignorant and lack sufficient education, while the youngsters are educated and lack the skills to maintain those professions. Thus, proposing a more creative, yet enhanced learning experience to them is a challenge that comes to hand when thinking of solving that problem.

To make the initiative compelling to them, a proposal of a “blogish” learning experience comes to the table.

Empowering the young minds is a step to the bright future that awaits this country (my own version of expressing the benefits of education in our Egyptian society). The school manages to enlighten the children and enlighten them about the prospects of the large scope of future possibilities they can each choose to lead out on. Schools are considered a second home, so maintaining a solid ground of education through the provision of qualified personnel (teachers, instructors, and managers) will aid in strengthening this idea and molding the young minds properly.

Creative classrooms for age groups of youngsters up to 15 years of age (a critical age

A blogish school is a school that “educates through interactive and personal communication as opposed to traditional narrative text”. 4 Because this group has an occupied morning, their school is more regarded as a “night school” where groups are engaged in a collaborative and interactive prospect opposite to the regular education schools.

Highly qualified trainers will be leading the classes and guiding the users to strengthen each other through interactive teaching and learning experiences (the more experienced guiding the younger into building a frame of trust and social connectivity between one another). The purpose of this is to create an

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2. Elementary and Secondary School: The situation of the political status of Egypt in the last few years has proven the strength and power of social and communication web venues. Also the power of the digital imagery and data was seen and felt in every part of notion through the various videos, pictures and graphics that were published on the internet through various and many internet sites. From here we draw the importance of educating the community members and expose them to this field of communication and graphics by providing them the means and the training needed for the right use and promoting the constructive use of technologies. This is where the creative learning experience is born. The schools will engage the students with the new-day technologies and promote a better learning/teaching experience to them.

4. Women Empowerment Center: “When a woman has an education they have access to all kinds of opportunities in the job market, community, political and social arenas. Education also empowers them in making important decisions in their public and private lives.” - Kowsar Chowdhury, AKED Senior Results Management Specialist. Another well placed idea will be to promote a method of strengthening the women of the community (both from Izbet Kahyrala and the families brought to the living platform proposed in phase 2). Those women are house wives, either lacking the proper education or having unproductive days while men work and children go to school. So to promote a campaign that aware the women on the possibilities that await them is something of most importance. The center brings forward the idea of strengthening the skills of women at home and promote them to become proficient and interactive components of the society (an idea that builds a great deal of potential to the development of the society – a sustainable step). This way they can become more productive, economic, social factors in their homes and outside; opening all the doors to potential positions in the Egyptian market.

1. Roof Garden Addition: This roof garden proposal acts as a means to enhance the idea of schools being a positive enhancement to the community in all aspects; intellectual, social, economic, and environmental as well. The roof garden acts as a parallel to the one existing on top of the living platform proposed in phase 2 and the public garden alongside the school land. The roof garden acts an open area where outdoor activities are conducted by the school and promote a better learning experience.

It’s a positive exchange of benefits to both the users and the spectators.

2. Addition of a road to close the full circulation loop around the Khayala Site.

Choice of site: Criteria: The criteria for using the site for the complex was limited to the existing large land stretches of the Khayala’s ministry of interior properties as these gardens don’t need to serve as an assertive node but rather as a center for the whole of old Cairo area. The land required for the execution of the project needed to be in close proximity to the Khayala site also in direct relation to the Izbet Khayrala borders and away from the industrial area due to noise and air pollution as well as for safety reasons in regards to traffic and materials movement; a safe housing environment for the children and women of the surrounding (target groups).

Site choice: Outside the border of the Khayala site and into the land of the Khayala’s ministry of interior land, exists a large empty land that is ideal for placement of the complex. This is the only ideal spot that is at closest proximity from Izbet Khayrala, El-Basateen industrial area, and the new platform of our development phases that does not require reconstruction of any existing plots of land within the borders (inside the walls of the community). The proposal is to use this empty plot as the site for the project. Limited to the building constraints of the ministry of interior, the suggested plot will have to be on as minimal of ground area as possible (considering the education requirements) yet launching a vertical rise. The location is also in direct accessibility to outside users through Farkhada Hassan Street. With the expected addition of the street on the northern side of the site, the location will be accessible by both vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrian users on both sides.

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open space with a few meeting rooms that teach the people how to well present, sell, and promote their skills and products.

Site Data: • Site: 4,000 m2 • Existent on the land of Khayalla • School is to be built as a collaboration be tween the government and NGOs

Figure 196: Proposed phase 5 location (green)

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Building connection to masterplan & site: As a means of applying a strong connectivity with the rest of the components on site as well as the surroundings, the school lies across a main road “Farkhanda Hassan” and a proposed new linear connection road for pedestrians to assure the safety of the children and other users. As well as a parking lot close by, the building(s) have a head on encounter with a vehicular circulation. The location attains to both areas of interest and copies the formality of allocating the services in respect to importance and standardization.

Precedent overview: “The Aga Khan Academy in Mombasa, Kenya”

Figure 197: Exterior view of the academy, source: Aga Khan

Figure 198: View of the courtyard, source: Aga Khan

Figure 199: Exterior view of the entrance, source: Aga Khan

Page | 155

The use of materials (natural stones) in the facades as well as placing a build over function (vertically) served the purpose of the challenge. Same in our case, the building blocks suggested will be able to maximize the use of waste and serve as a common architectural language among all the phases of the project. The academy also houses a space for adult learning school and up-todate facilities (sports courts, laboratories, and classrooms). They served the purpose of encouraging students to attend and created a strong pull to the target groups of the community to attend the school. Not only did they pause at the children’s schools, but they also maximized their efficiency by introducing a center for adult learning to help improve the quality of the older age groups.

The adult school is well equipped with technologies needed to attain a more “blogish” sense of learning. The buildings are well connected with proper safe bridges. It also houses the sense of environmental awareness needed by the proficient use of natural material existing in the area that enhance the overall performance of the building and marks a special logo on all the buildings.

This has been the first of the 16 proposed Aga Khan Academies around the world and by far the most successful. The building also serves the people all around the clock, since it guides its users to their allocated services in the most efficient times possible for them.

Since it helps aid the surrounding community positively and marks to be as successful as it looks.

Figure 201: Spacial zoning for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

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Figure 200: Chart showing program components of phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Page | 157

Page | 158

Figure 202: Detailed space program for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Women

Men

380 65

400 35

Phase 5 Education Activities Users Direct affected (x5)

880 4400

11.35%

Figure 203: Target demographics for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Figure 205: Catchment area for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Page | 159

Figure 204: Target goals (Performance rating value) for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Horizontal connetion Vertical connetion

Figure 207: Conceptual sectional diagram for phase 1, source: Alaa Khalil

Page | 160

Figure 206: Connectors needed for phase 5, source: Mazen AbouZeid

Micro intervention: Intervention on the micro scale was formulated to respond to more site specific problems that were not tackled in the macro intervention phase. These problems has been prioritized and planned to be executed based on their importance. One of the most important factors in the micro scale masterplan was the remedy of the traffic congestion and high density through the Farkhand Hassan street, this traffic has always created a disconnection between the Basateen industrial area and the site of choice for intervention. A new road will be added inbetween the Khayalla site and the Khayalla land, this will not be percieved as a dividing factor but rather as a factor that sets the perimeter of each of the two substates thus increasing the sense of secruity of the residents of both. This new road will provide a direct access to the deep-

er end of the site housing the third and fifth phases. This link will also contain a parking at the end infront of the phase five project, such parking space will be a common parking for the users, clients and public transportation means to create a node of entrance to the site.

To furthermore facilitate the access from and out of the site, a pedetrain bridge connecting a near by microbus stop to the site was constructed. This bridge will pass through the fruitful garden exectued in earlier stages of the project. This will not only serve functinal needs but also will serve as a social node providing a good view of the gardens.

Figure 208: Macro masterplan proposal

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Masterplan intervention & analysis:

Road network and circulation Huge problems were existent on site due to the lack of proper infrastructure on site.

For solving such problem changes had to be made to the road network on a macro level to allow for easier flow of traffic and the connection of essential points. This intervention was conducted on one of two level, either the upgrade of existing roads or the introduction of new roads to solve congestion problems.

Such additions were based on traffic analysis conducted on site.

Public transportation points Since the site is located in an economically poor area, the most common form of transportation is public transportation using microbuses and governmental buses. The reconfiguration of the transportation points and microbus stops was done in a way so as to maximize the coverage to such point within the whole area and to make most of the surrounding areas accessible within a walking distance from the drop off points.

Vegetation and environmental control Due to the harsh industrail environment on which the site is located, vegetation is scarce and is almost not existence, for such reasons major intervention has to be introduced to soften up the environement and create a clean and pollution free air. The addition of green spaces will also encourage the locals to socialize and to go out meeting with their neighbours creating a sense of unity and homogenous culture.

Figure 209: Micro intervention in macro context

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Macro intervention: The intervention conducted in the masterplan design process is divided up into micro and macro intervention scales. This would allow the design to tackel both problems on the wide and narrow scopes. The macro intervention is divided into the folowing sections. creating a connection and plugin point for other developments to overlap.

