Training & Conditioning 16.2

March 2006 Vol. XVI, No. 2, $5.00

Wrestling with Regulations High schools get new weight rules

Workouts for Water Polo Debating Heart Screenings

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Circle No. 100

March 2006, Vol. XVI, No. 2

CONTENTS

29 46

13 5

10

45

Q&A Wendy Svoboda Tulane University Bulletin Board NJ to test athletes for steroids …

Standards for soccer headgear released … New survey helps predict eating disorders.

Sideline The Science of Sports Drinks

56 Advertisers Directory 51 53 54 55 57 58 59

Product Pages Catalog Showcase Web News Athlete Monitoring Systems Product Launch Aquatic Exercise Hot & Cold Therapy More Products

60

CEU Quiz For NATA and NSCA Members

Treating The Athlete

13 When MRSA Strikes The question is not if, but when MRSA will show up in your athletic department. This author recounts his school’s experience in stopping the infection’s spread.

By Chuck Kimmel Optimum Performance

24 Perfect Posture There is a trend today to identify postural imbalances in athletes.

Such an assessment is only effective, however, if done in a dynamic environment.

By Vern Gambetta Special Focus

29 Following Their Hearts Should athletic departments test their athletes for potentially fatal heart conditions? As medical experts debate the issue, some schools are beginning their own screening programs.

By David Hill Leadership

38 Wrestling with Regulations Next season, high school wrestlers join their college counterparts in having to follow minimum weight guidelines. In most states, athletic trainers are being asked to help implement the changes.

By Abigail Funk Sport Specific

46 Who Rules the Pool?

Cover: AP Photos ATHLETICBID.COM

When it comes to water polo, the UCLA women do, thanks in part to an aggressive strength training program.

By Kerri Barrett Husbands T&C MARCH 2006

1

You can lead athletes to water.

You can even make ‘em drink.

So why are they still dehydrated? ®

The case for drinking Gatorade during exercise.

When exercise robs their bodies of salt, electrolytes and carbohydrates, even the brightest student-athletes can falter. Especially when they try to replenish these dwindling stores with only water.

Athletes who drink only water have reduced performance over time because of poor voluntary intake, increased urine production, impaired fluid-to-electrolyte balance and inadequate carbohydrate supply.

Hydration from a physiological point of view: Drinking only water during exercise causes a decrease in the concentration of sodium in an athlete’s blood. This turns off thirst and triggers the kidneys to start dumping water.

As a result, they will drink less and lose more.

Š2005 S-VC, Inc.

So, whether your main concern is performance or safety, research consistently shows that drinking a scientifically formulated sports drink, like Gatorade, before, during and after physical exercise helps athletes stay better hydrated than water alone.

Now you know,

if your athletes are exercising, make sure the trough is filled with Gatorade.

Circle No. 101

Learn more at gatorade.com/ athletictrainers

Great Ideas For Athletes...

Editorial Board Marjorie Albohm, MS, ATC/L Director of Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Research, Orthopaedics Indianapolis Jon Almquist, ATC Specialist, Fairfax County (Va.) Pub. Schools Athletic Training Program Brian Awbrey, MD Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Instructor in Orthopaedics, Harvard Medical School Jim Berry, MEd, ATC, SCAT/EMT-B Director of Sports Medicine and Head Athletic Trainer, Myrtle Beach (S.C.) High School

Knee Strap Cho-Pat’s Original Knee Strap is designed to alleviate certain knee discomforts due to overuse syndromes, arthritis, and other forms of degeneration. Nearly two million sold!

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Gary Gray, PT, President, CEO, Functional Design Systems Maria Hutsick, MS, ATC/L, CSCS Head Athletic Trainer, Boston University Christopher Ingersoll, PhD, ATC, FACSM Director, Graduate Programs in Sports Medicine/Athletic Training University of Virginia Jeff Konin, PhD, ATC, PT Assistant Athletic Director for Sports Medicine, James Madison University Tim McClellan, MS, CSCS Director of Perf. Enhancement, Makeplays.com Center for Human Performance

March 2006 Vol. XVI, No. 2 Publisher Mark Goldberg Editorial Staff Eleanor Frankel, Director R.J. Anderson, Kenny Berkowitz, Abigail Funk, David Hill, Dennis Read, Greg Scholand, Laura Smith Circulation Staff David Dubin, Director John Callaghan

Leslie Bonci, MPH, RD Director, Sports Medicine Nutrition Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Ctr. Health System

Michael Merk, MEd, CSCS Director of Health & Fitness, YMCA of Greater Cleveland

Art Direction tuesdaythursday Brand Advertising

Christine Bonci, MS, ATC Asst. A.D. for Sports Medicine, Women’s Athletics, University of Texas

Jenny Moshak, MS, ATC, CSCS Asst. A.D. for Sports Medicine, University of Tennessee

Production Staff Bridget Torrance, Director Adam Berenstain, Jonni Campbell, Jim Harper

Cynthia “Sam” Booth, ATC, PhD Manager, Outpatient Therapy and Sportsmedicine, MeritCare Health System

Steve Myrland, CSCS Owner, Manager, Perf. Coach, Myrland Sports Training, LLC Instructor and Consultant, University of Wisconsin Sports Medicine

Debra Brooks, CNMT, LMT, PhD CEO, Iowa NeuroMuscular Therapy Center Cindy Chang, MD Head Team Physician, University of California-Berkeley Dan Cipriani, PhD, PT Assistant Professor, Dept. of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State Univ.

Gray Cook, MSPT, OCS, CSCS Clinic Director, Orthopedic & Sports Phys.

Ther., Dunn, Cook, and Assoc.

Bernie DePalma, MEd, PT, ATC Head Athl. Trainer/Phys. Therapist, Cornell University Lori Dewald, EdD, ATC, CHES Athletic Training Program Director and Associate Professor of Health Education, University of Minnesota-Duluth Jeff Dilts, Director, Business Development & Marketing, National Academy of Sports Medicine David Ellis, RD, LMNT, CSCS Sports Alliance, Inc. Boyd Epley, MEd, CSCS Asst. A.D. & Dir. of Athletic Perf., University of Nebraska Peter Friesen, ATC, NSCA-CPT, CSCS, CAT, Head Ath. Trainer/ Cond. Coach, Carolina Hurricanes Lance Fujiwara, MEd, ATC, EMT Director of Sports Medicine, Virginia Military Institute Vern Gambetta, MA, President, Gambetta Sports Training Systems Joe Gieck, EdD, ATC, PT Director of Sports Medicine and Prof., Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Brian Goodstein, MS, ATC, CSCS, Head Athletic Trainer, DC United

Mike Nitka, MS, CSCS Director of Human Performance, Muskego (Wisc.) High School Bruno Pauletto, MS, CSCS President, Power Systems, Inc. Stephen Perle, DC, CCSP Associate Prof. of Clin. Sciences, University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Brian Roberts, MS, ATC, Director, Sport Performance & Rehab. Ctr. Ellyn Robinson, DPE, CSCS, CPT Assistant Professor, Exercise Science Program, Bridgewater State College Kent Scriber, EdD, ATC, PT Professor/Supervisor of Athletic Training, Ithaca College Chip Sigmon, CSCS Strength and Conditioning Coach, Carolina Medical Center Bonnie J. Siple, MS, ATC Coordinator, Athletic Training Education Program & Services, Slippery Rock University Chad Starkey, PhD, ATC Visiting Professor Athletic Training Education Program Ohio University Ralph Stephens, LMT, NCTMB Sports Massage Therapist, Ralph Stephens Seminars Fred Tedeschi, ATC Head Athletic Trainer, Chicago Bulls Terrence Todd, PhD, Co-Director, Todd-McLean Physical Culture Collection, Dept. of Kinesiology & Health Ed., University of Texas-Austin

IT Manager Mark Nye Business Manager Pennie Small Special Projects Dave Wohlhueter Administrative Assistant Sharon Barbell Advertising Materials Coordinator Mike Townsend Marketing Director Sheryl Shaffer Marketing/Sales Assistant Danielle Catalano Advertising Sales Associates Diedra Harkenrider (607) 257-6970, ext. 24 Rob Schoffel (607) 257-6970, ext. 21 T&C editorial/business offices: 2488 N. Triphammer Road Ithaca, NY 14850 (607) 257-6970 Fax: (607) 257-7328 info@MomentumMedia.com Training & Conditioning (ISSN 1058-3548) is published monthly except in January and February, May and June, and July and August, which are bimonthly issues, for a total of nine times a year, by MAG, Inc., 2488 N. Triphammer Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850. T&C is distributed without charge to qualified professionals involved with competitive athletes. The subscription rate is $24 for one year and $48 for two years in the United States, and $30 for one year and $60 for two years in Canada.

The single copy price is $5. Copyright© 2006 by MAG, Inc. All rights reserved. Text may not be reproduced in any manner, in whole or in part, without the permission of the publisher. Unsolicited materials will not be returned unless accompanied by a self-addressed, stamped envelope.

Periodicals postage paid at Ithaca, N.Y., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Training & Conditioning, P.O. Box 4806, Ithaca, NY 14852-4806. Printed in the U.S.A.

Circle No. 102 4

T&C MARCH 2006

ATHLETICBID.COM

Q&A Wendy Svoboda Tulane University For Wendy Svoboda, ATC, Tulane’s Director of Athletic Training, the 2005-06 school year began like any other. She organized her staff, prepared for pre-participation physicals, and welcomed Tulane’s athletes back to campus. But those first few weeks in August would be her last businessas-usual days for a very long time.

On Aug. 28, Hurricane Katrina was threatening, and everyone in New Orleans was told to evacuate the city. Svoboda helped gather athletes onto buses and packed supplies to last a week, even though she assumed they’d be back on campus in just a few days.

What happened on Aug. 29 doesn’t need to be repeated here. It was six weeks before Svoboda could return to check the status of her own home, and four months before she worked another game in a Tulane facility.

While the university was closed for the fall, Tulane athletics went on, competing out of Louisiana Tech, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Southern Methodist Universities. Seven Tulane teams played out their seasons representing the Green Wave. They also represented the spirit of a city determined to fight its way back.

For Svoboda, the arrangement meant managing a staff spread out across four locations in two states. She juggled coverage and supplies, coordinated rehabs long-distance, and attempted to maintain morale when no one knew for sure whether they would eventually be able to return home.

Here, Svoboda tells her story, from the day the buses pulled out of New Orleans, through the biggest leadership challenge she’s ever faced, to her return to a very different Tulane this winter. She also talks about how the experience has changed her perspective, and why she’s never been prouder to be an athletic trainer.

T&C: How did you prepare when you learned Katrina was on the way?

Svoboda: It was a Sunday morning, and we were getting ready to run football and soccer practices. The storm began moving faster than anyone expected and we were told, “Forget practice. Get out now.”

We crammed 100 football players, 30 soccer players, and both coaching staffs, along with administrators, my staff, and ATHLETICBID.COM

In this file photo, Svoboda attends to an injured athlete, before Hurricane Katrina upended the Tulane athletic department.

some other students who had nowhere else to go, into two buses and a couple of school vans and went to Jackson State University in Jackson, Miss. It took us 10 hours to travel 180 miles because of the traffic.

We all slept in the Jackson State gym. We thought we’d just be staying in Jackson a few days, and expected to run practices there. But the storm headed right our way, so we were stuck inside the gym for the next day and a half.

What were the next 36 hours like?

It was crazy. There was a violent storm outside. There was no power. We used flashlights and listened to our portable CD players until the batteries died. We didn’t have cell phone service, so I couldn’t get in touch with people on my staff who weren’t with us when we evacuated, and none of us could get in touch with family or friends. There was a lot of anxiety.

We did whatever we could to keep the kids from thinking about what was going on around them. We actually had a football team workout in the gym while the storm was hitting.

T&C MARCH 2006

5

Q&A Wendy Svoboda Director of Athletic Training, Tulane University Athletic Training Staff: Daisy Kovach, Justin LeDuc, Kevin McShan, Aaron Yeary, Andrea Christensen, Miesty Woodburn Previous Jobs: Assistant Athletic Trainer, Tulane University, 2000-2001 Head Athletic Trainer, Abilene (Texas) High School, 1995-1999 Graduate Assistant, Tulane, 1993-1995 Lessons from Katrina: “I had to learn to delegate and then just let go.

That has always been hard for me. I know my staff can do the job, but sometimes I feel like I need to directly oversee everything myself.”

People asked, “Why are we doing this?” But it gave everyone something to focus on, and that helped.

Where did you go from Jackson State?

We temporarily sent the football group and half of my staff to SMU in Dallas, and we sent our soccer team and that staff to Birmingham. I went to Dallas and spent the next seven days working football practice with our football athletic trainer and one graduate assistant.

At the same time, I was calling and begging companies to give us supplies. All of the university’s assets were frozen, so we couldn’t even buy tape. At that point, it was still unclear whether we were going to be able to field teams for the fall— or for any season this year.

“I tried to keep things as routine as I possibly could for my staff … We all needed it to be as normal as it could be, although really, there wasn’t a whole lot normal about it.”

But your athletic director was working behind the scenes to figure out a plan.

Right. He was working like crazy to convince the university administration to let the teams go on and to figure out how to make that happen. We ended up having agreements with four institutions to get athletes housing, a place to go to class, and a place to work out.

6

T&C MARCH 2006

One assistant who suffered a lot of losses personally in the storm decided to leave, so I had a staff of seven. Seven sports went to Texas A&M, and I went with them, taking one GA and our newest assistant, who had been with us for a month. Our football athletic trainer went to Louisiana Tech with the football program, and I sent two GAs with him. We sent one of our assistants to Texas Tech to cover baseball and women’s basketball. And golf was at SMU, with coverage by telephone as best we could.

What was a typical day like for you?

I spoke to the people at other sites by phone several times a week, and my staff sent me all the injury reports, so I was still aware of what was going on. I spent a lot of time trying to coordinate everything. Did everyone have the supplies and coverage they needed that day? Where were athletes going to get dental care and contact lenses? It was crazy, but I have a great staff, and their professionalism made it work.

The other thing that made it work was help from the athletic training staffs at our host schools. I’ve always known athletic trainers are a great group of people, but I have never been so proud to be part of this profession.

In Dallas, Ken Locker of Presbyterian Hospital helped us find temporary staff for taping and covering practices, while SMU Head Athletic Trainer Cash Birdwell coordinated accepting and storing all the donated supplies. At Louisiana Tech, my staff was given an athletic training room in the gym and Head Athletic Trainer Bob Burns made us feel at home. Before we got to Texas A&M, Head Athletic Trainer Karl Kapchinski had us all set up with a full training room, ultrasound stim units, and ATHLETICBID.COM

Q&A supplies. At Texas Tech, Head Athletic Trainer Ken Murray set up our PPEs and completely shared his facilities with us.

I tried to keep things as routine as I possibly could for my staff. I think that was also very important for our student-athletes, because they didn’t need any more distractions. They needed it to be as normal as it could be, although really, there wasn’t a whole lot normal about it.

Was there a different definition of success for these teams?

Yes, without a doubt. Our athletic director emphasized that success was representing Tulane and carrying the torch. Especially when classes were suspended and the university was closed down, the fact that Tulane athletes were still putting on the uniform helped people believe the school would come back.

What was the biggest management challenge you faced?

I had to learn to delegate and then just let go. That has always been hard for me. I know my staff can do the job, but sometimes I feel like I need to directly oversee everything myself.

In this case, that was not an option. I learned to count on them to do what they can do. I think that made me realize, “Hey, I don’t have to be there. The whole world doesn’t fall apart.” My staff has probably been going crazy hoping that one day I would learn to do that!

“At the first women’s basketball game, about halfway through the first half, out of the blue, some guy stood up and played the Tulane fight song on a trumpet.

The place went crazy ... It was a roller coaster of emotions those first nights.”

How did the seven teams do this fall?

Kids worked hard, but there weren’t a lot of winning records. No one wanted to make the excuse that the storm affected our performance, but the truth is that the athletes were facing a huge number of challenges. This situation was difficult as a staff member and as an adult. I can’t imagine experiencing it as a student-athlete.

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The basketball teams played some home games back at Tulane before the holiday break. What were those games like?

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Q&A women’s game, about halfway through the first half, out of the blue, some guy stood up and played the Tulane fight song on a trumpet. The place went crazy. There was a period when we didn’t know whether we were even going to have an athletic program, or a university, to come back to. So it was a roller coaster of emotions those first nights.

The university announced it would suspend eight teams indefinitely after the spring semester: men’s and women’s tennis, men’s and women’s golf, women’s soccer, women’s swimming and diving, men’s track and field, and men’s cross country. How many of those teams are competing or practicing?

The NCAA ruled that athletes on the tennis, swimming and diving, and golf teams could get back this year of eligibility if they stopped competing after the fall semester. So only two of the teams that are being suspended will be competing: men’s golf and parts of swimming and diving. The other teams don’t have enough athletes left to field teams.

What is the status of your athletic training facility?

Right now, it’s a mess. We had two facilities on campus, the athletic training room and the Tulane Institute of Sports Medicine, which housed our team physicians, a physical therapy department, and a state-of-the-art biomechanics lab. We got about two and a half feet of water in both facilities.

They’re working on our facility now. It will be at least midFebruary before we’re in, and it will be April before the Tulane Institute of Sports Medicine is up and running. Currently, we have one treatment table and one taping table. But we will rebuild. It may take a while and it won’t be quite the same, but at least we’re here, and I think that pretty much sums it up for the entire city.

Has your staff been downsized?

We’re going from a staff of eight to potentially a staff of five, but the sports still here are those that require 75 or 80 percent of our time, and that’s going to create a challenge. The university has also dropped the exercise science department, so the one program that sent a few student volunteers our way is gone.

It’s going to be a challenging spring, but it can’t be as challenging as the fall, so I think we can make it through. Being separated as a staff was tough. The spring is going to be better because we’re all facing the situation together.

Although nothing could compare to the past six months, throughout your career, have you faced any challenges being a female in a male-dominated profession?

In the beginning, I was concerned that I was going to encounter a glass ceiling. But I honestly have never had any problems. In part, I think that’s because I choose not to think of the job in male and female terms. I’m simply a professional.

This is what I tell some of my female students: “You’re here ATHLETICBID.COM

to do the job. It’s not social time. You do your job and work hard and hopefully it will come together. If it doesn’t, you’re working for the wrong set of people.”

