G P I C I G lobal P ower Inner Ci ty Index
G l o b a l
P o w e r
I n n e r
C i t y
I n d e x
2 0 1 5
ENGLISH
WORLD'S TOP COMPANIES
AIRPORT PERFORMANCE
BUILDINGS OVER 100M IN HEIGHT
G P I C I Global Power Inner City Index
G l o b a l
P o w e r
I n n e r
C i t y
I n d e x
2 0 1 5
ENGLISH
GPI C I CONTENTS Objective Methodology
6 9
-Target Cities
10
-Basic Data of Target Cities
12
-Target Area
14
-GPICI Indicators
22
-Flow of Research
23
20 Indicators 1-1. Population
26
1-2. Buildings over 100m in Height
28
1-3. World's Top Companies
30
2-1. World's Top Universities
32
2-2. Theaters and Concert Halls
34
2-3. Museums and Galleries
36
2-4. Stadiums
38
3-1. Convention Centers
40
3-2. International Schools
42
3-3. Embassies and Consulates
44
4-1. Luxury Hotels
46
4-2. World’s Top Restaurants
48
4-3. Luxury Fashion Brand Shops
50
5-1. Large‐scale Shopping Centers
52
5-2. Hospitals
54
5-3. Parks and Green Spaces
56
6-1. Subway and Railway Stations
58
6-2. Highways
60
6-3. Airport Access
62
6-4. Airport Performance
64
Analysis -Comprehensive Power of City center - a Comparison
70
-Strengths and Weaknesses
72
-5km versus 10km
76
Conclusion -Inner-City Power
80
Appendix
85
Objective
GPICI 05
Objective Fierce competition between cities is unfolding on a global scale.Each of these metropolises has an “inner-city” area, which embodies the city’s competitiveness. Not only do inner cities play host to a heavy concentration of various facilities,spaces,and urban functions such as offices, housing,commerce,education,culture, and green tracts of land, they are often shaped as an access point for modes of transportation such as roads and railways. A number of city rankings already exist that measure the competitiveness of global cities.However,we have yet to see a city ranking that limits its scope of study and research to the inner-city areas of the world’s cities. Thus,the Global Power Inner City Index(GPICI) studies and analyzes the “comprehensive inner-city power” of eight of the world’s leading cities,with the purpose of uncovering their respective strengths,weaknesses,appeal,and challenges.
1. Studies,analyzes, and ranks the comprehensive inner-city power of eight of the world’s major cities. 2. Studies two target areas in each city: a 5 km target area and a 10 km target area. 3. Evaluates the comprehensive inner-city power with 20 indicators in six functions. 4. Sheds light on the spread of urban functions by plotting data for each indicator on city maps. 5. Depicts the strengths,weaknesses,and appeal of each inner city and highlights the challenges that must be overcome.
06 GPICI
INNER
5km
10km
Global Power Inner City Index: Features
0-5 km 0-10 km
WORLD
20
Objective
CITY GPICI 07
Methodology
GPICI 09
Target Cities The following eight cities are subject to the studies of the GPICI. ■
New York
■
London
■
Paris
■
Tokyo
■
Singapore
■
Hong Kong
■
Seoul
■
Shanghai
Hong Kong
New York,London,Paris,and Tokyo were selected based on the fact that they have continued to be ranked as the top four cities between 2008 and 2015 in the Global Power City Index,an annual report compiled by The Mori Memorial Foundation’s Institute for Urban Strategies.Singapore,Hong Kong,Seoul,and
Paris
Shanghai were selected on the premise that they rival Tokyo in the Asian region.
