موسوعة المصطلحات السياسية

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎء‪ :‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ )ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪(2013‬‬

‫ﻭُﻟّﺪ ‪ PDF‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪ mwlib‬ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ‪ /http://code.pediapress.com‬ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪PDF generated at: Sat, 26 Jan 2013 15:04:28 UTC‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺃ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪2011-2012‬‬

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‫ﺃﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ‬

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‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬

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‫ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ‬

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‫ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬

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‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ‬

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‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

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‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ(‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬

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‫ﺏ‬

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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ )ﺩﻳﺒﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺑﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺕ‬

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‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ(‬

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‫ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬

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‫ﺙ‬

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‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‬

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‫ﺝ‬

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‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ‬

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‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺡ‬

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‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

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‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬

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‫ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

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‫ﺩ‬

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‫ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺫ‬

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‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬

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‫ﺱ‬

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‫ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬

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‫ﺵ‬

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‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺽ‬

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‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﻉ‬

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‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﻨﻒ‬

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‫ﻑ‬

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‫ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﻕ‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻙ‬

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‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻝ‬

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‫ﻻﺟﺊ‬

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‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻡ‬

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‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‬

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‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬

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‫ﻥ‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻱ‬

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‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪283‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪295‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪2011-2012‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪2011-2013‬‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 29‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪- 2011‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫* ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ •‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ‬

‫* ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﻷﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺋﺐ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬

‫‪ 8000+‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ 15000+‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻌﻠﻴًﺎ ﺣﻴّﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻗُﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠّﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻗُﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻀﻬﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻃﻔﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 2 / 26‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ـ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 2011 /‬ﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺧﻀﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻭﺭﺍءﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎء ‪ 15‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2011‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺿﻤﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 3 / 18‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ـ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2011 /‬ﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﺎﺵ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺑﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﺎﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﻙ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2011‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ 25‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1971‬ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1963‬ﻗﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍء ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪» :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺲ«‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻴﺸﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ )ﻋُﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ( ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﻮّﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫»ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ«‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ [4][3].‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ« ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻘﻂ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮَّﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 100‬ﻣﺤﺘﺞ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺮَّﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﻌﻢَّ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ« ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺭﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻞ ﻭﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮَّﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎً ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻨﻲٍّ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮَّﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺷُﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﻋﻮﺿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 48‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴَّﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﺍء ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢَّ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻳﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺴﺒﺒﺎً ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻜﻠﺦ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻗﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻖ ﺃﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻜﻠﺦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﻢ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﺘﺤﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 70‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮَ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻳُﻌﺮﻑ ﺑـ»ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ« )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍءً ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﺪ ‪ 31‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ )ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ( ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﺤﺎء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺩﻣﻮﻳَّﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺭﺍﺡَ ﺿﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻼ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺘﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮَّ ﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎً‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺑﺈﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ »ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ«‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻦَ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱٍّ ﻳُﻮﺣﺪ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ »ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ« ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻼﻩ ﺑﺸﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳَﺘﺤﺪ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺨﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺑﺪء ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [5].1963‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،1963-1970‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋُﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1970‬ﺃﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣًﺎ ﻗﻮﻳًﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴّﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴًﺎ ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴًﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﻤﻨﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴّﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ 100%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪ [6]،‬ﻭﻛﻔﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪ 1973‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼّﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻫﻮ »ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ« ﻣﺎ ﺣﻮّﻝ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻩ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؛ ﻭﻗﻄﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 1979‬ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ »ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﺪّ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 1982‬ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪.1982 - 1979‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 2000‬ﻏﺪﺍ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜّﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ؛ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺗﺠﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺮﺑﻬﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 2001‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 2004‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺸﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﺣﻜﺎﺕ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺃﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ؛ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻛﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‪ [8].‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﺃﺣﺪًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‪ [9].‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻕ »ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ«؛]‪ [10‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻢ ﺧﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻨﻌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢّ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ »ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﺭﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﻔﺖ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 154‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻖ ﻧﻤﻮًﺍ ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﻤّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ »ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ« ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 41.5%‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ [13].‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻋﺰﻭﻓًﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 32%‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻳﺮﺗﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬ ‫‪ 250‬ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﺮﺗﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 300‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥّ ‪ 75%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 25‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪ [15]،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 8.4% 2005‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ [15].12%‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ 35%‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﻢ‪ [16]،‬ﻣﻊ »ﻓﺸﻞ« ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺸﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ »ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ« ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫]‪[17‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺜﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 4600‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭًﺍ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭ»ﺑﺈﺣﺼﺎﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋﻠﺔ« ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 1200‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭًﺍ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪ [18].‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ »ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ« ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻱ ‪ 2010‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 127‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ [19].‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ 6-7%‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 3.5%‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻔﺮ‪ [20].‬ﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪ 30%‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 6%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ‪ 6%‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[21‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ »ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ« ﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‪ [22]،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳَﺴﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺳﺨﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪ [23].‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻮﻥ ﺑﻤُﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻀﺄﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪25‬‬ ‫]‪[24‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 29‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 2‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻠّﻂ "ﺷﺒﻴﺤﺔ" ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[25‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 5‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺃﻏﻠﻖ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺠﻤﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﺩ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫»ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺬﻝ« ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﻀﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺸﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 22‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﻢ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺧﺎﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻘﺘﻞ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ«‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺗﻴﺰﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2012 - 2011‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ »ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ« ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ‪ [27][26]،‬ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫]‪[28‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2011‬ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺿﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ‪ [30][29]،‬ﻓﻀﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ [31].‬ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺔ‪ [34][33][33][32].‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ‪18‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ [35].‬ﻭﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺮﺣًﺎ ﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ‪ 100-150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗُﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪ [38][37][36].‬ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻡ »ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ« ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻤًﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻤﺪﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻛﻔﺮﺳﻮﺳﺔ؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[40][39‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻋﻄﺮﻱ‪ [42][41].‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻨﻴﺲ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻣﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺴﺔ‪ [43]،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ [44]،1963‬ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ [45].‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ‪ 22‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺳﻘﻂ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ؛]‪ [47][46‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻣًﺎ ﺿﺨﻤًﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻗﺘﻪ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 18‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ 25‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ‬ ‫]‪[50‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻀﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ؛]‪ [49][48‬ﺃﻟﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﺑﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 9‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﺑﺤﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ‪ [52][51]،‬ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺼﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻮﺻﺮﺕ ﺗﻠﻜﻠﺦ‪ [53]،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﻮﺻﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ‬ ‫]‪[55][54‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻳُﺤﻄﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻣًﺎ ﺿﺨﻤًﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ‪ [58][57][56]،‬ﺭﺩّﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﺠﺰﺓ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩّ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪ [59].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪ ‪ 4‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻓﺤﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﻭﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ؛]‪ [60‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ‪ [61]،‬ﻭﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 120‬ﺟﺜﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﺮﺓ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺳﻘﻄﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺠﻨﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻤّﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ‪ [62].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﺩﺋﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫]‪[63‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ »ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﺐ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫]‪[67][66][65][64‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺷﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ »ﺑﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ« ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎﻑ »ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ«؛]‪ [68‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﻴﺮًﺍ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﻻً ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ [69]،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻤﺜﻼً ﺷﺮﻋﻴًﺎ‬ ‫]‪[70‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺳﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪ 14‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻘﻄﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻲ ﺑﺮﺯﺓ ﻭﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ [72][71]،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻗﻄﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪20‬‬ ‫ﺩﺑﺎﺑﺔ‪ [73].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺣﻤﺺ‬ ‫]‪[74‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ 65‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺗُﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ »ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ« ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﻼﻝ »ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ« ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ 29‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺏَ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ [75]،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻔﺖ ‪ 30‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‪ [76].‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥّ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻟﺴﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ؛]‪ [78][77‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺎﺯﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﻡ ‪ 31‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺧﻠّﻒ ‪ 150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ‪ 100‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ [79]،‬ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪7‬‬ ‫]‪[80‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺧﻠﻔﺖ ‪ 300‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 9‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺳﻔﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨ ّ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ [81]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺃﻣﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻤُﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻛﻔﺮﺳﻮﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﻴَّﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﺕَ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺤِّﻲ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ [83][82].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪22‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﺟﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ‪ [87][86][85][84].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﻓﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ [88].‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 28‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪًﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[90][89‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺮﺳﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫]‪[92‬‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ [91]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺃﺟﻬﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻤﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 7‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺸﻠﻲ‪ [93]،‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ 50.000‬ﺷﺨﺺ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑًﺎ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ [94].‬ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺤﻤﺖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪ [95].‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ‪ 15‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫]‪[96‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻲ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎً ﻃﺎﺭﺋﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ‪ 15‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻳَﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻗﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [97].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡٍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻗﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻭﻓﻖ‬ ‫]‪[99][98‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺧﻞَ ﻳﻮﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﻼﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﺵ ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳَّﺲ ﺃﻭَّﻝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﻘﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻩ »ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ«‪ [100]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 29‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻭُﻟﺪَ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢٌ ﺛﺎﻥٍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻖ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺪ‪ [102][101].‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳَﺨﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴَّﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 27‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲّ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﻗﺘًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[103‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 29‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻗﺼﻔﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺻﺤﻔﻲٍّ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩُﻣﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺰﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺑﻲ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﺍً ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 17‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ‪ [105][104].‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻋﻨﻴﻒٌ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺫﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻒ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻂَ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‪ [109][108][107][106].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ‪ [110].‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ]‪ [109‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﻘﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ [111].‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮَ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ 11‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫]‪[112‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻣﺎً ﻟﻺﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ »ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﺺ«‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭَّﻝ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚُ ﻫﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺳﺘﺎ؛]‪ [114][113‬ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪ [115][106].‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠّﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[120‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ [119][118][117][116].‬ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 19‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ 771‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﺳﻘﻄﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ [121].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 19‬ﻭ‪20‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ )ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ( ﺷﻬﺪﺍ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻨﺼﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﻔﺮﻋﻮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ 72‬ﻣﻨﺸﻘﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻗﺮﺏَ ﺑﻠﺪﺓ ﻛﻨﺼﻔﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺘﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎً‪ [122]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﺕ ‪ 160‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻔﺮﻋﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[123‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺑﺎﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎً ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠّﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 23‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ [124]،‬ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﺍً ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﺘُﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺣَّﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫]‪[125‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮَ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻀﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 13‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪَ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﻄﺮَ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺤ َ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻒ ﻋﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢَّ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﻴﻦ‪ [126].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﻳﻮﻣﺎً‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻏﻮﻃﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮﺯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻔﺮﺑﻄﻨﺎ ﻭﺳﻘﺒﺎ ﻭﺣﺮﺳﺘﺎ ﻭﺣﻤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖَ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ [128][127].‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ‪ 29‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻗﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ [130][129]،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫]‪[131‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 30‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ‪ 1‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺣﻮﺻﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺪﺩًﺍ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺌﺔ ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‪ [135][134][133][132]،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﻘﻮﻁ ‪ 337‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 1.600‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ [137][136].‬ﻭﺗﻮﺳَّﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﺿﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳَﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪ [138].‬ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ‪ 9‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺃﻓﺎﺩَ ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﺪَ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫][‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺺ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ 755‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻃﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[139‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ "ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮ" ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﻗﺘﻞ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺓ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺝ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 18‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 15-20‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﻮﺝ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‪ [140].‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻓﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 26‬ﻳﻮﻣًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺼﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﺡ ﺿﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 47‬ﺇﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﻃﻔﻼً‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻨﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺜﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺭﻳﻒ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫]‪[142][141‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 2012‬ﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺰﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺑﺤﻤﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺼﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ؛ ﻭﺗﻼﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻳﺎﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻮﺍ ﺫﺑﺤًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺰﺯﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻤﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﯨﺨﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ ،2012‬ﻋﻘﺪ ﻟﻘﺎء ﺟﻴﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫"ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻦ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻏﻮﻃﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 15‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺯﻟﺰﺍﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﻭﺩﻯ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺭﺍﺟﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 22‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ؛ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻣﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ؛ ﺧﻼﻓًﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻋﺰﺍﺯ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺗﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ؛ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ "ﻣﺤﺮﺭﺓ" ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ »ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ« ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻦ‪ [143].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺩﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ »ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻼ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ« ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ‪ [144].‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﻭﺛﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 29‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ [145].‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻤﻮﺽ ﻣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ( ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺄﺷﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺳُﻠﻤﺖ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ [146].‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻭﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻓﺎﺯ »ﺍﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ« ﻣﺸﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ »ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[147‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ«‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ [148].‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻮﺍﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﻢ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻟﺠﺎﻧﺎً ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻏﺎﺛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺒﺮﺱ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫]‪[149‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺗُﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ »ﻣﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ«‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍء ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻄﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ [150].‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺸﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﻀﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺗﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﺘﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ‬ ‫»ﺗﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻛﻤﺎﺳﺘﺮ«‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍء« ﺍﻧﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ »ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ« ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [151].‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﺗﻀﺢ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺎﻩ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[150‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ »ﺟﻴﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺸﺘﺶ«‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪًﺍ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺜﺖ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 2011‬ﻧﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﺷﻴﺦ ﻣﺸﺎﻳﺦ ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪ -‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬ ‫]‪ [152‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ]‪ ....[153‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺭﺯﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﺁﺑﺎﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ]‪ ..[154‬ﻭﺷﻴﺦ ﻗﺮّﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴّﺔ‪ ..‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺩ]‪ [155‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ..‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺜﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺒﺄ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺄ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻉ‬ ‫]‪[156‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﻛﺬّﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ‪ 24‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻟﻤﻴﺎء ﺷﻜﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻲ »ﻣﻌﻬﺎ«‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻤﻨﺤﻪ »ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺷﻬﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻨﺸﺮ ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‪ [157].‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤُﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 24‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲَ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴَّﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺇﺛﺮَ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺘُﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴَّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮَّﺣﺖ‬ ‫]‪[158‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻧﻪ »ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ« ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺯﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺯﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻳﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺭﻭﻻ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﻓﻀﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﺅﻭﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﺇﻻ‬ ‫]‪[159‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺪﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [160].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺚّ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻤﻮﻩ »ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ«‪.[161].‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍً ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺣﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺶ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺻﺤﻔﻲ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﺃﻥ "ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ‪ ...‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺃﺗﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﻻﻧﺸﻘﻮﺍ‬ ‫]‪[162‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎً"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ‪ [163].‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1920‬ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ »ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ« ﻣﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻞّ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ؛]‪ [164‬ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻔﺎﺡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1936‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻇﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺤًﺎ ﻭﻋﻮﺿًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺨﺮﻃﺖ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻳّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1963‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[165‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ »ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ« ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳّﺔ ﺩﻭﺭًﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺯًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1970‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳّﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜّﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ »ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ« ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻳّﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻌﺒﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻌّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻮﻳّﺔ ﻣﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻼﻧﺨﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺷﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺴﺮﺧﻮ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ »ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ«‪ [163].‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺩﻳﻮﺏ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳًﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻣﻴّﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳّﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻌﻼً ﺗﺨﻮﻓًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ‪ [166]،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻯ »ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻨﻴّﺔ« ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ؛ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ »ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﻳﻮﺏ ﺻﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺁﻏﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﺃﻥ ‪ 164‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴًﺎ ﻗﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻭﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2011‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ »ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳّﺔ« ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ »ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ«‪ [167].‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴًﺎ »ﺳﻨّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ«‪ [168]،‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ »ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ« ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺨﺮﺍﻃﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪ [169]،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ »ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ« ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻪ‪ [169].‬ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﺃﻥّ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺨﻮﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻣّﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ [171][170].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺴﻴﺔ" ﺗﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫]ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻬﺠﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ‪ [173][172]،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴّﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺒﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﺘﺨﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﺖ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء »ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﻼﺡ«‪ [175][174]،‬ﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴّﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻴﻮﺱ ﻧﺼّﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ؛]‪ [169‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺻﺒﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻗﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤّﺎﺱ ﻭﻓﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻛﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﻢ‪ [169].‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺯﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﻛًﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ [166].‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻋﺒّﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﻩ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﻻ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ« ﺃﺣﺪ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ [176].‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴّﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴّﺔ ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻲ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻃﻲ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻃﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ »ﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔ«؛]‪ [177‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺸﻂ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻭﺍﻷﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺭﺍﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﺻﻨﺔ ﺇﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫]‪[178‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﻧﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ [166]،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﻔﻴّﺔ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺻﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺯ »ﺍﻟﺪَﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨّﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ« ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﺮًﺍ ﻟﻸﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﺳﻤًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ؛]‪ [169‬ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ »ﺑﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ«‪ [166]،‬ﻭﻫﻲ »ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﻠّﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫]‪[163‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨَﻬﺞ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋُﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻃﻴﺎﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻀﺮﻩ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻰ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ‪ [179]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫]‪[179‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻠّﻢ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘًﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 1980‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ »ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 2‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺴﻞ ﻭﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ »ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ« ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫]‪[180‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ«‪ [181]،‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻀﺮﻩ ‪200‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻳﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 1963‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [181]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ »ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ« ﻭﺃﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺪﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ؛]‪ [181‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻴﺲ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ« ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ 60‬ﻋﻀﻮًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ [182]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥّ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﺍ ﺇﺫﻧًﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻘﺪﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺗﻼﺳﻦ ﺗﻄﻮّﺭ ﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺳﺘﺔ‬ ‫]‪[183‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ 12‬ﺷﻬﺮًﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮّﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺪﻋﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺮّﺡ‪» :‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻮﺍ ﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺭﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [184]«.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﻗﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻇﻠّﺖ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤّﻊ ﺻﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺗﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ‪ 200‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺘﻪ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴًﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛّﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮّﻝ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[186][185‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻬﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 16‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ\ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺟﺮﻯ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺤﻀﻮﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 400‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ »ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻭﻃﻨﻲ« ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫»ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ« ﻭﻣﻦ »ﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻫﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺣﻔﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪» :‬ﺇﻥّ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻨﺎ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻭﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟـ»ﻓﺎﺷﻲ« ﻭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫]‪[187‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻩ ﺑﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 60‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 70‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1980‬ﻭ‪ 1990‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺠﻦ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2011‬‬