I was a senior at the University of Nebraska in 1992, and that was the first time we ever had women working the home sidelines at a football game. We have come a long way. Many women before me have fought hard, and I am reaping the benefits of their hard work.

What advice do you have for an athletic trainer who would like to head an NCAA Division I athletic training staff?

Seek out the right experiences. Figure out what your head athletic trainer does that you don’t, and try to get involved in some of those things. Get exposure to as many aspects of their job as you can, particularly the administrative side.

Prepare yourself, but also realize that when you walk into a head athletic training job, it’s still going to be a learning process. Have confidence in yourself that you’ll be able to learn as you go.

“In the beginning, I was concerned that I was going to encounter a glass ceiling. But I honestly have never had any problems ... I choose not to think of the job in male and female terms.

I’m simply a professional.”

How do you balance your personal time with your job?

I’m a bad person to ask that. I’ve struggled with juggling a personal life and a professional life, almost to the point of not having a personal life. But at the same time, I’m proud of where I’ve gotten with my career.

The older I get, though, the more I realize that I have to make time for a personal life and not be consumed by my work. It’s too easy to get caught up in this job. The Katrina experience has taught me that there is a whole lot more to this life than your job, and that one’s worth isn’t measured by their career.

What are your goals for the future?

Will you stay at Tulane?

Yes, as of right now. I want to be part of rebuilding it. I want to be there for the athletes. I will stay and get our training room back together and get our kids back together and do what we need to do to make this a successful program.

But the experience has changed my outlook as a whole.

It’s made me ask a lot of questions about what’s important to me in life. What does my future have in store? Is it college athletics, or something else? I don’t know. I honestly have not completely sorted out the past six months yet. It’s been really crazy. But I’m going to keep working on figuring it all out, and in the meantime, we keep joking that maybe we’re all going to write a book about our experience! ■ T&C MARCH 2006

9

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Board New Jersey to Test High School Athletes for Steroids They aren’t the first state to consider it, but they are the first state to take the plunge. Next year, New Jersey will begin random steroid testing of high school athletes in all championship sports, following an executive mandate by Acting Governor Richard Codey.

The New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA) will oversee the testing, randomly selecting five percent of student-athletes whose teams qualify for postseason play. The governor’s office gave the NJSIAA a $50,000 grant to pay for the first year of testing, although there is no indication yet of how it will be paid for in subsequent years.

A basketball fanatic and AAU coach, Codey created a task force in July 2005 to study the issue of steroid use in young athletes, which ultimately recommended the testing, along with ramping up educational prevention efforts. “We looked at the statistics first,” says Bob Baly, Assistant Director of the NJSIAA and a member of the task force. “About three percent of high school seniors nationwide admit to having used steroids, and there’s evidence that the real number is closer to five or six percent. We have 240,000 athletes in New Jersey, so it’s not hard to do the math. A significant number of kids are taking a substance that is very dangerous.”

In addition, interviews with student-athletes convinced the group that steroids are very easy to come by. “They told us all you have to do is key in the right words on the Internet, or know the right people around school,” Baly says.

A private agency will carry out the testing, and athletic trainers at schools targeted for testing will not have any added responsibilities. “Our athletic trainers have done a very good job of becoming educated on the program, and we’re looking into ways to increase their education in this area,” Baly says.

New Jersey is not the only state to look into the issue of steroids in high school sports. Florida’s legislature recently considered a bill that would require the state association to develop a testing program for one sport, and a Michigan legislator introduced a bill last spring that would mandate testing of athletes at state competitions. In 2005, the governor of New Mexico urged his state’s legislature to institute random drug testing for high school athletes, and even pledged $330,000 to finance a program.

■ The full report of the New Jersey Governor’s Task Force on Steroid Use and Prevention can be seen at: www.nj.gov/steroids/finalreport.

10

T&C MARCH 2006

First Standard for Soccer Headgear Released Recent studies have shown that concussions can be a serious problem in soccer, occurring as frequently as in football. Now, for the first time, an official standard has been developed for protective headgear for the world’s most popular sport.

Issued in November 2005 by ASTM International, the standard offers a scientific consensus on the specifications headgear should meet in order to best protect soccer players from major impact during play. In particular, it establishes coverage, labeling, and laboratory-test performance protocols for manufacturers to follow. Soccer headgear that complies with the new standard will offer ideal protection during collisions with other players, goal posts, and the playing field. Impact from heading the ball is not addressed by the standard, since it rarely results in concussions.

Currently, the only soccer headgear on the market is called the Full90, a device made of molded foam that wraps around the head to protect impact zones of the forehead, temple areas, and the back of the head. “We’ve been waiting for this decision for a long time, and we’re proud to announce that our products meet every specification in the new standard,” Jeff Skeen, Founder and CEO of Full90 Sports, said in a press release. Skeen noted that a recent study, funded by world soccer governing body FIFA and published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, found that the Full90 reduces impact forces that can lead to concussions in soccer players.

While the new standard and existing research suggest that the headgear helps prevent injuries, the soccer community has been slow to adopt the equipment. The West Virginia Youth Soccer Association, for instance, prohibits players from wearing it unless they have a doctor’s note. To encourage more widespread acceptance, Full90 Sports recently sent information packets to high school and youth soccer programs throughout the country, introducing the product and explaining its benefits.

Predicting Disordered Eating Before It Occurs With an estimated one to four percent of young women in the U.S. suffering from eating disorders, and considering the high calorie demands of competitive athletes, early diagnosis of disordered eating in female student-athletes is critical. University of Missouri researcher Pamela Hinton, PhD, has found that a written questionnaire can help predict specific psychosocial risk factors associated with disordered eating habits.

An Assistant Professor of Nutritional Sciences at Missouri, Hinton designed the questionnaire with a colleague to measure five variables: drive for thinness and performance; social pressure on eating; performance perfectionism; social pressure on ATHLETICBID.COM

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body shape; and team trust. For example, athletes who agree with statements like, “I often wish I were leaner so I could perform better,” and “I am trying to lose weight for my sport,” would earn a high score in drive for thinness and performance.

Hinton administered the test to 167 varsity female athletes from nine different sports at three NCAA Division I schools, hoping to find correlations between certain variables and the

Drive for thinness and performance and social pressure on body shape were the strongest predictors of disordered eating. likelihood that an athlete would suffer from disordered eating.

She found that two of the variables—drive for thinness and performance and social pressure on body shape—were the strongest predictors of disordered eating. Athletes with high scores in drive for thinness and performance were 10 times more likely than those with normal scores to experience disordered eating, while those who scored high in social pressure on body shape were five times more likely.

■ To read archived Training & Conditioning articles about counseling athletes with eating disorders, visit www.athleticsearch.com and type “eating disorders help” into the search window.

Salaries Grow for ATCs The 2005 edition of the NATA’s Athletic Training Salary Survey contained good news for athletic trainers in all segments of the profession. The results, released in November during Allied Health Professionals Week, reveal that paychecks for athletic trainers have gone up considerably since last measured in 2003.

Compiling data from over 5,400 participants, the survey found that athletic trainers working in youth sports have experienced the greatest increase in salary—up 41.15 percent, to an average of $46,296. Those who work in professional sports also saw a large jump, 31.32 percent (to an average of $50,515). Those who work in high schools (up 15.91 percent, to $42,442), hospitals (up 14.92 percent, to $54,292), the performing arts (up 14.56 percent, to $56,135), and government settings (up 9.04 percent, to $50,716) also enjoyed increases.

Marjorie Albohm, MS, ATC, Vice President of the NATA Board of Directors, said in a press release that increased licensure requirements and regulations have led to greater acceptance of athletic trainers as qualified health care providers, a shift that is largely responsible for the higher salaries. “Many employers are now realizing the cost-effectiveness of having an athletic trainer on site to help prevent injuries and provide immediate treatment,” she said. “Their preventive care expertise makes them increasingly valuable in the American workplace.” ■

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Ten percent of Austin Peay’s football players were diagnosed with MRSA this fall.

ROBERT SMITH, THE LEAF-CHRONICLE

TREATING THE ATHLETE

When MRSA Strikes The question is not if, but when MRSA will show up in your athletic department.

This author recounts his school’s experience in stopping the infection’s spread.

BY CHUCK KIMMEL

I

t starts innocently enough, as a lesion on the skin. And how many athletes don’t have those? But, if not treated quickly, it can result in serious illness and even death.

I am talking about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA (pronounced mer-sa), a staph infection that is becoming more and more prevalent in high school and college athletic departments. It is difficult to detect, easily misdiagnosed, and not always seen as a significant threat. The American Journal of Sports Medicine reported in November that “many sports ATHLETICBID.COM

medicine physicians are unfamiliar with the epidemiology of this pathogen.”

However, MRSA should be on the mind of every athletic trainer and team doctor. In 2003, a college football player in Pennsylvania died of MRSA. This fall, a high school football player in Georgia was hospitalized and attached to an artificial lung for weeks before recovering from MRSA. These are just two stories of many.

Here at Austin Peay State University, we had our first experience with MRSA this past fall. Through the course of the season, 10 football players and

one volleyball player were diagnosed with MRSA. Two of the football players were hospitalized and the remaining athletes were treated and kept out of participation for about a week.

We were lucky. We caught the initial illness fairly early and were given the Chuck Kimmel, MA, LAT, ATC, is the Head Athletic Trainer and Assistant Athletic Director at Austin Peay State University. He is also President of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association and can be reached at: KimmelCW@apsu.edu.

T&C MARCH 2006

13

TREATING THE ATHLETE resources to prevent a larger outbreak.

We found that, overall, the most important factors in keeping MRSA at bay are: being on the lookout for it and being aggressive about preventing its spread. If an outbreak has not occurred in your area, it will. Be prepared to deal with it when it strikes.

WHAT IS MRSA? The key letter in MRSA is the R, which stands for “resistant.” MRSA is a significant threat because it is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, including methicillin, penicillin, and cephalosporins. That means if a physician prescribes a common antibiotic, it will have no effect and the infection will have the opportunity to spread.

MRSA’s resistance to commonly used antibiotics has developed over

If it is caught early, it can be treated fairly easily with specialized antibiotics. If not treated, it can lead to pneumonia, bloodstream infections, or surgical wound infections. In the case of the high school athlete in Georgia, the staph infection spread to his lungs when he came down with the flu.

The experience of our first Austin Peay athlete with MRSA was typical.

He noticed a bad skin rash that wasn’t healing and went to an emergency room in his hometown, where he was diagnosed with a spider bite. Forty-eight hours later, he came to the athletic training room.

Since his was an untreated case of MRSA and the infection had progressed, he was immediately referred to Boyd Health Services on Austin Peay’s campus. From there, he was referred to

MRSA presents itself as a skin lesion with a pustule, which can easily be overlooked as a normal pimple or other skin problem. Because MRSA is relatively new, even physicians are not spotting it. It is often initially misdiagnosed as a spider bite, even within the medical community. time as a result of the widespread use of antibiotics, individuals who do not complete the prescribed course of medications, improper prescribing of antibiotics, and the sharing of medications.

For many years, prescribing antibiotics was the standard practice whether it was appropriate or not. Over time, the “bugs” have adapted to the drugs in their efforts to survive, and drugs that were once effective can no longer kill the infection.

The first reported incidence of MRSA was in 1968, but the disease was confined to hospitals and nursing homes for many years. Over the last decade it has started to show up in other settings, including the athletic community. The first published report of an incident in athletics occurred in 1998. Over the past two years, athletic departments across the country have been reporting cases with increased frequency.

MRSA presents itself as a skin lesion with a pustule, which can easily be overlooked as a normal pimple or other skin problem. Because MRSA is relatively new, even physicians are not spotting it. It is often initially misdiagnosed as a spider bite, even within the medical community.

Cooper Beazley, MD, a team physician.

Because of the progression of the infection, the athlete was admitted and IV antibiotic treatment commenced. He remained in the clinic for four days.

In retrospect, that was the easy part of our ordeal. The hard part was trying to stop the spread of MRSA to other athletes.

HARD TO STOP In most contexts, MRSA is not highly contagious, but it spreads easily in an athletic setting. And once it enters an athletic department, it is very difficult to eradicate.

The usual mode of transmission of MRSA is through body-to-body contact from an infected wound to an open wound on another person. The condition can also be easily transmitted from an object (a towel, for example) that has come in contact with the infection and then is used by another person, where it contacts a wound on their body. The bacterium is not, however, carried through the air, nor is it found in dirt, mud, or grass. It cannot live on artificial turf.

MRSA can also spread through “carriers,” people who carry the disease in ATHLETICBID.COM

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TREATING THE ATHLETE its colonized state but do not suffer from it. It is believed that less than one percent of the population in the United States is colonized with MRSA (25 to 30 percent of Americans are colonized with nonresistant Staphylococcus aureus). The in-

ing games and practices allows bodyto-body transmission.

Wrestling would also appear to be a contender for the easy transmission of MRSA. But because the sport has strict rules about covering wounds, its

Our first athlete to contract MRSA, after being released from the hospital, went through many practices and games without wearing the sleeves we provided to him. He epitomizes the belief of many athletes that they are “bulletproof” and would never contract MRSA—even if they already have! fection is most frequently found in the nose in its colonized state. So, if a carrier sneezes and the spray comes in contact with an open wound, it can infect the person with the wound.

The majority of MRSA cases have occurred on football teams, where open wounds and body-to-body contact are frequent. Many football athletes delay covering wounds they judge as insignificant, and they see blood on their uniform as a badge of courage. The tackling and blocking that occurs dur-

reported numbers have been less than football’s.

However, all athletes are at risk because of the hygiene, or lack thereof, they tend to practice. Oftentimes, showers are delayed following practices for any number of reasons. It is common for team members to share towels, soap, equipment, razors, and so on. Since being a part of a team is an important psychological aspect of participation, sharing items with a teammate may be seen as not only normal, but desirable.

FROM THE NATA

A

s part of its official statement on MRSA, the NATA suggests the following prevention and management recommendations for MRSA:

1. Keep hands clean by washing thoroughly with soap and warm water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer routinely.

2. Encourage immediate showering following activity.

3. Avoid whirlpools or common tubs when an athlete has open wounds, scrapes, or scratches.

4. Avoid sharing of towels, razors, or daily athletic gear.

5. Properly wash athletic gear and towels after each use.

6. Maintain clean facilities and equipment.

7. Refer to appropriate healthcare personnel all active skin lesions and lesions that do not respond to initial therapy.

8. Administer or seek proper first aid.

9. Encourage healthcare personnel to seek bacterial cultures to establish a diagnosis.

10. Care for and cover skin lesions appropriately before participation.

The above is reprinted with permission of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association.

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PREVENTION MODE When our initial case was diagnosed, the entire Austin Peay sports medical team went on high alert for MRSA. We put into place aggressive preventive and treatment measures. Within the span of a week, $5,000 was spent to help prevent the spread of MRSA (and that was from a cash-strapped athletics department).

In spite of the initial efforts, a second football player was admitted later that first week for IV treatment. Hospitalization of affected athletes was fortunately limited to two players. But the infection continued to spread for two months. The other players were diagnosed quickly, treated with a course of effective antibiotics (co-trimoxazole, doxycycline 100, or both, depending on the severity of the infection), and kept out of participation for a period of time that usually was less than one week.

These athletes were also monitored closely until their wounds healed.

The first thing we did to halt the spread of MRSA was to carefully treat those who were infected. Wound dressings were changed as needed, and there were very strict rules about handling the wound so the bacterium would not infect others. Most important, gloves were worn until the wound was covered completely and hand washing was mandatory afterward.

Also as a part of the protocol, intact skin was cleaned with antimicrobial soap without mashing or scrubbing the area of cellulitis. When the area of cellulitis had induration present, heat was applied. With open skin, while immersed in water, the wound was cleaned with soap while gently rubbing it with a soft, clean cloth.

We also went on the warpath, looking to catch any cases as soon as they presented themselves. Any athlete with a suspicious looking pustule, abscess, or cellulites was referred to Boyd Health Services, which cultured each wound if it was draining sufficiently to provide what was needed. We felt it was much better to refer too many suspicious athletes than not and miss a case of MRSA. Once a possible case was identified, all subsequent lesions were treated as MRSA until it was officially ruled out.

During the outbreak at Austin Peay, there were 26 athletes referred for skin lesions, and although only 10 were MRSA positive, all were treated as if ATHLETICBID.COM

TREATING THE ATHLETE they had MRSA until we had word of a negative test.

Any athlete with a suspicious wound was also given a bottle of antimicrobial soap and instructions to bathe with this soap for the next month. They were told not to squeeze or pop lesions and required to keep the wounds covered at all times.

It has been found that proximity is linked to acquiring the infection, so we were especially vigilant with players who had lockers adjacent to an infected teammate and players who are often in close contact with teammates (e.g., interior linemen). We also paid particular attention to starters because they are involved in a higher number of repetitions during practices and games than non-starters.

We provided cotton and neoprene sleeves to help prevent abrasions to athletes’ knees and elbows—MRSA cannot become an issue if there are no skin lesions that allow it to enter the body.

Although use of the sleeves was highly recommended, it was not mandated.

As the number of incidents decreased, so did the use of the sleeves, which is not the desired outcome, although easily understood.

Insisting on good hygiene was another key part of our prevention plan. Because of the cavalier attitude by many athletes, prevention had to be forced on them very strictly. For example, our first athlete to contract MRSA, after being released from the hospital, went through many practices and games with uncovered wounds and without wearing the sleeves we provided to him. He epitomizes the belief of many athletes that they are “10 feet tall and bulletproof” and would never contract MRSA—even if they already have! We tried to look at it this way: They are counting on us to help them.

Use of community towels was suspended for the remaining 10 football games. Towels used in the athletic training room and on the sideline were single use and were not to be shared. Razors had to be single use and disposed of after use. When possible, paper towels were used. Athletes were told to shower with warm water as soon as possible after activity and to always use a clean, dry towel.

Antimicrobial soaps were purchased and placed in every locker room. Since it has been found that MRSA not only survives but thrives on bar soap, we inATHLETICBID.COM

stalled and only used liquid soap dispensers. Each locker room, including its shower area and surfaces, went through a weekly sanitization.

In addition, an antimicrobial additive was purchased for use in the department’s laundry room. MRSA can survive many laundry detergents, so each load of laundry was treated with a chemical (Vanguard) that kills MRSA. Proper cleaning procedures were reviewed with the equipment personnel and our equipment was regularly sanitized. Athletic training room tables

were wiped down after each treatment.