London
Singapore
10 GPICI
Methodology
Seoul
Tokyo
New York
Shanghai
GPICI 11
Basic Data of Target Cities This section focuses on the basic data of the administrative
New York
London
Paris
Tokyo
districts in each city; namely,land area,population,and population density. The districts of each city are as follows. ■
New York
： The City of New York
■
London
： Greater London
■
Paris
： City of Paris
■
Tokyo
： 23 Wards of Tokyo
■
Singapore ： Republic of Singapore
■
Hong Kong ： Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
■
Seoul
： Seoul Special City
■
Shanghai
： Shanghai
The areas shaded in grey show the administrative districts of each city.The two circles represent the 5 km and 10 km target areas.
[Area] Of the eight cities in the index,it is observed that the area of Shanghai (6,341㎢ ) is much larger. In contrast, the area of Paris (105 ㎢ ) is very small, approximately 60 times smaller than Shanghai. Other than Shanghai,Paris,London (1,572 ㎢ ), and Hong Kong (1,106 ㎢ ),the other four cities of New York (784 ㎢ ),Singapore (718 ㎢ ),Tokyo (627 ㎢ ),and Seoul (605 ㎢ ) boast land areas of roughly the same size.
Area 0
1,000
New York
Tokyo Singapore Seoul
12 GPICI
4,000
5,000
6,000 (㎢)
1,572 105 627 718
Hong Kong Shanghai
3,000
784
London Paris
2,000
1,106 605 6,341
Methodology
Singapore
Hong Kong
[ Population ] Much like land area,Shanghai (24.1 million) has the largest population of the eight cities,while Paris (2.2 million) has the smallest.That said,the difference in population between these two cities (11-fold) is not as great as the considerable difference in land area (60 times).Shanghai is the largest city in the world as measured by population and is home to more than double the people living in Seoul (10.3 million),which ranks second among the eight cities in the index.Tokyo follows Seoul with roughly 9.1 million people.
Population 0
5
10
New York
15
20
25
( million )
8.4 8.4
London Paris
2.2
Tokyo
9.1
Singapore
5.4
Hong Kong
7.2
Seoul
10.3
Shanghai
Seoul
Shanghai
24.1
[ Population density ] Paris is the most densely populated city at 21,265 people/ ㎢ , while Shanghai has the lowest population density at 3,809 people/ ㎢ . Obviously,this indicates that many people reside in Paris,despite the city’s small land area.Shanghai is quite a vast city in terms of land area, which is why it has a low population density,but as explained on page 27, its inner-city areas are very densely populated.
Poplation density 0
5,000
10,000
New York London
15,000
20,000
10,833 5,491
Paris
21,265
Tokyo
14,693
Singapore
7,615
Hong Kong
6,690
Seoul Shanghai
25,000 ㎢)
( people/
17,134 3,809
GPICI 13
Target Area
The “ ” mark in the middle of the map shows the center of the 5 km and 10 km target areas for which the data for this study references. The two target areas are illustrated by the two circles in bold.
New York
Bronx Yankee Stadium
Hackensack Medowlands Wildlife
MetLife Stadium
Harlem Columbia University
The Hudson River Upper West Side
Central Park The Metropolitan Museum of Art La Guardia Airport
Lincoln Center
The Museum of Modern Art
Times Square
Hudson Yards
Rockefeller Center
Madison Square Garden
Chelsea Pennsylvania Station
Grand Central Terminal The United Nations Headquarters The Empire State Building
Manhattan New Port
Greenwich Village
NewYork University The East River
SoHo
Central Park
Williamsburg World Trade Center
Liberty State Park
Statue of Liberty
14 GPICI
Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn
Staten Island
Times Square
Battery Park
Queens
Methodology
London
Hampstead Heath
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Regent's Park
Victoria Park King's Cross station University College London (UCL)
City
The British Museum Paddington Notting Hill
Hyde Park
Soho
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) St Paul's Cathedral
Piccadilly Circus National Gallery
Trafalgar Square
Kensington Gardens Royal Albert Hall
Harrods
East End
Buckingham Palace
Bank of England
Tate Modern Tower Bridge B.A. London Eye The Shard Houses of Parliament
Canary Wharf The River Thames
Westminster Battersea Power Station Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Buckingham Palace
Tower Bridge
GPICI 15
GPICI Indicators In assessing comprehensive inner-city power,we first categorized the key elements of inner- city areas into six functions.