Difficult

Easy

Figure 211: Proposed new street network vision8

Page | 163

Figure 210: Accessibility of different zones prior to intervention

Figure 213: Addition of tunnels to facilitate movement across substates

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Figure 212: New streets (dark red) vs. upgraded streets (white)

Figure 214: Addition of parking spots to the macro context

Figure 215: Accessibility of different zones after intervention

Easy Page | 165

Difficult

Figure 217: Reach of public transportation spots after intervention (Blue is existing points, green are added points)

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Figure 216: Current public transportation spots prior to intervention (Blue is existing points, green are added points)

Figure 219: Vegetation on site, after intervention

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Figure 218: Vegetation on site, prior to intervention

Figure 221: Night activities on site, after intervention

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Figure 220: Night activities on site, prior to intervention

Plugin points:

Figure 223: Potential plugin points for developments

Page | 169

Figure 222: proposed macro intervention in context

Figure 225: Proposed primary connections

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Figure 224: Potential developments to connect to the points

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Figure 226: Secondary connections and development overlap

Future: Connections:

Figure 227: Compiled connections, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 228: Compiled circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Page | 172

Circulation:

Social zones:

Figure 229: Compiled social zones, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 230: Combined activitiy patterns, source: Hassan Safwat

Page | 173

Activities:

Activities analysis:

Figure 231: Transverse section activities after intervention

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Figure 232: Transverse section activities analysis after intervention

Figure 233: Longitudinal section activities after intervention

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Figure 234: Longitudinal section activities analysis after intervention

Urban context:

Figure 235: Combined environmental study, source: Hassan Safwat

Component overlay:

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Figure 236: Combined massing, source: Hassan Safwat

Workers circulation:

Figure 237: Diagram showing workers circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 238: Diagram showing residents of Ezbet Khayralla circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

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Residents of Ezbet Khayralla circulation:

Contractors circulation:

Figure 239: Diagram showing Contractors circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 240: Diagram showing Business partners circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

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Business partners and NGOS circulation:

Youth of Ezbet Khayralla and basateen circulation:

Figure 241: Diagram showing youth circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Figure 242: Diagram showing women and children circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

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Women and children circulation:

Side view showing segragation between public and private zones:

Figure 243: Diagram showing separation between public and private, source: Hassan Safwat

Owners of workshops circulation:

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Figure 244: Diagram showing Workshop owners circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Compiled circulation:

Page | 181

Figure 245: Diagram showing combined circulation, source: Hassan Safwat

Page | 182

Figure 246: Enlarged masterplan

After a heavy and thorough conduct of studies on and off site, a solid verdict on the choice of site and the most appropriate allocation of resources in it was reached. A problem statement initiated the start of the study by sorting out the potentials existing in the proposed sites in the selection. After sorting out the most favorable site choice of Al-Khayala, the next step was to visit the site to capture the human aspect of the existing problems and analyzing them through surveys. The surveys helped put together and visualize the problems in a statistical form to serve as a point of reference for further research and studies. The concept of development then came to mind after summing up the data and talking with the people on site who further illustrated what their needs are for the site to reach a habitable stage. Concentrated research as well as the search for existing projects and precedents have led to the uprising of five different projects for each of the group members. Each of those projects handle a different scope of the problems aroused by the site and its poor conditions.

The stages aim to uplift the site conditions and elevate the status of the users and dwellers along with it. The stages are dedicated to directly target the analytical data of the performance rate value to serve the maximum efficiency. The aim of the phasing process is more of a progressive ideology rather than an incremental procedure. Instead of a one staged intervention, the approach through phasing acts more on the conceptual stage rather than a physical realism of buildings.

Each of the phases serves a specific ideology targeting the establishment of strategies, concepts and sponsorships for the project as whole. The projects are aligned along the path of development and at the most proficient of locations.

Phase 1: Connecting. This Phase will be tackling the connectiv¬ity aspect by growing awareness to feed ideas. Up-cy¬cling processes will be taking place for wa¬ter, sewage, legal confirmation for electricity, upgrades in street lighting and transporta¬tion conditions will be considered. Within this phase, the building block will be intro¬duced to the community and development details discussions with the residents will be held.

Also trainings will be conducted on site for building block production and research¬es to develop idea. The site exposure will be increased by creating media coverage and by holding conferences for academic & busi¬ness potentials.

Phase 2: People. The concept puts in focus the main aspect of creating a parallel level of living that inhabits a very diverse function that contrasts with the existing site dynamic giving the site a new layer and dimension.

The additions applied to the site are a key factor for the alleviation and up-cycling of the living, social and economic status of the users in the site and its surrounding.

Phase 3: Empower. The concept puts in focus the main aspect of empowerment as the key fac¬tor for the alleviation and up-cycling of the living, social and economic status of the us¬ers in the site and its surrounding.

Phase 4: Resources. The introduction of the idea of reiteration to the locals would mean that they can extend their understand¬ing and comprehension of various materi¬als and add them as resources rather than as waste. This concept of reiteration will help them to set a good role model for oth¬er sub-states and will differentiate them in a successful and a constructive way that oth¬er sub-states would join this thought line to achieve better development and a higher rate of production. To achieve such high commu¬nication to the public the phase would create channels to locals to deeply plant its ideas.

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Conclusions:

Page | 184

Phase 5: Expand. This phase works mainly on attributing the missing aspect of engaging the people of interest with each other and the rest of the Egyptian community through establishing a common ground of contact; education. This concept strengthens the essence of identity and social bonding as a whole.

Conclusively, the implementation of such phases along the respected sequence will relate to a staged yet collective development seen in the whole site and on its users. Nevertheless, there are future concerns to be considered such as: establishing a new architectural language that connects all the projects together along with the existing site successfully, the acceptance of people to the projects, integration of the projectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; operation model into the lives of the people in a successful and encouraged manner, setting the projects as a role model that serves as an initiative for other sub-states to follow, establishing connector points to be able to connect to future nearing developments, the integration of vertical and horizontal expansion methodology in the phases design, scope and catchment areas, and also economic and social upgrades of the users of the site. The projects allow for a further future expansion rate based on the population, economic, and social analysis conducted by official research analytics.

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Appendix A: Wall sections & Hi-tech Skin Design Research An overview of research conducted by group members as a part of independent study course work at the AUC

Part 1: Re-shaping the heritage of tomorrow A study of creating economic and environmental building components by the use of widely available waste resources

Conducted by: Moaz Mohamed Supervised by Dr. Basil Kamel

Table of contents: Abstract Introduction Methodology Material identification Briefing Characteristics and features Stone Rice husk Palm fronds Analytical review Wall sections proposed Proposal 1 - Palm fronds, rice husk and stone Implementation & construction method Thermal conductivity Proposal 2 - Stone block Implementation & construction method Thermal conductivity Proposal 3 - Stone paste | Decorative Implementation & construction method Thermal conductivity Analytical and Comparative review Economic analysis & Comparative study Methodology of comparison Existing - Brick wall Proposal 1 - Palm fronds, rice husk and stone Proposal 2 - Stone block Proposal 3 - Stone paste | Decorative Conclusion Works cited

1 2 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 10 11 11 11 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 18

Table of figures: . Figure 1: Informal settelment of Ezbet Khayralla . Figure 2: Informal settelment of Dar El Salam . Figure 3: Waste basalt, sandstone and granite located on site . Figure 4: Figure illustrating the 30 mega slums of the world with Cairo amongst the top ranked . Figure 5: Diagram of methodology . Figure 6: Basalt stone waste produced on site . Figure 7: Granite waste on Khayala site . Figure 8: Sandstone waste from the Khayala site . Figure 9: Physical testing results for basalt sample based on ASTM standards . Figure 10: Physical testing results for granite sample based on ASTM standards . Figure 11: Physical testing results for sandstone sample based on ASTM standards . Figure 12: Rise husk present in upper Egypt . Figure 13: Palm fronds being fabricated into small cages . Figure 14: Column with palm strands encircling the cylindrical core . Figure 15: Details for design proposal 1 . Figure 16: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 1 . Figure 17: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 2 . Figure 18: Design details for proposal 2 . Figure 19: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 3 . Figure 20: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 3 alternation 1 . Figure 21: Diagram showing wall section estimated prices

Abstract:

Figure 1: Informal settelment of Ezbet Khayralla

Figure 2: Informal settelment of Dar El Salam

Page | A I. 1

Observing the low economic status of the great majority of Egypt’s population and method of expansion, we could clearly identify their languages and methods of urban development. Informal expansion is a phenomenon that has spread across the country composing what is commonly known as ‘slums’ or ‘Ashwa’iyyat’ which can be defined by the explicitly unified method of construction being the use of plain red bricks along with concrete slabs and beams; an appearance that does not reflect nor shed a light on the Egyptian culture. The use of bricks and concrete simply goes back to the fact that this construction method is the most commonly used and guaranteed type of construction; the material is available, the workmanship and it is the most economic method available. Egypt is a developing country that possesses numerous resources being both physical and intangible. The aim of this paper is to research and determine the possibility of creating different elements of construction using waste material that would be economic and reflective of the Egyptian culture while preserving the necessary physical safety, environmental aspects of functioning and preserving a low economic value.

Analyzing the urban fabric of the city of Cai¬ro, a significant sense of division between different neighborhoods is apparent.

The division occurs due to the weakness of a national iden-tity and general feel of nation security that has led the people to form informal groups based on uniting factors of mutual benefits. Different treatments have been applied in the past in an attempt to tackle the problem of sub-states by the process of blurring the boundaries in between the sub-states. A crit¬ical review of these precedents has shown that the process of intervention has provid¬ed a selected group of people with physical solutions that backfired by strengthening the idea of sub-states. This is why the approach of enabling and empowering the people by the use of the resources they possess in a model that displays a clear exemplary aimed to be repeated around the country enforcing the process of connection through resources on the basis of mutual benefit and collaborative work. In light of selecting the best starting point, the selection of the khaya¬la site lying in Fustat area was found to be the best starting point based on a set criteria to set an approach that aims to connect the different sub-states by the use of their existing resources; becoming a model to be followed in other developments and areas. This model was developed as a social experiment that aims to involve the local community through empowerment and raising awareness.

The nature of the khayala site and activity patterns generate a significant amount of wasted bi products that could be otherwise the key to commu¬nication with other substates. El Khayala site is a zone containing stone workshops that work with Sandstone, Basalt and granite, which are handcraft to produce various types of wall claddings, flooring and ornamentation. The workers sell the stone they hand carve and craft

while disposing all the waste stone out of the site after paying a fee for each loading. On the other hand, there exists a large supply of materials within the nation that are not used to their fullest potential such as palm fronds and rice husk. In fact, a large amount of rice husk is burnt every year by peasants and farmers because of the fact that it has no use for them. By conducting sample testing and experimentation on the materials, and conducting research about the different available methodologies of material use, the design and creation of alternate wall components are proposed to substitute the existing dominant language of facades in most informal neighborhoods of Cairo and Egypt.

The component is considered one of the approaches of development within the wide scope project that makes a clear attempt to alter the present schemes while reviving and redefining tomorrow’s heritage.

Figure 3: Waste basalt, sandstone and granite located on site

Page | A I. 2

Introduction:

Methodology:

Figure 5: Diagram of methodology

Page | A I. 3

Figure 4: Figure illustrating the 30 mega slums of the world with Cairo amongst the top ranked

Briefing: In this sector, the process of identifying the material will take place revealing the following components: • Sources of material • Quantity of material • Potentials of material • Properties and features (ASTM) • Treatments (if required) • Characteristics and features Stone: Each workshop on the premises of the site produces a daily average of 350 kg of waste stone. There are 120 different workshops within the site. There are 55 workshops working with basalt, 40 workshops working with Sandstone and 25 workshops working with granite. The site produces an average of 1,260,000 kg (1,340 tons) of waste stone monthly. The stone located on the site are of various types include Basalt, granite and sandstone (locally known as ‘Hashmi’).