‫ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ »ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻨﺤﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ«‪ [188].‬ﻭﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ؛]‪ [190][189‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺭﺻﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ »ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫]‪[191‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ »ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺧﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻩ«‪ [192]،‬ﺛﻢ ﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺭﺟﺐ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻏﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ »ﻓﻈﺎﺋﻊ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‪ [193].‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ( ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[194‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﺢ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ »ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ« ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ [197][196][195].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ [198]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﻓﺪﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺣﺎﻣﻼً ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ [199]،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪ 25‬ﻧﺎﺋﺒًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ 50‬ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﺮّﺡ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﻃﻠﺒًﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻭﻓﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ( ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ »ﻣﻤﻨﻬﺠﺔ« ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺋﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ [200].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﻮّﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻧﻔﺬﻩ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻴﻼﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﺘﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺨﺼﺎً ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻘﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[201‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫—ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪،.‬‬

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‫]‪[202‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺇﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻟﻼﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺐ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻧﺰﻋﺎﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫]‪[203‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ »ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ« ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ »ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ »ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﺔ« ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪ [204]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﻟﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪ [205].‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻒ ﻭﺗﻬﺠﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺜﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﻼﺏ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ‪ [206].‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ »ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ« ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻭﺍﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ [207]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫]‪[209‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ [208]،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻐﺐ ﻭﺇﺣﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ [210]،‬ﻭﺑﺜﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺪﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﻒ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ »ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ« ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻤﻴّﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ [211]،‬ﻭﺟﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ؛]‪ [212‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫»ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ« ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍءً ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺜﻼً ﺑﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ؛ ﻭﻳﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻻً‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻧﻔﺬﻭﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻭﻗﻨﺺ ﻭﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺑﺚ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ‬ ‫]‪[204‬‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫»ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﻓﺒﺮﻛﺔ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ« ﻭ»ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬ ‫]‪[214][213‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ« ﺗﺪﻋﻢ »ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ«؛‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﺄﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴّﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﺚ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺸﻒ »ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ«‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﺟﺮﺗﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺜﺖ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻧﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ »ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ« ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻋﻮﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴًﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‪ [215]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻛﻤﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﺡ ﺿﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ 337‬ﻣﺪﻧﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻥ »ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ« ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺘﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ [216].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﺴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺬﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪّﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﻋﻢ‪ [217]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺸﻖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴّﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫]‪[218‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﺎﺯﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ [219].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﻙ ﺑﺈﻏﻼﻕ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ‪ [220]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫]‪[221‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 2300‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 2011‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰّﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ؛]‪ [222‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ »ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ« ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﻳًﺎ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ [223]،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪9‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻃﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 16‬ﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﻠﺔ‪ [224]،‬ﻭﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪ [225]،‬ﻭﺣﻤﻠﺔ »ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪ 360‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ [227][226].‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ »ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ«‪ [228]،‬ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫»ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ«‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2011‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ [229].‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪّﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭًﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣًﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴًﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﻴﻦ ﻛﺄﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ [230]،1961‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣًﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﺑﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩًﺍ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣًﺎ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣًﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴًﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ »ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ« ﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫]‪[231‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1971‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ؛]‪ [232‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴّﺔ ﻭﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 2012‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﺷﻌﺒﻲ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ‬ ‫]‪[233‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤًﺎ ﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ 1973‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭًﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪًﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ [234]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻏﻠﻖ‬ ‫]‪[235‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭًﺍ ﺑﺈﺧﻼء ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻮﻓﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ [236]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻓﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ‪ 260‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻼً ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ‪ [237]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ‪ 48‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻼً ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻳًﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [235].2010‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﻮﺍ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻻً ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ؛]‪ [238‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻤﻞ »ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻮﻓﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺭﻓﻘﻪ ﺑﻌﻔﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪ [232].‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴّﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫]‪[239‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻟﻮﻥ ﻳﻘﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 29‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﻲ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﺛﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ‪ [240]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺳﻴﺮًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ؛]‪ [241‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪11‬‬ ‫]‪[242‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ [243]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2012‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺇﻳﺎﺩ ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ؛]‪ [244‬ﺗﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ‪ [245]،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﻛﻠﺜﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺑﻨﺎءًَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻀﻠﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ [232].‬ﻭﺗﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ؛]‪ [246‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺮﻧﻮﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈًﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺮ‪ [232].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪15‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺃﻋﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﻑ ﺧﻠﻔًﺎ ﻟﻪ؛]‪ [232‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 23‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻏﺪﺍ ﺑﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈًﺎ ﻹﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈًﺎ ﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ‬ ‫]‪[247‬‬

‫ﻃﻔﻼ ‪ 2390‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪.‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎً‪ 60000‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺺ‬

‫‪7767‬‬

‫ﺇﺩﻟﺐ‬

‫‪4370‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﺓ‬

‫‪2933‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‬

‫‪2954‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪5421‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‬

‫‪1916‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪2622‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪546‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫‪1448‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫‪89‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻃﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻺﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫)‪ .(newlang=ara&http://www.sana.sy/print.html?sid=366498‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء – ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭُﺻِﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪.2011-08-30‬‬ ‫‪section=0&http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_2011-2012?action=edit‬‬

‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﺧﻄﻄﻨﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.sana.sy/ara/336/2011/05/21/347961.htm‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ »ﻣﻦ ﻏﺮﺭ ﺑﻬﻢ« ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﻔﺎﺋﻬﻢ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=132135‬ﺳﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ‪ ،1966 - 1946‬ﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ‪ .2001‬ﺹ‪16.‬‬ ‫‪Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p221 ISBN 019924958‬‬ ‫‪Middle Eastern Studies ,(http://www.danielpipes.org/191/the-alawi-capture-of-power-in-syria) The Alawi Capture of Power in Syria ,Daniel Pipes.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺣﻘًﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ) ‪ ،(/https://syriafirst.wordpress.com/2012/03/04/Ù Ù -٠عر٠-ا٠س٠ر٠٠٠-Ø٠ا-بعض٠٠Ø‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪12 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ )‪ ،(http://www.syriarose.com/ar/news/view/31825.html‬ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 21 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(sid=2156&file=article&http://www.kaniya-sipi.de/modules.php?name=News‬ﻛﺎﻧﻴﺎﺳﺒﻲ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ؟‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2FCC543E-F9AA-4244-BAFF-76F8AB3F2519.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 11/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﻊ )‪ .(http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/07/15-1‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺶ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ ،2005‬ﺹ‪34.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.41.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪137.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪140.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪141.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪71.‬‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫]‪[9‬‬ ‫]‪[10‬‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬ ‫]‪[15‬‬ ‫]‪[16‬‬ ‫]‪[17‬‬ ‫]‪[18‬‬ ‫]‪[19‬‬ ‫]‪[20‬‬ ‫]‪[21‬‬ ‫]‪[22‬‬ ‫]‪[23‬‬ ‫]‪[24‬‬ ‫]‪[25‬‬ ‫]‪[26‬‬ ‫]‪[27‬‬ ‫]‪[28‬‬ ‫]‪[29‬‬ ‫]‪[30‬‬ ‫]‪[31‬‬ ‫]‪[32‬‬ ‫]‪[33‬‬ ‫]‪[34‬‬ ‫]‪[35‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/35036086-2ABA-43FA-9CD2-75D0E0557054.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 17/3/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻼﻋﺒﺖ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ )‪ ،(newsid=10034#content&http://news.csyria.net/news.php?newsaction=fullnews‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪189.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )‪ .(/http://www.sama-syria.com/sama/content/view/11482/27‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.01-02-2011‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://quryna.com/27428.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.01-02-2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺗﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺘﻞ )‪ .(http://ar.ado-world.org/2/22/article/770‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ‪ «ADO‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.27-04-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﻤﻊ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.alqanat.com/news/shownews.asp?id=121110‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.18-02-2011‬‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ ..‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻓﻲ »ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ« )‪ .(id=79646&http://www.arabnet5.com/news.asp?c=2‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .27-02-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫‪ 12-15‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ ..‬ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.free-syria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=38075‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫‪ 25‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ ﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺪ »ﺍﻷﺳﺪ« ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ )‪ .(id=10585&http://nashwannews.com/news.php?action=view‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .27-02-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/344B16D2-802B-47C2-9AD1-22144352DC5C.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .16-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/03/110315_syria_protest.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.16-03-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/65526‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .15-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/65526‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0FEC9314-D556-4D71-9478-BCECAD02AC47.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻦ ‪ 32‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎً )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DA0B95BF-1294-40C5-98EE-196445DC8C14.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ 4 :‬ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﺮﺣﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/658071‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .18-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫]‪[36‬‬ ‫]‪[37‬‬ ‫]‪[38‬‬ ‫]‪[39‬‬ ‫]‪[40‬‬ ‫]‪[41‬‬ ‫]‪[42‬‬ ‫]‪[43‬‬ ‫]‪[44‬‬ ‫]‪[45‬‬ ‫]‪[46‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/66170‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .24-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ..‬ﻭﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.alriyadh.com/2011/03/25/article616905.html‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ )‪.(m=0&zoneid=13&http://www.alanba.com.kw/AbsoluteNMNEW/templates/international2010.aspx?articleid=181898‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .18-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/659755‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﺗُﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻋﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ؟ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/03/110325_syria_protests_reforms.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .25-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﻟﻬﺒﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ )‪ .(http://www.aleqt.com/2011/03/31/article_521097.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .31-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮﺩ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻴﻞ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BFDB3BA6-65E3-40C0-8720-86AD229B44A8.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .31-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺲ ﺃﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/multimedia/2011/04/110407_syria_kurd_nationality.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110421_syria_legislation.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .21-04-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ED5366DD-F627-4023-84F9-01C1824379A5.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .07-04-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 13‬ﺑﺘﺸﻴﻴﻊ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ ﻣﺌﺔ ﻗﺘﻴﻞ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110423_syria_killings_latest.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .23-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬

‫]‪ 84 [47‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﺑﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ »ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ« ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/04/22/146278.html‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .22-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [48‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺟﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110425-syria-deraa-jabalia-demonstration-many-killed-borders-with-jordan-closed‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [49‬ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻧﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺪﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110425-syria-deraa-city-police-army-deploiement-violence-demonstrations‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪[50‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9C9910F3-4538-4DD8-8DFA-438F042A72FF.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.03-05-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.27-07-2011‬‬ ‫ﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺘﺤﻢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110509-syria-protests-tanks-homs-army-opposition‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .09-05-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.24-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ..‬ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.aleqt.com/2011/05/09/article_536184.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .09-05-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.24-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻜﻠﺦ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110514-syria-homs-unrest-killed-bashar-al-assad-daraa-talkalakh-violence-anti-government-protesters-clash-security‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪.24‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .15-05-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.24-01-2012‬‬

‫]‪[54‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻄﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 11‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/558762‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .29-05-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.03-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ«‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺼﻒ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/558821‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .30-05-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 43‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110603_syria_rastan_killing.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .03-06-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.04-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110603_syria_hama.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .04-06-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.04-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﺿﺨﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/64010B79-2BB0-476E-9B8D-4048E1EC8A29.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .04-06-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.04-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110604_syria_hama_strike.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .04-06-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.05-06-2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 38‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110605_syria_hama_strike_day2.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .05-06-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A28CDC80-44EE-40DC-B15F-0C6B4C52016B.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.10-06-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.10-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110610_syrai_scun.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .10-06-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬

‫]‪[51‬‬ ‫]‪[52‬‬ ‫]‪[53‬‬

‫]‪[55‬‬ ‫]‪[56‬‬ ‫]‪[57‬‬ ‫]‪[58‬‬ ‫]‪[59‬‬ ‫]‪[60‬‬ ‫]‪[61‬‬ ‫]‪[62‬‬

‫]‪ [63‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺤﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/84F23948-3B64-4F24-9358-9473B03E6CE2.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.01-07-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.29-07-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [64‬ﻫﺪﻭﺉ ﻣﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﺓ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A02C04DA-AC0E-4621-B088-1694EEF4C07D.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-07-2011‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫]‪[65‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺷﻮﺵ ﻣﻐﻨﻲ »ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ« ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110707-syria-slaughtered-of-the-revolution-singer-ibrahim-kashoush-bashar-assad‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺗﺤﺼﺪ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ‪ 22‬ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻜﻞ ﺑﺠﺜﺜﻬﻢ‪(http://www.al-seyassah.com/AtricleView/tabid/59/smid/438/ArticleID/147118/reftab/76/Default.aspx) .‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺮ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺷﻮﺵ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﺘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻀﺒﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﻣﺎ‪(http://www.watan.com/news/2011-07-06-20-53-33.html) .‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺜﻘﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ‪ ..‬ﻭﺗﻮﻻﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻀﺒﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺷﻖ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﻴﺮﻛﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪ ..‬ﻭﺭﻏﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﻲ‬ ‫)‪ .(m=0&zoneid=389&http://www.alanba.com.kw/AbsoluteNMNEW/templates/international2010.aspx?articleid=212199‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.10-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ »ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ« )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/07/110716_syria_protests_friday.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.10-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20111002-syria-army-offensive-rastan-city-istabnbul-opposition-new-organization‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .02-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.03-10-2011‬‬

‫]‪[71‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﻺﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0207827F-E97E-4DB0-AC5A-7A00E31DD175.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.16-07-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.10-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/905E8A9C-4156-40DB-BA34-71366D376703.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.16-07-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.10-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻴﺶ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/3CD2B199-714C-4165-9F65-0FB2A2A05C33.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.17-07-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.19-07-2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺤﻢ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‪(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/143EE013-7063-4F9E-B537-BEE017AF1337.htm) .‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 28‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110814_syria_killing.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .14-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.26-01-2012‬‬

‫]‪[76‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110815_syria_crackdown.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .15-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.26-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110731-syria-tanks-demonstations-against-assad-hama‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .31-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.02-08-2011‬‬ ‫‪ 136‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ 100‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﻘﺘﺤﻢ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/704794‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .31-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.04-08-2011‬‬ ‫‪ 150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5D297618-27F9-4916-AE1A-3A5E04A6E940.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.31-07-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.02-08-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ »ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ« ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻟﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﻟﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110807_syria_deirezzor_tanks.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-08-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.11-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110808_syria_pressure.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .09-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.11-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9FF9EA0C-481B-41B6-B05C-E7DBA5CE07C2.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.19-08-2011‬‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9F9FA3E3-1D9F-4214-9DFD-F2B8A892A8EB.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.19-08-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.19-08-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110822_syria_un_hr_council.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .22-08-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.15-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.free-syria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=39702‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .22-08-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.15-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110821_syria_humanitarian_team_visit.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .21-08-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.15-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﻓﺪ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺖ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110819_syria_humanitarian.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .19-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.15-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/09/110912_syria_un_hama.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .12-09-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DB323462-32CD-4089-A54A-D17EA98A094C.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .29-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ )‪ .(article=637702&issueno=11961&http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .29-08-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ »ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ« ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111004_veto_russia_syria.shtml‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .04-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.07-10-2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪» :‬ﻏﻀﺐ« ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111005_syria_un_resolution.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .04-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.07-10-2011‬‬

‫]‪[66‬‬ ‫]‪[67‬‬ ‫]‪[68‬‬

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‫]‪[72‬‬ ‫]‪[73‬‬ ‫]‪[74‬‬ ‫]‪[75‬‬

‫]‪[77‬‬ ‫]‪[78‬‬ ‫]‪[79‬‬ ‫]‪[80‬‬ ‫]‪[81‬‬ ‫]‪[82‬‬ ‫]‪[83‬‬ ‫]‪[84‬‬ ‫]‪[85‬‬ ‫]‪[86‬‬ ‫]‪[87‬‬ ‫]‪[88‬‬ ‫]‪[89‬‬ ‫]‪[90‬‬ ‫]‪[91‬‬ ‫]‪[92‬‬