The use of whirlpools was restricted to very few athletes and we sanitized the tub after each use.

The weightroom was given special attention. All surfaces were disinfected and the floor and benches were cleaned on a regular basis. Carpet is a very hospitable place for MRSA and should be avoided if possible. If carpet is used, it should be disinfected regularly.

For everyone involved on every level of athletics, frequent and thorough hand washing was the mode of operation.

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TREATING THE ATHLETE Hands were washed regularly with antimicrobial soap for at least 15 seconds while working up a good lather. Hands were dried with a clean, dry cloth or paper towel.

And the sports medicine staff took even more precautions. Although proper use of gloves had become standard procedure in the athletic training room, proper procedures were reviewed and strictly adhered to. Antimicrobial hand

that athletic trainers be tested for MRSA. When a person is found to be a carrier, mupirocin ointment is placed in the nose, which kills the bacteria.

In our case, because the outbreak was brought under control relatively quickly, our physician felt we did not need to take this step.

The last key to prevention is education, so we spent time communicating all we knew to everyone in the athlet-

The truth is that MRSA can strike quickly, and all schools should implement preventive measures now.

It invariably gets a head start on those who are responsible for caring for the condition, and ongoing prevention is the only way to keep it from spiraling. wipes and hand sanitizer use was required following contact with any athlete, whether they had a wound or not.

Another point for discussion was that healthcare providers are often “carriers” of the infection because of their close contact with patients. Because of this, some doctors advocate

ic department. Dr. Beazley spoke to the football team and emphasized their responsibilities to protect both themselves and their teammates. We educated and updated coaches and administrators, and they were very cooperative, reminding teams on a daily basis about proper hygiene and wound management.

In addition, from the start, everyone was aware that this cluster would probably include a larger portion of the team before it was brought under control. All this communication definitely helped: By the end of the first week of the outbreak at Austin Peay, any athlete with any break in their skin was coming in for an evaluation.

Statistically, approximately 10 percent of our football players were diagnosed with MRSA and it was spread throughout the team. The illness was first seen on Sept. 1, 2005 and the last case was diagnosed on Nov. 9, 2005, the week of the final game.

BEFORE IT STRIKES It’s easy to think, “MRSA won’t touch our athletic department.” Or, “We’ll worry about it if and when it happens.” But the truth is that it can strike quickly, and all schools should implement preventive measures now.

MRSA invariably gets a head start on those who are responsible for caring for the condition, and ongoing prevention is the only way to keep it from spiraling.

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Preventive education can also help catch a case quickly, which is imperative to avoiding hospitalization or fatality. At this point, you may be more knowledgeable about MRSA than a physician your athlete sees. Therefore, you may need to be vigilant in checking athletes even if they have been cleared by a doctor. Ask them to get a followup appointment or a second opinion if you feel the athlete’s wound is being misdiagnosed.

If there were only one tool in the toolbox to fight MRSA, hand washing would be the most valuable one.

The occurrence of MRSA would be significantly reduced if everyone washed their hands aggressively and often. For healthcare providers, hand sanitizer should and must become a part of their practice with frequent use throughout the day. By following and teaching proper hygiene, we can best serve those who depend on us to keep them healthy and involved in their chosen sport. ■ A version of this article is running in our sister publication, Athletic Management.

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RESOURCES: ■ The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has the most up-to-date information on MRSA. Type “MRSA” in the search window at: www.cdc.gov.

■ The CDC also provides a page of handouts for the public: www.cdc. gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_ public.html.

■ The National Athletic Trainers’ Association’s official statement on MRSA is a valuable resource that can be distributed to healthcare providers and made available to athletics administrators, coaches, and athletes: www.nata.org/ publicinformation/docs/MRSA_ Statement.pdf.

■ The NCAA’s Web site has a list of further resources about MRSA. Untitled-11 1 Click on “Injury Prevention,” then “Skin Infection Prevention” at: www.ncaa.org/health-safety.

■ The NFHS has recently revised its communicable diseases policy to address infectious skin diseases.

It can be found on the “Sports Medicine” link at: www.nfhs.org.

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The Steelers utilize a shotgun approach when rehabbing an athlete, doing whatever they can to get every Steelers player back on the field as quickly as possible. PowerTower allows the Steelers' certified athletic trainers to speed up that recovery and challenge their athletes by adjusting the resistance levels electronically.

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“This is a valuable tool for helping athletes overcome injuries safely and quickly. Athletes can really isolate the injured area or muscle involved; plus, once properly instructed, they require

“With an infinite range of resistance levels, we can easily track and positively reinforce to an athlete that he is making progress. This often motivates the athlete to push himself while maintaining a safe rehab environment,” Grove added.

Kim Maguire, athletic trainer and physical therapist with Leonardo Physical Therapy in Massachusetts, says her clients enjoy the efficiency and added comfort of PowerTower’s thicker padded seat.

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“This is the most user-friendly machine I've worked with in my 13 years in the industry,” said Maguire. “PowerTower’s rolling glideboard moves smoothly up and down the incline and when I have a patient on the machine, the rails adjust up and down fluidly without jerking motions. With just one PowerTower for the nearly 200250 physical therapy patients/athletes our facility sees a week, our patients literally line up to use this machine!”

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athletic trainers a good way to know when to progress a client to a different level, but athletes can literally watch their progress as they see the resistance levels change, even during an exercise in progress.

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As a result of a recent rehabilitation study using Total Gym, rehab specialists now have an accurate tool to more effectively measure weight bearing status for patients recovering from injuries to the hip, ankle or knee. The study, conducted by researchers at San Diego State University (SDSU) and the Medical University of Ohio, tracked repetition of movements of specific exercises, at specified levels of resistance, performed on Total Gym.

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OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE

There is a trend today to identify postural imbalances in athletes.

Such an assessment is only effective, however, if done in a dynamic environment.

Perfect Posture

BY VERN GAMBETTA any of us have less than fond childhood memories of being told to: “Stand up straight, don’t slouch!” As coaches, we may now hear ourselves giving our athletes similar instructions: “Stand tall… Get your back straight on that lift… Let’s see good posture on this agility run.”

Because the back is such an important part of almost every athletic movement, having it in the right position is critical for optimal sports performance. Good posture is closely related to functional strength and motor control, and is absolutely necessary to produce efficient movement along the kinetic chain.

However, good posture in athletics is not what your parents were talking about when they told you to stand up straight. And that distinction is key to understanding the role of posture in strength and conditioning.

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Vern Gambetta is the President of Gambetta Sports Training Systems in Sarasota, Fla. A frequent contributor to Training & Conditioning, he can be reached through his Web site at: www.gambetta.com.

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OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE DYNAMIC, NOT STATIC When I am teaching coaches about posture and postural control, I often present a word association game. I ask participants for the words most commonly equated with posture, and they usually respond with things like: upright, stiff, still, alignment, perfect pose. Then I ask them to think about sports movements. It soon becomes

an ideal posture for passing a volleyball or tackling a rusher. And a posture that works well for one athlete may not work as well for another.

Think of NFL Patriot quarterback Tom Brady’s posture when getting ready to throw a football compared to the Falcons’ Michael Vick’s posture. Both are great quarterbacks, but the way they stand while launching a pass is very dif-

Think about what happens to postural imbalances when the athlete is asked to move. Are they relevant to the athlete’s movement? If they are corrected, will there be a change in performance? clear that the conventional meaning of posture is far removed from posture in a functional athletic context.

When posing for photos or giving a presentation, our posture is static.

In sports, posture is dynamic, always moving. Good athletic posture is actually a series of postures linked together to produce efficient movement.

There is a trend today to identify muscular imbalances in static positions and seek to correct them. But static postural measurements are a non-functional baseline. Unless there is some clearly evident pathology or deformity, I have found over the years that static posture has very little relationship to movement.

Think about what happens to postural imbalances when the athlete is asked to move. Are they relevant to the athlete’s movement? If they are corrected, will there be a change in performance?

I have found that when one static imbalance is corrected, another will appear somewhere else.

Currently, posture grids are a very popular way for athletes to assess their posture. The grids and other static analyses of posture are easy to administer and interpret, and profound conclusions are often deduced from them.

But such analyses really have little or no carryover to movement. It certainly is simpler to assess an athlete standing still than when he or she is moving, but because performance is not about one posture, the grids have limited value.

We also need to get away from the concept of “ideal posture” and instead think in terms of individual needs and sport specificity. An ideal posture for the handshake to start the game is not 26

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ferent. At the point of release their body movement is similar, but leading up to that point, they have an individual style that affects their posture.

In athletics, dynamic posture is what’s all-important. Dynamic posture allows the body to maintain normal length-tension relationships among its muscles while the activity is being performed. This leads to the optimum ability to reduce and produce force. For example, the optimum posture for acceleration is the triple extension of the ankle, knee, and hip. This posture allows the body to exert maximum force against the ground to propel the athlete forward.

Proper dynamic posture also leads to coordinated movement. Each posture in movement is a momentary alignment of body segments, and successful movement is determined by the ease of transition from each posture to the next. If one segment or link in the kinetic chain is out of sync, there is potential for a performance error or injury.

HOW TO ASSESS Ultimately, the test of good dynamic posture is whether it results in easy transition to the next posture. So, how do we assess posture in a dynamic environment? The first step is training yourself to critique key points in movement. To do that effectively, you must

know the athlete and understand the demands of his or her sport.

Although it may not seem sophisticated, the next step is simply to observe the athlete in motion. The best method is to use a combination of the naked eye and video. View the athlete from different angles and then watch him or her in slow motion on the video.

The analysis must be done with the goal of the movement in mind. Remember that posture is highly individual to each person’s body structure and highly adapted to the activity the athlete is engaged in. Observe the flow and pattern of movement, and do not try to pick out small defects. If there is smoothness and efficiency to the movement, then everything is acceptable, even if a defect was detected in a static position.

However, if there is not a flow to the athlete’s movement—if there are breaks in the movement or there is a lack of rhythm—then there is a problem. When this is the case, observe the athlete more closely. First, focus on the major movements and see if they are in sync.

Then, look at smaller body parts and see if they are working in coordination with the bigger ones. Be sure to start out with a clear concept of what the movement should look like. How does the athlete you are observing match up to that concept?

Some coaches like to look at muscular balance when assessing posture and movement. But I think we can go too far with this idea. We must remember that the body is fundamentally asymmetric. It is unrealistic to think of muscular balance right to left or front to back—the body is not designed that way. We must think of proportionality rather than symmetric muscle balance.

For example, quads are bigger than hamstrings. Does this mean that the quads are overdeveloped, or conversely, that the hamstrings are underdeveloped? I would say no, because they are proportional. The pecs are naturally stronger than the muscles of the upper back, but they should not overpower those muscles. If they do, there is high risk of injury.

■ Did you know that Training & Conditioning publishes a free weekly e-newsletter on all the latest news pertaining to high school and college athletics? Sign up for “Tools of the Trade” by e-mailing: lists@MomentumMedia.com. You can also preview the current “Tools of the Trade” issue in the Bonus Editorial section of: www.AthleticSearch.com.

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BUILDING GOOD POSTURE Posture is clearly an integral part of many aspects of movement. In fact, I believe that dynamic postural alignment and subsequent dynamic muscle balance are fundamental movement skills. So it should be no surprise that a training regimen for good posture is very similar to any functional strength and conditioning program.

We need to train strength, flexibility, balance, and movement. We need to incorporate multi-joint and multi-plane work with high proprioceptive demand. We need to target deficiencies with remedial work whenever warranted.

In the classic text Anatomic Kinesiology, authors Gene Logan and Wayne McKinney have termed the muscles that are most active in resisting the force of gravity the “antigravity muscles.” They go so far as to state that “the antigravity muscles are the most important muscle groups, which make possible the maintenance of body postures in sport, exercise, and dance situations.”

The four primary anti-gravity muscle groups are: the gastroc/soleus group, the quadriceps group, the glutes, and the erector spinae group. When the body is upright, as is the case in most sport activities, the anti-gravity muscle groups work in conjunction with other muscle groups to maintain upright posture. These muscles act on information from three major sensory systems in the body: the proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual systems. Therefore, movements that work these muscles must be given prime consideration in a conditioning program.

A good distribution of pulling, pushing, and squatting movements should be considered. The body must also be put in positions that force it to work against gravity in postures similar to those in the athlete’s sport.

Similarly, the abdominal complex, or core muscles, play a major role in dynamic posture. They give the body structural integrity, which allows the limbs to position and reposition themselves according to the demands of the activity.

The core must be trained daily. It should be incorporated into a warmup, have a distinct module within the actual workout itself, and be addressed during cooldown. The majority of core work should be done upright and moving to enhance the transfer to postural improvement and to activate the muscles of the core as they are used in movement.

To achieve proportional muscular development, focus the training on movements, not individual muscles. For movement to be efficient, muscles must be recruited in patterns that mirror those demanded by the activity and that allow for optimum firing frequency.

A good distribution of pulling, pushing, and squatting movements should be considered. The body must also be put in positions that force it to work against gravity in postures similar to those in the athlete’s sport. An overemphasis on work in a supine and prone position, for instance, will not transfer to dynamic postural improvement.

Tight muscles can contribute to poor dynamic posture, ATHLETICBID.COM

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OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE so a sound program of functional flexibility that addresses the target muscles must also be part of the athlete’s daily routine. The gastroc/soleus group must be stretched daily, since it governs the production and reduction of force against the ground. The same is true for the psoas, as a shortening of the psoas will have a profound negative effect on dynamic posturing and movement. Stretching the lats and pectorals, as connectors of shoulders to hips, should also be on the list.

What type of strength training will hinder good posture? Overemphasis on the bench press can, as it causes a round-shouldered posture. This is caused by tight pectorals, which, when coupled with upper-back weakness can lead to shoulder problems. In the lower extremities, an overemphasis on quad work can have many negative results.

The glutes and hamstrings are more important in many ways, but tend to be neglected because they can’t be seen in the mirror.

If an athlete has particularly bad dynamic posture, he or she may need some remedial work. First, analyze the posture to ascertain the cause. If it is a weakness in a particular muscle group, then those muscles must be targeted for recruitment. Postural deviation can also be caused by tightness. If that is the case, then a specific functional flexibility program must be designed to address the problem.

POSTURE & LIFTING One of the most important times for athletes to work on correct posture is during weightlifting. Good lifting posture will significantly enhance the gains made from weight training and help athletes avoid injury.

To start, the athlete must have a good base of support. For pulling movements, the base should be about hip-

If an athlete has particularly bad dynamic posture, he or she may need some remedial work. First, analyze the posture to ascertain the cause. If it is a weakness in a particular muscle group, then those muscles must be targeted for recruitment.

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width apart. For squatting movements, the base should be wider, at least shoulder-width, depending on the athlete’s body proportions.

The weight distribution should be even and the athlete should feel like he or she is pressing against the floor.

There should be proportional bending of the ankle, knee, and hip. Puffing the chest out will put the back in the correct position, and the head should be neutral.

Training to enhance dynamic posture is all part of a sound, well-rounded athletic development program. Dynamic posture is a major contributing factor to athletic performance, so it must be part of daily training. Remember, we are training athletes to move, not to stand still. ■

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SPECIAL FOCUS

Following Their Hearts

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Should athletic departments test their athletes for potentially fatal heart conditions? As medical experts debate the issue, some schools are beginning their own screening programs.

BY DAVID HILL

W

hen five young athletes in central South Carolina died within two years of each other, in part because of undetected heart conditions, the local sports-medicine community was asked a lot of questions. Emotions ran high, and parents, coaches, and administrators wanted to know whether enough was being done to find athletes with potentially fatal heart diseases.

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In response, several high schools began holding mass screenings with echocardiograms or electrocardiograms (EKGs) for their athletes. Athletic trainers and team doctors began testing athletes for signs of some of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death, in particular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which accounts for about a third of such cases. They had the financial and logistical backing of local hospitals, cardiologists, and non-profit

foundations, and they had the support of worried parents and administrators.

It has been a year and a half since the last athleteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death, and the high schools are starting to re-analyze their procedures. While some schools continue to conduct the heart screenings, others have backed off, thinking that resources David Hill is an Assistant Editor at Training & Conditioning. He can be reached at: dhill@MomentumMedia.com.

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ELECTRO OR ECHO?

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reenings for potentially dangerous cardiac conditions rely on one of two types of electronic tests. The electrocardiogram (EKG) records the electrical activity of the heart, typically in a series of wavy lines. Cardiologists read the printout for signs of misfirings that can indicate a too-rapid or too-slow heartbeat or inconsistencies in the rhythm. The echocardiogram is a sonogram of the heart, relying on high-frequency sound waves interpreted by a computer to produce an image of the heart, which cardiologists can then examine for signs of abnormalities.

Which is better? Some cardiologists prefer screening with EKGs because they can raise a red flag about a broader range of potentially serious conditions. Others prefer echocardiograms because they offer a more direct assessment of the heartâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure and function and are the principal diagnostic tool for detecting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

EKGs cost less, but some cardiologists greatly reduce the cost of echocardiograms in mass screenings by looking for only certain specific signs of heart disease most likely to occur in young athletes. Portable equipment allows cardiologists or technicians to take either type of device to schools for mass screenings.

are better directed at other types of preventative care. Still others are seeking a middle ground, either holding occasional screenings on an optional basis or helping to arrange the tests if a physician recommends one.

What makes the circumstances in South Carolina so interesting is that they are a microcosm of the national situation regarding cardiac screening in pre-participation physicals. Prompted by tragedies involving some high-profile professional and Olympic athletes, the question of whether to subject all athletes to high-tech tests for potentially serious cardiac conditions has been heating up in the United States. New studies and recommendations from the international sports community are also fueling the debate.

EUROPEAN RESEARCH The latest round of discussion has been prompted by developments in Europe.

For more than a generation, Italian teenagers have been given electrocardiograms before they participate in organized athletics. Researchers at the University of Padova examined the huge

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SPECIAL FOCUS database of results and determined, among other conclusions, that electrocardiograms were 77 percent more effective in finding HCM than was simply listening to the heart through a stethoscope and relying on family cardiac histories and athletes’ personal recollection of incidents—such as fainting spells, dizziness, and chest pains.

The researchers, in a study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in December 2003, also concluded that the electrocardiograms were effective in screening for other potentially fatal and hard-to-detect heart abnormalities that lead to sudden death in young athletes.