Basalt: Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. Basalt is used as a finishing material embedded on building facades and as finishing material for road networks in high end residential compounds and districts.

Properties - Testing results: ASTM C 97-02, standard test method for, “Absorption and Bulk, Specific Gravity of Dimension stone” ASTM C 170-99, standard test method for “Test for Compressive strength of Dimension stone”, Dry conditions ASTM C 99-2000, Standard test method for “Test for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension stone “, Wet Conditions

Figure 6: Basalt stone waste produced on site

Figure 7: Granite waste on Khayala site

Page | A I. 4

Material identification:

Granite: Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye. Granite is mainly composed of quartz and feldspar. This mineral composition usually gives granite a red, pink, gray or white color with dark mineral grains visible throughout the rock.

Properties - Testing results: ASTM C615 / C615M Standard Specification for Granite Dimension Stone Sandstone: Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains of mineral, rock or organic material. It also contains a cementing material that binds the sand grains together and may contain silt sized particles that occupy the spaces between the sand grains.

Sandstone is often mined for use as a construction material or as a raw material used in manufacturing.

Figure 8: Sandstone waste from the Khayala site

Properties - Testing results: ASTM C616 / C616M Standard Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone

Figure 9: Physical testing results for basalt sample based on ASTM standards

Figure 11: Physical testing results for sandstone sample based on ASTM standards

Page | A I. 5

Figure 10: Physical testing results for granite sample based on ASTM standards

Rice husk: An available resource widely spread within the Egypt specifically within Upper Egypt.

Every year, the peasants tend to burn the rice husk into ashes creating a much polluted environment. The rice husk is known for its high thermal performance and insulation. The rice husk needs to be cured and compressed in order to form usable sheets to be implemented within different uses.

Figure 12: Rise husk present in upper Egypt

Figure 13: Palm fronds being fabricated into small cages

Page | A I. 6

Palm fronds: Egypt is ranked the second worldwide country that possesses date palm trees. Around 7,000,000 palm trees are located within the country carrying a large amount of palm fronds. The fronds have been used for years within Upper Egypt for various components and tools. Palm fronds are characterized to be extremely strong, fiber based and durable. It is a widely available and renewable material that has great potentials. Material has been used to create different furniture and containers due to its physical traits but was never pushed further until lately.

Analytical review:

Page | A I. 7

After the process of material identification, it could be concluded that the nation possesses a large quantity and supply of material that is considered waste and is not satisfying its fullest potential. In order to put them to good use, a process of empowering and tutoring of people is required in order for them to understand the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;know howâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of using the material and the connections or sources required in order to able attain the material. The rice husk, stones of different types and the fronds are concluded to have strong insulating properties. They could be used as filling material or layers in the process of wall creation to attain good thermal conductivity features. The Basalt and granite have proven to have high compressive strength possibly qualifying them to be used as structural components. The palm fronds is a material of very interesting features that could be used in a variety of methods; it has proven to have high compressive strength and a relatively low weight in addition to it being a fiber based component that could be easily manipulated and shaped.

Proposal 1 - Palm fronds, rice husk and stone The first proposed wall section uses a combination of the waste stone material located on site along with the use of palm fronds from upper and lower Egypt, pvc waste pipes from industrial facilities in 6th October city and rice husk from lower Egypt. The idea is to use the palm fronds and stone as a replacement to reinforced steel bars implemented in structural concrete columns since the basalt stone and granite have a high compressive strength and the palm fronds attain 85% strength of reinforced steel making huge savings on cost which will be analyzed later on in the paper. The idea is to create and pour a strong base to the structural column using concrete filled with waste stone aggregates of large sizes and have a pvc pipe be imbedded in its core rising up as a core for the column. The column would then have stone of smaller sizes placed into it with the addition of cement mortar to create a strong column structure. After that the palm fronds will be fabricated and manipulated to create wall outer shells with no filling on the inside.

The columns should be maximum 2m apart from each other for issues regarding bracing and lateral stability. The shells will be totally solid and will act as a container. The waste stone material on the other hand after being broken to smaller sizes will be used as the insulating filling material between the interior and exterior palm fronds wall shells.

Implementation & construction method Steps of implementation: Column construction 1. Cut the palm fronds and categorize the different cross sections 2. Add strands of palm fronds and tie to the extruding palm fronds from the column foundation (Ashayer)

3. Use a waste PVC pipe of 10 cm radius or so to act as the core of the column 4. Pour concrete into the PVC core with palm fronds (Ones that have tied with the foundation) 5. Use the thick (highest strength) portion of the palm fronds to encircle the core and tie a strand of the lighter fronds to hold them all together.

Wall construction 1. Prepare and work on the intertwining of palm fronds together to create large span palm fronds 2. Use the large span strands to wrap the fronds around the columns 3. Apply several layers ensuring there are no hollow openings between the strands 4. Pour the stone into the shell of palm fronds between two columns

Figure 14: Column with palm strands encircling the cylindrical core

Page | A I. 8

Wall sections proposed:

Page | A I. 9

Figure 15: Details for design proposal 1

Thermal conductivity

Figure 16: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 1

Page | A I. 10

The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on Autodesk Ecotect that is an analysis sustainable building design software that offers building energy analysis tools for architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section being: - U-value: Measure of heat loss - Admittance: Materials ability to absorb and release heat from a space - Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed by wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted - Thermal lag: Materials required time to add or remove heat from a mass before it reaches the design set point temperature Analyzing proposal 1, it could be established that the wall section has a relatively low U-value and admittance of 0.12 due to the very high use of rice husk as a filling material of the wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core; it has relatively high insulating properties. The wall was also able to achieve a neutral solar absorption ratio of 0.531 and a thermal lag of 5 hours. The wall could be characterized to be light weighted and a very suitable wall component for the construction of light structures. This is due to the limitations of both the palm fronds and the rice husk that are expected to decay within a certain time frame and will need replacement.

Proposal 2 - Stone block

The second proposed wall section intends to introduce a building block composed of stone waste, rice husk and cement. The idea is to design a building block to replace the red bricks being used today by a more strong and environmental building block. The block will be designed to contain waste stone blocks ranging from 8-12cm diameter along with rice husk and cement mortar with hollow openings in its core to lighten its weight.

This proposal requires the both the design of the mold and the design of the mix.

that the wall component possesses a low U-Value and admittance values due to the stones (collectively) high insulating properties. The wall section was able to achieve reasonable solar admittance values along with a 5 hour thermal lag achievement. The wall component is considered relatively heavy in comparison with existing building blocks such as red bricks but however has much higher environmental performance and an aesthetical component with the extruding stone element.

Implementation & construction method

The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on Autodesk Ecotect that is an analysis sustainable building design software that offers building energy analysis tools for architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section being: - U-value: Measure of heat loss - Admittance: Materials ability to absorb and release heat from a space - Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed by wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted - Thermal lag: Materials required time to add or remove heat from a mass before it reaches the design set point temperature Analyzing proposal 2, it could be established

Figure 17: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 2

Page | A I. 11

Steps of implementation 1. Design and fabricate a mold with openings 2. Sieve the stone to achieve required stone size 3. Place the waste stone in the mold 4. Prepare the mixture of rice husk, cement, sand and water 5. Pour the mixture into the mold over the placed waste stone 6. Leave the mixture in the mold to harden 7. Use the building block in the same method

Page | A I. 12

Figure 18: Design details for proposal 2

The third proposed wall section uses a combination of waste stone material located on site, gypsum and white cement. The gypsum and cement are located in Ain El Sira zone within a 2 km radius from the site where workshops and market of cornices and decorative elements exists. The idea is to crush the stone into very small fragments within the 1 cm range. After that a combination of the gypsum and white cement is added to the stone fragments to create a paste like component. On the other hand, there is an approach of creating molds of various forms into which the paste can be poured to be defined by. The shapes do not have to be linear or regular and could contain numerous yet infinite designs, patterns and shapes. The shapes could also include the embedding of external components such as flower boxes within the wall. The molds could contain extruding members that would be used to interlock and attach to neighboring blocks like Lego parts (tongue and groove connections).

Palm fronds could be implemented within the walls to add to its strength depending on the use and nature of the wall design.

Implementation & construction method Steps of implementation 1. Crush small size stone using stone crushing machine 2. Sieve stone particles to achieve maximum size of 1cm radius 3. Create mold with intended design either engraved or intrusions or extrusions etc 4. Prepare the mixture of white cement and gypsum 5. Mix the stone particles with the mixture prepared to create paste 6. Pour the paste into the mold 7. Leave paste to harden 8. Move block to specified location (Cast in place if selected block is one with connection with floor slab) 9. Move block to attach to other blocks through tongue and groove connections cre-

ate in the poured block.

10.

Apply desired finishes to interior and exterior (if preferred) The proposed wall section has been built and formulated on Autodesk Ecotect that is an analysis sustainable building design software that offers building energy analysis tools for architects. The material was tested to attain the thermal conductivity and properties of the proposed wall section being: - U-value: Measure of heat loss - Admittance: Materials ability to absorb and release heat from a space - Solar absorption: Amount of solar energy absorbed by wall that is neither reflected nor transmitted - Thermal lag: Materials required time to add or remove heat from a mass before it reaches the design set point temperature Analyzing proposal 3, it could be analyzed that the wall section has achieved average U-Value of 4.340, Admittance of 4.6,solar absorption of 0.531 and a thermal lag of 5 hours. The results are relatively low due to the fact that this building element possesses a small cross section. The component is intended to be used as a decorative element.

Page | A I. 13

Proposal 3 - Stone paste | Decorative

Analytical and Comparative review: In order to be able to assess the thermal properties of the proposed wall sections, a comparative review should be constructed to compare the proposed with the existing wall sections commonly used and seeked to replace.

Economic analysis & Comparative study In order to achieve a successful component that would actually be able to attain success and replace the existing building block of red bricks, the economic value of the product and component should be intriguing and competitive. The economic aspect is the main factor that people seek since they aim to reduce the building expenses to the maximum.