‫]‪ [93‬ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺸﻠﻮ )‪ .(sid=43378&file=article&http://www.gemyakurda.net/modules.php?name=News‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .08-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.08-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪23 [94‬ﺓ ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﺘﺸﻴﻴﻊ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CE749888-EF34-4236-AE1F-37EFB437968D.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .08-10-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.08-10-2011‬‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪ [95‬ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺭ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111009_syria_protests_embassies.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .08-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.10-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [96‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﻭﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111015_syria_activist_killing.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .15-10-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [97‬ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ 15‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111016_syria_arab_league.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [98‬ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7E300A18-B4B2-4C7E-BBE1-796A2E730445.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .26-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [99‬ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/17780EC4-8D8C-41A1-8653-095E40059827.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.27-10-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [100‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E5962FE4-45BC-468F-8CA8-8F6910207868.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.11-06-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.09-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [101‬ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ )‪ .(http://www.alarengin.net/daily-news/local/1109-2011-07-30-13-46-11.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .30-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.02-08-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [102‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﻳﻨﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ “ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ” )‪http://news.nawaret.com/ا٠عا٠Ù‬‬ ‫‪ .(§Ø§Ù عرب٠/٠اشط٠٠-٠٠شر٠٠-٠٠د٠٠-٠ع٠٠د-٠ع٠٠-تش٠٠٠-Ø‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .29-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬‫‪.02-08-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [103‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﺷﺒﺎﺡ‪ ..‬ﻭﻧﺰﻭﺡ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ..‬ﻭﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(issueno=11997&article=643217&http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .03-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.06-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [104‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﻤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111029_syria_hams_killing.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .04-11-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [105‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 60‬ﺟﻨﺪﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/034EC3B7-4027-45FF-AB0F-3EE8F7AE83A3.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .29-10-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [106‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻗﺼﻒ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ )‪.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111104_syria_homs_military_attacks.shtml‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .04-11-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [107‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 13‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111105_syria_release.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .11-11-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [108‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111107_syria_homs.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .07-11-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 11 [109‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ »ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ« )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/3289E176-AF87-4A36-8D0A-C0D02BA8A10B.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.07-11-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [110‬ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ »ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ« )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111111_syria_humanrightswatch.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .11-11-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.13-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [111‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/767212‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .05-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.06-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [112‬ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/F348DDAD-A707-41F4-AA18-5ECF744D15BD.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪.11-11-2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [113‬ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ - (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/05F27F41-3CE9-4AEA-B372-0DB1A5FC8A5C.htm?GoogleStatID=1‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪16-11-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [114‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺸﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫)‪ - (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111114_syria_defectors_attack_intel_complex.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪16-11-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [115‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ »ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ« ﻭﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻔﻆ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/88920684-B677-4C5A-B100-AF1198F19AAA.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .03-11-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [116‬ﺃﺟﻮﺍء ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ - (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E1629E54-0E88-4DE4-9C0D-B397C331F1A6.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫‪13-11-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [117‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺬﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ )‪ - (IssueID=0&SecID=89&http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=533541‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪16-11-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/11/111119_syria_deadline.shtml [118‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ[‪ .‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪19-11-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [119‬ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/multimedia/2011/11/111127_syria_sanctions.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .27-11-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [120‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/12/111219_syria_signs.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .03-12-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 120 [121‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﺸﻘﻮﻥ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9279BA21-61AD-42B8-B1CB-203445264266.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.20-12-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [122‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪» :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 200‬ﺷﺨﺺ« ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/12/111221_syria_latest_killing.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .21-12-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.21-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [123‬ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BC002C87-5CE6-4813-888F-512B887344D1.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .21-12-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.21-12-2011‬‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪ [124‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭ»ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ« ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/01/120119_syria_wrap_new.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .19-12-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [125‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﻬﺎء ﺃﺯﻣﺘﻬﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/882A6C6A-C07E-489D-9F37-0B6FA99D6778.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .23-12-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [126‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ »ﺍﻟﺤﺮ« ﻫﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻨﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺑﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ )‪.(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/18/188955.html‬‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪ [127‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/27/us-syria-town-idUSTRE80Q1O020120127‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮﺯ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪ .29-01-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.29-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [128‬ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﻤﺺ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺣﺔ‬ ‫)‪ .(Itemid=115&catid=72:2011-12-21-22-03-48&id=1665:2012-01-29-15-25-45&view=article&http://srgcommission.org/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .29-01-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.29-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [129‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20120129-syria-crackdown-national-transitional-councig-united-nations-killings‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .29-01-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.29-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [130‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ‪ 66 :‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻗﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/01/120129_syria_military_operation.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .29-01-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.29-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [131‬ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻑ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A2F6D7B7-A364-453E-981B-7191E32936B4.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪.31-01-2012‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.01-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [132‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻣﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/multimedia/2012/02/120204_syria_zabadani.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .04-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [133‬ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CC0E8D1E-368B-4B2E-814D-67D892780C86.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪.12-02-2012‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [134‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 27‬ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5AEFBF2A-8E2E-4AAB-A9DF-F3F225E134C2.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .12-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [135‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ )‪.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/02/120212_syria_arab_league_ministers_.shtml‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .12-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 337 [136‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻭ‪ 1300‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/04/192418.html‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .04-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.04-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [137‬ﺣﻤﺺ ﺗﺸﻴﻊ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻨﻒ ﻗﺼﻒ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E55D20C8-E807-4ACC-84BF-BD4C26859DCE.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .04-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.04-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 337 [138‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً )‪ (http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/04/192418.html‬ﻭ‪ 1.600‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E55D20C8-E807-4ACC-84BF-BD4C26859DCE.htm‬ﻭ‪ 14‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 5‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/4D265E81-445D-484A-A7C7-5DD52A0624C3.htm‬ﻭ‪ 24‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 6‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8B0E5C92-C5DC-4702-994D-11866BD96B2F.htm‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 95‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻭ‪ 200‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 7‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/84E550BB-DC6A-4553-A1D1-32517F6DF4D8.html‬ﻭ‪ 93‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 8‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1CDECD1E-9F0A-4E32-BFCF-D55F4BB43A7F.htm‬ﻭ‪ 112‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 9‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫)‪.(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/D0F1D1E9-BC83-4AEB-8933-5CB9C8AC5F29.htm‬‬ ‫]‪ [139‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮ )‪ ،(http://alwatan.kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?Id=169126‬ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ 4 ،‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [140‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 19‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻭﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ »ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ« ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ ﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/02/120218_syria_china_envoy.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .18-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.21-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 92 [141‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/1b0d5b24-4116-4b86-a769-3c054a497ec6‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪.04-04-2012‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.09-04-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [142‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :۳۸۹‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ ٦ ،‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪/‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫)‪ .(Itemid=2&catid=1:2011-06-08-10-46-52&id=7529:2012-04-07-07-22-07&view=article&http://birati.de/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪.06-04-2012‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.09-04-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [143‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ )‪ .2011-4-6 .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/3A748348-C256-4A66-9F83-4FC534A75667.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪18‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [144‬ﺗﻨﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/04148BDF-0CF8-4A99-99D4-F0EE9C93F535.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-3-25 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [145‬ﻣﺼﻴﺮ ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/064F5156-47A1-4CA1-AC7C-91C0EC6B9FFC.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-5-3 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [146‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺭﺣﻠﺖ ﺻﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻹﻳﺮﺍﻥ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/EXERES/7C325B58-4F0C-471B-AD8E-E982FAAAA003.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-5-11 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [147‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻭﺛﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/681076‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ .2011-5-18 ،24‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [148‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E9BC6177-1AA8-4513-A428-B8E217D02AD3.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 25/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [149‬ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺍﻓﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﻪ )‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0FF30BEA-CCF4-43F7-8E7D-14964373FBAB.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 28/4/2011‬ﻡ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫]‪ [150‬ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻳﻜﺘﻨﻒ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺮﺍﻑ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/worldnews/2011/06/110610_syria_amina_kidnap.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ .2011-6-10 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [151‬ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﺪﻋﺔ ﻣﻔﺒﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/syria-politics-unrest-gay-internet-britain-us-amina-abdullah-lesbian-damascus-20110613‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ .2011-6-13 ،24‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪18‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [152‬ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mCVHH57nyY‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬ ‫]‪ [153‬ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QwkMCsJGKw‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬ ‫]‪ [154‬ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺭﺯﻕ ﺃﺑﺎﺯﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncbxx6pPsuo‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬ ‫]‪ [155‬ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tofa0P988a4‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬

‫]‪ [156‬ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‪ ..‬ﺃﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.shukumaku.com/Content.php?id=28512‬ﺷﺎﻛﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [157‬ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻮﺍء ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 24‬ﻭﻧﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ..‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ؟؟‬ ‫)‪ ،(ar=549330401&id=d56ce7c9c57164abb67077bb982f1b6b&http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news‬ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [158‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ 24‬ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺑﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110609-france-24-charges-syria-bashar-assad-lamia-chakkour-embassy-identity-theft‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.21-06-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [159‬ﺭﻭﻻ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﺮﺃﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺟﺎء ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫)‪nVCM1000008420010aRCRD&http://www.mbc.net/portal/site/mbc/menuitem.ff2c047b71869fec9318c4cd480210a0/?vgnextoid=6216a31f36c20310VgnVCM1000008420010aRCRD‬‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ‪ 26 ،MBC‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [160‬ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺪﻭ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/10796‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [161‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻮ »ﺃﻭﺭﻳﻨﺖ »ﻳﺤﻀﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪http://www.mjhar.com/ar-sy/NewsView/81/372/٠٠ظ٠٠_أ٠ر٠٠ت_Ù Øضر٠٠_است٠ا٠ة_جÙ‬‬ ‫‪ ،(اع٠ة.aspx‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [162‬ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ )‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxxE_kEW_Rk‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬ ‫]‪ [163‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/24348‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [164‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻻﻥ ﻧﻴﻤﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ‪ ،1997‬ﺹ‪77.‬‬ ‫]‪ [165‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻻﻥ ﻧﻴﻤﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ‪ ،1997‬ﺹ‪79.‬‬ ‫]‪ [166‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/27201‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [167‬ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ 164 :‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/26078‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪.2012 ،‬‬ ‫]‪ [168‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻭﺍﺩﺓ )‪ ،(ChannelId=46463&EditionId=1966&http://assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=17‬ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [169‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/23456‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [170‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ ،(http://aljazeera.net/news/pages/a60a5353-7663-42cc-a24c-e633b57172b0‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [171‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=83799‬ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪Abuse of the opposition forces, "ethnic cleansing" of Christians in Homs, where Jesuits remains “ [172‬‬ ‫)‪ .”(lan=eng&http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=31228‬ﻭُﺻِﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪.April 02, 2012‬‬ ‫]‪Fides .(lan=eng&http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=31308) ASIA/SYRIA - Christians being targeted by armed Islamist gangs [173‬‬ ‫‪Agenzia‬‬

‫)‪.March 2012). accessed April 07, 2012 30‬‬ ‫]‪ [174‬ﻫﻮﺍﺟﺲ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ )‪،(ChannelId=47623&EditionId=2010&http://assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=2353‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [175‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺼﻠﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺷﺘﺎﺋﻪ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/45202‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 11 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [176‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ )‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/programs/pages/762654be-64b3-4690-893e-d85be23b688b‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 13 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [177‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻃﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺏ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/02/11/399630.htm‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [178‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻛﺮﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﻮﺭ )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=133256‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [179‬ﺑﺪء ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻳﻀﻢ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=133291‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [180‬ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻟﻺﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺴﻞ )‪ ،(http://news.swaidaplus.com/?p=1308‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [181‬ﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ »ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ« ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻮ »ﻹﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻲ« ﻭﻳﺮﻓﺾ »ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ« )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=134318‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [182‬ﺑﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ‪ 60‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ..‬ﻋﻘﺪ ﻟﻘﺎء »ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ« ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=134626‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺄ‪12 ،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [183‬ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭﺇﻫﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=134563‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [184‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ )‪ ،(http://www.nabd-sy.net/index.php/syasia/10097-2011-07-08-07-46-09.html‬ﻧﺒﺾ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 13 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [185‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﺼﺮﻱ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/562122‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [186‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(lc=2&&http://www.aljadeed.tv/wsg/newsdetails.aspx?ln=12879‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪[187‬‬ ‫‪http://aaram.net/article/30966/0/‬‬ ‫]‪[187‬‬ ‫]‪ [188‬ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﺣﻴﻞ ﺯﻋﻤﺎء )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/56105332-03B3-4D5E-8C93-BFAA4AA22389.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ ‪ .2011-5-20‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 9‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪ [189‬ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/05/110523_syria_eu_sanctions.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .2011-5-23‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [190‬ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭ‪ 6‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ )‪ .(http://arabic.cnn.com/2011/syria.2011/5/18/usa.syria_sanctions/index.html‬ﺳﻲ ﺇﻥ ﺇﻥ‪ .2011-6-9 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [191‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ )‪ ،(id=73340&http://www.rtv.gov.sy/index.php?d=13‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [192‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ »ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ« ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .2011-4-6 .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/28C6EB66-1709-43F5-85B4-3A1AA6434861.htm‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [193‬ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻏﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻓﻈﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2BFB198D-213B-4C5C-9D71-ACB9C2491482.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-6-10 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪10‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [194‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/556548‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [195‬ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7713E80B-4510-4091-99E7-21B29EBF2C01.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-4-12 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [196‬ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺰ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/145C58EE-5A69-49D3-A6A0-176469DD1011.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-4-26 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [197‬ﻧﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻳﺸﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻪ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5FA16BF9-FCEF-4BF2-AE85-9386BE45EAAE.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .2011-5-25 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [198‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﻼﺩﻩ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻬﺎ )‪ (http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=79188‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=131256‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﻼﺩﻩ ﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=132361‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻮﺍء ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ )‪ ،(http://www.champress.net/index.php?q=ar/Article/view/91523‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=130642‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺱ ﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺱ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [199‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=132161‬ﻭ]ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻑ ﺑﻼﺩﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=131819‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [200‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ »ﻣﻤﻨﻬﺠﺔ« )‪ .(http://arabic.cnn.com/2011/syria.2011/6/2/hrw.syria_abuse/index.html‬ﺳﻲ ﺇﻥ ﺇﻥ‪ .2011-6-5 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1&cat=0&http://aaram.net/article.aspx?id=30650 [201‬ﻫﻴﻼﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﺘﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪artid=144142&http://www.alarab.qa/mobile/details.php?issueId=1324 [202‬‬ ‫]‪ [203‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪(http://aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/90CF7852-E1EB-47AB-AAE8-218AC5AFF7FE.html) .‬‬ ‫]‪ [204‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=131339‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪15 ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [205‬ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻳﻮﻡ _ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺠﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﺣﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=133808‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪15 ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [206‬ﺟﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ )‪ ،(ArticleId=242&ChannelId=43231&http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?EditionId=1837‬ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [207‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪http://www.alwafd.org/أخبار-٠ت٠ار٠ر/18-عرب٠٠عا٠٠٠/164647-ا٠اسد-٠٠ا٠-Ù‬‬ ‫‪ ،(§Ø¤Ø§Ù رة-ت٠د٠-Ø¥Ù Ù -ت٠س٠٠-س٠ر٠Ø‬ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪ‪ 16 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [208‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﺟﻴﺪًﺍ )‪ ،(http://diyar.charlesayoub.com/index.php/visitor-article-details/1456‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﺭ‪ 16 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [209‬ﺳﻼﺡ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪،(cad=rja&usg=AFQjCNG_mqXt155kAxK-9fqtj4CD8fmqnw&ei=bnJjT7nlI8ewhAebroiICA&https://www.al-akhbar.com/node/44629‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 16 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [210‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻭﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻳﺤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ )‪http://www.syria-online.net/٠جÙ‬‬ ‫‪ ،(٠عات-٠طا٠ب٠٠-با٠Øر٠ة-ع٠-طر٠٠-ا٠تخر.html‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﻧﻼﻳﻦ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [211‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ :‬ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻭﻯ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺩﺕ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=132711‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 15 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [212‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺒﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺿﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ )‪ ،(http://syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=133602‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪15 ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [213‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻓﺒﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻼﻓﺎﻩ ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ )‪ .(http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2011/04/30/344174.htm‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .2011-4-30‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [214‬ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﺒﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ )‪ .(http://www.sana.sy/ara/336/2011/05/02/344277.htm‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء‪ .2011-5-2 ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [215‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺬﺏ ﻭﻗﺘﻼﻫﺎ ﻳﻔﻨﺪﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ،2011‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪.11124‬‬ ‫]‪ [216‬ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ ،(id=71206&http://jordanzad.com/index.php?page=article‬ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [217‬ﻓﻴﺴﻚ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺡ ﺑﺄﻓﻖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ؟ )‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/6FA487F3-5418-41CE-AFA6-E02810C49FC5.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 27/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [218‬ﺳﻤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ )‪ ،(http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/8921‬ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [219‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻳﺠﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻗﻔﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧّﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫)‪ ،(http://syrian-es.com/2011-05-12-12-15-11/2011-05-12-12-19-00/93-2011-05-18-15-17-18.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪:‬ﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫]‪ [220‬ﻧﻮﺑﻠﺰﻧﻴﻮﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﻖ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﻜﻢ‬ ‫)‪ ،(http://syrian-es.com/2011-05-12-12-15-11/2011-05-12-12-19-00/89-2011-05-17-19-38-50.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪:‬ﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫]‪ [221‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺕ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺪﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺍﻣﺮﺍﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=134032‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [222‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﺗﻮﺳﺘﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺓ ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻼء )‪ ،(http://www.fmsyria.com/view-2557.html‬ﺇﻑ ﺇﻡ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [223‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻑ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ )‪ ،(http://www.shahbapress.com/news/8573.html‬ﺷﻬﺒﺎ ﺑﺮﺱ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [224‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺪ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﺍً ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ )‪ ،(newsid=10016#content&http://news.csyria.net/news.php?newsaction=fullnews‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 12 ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [225‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺗﻼﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ..‬ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.shahbapress.com/news/8573.html‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪20 ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ 360 [226‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ ،(Itemid=82&catid=61:econmic&-------id=913:360&view=article&http://www.ahllan.com/adrenaline/index.php?option=com_content‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻫﻠﻦ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [227‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2011/06/19/353570.htm‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ 20 ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [228‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.elaph.com/Web/news/2012/3/723029.html‬ﺇﻳﻼﻑ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [229‬ﻭﻋﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﻋﺎ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7F55050A-5E60-4114-954F-C329E23E1346.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪24/3/2011 ،‬‬ ‫]‪ [230‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺲ ﺃﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/multimedia/2011/04/110407_syria_kurd_nationality.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ 7/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [231‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110421_syria_legislation.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ 21/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [232‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ ،(http://www.sana.sy/ara/367/2011/12/31/391546.htm) 2011‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء ‪ -‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [233‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣًﺎ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/02/29/pr-403099.htm‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﺎء ﺳﺎﻧﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [234‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻲ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9E4795EC-DF17-4080-AE06-8F85EAE19C76.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 6/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [235‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺏ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/C0DE1E42-8D42-4C74-8169-87DBB8949BE6.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 6/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [236‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/worldnews/2011/03/110324_syria_reforms.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 24/3/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [237‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/56300AB2-399E-40BB-9B03-396969617886.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 26/3/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [238‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ED5366DD-F627-4023-84F9-01C1824379A5.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 14/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [239‬ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻳﺨﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫)‪ ،(https://www.amnesty.org/ar/news-and-updates/syria-â general-amnestyâ -fails-free-hundreds-detained-after-protests-2011-06-21‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ 18 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [240‬ﺣﺸﻮﺩ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻴﻞ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BFDB3BA6-65E3-40C0-8720-86AD229B44A8.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 29/3/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [241‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ ﻳﻌﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110403_syria_new_pm.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ 3/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [242‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110414_syria_deal.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ 14/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [243‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/53053807-50E4-4317-B3B0-49C5D4ED4AB9.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 1/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [244‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﺤﻤﺺ ﻭﺗﺄﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/220443EA-23C6-45F1-BB39-B9848793D74A.htm?GoogleStatID=9) ..‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 21/4/2011‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [245‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‪ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110420_syria_banias_security.shtml) ..‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪ 20/4/2011 ،‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪ [246‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪..‬ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭ‪ 28‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ »ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﺭﺣﻞ « )‪ ،(http://www.alyaum.com/News/art/17411.html‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 16 ،‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪.2011،‬‬ ‫]‪ [247‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺷﻬﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(/http://syrianshuhada.com‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‪.25-05-2012 :‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ - (http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/CCCF5458-4D79-4BB6-AFB8-804911C7DA52.htm‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪/‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 15‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪/‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻭﺛﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻓﺎﺯ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪..‬‬ ‫)‪.(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/EXERES/F494C899-DF9C-4DC9-B678-8B8AA6EA6E8B.htm‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﻫﻴﺜﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪..‬‬ ‫)‪.(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1E262ECC-4455-4BD1-8699-5E5A1A21996C.htm?GoogleStatID=1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺃﻣﺠﺪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻬﺎﻭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ »ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ« ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺰﺍ ﻭﺍﺩﻳﻦ‪..‬‬ ‫)‪.(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DC111200-1E3D-438A-8CB9-B54AE60C27F1.htm?GoogleStatID=21‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺯ ﺳﻨﺘﺮ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ؟ )‪.(http://www.scn-sy.net/ar/news/view/6953.html‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ..‬ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻏﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﺟﺪﺍﺩ‪ ..‬ﻭﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻔﺎﺩ – ﺩﻣﺎء ﺯﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ‪ ..‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺭﺍﺷﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻖ – ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫)‪.(http://www.ayyam.org/arabic/?p=15695‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺃﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Autocracy :‬ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻁ"‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ(‪.‬‬ ‫"ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ" ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮّﺏ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻞﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻘﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1923‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺱ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻘﺐ "ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ"‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺣﻜﻤﻮﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﻗﻠﺔ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺴﻄﻮﺍ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺰﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻮﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺃﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻐﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺾ]ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ؟["ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﻪ‪ ".‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻻﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺛﻘﺖ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﻨﻴﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻨﺤﺪﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻟﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