Then, in December 2004, the International Olympic Committee’s medical commission released a consensus statement on standards for pre-participation cardiac exams that recommends an electrocardiogram. That was followed by a similar recommendation by the European Society of Cardiology. The question arose among American cardiologists: Should we do the same?

The answer boiled down to this: It would be a good idea, but no one should recommend the screenings as a national standard. One of the leading authorities on HCM, Barry Marone, MD, of the Minneapolis Heart Foundation Institute, wrote a commentary for the European Heart Journal, which published the Italian study, explaining that such a policy is not likely to be adopted nationally in the United States given the large number of high school-age athletes and the expertise necessary to analyze the test results. Though electrocardiograms can be conducted for under $100, only experienced cardiologists can reliably interpret the data.

Marone also argued that because abnormal results aren’t definitive, they can lead to many false positives, either needlessly denying sports participation to athletes or requiring expensive further tests that may not really be needed.

Marone does endorse voluntary screening to detect HCM and certain other conditions when a school or university has the means and opportunity.

Marone’s view is basically that of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology.

Both organizations have not altered their consensus statements on pre-participation physicals, which do not call for electrocardiograms or echocardiograms as a matter of course but say that

they are appropriate for athletes with a family or personal history of heart problems.

Where does this leave high school and college athletic departments? Michael Krauss, MD, Chair of the NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports and Team Physician at Purdue University, says the decision on whether to use echocardiograms and electrocardiograms in preparticipation physicals is best left to each sports-medicine department based on advice from its physicians.

“Someone wrote a letter to our committee and said they wanted every NCAA athlete to see a cardiologist before participating in college athletics,” Krauss says. “We thought, ‘Wait a second. Some of these schools are struggling to get every athlete to see a doctor before they get to athletics.’ It doesn’t make a lot of sense for an organization like the NCAA to issue mandates that are out of line with what the American Heart Association says should be done. Every school has to make its own decision.”

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SPECIAL FOCUS TRIAL SCREENINGS For the South Carolina high schools, testing practices continue to evolve.

Mack Harvey, ATC, SCAT, is Head Athletic Trainer and Assistant Athletic Director at Dutch Fork High School in Irmo, S.C., where a star basketball player died suddenly of a heart condition in 2003. Though the cause was

not HCM, the athlete’s parents began pushing for screenings of athletes and raised money toward it. With the help of A Heart For Sports, a Yorba Linda, Calif., non-profit foundation formed by a family who has lost several members to HCM, Dutch Fork screened 140 winter athletes in 2003-04 with echocardiograms.

PRO-STYLE TESTING

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n the NBA, where the health of a team depends on the health of its players, heart screens are done as a matter of course every year. But that doesn’t mean there’s no room for improvement, or that such a schedule is right for everyone.

Every NBA draft prospect gets an echocardiogram, a resting EKG, and a stress EKG—performed while exercising, typically on a treadmill—as part of a physical exam at the pre-draft camp held each summer, says Fred Tedeschi, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer for the Chicago Bulls and president of the National Basketball Athletic Trainers Association (NBATA). From there, however, screenings vary from team to team.

The Bulls conduct a resting and a stress EKG as part of each player’s end-of-season exit physical. Abnormalities are followed up with more testing, often including an echocardiogram. But the stress EKG is the key, because it can help spot changes that indicate developing conditions.

“If you play a professional sport, you want to know if there is any change in how your heart works under exercise,” Tedeschi says.

“That’s why you look at it annually—to make sure there are no weird heart rhythms that have developed subtly.”

NBA physicians plan to discuss whether the league should set a minimum level of cardiological screening of players, Tedeschi says. That’s partly in light of a recent case involving former Bulls center Eddy Curry, who experienced heart arrhythmia late in the 2004-05 season. Before signing the then-free agent, the Bulls wanted him to submit to a DNA test to see if he may have the gene for a particular heart condition. He refused, and ended up signing with the New York Knicks.

An NBA-style policy isn’t necessarily best for college and high school, adds Tedeschi, who formerly worked at the University of California. “At the college level, money is an issue, and, while it may sound terrible, you want to get the most bang for your buck,” he says. “Because the NBA does screenings, does it mean people should do it at the college level? I think a reasonable person may say no. But I do think the athletic trainer and an athletic director should sit down and make a conscious decision about what is best for their athletes and their program.”

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“We had three or four portable machines, and A Heart For Sports had a cardiologist come and supervise everything,” Harvey says. “They saved the data and he went back later and reviewed it once more to make sure he didn’t miss anything. Luckily, everybody was negative.” Athletes were charged $50, though the fee was reduced or waived for lowincome families.

Dutch Fork held another screening the following fall, this time making it optional for athletes. But response was light—15 or 20 youngsters, Harvey says—so he discussed it with his district’s health care committee. With all tests coming back negative in both sessions and the light turnout the second time, the committee decided to not continue testing at school. “Obviously, if a child wants to get tested, we’ll go through their family doctors and have it done, but we don’t sponsor it any more,” Harvey says. “If there’s a child with any symptoms—shortness of breath that’s abnormal, loss of sensation, weakness, or tingling during exercise—that would be a reason to test them, and we’d help get it done.”

Meanwhile, in a school district about 10 miles away, Brian Blackburn, ATC, SCAT, Head Athletic Trainer at Brookland-Cayce High School in Cayce, S.C., has made voluntary screenings part of the pre-participation process for about 18 months and plans to continue them.

Blackburn had been contacted by the president of a company that provides portable echocardiogram equipment to doctor’s offices. Following the string of sudden deaths, the company formed a non-profit arm to screen young athletes.

Blackburn investigated, consulted with school-district officials, and arranged a mass screening of athletes. They are charged $50 each, with the cost subsidized through the non-profit arm of the equipment company.

Brookland-Cayce has continued the screenings, testing about 200 athletes over four sessions, and none have shown signs of serious heart conditions so far. Student-athletes are called from class one-at-a-time to the athletic training room and screened by a technician who videotapes the examination for a cardiologist’s later review. The equipment used at Brookland-Cayce also allows for a scaled-down electrocardiogram to be conducted simultaneously through leads attached to the athlete’s chest. A report is generated ATHLETICBID.COM

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SPECIAL FOCUS and copies are sent to the family and athletic department.

“Our philosophy is there is still a lot of information to be gained from these screening echocardiograms,” Blackburn says. “We may be ahead of the curve, but we just feel, especially with what happened here in the state, that we want to be proactive and offer this.”

Because the tests don’t screen for all heart conditions and they can give false assurance to athletes, BrooklandCayce has student-athletes and their

parents read and sign extensive waivers explaining that a negative result is by no means definitive proof that they have no serious problem. “We tell them up front this is not the test to end all tests,” Blackburn says.

Blackburn also rebuts the argument that the screening is not worth the cost, at least in the case of his school. “Some of the cost-benefit studies aren’t necessarily taking into account that we’re doing them for $50 and they are voluntary,” Blackburn says. “If it gets to the

point where these things can be done for $40, $20, $10, the cost-benefit argument goes right out the window.”

COLLEGE-LEVEL SCREENINGS At Georgia Tech, team physicians agree, and have implemented extensive screenings, says Jay Shoop, LAT, ATC, Director of Sports Medicine. All incoming athletes receive an electrocardiogram, which is read by a cardiologist, and some also are screened through an echocardiogram.

TOWARD BETTER PHYSICALS

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n the debate over making high-tech screenings for heart conditions part of the pre-participation physical, one clear initiative has emerged: the importance of a clear stethoscope-based exam and a good cardiac history.

One step toward better exams is simply to make them quieter. At Dutch Fork High School, near Columbia, S.C, there is a quiet room set aside where doctors can take student-athletes to more clearly listen for murmurs or other audible indications of trouble. Dutch Fork has also beefed up its family- and personal-history questionnaire, and asks parents to go to physicals with students to help answer the eight-question form.

At the college level, Georgia Tech has developed an extensive personal- and family-history questionnaire for all incoming student-athletes that’s now a separate page in the pre-participation medical form.

It includes the following questions: 1. Has anyone in your family died suddenly or had a heart attack before age 55? a) Died suddenly before age 55?

Yes No b) Had a heart attack before age 55?

Yes No 2. Does your heart ever beat fast or skip a lot of beats?

Yes No 3. Have you ever passed out or fainted during exercise?

Yes No Explain:

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4. Have you ever had chest pain, tightness, pressure, or any discomfort during exercise?

Yes No 5. Have you ever been told you have high blood pressure?

Yes No 6. Have you ever been told you have a heart murmur?

Yes No 7. Have you or any relative been diagnosed as having: a) Marfan’s syndrome Yes No b) Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or IHSS? Yes No 8. Have you ever been told that you have a “heart problem?”

Yes No 9. Have you ever been restricted from sports competition?

Yes No Explain: 10. Have you ever been hospitalized for any non-orthopedic reason?

Yes No Explain: 11. Please list any supplements or herbs you take other than vitamins.

List:

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The key for Georgia Tech is the availability of John Cantwell, MD, the schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s team cardiologist, and his colleagues in an Atlanta cardiology practice. Cantwell is a former college basketball player, was the head of medical operations for the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, and is a big believer in preventative medicine.

Cantwell says the electrocardiograms are used to initially screen all athletes because certain conditions are detected only through heart-voltage abnormalities or other signs that show up on the test, and because it can provide information to help doctors diagnose a condition that might arise later. â&#x20AC;&#x153;We like that it establishes a baseline,â&#x20AC;?

Cantwell says. â&#x20AC;&#x153;If an athlete experiences chest pain and we did an EKG but have no earlier EKG to compare it to, and if they have variations that an athlete can have, we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know if thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s normal for them or if itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s related to their chest pain. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a fairly inexpensive and painless test that takes a couple of minutes,â&#x20AC;? he continues. â&#x20AC;&#x153;To do one in your athletic career is not asking a lot.â&#x20AC;?

Cantwell or colleagues from his cardiology group in Atlanta read the results and listen to the hearts of all incoming athletes at physicals. If there are abnormal readings or signs of a predisposition to cardiac conditions on the history questionnaires, the doctors may then order echocardiograms, stress EKGs, cardiac MRIs, or other tests to hone in on a diagnosis. Echocardiograms are also given to all incoming athletes in football, volleyball, and basketball because of their heavy cardiac demands, and because tall athletes are more likely to have Marfanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s syndrome, which can include a potentially dangerous deformity of the aorta near the heart.

Purdue University is another school that screens all incoming student-athletes. And like Georgia Tech, it can do so because of help from a large cardiology practice in town.

The cardiologists use scaled-down echocardiograms and technicians specially trained to take limited readings, which makes the process quicker and more affordable, costing about $35 per athlete. As at Brookland-Cayce, the tests use equipment that can also provide limited electrocardiogram information about the athletesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; heartbeats. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The technicians capture two or three views with some flow studies that take about two and a half minutes to get done,â&#x20AC;?

Krauss says. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The cardiologists have worked very hard to educate the technicians on how to get it done quickly. By the time you lay the athlete down, get some jelly on their chest, place the EKG leads, and do the study, it takes about five minutes per kid. â&#x20AC;&#x153;You need a good echo tech who understands what a screening echo is, and then you need a cardiologist who has a lot of experience in looking at echos,â&#x20AC;? Krauss continues. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a fairly specialized test, no doubt.â&#x20AC;?

The limited echo doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t pick up all the causes of sudden death, but can uncover hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The arguments about more extensive screenings are really about just time and finances, and whether there is available expertise to pull it off,â&#x20AC;? Krauss says. â&#x20AC;&#x153;A full echo costs $1,000 and thus wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be feasible. At Purdue, it costs about $75 to do an EKG. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re doing the echos for half that cost, so we figure thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a good value.â&#x20AC;?

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A MIDDLE GROUND While many schools and universities wait for the cost of echocardiograms to fall and seek out cardiologists willing to donate or subsidize their time, some athletic trainers are finding a middle-ground approach. Spring Valley High School, another school in central South Carolina, has begun conducting echos on just some of its athletes, explains Ron Caldwell, MAT, LAT, Head Athletic Trainer. The school took up the offer of a nearby hospital’s sports-medicine outreach program to provide two portable echocardiogram machines and technicians for a one-time, voluntary heart screening event.

The tests were conducted on athletes who answered yes to one or more questions. Had they ever passed out, become dizzy, or had chest pain during or after exercise? Had they ever experienced a racing heart or a skipped heart beat?

Had they ever been told they have high cholesterol or been restricted from physical activity because of a heart problem? Had a close relative died of heart disease before age 50? Thirty-five student-athletes turned out on a Saturday morning, and after the questionnaires were administered, 13 were given echocardiograms.

General-practice physicians and orthopedists were on site, but the echocardiograms were analyzed later by an off-site cardiologist. The hospital didn’t charge, but the school collected $10 from each student as a fundraiser for its sports-medicine program.

“Now we have a cardiologist who comes to our physical night with a portable EKG machine. If a physician picks up something that’s perceived as an abnormality on an athlete’s exam, they immediately send the athlete over to the EKG.” “We’re going to do it again,” Caldwell says. “The parents who came to the clinic were very impressed. I’m sure it was worth the money and time.”

The University of Nevada has begun taking a similar approach. In recent years, four Wolfpack athletes have been diagnosed with serious cardiac conditions. Two received surgical ablations to correct their heart-rhythm problems and continued to participate. Two others, however, were medically disqualified. In one case, the athlete had a fainting spell that led to the diagnosis, but the other three were caught during pre-participation physicals by doctors listening to their hearts and then prescribing further tests.

Although Nevada does not routinely give echocardiograms or electrocardiograms at physicals, it now has the equipment and cardiologists at the ready, says Marc Paul, MS, LAT, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer. “Our physical exam process starts with family practice physicians and residents, and now we have a cardiologist who comes to our physical night with a portable EKG machine,” he says. “If a physician picks up something that’s perceived as an abnormality on an athlete’s exam, they immediately send the athlete over to the EKG. The cardiologist reads it right there. If they see something and we need to do an echo, it’s arranged, and the athlete can go to the cardiologist’s office the next day.

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SPECIAL FOCUS “Before, we had the EKG machine, we’d have to call ahead and schedule the test a week or so down the road, and in the meantime this kid is sitting here with a lot of anxiety. The ideal thing would be to hook every kid to an EKG machine and go from there. But so far we can’t pull that off cost wise and time wise.”

A Nevada team physician arranged the expertise, Paul says. “She knows a lot of cardiologists from a particular group in town,” he says, “and she told them, ‘We’ve had these incidents come up. We’d really like for you to come down and be here.’ It’s such a large group that at least one of them can come to our physical nights. They volunteer their time and come down and hang out for a couple hours and read through the EKGs if we need them.”

SCARY TO THINK ABOUT While each athletic department must ultimately decide for itself what route to take in terms of heart screenings, Paul stresses that high schools should consider the subject as seriously as colleges, since it’s in the mid-teen years

that HCM typically develops. He notes that one of the Nevada student-athletes, a female who had long-QT syndrome, a malfunction of the heart’s ability to reset itself after a contraction, probably had the condition in high school.

“She was extremely lucky nothing happened to her,” he says. “Who knows how many are at the college level, but especially at the high school level. It’s scary to think about what could be going on.”

That’s basically the viewpoint Brookland-Cayce is taking. The philosophy is, yes, perhaps the school is exceeding what cardiologists collectively recom-

mend, but the consequences can be so dire that if the screenings can be done, they should be done.

“There are a lot of doctors who feel that if there is no family history of cardiac problems you’re wasting your money,” Blackburn says. “There are a lot of questions still. But it’s good to debate them, to have some dialogue.

“It’s not that I want to find an athlete that has a heart condition,” he continues, “but when we do find one, whether it’s at our school or another school, that might help change some people’s minds as far as whether we should be screening or not.” ■

RESOURCES A small but growing number of non-profit organizations can help arrange screenings for certain heart conditions in athletes. Here are two: ■ www.austinheartfoundation.com Click on “Our Programs” and then “Championship Hearts – Young Athlete Heart Screening Program.”

■ www.aheartforsports.org This Southern California organization, founded by a family stricken repeatedly by sudden cardiac death, helps promote and arrange screenings.

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T&C MARCH 2006

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LEADERSHIP

Wrestling with Next season, high school wrestlers join their college counterparts in having to follow minimum weight guidelines. In most states, athletic trainers are being asked to help implement the changes.

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ATHLETICBID.COM

LEADERSHIP

Regulations

BY ABIGAIL FUNK

AP PHOTOS

I

t has been almost a decade since three collegiate wrestlers died in the same season while attempting to make weight. It’s been seven years since the NCAA implemented minimum weight guidelines for its wrestlers.

This year, the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) is putting into place new rules to curb unhealthy weight-loss practices among wrestlers at the high school level.

Starting with the 2006-07 season, all states that follow NFHS rules will need to have protocols in place that control the practice of “making weight.” About half of state high school associations already have such rules, but the other half will be using the next eight months to get their programs up and running. In addition, individual high schools will need to work closely with their wrestling teams to prepare for the change.

Jim Thornton, MA, ATC, PES, Director of Athletic Training Services at Clarion University and chair of the task force that wrote the NCAA rules, is happy to see the regulations coming to the high school level. “High schools will be going through the same thing we did at the collegiate level, and quite frankly, there are going to be some growing pains,” he says. “But I can tell you this: Without question, it has been one of the best things to happen to the sport of wrestling.”

The rules changes are aimed at preventing athletes from engaging in rapid weight loss, ongoing weight fluctuation, and unsafe weight-loss practices. The main idea is to keep wrestlers healthy and prevent short- and long-term physical problems that can result from the above practices. Hopes are that the rules will also put more focus on learning the skills of the sport and less on the tradition of cutting weight.

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While the NFHS rules do not require athletic trainers to administer the weight-management procedures, most schools are asking their athletic trainers to get involved. In this article, we’ll explain the new regulations and provide some advice from both college and high school athletic trainers who have experience with the process, including tips on tackling the most difficult aspect of implementation: working with your coaches and student-athletes.

RULE 1-3 In making the recent changes, the NFHS basically rewrote wrestling Rule 1-3, the weight-management guidelines, to make them much stricter. Under the new rules, wrestlers will be required to weigh in at a hydrated state (specific gravity no more than 1.025) before their first match of the season, at which time their baseline body fat percentage will be assessed. From there, a safe minimum weight will be determined based on a body fat minimum of no less than seven percent for males and 12 percent for females. For the remainder of the season, the wrestler’s weight must stay at or above their safe minimum weight.

