الاستدامة والعمارة المفاهيم والابعاد التطبيقية by moha'd Naeem

‫ اﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾم واﻻﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬:‫اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ واﻟﻌﻣﺎرة‬ Sustainability and Architecture: Concepts and dimensional Applied 1

‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ﻧﻌﯿﻢ‬.‫ﺩ‬

:‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ ﻓﺎﺳﺗﺧداﻣﻬﺎ ﺻﺎر‬،‫ اذ ﻟم ﺗﻘﺗﺻر ﻓﻛرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﺎل ﺗﺧﺻﺻﻲ ﺑﻌﯾﻧﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺗزاﯾد اﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻛرة اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﯾوﻣﺎً ﺑﻌد ﯾوم‬

‫ اﻟذي‬،‫ وﻧظ ًار ﻟﻠﻐﻣوض اﻟذي ﯾﺷوب ﻣﻔﻬوﻣﻬﺎ‬.‫واﺳﻊ اﻟﻧطﺎق وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﻪ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل وﺟﻪ ﻣن وﺟوﻩ اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬

‫ﯾﺣﯾﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟدﯾﻣوﻣﺔ او اﻻﺳﺗﻣ اررﯾﺔ ﺻﺎرت ﻣﺟرد ﺷﻌﺎ اًر ﺑراﻗﺎً ﯾﺗﺻدر ﺟدول اﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت‬

‫ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو ﺗﺿﻣﻧت ﺗﻠك اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗزاﻣﺎت ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ او اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺟداً ﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬،‫واﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻻﺧﯾرة‬

.‫ﺑﻣﻔﻬوﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺷﺎﻣل‬

‫وﯾﻌد ﺣﻘل اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة ﻣن اﺑرز اﻟﺣﻘول اﻟﺗﺧﺻﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗرى ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻧظري واﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﻲ اﻻﻛﺛر‬

‫ وﻣن ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺟدﻟﯾﺔ ﻫذا اﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻣﺣور ﺣول اﺷﻛﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻬم اﻟﺧﺎطﺊ ﻟﻼﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﻔﻬوم‬.‫اﻟﺗزاﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ وﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾﻣﻬﺎ‬

.‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم وﻓﻲ ﺣﻘل اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة ﺑﺷﻛل ﺧﺎص‬

‫وﺑﺿوء ذﻟك ﻓﺎن ﻣﺎ ﯾﻬدف اﻟﯾﻪ ﻫذا اﻟﺑﺣث ﻫو ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗﺄطﯾر اﻟﻣﻔﻬوم اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻼﺳﺗداﻣﺔ وﻛذا اﻟﻛﺷف ﻋن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫ وﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﺗم ﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻰ ﻣﺣورﯾن رﻛز‬.‫ﺑﯾﻧﻪ وﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة ﻛﺣﻘل ﻣﻌرﻓﻲ ﺧﺻب ﻗﺎد ار ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻧظﯾر اﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻧطﯾق‬

‫اﻟﻣﺣور اﻻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑر اﻏوار اﻟﻣﻔﻬوم اﻟﻠﻐوﯾﺔ واﻻﺻطﻼﺣﯾﺔ ﺑﻬدف طرح اطﺎر ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯾﻣﻲ ﻗﺎد ار ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺷف ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣن ذﻟك‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن رﻛز اﻟﻣﺣور اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن اﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗرى ﻓﯾﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻐﻣوض اﻟذي ﯾﺷوب ﻣﻔﻬوم اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬

.‫ وﻋن اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻣن ﺟﻬﺔ اﺧرى ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام‬،‫اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة‬

.‫ اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬،‫ رﻛﺎﺋز اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬,‫ اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم اﻟﻣﺳﺗدام‬,‫ اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬

Abstract : The importance of the sustainability increases day by day. As the idea is not limited to a particular field of specialization, their use has become widespread and can be applied to almost all aspects of life. Because of the ambiguity of the concept which is referred to the continuity or durability, it has become a sparkling slogan that takes the priority in the agenda of the developmental programs of many institutions and governments recently, even if these programs includes a completely different political or economic obligation from the comprehensive concept of sustainability. The field of architecture is considered one of the most prominent specialized fields where you can see the sustainability with its true concept theoretically and practically. Here comes the argument of this research which focuses on the misunderstanding of the sustainability as a concept in general and in the architecture field in particular. Therefore, the aim of this research is to frame the general concept of sustainability as well as revealing the underlying relationship between the concept and architecture as a cognitive field capable of transferring it from theory into practice. Therefore, the research is divided into two axis or aspects . The first one focuses on the depth of the concept and the idiomatic language in order to put forward a conceptual framework able to uncover the vagueness of the sustainability concept. While the second one focuses on the search for how sustainability can be seen in architecture , and the potentials that can be achieved on the other hand through sustainable design. Key words: sustainability, sustainable design, sustainable development, the pillars of sustainability, sustainable architecture.