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‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪-:‬‬ ‫==ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ‪ crisis Management‬ﻻ ﻳﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ,‬ﻭﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻣﺘﺄﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻤﺲ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﻮءﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺻﻠﺐ ﻋﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﺖ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺍ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺠﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻔﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺆﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻟﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪ ,‬ﻓﺒﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎءﺍﺕ ﺑٍﻜﺮ ﺗﻤﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻘﺒﻼ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻀﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ )‪ (scher mehorn‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺮ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﻱ( ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺼﺮ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪abomisbah‬ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎً ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﺧﻄﺮًﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ")‪ .(81‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔًﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺪﺭًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﺮّﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻮﻩ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻮﻩ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎً ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻨّﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ")‪ .(46‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻮﻩ ﻓﻌﺮّﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺤﺚ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ")‪ .(25‬ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻗﺤﻒ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ " ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﺎءﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ")‪ .(20‬ﻭﻋﺮّﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﺒﺆ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﺊ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻼﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺳﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒّﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻛﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﻭﻱ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺷﺘّﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤُـﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺄﺯﻡ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﻭﻱ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﻬﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳُـﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠّﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻼﻓﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﻓﻌّﺎﻝ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ‪ KANPAN‬ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ‪ Stimulate the crisis‬ﻭﺧﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤّﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﺐ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﻳﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻬﻢ ﺳﻮﺍء‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ,‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﻕ ﻣﻔﻌﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺋﻖ")‪ .(92‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﺮﺩ ﺟﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً " ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُـﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭًﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ")‪ .(93‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﻗﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ "ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭُﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ )ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ( ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﻮﺩًﺍ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ")‪ .(798-799‬ﻭﻋﺰﻯ ﺩﻗﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺰﻋﺎﺕ" ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻼ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻗﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻴﻎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪًﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣًﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻓﻌّﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ " ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭًﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌًﺎ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﻌًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ"‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﺒﺌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﺐ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ)‪ (2019‬ﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ 10‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 2006‬ﻋﻦ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺗﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﺟﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺃﻏﻨﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺮﻙ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎً ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺴﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﻮﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻹﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻄﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﻣﻜﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﺒّﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻱ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺍً ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩﻳًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻋﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮﻱ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺟﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻳﻤﻜّﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻫﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻌّﺎﻝ ﻟﻺﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻤُﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﻳﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻴﻢ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺑﺎء ﺍﻭﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬

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‫• ﻛﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﺧﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺯﻣﻮﻱ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺨﺲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ‪ :‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻧﺒﺜﻘﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺟﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ؟‪،،‬‬ ‫• ﻋﺰﻝ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:،‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻬﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻮﻱ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺅﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍء‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪.،‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻓﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫•‬

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‫• ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺰﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻮﻱ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺿﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﺘﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻜﻤﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫•‬

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‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﻮﺥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﺩ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻨﺎﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺰﻝ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺤﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﺄﻯ ﻭﻣﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺮّﺿﺔ ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ "ﺇﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ")‪ .(59‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﺮﺩ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ "ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒًﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻣﺎ")‪ .(85‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﻌﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (72.4%‬ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻼءﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ 72.4%‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻭﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤُـﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ "ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ‪risk‬‬ ‫‪ avoider‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺆ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺎ ‪ risk taker‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ")‪.(37‬‬

‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺟﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ ,‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺭﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻭﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺿﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 362‬ﻟﻘﻮﺍ ﺣﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1423‬ﻫـ )‪ (4%‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (3%‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1424‬ﻫـ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﺝ )ﻭﺍﺣﺪ( ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺭﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﺎﺝ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﺎً ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﺑﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎً ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺗﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1959‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎً‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ‪ ((virtual reality tour‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻷﺩﺍء ﻓﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻵﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻱ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍء ﻓﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎً ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻟﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺑﻬﺎﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺗﻠﻴﻔﻮﻥ ‪07903357918‬ﻧﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺘﺎﻣًﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ؟ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﻴﺘﺶ ﻟﺨﺺ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ )ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ( ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ "ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻳُـﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻛﻔﺎء ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟّﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻛﺰﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺗﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻰ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ‪ CRISIS PRONE‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ‪ .CRISIS PREPARED‬ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺏ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﻫﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،2001 ،‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،1999،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،1992 ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪ 4.‬ﺍﻻﻋﺮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺻﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،1995 ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪ 5.‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‪/‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ‪ 15‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/8 - 2008/‬ﺟﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪1429/‬‬ ‫‪ 6.‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﻗﺤﻒ‪ ,‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.1999 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 7.‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ؟‪ 30 .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪) .2006‬ﻟﻢ ﻳُـﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ(‪http://www.al-jazirah.com.sa/magazine/29102002/aj7.htm .‬‬ ‫‪ 8.‬ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ‪ ,‬ﻋﺎﺻﻢ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‪" .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ‪ 39‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.1999‬‬ ‫‪ 9.‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺷﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪.1997 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 10.‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺤﻲ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻴﺔ‪ 2 .‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.2006‬‬ ‫‪prog=ARP&yr=22&http://www.srdb.org/Arabic/printer1.asp?ID=83‬‬ ‫‪ 11.‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪ ,‬ﺭﺟﺎء ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺣﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪) .‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪ 30 .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪2006‬‬ ‫‪http://www.minshawi.com/other/r.shareef.htm‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯَﻣَﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ 30 .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪2006‬‬ ‫‪artid=5221&catid=99&http://www.islamtoday.net/articles/show_articles_content.cfm?id=98‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺑﻌﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‪.1991 ،‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺟﺒﺮ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ‪" .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ"‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 21‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ 76‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.1999‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺣﻮﺍﺵ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪.1999 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 4.‬ﺩﻗﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺻﻢ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺟﻲ‪" .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ"‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ‪ 39‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2000‬‬ ‫‪ 5.‬ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻰ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.1998 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 6.‬ﺻﺎﺩﻕ‪ ,‬ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.2002 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 7.‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ )‪ 11 .(2019‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪http://www.alwatan.com.sa/daily/2006-04-10/first_page/first_page12.htm .2006‬‬ ‫‪ 8.‬ﺻﺪﺍﻡ‪ ,‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 26‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 97‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.2004‬‬ ‫‪ 9.‬ﻋﻠﻴﻮﻩ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ)‪ .(2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.2004 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 10.‬ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪) http://dssworld.jeeran.com/new_page_11.htm .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳُـﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء‪) http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Ektesad8/azamat/index.htm .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﻌﺔ(‬

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‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪Narcoterrorism‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪Anarchist‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪Eco-terrorism‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Hijacking‬‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺨﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻄﺎﻑ‬ ‫‪Bioterrorism‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Fronts‬‬ ‫‪Lone-wolf‬‬

‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[5][4][3][2][1‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫]‪[9][8][7][6‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ" ﻭ "ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻇﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ".‬ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ "ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻋﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎﻩ‪ .[10].‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻏﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ "ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻋﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫ﺏﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺇﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪" .‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪2nd ed.). Cambridge) (pg=PA265&http://books.google.com/books?id=74Zmct-7hGIC) Handbook of International Law .(Aust, Anthony (2010 [1‬‬ ‫‪ .University Press‬ﺹ‪. .9780521133494 ISBN .265 .‬‬ ‫]‪.Encyclopædia Britannica .(http://www.wip.britannica.com/eb/article-217762/terrorism) Terrorism [2‬‬ ‫]‪(pg=PA4&http://books.google.com/books?id=D0icvm2EQLIC) p. 4 :Seldin & So, 2003 [3‬‬ ‫]‪Martin, 2006: p. 111[4‬‬ ‫]‪The provisional Irish Republican Army and the morality of terrorism .(Shanahan, Timothy (2009 [5‬‬ ‫)‪ .Edinburgh University Press .(pg=PA195&http://books.google.com/books?id=pBRhmBsVrHMC‬ﺹ‪. .9780748635306 ISBN .195 .‬‬ ‫]‪http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=29633[6‬‬ ‫]‪http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=31267[7‬‬ ‫]‪http://english.pravda.ru/opinion/columnists/01-12-2010/116016-UN_unable_to_define_terrorism-0/[8‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.un.org/terrorism/ruperez-article.html[9‬‬

‫]‪[4‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬ ‫]‪[9‬‬

‫]‪The Claremont ,By Harvey C. Mansfield (http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.762/article_detail.asp) "Those Hell-Hounds Called Terrorists" [10‬‬ ‫‪Institute,' posted November 28, 2001‬‬ ‫]‪Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy in the (/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/terrorism) "Terrorism" ;(Primoratz, Igor (2007 [11‬‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫‪Martin, 2006: p. 83‬‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻮﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻤﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ_‪2011‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪ Strategy‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣُﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ،Strategy‬ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ‪ Strato‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‪ Strategos‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﺍﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺻﺮﺍﻁ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ﺻﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻮﺫﺕ ‪-‬ﻛﺴﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﻤﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﻛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺮﺏ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻓﺮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ )ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ( ﺃﻭ )ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪ -1 :‬ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪-2 .‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ -3 .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ )ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻛﻼﻭﺗﺰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ )ﻓﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ( ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ )ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ )ﻓﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ(*‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ )ﻓﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ _ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ_ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍءﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻴﻦ *(ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻨﻬﺎ )ﻓﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﺤﻞ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺗﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﻜﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﺤﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔً ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻴﺮ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ _ﺍﻱ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ _ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫¬¬¬¬ ¬¬_ﺍﻱ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ _ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ* ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺛﻤﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺣﺴﻤﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ )ﻓﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ )ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻙ(ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻦ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ )ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺼﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺨﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ * ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﺜﻤﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓٌ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎً ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻲ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ‪*.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﻜﺐ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﺸﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺍﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺧﻄﻄﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻻﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﻃﻴﺪ ﻳﻌﻘﺐ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩٌ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻹﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯً ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻌﻨﻤﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﺼﺮ ﻭﺃﻳﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﻭﺑﻔﻬﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍً ﺃﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺎً ﻣﺨﺎﺗﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺎﺳـﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﻲ ﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻛﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻭﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﺳﻠﻔﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺣﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻺﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻼﻭﺯﻓﺘﺰ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺍﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺪﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺰﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﺘﻴﺖ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﻋﺰﻳﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺣﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺮ ﻧﺪﺭﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ )ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﺑﺨﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻳﺠﺒﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ(*‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺸﺘﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻗﻬﺮﻩ ﻭﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻌﻔﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻛﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺂﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﻓﺮ )ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻼﺋﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺻﺎﺋﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺆﺭ ﺻﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻃﻼﻣﺰﻓﺘﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ -1 :‬ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‪ -2 .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‪ -3 .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ -1 :‬ﻣﻜﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ -2 .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺿﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ -3 .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎ‪ -4 .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻌﻒ‪ -5 .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ‪ -6 .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻼﺋﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪-7 .‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺝ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﺳﺎ‪ -8 .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﻭﺗﺲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ -1 :‬ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪ -2 .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ -3 .‬ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‪ -4 .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ -5 .‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ -6 .‬ﺗﻼﺣﻢ ﺗﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ -1 :‬ﺗﻼﺣﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ -2 .‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺧﺮﺍﺕ‪ -3 .‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺣﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻤﺎ‪-1 :‬‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ‪ -2 .‬ﺭﺩﻉ ﻣﺮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ -1 :‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ -2 .‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺁﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻧﻠﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻔﺎﺡ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻼﻭﺯ ﻓﺘﺰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺩءﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩء ﻟﻴﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﻋﻲ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺗﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﻣﺒﺮﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺓ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺎﻭﺗﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﻜﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺪﻯ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻝ )ﺻﻦ ﺗﺴﻮ( ﻭﻋﻜﺴﺘﻔﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺠﺎﺭﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺷﻌﺐ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺟﺬﻭﺓ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺖ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻨﻔﻮﺍﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﺒﻞ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺨﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺩﺉ ﺁﻧﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺛﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻭﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ *‪ ,‬ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺧﺰ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺧﺰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪) :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻱ ‪ -‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺪﻫﻢ ‪ -‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ(‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ‪ /‬ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﻗﺮﺍﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻴﺮﻧﻲّ )ﻣﻨﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ( ﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻲّ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻱ ﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎً ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎً ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(a‬ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ( ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻲ )ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻲّ( ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺗﻬﺎ( ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ )ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻮﻱ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻲ )ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ( ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ )ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﺍﻭﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ( ﺃﻭ )ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﺴﻮﻡ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ..‬ﺣﺘﻲ‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻗﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺟﻨﺪﻱ )ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ(‪ ..‬ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﺧﺮ‪ ،، ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺳﺮﺍﻃﻲّ(‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (b‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺠﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻻﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(c‬ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺪﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲّ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (d‬ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺆﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻼﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ( ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺨﻄﺔ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ( ﻣﻊ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ( ﻻﻱ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫)ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ( ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ‪،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )ﺧﻄﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ( ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﻉ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ – ﺃﺑﻨﻴﺔ – ﺻﺤﺔ – ﺍﻣﻦ – ﺷﺆﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ( ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ )ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻓﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻓﻜﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﺎً ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻪ؛ ﻹﻟﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍً ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ :‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ" ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ..‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪2012 ،‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ـ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫• ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫• ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮﺭ‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ )‪(id=8&http://www.t1t.net/index.php?action=cat‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻡ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‪ · ‬ﺣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨّﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ · ‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ · ‬ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻭﻥ‪ · ‬ﺍﻷﺋﻤّﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨّﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻌﺔ ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ‪ · ‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺪﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻡ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﺓ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻃﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‪ · ‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ · ‬ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻄﻨﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺏﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ "ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﻴﻦ" ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ "ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﻴﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺬﺍﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺷﺄﻧﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2001‬ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ "ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﺨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍً ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﺔ ﻟﺤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻲ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Islamic Fundamentalism :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ "ﺇﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ" ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1994‬ﻡ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ " ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ" ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ "ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ]‪ [1‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺧﻀﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﻮﻥ" ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2001‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺩﻋﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ" ]‪ [2‬ﻭﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻏﺰﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ "ﻣﺠﺤﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻜﻴﺎﻟﻴﻦ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺳﺒﻴﻨﺴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻩ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﺎً ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ" ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻴﻨﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺼﻪ "ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻷﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺗﺎﺗﻮﺭﻙ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎﺋﻪ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1924‬ﻡ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻜﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ" ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎءﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﻭﻟﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻉ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻋﻈﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ]‪ [4‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﺎﺑﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ‪ 150‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﺩﻟﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ )‪ (1898 - 1817‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺍً ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎً ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1866‬ﻡ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ ,‬ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ,‬ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‪ ,‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻧﺼﺢ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺨﻄﻂ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﺪﺝ ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺗﻬﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ" ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎً ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1876‬ﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺃﺭﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺱ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ )‪ (1979 - 1903‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺍً ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﺈﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1941‬ﻡ ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ "ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖِ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﯽ" ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 53‬ﻣﻘﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 272‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪].‬ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[ ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1956‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1974‬ﻡ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﺓ‬ ‫]ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻁ ﻭﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻭﺗﻮﺭﻭﻧﺘﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺛﻴﻖ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻬﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺿﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪّﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ]‪ [9][8‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺸﺪﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺳﺘﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻸﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ "ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﻗﺪﻭﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ‪ 7‬ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﺮ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ‪ 29‬ﺍﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1966‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﻧﻬﺞ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ]‪ [10‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻭﻣﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻲ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻋﺎﻃﻒ ﺻﺪﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1993‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1995‬ﻡ ﻭﺳﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1998‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮﻱ ﺯﻋﻴﻤًﺎ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ [11].‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﺳﺮ ﻋﺮﻓﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1953‬ﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺘﻤﺴﻜﺎُ ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪A.K.F .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪1979‬ﻭ ‪ 1982‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻤﺠﺰﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1992‬ﻭ‪ 2002‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺿﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺃﻻ‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﺳﻚ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻳُﻮﺻﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ "ﻣﻼﺫﺍً ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ" ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻻﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺭﺟﺐ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻏﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2002‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪2001‬‬ ‫]ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2001‬ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[ ﻓﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎً ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2003‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻨﻔﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺑﺪﻯ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎً ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻓﺎﺭﻍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ!‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ "ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﻱ" ﺃﻭ "ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻲ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ"‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‪].‬ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻌﺒﺎً ﺟﺪﺍً ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ [13].‬ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ" ﻫﻮ "ﺻﻨﻴﻌﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ" ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ "ﺍﺑﺘﻌﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ" ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻮﺯ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ "ﺍﻻ ﺍﻋﻼﻧﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺣﻘﺎ ﻟﻪ" ﻣﺸﻴﺮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺭﺟﺐ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻏﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺭﺍﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻮﺷﻲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﺴﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻏﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ "ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﻮﻧﺎ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻔﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409021.htm[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ )‪ (http://www.marxists.de/religion/harman/index.htm‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﻛﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻦ‪) .‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ )‪ (/http://jihadwatch.org‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺗﺶ‪) .‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ )‪ (http://saaid.net/monawein/t/7.htm#3‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ" ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (http://www.alriyadh.com/2005/04/29/article60499.html‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺷﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪13458‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ )‪ (http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P001‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪) .‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4424208.stm‬ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‪) .‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬

‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫]‪ [8‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ )‪ ،(http://www.islamtoday.net/nawafeth/artshow-89-9158.htm‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 5 ،‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪2006‬ﻡ‬ ‫]‪" [9‬ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺮ" ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﺘﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2006-07/28/06.shtml‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‪ 28 ،‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪2006‬‬ ‫]‪ [10‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ‪(Lang=E&System=PressR&http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems) .‬‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ )‪) (http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/020916fa_fact2‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (http://www.danielpipes.org/article/304‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺒﺲ‪) .‬ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫‪filetype=html&filename=7273&leaf=06&http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2004‬‬

‫]‪ [14‬ﻓﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺔ‪ ..‬ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ )‪ - (http://ara.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idARACAE54P0AT20090526?sp=true‬ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮﺯ ‪ -‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪ 26‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‪ - 2009-‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ‪ 27‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‪2009-‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫)‪،(cid=1122528601008&http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar/FatwaA/FatwaA‬‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‪ 4 ،‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪2006‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‪:‬ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.saaid.net/Warathah/Alkharashy/m/55.htm‬ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻰ )‪ ،(http://www.dr-emara.com/Books/112.pdf‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground‬‬ ‫)‪(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1475928‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺍء‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻟﻒ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﺟﺮﺍء ﻛﺈﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻺﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻋﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ 1152‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺿﺪ ﺭﻣﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1768‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1917‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﻴﺮ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺛﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺏ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺟﻠﻮﺱ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.(Sit-down strike :‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،(work-to-rule :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﺩﺍء ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ " ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ " ﺃﻭ " ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺆ "‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺏ " ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،(sympathy strike :‬ﻫﻮ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻣﻨﻌﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1980‬‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻃﻼﺑﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ )ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ( ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﺒﺪ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻃﻮﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍ ﺏ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺑﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺇﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،(sickout :‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻃﻔﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻏﻨﺪﺍ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1919‬‬ ‫• ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫• ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺱ‬ ‫• ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻃﻼﺑﻲ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

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‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ )ﺏﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،(La Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ .1789‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗُﻌﺮَّﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺛّﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻴﺴﻜﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺪّﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء )ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ( ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﻍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﻴﺰ ﺩﻱ ﻻﻓﺎﻳﺖ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭُﺿِﻊ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴّﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻮّﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮّﻓﻪ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﻜﻴﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1776‬ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻓﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ 12 ,‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 1776‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺎﻏﻪ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫]]ﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪[[:‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻲ‪ 6 .‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻭ‪ 3‬ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﺳﺪﺓ‪ - " .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺘُﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬

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‫"ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻭﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻔﻀﻞ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻔﻀﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ‪ - ".‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ )ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺘﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﺧﺎﺻّﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ "ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ...،‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ"‪ .‬ﻳﺪّﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ "‪...‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺣﺪًَ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ".‬ﻓﺒﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺎ "ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺁﻟﻴّﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﺮّﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪّﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ )ﻓﺮﻕ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻣﻌﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﺭﺟﻌﻲ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺌﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺩ "‪...‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ"‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗُﻨﻘﺾ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎءً ﺻﺮﻳﺤﺎً ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗُﻨﺰﻉ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎً ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎً‪".‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،1789‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺎء ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ "ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ" ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1791‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1946‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪّﻣﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ )ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ،1958‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﺴّﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1789‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴّﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻧﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻠﻐﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻟﻞﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗُﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺣﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫• ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺣﻤﻮﺭﺍﺑﻲ | ﻣﺎﺟﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺎ | ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ | ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ | ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ | ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ | ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ | ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ | ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ | ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ | ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺰ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻲ | ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ | ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ | ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ | ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ | ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ | ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ | ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ | ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ | ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ | ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ | ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍءﺓ | ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ | ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ | ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ | ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ | ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ | ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ | ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ | ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ | ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ | ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ | ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ | ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ἰδέα :‬ﺇﻳﺪﻳﺎ‪ » ,‬ﻓﻜﺮﺓ«‪ ,‬ﻭ ‪ λόγος‬ﻟﻮﻏﻮﺱ‪ » ,‬ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ,‬ﺧﻄﺎﺏ«( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ]‪ [1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺣﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻸﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻳﻌﺮّﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﺴﻘﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ )ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ( ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ /‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﻙ‪ -‬ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺰﻋﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻔﻜﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻙﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻐﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺭﻭﺣﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺁﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﻖ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻮّﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻄﺌﻪ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻤﺲ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ؛ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻖ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪...‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺜﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺍً ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﺩﻋﺎءﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻸﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻭِﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻷﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘّﺤﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺁﺧﺬﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍً ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎً ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍً ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎً ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺎً ﻭﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﻳﻼﺭﺩﺍ‪.‬ﻣﻮﻟﻨﺰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻭﺑﺴﺘﺮ )‪(http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/Arabic/%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9‬‬

‫‪http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281943/ideology‬‬

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‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻒ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻒ ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍً ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 45‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1977‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺝ‪.1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺝ‪.1‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﺟﻴﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﻭﻗﺪﻣﺎً ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺛﺎﺭﺓً ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﻧﺎﻏﻮﺭﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺑﺎﺥ ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ ‪ 1948‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ‪ 1967‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ‪:‬ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ‪ 1967‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻻﺳﻌﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺪﺕ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻴﺪﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﺐ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺘﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻻً‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫• ﻛﺸﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫• ﻗﺒﺮﺹ‬ ‫• ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺎ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﺪﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻧﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬

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‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻞﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﺑﻤﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻻﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻴﺒﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ " ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1776‬ﺗﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ )ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﻭ ﺑﻼ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ(ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻟﻤﺪﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﺻﻌﺒﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺻُﻤﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻮﺿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺗﺐ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻫﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ( ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﻘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ "ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ" ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﻘﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟـ"ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻓﺈﻥ ﻻﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻴﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﺩﺍً ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 15‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺱ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺇﺟﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ( ﻻ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻻ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺮﻯ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬

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‫ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺁﻝ ﻏﻮﺭ ﺿﺪ ﺟﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎً ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﺗﺨﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﺍً ﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻼ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ 96‬ﻭ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .1867‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺣﻖ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ )ﺭﻏﻢ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺇﺫ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻦ ‪ 75‬ﺳﻨﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺗﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ )ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1982‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺇﺳﺘﻘﺎﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ )ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ )‪ (11‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻻﻙ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1985‬ﺇﺗﻀﺢ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1997‬ﺗﺤﻮﻻً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺮﻓﺎً ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎً ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺑﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ .1867‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫] ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ‪)[http://www.hrinfo.net/egypt/easd/‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪(.11/2/2006،‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺧﻀﺮﺍء‪ · ‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻃﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )ﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻴﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺫﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬

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‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ؛ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻷﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ]‪.[1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ(؛ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ]‪ .[3‬ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎً ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻣﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ )ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ(]‪.[4‬‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ )ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ( ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳُﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ [5].‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻰ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﻨﺴﺎﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﻣﻮﺍﻫﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ]‪ ،[6‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ]‪ ،[7‬ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺿﺎء ﻭﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻢ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻌﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ‬

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‫ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺨﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ]‪ .[8‬ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻷﺟﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻹﺭﺿﺎءﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻳﺮﺟﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ)ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﺤﺼﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،Mutualism‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻻﻧﺠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪.20‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ )ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ( ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ )ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝﺑﺮﻭﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﻮﻧﺎﺑﺮﺕﻏﺮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ )‪(1844‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﻳﺮﺑﺎﺥ‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺮﺍﺏ‪ · ‬ﺑﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Base and superstructure‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪Commodity fetishism‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ · Exploitation‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ · Ideology‬ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ · Reification‬ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪(Commodity (Marxism‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ(‬ ‫‪Capitalist mode of production‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ · ‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ · ‬ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺄﺟﻮﺭ‪Immiseration · ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ ﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Stateless communism‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Libertarian Marxism‬‬ ‫‪Marxist autonomism‬‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺑﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺷﺎﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ‪ · ‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺦ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻛﺎﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ‪ · ‬ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺴﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻠﻴﺨﺎﻧﻮﻑ‪ · ‬ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ‪ · ‬ﺟﻮﺯﻑ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ‪ · ‬ﻣﺎﻭﺗﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻔﻮﺭﺕ ‪ · ‬ﻟﻮﻱ ﺃﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺵ ‪Karl Korsch · ‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺸﻲ ‪Antonie Pannekoek · ‬‬ ‫ﻏﻲ ﺩﻳﺒﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪more‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬

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‫‪All categorised articles‬‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍً‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺟﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺰﻉ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻵﺭﺍء ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬٍ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‪) :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫]‪[9‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻬﻢ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ )ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (1871‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻪ‪ ".‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ‪ ".‬ﻭﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫]‪[11][10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗُﺴﺎﻕ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ( ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ )ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺒﺮﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ "‪-‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﺟﻼً ﺃﻡ ﺁﺟﻼً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ".‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﻬﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺘﻨﺪﺛﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺇﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻳﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺠﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺬﻭﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍً ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ "ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ"‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻳﻢ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﻓﺾ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻰ ﺗﺸﻲ ﺟﻴﻔﺎﺭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻀﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺟﻴﻔﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ " :1956‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑُﻨﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪".‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻃﻮﺑﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔً ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﻐﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ )ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪-‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪" ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻘﺒﺮﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﺮﻧﺸﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺣﺘﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺠﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻌﻼً ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺛﻮﺭﺷﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻰ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤُﺜﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ )ﻧﻴﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ‪.(New Harmony‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﻮﻥ ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﻣﻰ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺳﺘﻔﺸﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﺩ ﻋﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻓﺎً ﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻩ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻻﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎً ﻹﺭﺳﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﺧﻼﻓﺎً ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻣﺒﻴﺘﺮ ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺷﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺒﻠﻦ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎً ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎً ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺠﺰء ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳُﻬﺠﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﻏﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻱ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺛﻮﺭﺷﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﺒﻠﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻭﻓﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺨﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﺪ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻄﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎً ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻻﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﺂﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ﺿﺪﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻻﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ( ﻋﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ "ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﻧﺼﺎﻓﺎً ﻭﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ )ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ( ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻃﻠﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻩ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻘﻮﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻔﻮﻳﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻹﺭﺳﺎء ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺪﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﻼ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ(‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺑﻼ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺟﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﺍ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﻮﻻً ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﻮﻧﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Communalism :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﻴﺒﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (Participism‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻳُﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺮﻭ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺒﺎﻭﺩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻝﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1827‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﻮﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃَﻗَﺮَ ﻣﺰﺩﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻُﺮﺡَ ‪-‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ -‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﻣﻰ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻍ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻊ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﺒﺬ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺹ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺎً ﻟﻠﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﻣُﺴﺎﻕ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺗﺠﺴﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺩﺟﻜﻦ ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻫﺎﻝ ﺃﺭﺳﻮﺍ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﻜﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺴﺮﻭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺗُﻘﺮﺏ ﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺴﺪﺓ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎً( ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ .‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻜﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﺨﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ‪-‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ ﻭﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻫﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻗﻊ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﺬﻭﺍ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﺮﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮﺍ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻟﻨﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻤﺘﻌﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﺟُﺮﺑﺖ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻮﺭﻳﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪﺓ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Intentioanal :‬‬ ‫‪ (communties‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﻗﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﺷﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎً ﻭﺳﻤﻌﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺃﺳﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1848‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻧﻐﻠﺰ " ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ".‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ "ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ" ﻳﺸﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻷﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻹﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻠﻬﻠﻢ ﻓﺎﻳﺘﻠﻴﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﺻﺎﻏﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻱ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺧُﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1864‬ﻋُﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1865‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺠﻴﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻖ ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ )ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1868‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻛﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﻟﻠﻤُﻌَﺴﻜﺮَﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻄﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺠﺴﺪﺕ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﺃﻧﻐﻠﺰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1889‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ 384‬ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺑﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻞ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺻﻴﻐﺖ "ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ" ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻧﻐﻠﺰ ﻛﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1893‬ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻀﻮﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1917‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ‪1936‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1917‬ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪ ،1917‬ﺗﻔﺠﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺖ )ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ(‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻣُﻨﺎﺩﻳﺎً "ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴُﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻓﻴﺖ‪ ".‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺣﺰﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺷﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ )ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺱ( ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﻌﺎً ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻮﻉٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋَﻜَﺲَ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤُﺘﻤﺮﺳﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺗُﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1918‬ﺻﺮﺡ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺮﺳﺒﻴﺮﺝ " ﻓﻠﺘﺤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ!" ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻗﺘﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣُﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺮﺓ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1918‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﻮﻡٍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﻢ "ﺗُﻄﻮﻯ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤُﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻣﺎﻧﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻴﺮﻧﻮﻑ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎً ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺼﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺷﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺃُﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺰﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺱ ﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ 1918‬ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤُﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1917‬ﻟـ ‪ .1923‬ﺷﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ،1919‬ﻧﻈﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1920‬ﻫﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳُﻤﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋَﻠِﻢ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء ﻟﻴﻔﺮﺿﻮﺍ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1922‬ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻘﻮﺍ ﻣﺘﺄﻫﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻘﺎﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃُﻧﺘﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺑﺨﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻺﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻧﻤﻮ ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1920‬ﺗﻢ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1923‬ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺟﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻀﺮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻵﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ".‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺕ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ ،1924‬ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻺﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ‪-‬ﻭﺑﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﻬﻤﺶ ﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﺭ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺳﺘﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1917‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺳﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣُﻌﺘﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺳﻴﺮﻻﻧﻜﺎ ﺟﻴﺚ ﺟَﻨَﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺳﺘﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻜﻮ ﻃُﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1951‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً " ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺇﺗﺠﻬﺖ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ‪".‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1951‬ﺍﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﺮﺣﺖ "ﺷَﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﺍء ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ...‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔً ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔً ﺷﻮﻫﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻮﺗﺎً ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍً ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪".‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﻣﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣُﻼﻙ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤُﺨﻄﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭﻗﻌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺨﻄﻄﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺬﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤُﺮﺷﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1891‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1904‬ﺇﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﻋﻀﻮ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ؛ ﻛﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﻃﺴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1945‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺘُﺨﺐ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1936‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1976‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ 1982‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1991‬ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ 1994‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ .2006‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﻃﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻔﺮﻳﺪﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1945‬ﺃﻧﻮﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1948‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻃﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻧﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺑﻨﻚ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﺧﺼﺨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1987‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃُﻣﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،1951‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﻨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1974‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ .1979‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﺳﻼﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1965‬ﺃﻥ ‪ 25‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃُﻣﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﻣﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1967‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺼﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1977‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﻃﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1945‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪1951‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻠﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺣﻠﻴﺐ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1946‬ﺑﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ "ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﻮﺯﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻛﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺷﻮﺭﻳﺪﺗﺶ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﺎﺭﻭ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ؟" ﺻﺮﺡ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺳﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻴﻨﺖ ﺃﻃﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻼً "ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻃﻠﻲ‪".‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ ﻳُﺼﻒ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺭﺧﺎءﺍً ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﻴﺔ]‪ .[14‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2008‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 67.5‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 67.6‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 68.3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً ﺑﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 11.9‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 7.7‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ [15].‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎً ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍً ﺑﻪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ؛ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ؛ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻟﻬﺠﺮ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1959‬ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺟﻮﺩﺳﺒﻴﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺾ ﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1980‬ﻣﻊ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﺭﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺭﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎﺟﻢ ﺧﺒﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺿُﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﻙ ﺑﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗَﻨﻜﺮ ﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺰﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤُﻀﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1984-1985‬ﺿﺪ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1989‬ﺑﺴﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺁﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻫﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫]‪[16‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬

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‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻠﻴﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1995‬ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺬﻑ ﺇﻱ ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1995‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻳُﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺳﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﺟﻠﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ]‪".[17‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ "ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ".‬ﻭﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـ "ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺍﺧﺎﺓ" ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻛﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑَﺠَﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺤﺜﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺃُﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﻛﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻞ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻟﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻀﻨﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻡٌ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻌﻮﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2003‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 2010‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻣُﺤِﻘﺎً]‪ [19].[18‬ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﻳﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻻً ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏُﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺩﺍﻓﻮﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2009‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 2009‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺴﻘﻮﻁ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ‪ 23‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 40‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ؛ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺗُﺼﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻠﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 22‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﻬﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻮﺱ ﻧﻴﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎً ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻴﺮﻳﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎً ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﻬﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻼ ﻛﻮﺗﻲ ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﻴﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺴُﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،2007‬ﻋﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ‬ ‫ﺩَﻓﻌَﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﺑﻬﺎﻻﻟﻲ ﺑَﻴﺰﻣﺠﻮﻧﺪﻭﻟﻮ ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺿﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺃُﺗﻬﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﻭﺱ ﻭﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺻﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗُﻮﻇﻔﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳُﻠﻄﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﺞ ﺷﻴﺎﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺴﺤﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺑﺎﺷﺘﻮﻑ )ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﺳﺘﺮﻳﻜﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺩﻳﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻇﻪ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤُﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻇَﻠَﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎء ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺍُﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺎﻛﻮﻣﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻔﺎﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2008‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻟﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﻣﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻮﺷﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺋﺒﺔ‪ [20]،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻯ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﺤﺎﻓﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ [21].‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺼﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫]‪[22‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪O'Hara, Phillip (September 2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 0-415-24187-1. "In order of[1‬‬ ‫‪increasing decentralization (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or‬‬ ‫‪".socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The[2‬‬ ‫‪Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (P.61-63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is‬‬ ‫‪run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist‬‬ ‫‪society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under‬‬ ‫‪conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology... It‬‬ ‫‪seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money‬‬ ‫‪,than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication‬‬ ‫‪".would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪Roosevelt, Frank; David Belkin (1994). Why Market Socialism?. M.E. Sharpe, Inc.. p. 314. ISBN 1-56324-465-9. "Social democracy[3‬‬ ‫‪achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of‬‬ ‫‪".enterprise ownership‬‬ ‫]‪Market socialism," Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Craig Calhoun, ed. Oxford University Press 2002; and "Market socialism" The Concise" [4‬‬ ‫‪Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003. See also Joseph Stiglitz, "Whither‬‬

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.20th century economists Oskar R–Socialism?" Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995 for a recent analysis of the market socialism model of mid .Lange, Abba P. Lerner, and Fred M. Taylor [5] :Ferri, Enrico, "Socialism and Modern Science", in Evolution and Socialism (1912), p. 79[5] Retrieved 2009-10-14. "Socialists complain http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism. .Socialism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009 [6] that capitalism necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the relative few who emerge ".people who then use their wealth and power to reinforce their dominance in society—victorious from free-market competition [7] .Marx and Engels Selected Works, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968, p. 40. Capitalist property relations put a "fetter" on the productive forces[7] [8] Marx, Karl Heinrich. Critique of the Gotha Programme, 1875[8] [9] (Marx, Karl. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, (1859[9] .Schaff, Kory (2001). Philosophy and the problems of work: a reader. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 224. ISBN 0-7425-0795-5 [10] [11] :Walicki, Andrzej (1995). Marxism and the leap to the kingdom of freedom: the rise and fall of the Communist utopia. Stanford, Calif [11] .Stanford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0-8047-2384-2 [12] Karl Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859 [12] [13] ,At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria" speech by Che Guevara to the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in Algiers" [13] Algeria on 24 February 1965 [14] .Esping-Andersen, G. (1991). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press [14] .OECD - StatExtracts. 2009.Stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 2011-10-30 .(http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=UN_DEN) "Trade Union Density" [15] Progressive Politics For A Fairer World – Socialist International [16] .Labour.org.uk. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2010 .(http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies) "Labour Party Clause Four" [17] [18] Hipwell, Deirdre (21 October 2008). "Karl Marx: did he get it all right?". London: The Times (UK) - Timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved [18] .2011-10-30 [19] .Ian Bell (2008-09-17). "Capitalism has proven Karl Marx right again". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 2011-10-30 [19] .Von Mises, Ludwig (1990) (pdf). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Ludwig von Mises Institute [20] Retrieved 8 September 2008 http://mises.org/pdf/econcalc.pdf. .Heilbroner, Robert. "Socialism: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty". Econlib.org [21] .Retrieved 2011-10-30 http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Socialism.html.

119 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬،‫[ ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﺞ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺱ‬22]

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

•

‫ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ‬ [1]

(2011_‫ )ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬.

‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺫ ] ﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺼﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬, ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ .‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

[2]

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‫ ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪title=%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85&listby=suggest,title&interface=en&http://toolserver.org/~lvova/cgi-bin/go.sh?language=ar [1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺫﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺏﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻜﻮّﻧﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺣﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻼﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2008‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ "ﺃﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﻣﺎﻙ " ﻭﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻼﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ )ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ(‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﺊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺮﺧﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪" .‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﺬﺍﻙ ‪ -‬ﻳﻘﺮ ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﻣﺎﻙ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ " ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ "‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺕ ‪ 1957‬ﻣﺎﺳﻜﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎء ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﺞ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺗﻌﺰﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺳﻴﺪﺱ ﺑﻨﺰ ﻭﻓﻮﻟﻜﺴﻔﺎﺟﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻤﻨﺰ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ...‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 19‬ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺎ ﻷﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﺰﺯﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﻜﺒﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ 200‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﺘﺸﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺳﻴﺪﺱ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺮﺗﺰﻗﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻓﺘﻜﺒﺮ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻊ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﺍﻻٍﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻳﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z: Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 4. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut [1‬‬ ‫‪“Soziale Marktwirtschaft„ Stichwort ,Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2009 .2009‬‬ ‫)‪(http://www.bpb.de/popup/popup_lemmata.html?guid=Y0VZ7J‬‬ ‫]‪München : Siedler, 2005 (Biografie). - ISBN .Ludwig Erhard : der Wegbereiter der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft :Alfred C. Mierzejewski [2‬‬ ‫‪.S. 59 .3-88680-823-8‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪Alfred Müller-Armack: Der Moralist und der Ökonom. Zur Frage der Humanisierung der Wirtschaft. In: Ders: Genealogie der Sozialen[3‬‬ ‫‪.Marktwirtschaft. 2. erw. Auflage. Haupt, Bern 1981. Zitiert nach: Lexikon Soziale Marktwirtschaft. Schöningh, Paderborn, S. 386‬‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺫﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻛﻔﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ )ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ (Soziale Marktwirtschaft‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ "Wirtschaftswunder‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍُﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺤﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺤﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ "ﺃﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﻣﺎﻙ " ﻭﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻼﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ )ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ(‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﺊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺮﺧﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪" .‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﺬﺍﻙ ‪ -‬ﻳﻘﺮ ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﻣﺎﻙ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ " ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ "‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﻎ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭﺕ ‪ 1957‬ﻣﺎﺳﻜﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎء ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻟﻮﺩﻓﻴﺞ ﺇﻳﺮﻫﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺗﻌﺰﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺳﻴﺪﺱ ﺑﻨﺰ ﻭﻓﻮﻟﻜﺴﻔﺎﺟﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻤﻨﺰ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ...‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 19‬ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺎ ﻷﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﺰﺯﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺏ ‪ 5‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﻜﺒﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ 200‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﺘﺸﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺳﻴﺪﺱ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻣﺜﻠﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺮﺗﺰﻗﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻓﺘﻜﺒﺮ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻊ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﺍﻻٍﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻳﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻮﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺴﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z: Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 4. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut [1‬‬ ‫‪“Soziale Marktwirtschaft„ Stichwort ,Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2009 .2009‬‬ ‫)‪(http://www.bpb.de/popup/popup_lemmata.html?guid=Y0VZ7J‬‬ ‫]‪München : Siedler, 2005 (Biografie). - ISBN .Ludwig Erhard : der Wegbereiter der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft :Alfred C. Mierzejewski [2‬‬ ‫‪.S. 59 .3-88680-823-8‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪Alfred Müller-Armack: Der Moralist und der Ökonom. Zur Frage der Humanisierung der Wirtschaft. In: Ders: Genealogie der Sozialen[3‬‬ ‫‪.Marktwirtschaft. 2. erw. Auflage. Haupt, Bern 1981. Zitiert nach: Lexikon Soziale Marktwirtschaft. Schöningh, Paderborn, S. 386‬‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ) ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1952‬ﻡ‪1970-‬ﻡ ( ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻟﻔﻆ ) ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ( ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪1972/14/1‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﻭﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1976‬ﻡ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻧﻌﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ) ‪1970/2/10‬ﻡ (‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ " :‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻨﺒﺮ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1975‬ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﻪ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﻧﻀﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺤﺰﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫]ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ[ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ‪/18‬ﺷﻮﺍﻝ‪1412/‬ﻫـ ) ‪1992/20/4‬ﻡ ( ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺿﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺘﺼﻼﺡ ‪ 920‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻼء ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1954‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻼء ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.1956‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫)‪ (1958-1961‬ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺿﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺏ ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﺿﺨﻢ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ‪ 16‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.1964‬‬

‫‪ 5.‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 6.‬ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻲ ﺗﻴﺘﻮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻲ ﺳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻬﺮﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 7.‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 8.‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻓﻼﺣﻮ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﻠﺤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺌﺘﻲ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪ 9.‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ )‪(1960‬‬ ‫‪ 10.‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ )‪(1961‬‬ ‫‪ 11.‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻼء ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1954‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻼء ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪.1956‬‬ ‫‪ 12.‬ﺑﻨﺎء ﺇﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﺼﺮ)ﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 13.‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 14.‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 15.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 16.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 17.‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻼﻕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎﺅﻩ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﻴﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ" ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪" .‬‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1948‬ﻭﺟﺮﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺮﻗﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻌﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 1958‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﻠﻲ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﺑﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1962‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 70‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻘﻲ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻳﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪ 1958‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺆﺍﺯﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﻃﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪.1958‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ﻧﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮَّﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻤﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺑﺘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪" :‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺼﻼﺡ ‪ 920‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ"‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺨﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ‪1961 ,‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺑﺘﻠﻲ "ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﺬﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪314‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1952‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1140‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1965‬ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1635‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1970‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ 34‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1952‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 133‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1970‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ" ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ "ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 282‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1952‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ‪ 2424‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ,1970‬ﻣﺴﺠﻼ ﻧﻤﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ‪ 11.4%‬ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 22%‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1970‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 9%‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪,1952‬ﻭﻭﻓﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ‪ 991‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 8113‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ".‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﺒﺮﻱ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 75%‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 3.8‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 250‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1.500.000‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 213‬ﺍﻟﻒ"‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺮﺗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ‪ % 99.5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻓﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬‫ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺕ ﺏﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺧﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺗﺨﺒﻄﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺯﻋﺰﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ "‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪1948‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺚ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺒﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﺃﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1941‬ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻬﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻴﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﻳﺤﺜﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻬﺎﺩﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻟﻼﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻄﺮﻭﺣﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻃﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ /‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪ ،1952‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪1948‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫) ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻢ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻭﻑ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺮﺍﻡ ‪5/8/1977‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺵ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺟﻨﻮﺩﻩ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1926‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻤّﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ – 1925‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪1927‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﺳﺎﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺟﺮ ﻣﻴﺘﺸﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻏﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺵ‬

‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ 1925‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻮﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺵ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻖ ﺛﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺰﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻛﺒﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎﺩﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫• ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻫﻢ ﺧﻨﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﺣﻔﻴﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1925‬‬

‫• ﺧﺪﺍﻉ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻷﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻃﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺤﺜﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﻄﺎﻉ )ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻉ ﻭﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﺑﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ(ﻭﺿﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻤﺰﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ )ﺣﻠﺐ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻴﻦ ‪ -‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺑﻄﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﻁ‪ ، ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻟﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺵ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺬﻛﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﻨﻜﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺠﺄﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺳﻄﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺰﺓ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﺎﺟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻀﻄﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺿﺦ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﻮﺥ ﻷﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻢّ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﺄﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1918‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ / 2000‬ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺳﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻇﺎﻇﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ :‬ﺱ‪.‬ﺃ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻇﺎﻇﺎ‪.2001 ,‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،7‬ﺹ‪157‬‬ ‫• ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻭﻧﺰﺍﺭ ﺃﺑﺎﻇﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ ،1986‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪472‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ (Transparency International‬ﻳُﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﺧﻨﺼﺎﺭً )‪ (TI‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎً ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺳﻜﺎﺭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺳﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1993‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺑﺤﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻻﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1995‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ )ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ (Corruption Perceptions Index CPI :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻢ ﻳُﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﺑﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﻎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺳُﺠﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ,‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻛﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1990‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )‪ (OECD‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﻴﺤﺔ ﺭﺷﻮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ )‪ (CPI‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍً‪ -‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﺪﻗﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺄﻝ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺴﺤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻳُﺠﺪﻯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻻﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍء ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪GOLDEN RAITO‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎً ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻍ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪.1998‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 2008‬ﺍﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺑـ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺰﻭﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺰﻭﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ‪ 42‬ﺑﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺰﻭﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻰ ﻻﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺰﻭﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪TI-USA Newsletters‬‬ ‫• ‪TI-US Introduction‬‬

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‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫]‪[3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟـ‪ 13‬ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬ ‫• ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ]‪ [8‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﺑﺲ )ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪(2007‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬

‫]‪http://www.transparency-usa.org/news.html[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.transparency-usa.org/intro.html[2‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.transparency.org[3‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.transparency.org/contact_us/ti_nc[4‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.globalcorruptionreport.org[5‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.transparency.org/iacc/[6‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.13iacc.org[7‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.forbes.com/business/2007/04/03/corruption-countries-nations-biz-07caphosp-cx_da_0403corrupt.html[8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻝﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )‪(1948‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (1966‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻜﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺘﻒ ﺍﻻﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ )‪.(1949‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫„ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺳﻮﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﺨﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺿﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ “ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ‪ " :‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺩﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺴﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺻﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻔﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫– ﻓﻮﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ – ﺇﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍء ﺑﺈﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺹ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻠﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻬﺎ " ‪ ) .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 193‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 19‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 6/5/2000‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭﺭﺩ ﺣﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 40‬ﺃﻥ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ "‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺇﻟﻲ ‪.‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ " .‬ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 17‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 14‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 14/1/1995‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ "‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺑﺈﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺹ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻠﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ " .‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 39‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 15‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 4/2/1995‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪ " .‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 107‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 20‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 16/3/2003‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ "‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﺣﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻘﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻳﻤﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺣﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ " .‬ﻭ ﻻ ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 163‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 20‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 5/8/2000‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ "‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ 40‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍء ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺩﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏﺪﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﻓﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ " .‬ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 43‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 13‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 6/12/1993‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻬﺪﺭ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺗﻐﺎﻳﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍ ﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻼ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻳﺒﺘﻐﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻻ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺿﻮء ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ ..‬ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻮﻏﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪.‬ﺑﺄﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺋﻬﺎ – ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﺍﻫﺎ – ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻐﺘﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪".‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ‬

‫) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 87‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 20‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ – ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ‪( 6/5/2000‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ_‪(2012‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﺫﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺨﻄّﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪..‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ" ﺑﺎﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪّ ﺳﻮﺍء‪..‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪..‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻝﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤّﻰ "ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ"ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪..‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ(‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻚ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﻭﺃﺻﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ ﺭﺳﻤﻰ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻞء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪.‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﻸ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻏﻠﻲ‬

‫‪Leaves the second round of parliamentary‬‬ ‫‪elections in Iran election‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺰﺍﻫﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺻﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻠﻰ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻸﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﺎﺧﺐ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ · ]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1920‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻔﺎﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻮﺕ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺍﻡ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺗﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺬﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﻮّﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﻮِّﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈِّﻢ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻖّ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻞّ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈِّﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷَّﺤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 2000‬ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ..‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 800‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 700‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 500‬ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ «ﺃﻱ ‪ »1 + ٪50‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ ﻓﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺰﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺹ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ «ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ» ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺯﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ «ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪ» ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﻋﻮﺩ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﻣﺪﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﺒﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﻴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ «ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ»‪ ..‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻧﺎﺧﺒﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺷﺮﺍء ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻼءﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ ..‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼً ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً ﻟﻼﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﻼءﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻳﺘﻼءﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 6000‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 3000‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 1000‬ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺳﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ـ ‪ 6‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ‪ 3‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﺰﺑﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻸﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫]‪[1‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.aswatna-eg.net/electoral.aspx[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ( ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺍﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1969‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻃﻤﺎﻉ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺨﺐ ﻭﻃﻼﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻘﻔﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔً ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﺒﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ -:‬ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ " ﺍﺭﻳﻞ ﺷﺎﺭﻭﻥ " ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺒﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺤﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺰﺍﻉ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

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‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ,‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1878‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺻﺢ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪.‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎً ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺎً ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎً ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺎً ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻤﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ‘ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ’‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻋﻼﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫• ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﺱ‬ ‫• ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ‬ ‫• ﺟﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﺱ " ‪ 1839‬ـ ‪ " 1914‬ﻡ‪)،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ(ﻓﺒﻴﺮﺱ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1878‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪-‬ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ))ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻧﺎ((ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻴﺮﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺿﻊ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ( ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻄﻠﻘًﺎ ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻧﺎ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻧﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ "‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ " ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ " ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1870‬ﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍً ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﺒﺮﺯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻨﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻆ ‪ pragmatism‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻴﺮﺱ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺎﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ " ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺪﻉُ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ]‪ 1842‬ـ ‪1910‬ﻡ[ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﻱ ]‪1859‬ـ ‪1952‬ﻡ[‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‪ ...‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ "ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻤﺲ" ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻏﻼﻕ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﻧﻈّﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ " ‪، Pragmatism‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ؛ ﻓﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺜﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺗﻨﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺰﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ " ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ" )‪ 1842‬ـ ‪ 1910‬ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ " ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ " ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1870‬ﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍً ﻟﻠﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍً ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﺒﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻪ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻫﺎ " ﺑﻴﺮﺱ " ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ " ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ " ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻟﻸﺷﻴﺎء "‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﻧﻈّﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ " ‪، Pragmatism‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ؛ ﻓﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﺯﺩﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ " ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﺑﻤﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﺠﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﻫﻦ ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ " ﺭﻧﻮﻓﻴﻴﺮ " ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ " ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﺋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻗﺪ ﻫﺪﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺭﺟﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ " ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺃﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻲء ﻛﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲء ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ ! ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺪﻋﻮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ـ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺤﻴﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ " ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻘﺎً ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ ـ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﺃﻣﺲ ـ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﻘﺎً ـ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ـ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﻐﺪﻭ ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ "‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪ [1‬ﺳﻌﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺣﺒﺎﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪57‬‬ ‫]‪w.james,pragmatism,p54-55[2‬‬