1. Vitality
： The power to generate activity
2. Culture
： Of cultural significance
1
3. Interactivity ： Interaction among different types of people 4. Luxury
： Of high quality
5. Amenity
： Convenience and comfort
6. Mobility
： Ease of movement
Vitality
Population Buildings over 100m in Height World's Top Companies
2
Next, we established the following 20 indicators with a
6
Culture
Mobility
particular focus on the concentration of urban functions in order to accurately assess the six functions.
1. Vitality 1-1. Population 1-2. Buildings over 100m in Height 1-3. World's Top Companies
2. Culture 2-1. World's Top Universities 2-2. Theaters and Concert Halls 2-3. Museums and Galleries 2-4. Stadiums
3. Interactivity 3-1. Convention Centers 3-2. International Schools 3-3. Embassies and Consulates
World's Top Universities
Subway and Railway Stations
Theaters and Concert Halls
Highways
Museums and Galleries
Airport Access
Stadiums
Airport Performance
10km
5km
3
Center of the City
5
Interactivity
Large - scale Shopping Centers
Convention Centers
Hospitals
International Schools
Parks and Green Spaces
Embassies and Consulates
4. Luxury 4-1. Luxury Hotels 4-2. World's Top Restaurants 4-3. Luxury Fashion Brand Shops
5. Amenity 5-1. Large‐scale Shopping Centers 5-2. Hospitals 5-3. Parks and Green Spaces
6. Mobility 6-1. Subway and Railway Stations 6-2. Highways 6-3. Airport Access 6-4. Airport Performance
22 GPICI
Amenity
4
Luxury
Luxury Hotels World's Top Restaurants Luxury Fashion Brand Shops
Flow of Research
Methodology
The following process was carried out to study and analyze the comprehensive power of city centers.
1. Collection of data Data corresponding to the 20 indicators listed on page 22 was collected for the eight cities in the index.The most recent available data was used.
2. Mapping of data
5㎞ Score
Indexing
The data for each city was then located on the maps.
3. Exclusion of data outside of target areas Based on those maps,the data located outside of the 10 km target area was excluded.
4. Calculation of total for each indicator The total sum of the data in the 5 km and 10 km target areas was calculated for each indicator for each city.The results were plotted on graphs for comparisons.
5. Indexing of each indicator data In order to evaluate each of the indicators based on a common reference point,the total sum of the 5 km and 10 km target areas for each indicator was indexed.The greatest total sum among the eight cities was indexed as 100.The ratio of the greatest total sum to 100 was multiplied against the data values of the other cities to obtain their scores.
6. Creation of comprehensive ranking The scores for all 20 indicators determined in 5.were tallied for both the 5 km and 10 km target areas and listed in order to create a ranking on the comprehensive power of inner-city areas.
7. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each city center
10㎞ Score
Based on the scores for all 20 indicators determined in 5.,
deviation scores were calculated for each indicator in both the 5 km and 10 km target areas to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the inner-city areas of each city.
8. Comparison of 5 km and 10 km target areas The deviation scores determined in 7. were then used to plot radar charts in order to compare the power of inner cities in both the 5 km and 10 km target areas. Note: Even though the GPICI 2015 closely follows the research and ranking methods established in GPICI 2010, the deďŹ nitions for each indicator and sources of data have been partially updated and the most up-to-date information has been collected.