(e-mail; naeem70@gmail.com) .‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺎء‬,‫ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬,‫ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﯾﺔ‬,‫ أﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬1

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍھﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ً ﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ً ﻟﻠﻐﻤﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍ ً ﺑﺮﺍﻗﺎ ً ﻳﺘﺼﺪﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺎھﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻀﻮء ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻁﺮح ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺎھﻴﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺭﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻻﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺎھﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎھﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺧﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُء ﻳَﺪ ُﻭﻡُ ﻭﻳَﺪﺍ ُﻡ …‪ .‬ﻭﺃَﺩﺍ َﻣﻪُ ﻭﺍ ْﺳﺘ َﺪﺍ َﻣﻪُ ﺗﺄ َ ﱠﻧﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻁﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ )ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ(‪ ) :‬ﺩﻭﻡ ( َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َﻴﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ‬ ‫ْﺲ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ِﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪....‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍ َﻣﻪُ ﻭﺃَﺩْﻭ َﻣﻪ ُ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺍ ْﺳﺘَﺪَ ْﻣﺖُ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺄَﻧﱠﻴْﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻙَ ﻭﺍ ْﺳﺘَﺪ ِْﻣﻪُ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗ َ ْﻌ َﺠ ْﻞ ﺑﺄ َ ِ‬

‫ﻋﺼﺎﻙَ َﻛ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺪِﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﱠﻰ َ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ َ‬

‫ﺼﻠِﻴﺔُ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺳْﺘﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﱠﺄ َ ّﻧِﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺃَﺣْ ﻜ ََﻢ ﺃ َ ْﻣ َﺮھﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﱠﺄ َ ّﻧِﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗ َ ْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺘﻚ ﻣﺜ ُﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳُ ْﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺤﺐ ﻗﻀﺎءھﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻣﺖ ﻏﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﻓﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭ)ﺃ ْﺳﺘَﺪِﻳ ُﻢ( ﷲ ﻋﺰﻙ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺳﺄﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﺰﻙ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻣﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ sustainable‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،sustinere‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃھﻤﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻭﻳﺒﺴﺘﺮ ‪ Webster Dictionary‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ‪ to give support‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ sustenance to provide‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮھﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ‪ adjective‬ﺃﻱ ﺻﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ sustainable‬ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪(2014 Webster) .‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻖ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻲ( ‪,‬أُﺳﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﯿﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ ُﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﯿﻪ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺒﺮﺯ ﺍھﻤﯿﺔ ﺣﺐ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﯿﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﺷﯿﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺍﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً‪ ,‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺒﺪأ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺎ ﺣﯿﺎﻝ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎ ﺑﯿﺌﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪھﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ‪ ,‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(1‬ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ‪ Economy‬ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ Ecology‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ‪ ،Eco‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ"‪ ".house" or "habitat‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ھﻨﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ً ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ھﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪(1996 Dahl) .‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪(IUCN‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1969‬ﻡ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ "ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ‪ "Development without Destruction‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ UNEP‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻁُﺮﺣﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﻟﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪1972‬ﻡ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ‪1980‬ﻡ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ‪1987‬ﻡ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ( ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺮﻭ ‪1992‬ﻡ‪ ) .‬ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ‪ (2006‬ﺗﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ,‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻟﻠﻮھﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻁﺒﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎھﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻭﻏﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺩﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ )‪ (Fowke & Prasad‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺪﻱ ‪ (2007‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃھﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1987‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ" )‪(1987 Oxford‬‬ ‫‪Sustainable development is "Development that meets the needs of the present without‬‬ ‫"‪compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ھﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺤﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ھﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ھﻮ ھﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (2014SABD‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ‪ ،needs‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪(1943 Maslow):‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺒﯿﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﯿﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﯿﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭھﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﯾﺔ(‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﺪﯾﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻭ إﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(2‬ھﺮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ھﻮ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻳﺸﻮﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻛﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ً ﻭﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ "ﻻ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺿﺮﺍﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ھﻮ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.3‬ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ھﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ٌ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ھﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺣﺪﺍھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‪) .‬ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ‪(2006‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬

‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬

‫اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(3‬ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ً ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ً ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ً ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ ً ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ً ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎً‪ .‬ﺍﺫ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ھﻮ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻤﺎء ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ھﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﻴﺎء‪ (1997 Abrahammson) .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺭﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍھﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺄھﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰھﺎ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪) bearable‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ‪) viable‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ‪) equitable‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍھﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻼﻋﻪ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﯾﻤﺘﺎﺯ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﯾﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﻨﺎھﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﺫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺰﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻁﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺩ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻮﻟﯿﺘﻪ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍھﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(4‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪).‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﯿﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﯿﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﯿﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯾﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﯾﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(5‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍھﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻮء ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ )ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺗﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء ﻛﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﺻﻮﺭ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ً ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺷﻤﺲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﺮﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺣﺎﻓﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ھﺎﻧﻮﻓﺮ ‪ 2000‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ )ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ –‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ – ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻓﻀﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ً ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ)ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭھﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺩﻩ ﻓﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ(‪) .‬ﻧﻌﻴﻢ‪(2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(6‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪) .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻھﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﯾﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻭھﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻬﻠﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﺎ ً ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻻﺧﻀﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ %40 -%30‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ %60 -%50‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ %40 -%35‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ %35 -%25‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ھﺪﺭ‪ %25‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪(2014 Johanna) .‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﯿﺮ ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺍﻟﻰ أﻥ ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ھﻲ أﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﻬﺎ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻱ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﯾﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎھﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎھﺞ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻄﯿﻖ‪.‬‬

‫�‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪:(7‬‬

‫�‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪).‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﯿﻢ(‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣ�ﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸ��ﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ��ﻲ ﺗﺴ��ﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﯿﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻑ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫�‬

‫�‬ ‫�‬

‫�‬

‫� ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻛل)‪ � :(8‬ﻋﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺗﺟﺎوز ‪ ،‬وﻓق ﻣﻔﻬوم اﻟﺗروﯾض‪).‬اﻟﻣﺻدر‪ :‬ﻧﻌﯾم(‬ ‫� ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ(‬ ‫� ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫� ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬

‫��‬

‫��‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬

‫� ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪...،‬‬

‫��‬ ‫��‬

‫‪ .3.2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻅﻮﺍھﺮ ﻭﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﺒﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻩ‪) .‬ﺗﻨﺒﻜﺠﻲ ‪ (1990‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﯿﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‪ .‬ھﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻁﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ھﻮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻮﻧﺰ ‪ Christopher Jones‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﺟﻮﻧﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ‪) Black box‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ‪) Glass box‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ‪) Self-organizing system‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ(‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻮﻧﺰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ ،rational viewpoint‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ‪ self-organizing system‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ‪ ، control viewpoint‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺛﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‪ (2000 Yen) .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ً ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪(2002 Moloney) .‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭھﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬ ‫�‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﺟﻌﻞ ھﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺎھﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ)‪ (1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ‪(1998 Jong).‬‬

‫ﺟﺪوﻝ)‪ :(1‬ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ(‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء )ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻡ(‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﮭﺠﯿﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻔﺆ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ً ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄ ٍ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﮭﻢ ﺍﻥ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﯾﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺎوﻝ وﻣﻔﺘﺶ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍھﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻھﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ھﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ھﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪(2002 Group, PM ) .‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪ :(9‬ﺩوﺭﺓ ﺣﯿﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ )ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪ Jong:‬ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺸﺎء‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫�‬

‫�‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺤﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ھﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ھﻮ ھﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ‪ ،needs‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ھﻮ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻳﺸﻮﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺗﻼﻧﺪ ﻛﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ً ﻭﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻲ "ﻻ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺍﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻴﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍھﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻼﻋﻪ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰھﺎ‬ ‫)ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ھﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﻨﺎھﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﺫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻁﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺩ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍھﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ)‪:(10‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪).‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ(‬

‫�‬ ‫�‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ...‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎھﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎھﺞ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻄﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﺟﻌﻞ ھﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭھﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ؛ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻜﺮﻡ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪(.‬؛ " ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ"؛ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ؛ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ؛ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ )‪ (2006) (IUCN‬؛"ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ وﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ وﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ"؛ ؛ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ؛ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ – ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻡ( "ﺍﻟـﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ وﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬2007) ‫ ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﺎﻥ؛‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬ available at: .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ"؛‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ‬

(3 ‫ﻋﻦ‬

http://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/320/Researches/51738_21873.pdf (accessed 21/06/2014)

.‫(؛ "ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﯿﺮ"؛ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻣﻲ؛ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ (4 ‫ﻡ( ؛"ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ وﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء وﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ"؛ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬1990) ‫ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﻡ‬،‫ﺗﻨﺒﻜﺠﻲ‬ (5 .‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ؛ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ؛ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ‬:‫ﻡ(؛ "ﺗﺮوﯾﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬2005)‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‬،‫ﻧﻌﻴﻢ‬ (6 .(‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ"؛ ﺍﻁﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ؛ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ؛ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ؛ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ‬

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