‫• ﺳﻤﺎﺡ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺣﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫• ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫• ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻕ‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻗﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ "ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺨﺴﺘﺎﺝ" ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ" ‪" -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ" ‪" -‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ" ‪" -‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻰ"‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1118‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، 1236‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "parler‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫• ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫• ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺟﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻭﺯﻋﻤﺎء ﻭﺃﺳﻴﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﻀﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺧﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺎﺧﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺧﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺎﺧﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺟﻮﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺎﺧﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻪ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺋﻪ ﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﺯ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺨﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﺠﺎﻧﻬﻤﺎ؛ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻤﻨﺪﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﻨﺎﻁ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﺭ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﻘﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻪ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺫﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ؛‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ؛‬‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ؛‬‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ؛‬‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻇﻬﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،81‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺧﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺧﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺧﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍء ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺠﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺩﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺄﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺿﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺟﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﺺ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺄﺕ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺠﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻁ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻧﺺ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺘﻪ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎء ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.75‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻋﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪*.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﺒﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ )ﺩﻳﺒﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺗﻴﻜﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟّﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺮّﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﺻّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺄﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ‬ ‫)ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ( ﻟﻠﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬ ‫» ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮﻱ )ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ( ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻱء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀّﺮ‪ - .‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺭﻧﻲ ‪ -‬ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻀﺒّﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ«‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻤّﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴّﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍً ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻖّ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﻥ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (protokollan :‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﺗﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻟﺼﻖ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺿﻔﻰ ﺃﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻠّﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﺴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﻮﺛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻌﻮﺛﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍء ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻔﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻬﻢ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﺒﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﯩﻠﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻒ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺬﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﺟﺪﺃ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻲء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﻮّﺭﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺠﻠﺲ ﺃﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻟﻘﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺋﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺅﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺳﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻌﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺴﺤﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ" ‪ -‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼء ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ" ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ‪، -‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻫﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ" ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻞ‪[1] .‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻀﺒّﺎﻁ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬

‫• ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫• ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺿﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫]‪[4‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/ModoatAma1/Protokoal/sec02.doc_cvt.htm[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.protocolconsultants.org/[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.state.gov/s/cpr/what/index.htm[3‬‬ ‫]‪8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.html?id=fNWHQgAACAAJ [4‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ (proletarius‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻝﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺳﻤﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻻﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻭ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﻀﺎﻝ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻣﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮُﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ]‪ [1‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺮﻭ )‪ ،(bureau‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﺮﺍﺗُﺲ‬ ‫)‪ (κράτος‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺼﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺑﻘﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﺟﺰءً ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺰءً ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﻧﻤﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ " ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ "‬ ‫؛ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﻀﺎً ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺗﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻼ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎً ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎً‪ ..‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ..‬ﻟﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﻴﺮﻭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﺮﺍﺗﺲ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ )ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ( ﻭﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﻭ )‪ (Bureau‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )‪(κράτος‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﻠﺴﻮﻥ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ )‪ (Weber‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ )‪-1864‬‬ ‫‪ (1920‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺍً ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﺃﺳﺘﻘﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻩ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺒﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍً ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻼﺋﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺅﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻟﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻘﻨﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ )ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ( ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺅﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍء ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺘﻪ‪ ..‬ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺍﻭﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍء‪!!..‬‬ ‫"ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻪ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺅﻭﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎً ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﺎﻭﺍﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍً ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﺡ ﺫﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺿﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺎء ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﺇﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺬﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻏﺮﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﺭﺍﺋﺪﺍً ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻋﺘﺰﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻟﺪﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﻍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﻴﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺇﻣﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ‪ 21 Maximilian Carl Emil Weber‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 1864-14‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪ 1920‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻰ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﻤﻬﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪- 1 :‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪- 4‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ‪- 5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ‪- 6 .‬ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻗﺐ‪- 7 .‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺗﺐ ﻣﺠﺰﻱ ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﺄﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻭﺃﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻏﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫• ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺮّﺓ ﻛﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔـ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻃﻮﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺿﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺳﺎء ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺑﻴﺮﻭﺑﺎﺛﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.(en) ‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.alriyadh.com/2010/06/19/article536201.html[1‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻼﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ )‪ ،(1415‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ‪(http://wikisum.com/w/Category:Bureaucracy) Abstracts of academic books and article‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺻﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻠﻰ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻸﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻧﺎﺧﺐ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺣﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ · ]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺆﻫﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻋﺒﺎء ﺗﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻟﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻫﻠﻤﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ ۱۸‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪۲۰۰٥‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻞﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﺋﺤﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻭﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ )ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ( ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻭﻧﺰﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ )ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ( ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﻭﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮ(‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻠﻴﻦ )ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻝﺻﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺇﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ ... ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ(‬ ‫• ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫• ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ]‪ [1‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ( ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.elections2011.eg[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬

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‫ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ )ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎً ﺏﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻞﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎً ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ [1] .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺛﻴﻖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺤﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ »ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ »ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺣﻖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﺎً ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﻴّﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺯﻭّﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،١٧٨٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ »ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ«‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ( ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﻘﺎً ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﻳﻨﻈﻤﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩١٤‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﻤﺼﺮ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ١٠‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩١٤‬ﻭﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ١٤‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٢٣‬ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ١٩٢٩‬ﻭ‪ -١٩٥٥‬ﺧﻼﺻﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻥّ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻘﻴّﺪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺩﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ )‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSPtooJ7hPs‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪ ١‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫• ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺙ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻮﺃ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻳﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪2.‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺐ ﻭﻃﻼﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻘﻔﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔً ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ "ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1989‬ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 2004‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﺒﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ )‪ .(1954-1962‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺛﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ,‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﺛﻮﺭﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ )ﺃﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ( ”ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ“ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺳﺲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﻧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﻳﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﺬﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1689‬ﻡ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺏﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1763‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1799‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1917‬‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ 1919‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ 1920‬ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1954‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1979‬‬

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‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻝﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1949‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻝﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴَﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻧﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﺎً ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻨﻮ ﺍﻭﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮ‬ ‫• ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.icrc.org/ara/war-and-law/international-criminal-jurisdiction/index.jsp[1‬‬

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‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷَﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻏﺘﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻟﻴﻢ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩٌ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔٍ ﻣﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺧُﻄَّﺔٍ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤَّﺪ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔٍ ﻣﻊ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﻴِّﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌِﺮْﻗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻳﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗُﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕٍ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣُﺠْﺮَﻳَﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺬُﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺬﻧﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣُﺼَﺪِّﺭِﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤُﺤَﺮِّﺿﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘْﺘَﺮِﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞٍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﺨﻄﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺭَﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞٍ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲٍّ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺬﻧﺒًﺎ ﺑﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍءً ﻭﺍﺣﺪًﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍءﻳﻦ ﻳُﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍءﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍءﺍﺕ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻂٍ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞٍ ﻗﺎﺋﻢٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮء ﺍﻟﻨﻴَّﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻓﻪ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹٌ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺬﻧﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫• ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻨﻮ ﺍﻭﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮ‬ ‫• ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻋﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫• ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

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‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ )ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ "ﺭﺋﻴﺲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪6‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻛﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻲ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎءﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ‪ cohabitation‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻛﺄﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺰﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﻭﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻲ ‪) consul maior‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ( ﻭﻣﻨﺼﺐ ‪) consul suffectus‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ( ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ(‪ :‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‬ ‫"ﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟"‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻋﻄﻮﺍ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻔﺎﺽ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ )"ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺽ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ ،(".‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﻻ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﻄﻮﻥ )ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻢ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ "ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Nationality :‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻨﺲ ﺑﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬

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‫• ﻋﺮﻕ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ(‬ ‫• ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ • ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ • ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ •‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﺩ • ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ • ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ • ﺍﻟﺒﺮ • ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ • ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء • ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻋﺔ • ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ • ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ • ﺳﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ • ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ • ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ • ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ • ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ • ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ • ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ • ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﺩﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ • ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ • ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ • ﺭﺗﺐ • ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ • ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ • ﺧﻂ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻙ •ﻗﺎﺩﺓ • ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ • ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻳﻦ • ﺣﺮﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺮﺏ • ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻭﻩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻖ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﻠﺖ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1793‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﻫﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺘﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﺰﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻷﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﻄﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺄﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ )ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ(‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﻮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﺴﻮ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﻧﺸﻮ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻗﺸﺘﺎﻟﺔ‪1067-1072‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ‪1130-1240‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ‪1455-1485‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ‪1467-1477‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ‪1562-1598‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ‪1861-1865‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ‪1921- 1917‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻨﺪﺍ ‪1918‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪1922-1923‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪1945-1949 ,1928-1937‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪1930-1975‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪1936-1939 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪1946-1949 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺟﻮﻳﺔ ‪1947‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‪1948 ,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪1950-1953 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻭﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪1965-1966 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮﻳﺔ‪*1967-1970 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪1971 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪1990 - 1975 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺯﻣﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪1975-1992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﺴﻼﻓﻴﺔ ‪2001 -1991‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪1992-2001‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪1992-2002 ،‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺹ ‪.181‬‬

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‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺏﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺤــﺮﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺒﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﻖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﻖ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍءﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ,‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍء ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﺎﺷﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ )ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻣﺜﻼ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫• ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻜﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﺻﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻲ ﻭﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ( ﻷﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﺣﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﺣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻻﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺣﻘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ )ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ( ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎءﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻝﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ )ﻻ ﺃﻋﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ( ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ )ﺣﻜﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ( ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺰﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﻳﻄﻤﺢ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺑﻼﺩﻩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ ﺣﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ" ﻭﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﻗﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺃﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺣﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩ‪ - :‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻣﺜﻼ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﺔ( ‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ ...‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻹﻛﺮﺍﻫﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻔﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪...‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪106‬‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻱ‬‫ﻻﻻﻧﺪ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻞ"‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﺮﺍﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪(...‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﻮﺥ ﻭﺇﺻﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺯﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻭﻉ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻇﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻳﺄﺱ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻜﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺎ ﺷﺎء ﺃﻡ ﺃﺑﻰ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻻﻣﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،Determinism‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﺯ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻭﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻟﻖ )ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ( ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ,‬ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ ﻭﻳﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﻘﻀﺎء ﺭﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺈﻳﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻰء ﻋﻠﻴﻢ‪ ,‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪ ,‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺭﺳﻠﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻼﻝ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺎﻗﺎﻝ ‪-‬ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪):‬ﻭﻫﺪﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺪﻳﻦ(}‪ {10‬ﺃﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻒ‪):‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺷﺎء ﻓﻠﻴﺆﻣﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺎء ﻓﻠﻴﻜﻔﺮ‪ .{29}(.....‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺷﻰء ﺑﻤﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺨﻄﺌﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺌﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﺮﺿﻰ ﻭﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﺭﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣُﺪﺩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ :‬ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﺭﺗﺮ ﻭﺃﻟﺒﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻗﺪ ﻟﻌﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻡ ﺃﺑﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫• ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫• ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ]ﻣﻨﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ[‪ http://www.minbaralhurriyya.org/‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪[3] .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.freedomcost.com[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.tadawultube.com/watch/0db309e056e3d2dcd7d6/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9[2‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.minbaralhurriyya.org/[3‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ )‪(1947–1940‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫)‪(1966–1947‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ )‪–1966‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪–1966‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ(‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ ‬ﺯﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺳﻮﺯﻱ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﺆﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻋﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻓِﻲ ﺳَﺒِﻴﻞِ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫‪The Battle for One Destiny‬‬ ‫‪The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

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‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬

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‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ‪ 18‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪1963‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪1968‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ‪ 23‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪1966‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ ‪1970‬‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪2011-2012‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺷﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ )ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ · ‬ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ(‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ )ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ · ‬ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ(‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ )ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ(‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ )ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ · ‬ﻣﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ(‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫•‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫] ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ [‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ؛ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‪» :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘُﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ [2]1947‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺠﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ [3].‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1963‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 17‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1968‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 9‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 2003‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ "ﺃﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺓ" ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ "ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ‪..‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻭﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺤﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻮﺩﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1933‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺸﻴﺮ ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻤﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1941‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺒﺜﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1941‬ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﻪ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﺴﺖ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺼﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺨﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ 1943‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺯﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺳﻮﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻝﺯﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺳﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺳﻮﺯﻱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺎً ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ"]‪.[4‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺿﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1943‬ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺷﺢ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‪" :‬ﺃﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺓ"‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍﻥ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺘﻔﺮﻏﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1945‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻳﻮﻣﺬﺍﻙ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﺯ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1946‬ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪1947‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻃﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪ .1946‬ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1952‬ﺇﻧﺪﻣﺞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ "ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ" ﻛﺤﺰﺏ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻞ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1955‬ﻭ‪ 1958‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1958‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﺪ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1961‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻪ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪28/9/1961‬ﻡ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 8‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ‪ 1963‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 23‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1966‬ﻧﻔﺬ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

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‫ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﺕ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺘﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺒﻘﻲ ﺃﺳﻴﺮ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻧﺸﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺷﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2004‬ﻛﺂﺧﺮ ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB_%28%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD%29‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.alhewar.net/Basket/Taha_The_Reality_of_the_Baath_Party.htm#_edn1[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.baath-party.org/identification.asp‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ‪1973 ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺑﻌﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﻃﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ‪.1964‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ )‪(/http://www.baath-party.org/index.php?lang=ar‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻋﻔﻠﻖ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ )‪(/http://albaath.online.fr‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‬

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‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﻟﺨﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺅﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺭﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪" :‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﺨﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪" .‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ‪) Oligarchy‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﺷﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ" ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ὀλιγαρχία :‬ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﺧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺗﺴﻤّﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻸ]‪.[1‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﻻﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ" ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ "ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺘﻪ" ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ" ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻀﺞ ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺎء ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻧﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻬّﺪ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻝﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺻﻴﺪ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺳﺎﻳﻤﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ".‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ "ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ"‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺮﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺇﺗﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﺍﻗﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺠﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻳﻴﻞ‪ ,‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﺠﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﻓﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻴﻞ!‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻧﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻗﺼﺔ ﻧﻮﺡ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء ﻝﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺹ ‪.415‬‬

‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻻﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫)ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪ 5.‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻻﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺬﻳﻦ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻻﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﺸﺆﻭﻧﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺪﻭء‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺭﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻻﻟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻟﺸﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻟﻨﺰﺍﻫﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺳﻤﻌﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺰﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 50%‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﺎءﺍ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 5%‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺲ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻼ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻤّﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻧﺎﺭﺷﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺛﻴﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺐ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺈﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻭ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1988‬ﻳﻮﻡ ‪22‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻭ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ‪ :‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﻳﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺻﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻞ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻞ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻼء ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻹﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬

‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫‪114‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺈﺳﻢ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‬

‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ "ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ" ﺍﻭ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺛﻘﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻪ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺍﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺲ ‪ -‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪alwazir alawal houwa almouharik arraisi‬‬

‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﺪء ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻝﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺷﻔﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺍﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (positive neutrality :‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ )ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ (ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،diploma‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،δίπλωμα‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‪/‬ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻄﻮﻳﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ [1] ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺗﻨﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻳُﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﻮﻥ ﻳُﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺩﻭﻣﺎً ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻈﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻳّﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺍﺳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺳﻮﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻴﻠﻴﻮ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣًﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻓﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘـﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨـــــﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﻤﺴﻜﻬﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻌﻮﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﺼﺪﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻖ ﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻠﻒ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﻳﺮﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺽ ﻳﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺒﻨﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫• ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻌﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫• ﻻ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻼﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻮﻫﻢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬

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‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪Pearson Education, 2006, p. 1 ,Modern diplomacy ,Ronald Peter Barston‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Constitution :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ )ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ( ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ )ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺃﻡ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ(‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ )ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ))ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ(( ﻭﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪُﺳﺘﻮﺭ )ﻣﻦ ﺩَﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻭَﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ( ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺣﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1776‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ]‪ [1‬ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻭﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺑﺮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1958‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺃﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1950‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ‪1977‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1961‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻛﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺁﻭ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻮﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻣﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺳﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ,‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻨﺺ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺷﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳِﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺳﺲ ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ -2 .‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳَﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

‫‪119‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺳﻮء ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻟﺠﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺾ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫]‪http://binnaman.wwooww.net[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://binnaman.wwooww.net/[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺮﺃﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺫ ] ﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪) .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ_‪(2011‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ (Rechtsstaat :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ"‪" ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ"‪" ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ "ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ "‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ " ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،([1] ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺠﻠﻮ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻻ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ]‪ ،[2‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ" ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ )‪ (1724-1804‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪.18‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻛﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻹﺳﻌﺎﺩ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﻦِ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺻﺎﻍ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪.21‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻰ ﺑﺤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﺪﻓﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﻭﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.[3]" .‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺕ ‪Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft Grundsätzen nach den‬‬ ‫‪") Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ"‪ ،(1832-1834 ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﺭﻥ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ )ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ( "( ]‪[4‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫• ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫• ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ‪,Ernst Freund, Felix Frankfurter and the American Rechtsstaat: A Transatlantic Shipwreck – Daniel R. Ernst‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫‪.Georgetown Law Faculty Publications, October, 2009 .1932–1894‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫• ‪(Iain Stewart, "From 'Rule of Law' to 'Legal State': a Time of Reincarnation?" (2007‬‬

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‫]‪D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86&listby=suggest,title&interface=en&http://toolserver.org/~lvova/cgi-bin/go.sh?language=ar [1‬‬ ‫]‪context=facpub&http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017 [2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1056401[3‬‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ •‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

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‫•‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ Dictatura :‬ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﺍ ( ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺤﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ dictātus :‬ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺱ ( ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻳُﻤﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺄﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻮﺓ ﻓﺎﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻷﻱ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮﺍ ﻟﻸﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻻﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ]‪ [3‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﻦ )ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻠﻤﺤﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻴﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