Below is a table including the prices of the various construction materials to be used in the analysis and comparison component of the proposed components:

Figure 19: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 3

Figure 21: Diagram showing wall section estimated prices

Page | A I. 14

Figure 20: Thermal conductivity values for the proposed wall section 3 alternation 1

Economic analysis & comparative study:

Price of wall: Single wall: (1333 / 1000) X 425 (price of bricks and mortar)= 566.52 LE

Methodology of comparison:

Proposal 1 - Palm fronds, rice husk and stone The required quantity of material to compose this proposed wall will acquire the following: - Around 300 palm fronds will be needed to be components of wall shell and column reinforcement weighing around 750km - Volume of 3m3 of rice husk - Volume of 0.36 m3 of stone - 3 PVC waste pipes Prices: - Palm fronds = 30 LE - Rice husk = 0 LE (transportation and compression fee of 100-150 LE) - Stone = 0 LE (72 LE price of crafted stone they sell) - Waste PVC pipes = 20 LE The total value required to construct the proposed wall section is 200-250 LE of material not including labor and neglecting price of stone.

Existing - Brick wall Questioning market and method of payment:

Observing and surveying engineers and personnel involved in the Egyptian market and construction industry it was analyzed and concluded that the price of purchasing 1000 bricks would range from 300 LE to 350 LE. Price of bonding material:

Price of cement mortar required to bond 1000 bricks can account for an extra 75 LE. Number of blocks required:

3m / 0.07m (accounting for cement mortar 1cm)= 42.86 = 43 rows of brick 4m / 0.13m (accounting for cement mortar 1cm)= 30.76 = 31 bricks per row 43 X 31= 1333 bricks are required to build the wall of area (4X3m)

Proposal 2 - Stone block Given that the wall requires 12 m2 coverage, the calculation of the number of blocks required takes place. The coverage (elevation) of the stone block is (20X30cm): Price of single building block: - Alternative 1 (Assuming that waste left over stone is sold with same price of stone crafted) : The first step is to calculate the volume of the block: (Block = 0.5m X 0.2m X 0.3m = 0.3m3) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; (Voids= 2(0.12m X 0.12m Xo.2m)=0.0028 m3)= 0.0272 m3 The volume of a single block that accounts for 0.0272 m3 is then subdivided to contain 70% stone and 30% cement mortar. This means that 0.019 m3 of the volume will be composed of stone and 0.00816m3 of the

Page | A I. 15

In order to correctly measure the true value of each wall component, it was only relevant to calculate the value of construction a whole wall. The comparison process will take place between the proposed wall section of the building block and the existing commonly used wall cross section of single layered and double layered red brick since they will be within the same category. The wall that will be built and economically weighed is a 3X4m wall.

Furthermore, analysis and cost of the two other remaining proposed components will be presented to test their feasibility and tendency to contribute as a contender in the present market.

volume composed of cement mortar components of sand, cement and water.

By multiplying the volume of stone by the price of stone (200 LE for m3 ), it could be concluded that the price of the stone component in a single building block is 3.80 LE. By dividing the ratio of cement mortar onto its three components and multiplying them by their respective market values we could conclude that the prices of these elements for a single building block are as follows: Cement: 3.06 LE Sand: 0.17 LE Water: (Assumed exaggerated value of 0.05 LE) It could then be summed up that the value of composing a single building block is 7.08 LE. - Alternative 2 (Assuming that waste left over stone is of no value since it is thrown away): It could then be summed up that the value of composing a single building block is 3.82 LE.

- Rice husk: 0.20 m3 Prices: - Stone: 0 LE (90 LE price of crafted stone they sell) - White cement mortar: 120 LE - Gypsum: 75 LE - Rice husk: 0 LE (transportation and compression fee of 10-15 LE) The total value required to construct the proposed wall section is 90 LE of material not including labor and neglecting price of stone and the price of mold fabrication.

Price of bonding material: No bonding material required for the assembly; wall is connected by tongue and groove embedded in building blocks.

Price of wall: Alternative 1: 7.08 LE X 120= 849.60 LE Alternative 2: 3.80 LE X 120= 456 LE Logically speaking Alternative 2 of calculation would be the price of the product with no profit value.

Proposal 3 - Stone paste | Decorative The required quantity of material to compose 1 m3 of this proposed wall will acquire the following: - Stone: 0.45 m3 - White cement mortar: 0.15 m3 - Gypsum: 0.20 m3

Page | A I. 16

Number of blocks required: 3m / 0.2m(length of block)= 15 rows of blocks 4m / 0.5m(width of block)= 8 bricks per row 15 X 8= 120 stone blocks are required to build the wall of area (4 X 3m)

After the assessment of the proposed wall sections on both the physical and economic levels it could be concluded that the proposed wall cross sections represent a good approach of treating the projected problem of overcoming a neither cultural nor architectural language of informal construction that has spread in our nation. Observing Proposal 1 as a lightweight structural component it can be observed that the use of palm fronds; a material that presents a strong structural component and a cultural essence that involves a long living labor of skill and craftsmanship in Upper Egypt. The material displays strength of fabric in addition to the material’s tendency to be shaped and intertwined. The use of the material achieves a strong connection to Upper Egypt’s sub states and maintains common ground of interest through material exchange in a process of expanding and developing an unappreciated nor used waste material. The proposed wall section will also introduce a strong bond to the lower Egyptian sub states and villages forming another platform based on common interest and exchange of material; developing and spreading a structural component of low cost and highly environmental performance. Observing proposal 2, which presents a building block that uses the Khayala site’s waste stone to generate a high performance environmental building component that does not require the use of bonding material and connects using method of interlocking. Moreover the material is of high strength and could be used as a self-sustaining structural element. Introducing this building block will build a connection with suppliers of materials such as cement and sand and will present to the community a building block that is aesthetical and reliable in an attempt to initiate a language of natural material facades. The material in comparison with the dominant existing building ma-

terial of red brick provides higher environmental and physical performance. Regarding the cost of using this block to form walls, the composition has proven to be economical lying between the price margin of both the single brick and double brick. The material’s point of weakness lies in its bulkiness; 50 cm length, 20 cm height and 30 cm depth which limits the components flexibility in building and design. Observing Proposal 3, which presents the stone paste wall configuration, one can state that the developed methodology and mixture component will open doors to designing the unordinary with the ability of the component to form endless configurations due to its fluidity and smoothness prior to hardening. The component could be characterized as tough and is able to compose solid elements that classify as aesthetical decorative elements with a clear advantage from gypsum decorative products due to its toughness and durability. The production of this component will create a connection between the site with neighboring sub state of Ain El Sira that works with gypsum to create decorative cornices and components. The material could be classified as economic and has a high tendency to compete in the local market. To conclude, Egypt is a land that possesses a wide range of resources that is barely used and barely fulfilling its great potentials. It is the role of thinkers and scientists to connect the dots and work on finding adequate approaches of building common grounds of interest and connecting people with through the available resources. Egypt, which is today a divided nation due to many reasons and for the nation to rise and unite, efficient methods of treatment have to be introduced and the model aimed to be created in the Khayala site is merely a starting point.

By the development of the available resources and empowerment of people, the Khayala site would possibly expand and develop its craft, gain profit, make connections and reshape the heritage of tomorrow by possibly altering the language of construction and opening doors to innovation.

Page | A I. 17

Conclusion

Ahmad, A.E., Alyhassan, O.S. and Khalil, M.M. (1992). Surveing of some date palm parameters and properties to be utilized in date palm mechanization. Agricultural mechanization in Asia and Africa and Latin America, 23(2), 67-69.

A. Ramezanianpour, F. Gafarpour, M.H. Majedi, Use of rice husk in the production of masonary cements, Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC), September 1997.

Al-Baijat, Hamadallah. “The Use of Basalt Aggregates in Concrete Mixes in Jordan .” Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. 2.1 (2008): 63-70. Print. <http://elearning.just.edu.jo/jjce/ issues/paper.php?p=40.pdf>.

Dr. Jana, Revedin. Empowerment by Participative Design The Urban Laboratory Zabbaleen. Locus Foundation.org. UNESCO, 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.

“DVV | Adult Illiteracy, Brain Architecture, and Empowerment of the Poor.” Dvv International. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013.

GIZ, and KFW. Participatory Upgrading of Informal Areas: A Decision-makers’ Guide for Action. Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas in Egypt. Cairo: Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP) in Egypt, 2012. Print GIZ. Knowing Local Communities: Guide.

Cairo: Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP) in Egypt, 2012. Print.

GIZ. Maximizing Use Value: Action Guide for Informal Areas. Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas in Egypt. CAiro: Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas (PDP) in Egypt, 2012. Print Kerama Jahromi, M., Jafari A., Rafiee S. and Mohtasebi, S.S. (2007). A survey on some physical properties of the Date Palm tree. Journal of Agricultural

Technology, 3(2): 317-322.

Khoddam Razavi, S. R, “Rice husk ash a mineral admixture for high performance concrete”, Msc Thesis, Amirkabir University of Technology Press, 2005.

Marthong, C. “Effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Replacement of Cement on Concrete Properties.”International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). 1.6 (2012): n. page. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.

Mehta, P.K., “High-performance, highvolume fly ash concrete for sustainable development”, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Beijing, China, May 20– 21, 2004.

M. Zhang, V. M. Malhotra, “HighPerformance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material”, ACI Materials Journal, November-December 1996, Tittle no. 93-M72, PP. 629-636.

“Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas.” Participatory Development Programme in Urban Areas RSS. Egyptian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC), Spring 2004. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. <http:// egypturban.net/about-pdp>.

Ramezanianpour, A.A. “The Effect of Rice Husk Ash on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Sustainable Concretes.” International Journal of Civil Engineerng. 7.2 (2009): n. page.

Web. 18 Dec. 2013.

Robertson, Eugene. UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS. 1988. Print. <http://pubs.usgs. gov/of/1988/0441/report.pdf>.

Shamsi, M. “Some physical and mechanical properties of date palm trees related to cultural operations industry mechanization .” Journal of Agricultural Technology . 5. (2009): 17-31. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. <http://ijat-

Page | A I. 18

Bibliography:

Page | A I. 19

aatsea.com/pdf/June_v5_n1_09/3-10IJAT2008_37F.pdf>.

Sims, David, and Janet L. Abu-Lughod.

Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City out of Control. Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2010. Print.

Sosna, K. “Laboratory determination of the mechanical properties of granite rocks .” ARCADIS Geotechnika Inc. 988.4 n. page. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. <http://www.kiviniria.nl/eygec/ papers/49 DS Sosna.pdf>.

Subramanian, N. “Sustainability of RCC Structures Using Basalt Composite Rebars S.” Masterbuilder. (2010): 156-164. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. <http:// www.sefindia.org/?q=system/files/ Sustainability of RCC using Basalt composite Rebars-MasterBuilderSept2010.pdf>.