And if weight loss is permitted, it must not exceed 1.5 percent of their body weight per seven days.

While the NFHS rules on body fat percentage and weight loss are specific, what’s not spelled out is how the testing should be conducted. Some associations are implementing statewide procedures, while others are letting school districts or individual high schools figure out what works for them. The hydration testing is easily accomplished through a urine test, but body fat percentage can be assessed in several different ways.

States also have different rules on who is allowed to conduct the testing.

The Michigan High School Athletic Association, for example, requires high schools to use skinfold calipers to assess body fat, and allows anyone to become a skinfold assessor after participating in a three-hour workshop and passing an exam. Jim Fast, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer at Eaton Rapids (Mich.) High School and a certified assessor, has observed that it’s mainly athletic trainers coming forward to be assessors. Entering the state’s third year of mandatory testing, the process is becoming easier as more assessors are trained every year.

“We have an in-service every year, and if you’re a first-time assessor, you’re required to go to the three-hour in-service and pass the exam,” he says. “But if you’ve been to the in-service before, you can just take the annual exam online.”

The Virginia High School League also requires its assessors to use skin fold calipers, and they, too, are given training on how to use them correctly. “If you don’t know how to do a skinfold test properly, there is a lot of room for error,” says Jon Almquist, ATC, Athletic Training Program Specialist to Fairfax County (Va.) Public Schools. “So we have a workshop every year for medical professionals—athletic trainers, physicians, and school nurses—who want to become certified measurers. Each participant is taught to administer the testing in the same manner and is certified by the same person.

This way, we know it’s being done right and coaches aren’t concerned about a kid in one part of the state not getting the same results as he would in another part of the state.”

Abigail Funk is an Assistant Editor at Training & Conditioning. She can be reached at: afunk@MomentumMedia.com.

T&C MARCH 2006

39

LEADERSHIP In Florida, where most schools are using a Tanita scale, athletic trainers who want to become assessors must also be trained through a workshop.

They can receive further training to become “master assessors,” which qualifies them to train other athletic trainers to do the testing at their high schools.

“We enter into the scale the wrestler’s gender, their age, their height, and that they’re at an athletic activity

ing out forms and conducting a urine dip stick hydration test to stepping on the scale and getting a printout. She estimates that 30 to 40 wrestlers can get through the testing in an hour. The Tanita scale is expensive, however, and Florida schools often team up to do assessments together so they can share equipment.

In conducting the preseason testing this past fall, Klein found the importance

A former wrestler himself, Thornton admits to having sat in the furnace room of his high school to sweat off a few pounds. “We’re dealing with an institution steeped in tradition here,” he says, “and I would say it’s important to have persistence and rally school boards and parents and whoever you can to support you.” level,” explains Heather Klein, LAT, ATC, Head Athletic Trainer and Master Assessor at Timber Creek (Fla.) High School. “When they step on the scale, it measures their body weight and body fat percentage, and it prints everything out. It’s probably the easiest and quickest way to do the assessment.”

Klein says one wrestler can be assessed in under five minutes, from fill-

of the wrestler being hydrated while on the scale to be paramount. “The Tanita scale can’t recognize a wrestler’s fat cells if they’re not hydrated,” Klein says. “One of my wrestlers weighed in as having 5.8 percent body fat, and just by looking at him I knew he wasn’t that low. So we had him drink some water, weighed him again in 25 minutes, and he registered at 8.2 percent body fat. He was borderline

hydrated the first time and passed the hydration test by a significant amount the second time around.”

Other state associations are using the Optimal Performance Calculator (OPC), which was developed by the National Wrestling Coaches Association (NWCA) and is included in the association’s $30 membership fee. The assessor enters the wrestler’s height, weight, and age into the Web-based software program, which then calculates a lowest allowable weight for each wrestler based on the seven- and 12-percent body fat minimums. The ease of this option is that it’s a Web-based program and makes the calculations automatically. For those wrestlers above the minimum body fat percentage, the OPC also calculates a safe weight-loss plan and can even produce custom diet plans for each wrestler.

No matter how your state decides to administer the testing, Fast suggests remembering that you, and not the coaches, are doing the certifying. “Be assertive and take charge of the situation,” he says. “It can get intimidating, especially at the high school level where the athletic trainer is often younger and newer than the coach. But try not to be intimidated. The program has strict guidelines and you have to follow those, no matter what a coach is saying.”

HYDRATION TIPS Eileen Bowker, MA, ATC, Athletic Trainer at Pemberton Township (N.J.) High School, works with USA Wrestling and holds seminars across the country on conducting body fat assessments. She provides these tips on keeping hydrated to coaches and wrestlers at her presentations.

Two Days Prior to Testing · Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day (water has no calories). · Increase intake of foods high in fiber (such as salads, cereal, vegetables, and fruits)—which will help with the removal of excess weight from the body. · Eat smaller, more frequent meals. · Avoid foods high in fat (fried foods, meat, french fries, pizza). · Avoid salty foods (potato chips, pretzels, tuna, crackers, soft drinks). · Be sure you eat and drink—do not dehydrate!

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T&C MARCH 2006

One Day Before Testing · Continue drinking fluids. Urine should be clear if you are fully hydrated. · Continue eating fibrous foods to eliminate excessive waste from the body. · Stay away from fatty foods and snacks. · Avoid caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea, soda, etc.) · Avoid any vitamins or mineral supplements.

Day of Testing · Avoid caffeinated drinks. · Drink about 17 ounces of fluid (a sports drink is an excellent choice). · No vigorous activity on the day of testing. · Avoid any vitamin or mineral supplements.

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LEADERSHIP ALL ABOARD Along with getting the procedures right, convincing coaches, wrestlers, and parents of the positives of the rules changes is critical. Almquist says working with the high school coaches in Virginia was no small task in implementing his state’s program. “Many wrestling coaches have been doing for years what we now say is inappropriate to do,” he explains.

“So many of them were wrestlers when they were younger and nobody died when they were competing, so they ask why should anything change?

“But support has slowly increased and our coaches have even started adopting some of the philosophies of proper nutrition and weight loss. And they’ve found increasing success in their wrestlers as a result,” Almquist continues. “They needed to buy into the idea and it took time.”

A former wrestler himself, Thornton admits to having sat in the furnace room of his high school to sweat off a few pounds. He also wasn’t opposed to sucking on a lemon and spitting into a cup all day in order to lose one last pound of water weight before weigh-ins. “We’re dealing with an institution steeped in tradition here,” he says, “and I would say it’s important to have persistence and rally school boards and parents and whoever you can to support you.”

The first step is talking to your wrestling coaches about the new rules and how the testing is going to work. “One key is communication,” Klein says.

“My coach is just as informed as I am and that helps tremendously. We feed off of each other.”

WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Eileen Bowker, MA, ATC, provides these tips on losing weight to coaches and wrestlers at her presentations.

· Eat light p.m. meals. · Eat slowly. · Eat one serving. · Decrease intake of calories, but to no less than 1,500 per day. · Eat low calorie snacks (carrots, celery, lettuce, plain popcorn). · Eat low calorie desserts or no dessert. · Avoid fast foods that have a high fat content. · Cut out butter, margarine, sauces, gravy, and dressings. · Grill, bake, broil, or boil—do not fry. · Avoid caffeine. · Avoid salt. · Avoid any situations where you will eat to excess. · Restrict weight loss to no more than two pounds per week. · Substitute low calorie items whenever possible. · Keep a daily diary of everything you eat and analyze its caloric content.

with an exam in their first year dealing with the regulations. After that initial seminar, they are required to attend an update every three years.

Bryan Smith, MD, PhD, Medical Consultant to the Atlantic Coast Con-

One way to convince others of the benefits of the stricter rules is to point to the success at the college level. “If you look at the research since the NCAA adopted its policy in 1999, wrestlers are not losing as much weight and their skill level is higher … If you ask them how they feel about the changes, they like the situation better.”

In Virginia, coaches are invited to attend the workshops that certify measurers. “Coaches can’t become assessors,” says Almquist, “but it can be very informative for them to be at the meeting.

It can be the step that gets them to buy into the program.”

The MHSAA requires that coaches attend an hour-long seminar ending 42

T&C MARCH 2006

ference, adds that not only coaches, but also wrestlers and their parents need to be informed. “Everybody has to understand the value of what you’re trying to accomplish—that the student-athlete be able to participate in as safe and healthy an environment as possible,” he says. “And communicating is the key. If everyone understands the ultimate goal,

they’ll be okay with how the testing is going to work.”

One way to convince others of the benefits of the stricter rules is to point to the success at the college level. “If you look at the research since the NCAA adopted its policy in 1999, wrestlers are not losing as much weight and their skill level is higher,” Smith says. “The successful teams are still successful and if you ask them how they feel about the changes, they like the situation better.”

Mike Moyer, Executive Director of the NWCA, says several studies at the collegiate level have garnered good news.

According to one, NCAA championship wrestlers’ body fat is approximately 8.5 percent, even though college wrestlers are permitted to have body fat as low as five percent. “College wrestlers are no longer confusing lowest allowable weight with optimal weight,” Moyer says. “They are also not cycling their weight as much as they used to and aren’t bingeing between weigh-ins and matches. High school athletic trainers should share this information with their wrestling coaches.”

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LEADERSHIP Another argument for the changes is that they may lead to higher participation rates. “We’ve seen an increase in parental support,” Almquist says. “Parents are more accepting because they feel their kids are safer and they’re not watching them starve themselves over the winter season.

“It also makes the sport more attractive to kids,” Almquist continues. “Say there’s a kid out there who wants to wrestle on the team with his friend but doesn’t want to give up Thanksgiving dinner and Christmas cookies. Well now he doesn’t have to, and maybe he’ll try it out and become a successful wrestler.”

“Wrestling is kind of a Spartan sport,” Smith adds. “A lot of kids are turned off by the training and the conditioning, and I think parents are as well. Managing weight in a healthier manner will certainly promote more interest in the sport.”

HEALTH & HYDRATION In addition to showing your coaches and student-athletes that the minimum weight regulations can work on many levels, talk to them about the negatives

of “cutting weight” and give them information on how to lose weight safely.

Inform them of the importance of staying hydrated, and explain that dehydration can lead to long-term health issues down the road.

Jack Ransone, PhD, ATC, Director of Athletic Training at Texas State University, explains to wrestlers and their

bohydrates, fats, and proteins.”

Eileen Bowker, MA, ATC, is an Athletic Trainer at Pemberton Township (N.J.) High School, a member of the NATA Continuing Education Committee, and the NATA liaison to the NWCA. She says there’s nothing wrong with counting calories, and in fact, she encourages wrestlers to keep a journal of what they

Bowker says there’s nothing wrong with counting calories, and in fact, she encourages wrestlers to keep a journal of what they eat daily.

“Kids need to eat all day long … It’s just a matter of lowering fat selections, eating leaner meats, and trimming excess fat.” coaches that as little as a three-percent reduction in body weight can significantly reduce muscle strength. “Muscle strength is obviously a key component of wrestling,” he says. “You can still lose weight without losing strength by cutting down calories as long as you maintain the appropriate ratio of car-

eat daily. “Kids need to eat all day long,” Bowker says. “It’s just a matter of lowering fat selections, eating leaner meats, and trimming excess fat.” (See “Weight Management” on page 42).

Fast also stresses hydration. “Staying hydrated throughout the day, before a match, and after a match is so

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43

LEADERSHIP important,” he says. “We make it mandatory that wrestlers weigh in before and after practice so they have an idea of how much water weight they’re losing, and we tell them they need to get their weight back to within a pound after practice.”

Bowker says that staying properly hydrated will also help athletes lose weight. “When you’re exercising, your body is using energy,” she says. “Heat is a byproduct of energy, and if you’re not hydrated, you body doesn’t have

the fluids to keep your body cool. Your body, in turn, then won’t allow you to burn the calories you need to lose weight. The number-one mistake athletes make when trying to lose weight is not drinking enough water.” (See “Hydration Tips” on page 40).

PATIENCE IS KEY Lastly, be patient. It may take time for the high school wrestling community to embrace the rules changes. Collegiate

RESOURCES ■ To view the National Federation of State High School Associations’ rules changes for the 2006-07 season, click on “Sports and Rules Information,” and then “Wrestling” at: www.nfhs.org.

■ NATA members can search “wrestling” on the NATA site to access information on implementing a weight management program: www.nata.org.

■ The National Wrestling Coaches Association site has links to both the Collegiate and Scholastic editions of the Optimal Performance Calculator as well as information to share with coaches about the process: www.nwcaonline.com.

■ To read a previously published article in T&C on weight loss, enter “weight loss” into the search window, select “articles” from the pull-down menu, and click “search” at: www.AthleticSearch.com.

wrestlers and their coaches are beginning to see that their rules are making healthier wrestlers, but for many high school coaches and athletes, these changes are brand new, and they’re going to need encouragement to see the benefits.

“The same thing will occur in high schools as did in the NCAA when the guidelines first came in,” Ransone says. “Coaches were upset about it. For whatever reason, they felt they knew better than science. But it was my experience that within two to three years, the wrestling coaches saw it wasn’t significantly affecting their teams and that practices were spent more on technique and conditioning than on cutting weight.”

Bowker says the new regulations may take some extra effort, but will prove worthwhile in the long run. “It’s easy to look at it as one more thing you have to do,” she says. “But you are helping a sport change for the better—and not just any sport, one of the oldest ones around. Being able to say that athletic trainers were the ones who helped implement these safeguards for wrestlers is going to be great.” ■

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CAN EXERCISE KEEP YOU FROM GETTING SICK? David C. Nieman, Dr. P.H.

The relationship between exercise and sickness, especially the common cold, evokes considerable interest among athletes, coaches and athletic trainers. Many are convinced that regular moderate training can protect against illness, while others feel that too much exercise will lower immune levels.

from six to 72 hours in athletes after they ran for two to three hours.1 Much of this immune suppression appears to be related to the elevation of stress hormones, which are secreted in high quantity during and following heavy exercise.

GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING RISK CAN MODERATE EXERCISE HELP PREVENT COLDS? Research shows that several positive changes occur in the immune system as a result of regular exercise:

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ឣ

Moderate exercise keeps stress hormones low; that’s good because stress hormones can suppress immunity. ឣ People who exercise report fewer colds than those who are sedentary. ឣ Near daily exercise cut the number of sick days in half during a 12-to-15 week period.

Although the immune system returns to pre-exercise levels very quickly after exercise, each workout represents a boost to the immune system that appears to reduce the risk of infection over the long term.

To reduce the stress of intense and prolonged exercise to your immune system, keep other life stresses to a minimum, eat a balanced diet, obtain adequate rest, and ingest carbohydrate beverages during bouts lasting 75 minutes or longer.

CAN TOO MUCH EXERCISE INCREASE THE RISK FOR COLDS? While studies show exercise may reduce the risk of colds, there may also be some validity to the common perception that heavy exertion lowers resistance to illness. Studies have also shown a steep drop in immune function lasting anywhere

ឣ

Keep life stresses to a minimum.

Eat a well-balanced diet to keep vitamin and mineral status at optimal levels. ឣ Avoid over-training and chronic fatigue (and get ample sleep on a regular schedule). ឣ Avoid rapid weight loss. ឣ Refrain from touching the eyes and nose. ឣ Get a flu shot, especially if competing in the winter. ឣ Use sports drinks before, during and after endurance events or unusually heavy training bouts. Studies indicate that a sports drink (about one quart per hour of heavy exercise) causes higher blood sugar levels, lower stress hormone production, and less suppression to the immune system when compared to drinking water alone. ឣ

David Nieman, DR P.H. is the director of the Human Performance Lab at Appalachian State University in Boone, N.C. He can be reached at niemandc@appstate.edu.

For more information on supplements, please visit the SportsScience Center at www.gssiweb.com.

REFERENCES 1 Nieman DC. Current perspective on exercise immunology. Curr Sports Med Rep 2:239242, 2003.

SPORT SPECIFIC

Who Rules the Pool?

When it comes to water polo, the UCLA women do, thanks in part to an aggressive strength-training program.

BY KERRI BARRETT HUSBANDS

W

ater polo has long been thought of as a regional sport, with the nation’s strongest programs located on the West Coast. But over the past few years, women’s water polo has exploded, gaining in both popularity and participation throughout the United States. It is now the fastest growing NCAA sport.

The UCLA women’s squad is one of the most dominant in the nation, having won three NCAA titles (including the 2005 trophy) since the NCAA first sanctioned championships for the sport five years ago. The program has also 46

T&C MARCH 2006

produced numerous All-Americans, national team members, and Olympians.

Water polo is an extremely physical and demanding game. It incorporates elements from many other sports, including soccer, swimming, hockey, basketball, and wrestling, all while competing in the deep end of a swimming pool. It requires athletes to be adept at swimming, treading, and throwing, and involves a tremendous amount of physical contact between players.

As the popularity of the sport increases, so does the level of physical play. The players are becoming bigger, stronger, and faster. In response, athletes need an effective strength and conditioning pro-

gram to develop the strength, stamina, and above all, the tremendous level of mental toughness required in this sport.

Furthermore, this program should help prevent injuries, which are common in water polo.

PREVENTING INJURIES Because water polo players experience numerous injuries throughout the season, we start developing our strength Kerri Barrett Husbands, MA, CSCS, is Associate Head Speed-Strength and Conditioning Coach for UCLA Athletics. She can be reached at: kbarrett@athletics.ucla.edu.

ATHLETICBID.COM

SCOTT QUINTARD, ASUCLA PHOTOGRAPHY

Brittany Rowe helped UCLA go 33-0 last year and win the NCAA title.

SPORT SPECIFIC and conditioning program by examining injury trends. Some of the injuries players sustain are the result of contact, but many others are from overtraining or muscle imbalances. Even though the sport is played in an aqueous environment, water polo players tend to suffer from noncontact injuries just as often as athletes in land-based sports do. We try to prevent many of these injuries by incorporating water polo-specific exercises into our off-season lifting program, limiting certain kinds of strength work in-season and focusing on flexibility year-round.

Shoulder: With a sport that incorporates both swimming and throwing, it is not a surprise that many water polo injuries occur within the shoulder joint.