GPICI 23
20 Indicators 1-1. Population 1-2. Buildings over 100m in Height 1-3. World's Top Companies 2-1. World's Top Universities 2-2. Theaters and Concert Halls 2-3. Museums and Galleries 2-4. Stadiums 3-1. Convention Centers 3-2. International Schools 3-3. Embassies and Consulates 4-1. Luxury Hotels 4-2. World's Top Restaurants 4-3. Luxury Fashion Brand Shops 5-1. Large‐scale Shopping Centers 5-2. Hospitals 5-3. Parks and Green Spaces 6-1. Subway and Railway Stations 6-2. Highways 6-3. Airport Access 6-4. Airport Performance ※The larger the number of dots that are overlapping, the darker the color of the dot is on the map.
GPICI 25
1-2.Buildings over 100m in Height Skyscrapers attest to the vitality of cities
New York
London
Paris
Tokyo
More people can live, work, or stay in a city if it boasts an ample number of buildings over 100 m in height. Some cities may have building height restrictions in place, but there is no doubt that the number of skyscrapers in a city is one indication of its vitality.
Hong Kong: Teeming with skyscrapers Looking at the graph that illustrates the number of buildings that stand over 100 m tall, we can see that Hong Kong, New York, and Shanghai, in that order, have the most skyscrapers in both the 5 km and 10 km target areas. A breakdown on their purpose of use shows that more than two thirds of such buildings in Hong Kong and Singapore are residential, while office use accounts for half of the buildings in New York, Tokyo, and Shanghai.
New York
In New York, an overwhelming number of skyscrapers are concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. Lower Manhattan too has its fair share of high-rise buildings.
London
London has the smallest number of buildings over 100 m in height among the eight cities. The only high-rise buildings found in the city are in the financial district in the City of London, which has seen an increase in the number of skyscrapers in recent years, and in London’s newest financial district, Canary Wharf on the Docklands on the east side of the city.
Paris
Paris too has very few tall buildings. Some clusters of high-rises can be found in the city’s business district, La Défense, as well as in 13th and 15th.
Tokyo
Tokyo is characterized by having roughly the same number of high-rises in both the 0-5 km and 5-10 km target areas. In terms of distribution within the 5 km target area, these buildings are concentrated in the districts of Otemachi, Marunouchi, Yurakucho, Shinbashi, Toranomon, and Shiodome. In the 10 km target area, the areas of Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinagawa, and Osaki are dotted with skyscrapers.
Singapore
In Singapore, many tall buildings are found in Raffles Place, the city’s business district, and along Orchard Road, a mecca for shopping. Outside of these areas however, the city’s high-rises are relatively spread out across the 5 km target area.
Hong Kong
Of the eight cities in this study, Hong Kong boasts the greatest number of buildings over 100 m in height. Most of them are situated along the north coast of Hong Kong Island overlooking Victoria Harbour between Sheung Wan and Causeway Bay, while there is also some buildup here and there on the Kowloon side of the harbor in Tsim Sha Tsui, around Kwun Tong Station, and in Tai Kok Tsui.
28 GPICI
20 Indicators
Singapore
Hong Kong
Seoul
V i t a lit y
Seoul has the fewest skyscrapers among the Asian cities. There is a cluster of tall buildings in the Gangnam district along Teheranno Street between Gangnam Station and Samseong Station, as well as in the district of Gangbuk around Seoul City Hall, Gwanghwamun Station, and Gongdeok Station. A group of high-rises is also located in Yeouido.
Shanghai
Cult ure
In Shanghai, buildings over 100 m in height can be found along East Nanjing Road and West Nanjing Road, as well as in Lujiazui, the area earmarked to become the city’s global ďŹ nance center. Moreover, many high-rises are seen in the business district of Hong Qiao in close proximity to the international airport, and in Pudong along Century Avenue.