SURYAWANSHI, D.G. India. National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cutural Property.

Basic Studies on the Properties of Palm Leaf. Lucknow: Paper, Web. Torabi, Anita. “Insight into petrophysical properties of deformed sandstone reservoirs.” AAPG Bulletin. 97.4 (2013): 619-637. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. <http://folk.uib.no/nglhe/ Papers/AAPG 2013 Torabi, Fossen & Braathen.pdf>.

Part 2: Skin design research A study of different elements and materials utilized in modern skin and facade design

Conducted by: Alaa Khalil Supervised by Dr. M. Mostafa

Page | A II. 1

Page | A II. 2

Page | A II. 3

Page | A II. 4

Page | A II. 5

Page | A II. 6

Page | A II. 7

Page | A II. 8

Page | A II. 9

Page | A II. 10

Page | A II. 11

Page | A II. 12

Page | A II. 13

Appendix B: Surveys and data gathering , processing and documentation An overview of the data collection methods and surveys produced during the data collection and documentation of conditions and needs of the users on site

Part 1: survey of needs and aspirations of users Attachement of surveys used in the documentation of the needs and aspirations of the users located on site and their vision of their site

‫إستطالع رأي لمستخدمين منطقة الخيالة بمصر القديمة‪:‬‬ ‫السن‪:‬‬

‫إلمهنة‪:‬‬

‫(‪)٥٥-٥‬‬

‫(‪)٥٥-٥١‬‬

‫صاحب عمل‬

‫(‪)٥٥-٥١‬‬

‫(‪ ٥٥‬وأكثر)‬

‫عامل‬

‫حدد‪......................................................................................:‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................................‬‬

‫عدد إلتردد على إلموقع فى اإلسبوع‪:‬‬ ‫يومياً‬

‫ثالث مرات‬

‫مراتين في االسبوع‬

‫هل سمعت عن أي مشروعات تنمية مقترحة لتنمية المنطقة؟‬

‫مرة واحدة‬

‫نعم‬

‫ال‬

‫إذا أجبت بنعم حدد ما نوع المشروعات ومؤساسات التي تدرسها‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪...........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -1‬استفسارات واسئلة عن الحالة العامة و عمليات التنمية‪:‬‬ ‫حدد قيمة بين ‪ ٥‬و ‪ ٥٥( ٥٥‬هي األفضل)‬

‫‪ -٥‬هل أنت راضي عن الحالة العامة للمنطقة؟‬

‫‪ -٥‬هل ات مستفيد وموافق على الحالة القانونية من جهة الحكومة ؟‬

‫‪ -٤‬عدد المشروعات المقترحة لتنمية المنطقة‬

‫‪ -٥‬توفير المنطقة اللبيئة السليمة للعمليات الصناعية والحرفية‬

‫‪ -١‬ما تقييمك للحالة اإلجتماعية في المنطقة؟‬

‫‪-2‬تقدير لإلحتياجات وحاجة‬

‫للخدمات ‪:‬‬

‫حدد قيمة بين ‪ ٥‬و ‪ ٥٥( ٥٥‬هي األفضل)‬

‫‪ .1‬مستوصف‬ ‫‪ .2‬موقف‬ ‫‪ .3‬كشك‬ ‫‪ .4‬مقهى‬ ‫‪ .5‬مراحيض عامة‬

‫‪ .6‬مكتب بريد‬ ‫‪ .7‬مدرسة‬ ‫‪ .8‬حضانة‬ ‫‪ .9‬معرض‬ ‫‪.11‬مكتب توظيف‬ ‫‪.11‬وحدات سكنية‬ ‫‪.12‬صرف مغطى‬ ‫‪.13‬مياه صالحة لالستخدام االدمي‬ ‫‪.14‬عواميد إنارة‬ ‫‪.15‬مالعب‬ ‫‪.16‬جيم‬ ‫‪.17‬حدائق عامة‬ ‫‪.18‬قاعات أفراح‬ ‫‪.19‬أماكن جلوس عامة‬ ‫‪.21‬سنترال‬ ‫‪.21‬عيادات طبية‬ ‫‪.22‬مزرع‬ ‫‪.23‬مطاعم‬

‫‪.24‬نادي إجتماعي‬ ‫‪.25‬محالت تجارية‬ ‫‪.26‬خدمات خاصة‬ ‫‪.27‬غاز‬ ‫‪.28‬سيبر (نادي تكنولوجيا)‬ ‫‪.29‬مكتبة‬ ‫‪.31‬موقف‬ ‫‪.31‬محطة وقود‬ ‫‪.32‬معرض مفتوح‬ ‫‪.33‬سوق‬ ‫‪.34‬ورش األسر المنتجة‬ ‫‪.35‬مالهي‬ ‫‪.36‬أماكن ترفيهية‬ ‫‪.37‬مصنع إعادة تدوير‬ ‫‪.38‬بنك‬ ‫‪.39‬مكتب صرافة‬

Part 2: Performance rating value survey Attachement of surveys used in the calculation of the performance rating value based on the opinions and throughts of the users

‫إستطالع رأي لمستخدمين منطقة الخيالة بمصر القديمة‪:‬‬ ‫السن‪:‬‬

‫إلمهنة‪:‬‬

‫(‪)٥٥-٥‬‬

‫(‪)٥٥-٥١‬‬

‫صاحب عمل‬

‫(‪)٥٠-٥١‬‬

‫(‪ ٥٠‬وأكثر)‬

‫عامل‬

‫حدد‪......................................................................................:‬‬ ‫‪.............................................................................................‬‬

‫عدد إلتردد على إلموقع فى اإلسبوع‪:‬‬ ‫يومياً‬

‫ثالث مرات‬

‫مراتين في االسبوع‬

‫هل سمعت عن أي مشروعات تنمية مقترحة لتنمية المنطقة؟‬

‫مرة واحدة‬

‫نعم‬

‫ال‬

‫إذا أجبت بنعم حدد ما نوع المشروعات ومؤساسات التي تدرسها‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪...........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -1‬استفسارات واسئلة عن الخدمات‪:‬‬ ‫حدد قيمة بين ‪ ٠‬و ‪ ٥٠( ٥٠‬هي األفضل)‬

‫‪-٥‬ما رأيك في المرافق والمستلزمات األساسية في المنطقة (طرق‪،‬مياه‪،‬‬ ‫كهرباء‪ ،‬صرف صحي‪ ،‬خدمات صحية‪ ،‬مكاتب بريد)‬

‫‪ -٥‬ما رأيك في الخدمات التجارية المتوفرة في المنطقة (محالت‪ ،‬معارض للسلع)‬

‫‪ -٣‬ما رأيك في الخدمات المادية والمصرفية المتوفرة في المنطقة (بنوك‪ ،‬مكاتب‬ ‫صرافة‪ ،‬خدمات قروض)‬

‫‪ -٤‬ما رأيك في عمييات التنمية البشرية وتنمية المواهب الفنية للعاملين‬ ‫وللسكان في المنطقة (تنمية الحرف والصناعة‪ ،‬تنمية المواهب الفردية‪ ،‬المواهب‬ ‫العمل إلجماعي‪ ،‬مواهب الرياضية)‬

‫‪ -٥‬ما رأيك في الخدمات العامة الموجودة بالمنطقة (مطاعم‪ ،‬مقاهي‪ ،‬أماكن‬ ‫عامة‪ ،‬حدائق)‬

‫‪ -١‬ما رأيك في الخدمات التعليمية في منطقة (مدارس‪ ،‬روضة أطفال‪ ،‬فصول محو‬ ‫أمية‪ ،‬مدارس صناعية‪ ،‬فصول تنمية اللغات)‬

‫‪ -٧‬ما رأيك في توفر وحالة المرافق السكنية المتوفرة ألصحاب الورش والعملين بها‬ ‫(وحدات سكنية للعائلة‪ ،‬وحدات للمغتربين‪ ،‬وحدات لمحدودي الدخل‪ ،‬وحدات لذوي‬ ‫إإلحتياجات إلخاصة)‬

‫‪ -٨‬ما تقييمك للحالة البئية للمنطقة (توفر األشجار‪ ،‬عمليات تدوير إلماية والصرف‬ ‫إلصحي‪ ،‬عمليات تدوير المخالفات الصناعية والعضوية‪ ،‬إستخدام الطاقة المتجددة)‬

‫‪ -3‬استفسارات واسئلة عن إقتراحات والمشاريع‪:‬‬

‫المرحلة ‪1‬‬ ‫‪ ‬الميزة المعمارية‪ :‬معرض دائم ( المركز اإلعالمي )‬ ‫‪ o‬مساحة معرض للمنتجات‬ ‫‪ o‬مساحة المعرض الدائم للمشروع‬ ‫‪ o‬إدارة المشاريع‬ ‫‪ o‬مركز المعلومات‬ ‫‪ o‬مؤتمر الفضاء‬ ‫‪ o‬محور النقل‬ ‫‪ o‬ركوب الدراجات حتى الموقع‬ ‫‪ ‬ترقية البنية التحتية‬ ‫‪ o‬المياه‬ ‫‪ o‬الصرف الصحي‬ ‫‪ o‬الكهربائية ( تأكيد القانونية )‬ ‫‪ o‬إضاءة‬ ‫‪ o‬النقل‬

‫المرحلة ‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫الميزة المعمارية‪ :‬وحدات سكنية و تحسين مستوى الورش‬ ‫‪ o‬تحسين مستوى ورش العمل الحالية على مستوى سطح األرض‬ ‫‪ o‬إضافة حدائق السطح‬ ‫‪ o‬إنشاء وحدة عمل مناسبة الحية يعتمد على إضافة وحدة سكنية‬ ‫تقديم مساحات لألنشطة وسيطة مساعدة‬ ‫‪ o‬مكان القهوة‬ ‫‪ o‬كشك الغذاء‬ ‫‪ o‬عيادة‬ ‫‪ o‬أكشاك المعلومات‬ ‫تحسين حالة الموقع‬ ‫‪ o‬إضافة الشارع‬ ‫‪ o‬لضمان اثنين تداول الطريق من وإلى جميع حلقات العمل‬ ‫‪ o‬معالجة المياه‬ ‫‪ o‬مقدمة من محطة معالجة المياه بالتعاون مع وزارة الشؤون الداخلية‬ ‫‪ o‬إنشاء برنامج دورة خط المياه الرمادية و إعادة استخدام المياه الصغيرة لل‬ ‫رمادي الصناعية‬ ‫‪ o‬مقدمة من دورة المياه الصغيرة لتصفية و تحسين نوعية مياه البحيرة‬ ‫الستخدامها في الري في مراحل الحقة‬ ‫زيادة اإلنتاجية‬ ‫‪ o‬من خالل استحداث بيئة عمل مناسبة‬ ‫‪ o‬الشعور باألمن للسكان‬ ‫‪ o‬اإلستقطاع من الزمن النفقات العامة الالزمة ل نقل واألنشطة المساعدة‬ ‫‪ o‬أفضل الدعاية و الصورة العامة األمر الذي يؤدي إلى زيادة زوار‬