Two of the most common shoulder injuries are rotator cuff tendonitis and labrum tears. In order to prevent both injuries, we do a lot of overhead lifting in the off-season and preseason to develop strength and flexibility throughout the joint. We also incorporate a shoulder flexibility routine, which athletes perform before every workout.

Elbow: The elbow is another injury prone area, specifically the ulnar collateral ligament. In some players, we also see the development of bicep tendonitis.

As part of our warmup routine, we perform stretches that focus on the bicep tendon. This helps alleviate stress on both the shoulder and the ulnar collateral ligament.

Back: Water polo requires a tremendous amount of core strength. We devote substantial time at the end of every workout to strengthening the core. With the addition of a solid core program, we have cut down on lower-back pain in our athletes.

Knee: The eggbeater motion used by water polo players puts a large amount of strain on the knee joint. Furthermore, players tend to be extremely tight throughout the external rotators, glutes, groin, and IT band areas, which can lead to knee pain. In order to prevent knee overuse injuries, we incorporate many groin and hip stretches into our program. Additionally, we perform some variation of the squat at every workout to help strengthen the hipknee complex.

PRESEASON TRAINING We start our preseason training when athletes report back to campus at the end of September (UCLA is on a quarATHLETICBID.COM

ter system). We lift three times a week, and condition six days a week. The water polo coaching staff handles all of the pool conditioning, prescribing tough swim sets and additional water polo-specific drills. Two days a week, the team does dry land cross training that incorporates running and jumping.

Typically, we have them play some sort of team game such as basketball, ultimate Frisbee, or touch football. These conditioning sessions give our team a mental break from the pool, help develop overall athleticism, and allow teammates to have fun together.

Our preseason lifting program is broken down into three cycles. The first four-week cycle is the metabolic phase, and it incorporates a lot of teaching. At UCLA, we believe one of the best ways to motivate athletes is through education.

If our athletes fully understand each ex-

ercise and how it will help them in their sport, they buy into the program.

The metabolic phase is geared toward preparing the athlete to tolerate the more stressful training methods that will follow. It is designed to improve structural strength, flexibility, and conditioning levels, and to provide the base of training that is necessary to make gains in maximum strength, speed-strength, and speed. On two of the three days, lifts are timed, with 60 seconds of rest between each set. Along with giving the workouts structure, this helps build communication and teamwork. (See “Metabolic Phase,” below.)

We spend a lot of time with our incoming freshmen during the metabolic phase, educating them on the hows and whys of the program. The first month can be difficult, as the incoming athletes have to adjust not only to a new

METABOLIC PHASE The following is a sample week from the metabolic phase of our preseason program. Lifts on days one and three are performed using a timer, with 60 seconds of rest between each set. On day three, the last set of each exercise is performed to failure. If the athlete performs more than 12 reps on the last set, we bump the weight up for the next week. A dynamic warmup and stretching routine are done before each day’s workout.

Day One Squat: Warmup x10 3x10 at 60% DB Bench 3x10 Bent Row 3x10 RDL 3x10 Hammer 3x10 Lat Pull 3x10 Back Extension 3x10 Core Circuit Pillar 3x1min MB Russian Twist 3x50 V-up 3x50 Sit-up w/ Throw 3x20 Jack-Knife 3x10

Day Two Complex 5x5 Snatch OH Squat Push Press Good Morning Bent Row Bar Curl Bar Toss 3x10 Hanging Leg Raise 3x10

Back Extension 3x12 Shoulder Circuit 2x12 Abd. IR to ER Lateral Rs Front Rs Ext. Rotation Jack-Knife 3x15 Stability Ball Balance 3x1min

Day Three Squat: Warmup x10 2x10 at 65% 1xfailure at 65% DB Bench: 2x10 at 65% 1xfailure at 65% Seated Row 3x10 RDL 3x10 Push Press 3x10 Lat Pull 3x10 Reverse Hyper 3x10 Core Circuit Plate Walk 4xcarpet HLR 3x12 Wrist Curl 4x15 Standing Side Touch 4x10

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47

SPORT SPECIFIC school, new teammates, and a new living environment, but also to a demanding training schedule. So, we try to give them a lot of emotional support as well as being coaches during this time.

Following the metabolic phase, we shift into a six-week power phase, incorporating position-specific exercises into the lifts. The athletes are divided into two groups—goalies and field players—and the exercises take into account some of the special needs of the two very different positions. (See “Power Phase,” below.)

For example, we perform a tennis ball reaction drill with our goalies to help develop hand-eye coordination and reaction time. The goalie stands facing a

wall while her partner is directly behind her with a bucket of 20 tennis balls. The partner rapidly throws the tennis balls at the wall, varying the height, speed, and direction. The goalie must quickly catch each ball and place it in a bucket in front of her. As the goalies become better at the drill, we add in another visual stimulus, such as tennis balls of different colors. As the partner tosses the colored balls at the wall, the goalie calls out the color or places each ball in a bucket designated for that specific color. By introducing more stimuli into the drill, we believe the reaction time skills will better transfer into the pool.

The end of our power phase coincides with the end of the fall quarter. We usu-

ally test for improvements during that final week before we release the athletes for winter break.

Our third phase is an eight-week program (three weeks of which occur over winter break) designed to give that last push before the season starts in February. Athletes who live in the area train at our facility over the break, and those who live away from campus are given an explanatory packet on how to train at their home gyms or local high schools.

This final program builds on all our previous hard work and is very grueling. We purposely make the program incredibly challenging in order to build the mental toughness and swagger we

POWER PHASE The following is a sample week from the power phase of our preseason program.

A dynamic warmup and stretching routine are done before each day’s lifting.

A team core circuit is performed at the end of the lifts.

Day One

Day Two

Day Three

Hurdle Hip Flexors Hurdle Squat-Unders Snatch Press Overhead Squats Back Extensions

Squats Push Press Hammer Shoulder Circuit Box Jumps or Depth Jumps

Classic Cleans DB Inclines RDL Seated Rows

Position-Specific Work Goalies: Band Work: Triceps, Standing Rows Box Jumps Tennis Ball Reaction Field Players: Shoulder Circuit Lat Pulls

Position-Specific Work Goalies: Band Work: Triceps, Seated Rows Hill Sprints Field Players: Bent Rows Back Extensions HLR Triceps

Position-Specific Work Goalies: Vertimax w/ Hand Extensions Tennis Ball Reaction Box Jumps Field Players: Lat Pulls Vertimax

POWER PHASE INTENSITIES The following are sample intensities and ranges of volume for work sets during the power phase.

48

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Olympic Lifts

65-75% 2-5 reps

70-80% 2-5 reps

75-85% 1-4 reps

80-90% 1-3 reps

60-70% 3-5 reps

Testing Week 1 rep max

Squats

70-80% 4-8 reps

75-85% 4-8 reps

80-90% 3-6 reps

85-95% 2-5 reps

65-75% 4-8 reps

Testing Week 1 rep max

Auxiliary

5x5

5x5

4x6

4x6

3x6

Testing Week

T&C MARCH 2006

ATHLETICBID.COM

SPORT SPECIFIC

FINAL PUSH The following is a sample week from our final eight-week cycle.

A dynamic warmup and stretching routine are done before each day’s lifting.

Day One

Day Two

Day Three

Classic Clean 2x5 at 80% Squat 2x5 at 80% Bent Row 5x5

OH Squat 10x1 Squat Press 5x2 Hammer 5x3 Lat Pull 5x5

Hang Clean 2x5 at 75% Front Squat 2x5 at 60%, 2x5 at 70% Push Press 3x4 at 75%, 3x4 at 80%

Varied Position-Specific Lifts

Varied Position-Specific Lifts Varied Position-Specific Lifts

Team Med Ball Circuit x3 Torso Circle x10 Wood Chopper x10 Chest Pass x10 MB Cross Over Push-up x10 Over the Head Backward Throw x10 Standing Side-to-Side Pass x10 Stairs: x5 alternate step x5 every step x3 lunge up stairs

Team Med Ball Circuit x3 Forward Through Legs x10 Hip Roll x10 Tip Drill x25 Squat, Throw, Bounce, Catch x10 Throw Into Ground x10 MB Push-up w/ Partner x10 Stairs: x5 alternate step x5 every step x50/40/30/20/10 hops

Team Med Ball Circuit x3 Side Bend x10 Russian Twist x20 Step & Throw x10 Two-Arm Overhead Throw x10 Partner Straddle Sit Pass x10 MB Sit Up & Twist x10 Stairs: x5 alternate step x5 every step x3 lunge up stairs

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49

SPORT SPECIFIC want the team to carry into the season.

In addition to heavy lifting, we also incorporate a tough medicine ball circuit into the program, and tack on stadium stair runs to the end of every workout.

(See “Final Push” on page 49.)

IN-SEASON LIFTING During the season, the focus shifts away from the weightroom and into the pool.

We continue to lift throughout the season, but we enter more of a maintenance mode, and only lift twice per week.

We also pay close attention to avoiding overuse injuries, especially to the shoulder. Every workout in the weightroom begins with an extended dynamic warmup and a long stretch, starting with band exercises to build shoulder flexibility and stabilization. The overhead lifts and bench pressing exercises are eliminated at this point in the year. Furthermore, at every workout we make sure to include at least two different posterior shoulder exercises.

At the end of the season, which coincides with the close of our academic school year, we meet with each athlete individually to help them set personal

goals for the following year. Similar to winter break, we give each athlete a packet outlining a summer conditioning and lifting schedule. Since they’ve been through a preseason program, they know that the work they do in the summer will help set the tone for the upcoming season.

WARMUP & STRETCH Throughout the whole year of training, every workout in the weightroom begins with a dynamic warmup and stretching exercises. The dynamic warmup accomplishes two goals. First, it prepares the body for the upcoming workout by increasing the athlete’s core temperature and consequently warming up the muscles. Second, it helps to develop the overall athleticism of the athlete. Water polo players are incredible in the pool, but some can struggle while performing dry land movements.

The dynamic warmup consists of the following exercises, each done as two sets of 20 meters: High-Knee Skips High-Knee Runs Butt Kicks

Drop Skips Lunge Walks Side-Lunge Walks Straight-Leg Walks Straight-Leg Skips Backward Runs After the dynamic warmup, we go through a complete flexibility routine.

We perform active/isolated stretching, and use a strap in place of a partner to save time. The flexibility routine consists of the following stretches, each done for 10 reps: Soleus, Gastrocnemius, Short Adductor, Long Adductor, Hamstring (foot dorsi-flexed), Figure Four, Hip Flexor, Stick Warmup, Pec Stretch (elbow bent at 90 degrees), Pec Stretch (arm outstretched), and Wrists.

To conclude, the addition of a sound strength and conditioning plan into any water polo program will contribute to the overall athletic development of your team. Additionally, it will help to prevent many of the overuse injuries seen in the sport, and also develop mental toughness. Water polo is a rapidly growing sport, and over the next few years, it is going to enjoy a vast increase in popularity and attention. ■

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CATALOG SHOWCASE Ball Dynamics Int’l, LLC 800-752-2255 www.fitball.com Ball Dynamics’ 2006 catalog showcases its newly-expanded FitBALL® product line. In addition to the FitBALL exercise ball—the No.1 burst-resistant fitness ball—new FitBALL professional-quality products are available in a full range of training categories, including balance, strength, resistance, massage, mats, education, and more. Call or visit Ball Dynamics’ Web site today to order your free Ball Dynamics catalog.

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Beacon Athletics 800-747-5985 www.beaconathletics.com Beacon Athletics provides training/ conditioning, field maintenance, and athletic field equipment to improve the performance of athletes and the fields they play on. The company strives to help schools achieve the following goals: higher field performance, proper athletic training and conditioning techniques, greater safety, reduced field maintenance costs, and improved facility appearance. Beacon provides materials, equipment, design services, and technical assistance to help your project be successful.

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Cho-Pat 800-221-1601 www.cho-pat.com Cho-Pat designs and manufactures specific innovative, preventive, and pain-reducing sportsmedical devices for the arm, leg, and knee.

Incorporating unique design characteristics, excellent craftsmanship, and quality materials, these American-made products are effective, dependable, durable, and highly recommended by medical professionals, physical therapists, athletic trainers, athletes, and active individuals for their roles in preventing or lessening pain and discomfort.

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Creative Health Products, Inc. 800-742-4478 www.chponline.com

efi Sports Medicine 800-541-4900 www.totalgym.com efi Sports Medicine® offers a wide variety of products to improve strength, power, endurance, body composition, and range of motion. The non-compressive nature of efi’s flagship functional training product, Total Gym®, uses body weight as resistance, creating a safe environment for athletes and post-rehabilitation patients to begin or continue strength training.

Game Ready 888-426-3732 www.gameready.com

Hammer Strength 800-634-8637 www.hammerstrength.com Hammer Strength, a global leader of plateloaded equipment, offers customers a product brochure highlighting its extensive plateloaded Ground Base, and benches and racks offerings. The in-depth brochure includes product specifications, options, and colors. The brochure also lists its top customers, including the NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, top collegiate programs, and health clubs. To request a brochure or for more information, call Hammer Strength or visit its Web site.

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Antibody, Inc. 301-782-3700 www.antibodywear.com The patented BodyGuard line of compression sportswear has revolutionized how muscle injury is prevented and treated. BodyGuard offers a unique combination of muscle support and performance enhancement in easy-to-use, lightweight, comfortable sportswear products for the shoulder, groin/thigh, knee, elbow, and ankle. The BodyGuard’s compressive energy transfer assists muscles in generating torque, reduces muscle vibration and tissue damage, delays muscle fatigue, and keeps muscles warm. The BodyGuard offers maximum compression, superior muscle support, and performance enhancement.

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Chosen by world-champion professional teams and top universities and high schools, the Game Ready Accelerated Recovery System simultaneously provides intermittent compression and controllable cryotherapy to help accelerate healing after acute or chronic injuries or following orthopedic surgery. Leading athletic trainers recommend Game Ready: “I’ve used Game Ready consistently with fabulous results. Every athletic trainer should have it in their training room.” Jasen Powell, Head Athletic Trainer, Los Angeles Clippers.

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Since 1976, Creative Health Products has been a leading discount supplier of rehabilitation, fitness, exercise, and athletic equipment, as well as health, medical, and fitness testing and measuring products, all available at reduced prices. Creative Health Products offers heart rate monitors; blood pressure testers; pulse oximeters; body fat calipers; scales; strength testers; flexibility testers; stethoscopes; pedometers; exercise bikes; ergometers; stopwatches; fitness books and software; exercise bands; step benches; hand and finger exercisers; heating pads and more.

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Circle No. 505 HQ, Inc. 941-721-7588 www.hqinc.net Early intervention to rapidly and accurately assess corebody temperature on the field is necessary in the proper prevention, evaluation, treatment, and management of exertional heat stroke. Research indicates that external methods of monitoring core temperature have not been proven valid under conditions of intense exercise. The CorTemp™ system— featuring the CorTemp ingestible temperature pill and data monitor—provides an easy, affordable approach in assessing elevated core temperature on the field and the effectiveness of cooling methods on the sidelines. The CorTemp system is used by professional and collegiate teams nationwide and is FDA-cleared.

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CATALOG SHOWCASE Life Fitness 800-634-8637 www.lifefitness.com Life Fitness’ new brochure highlights its full line of products and services. The comprehensive brochure has an inspiring new look and includes information about the company, its cardiovascular products, strength training lines, and service and support offerings. To request a brochure or for more information, call Life Fitness or visit its Web site.

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Medical Outfitters 800-628-5282 www.medicaloutfitters.net

NZ Mfg., LLC 800-886-6621 www.nzmfg.com

Medical Outfitters, with over 18 years of experience in the physical therapy and rehabilitation markets, is a fullline sports-medicine supply and equipment provider.

While being both a distributor and manufacturer, the company can take care of your needs from concept to finished product. Add in its exceptional customer service and Medical Outfitters is your best deal, hands down. To request a catalog or for more information, call Medical Outfitters toll-free.

TurfCordz™ by NZ Mfg. offers the latest in high-quality resistance exercise, designed to fulfill any sports-training, fitness, or rehabilitation application. The company’s catalog is filled with an extensive line of training and rehabilitation products, including TurfCordz products for strength training, MediCordz® products for rehabilitation and conditioning, and StrechCordz® products for swim training. The patent-pending Safety Bungie™ and Safety Cord™ products provide the ultimate in safety for clinicians and patients alike.

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Oakworks 800-916-4603 www.oakworkspt.com

OPTP 800-367-7393 www.optp.com/ad

Perform Better 800-556-7464 www.performbetter.com

Oakworks® athletic training equipment includes stationary and portable treatment tables, taping tables, and treatment chairs—all ergonomicallydesigned and engineered to ATC specs. Two models of electric lift treatment tables provide optimum adjustable convenience, while fast, easy height adjustments on the high-low tables maximize efficiency and body mechanics for trainers and athletes alike. All Oakworks equipment is strength-rated for your largest athletes.

OPTP’s updated Volume 18 Catalog has 12 new pages of products and resources for professionals. In abundance are exclusive products, resources from leading practitioners, and updated versions of classic texts. New OPTP exclusive products include the Axis® Foam Rollers and the recently published text, Pilates for Rehab. Updated resources include Maitland’s Peripheral, Fourth Ed., and Vertebral Manipulation, Seventh Ed. For a free catalog, call toll-free or visit online.

The new 68-page 2006 Perform Better Catalog is now available. Neatly organized into sections, it allows readers to quickly find products to meet their immediate needs. The catalog includes 19 sections with headings such as speed and agility training, dumbbell training, weight training and cardiovascular training. Each major section is supplemented with an “Ask the Expert” editorial authored by one of the company’s professional advisors, all of whom are well-known in the field of functional training and rehabilitation.

Circle No. 512 Power Lift 800-872-1543 www.power-lift.com Power Lift®, a leader in high-quality, heavy-duty strength-training equipment specializing in human performance, utilizes advanced design technologies in order to meet the demands of premier high school, college, professional, and athletic performance training facilities around the world.

The company’s brochure highlights the Power Lift, Uesaka bumper plate, and Mastiff product lines. Request your copy by phone or by visiting the company’s Web site.

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Power Systems 800-321-6975 www.power-systems.com

Prossage™ Heat

by Performance Health, Inc. 866-477-6772 www.prossage.us

Celebrate two decades of premium sports performance products, great prices, fast delivery, and superior customer service with Power Systems’ 20th Anniversary Sports Performance Catalog.