Int eract ivit y
0
Shanghai
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
(buildings)
New York London Paris Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Shanghai
Amenity
Seoul
200
Luxury
Buildings over 100 m in Height
Mob il ity
0-5km
5-10km
Use of Buildings over 100 m in Height (10 km Target Area) 0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
(buildings)
New York London Paris Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Shanghai Hotel
Office
Commercial
Residence
Others/Mixed GPICI 29
Analysis
GPICI 69
Comprehensive Power of City Centers ‒ a Comparison The results of the comprehensive ranking in the Global Power
5km
Inner City Index are shown in the chart to the right. For the 5 km target area, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Paris make up the top three cities. They are followed by New York, London, Singapore,
0
Shanghai, and Seoul. For the 10 km target area, Tokyo and Paris
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
(score)
come out on top. London and New York, with their large metropolitan areas, increase their scores to be on a par with Hong Kong. Hong Kong, the #1 ranked city for the 5 km target area (but #3 for 10 km), scores very highly for “Luxury Fashion Brand Shops”
New York
London
and “Large-scale Shopping Centers” in both the 5 km and 10 km target areas. In addition, the city obtains strong scores for “Buildings over 100 m in Height,” “International Schools,” and
Paris
“Parks and Green Spaces.” Only Hong Kong is capable of delivering such results, given its standing as a densely populated international city blessed with many green spaces. Tokyo, the #1 ranked city for the 10 km target area (but #2 for 5 km target area), scores highly for “World's Top Companies,”
Tokyo
Singapore
“World's Top Restaurants,” “Highways,” and “Subway and Railways Stations.” In other words, we can infer that the leading global firms have their head offices in Tokyo’s city center, that there are
Hong Kong
a lot of high-end restaurants, and that the city boasts very well-developed transport infrastructure. In the 10 km target area, Japan’s capital also demonstrates its strength in functions
Seoul
related to livability, such as “Hospitals” and “Large-scale Shopping Centers.”
Shanghai Paris, ranked #3 for the 5 km target area and #2 for the 10 km target area, possesses a dynamic inner city much like Hong Kong and Tokyo. For both the 5 km and 10 km target areas, the French capital city scores highly for “Population,” “Convention Centers,” “Subways and Railways stations,” and “Museums and Galleries.” In addition to its numerous economy and livability-related urban functions, we can surmise that its inner-city areas are home to
1.Vitality
：
1-1. Population
1-2. Buildings over 100m in Height
1-3. World's Top Companies
many cultural institutions typical of one of the world’s top tourist
2.Culture
：
2-1. World's Top Universities
2-2. Theaters and Concert Halls
2-3. Museums and Galleries
3.Interactivity：
3-1. Convention Centers
3-2. International Schools
3-3. Embassies and Consulates
4.Luxury
：
4-1. Luxury Hotels
4-2. World's Top Restaurants
4-3. Luxury Fashion Brand Shops
5.Amenity
：
5-1. Large - scale Shopping Centers
5-2. Hospitals
5-3. Parks and Green Spaces
6.Mobility
：
6-1. Subway and Railway Stations
6-2. Highways
6-3. Airport Access
destinations.
70 GPICI
2-4. Stadiums
6-4. Airport Performance
Analysis
10km
London and New York come in at either #4 or #5 in the 5 km or 10 km target area. As for the cities of Asia - Singapore, Seoul, and Shanghai make up the bottom three for both the 5 km and 0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
(score)
10 km target areas. Common weaknesses in these three cities include “World's Top Companies,” “Hospitals,” and “Theaters and Concert Halls.”
New York
London
Paris
Tokyo
Singapore
Hong Kong
Seoul
Shanghai
1.Vitality
：
1-1. Population
1-2. Buildings over 100m in Height
1-3. World's Top Companies
2.Culture
：
2-1. World's Top Universities
2-2. Theaters and Concert Halls
2-3. Museums and Galleries
3.Interactivity：
3-1. Convention Centers
3-2. International Schools
3-3. Embassies and Consulates
4.Luxury
：
4-1. Luxury Hotels
4-2. World's Top Restaurants
4-3. Luxury Fashion Brand Shops
5.Amenity
：
5-1. Large - scale Shopping Centers
5-2. Hospitals
5-3. Parks and Green Spaces
6.Mobility
：
6-1. Subway and Railway Stations
6-2. Highways
6-3. Airport Access
2-4. Stadiums
6-4. Airport Performance
GPICI 71
Conclusion
GPICI 79
Inner-City Power The results of the GPICI have been plotted on the maps of each
New York
London
Paris
Tokyo
city in order to identify which inner-city areas possess the most urban functions, how spread out those functions are, and how areas interconnect. This final section of the study will examine what characterizes the inner-city power of each city.