‫المرحلة ‪3‬‬ ‫‪ ‬الميزة المعمارية‪ :‬المركز الحضري للشباب و التنمية الثقافية ( إعادة تأهيل المصنع‬ ‫و استخدام مبنى مهجور)‬ ‫‪ o‬مرافق رياضية‬ ‫‪ o‬مركز الثقافي‬ ‫‪ o‬حضانة‬ ‫‪ o‬المكتبة‬ ‫‪ o‬مركز بحوث‬ ‫‪ o‬مختبرات الحاسوب‬ ‫‪ o‬مساحات المعرض‬ ‫‪ o‬ورشة عمل المناطق‬

‫‪ ‬أعمال تنسيق الحدائق‬ ‫‪ o‬حديقة المتوسطة حتى محطة معالجة المياه‬ ‫‪ o‬النباتات المثمرة‬ ‫‪ o‬في منطقة بين أن يكون العشب‬ ‫‪ o‬ركوب الدراجات حتى الموقع‬ ‫‪ ‬طمس الحدود‬ ‫‪ o‬من خالل أنشطة جديدة وجذابة على المشاركة‬ ‫‪ o‬من خالل المنفعة المتبادلة و البيئة التعليمية‬ ‫‪ o‬تثقيف الناس حول فكرة الثقافة والهوية الوطنية‬ ‫المرحلة ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ ‬الميزة المعمارية‪ :‬محور إعادة التدوير ( إعادة تأهيل المرافق القديمة)‬ ‫‪ o‬إعادة تدوير البالستيك خط‬ ‫‪ o‬خط إنتاج كتلة البناء‬ ‫‪ o‬تصنيع األخشاب‬ ‫‪ o‬مساحة البيع‬ ‫‪ o‬مستودع‬ ‫‪ o‬منطقة تدريب الحرف‬ ‫‪ o‬مركز تحميل ‪ /‬تفريغ‬ ‫‪ ‬إنشاء جسر اتصال‬ ‫‪ o‬توصيل مرفق مع الرئيسي للمشروع‬ ‫‪ o‬ركوب الدراجات حتى الموقع‬ ‫‪ ‬المصافحة السياسية مع دولة أخرى‬ ‫‪ o‬مقدمة من منفعة اقتصادية مشتركة‬ ‫‪ o‬إنشاء المباني المشتركة للمساهمة في األنشطة االقتصادية‬ ‫المرحلة الخامسة‬ ‫‪ ‬الميزة‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫المعمارية‪ :‬المركز االجتماعي للمرأة و مدرسة‬ ‫حدائق السقف ‪ /‬نظرة عامة على الحضري بالنتيشن حدائق‬ ‫مركز تمكين المرأة‬ ‫توفير مدرسة االبتدائية و الثانوية الجديدة‬ ‫الفصول‬ ‫كافتيريا‬ ‫عيادة‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫المفتوحة المحاكم الهواء‬

‫‪ ‬إضافة‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫شبكة للمشاة ‪ /‬الدراجات (ق )‬ ‫لضمان اتجاهين التداوالت من المنزل (ق ) إلى المدرسة دون عبور الطرق‬ ‫من خالل المركبات‪.‬‬ ‫س إشراك المجتمع المحلي‬ ‫مواصلة إنتاج بنة‬ ‫تثقيف األطفال دون ‪ 11‬سنة من العمر ( كال الجنسين )‬ ‫تشجيع النساء في المجتمع إلى القيام بدور نشط في تنميتها‬

‫‪ 1‬مرحلة‬ ‫المرافق‬ ‫والمستلزمات‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫التجارية الخدمات‬ ‫المادية الخدمات‬ ‫والمصرفية‬ ‫البشرية التنمية‬ ‫المواهب وتنمية‬ ‫الفنية‬ ‫العامة الخدمات‬ ‫التعليمية الخدمات‬ ‫السكنية المرافق‬ ‫البئية الحالة‬ ‫للمنطقة‬

‫‪ 2‬مرحلة‬

‫‪ 3‬مرحلة‬

‫‪ 4‬مرحلة‬

‫‪ 5‬مرحلة‬

Part 3: Data compilation and processing Attachement of tables created as a part of the data processing ana analysis step conducted to conclude solutions based on site surveys

69 70 71 72 73 74

1 1 3 2 3 4

1 1 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 0

1 4 2 1 0 1

0 5 3 0 5 3

0 5 3 0 5 3

0 1 0 1 0 1

1 0 2 1 1 0

0 2 2 0 2 0

6 2 1 0 4 0

1 0 2 5 0 0

Totals

3.00

1.00

0.00

1.16

2.47

2.91

1.14

1.64

0.58

0.64

1.12

3 (26-50)

1 (work owners

0 (no)

1

2.5

3

1

1.5

0.5

0.5

1

Survey 1 data processing table: Averages

4 7 5 5 3 4

3 3 3 4 3 3

7 8 8 7 10 7

3.92 1

Overall Total

4

7 3 5 7 5 4

5 8 7 0 5 6

5 3 4 0 0 3

3.88 2.5

5

4

0 3 2 2 2 1

2.19 3

6.5

2

0 2 2 1 2 0

1 1 4 2 1 1

0.54 1

5

0.5

0 1 2 1 0 1

2 4 2 1 0 2

1.03 1.5

1.5

1

7 9 7 7 6 5

1 0 0 0 0 1

3 2 2 2 3 1

0.68 0.5

2.5

8 9 10 9 10 7

1 1 2 2 0 0

2.36

1

5

2.5

6.5

1.5

0 3 3 2 2 1

3.08

5

8

3

1.5

8

Part1

Survey

Age

Vocation

Development Projects

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

1 4 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 3 4 1 3 1 1 4 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 4 2 2 3 2 4 4 3

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 4 2 0 2 0 1 1 6 7 0 6 8 3 6 4 4 0 0 8 7 5 5 7 1 7 6 1 2 1 6 8 5 5 5 1 7

3 5 2 0 4 8 1 0 0 6 0 6 5 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 2 0 6 7 7 7 3 3 4 0 5 7 0 4 6 3 8

1 8 5 3 5 1 7 5 3 1 1 8 6 1 7 4 1 3 3 5 6 6 8 6 8 0 0 4 7 1 0 3 6 3 6 3 3

4 8 1 5 7 0 6 1 1 6 8 2 1 3 0 0 6 1 0 1 6 3 1 2 2 4 3 6 0 7 0 2 8 0 8 5 0

7 4 4 7 6 3 0 8 8 8 5 8 8 6 4 7 7 4 2 3 0 5 2 3 2 7 1 3 4 0 1 5 5 6 6 5 7

6 7 7 8 2 10 7 8 3 7 5 2 5 4 3 6 2 8 0 5 2 8 1 2 5 5 5 3 5 0 6 8 8 3 3 4 5

1 3 5 5 1 5 4 4 6 3 2 5 2 0 3 2 3 5 5 3 4 1 5 2 4 0 1 6 5 1 5 0 4 6 0 6 1 0

2 6 10 4 10 10 5 10 7 4 6 6 10 6 10 9 4 4 10 4 4 9 8 10 7 4 5 9 10 7 4 4 9 10 10 7 9 9

3 7 8 8 10 7 9 8 7 7 9 8 7 8 9 10 10 8 10 7 10 9 10 7 8 10 10 7 8 7 9 10 8 8 10 10 7 9

4 5 6 10 6 7 9 4 8 4 4 9 10 10 7 5 10 5 6 10 8 7 5 10 7 7 7 6 8 7 6 6 6 8 6 9 9 4

5 1 1 5 5 5 2 3 6 4 1 1 0 3 3 1 2 3 5 5 3 6 5 4 3 4 3 2 2 3 1 5 1 0 3 4 0 3

6 0 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 2 2 6 4 1 3 1 2 6 2 5 1 4 3 3 0 0 1 4 5 1 5 5 2 0 3 1 1

7 5 9 8 8 8 8 10 4 6 5 10 9 5 7 4 8 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 6 8 9 9 4 6 5 8 9 4 6 4 5 7

8 8 10 7 7 7 9 9 9 8 7 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 7 8 8 9 8 10 10 7 9 10 9 9 8 7 9 10 9 8 9

9 5 8 7 5 5 9 9 4 9 9 10 10 9 6 9 9 10 10 4 9 6 9 7 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 5 10 5 4 5 10 4

10 3 2 6 6 2 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 3 5 4 1 3 3 3 6 0 4 1 5 0 0 6 4 2 2 2 1 5 5 0 0 6

11 8 8 7 6 9 7 9 7 4 7 10 6 9 7 6 10 9 7 4 7 4 4 9 10 5 8 7 5 10 7 7 9 5 7 6 4 9

12 9 8 6 5 7 8 8 5 10 6 7 4 10 7 6 10 6 4 5 6 5 9 8 10 4 6 5 9 10 7 6 5 8 7 10 9 4

13 7 4 9 8 5 4 4 7 8 6 5 8 4 7 6 5 4 8 4 9 4 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 5 8 8 9 8 9 9 4 4

14 8 9 7 8 8 9 10 7 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 10 7 10 7 8 9 7 10 7 7 7 10

15 5 10 8 4 9 7 9 9 10 5 6 4 9 9 9 7 7 4 9 6 9 5 7 10 6 9 6 9 8 6 4 4 5 6 7 4 5

16 7 10 8 10 7 10 7 8 7 8 8 10 9 7 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 10 8 9 10 8 10 8 10 9 10 7 9 8 8 7 9

17 4 9 8 7 7 8 5 10 4 10 7 7 4 10 4 9 7 4 7 4 9 6 10 5 6 9 8 8 8 4 7 6 7 5 6 7 10