Since 1986, Power Systems has been a leading supplier to the sports industry (amateur, scholastic, and professional) by providing coaches and athletes with exceptional conditioning products and programs. The 72-page catalog features over 700 products for core strength, speed, plyometrics, and strength training, as well as equipment storage racks and flooring.

Visit online, or call toll-free.

Prossage™ Heat by Performance Health is a 100-percent all natural, area-specific warming ointment, formulated specifically for deep tissue work, myofascial release, and trigger point therapy. Its viscosity is truly cutting-edge, and it features a controllable glide without the slip of an oil. Prossage™ Heat makes it easier to “hook” the deep fascia allowing you to work faster and more efficiently making deep tissue work easier and less painful for the patient and athlete.

For more information and a free sample, please contact Prossage™ Heat by Performance Health.

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CATALOG SHOWCASE Pro-Tec Athletics 800-779-3372 www.injurybegone.com Pro-Tec Athletics is a leading sportsmedicine company that specializes in orthopedic supports and cryotherapy. The company offers unique and effective braces and supports for treating ligament, tendon, and muscular injuries.

Pro-Tec’s newest innovation in the cryotherapy market is the Ice-Up portable ice massager. Find out more at Pro-Tec’s Web site, or call toll-free for a free brochure.

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Regent Medical 800-843-8497 www.hibigeebies.com Regent Medical’s Hibiclens anti-microbial skin and hand cleanser can be a significant part of your plan to reduce the risk of MRSA infections. Regular hand and skin washing with Hibiclens helps reduce cross-contamination of potentially harmful pathogens by bonding to the skin, killing germs for up to six hours after washing. Hibiclens is effective against gram + (MRSA) and grambacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungus (i.e., athletes foot).

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Sports Health 800-323-1305 www.esportshealth.com Sports Health, a division of School Health Corporation, is a leading distributor of medical supplies and equipment to athletic trainers, physical therapists, and other sportsmedicine professionals. The company offers one-stop shopping for over 8,000 products, including taping supplies, trainers’ kits, defibrillators, quality furniture, and training room supplies. Sports Health invites you to use its Web site to place your order online, access health information, and link to medical sites worldwide.

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SwimEx 800-877-7946 www.swimex.com

WerkSan Sports USA 877-WERKSAN www.werksanusa.com For safety and durability, count on WerkSan. WerkSan has a strong, worldwide reputation for high-quality weightlifting equipment. The company’s engineers are devoted to producing safer, better-performing, longer-lasting equipment.

WerkSan manufactures the official barbell of U.S.A. Weightlifting, is certified by the I.W.F., and the company stands behind its equipment: WerkSan bars are guaranteed for life and its bumper plates are guaranteed for two years from the date of purchase.

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SwimEx, the manufacturer of choice for over 100 professional and collegiate sports teams nationwide, offers the highest-quality equipment for cold and hot spa hydrotherapy. The SwimEx cold-plunge pool is adjustable down to 50 degrees, allowing athletes to revitalize muscles after a long workout or to conveniently treat an acute injury. The hot spa is adjustable up to 104 degrees, enabling athletes to treat specific injuries or the entire body. Its 3’ 9”-water depth is ideal for athletic training rooms, locker rooms, and fitness facilities.

Units come pre-plumbed with a heater or chiller and a filtration system.

Circle No. 521 Whitehall Manufacturing 800-782-7706 www.whitehallmfg.com Whitehall Manufacturing has been providing the health care industry with products unique in quality, function, and durability for over 50 years. Its full line of whirlpools and accessories for hydrotherapy has become a standard in hospitals and sports facilities throughout the world. Because of this extensive experience, Whitehall has developed an intrinsic awareness of the quality of care necessary for patient rehabilitation.

Its complete line of moist-heat therapy treatment products is designed to be easy and convenient to use.

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TESTIMONIAL

Personal Trainer of the Year Depends on SPRI Products “When it comes to personal training, I expect the best out of my clients and athletes. With the high volume of personal training sessions performed each week at Fitness Quest 10, we need the best equipment and fitness supplies to stand up to daily workout abuse. Whether I am training an NFL superstar like LaDanian Tomlinson, or an MLB player, or a normal, everyday person, I personally rely on SPRI® products for all my fitness needs—and have for over five years. I have purchased a number of products from them: rubber-resistance items, like the Xertube®, Xercuffs®, and Xercise Ball® stability ball; and weighted-resistance items, like the Xerball® medicine ball; and beyond. I love the high quality and durability of all SPRI products.

We absolutely beat on our products all day long—and time and time again, SPRI products withstood the pounding. I have 100-percent confidence in the SPRI brand, and recommend SPRI wholeheartedly. Trust a proven company that has been committed to research, ingenuity, quality, and results for well over 20 years. SPRI has proven to be outstanding for me, and I love its products.”

Todd Durkin, MA, CSCS, NCTMB 2005 ACE Personal Trainer of the Year 2004 IDEA Personal Trainer of the Year Owner, Fitness Quest 10 & Todd Durkin Enterprises San Diego, Calif.

SPRI Products 1600 Northwind Blvd.

Libertyville, IL 60048 800-222-7774 teamspri@spriproducts.com www.spriproducts.com T&C MARCH 2006

53

ATHLETE MONITORING SYSTEMS HQ, Inc. 941-721-7588 www.hqinc.net

Application: The TBF300WA is equipped with the most accurate data currently available to give wrestlers

Product Name: CorTemp™ CoreBody Temperature Pill Monitoring System Monitoring Areas: Internal core-body temperature Application: The FDA-cleared CorTemp Monitoring System, featuring the CorTemp ingestible temperature pill, has been marketed worldwide for over 17 years. Once ingested, the pill wirelessly transmits an athlete’s corebody temperature to a recording handheld monitor. It may be used in real-time, and is convenient for stationary or mobile environments.

Advantages: The CorTemp system provides an internal, non-invasive, and affordable approach to assessing elevated core temperature on the field and the effectiveness of cooling methods on the sidelines.

Circle No. 524 Tanita Corp. of America, Inc. 847-640-9241 www.tanita.com Product Name: TBF300WA Wrestling Body Composition Analyzer Monitors: Body fat percentage, body water percentage, BMI, BMR, and more

more accurate readings. This analyzer educates wrestlers on the minimum weight allowed while maintaining a healthy body fat percentage.

Advantages: The TBF300WA provides weight, BMI, BMR, pounds of body fat, fat-free mass, and body water readings. This analyzer has a built-in printer so results can be printed immediately after testing.

Circle No. 525 Quest Technologies, Inc. 800-245-0779 www.quest-technologies.com Monitors: Core-Body Temperature and Heart Rate Application: QUESTemp Series monitors can display and record core temperature and heart rate, and provide real-time alerts and time-stamped history profiles of measured data that directly affect an athlete’s safety and performance.

Advantages: Exertional heat illness can inhibit an athlete’s ability to per-

form at his or her best. It can also threaten athetes’ safety, and expose an organization to significant liability.

Quest’s environmental monitors enable athletic trainers, coaches, and sportsmedicine professionals to obtain accurate and comprehensive information that can be used to keep athletes safe.

Circle No. 526 Uridynamics, Inc. 866-748-7463 www.uridynamics.com Monitors: Hydration Status Application: HydraTrend™ urine test strips provide feedback about an athlete’s hydration level. They can be used to adjust fluid intake to ensure that athletes stay properly hydrated, allowing them to perform at their best and remain safe from dehydration and exertional illness.

Advantages: HydraTrend test strip kits are convenient and easy to use, and provide results in just 30 to 60 seconds.

Testing requires only a small urine sample. Each kit includes 50 test strips, a sample collection cup, complete instructions, a color chart for interpreting results, quality controls, and a card for recording test results over time.

Circle No. 527

WEB NEWS Fresh Look Web Site Delivers On Function, Too

Web Site Offers In-Depth Spa Rehab Information

OPTP announces the launch of its completely redesigned Web site. With a fresh new look and increased function, the new site features state-of-the-art programming for quick and easy navigation and secure check-out. (Professionals should register to receive correct pricing.) Plus, with printable newsletter and catalog page PDFs, downloadable DVD clips, and a frequently-updated “What’s New” section that features promotions and sneak peeks at new products, this site is an unequaled, highly user-friendly information source. OPTP’s updated Web site is fast, easy, and secure. Visit online and experience it for yourself.

SwimEx’s Web site provides detailed information on home swim spas, sports rehabilitation and conditioning pools, aquatic therapy pools, and water exercise equipment.

Visitors can easily compare pool models, register for education seminars, sign up to receive the company’s newsletter, download installation specifications, request a DVD, and locate dealers nationwide. For those interested in aquatic therapy models, the site even offers a cost/revenue analysis page to help calculate return on investment over a six-year period. Additionally, the site contains details on the “Try, Buy, and Travel FREE!” program for customers who want to enjoy the SwimEx experience firsthand.

www.optp.com/ad

www.swimex.com 54

T&C MARCH 2006

ATHLETICBID.COM

NEW Product Launch Cadlow Shoulder Stabilizer Unique features: • A multi-sport, dynamic shoulder stabilizing brace • Patented pull system strengthens the shoulder by providing graduated variable resistance • Improved design makes fitting easier

PowerLine® Treatment Table Unique features: • Lacquered, 100-percent solid hardwood construction • Simple assembly guaranteed—legs come attached

Benefits for the user: • Reduces the number of shoulder injuries, especially subluxations and dislocations • May be worn during athletic activity • Users maintain full range of motion • Reduced cost makes it an affordable solution

Benefits for the user: • Heavy-duty vinyl resists punctures and tears • Table length extenders can increase the table’s length up to 84 inches • 500-pound bariatric-rated weight capacity • Optional accessories include QuickLock™ Face Rest, paper roll holder, table extenders

DM Systems, Inc. 800-254-5438 www.dmsystems.com

Oakworks 800-916-4603 www.oakworkspt.com

Circle No. 528

SwimEx Motorized Underwater Treadmill Unique features: • Built into the pool floor • Features variable speeds of up to eight miles per hour • Equipped with a removable handrail for optional support and a speed indicator • Constructed of durable high-traction rubber with a non-corrosive frame

Benefits for the user: • The wall-of-water flow, combined with the built-in treadmill, creates one of the most challenging water conditioning workouts performed today • Athletes enjoy the benefits of high-intensity aquatic protocols in a low-impact environment

SwimEx 800-877-7946 www.swimex.com Circle No. 530 ATHLETICBID.COM

Circle No. 529

Xco Trainer Unique features: • Sleek aluminum tube filled with shifting granulate delivers delayed impact for overload training effect • Compact design allows 3-D freedom of movement in any position or angle Benefits for the user: • Effectively builds and tones muscle • Strengthens connective tissue • Stabilizes joints • Increases flexibility, coordination, and stamina • Provides total-body workout you can take anywhere

Fitterfirst 800-FITTER-1 www.fitter1.com Circle No. 531 T&C MARCH 2006

55

ADVERTISERS DIRECTORY CIRCLE COMPANY NO.

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COMPANY

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125 . . . Antibody (BodyGuards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

128 . . . Perform Better (seminars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

105 . . . Biofreeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

104 . . . Power Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

129 . . . BioMedical Life Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IBC

116 . . . PRO Orthopedic Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

102 . . . Cho-Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

114 . . . Pro-Tec Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

126 . . . Creative Health Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

118 . . . Prossage Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

127 . . . Exertools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

115 . . . Quest Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

111 . . . FitBALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

108 . . . Regent Medical (Hibiclens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

119 . . . Game Ready. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

107 . . . Regent Medical (Hibistat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

101 . . . Gatorade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3

110 . . . Sports Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

103 . . . Gebauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

112 . . . StrechCordz/NZ Mfg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

117 . . . HQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

124 . . . SwimEx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

100 . . . MET-Rx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFC

122 . . . Tanita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

106 . . . NASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

123 . . . Uridynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

130 . . . Oakworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BC

113 . . . WerkSan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

121 . . . OPTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

120 . . . Whitehall Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

109 . . . Perform Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

PRODUCTS DIRECTORY CIRCLE COMPANY NO.

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PAGE NO.

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COMPANY

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500 . . . Antibody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

513 . . . OPTP (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

532 . . . AquaJogger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

536 . . . OPTP (Fin & Flipper Exercise Logs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

501 . . . Ball Dynamics (FitBALL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

533 . . . Perform Better (Aqua Bike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

502 . . . Beacon Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

514 . . . Perform Better (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

545 . . . Biofreeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

534 . . . Perform Better (Underwater Treadmill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

528 . . . Cadlow Shoulder Stabilizer (DM Systems) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

515 . . . Power Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

503 . . . Cho-Pat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

539 . . . Power Systems (Aqua Rack) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

504 . . . Creative Health Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

516 . . . Power Systems (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

505 . . . efi Sports Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

538 . . . Power Systems (Water Cuffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

531 . . . Fitterfirst (Xco Trainer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

546 . . . Pro Ice Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

541 . . . Game Ready (Accelerated Recovery System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

557 . . . PRO Orthopedic Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

506 . . . Game Ready (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

518 . . . Pro-Tec Athletics (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

551 . . . Gatorade (Endurance Formula) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

547 . . . Pro-Tec Athletics (Ice-Up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

550 . . . Gatorade (Nutrition Shake) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

544 . . . Prossage Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

542 . . . Gebauer (Instant Ice) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

517 . . . Prossage Heat (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

543 . . . Gebauer (Spray and Stretch). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

526 . . . Quest Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

507 . . . Hammer Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

519 . . . Regent Medical (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

508 . . . HQ (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

556 . . . Regent Medical (Hibistat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

524 . . . HQ (CorTemp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

520 . . . Sports Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

552 . . . Kelly Kinetics (CryoThermal Massage Tool) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

535 . . . StrechCordz/NZ Mfg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

553 . . . Kelly Kinetics (SoloMax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

521 . . . SwimEx (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

509 . . . Life Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

540 . . . SwimEx (pool) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

510 . . . Medical Outfitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

530 . . . SwimEx (Underwater Treadmill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

554 . . . NASM (Optimum Performance Training) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

525 . . . Tanita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

555 . . . NASM (workshop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

527 . . . Uridynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

511 . . . NZ Mfg. (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

522 . . . WerkSan Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

512 . . . Oakworks (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

523 . . . Whitehall Manufacturing (catalog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

529 . . . Oakworks (PowerLine Treatment Table) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

548 . . . Whitehall Manufacturing (moist heat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

537 . . . OPTP (AquaBodyCiser) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

549 . . . Whitehall Manufacturing (ThermaSplint) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

T&C MARCH 2006

ATHLETICBID.COM

AQUATIC EXERCISE AquaJogger 800-922-9544 www.aquajogger.com

Perform Better toll-free or check out the company’s Web site.

Circle No. 534

Power Systems 800-321-6975 www.power-systems.com

AquaJogger® introduces the newest addition to its line of high-quality buoyancy belts. The Shape Pro model was created with weight loss, athletic training, and injury rehabilitation in mind. The Shape Pro offers immediate vertical posture, lower-back support, and greater distribution of buoyancy. The Shape Pro is composed of soft, durable, chlorine-resistant EVA foam. Included is a 48-inch black elastic adjustable belt, with a side-release buckle. Longer lengths are available upon request.

Circle No. 532

NZ Mfg., LLC 800-886-6621 www.nzmfg.com

Add resistance and increase the effectiveness of water workouts or rehabilitation programs by wearing Power Systems’ Water Cuffs on the ankles or wrists. These soft, non-abrasive, closedcell foam cuffs also improve the body’s buoyancy and add drag to strengthen muscles. Fully-adjustable straps secure the cuffs around the ankle and under the foot. One size fits most.

Circle No. 538

Perform Better 800-556-7464 www.performbetter.com Perform Better’s new Rehab Edition Catalog offers the new Aqua Bike.

Since water is the ideal environment for rehab or low-impact training, Aqua Bike has become one of the most practical pieces of equipment for both rehab and training. Aqua Bike is used in pools 43-60 inches deep, and its adjustable saddle seat and handlebars move in every possible direction. Other features include five levels of resistance, 3/10 to 4/10 hp, and a sturdy, lightweight stainless-steel constructed frame. For a free catalog or more information, call Perform Better toll-free or check out the company’s Web site.

Circle No. 533 Featured in the Perform Better Catalog Rehab Edition Catalog, the new Underwater Treadmill allows for weight-reduced walking and running in the water.

Designed with a unique flywheel mechanism that keeps the treadmill moving, this self-propelled unit works only as hard as the user wants it to work. A flow-thru high-speed turbine increases resistance as the walking or running speed increases.

Other features include a double-sided platform, a removable stainless steel handrail, and soft-molded feet to keep the treadmill perfectly in place. For a free catalog or more information, call ATHLETICBID.COM

StrechCordz® Modular Dry-Land Training Kits were developed to improve stroke, endurance, and strength in beginners as well as master swimmers.

The economical modular design allows resistance levels to increase as swimmers develop.

Kits are available in five resistance levels, with an extensive line of modular accessories and tubing. StrechCordz are manufactured by NZ Mfg., and are distributed by M-F Athletic Company.

Call M-F Athletic Company at 800-5567464, or visit www.performbetter.com.

Circle No. 535 OPTP 800-367-7393 www.optp.com/ad Fin & Flipper® Exercise Logs are ideal tools for both upper- and lower-extremity exercises. These buoyant logs provide added resistance to any aquatic program, and the innovative slot makes them perfect for those with a weak grip.

They can be used in shallow or deep water and are available in two sizes and various colors.

Circle No. 536 The AquaBodyCiser™ from OPTP is made for lumbar stabilization exercises, but can also be used for cardiovascular training or as a tool for knee or shoulder rehab. It’s designed for use with both hands to create a tandem exercise pattern that provides a challenging core-body workout.

The AquaBodyCiser is made of dense plastic, so it won’t bend with increased resistance. It has adjustable resistance levels and is designed to float. A sample exercise insert is included.

Circle No. 537

Clean up the deck and protect your investment in aquatic training equipment with Power Systems’ Aqua Rack.

This three-tiered rack can hold and transport most aquatic equipment by securely cradling the gear in mesh hammocks, which allow for water run-off and ventilation.

The end posts can be used for hanging resistance tubing, swim bags, or towels. The Aqua Rack is constructed of sturdy two-inch PVC with swivel casters for smooth mobility. Measuring 57”W x 29”L x 40”H, it easily rolls through most doorways. For more information, visit online or call toll-free.