◆New York New York’s inner-city power is concentrated in two areas of Manhattan: Midtown and Lower Manhattan. If Times Square were to be the city’s most central point, then a part of Lower Manhattan would be left out of the 5 km target area, but if the center is shifted to Greenwich Village, both areas would fit inside the 5 km radius. In summary, it can be said with certainty that New York’s urban functions are neatly concentrated in its inner-city areas.
◆London
In London, a high concentration of urban functions can be seen across the districts slightly to the west of Trafalgar Square, the city’s central point, including Soho, Mayfair, and Kensington. It can also be observed that overall London’ s 5 km target area has many city functions, as do the areas to the north of the River Thames. Canary Wharf is also an area that possesses some urban functions, although not in such great numbers as the districts mentioned above.
◆Paris
The main focal point for Paris’ urban functions is between Musée du Louvre and Arc de Triomphe, an area situated to the northwest of Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, our designated center of the city. Further to the northwest is La Défense, a subcenter of Paris and an area that boasts more of a presence than London’s Canary Wharf. Much like The River Thames in London, La Seine splits the city center in two, but Paris demonstrates a more even spread of urban functions on both the north and south sides of the river.
◆Tokyo
In Tokyo, we can observe an extremely high concentration of urban functions in the areas immediately to the east of the Imperial Palace, from Marunouchi down through Ginza and Shinbashi. There is also a belt of functions beyond the 5 km target area to the southwest. Moreover, on the outskirts of the 5 km target area, Tokyo has a concentration of city functions in the subcenters of Shinagawa, Shibuya, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro, which suggests that inner-city functions are continuing to spread outwards into the surrounding areas.
80 GPICI
Conclusion
Vitality
Singapore
Culture
Interactivity
Luxury
Amenity
Mobility
Hong Kong
◆Singapore In Singapore, in addition to some functions located in the area around Orchard Road, the central point of our target areas, we can see that there are many more concentrated areas between Marina Bay and City Hall. It is plain to see that Singapore is a compact city, given that the large majority of its functions plotted on the map are situated within the 5 km target area.
◆Hong Kong An overwhelming number of Hong Kong’s functions can be seen in the zone stretching from the central business district on the north side of Hong Kong Island, down the coast, and across the harbor to Tsim Sha Tsui on the Kowloon Peninsula. We can also see many urban functions in certain areas extending beyond the 5 km target area on the Kowloon side of Victoria Harbor ‒ a sure sign of Hong Kong’s inner-city power even in the 10 km target area.
◆Seoul In Seoul, many functions are observed around City Hall, and in the districts of Itaewon, Gangnam, and Yeouido. However, the most prominent area is nearby Seoul City Hall. A buildup of city functions can be seen on the north side of the Han River, while a
Seoul
Shanghai
few more are noticeable between the 5 km and 10 km target areas.
◆Shanghai In Shanghai, many urban functions are located around the People's Square and along the major thoroughfares of East Nanjing Road and West Nanjing Road. Some functions also stand out in the west of the city in Hong Qiao, which has been redeveloped as a business district, and in the east in Lujiazui. However, Shanghai is well behind New York and Hong Kong in terms of the urban functions it possesses, so in that sense, the city has substantial future growth potential.
GPICI 81
PARKS AND GREEN SPACES
LUXURY FASHION BRAND SHOPS
WORLD'S TOP UNIVERSITIES
CONVENTION CENTERS
SUBWAY AND RAILWAY STATIONS