18 6 2 6 3 0 6 5 4 0 5 1 0 4 6 4 1 0 6 5 6 4 4 3 5 4 5 1 0 1 5 1 6 5 0 3 3 1

19 8 4 5 4 10 5 8 5 9 10 7 9 4 10 10 10 6 9 9 8 7 4 5 8 8 9 4 4 10 5 9 7 5 9 5 7 6

20 4 1 3 6 2 1 2 2 2 5 5 5 2 4 4 0 2 2 4 0 1 2 6 5 0 6 1 0 6 5 0 6 2 5 3 0 2

Totals

3.00

1.00

0.00

4.00

3.81

4.00

3.19

4.62

4.81

3.16

7.30

8.49

7.05

2.92

2.62

7.08

8.41

7.54

3.05

7.11

7.00

6.32

8.70

6.92

8.35

6.92

3.27

7.08

2.86

3 (26-50)

1 (work owners

0 (no)

3.5

4

4

2.5

4.5

5

Averages

4 2 1 8 3 4

1.45

7.5

1.5

9 10 8 8 8 10

0 0 1 0 0 0

4 6 8 5 6 9

3 5 4 3 5 8

9 7 8 6 9 6

3 5 7 6 5 6

0.53

6.65

3.99

7.54

6.91

0.5

2.5

4

0.5

7

2

Part 2 21 0 1 0 0 5 4 1 0 3 0 2 2 2 4 0 6 3 0 2 3 1 0 5 0 5 5 6 0 4 2 4 5 5 0 3 1 3 2.35

6.5

1 5 5 5 5 3

0 5 3 0 5 3

7 10 9 9 8 5

0 1 2 2 2 0

2.81

1

7.5

7 9 9 9 7 8

7 6 6 7 5 7

0.51

3

7.5

4

0.5

6 7 9 6 9 10

2 1 1 1 3 1

4.93

2

8

5

3 2 2 2 3 1

5 6 4 3 3 3

1.31

7.5

7

1

3 2 2 3 3 1

4 7 7 8 8 4

2.36

1.5

8.5

2.5

8 10 9 9 9 9

2.51

4

4

2.5 6.5

22 8 7 9 10 9 9 10 7 7 8 7 9 10 8 10 10 9 10 10 7 10 7 8 9 8 10 10 8 7 10 10 8 10 9 10 10 7

23 10 5 5 8 6 10 7 9 10 8 10 7 5 6 4 9 9 6 4 6 9 4 10 4 8 8 10 10 5 4 6 10 8 9 5 7 4

24 4 7 5 4 8 4 7 7 8 8 6 9 9 9 10 7 8 9 9 9 5 7 9 4 6 5 5 10 10 9 4 8 8 9 6 9 9

25 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 10 6 7 10 8 10 6 9 9 7 9 7 5 7 5 7 6 6 8 8 4 5 5 6 5 5 7 10 4 9

26 10 8 9 7 8 7 8 9 10 10 8 7 8 8 7 8 9 10 8 10 9 8 9 8 9 7 8 8 7 10 10 7 9 10 8 10 7

27 7 5 8 6 4 6 9 4 5 9 6 8 7 5 5 5 8 4 8 5 6 10 6 6 6 8 4 7 4 5 6 5 10 8 4 8 5

28 1 2 4 5 5 0 0 3 4 6 0 0 2 3 6 2 4 5 4 6 1 6 3 2 1 6 3 3 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 0 4

29 7 7 6 7 7 9 9 10 4 7 4 8 9 5 10 6 6 5 9 7 4 9 4 5 10 5 4 6 9 6 7 8 5 8 5 6 7

30 10 7 9 4 6 7 10 7 7 5 4 10 9 4 8 5 9 8 8 9 6 8 4 6 6 10 9 8 7 7 4 10 9 8 6 7 10

31 3 6 1 5 1 1 4 6 4 2 1 0 0 5 1 5 4 3 6 2 3 3 1 5 6 5 3 2 0 5 4 5 1 3 6 0 0

32 8 8 10 10 7 9 7 9 7 8 7 9 9 8 9 8 8 9 8 9 9 8 10 10 7 8 8 7 10 7 9 7 9 7 9 10 9

33 4 8 8 4 10 9 4 4 10 6 5 9 4 9 5 9 7 4 4 7 8 6 10 4 8 4 7 10 10 9 10 5 7 7 4 4 7

34 6 6 7 10 10 7 5 5 10 10 8 10 6 7 9 8 9 9 10 6 4 9 7 8 9 7 8 6 10 7 6 7 8 7 8 8 8

35 3 2 1 1 4 4 0 1 6 5 0 0 5 6 5 6 2 2 0 1 1 6 5 4 6 2 0 6 0 1 2 1 4 0 5 3 2

36 7 5 7 9 9 9 7 10 7 7 10 6 5 5 9 6 9 10 8 5 4 9 8 8 9 6 4 10 5 8 8 4 10 7 7 5 4

37 7 8 9 7 9 8 10 10 9 8 7 10 8 10 7 7 8 7 7 9 10 9 9 8 7 10 9 10 7 10 7 7 9 10 7 8 10

38 4 4 3 5 3 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 0 3 3 4 0 6 6 2 2 4 1 1 1 5 6 2 1 1 5 6 4 0 1 0 4

39 6 6 2 0 4 2 1 5 0 6 3 4 0 5 0 2 1 3 3 4 4 5 3 4 0 1 5 6 3 5 5 3 1 2 5 6 1

8.78

7.16

7.30

7.11

8.46

6.27

3.05

6.76

7.32

3.03

8.41

6.76

7.70

2.76

7.19

8.43

3.16

3.14

2 9.5

Total origin of 80 surveys completed over a period of 3 months

Survey 2 dataAgeprocessing Group 1 5 totable: 15 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

16 to 25 26 to 50 50 to more

Vocation

Owner Worker

Development

Yes (1) No (0)

Survey

Age

Vocation

Development Projects

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

4 3 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 2 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 4

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Totals

3.00 3 (26-50)

Averages

O (1) W (0)

Part 1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 2 5 1 0 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 2 1 0 1

2 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 0 3 3 0 4 0 3 5 0 5 4 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 2 7 0 4 0 5 0 8 0 2 0 5 0 3 4 8 1 3 6 2 3 5 5 3 5 1 0 5 3 0 5 3

2 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 0 5 2 3 2 0 3 3 2 4 0 3 5 0 5 4 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 5 0 0 2 7 5 4 5 5 3 8 3 2 4 5 9 3 4 8 1 3 6 2 3 5 5 3 5 1 0 5 3 0 5 3

2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 2 1 1 5 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 0 3 2 4 2 1 0 6 1 2 0 8 3 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 2 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 2 0 3 2 0 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 4 3 1 0 2 1 1 0

0 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0

0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 2 1 0 4 0

1 2 1 2 2 0 3 0 4 1 8 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 2 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 5 0 0

1.00

0.00

1.16

2.47

2.91

1.14

1.64

0.58

0.64

1.12

1 (work owners

0 (no)

1

2.5

3

1

1.5

0.5

0.5

1

Overall Total

Total 3 5 4 4 6 3 4 3 2 8 8 8 2 7 5 6 6 5 7 6 8 4 2 8 5 4 5 6 4 4 5 8 4 7 3 6 5 5 3 6 7 4 5 4 9 5 4 7 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 6 6 3 4 5 6 9 7 3 5 7 6 6 4 7 5 5 3 4

1

2

Addition Total 2 4 4 8 3 8 3 5 4 5 3 9 3 7 2 8 2 4 7 4 0 5 7 7 2 9 6 6 4 9 6 4 5 6 4 6 6 8 6 5 7 6 4 7 2 7 7 5 4 6 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 6 3 7 5 6 7 4 4 7 4 9 2 5 6 2 4 8 4 3 3 8 4 8 2 2 3 3 5 6 2 8 7 5 2 7 2 3 6 8 2 5 2 9 2 5 2 7 2 5 2 7 4 3 6 6 5 4 2 9 4 4 4 8 6 8 7 6 4 8 2 9 4 10 6 6 6 7 5 7 3 7 3 8 3 8 4 7 3 10 3 7

Addition Total 2 3 3 6 4 8 2 8 3 7 7 3 6 1 7 2 2 3 2 2 4 3 5 7 6 4 3 4 7 3 2 1 1 5 4 5 5 3 3 6 6 5 4 3 4 8 5 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 2 6 6 5 2 7 2 8 4 2 7 3 7 2 4 3 2 2 7 1 3 2 8 3 3 5 2 5 3 1 4 5 1 9 5 6 3 6 3 7 3 6 5 4 1 8 5 6 5 7 5 8 2 9 3 9 3 4 0 9 1 8 3 4 5 5 2 6 4 7 5 8 4 7 5 9 3 6 2 5 6 3 7 5 3 8 5 7 7 0 5 5 4 6

3.92 1

4 5

Part1

3

4 5 6 Addition Total Addition Total Addition Total Addition 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 2 4 1 0 2 1 2 1 5 3 1 0 0 3 2 4 2 1 2 1 4 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 6 2 1 0 1 3 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 5 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 2 8 0 5 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 6 0 1 1 0 3 0 3 2 1 0 3 3 0 5 3 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 3 2 4 1 0 9 1 0 0 5 4 2 5 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 3 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 0 1 0 5 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 5 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 0 5 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 4 1 0 3 1 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 3 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 3 1 0 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 5 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 3 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 4 2 2 1 0 2 0 4 1 2 0 0 3 2 4 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 5 2 2 0 5 1 0 3 1 2 1 4 2 0 2 2 1 0 4 1 0 2 0 3 2 0 1 0 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 2 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 2 1 5 3 1 0 3 2 1 3 1 0 0 2 1 0 3 1 2 1 0 5 0 5 2 0 0 5 1 0 3 1 2 0 5 0 0 3 0 5 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 0 4 2 0 4 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 0 1 0 5 1 0 0 2 8 3 3 0 2 1 5 0 0 1 0 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 4 0 4 2 2 4 2 2 0 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 2 1

3.88 2.5

4 6.5

Part 2: Phase 2

Part 2: Phase 1

2.19 3

2 5

0.54 1

0.5 1.5

1.03 1.5

1 2.5

1 Total 8 8 7 8 6 5 7 6 6 8 10 8 5 7 7 8 7 7 9 9 9 8 5 9 9 7 8 9 7 9 5 8 7 9 6 8 9 6 8 9 8 7 9 6 9 9 8 9 7 8 7 6 7 7 7 8 6 5 8 8 6 9 9 6 7 8 6 9 7 9 7 7 6 5