Circle No. 539 SwimEx 800-877-7946 www.swimex.com SwimEx, the manufacturer of choice for over 100 professional and collegiate sports teams nationwide, makes the only pool on the market to combine a patented paddlewheel water-propulsion system, molded fiberglass composite construction, multiple water depths, and built-in workstations. These unique features create both a superior functional aquatic therapy session and reliable performance over time. Visit SwimEx online to learn more about the new motorized, integrated treadmill—one of the industry’s most challenging water conditioning workouts.

Circle No. 540 T&C MARCH 2006

57

HOT & COLD THERAPY Game Ready 888-426-3732 www.gameready.com

Prossage™ Heat 866-4-Prossage www.prossage.us

Chosen by world-champion professional teams and top universities and high schools, the Game Ready Accelerated Recovery System simultaneously provides intermittent compression and controllable cryotherapy to help accelerate healing after acute or chronic injuries or following orthopedic surgery. Leading athletic trainers recommend Game Ready: “I’ve used Game Ready consistently with fabulous results. Every athletic trainer should have it in their training room.” Jasen Powell, Head Athletic Trainer, Los Angeles Clippers.

Circle No. 541

Prossage™ Heat is a uniquely blended, area-specific, non-slip, controllable-glide warming ointment that’s 100-percent natural. It’s formulated specifically for deep-tissue work, myofascial release, and trigger point therapy.

Prossage Heat makes it easier to “hook” the deep fascia, allowing you to work faster and more efficiently, with less pain for the athlete. Heating the tissues with Prossage Heat reduces spasms in muscles, ligaments, and joint capsules. Prossage Heat is available in three-, eight-, and 16-ounce bottles.

Call Prossage today for a free sample.

Circle No. 544

Gebauer Company 800-321-9348 www.gebauerco.com Gebauer’s first non-prescription topical skin refrigerant, Gebauer’s Instant Ice®, is ideal for the temporary relief of minor pain and swelling from sprains, strains, bruising, contusions, and minor sports injuries.

Available in either mist or medium stream spray cans, Gebauer’s Instant Ice stream spray is also used for the temporary relief of muscle spasms.

Call Gebauer Company or visit online for product and prescribing information and a local distributor.

Circle No. 542 Gebauer’s Spray & Stretch® prescription skin refrigerant provides a fine stream spray and cooling effect equivalent to Gebauer’s Fluori-Methane®. Spray and Stretch is available in a convenient aerosol can, and is nonflammable. Call Gebauer Company or visit online for product and prescribing information and a local distributor.

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Biofreeze® 800-246-3733 www.biofreeze.com The Biofreeze® family of pain-relieving products includes a soothing gel, a convenient roll-on, and the new natural Cryospray™. Biofreeze® effectively relieves pain from athletic injuries, strains, sprains, and stiff joints.

Biofreeze® gel is available in 16-oz., 32-oz., and one-gallon professional pump bottles; 16-oz. spray bottles; and gravity dispenser boxes with 100 five-gram doses. The 4-oz. gel tubes, 4-oz. spray bottles, and 3-oz. roll-ons are designed for patient self-care at home. Biofreeze is endorsed by USA Judo.

Circle No. 545 Pro Ice Products 800-581-8202 www.proicetherapy.com Keep your athletes in the competition with Pro Ice cold therapy wraps. Ice down where you need it, when you need it. Pro Ice provides treatment for muscle injuries and strains in areas such as the shoulder, upper arm, knee, ankle, scapula/cervical collar, lower back, wrist, elbow, and hips. Replacement inserts are available, made up of individual fast-freezing cells that easily conform to the injured area.

When traveling, freeze the inserts at your hotel, and then take to field or court in the Pro Ice Insulated Cooler Bag, which will keep Pro Ice wraps frozen for six to eight hours.

Circle No. 546 Pro-Tec Athletics 800-779-3372 www.injurybegone.com Experience the benefits of a direct, active ice massage with Pro-Tec Athletics’ Ice-Up portable ice massager. Ice-Up provides quick deep-tissue relief for ligament, tendon, and muscular injuries. It stays frozen up to 10 hours within its portable leak-proof carrying cooler, allowing for immediate post-activity ice massages anywhere. Treatments take only five to seven minutes—as opposed to 15 to 20 minutes for passive ice packs—for speedy recovery.

Circle No. 547 Whitehall Mfg., Inc. 800-782-7706 www.whitehallmfg.com Whitehall Manufacturing offers a complete line of moist heat-therapy treatment products that are convenient and easy to use. Each heating unit is fabricated from heavy-gauge stainless steel and polished to a satin finish. Standard features include a snap-off thermal protector that prevents overheating and a rounded bottom that minimizes bacteria build-up. The heating units are available in various sizes and colors.

Circle No. 548 The ThermaSplint™ from Whitehall Manufacturing features dual voltage, an illuminated on/off switch, and quick heat-up time.

The unit operates on a solarpowered digital thermometer that allows the temperature to be adjusted with digital readouts for different splinting thermoplastics.

The ThermaSplint is constructed from heavy-gauge stainless steel.

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MORE PRODUCTS The Gatorade Co. 800-88-GATOR www.gatorade.com Gatorade Nutrition Shake is a balanced nutritional supplement that’s ideal for use as a highenergy meal replacement, or a pre-event or between-meal snack.

Gatorade Nutrition Shake contains vitamin C, calcium, and iron, so it’s great for athletes who want to perform at their best and need to supplement their diet with a convenient, balanced, and nutritious product.

Gatorade Nutrition Shake is available in two flavors: chocolate and vanilla.

Circle No. 550 After years of extensive research, scientists at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute have developed Gatorade Endurance Formula for athletes’ longer, more intense workouts and competitions. Gatorade Endurance Formula is a specialized sports drink with a five-electrolyte blend containing nearly twice the sodium (200mg) and three times the potassium (90mg) of Gatorade Thirst Quencher to more fully replace what athletes lose in sweat when fluid and electrolyte losses become substantial.

Circle No. 551 Kelly Kinetics 888-645-3559 www.kellykinetics.com The CryoThermal Massage Tool by Kelly Kinetics weighs only two and one half pounds, and has a user-friendly

soft grip. This solid stainless-steel tool allows the user to easily apply the appropriate amount of pressure, while delivering soothing heat and/or the cool sensation of cryotherapy.

Designed with two removable massage heads, this tool allows for multiple massage techniques while reducing stress on the clinician’s hands.

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Kelly Kinetics’ SoloMax Self-Massage Tool provides the user with three different options for easily massaging those hard-to-reach spots on his or her body. The user can choose from three snap-in attachments: the rolling wheel attachment, the traditional deep-tissue accupressure knob, or the three-finger scratcher attachment. The SoloMax is designed with a quick-release tab so the unit can break down easily for convenient transport.

Circle No. 553 National Academy of Sports Medicine 800-460-NASM www.nasm.org Learn NASM’s Optimum Performance Training for Performance Enhancement™ in a new two-day workshop coming to your area. In this comprehensive, hands-on workshop, you’ll earn 1.6 NASM CEUs and develop the skills necessary to assess and design programs to enhance athletic performance and decrease the risk of injury for just about any athletic client.

Circle No. 554 A new Optimum Performance Training for Performance Enhancement™ Workshop is scheduled for this fall. Learn NASM’s Optimum Performance Training for Performance Enhancement in a new two-day workshop coming to your area. In this comprehensive, hands-on workshop, participants will gain 1.6 NASM CEUs and learn the skills necessary to assess and design programs that enhance athletic performance and decrease the risk of injury in athletic clients. Call the NASM toll-free, or visit online to search for a workshop near you.

Circle No. 555

Regent Medical 800-843-8497 www.hibigeebies.com From the makers of Hibiclens, Regent Medical offers Hibistat, a convenient, individually-packaged wipe with 70percent isopropyl alcohol and 1/2percent CHG. Hibistat provides rapid bactericidal action and has a persistent antimicrobial effect on a wide range of microorganisms. Hibistat is designed for use when a sink is not convenient, and there is a need to reduce the potential for cross contamination of harmful pathogens.

Circle No. 556

PRO Orthopedic Devices, Inc. 800-523-5611 www.proorthopedic.com The new PRO 196-S Hinged Brace provides excellent support while being easy to put on and take off. The 196S brace is constructed of quarter-inch neoprene in a wrap-around design, and features a polycentric hinge with large, soft condile pads and a built-in 15degree stop to help prevent hyperextension. Ample hook and loop surfaces combined with adjustable straps (top and bottom) assure proper fit.

The brace is available in black in sizes extra small through triple extra large.

Priced at $59.95.

Circle No. 557

Check out

www.AthleticBid.com to contact these companies.

T&C MARCH 2006

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CEU QUIZ

T&C March 2006 Volume XVI, No. 2

Training & Conditioning is pleased to provide NATA and NSCA members with the opportunity to earn continuing education units through reading issues of the magazine. The following quiz is based on articles that appear in this issue of Training & Conditioning. By satisfactorily completing the quiz and mailing it back to T&C, readers can earn 2.0 BOC Athletic Training and 0.2 NSCA (two hours) continuing education units.

Instructions: Fill in the circle on the answer form (on page 62) that represents the best answer for each of the questions below.

Complete the form at the bottom of page 62, include a $20 payment to Training & Conditioning, and mail it by April 30, 2006 to the following address: Training & Conditioning, ATTN: 16.2 Quiz, 2488 N. Triphammer Road, Ithaca, NY 14850. Readers who correctly answer 70 percent of the questions will be notified of their earned credit by mail no later than May 15, 2006.

When MRSA Strikes (pages 13-19) Objective: How to prevent and treat athletes with MRSA, based on the experience of the Austin Peay athletic training staff.

1. What does MRSA stand for? a) Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. b) Methicillin-radon susceptibility aureus. c) Minor-resistance strepptococal aureus. d) Minor-resistance staphylococcus aureus.

2. One reason MRSA is a significant threat is because: a) It is resistant to commonly used antibiotics. b) The disease spreads quickly. c) It develops within a 36-hour period. d) It is highly contagious.

3. MRSA presents itself as: a) A skin lesion with a pustule. b) A scratch. c) Redness with a blister. d) A raised abrasion.

4. One way MRSA can be transmitted is via: a) Air. b) Artificial turf. c) An infected wound contacting another open wound. d) Coughing or sneezing germs in the air.

5. Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population is believed to be colonized with MRSA? a) Less than 1. b) 5. c) 10. d) More than 15.

Perfect Posture (pages 24-28) Objective: Learn how to observe, assess, and help improve your athletes’ posture through one conditioning coach’s proven techniques.

6. Dynamic posture allows the body to: a) Maintain flexibility. b) Maintain normal length-tension relationships among muscles throughout activity. c) Maintain a proper upright position. d) Develop momentum for propulsion.

7. Good dynamic posture can be determined by: a) Assessing posture with a plumb line. b) Analyzing static posture.

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c) Observing if there is easy transition to the next posture. d) Analyzing various static positions throughout a movement pattern.

8. What should a training regimen for good posture incorporate? a) Multi-joint and multi-plane work with high proprioceptive demand. b) Static posture stabilization. c) Dynamic posture stabilization. d) Multiple exercises for hip and shoulder flexibility.

9. The four primary anti-gravity muscle groups are: a) Plantar flexors, hamstrings, abdominals, and hip abductors. b) Gastroc/soleus, quadriceps, gluteals, and erector spinae. c) Gastroc/soleus, hamstrings, abdominals, and erector spinae. d) Plantar flexors, quadriceps, gluteals, and erector spinae.

10. What are the three major sensory systems that send information to the muscles? a) Somatosensory, cutaneous, and visual. b) Proprioceptive, cutaneous, and vestibular. c) Proprioceptive, vestibular, and visual. d) Somatosensory, vestibular, and visual.

11. To enhance postural improvement, the majority of core work should be done: a) Every other day. b) In isolated patterns. c) In cross training activities. d) Upright and moving.

Following Their Hearts (pages 29-37) Objective: To learn more about the pros and cons of, and the athletic trainers’ role in, screening both high school and college athletes for heart abnormalities.

12. In terms of effectiveness, researchers determined electrocardiograms were: a) Not the best indicator of cardiac pathology. b) Seventy-seven percent more effective in finding hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than just utilizing a stethoscope. c) Ninety percent more effective in finding atherosclerosis than other test. d) The most effective diagnostic tool in measuring cardiac output.

ATHLETICBID.COM

13. The American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology statement on pre-participation physicals indicate that: a) Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms are appropriate for athletes with a family or personal history of heart problems. b) Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms are appropriate for all athletes. c) All athletes should see a cardiologist prior to participation. d) There is no need for athletes to undergo electrocardiograms or echocardiograms.

14. The Brookland-Cayce High School performs screening echocardiograms, but has parents sign waivers explaining that: a) A positive finding indicates a serious problem in need of immediate evaluation. b) The tests are definitive for cardiac pathology. c) A negative result is not definitive proof there is no serious problem. d) This is the most effective test to determine participation status.

15. Purdue University and Georgia Tech screen: a) All incoming student-athletes with echocardiograms or electrocardiograms. b) For cardiac involvement with blood work. c) Only those student-athletes with a family history or personal history of chest pain or shortness of breath. d) Athletes in those sports requiring quick bursts of full effort versus sustained activity.

16. Spring Valley High School conducts screenings on what basis? a) Complaints of fatigue. b) Answering yes to more than one health question. c) Parent requests. d) Coaches’ requests.

17. At what age does Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically develop? a) Twenties. b) Elderly (65+). c) Mid-teens. d) Childhood.

Wrestling With Regulations (pages 38-44) Objective: For high school athletic trainers to learn more about the NFHS changes to Rule 1-3, and hear how some schools are already addressing weight management.

18. Starting with the 2006-2007 season, all states that follow the National Federation of State High School Association rules will need to have protocols in place that control: a) The intensity of workout b) The length of time without consuming fluids. c) The practice of making weight. d) Nutritional intake.

ATHLETICBID.COM

19. Wrestling Rule 1-3 addresses weight management guidelines, one aspect of which requires wrestlers to: a) Participate in a nutrition class prior to competing. b) Weigh in at a hydrated state before the first match of the season. c) Maintain a minimum body fat of 13% for males d) Participate in a three-hour workshop on proper skin fold assessment.

20. A urinalysis specific gravity less than 1.025 indicates: a) Dehydration. b) Hydration. c) Hypoglycemia. d) Anemia.

21. If weight loss is permitted under Rule 1-3, it must: a) Be for a male with less than seven percent body fat. b) Not exceed 1.5 percent of their body weight per seven days. c) Not exceed one percent of their body weight per 14 days. d) Be for a female with less that 12 percent body fat.

22. The Optimal Performance Calculator is easy to use because: a) The amount of weight lost during exercise is entered into a Web-based program. b) Calipers are easily accessible and easy to use. c) It is a Web-based program and makes calculations automatically. d) The assessor only needs to know weight and height.

Who Rules The Pool? (pages 46-50) Objective: To learn how the women’s water polo powerhouse at UCLA trains successfully for a sport getting more physical every year.

23. In an attempt to alleviate stress on the shoulder and ulnar collateral ligament, warmup stretching focuses on the: a) Tricep muscles. b) Bicep tendon. c) Upper back. d) Quadriceps.

24. The metabolic phase is geared toward: a) Increasing caloric expenditure. b) Improving the Kreb’s cycle function. c) Incorporating position-specific exercises. d) Preparing an athlete to tolerate more stressful training methods that will follow.

25. The power phase incorporates: a) Flexibility and conditioning exercises in base training. b) Metabolic efficiency concepts. c) The base training necessary to make maximum gains in speed. d) Position-specific exercises into lifts.

Answer sheet is on page 62

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CEU QUIZ

ANSWER FORM

Instructions: Fill in the circle on the answer form below that represents your selection of the best answer for each of the previous questions. Complete the form at the bottom of this page, include a $20 payment to Training & Conditioning, and mail it to the following address: Training & Conditioning, ATTN: 16.2 Quiz, 2488 N. Triphammer Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, no later than April 30, 2006. Readers who correctly answer 70 percent of the questions will receive 2.0 BOC Athletic Training and 0.2 NSCA (two hours) CEU’s, and will be notified of their earned credit by mail no later than May 15, 2006.

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Last Name ____________________________________ First Name _______________________________ MI______ Mailing Address ____________________________________________________________________________________ City ________________________________________________ State _________ Zip Code _____________________ Daytime Telephone ( _________ ) ________________________________________ E-Mail Address ____________________________________________________________________________________ Payment Information

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63

Association Corner The following associations offer services of interest to our T&C readers.

Keep your career in motion…

NSCA Educational Events for 2006 • NSCA National Conference and Exhibition • NSCA’s Performance Series Symposia

• Lifting for Power • Plyometrics, Speed, and Agility • Training for Hockey • Nutrition: Recovery and Regeneration

For dates, locations, and session information call 800-815-6826, or visit www.nsca-lift.org

National Strength and Conditioning Association ECA/NYC 2006

FITNESS CONVENTION AND TRADE SHOW, MARCH 24-26 1-800-ECA-EXPO 516-432-6877

The Voice of the Doctors who care for the Pros The PTP provides resources and services for all sports medicine professionals.

OR REGISTER ONLINE

www.ecaworldfitness.com

Visit www.proteamphysicians.com to find a PTP doctor, ask a question of a PTP doctor, or explore the educational materials from PTP regarding prevention, treatment and performance.

SPECIALIST IN SPORTS CONDITIONING ISSA Certification Program • • • •

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International Sports Sciences Association

Ide d[ i]Z a^cZ Zfj^ebZci [dg ndjg Vi]aZi^X igV^c^c\ XVgZZg# • Optimum Performance Training™ method • Performance Enhancement Specialist (PES) certiÀcation • OPT™ for Performance Enhancement workshops

Athletic Therapy. Rapid return to work and play.

Athletic Therapists are dedicated to the promotion and delivery of quality care through injury prevention and rehabilitation and emergency services.

In collaboration with other health care professionals, athletic therapists work to create a healthier environment that encompasses the needs of the active community, including the high-performance athlete.

For more information please visit us online at www.athletictherapy.org

All NATA certified athletic trainers are eligible to receive a free subscription to T&C.

• Continuing education for NASM, NATA and NSCA • Clinical Applications • Flexibility, core, balance, power, speed and strength training

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Introducing the QuadStar®Elite Complete Electrotherapy System Benefits for the Trainer: •One device to buy •One device to carry •Multiple Usages

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