2 Addition 5 3 3 4 0 2 3 3 4 0 2 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 1 4 3 3 3 3 5 0 0 3 2 3 2 4 1 5 3 1 3 4 2 0 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 0 2 4 3 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 3 3 2 2 2 3 1

0.68 0.5

1 1.5

Total 4 9 9 9 7 9 7 8 5 5 7 8 9 8 9 6 9 6 8 6 7 9 7 7 8 6 9 7 9 9 6 7 9 9 8 2 8 8 9 10 5 7 9 9 9 10 4 8 6 9 9 8 7 8 4 9 8 9 6 9 10 9 9 9 10 6 9 7 8 9 10 9 10 7

Addition 0 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 0 3 0 0 5 1 2 3 4 3 1 4 3 1 0 1 0 4 1 2 1 1 3 4 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 0

2.36

5

2.5 7.5

3 Total 10 9 8 10 8 10 6 7 9 7 8 9 5 7 4 6 7 8 8 9 8 7 9 9 8 9 9 8 7 9 10 8 9 10 5 7 4 9 9 8 8 2 9 10 9 10 9 6 8 9 9 8 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 10 6 9 6 9 10 8 8 8 10

Addition 7 3 0 2 1 7 5 5 6 5 5 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 5 3 3 4 1 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 6 6 8 2 5 3 7 6 3 3 1 4 1 3 4 2 0 4 1 3 1 2 0 0 5 0 0 5 4 2 2 1 2 1 0 4 3 4 2 1 8 3 4

1.45

6.5

1.5 8

4 Total 3 1 3 4 3 3 1 3 4 2 5 1 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 5 1 2 2 5 4 3 3 1 1 2 0 3 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 2 2 1 1 3 0 3 3 1 5 1 0 3 2 4 1 8 0 3 3 2 2 1

3.08

5

3 8

1.5 2

Part 2

5

7

Addition 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Total 3 9 7 3 7 1 9 8 6 7 5 6 9 6 8 8 4 8 3 9 9 6 4 9 7 2 5 5 9 1 3 5 8 5 8 4 3 4 8 6 5 9 7 8 9 9 8 8 9 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 6 9 5 9 9 8 8 9 8 6 9 8 4 6 8 5 6 9

Addition 1 7 5 3 5 1 7 2 6 2 1 2 6 3 7 2 1 3 3 0 4 6 2 6 5 0 0 4 7 1 0 3 6 3 6 3 3 2 4 4 4 5 6 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 1 4 5 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 4 5 3 5 4 3 5 8

Total 9 10 6 9 5 7 5 8 6 7 7 4 10 7 6 6 10 8 8 7 9 4 8 6 9 5 10 3 7 8 7 9 10 9 7 9 8 6 8 8 7 7 6 5 8 6 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 10 9 9 8 9 7 9 6 8 7 7 8 9 8 6 9 7 8 6 9 6

Addition 9 10 5 7 5 6 5 7 6 7 6 4 10 6 6 6 9 8 8 7 8 4 7 6 8 5 8 3 7 8 7 9 10 9 7 9 8 6 8 8 7 6 4 4 8 5 9 8 8 5 7 8 6 9 9 8 7 8 6 9 5 8 7 6 8 8 8 6 3 5 7 6 5 6

0.53

6.65

3.99

7.54

6.91

0.5

2.5

4

0.5

7

6.5

1

8

7.5

Total 3 7 5 5 5 2 4 1 6 3 9 2 3 3 3 2 5 3 5 2 1 3 3 3 4 1 5 6 0 6 7 1 0 5 1 2 2 1 0 5 0 1 2 7 8 8 7 5 4 6 5 3 4 6 8 3 5 8 1 4 6 4 6 5 6 4 5 2 1 5 5 5 5 3

Addition 2 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 0 5 2 3 2 0 3 3 2 4 0 3 5 0 5 4 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 5 0 0 2 7 5 4 5 5 3 3 3 2 4 5 7 3 4 8 1 3 6 2 3 5 5 3 5 1 0 5 3 0 5 3

Total 9 8 7 9 7 6 7 7 8 8 10 8 5 8 8 8 7 7 10 9 10 8 5 9 10 8 10 10 7 9 5 8 7 9 6 10 9 6 8 9 8 9 9 6 9 9 8 9 8 8 7 6 7 10 7 9 6 6 9 8 6 9 9 7 7 10 6 10 7 10 9 9 8 5

Addition 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 0

2.81

1

3 4

Total 5 6 7 8 6 8 6 7 8 3 8 5 9 4 6 6 5 6 7 7 9 8 9 4 9 7 5 9 7 6 6 6 8 7 8 8 7 9 5 9 4 8 8 8 9 6 7 6 7 8 7 5 5 9 9 10 6 9 9 8 7 6 5 8 8 8 7 9 7 9 9 9 7 8

Addition 2 5 4 4 3 5 5 4 4 1 3 4 6 1 3 4 1 3 3 6 4 7 7 2 4 3 2 6 6 5 4 6 5 6 8 3 7 8 4 8 1 7 6 7 8 5 6 5 4 7 7 3 3 8 8 7 6 6 6 7 2 5 5 5 6 4 6 1 7 6 6 7 5 7

0.51

7.5

0.5 8

Part 2: Phase 3 5

4

Total 5 10 8 5 8 2 10 9 7 9 6 7 10 7 9 10 7 10 5 10 10 7 5 10 10 4 6 6 10 6 5 6 10 6 9 6 6 5 9 6 6 10 8 9 10 10 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 6 10 6 10 10 9 9 10 10 7 10 10 6 7 9 6 9 10

Addition 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1

4.93

2

5 7

6 Total 7 6 5 7 4 2 7 4 6 2 10 1 3 1 4 3 2 4 5 3 3 4 3 3 5 5 4 4 4 7 1 2 3 5 4 2 6 3 6 5 6 5 5 4 4 8 8 3 6 6 5 5 5 7 4 2 2 3 4 5 0 2 7 4 4 3 0 5 5 6 4 3 3 3

Addition 5 3 3 4 0 2 3 3 4 0 2 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 1 4 3 3 3 3 5 0 0 3 2 3 2 4 1 5 3 1 3 4 2 0 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 0 2 4 3 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 3 3 2 2 2 3 1

1.31

7.5

1 8.5

1

8 Total 8 10 8 9 7 7 7 4 10 3 10 2 6 3 5 4 6 5 7 5 5 7 6 4 8 6 8 9 3 10 7 1 3 7 4 4 6 2 5 8 1 4 6 9 8 10 10 7 8 9 8 6 8 10 10 5 5 10 5 7 6 7 8 8 8 5 7 5 4 7 7 8 8 4

Addition 5 3 3 4 2 5 3 3 4 0 1 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 1 4 5 3 3 3 4 0 0 3 2 3 2 4 1 5 3 1 3 4 2 0 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 0 2 4 3 0 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 1

2.36

1.5

2.5 4

Total 10 9 9 10 9 6 10 10 9 9 10 9 10 10 8 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 8 10 9 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 9 9 10 8 8 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 8 10 10 9 10 10 8 10 8 10 9 9 9 9

2 Addition 1 1 2 1 2 0 3 3 1 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 3 2 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 0 2 0 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 4

2.51

4

2.5 6.5

Total 9 10 10 10 9 9 10 8 9 8 9 9 9 10 9 8 9 8 8 9 8 10 7 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 8 13 10 10 8 8 10 10 10 10 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 10 10 9 8 10 10 9 10 9 10 6 10 10 9 10 10 11 10 10

Addition 5 1 1 1 2 0 3 0 4 3 2 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 0 2 8 0 5 1 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 5 0 3 0 0 1 2 1 4 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 3

1.38

2

1.5 9.5

Part 2: Phase 4 4

3 Total 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Addition 0 1 2 0 2 0 4 3 1 3 2 1 5 3 6 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 0 2 1 0 5 3 6 1 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 3 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 4 1 4 1 0 2 2 2 0

1.51

2

1.5 9.5

Total 6 7 8 10 6 9 6 8 9 5 9 6 10 5 7 6 8 9 9 8 10 9 10 5 9 9 6 10 7 10 8 6 10 8 9 8 10 10 5 9 5 9 8 9 9 7 7 7 8 9 8 5 7 10 10 10 6 10 10 9 10 7 6 9 10 9 7 10 9 10 10 10 9 9

Addition 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 4 2 0 2 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 1

1.76

8

2 10

5 Total 8 10 8 9 8 10 10 9 7 9 9 9 10 8 9 10 10 10 6 10 10 7 9 10 10 5 7 7 10 7 6 10 10 7 9 6 8 6 9 6 7 10 8 9 10 10 8 9 10 6 8 8 9 9 10 10 7 10 6 10 10 9 9 10 10 8 10 10 7 7 9 9 9 10

Addition 3 0 0 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0

1.07

7

1 8

6 Total 9 7 6 9 5 3 8 5 7 3 10 2 4 2 5 5 4 5 7 4 4 5 4 4 8 7 5 5 5 8 3 3 5 6 5 4 8 4 7 5 7 6 6 5 5 9 8 4 7 7 6 6 7 8 5 3 2 4 5 6 3 3 8 5 6 4 1 7 7 7 5 4 5 4

Addition 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

0.68

8.5

0.5 9

8 Total 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 9 10 9 9 10 9 9 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 10 9 9 9 5 8 8 9 9 9 10 8 9 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 8 9 10 8 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 8 9 10 10 10 10 9

Addition 2 0 2 1 3 3 3 6 0 7 0 8 3 5 4 6 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 6 2 4 1 1 6 0 3 8 6 2 1 4 2 7 4 1 9 4 3 1 2 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 3 4 0 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 5 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 5

1.20

4

1 5

Part 2: Phase 5 5

4 Total 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Addition 4 3 2 0 4 1 4 2 1 5 1 4 0 5 3 4 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 3 0 2 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 4 1 5 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 1 2 5 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 3 4 1 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

2.96

6.5

3 9.5

Total 10 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10

1.72

8

2 10

9 10

6

Addition 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 3 3 0 0 4 0 0 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 3 1 1 1 0

Total 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10

Addition 1 3 4 1 5 6 2 4 3 6 0 7 5 8 5 5 5 5 3 6 5 4 6 5 2 3 5 5 5 1 6 6 5 3 5 6 2 6 3 5 2 4 3 5 4 1 2 6 2 3 3 4 3 2 5 7 7 6 4 4 6 6 2 5 3 6 9 3 2 3 5 6 5 6

1.14

9.68

4.27

1

5

4.5 9.5