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‫ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻄﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺭﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺃﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺋﺰ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺤﻔﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺤﺠﺞ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻲ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻻﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻬﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺵ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺑﻠﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺟﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 4.‬ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺗﻜﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 5.‬ﺇﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻌﺪﻭ ﻭﻫﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻴﺴﻪ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 6.‬ﺇﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 7.‬ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﻳﻨﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺃﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 8.‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺫﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 9.‬ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﺳﺮﻳﺎً ﻭﻗﺒﻠﻴﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 10.‬ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭﻧﺸﻴﻂ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﺰﻳﻬﻪ ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻵ ﻛﺎﻣﻶ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫]‪(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dictate) Dictionary.com, Last Retried Nov.15 2012 [2‬‬ ‫]‪281–Pipes, Richard (1995), Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, New York: Vintage Books, Random House Inc., ISBN 0-394-50242-6 p.240 [3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪Sondrol, P. C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner". Journal of Latin[4‬‬ ‫‪.American Studies 23 (3): 599‬‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ" ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻄﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻮﺍء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢٌ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ]‪ [1‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍُﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔٍ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻪِ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﻜّﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺃﺧﺮَﻯ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﻈﻢُ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔٍ ﺗﺪّﻋﻲ ﻧَﻮﻋﺎً ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴّﺔ )ﻙﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔٍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴّﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨَﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔٍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤَﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﺰﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ · ]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺃﻣّﺎ ﻟﻐﻮﻳّﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴّﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔٌ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣِﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ Δήμος‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Demos‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ Κρατία‬ﺃﻭ ‪kratia‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪ Demoacratia‬ﺗَﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻐﺔً 'ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ' ﺃﻭ 'ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟِﻨﻔﺴﻪِ'‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻗِﻴَﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣُﻜﻢُ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔُ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠّﻰ ﻛﻞّ ﺭﻛﻦٍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪَﺩٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩِﺉ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺒﺴُﻄﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺪﺭُ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﺫَ ﺩﻭﻟﺔٌ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊٌ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔً ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥّ ﻋﺪَﺩﺍً ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺧِﻼﻓِﻲّ ﻻ ﻳَﻠﻘَﻰ ﺇِﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎً ﺑَﻴﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮّﺳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩِﺉ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔٌ ﺣﺘَّﻰ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌّﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴّﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺷﻠّﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﺠﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃُ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥّ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌَﺄﺭﺽُ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴّﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞٍ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧّﻪُ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ )ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺪَّﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞَ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴَﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋِﻴّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋِﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ )ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳّﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﻮِﻳّﺔ )ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﻭ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫)‪ (Libertarians‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻙﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴَﻴْﻦ ﻣﺘﺨﺎﺻﻤَﻴْﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ ccording to‬ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪Freedom in the World.2009‬‬ ‫‪Not Free ██Partly Free ██Free ██:2009‬‬

‫]‪[3‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ "ﺧﺎﺳﺮ" ﻭ"ﺭﺍﺑﺢ"‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮ ﻭﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻤﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻟﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴّﺔ"‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﺍﻫﺔً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎً‪ :‬ﻓﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﻋﺘﺎﺩﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎً ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪ -‬ﺗﻢ ﻧﺤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰﺍً ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺎً ﻭﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺒﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻘﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﻳﻨﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ" ﻭﺇﺭﺗﻘﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﻮﺫﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟـ ﻣﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺑﺎﺩﺍﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻳﺸﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺒﻴﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﺎﺭﻛﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﻣﺒﺎﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ " ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎً ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺎً"‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮّﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴّﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻧﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣُﺪﻥٍ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴّﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤَّﻰ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈِﻥّ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻠّﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴّﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻹِﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹِﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻀﻢُّ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻀﻰ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻓُﺮﺹ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦَّ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥَّ ﺗﻄَﻮّﺭﺍً ﺑﭑﺗﺠﺎﻩِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦّ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮّﺭ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻣُﺴﺘﻮَﻯ ﺍﻟﻘِﻴَﻢ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻗِﻴَﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ ﻭﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕُ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮَﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗَﻮﻃﻴﺪ ﻗِﻴَﻢٍ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕٍ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺷﺮﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﺪَﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮَﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑَﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋِﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞٍ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮَﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺟُﺰﺋﻴّﺔً ﺑَﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ ﺑَﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴَﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆُﻭﻟﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴَﺎءَﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭَﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕٍ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍءﺓ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1900‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ 120‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ‪ 60%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ]‪ [4‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 64‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺸﺮ "ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ 25‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1900‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 19%‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ "ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ"‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ 16‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 8%‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﺭﺍً ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﻑﻧﻴﻮﺯﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻝﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) 1893‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﻴّﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﻙﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﻱء ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﺰﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺒﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ •‬

‫• ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ "ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ" ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍً ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻼً‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺣﺘﻔﻈﺖ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﺮﺍ ﺳﺎﻻﺯﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ "ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ" ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻜﺎﺳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺩﻣﻘﺮﻃﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺘﻠﻜﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎً ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1960‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻً ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳﻞ )ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺩﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎً ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎً ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ – ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2000‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻮء ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻓﻮﻛﻮﻳﺎﻣﺎ "ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ"‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1776‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺿﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ "ﻻﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺳﻄﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻧﻈﺮﺍً‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺑﺎً ﻳﻘﺮﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺻﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ )ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻳُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ"(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﺣﺮﺓ( ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﺓ(‪ .‬ﻑﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ )ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ( ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎً ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺤﻜﻤﻮﺍ ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﺷﺎﺅﻭﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻭّﻟﻴّﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻱ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺲ ﺑﻼﺗﺒﻴﺮﻍ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪From Pluralist to Patriotic‬‬ ‫‪ Politics: Putting Practice First‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﺪﻝ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﺍً ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Demos‬ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Demos‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Demo‬ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺎً ﻋﻀﻮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Demos‬ﻭﺗُﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ)ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎً( ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ )‪ (Demos‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤِﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺈﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍً ﻛﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﻓﻌﺎﻻً‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻑﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻔﺎً‬ ‫ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻝﺣﻜﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺷﺘِﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻞﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﺎء ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﺯﺧﺎﺭﻑ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺇﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﺤﺎءً ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎً ﺟﺪﺍً ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺪﻕ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ" ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﻠﻔﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻵﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺇﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﻔﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎءَ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺄﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺼﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺼﻪ ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ – ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً – ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈّﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ )‪ ،(minimalism‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ "ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻮﺍ"‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻭﺿﺢ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ ﺭﻳﻜﺮ ﻭﺁﺩﻡ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻭﺭﺳﻜﻲ ﻭﺭﻳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺩ ﺑﻮﺳﻨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻓﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ )‪ (minimalism‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫– ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﻭﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﻭﻧﺰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ"ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1957‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺣﺔً ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﻐﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻐﻴﺮﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﺭﺍءﻫﻢ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ – ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻮﺍﺑﻬﻢ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻓﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﺎً ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺭﺃﻳﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎً ﻗﻴﻤﺎً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺜﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻔﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻌﻼً ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ(‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺧﻄﺄً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺤﻤﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ )ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﻱء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔً ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎً ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻃُﺒﻘﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ )ﺳﻮﺍء‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﺴﺨﺎً ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ‪ -‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ – ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﻲء‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻲ‪.‬ﺑﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺒﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺭﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻛﻤﺎﻥ )‪ 1870-1936‬ﻓﻮﺿﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺭﻭﺳﻲ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻀﻮﺍً ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺋﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻮﻟﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻜﻮﻣﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎً ﺃﻗﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺮ )‪ 1854-1939‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ(‪:‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺷﻲء ﺷﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻻ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ؟ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎء ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﺎﺓ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ"‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﻭﻥ )‪ 1809-1865‬ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻱ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻃﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌِﺮﻕ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻛﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻔﻰ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ"‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻭﻱء ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻠﻴﺎً‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺒﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺩﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻏﺴﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﺎﺯ ﻭﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﻲء ﻭﻋﻨﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﺩﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺩﻋﺎء ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺿﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻮﺍﺡ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻳﻨﻦ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺴﻲء ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻡ – ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺸﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻄﺆﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﺘﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺸﺠﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﻘﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎً ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ )‪.(Historicism‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺏﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﺟﺰﺃً ﻓﺮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺎﺧﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻠﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻀﺮﺓ ﺏﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ ﻫﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻬﺪﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ﻹﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻷﺟﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻏﻨﻴﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ – ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺮ "ﻃﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺤﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻤﺄﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﻌﺎﺿﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺭﺩﺍً ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎً ﻭﻣﻮﺣﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻃﺎء ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﻭﺑﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻴﺄﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ" ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺭﺍء ﻛﻮﻥ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ"‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗُﺮﺟﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻝﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﺪﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪131‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃُﺮﺣﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ – ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻞﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺟﺮﻭﻫﺎ – ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺰﺩﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻧﻴﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻻً ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻗﻂ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺣﺮﻭﺑﺎً ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ (1000‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺣﺮﻭﺑﺎً ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺒﺎً ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎً ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫[ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺒﺮﺯ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﻮء ﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ – ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺣﺪﺛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺒﺒﺎً ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻘﺮﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺫﻛﻴﺎء ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﺎ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻻﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺰﺩﻫﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻛﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1943‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1943‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1935‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪Freedom in http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw10/FIW_2010_Tables_and_Graphs.pdf.2010‬‬ ‫‪[the World‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻮﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺪﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ‪,‬ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍء ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ )ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﻮﻥ( ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺂﻟﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺰﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ )ﻣﺜﻼ ‪ (5%‬ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪) .‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺲ "ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ" ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﺑﻼﻍ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﺰﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺳﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺰ‪ .‬ﻭ"ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ " ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺬﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.10‬ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .11‬ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻗﻴﺒﺎ ﻳﺤﺎﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .12‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻀﻢ ﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺑﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/‬‬ ‫]‪http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=463[3‬‬ ‫]‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House[4‬‬

‫)‪(http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=5) (http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/home?greekEncoding=UnicodeC‬‬ ‫)‪(http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/93/930811Arc3170.html) (http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/10.pdf‬‬ ‫)‪(/http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/HISTDEM) (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20centry.htm‬‬ ‫)‪(/http://www.socialdemocrat.org) (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=672224‬‬ ‫)‪(http://infocom.elsewhere.org/gallery/bureaucracy/bureaucracy.html) (http://debate.uvm.edu/handbookfile/WMD2002/350.htm‬‬ ‫)‪(http://debate.uvm.edu/handbookfile/WMD2002/351.htm) (http://debate.uvm.edu/handbookfile/WMD2002/347.htm‬‬ ‫)‪(http://debate.uvm.edu/handbookfile/WMD2002/349.htm‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬

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‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺧﻀﺮﺍء‪ · ‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻃﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )ﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻴﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺑﻮﺫﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫•‬

‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ social democracy‬ﻫﻲ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ ﻭﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ]‪ ,[1‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻪ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻭﺝ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﺮ ﺑﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ,‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ‪ ,‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ‪ social democracy‬ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ‪.democratic socialism‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ,‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ"‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1951‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ" ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﻮﻱ‪ ,.‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻭ ﻻﺳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ‪ ,‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻟﻜﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻐﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺳﻴﺴﻮﺩ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎء ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ "ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺤﻖ ﻛﻮﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ [6] [5] .1871‬ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫" ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻻ ﻧﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﻞ‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ " ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ )‪(1872‬‬ ‫"ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ,‬ﺇﻥ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮﻳﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺃ ﻭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ,‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻮﺍ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﻢ" – ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ )‪(1878‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﺢ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﺭﺗﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1885‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺛﻤﺮ ﻧﻀﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪﺕ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻮﻩ "ﻣﺤﺮﻓﺎً"‪ ,‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻛﺎﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ‪ ,‬ﺭﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‪ ,‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﻠﻘﺐ "ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ"‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻠﻴﺨﺎﻧﻮﻑ‪ ,‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻔﻪ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺭﻓﺾ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻛﺎﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻼءﻩ‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻭﻛﺴﻴﺔ" ﻭ ﺍﺗﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ,‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻒ ﻛﺎﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ "ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ" ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫]‪[9‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻝ‪ ,‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻄﻤﺢ ﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪ ,‬ﻻﻗﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺛﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﺍء ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1914‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺗﻪ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻤﺖ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ "ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ" ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺰﻗﺖ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺑﺎً ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ,1918‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻘﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺃﻣﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺯﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﻤﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪,1919‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺼﺒﺔ ﺳﺒﺎﺭﺗﺎﻛﻮﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻏﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻟﻴﺒﻜﻨﺨﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ,‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻘﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷﻔﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺑﺠﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﺯﺡ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ,1924‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ "ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻴﻦ" ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ "ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ"‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼً‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺙ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ )ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪.1951‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ [10] .‬ﺃﻧﺠﺰﺕ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺗﺸﺮ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1979‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻜﻜﺖ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﺭﻳﻐﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺩﺷﻦ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﻛﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺃﺳﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺏ"ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ" ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻭﻩ ﻗﺒﻮﻻً ﺻﺮﻳﺤﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﻉ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ,1991‬ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﻳﻨﺎﻓﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ – ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ(‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺖ )ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ(‬

‫]‪[13‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬ ‫• ﻟﻮﻻ‬

‫•‬

‫]‪[14‬‬

‫• ﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺖ‬

‫]‪[15‬‬

‫• ﺇﻳﺒﻴﺮﺕ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫•‬

‫• ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﺍ ﺃﻭﻻﻧﺪ‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

137

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ [1] [2]

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551073/social-democracy[1] http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=31[2]

[4] [5] [6] [7]

.by J. David Edelstein (http://www.socialistparty-usa.org/sdvrds.html) Social Democracy Versus Revolutionary Democratic Socialism [3] http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=931[4] http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/04/marx-reform.htm[5] http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/02/marx-taught.htm[6] http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm[7]

[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

‫[ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ" ﻟﺼﺎﻣﻮﺋﺒﻞ ﻫﻮﻻﻧﺪﺭ‬8] http://www8.georgetown.edu/centers/cdacs//bermanpaper.pdf[9] http://www8.georgetown.edu/centers/cdacs//bermanpaper.pdf [10] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551073/social-democracy [11] http://www8.georgetown.edu/centers/cdacs//bermanpaper.pdf [12] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77739/Willy-Brandt [13] http://diariodonordeste.globo.com/materia.asp?codigo=550729 [14] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77739/Willy-Brandt [15]

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

•

‫‪138‬‬

‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺫ ] ﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪) .‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪(2009‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ Casus Belli‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺎﻓﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﺔ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻦ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻖ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ )‪ ،(1898‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺟﺔ "ﻣﺎﻳﻦ" ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻓﺄ ﻫﺎﻓﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺭﻋﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ‪-‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﺖ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺭﻳﻜﻮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻴﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﺃﺭﺷﻴﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻖ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻦ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺘﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺑﺒﺪء ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﺗﻄﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮﻩ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 11‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 1939‬ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫"ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1939‬ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ "ﻏﻼﻳﻔﻴﺘﺰ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺗﻀﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﺪﺍء ﺑﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻕ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ "ﻏﻼﻳﻔﻴﺘﺰ" ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺙ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺖ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ "ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ" ﻭ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺯﺟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ "ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺗﻮﻧﻜﻴﻦ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ ﻟﻘﺼﻒ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ "ﺍﺳﺨﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺹ ‪.149‬‬

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‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(2007‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‪-‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ )ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً(‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺤﺴﺎﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻐﺎﺭﺷﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ( ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺣﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭﻣﺬﻫﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻠﻔﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻴﺼﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺘﻞ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺷﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺒﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻺﻋﺪﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﺎﺟﻮﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻭﻛﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺣﺮﻗﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻭﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ "ﺑﺮﻭﺩﻳﻘﻮﺱ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺬﺏ ﻭﺣﻮﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻋﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ!!!‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻫﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻫﺰﻣﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﻮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺼﺪﻯ)ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ( ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ )ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺲ( )ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻐﺎء ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺲ )ﻭ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻲ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻣﺪﺡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺴﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻃﻼ ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻡ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ,‬ﻭﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻐﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﺛﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺒﺜﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﻭﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻙﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻء ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺬﻣﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻄﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﺫ ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺩﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﺎﺩﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻫﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﺎﺩﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺃﻫﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻯ ﻣﻐﺮﻭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺎﻻ ﻟﻘﺎء ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍﺳﻞ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﺘﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﺷﺘﻜﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻘﺎء ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺠﺘﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺩّ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﺬ ﺑﻠﻴﻐﺎ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺧﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﻓﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻨﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﺘﻪ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻮّﻫﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻟﻄﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬

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‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺤﻨﺔ ﻟﻞﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺗﻼﻋﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﻋﻼﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺮﻭﺛﺎﻏﻮﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻷﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺷﻲء ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻝ ﻭﻇﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء ﺛﻢ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺫﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎﻣﺘﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﻟﻴﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺛﻢ ﻣﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ ﺑﺸﻲء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻜﻢ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﺈﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺻﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻗﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻟﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻧﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺣﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺐ‪ ..‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﺗﻲ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻨﻮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺘﺸﻪ ﻭﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺴﻄﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺰﻭﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Legislature :‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻭﺗﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺳﻦّ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ )ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺑﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﺍﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺟﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎً ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺟﺰﺃً ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺇﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎً ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻮﻧﻜﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩﺭﻏﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮ(‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )‪ :(Rubber stamp legislator‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ )‪Rubber‬‬ ‫‪ (stamp legislator‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻜﺮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Diet‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Althing‬ﺁﻟﺜﻴﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺳﺘﺎﻍ‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻴﺰ ﺟﻨﺮﺍﻟﻴﺰ‪ -‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻳﺪﻭﺳﻜﻮﻧﺘﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﻜﺴﺪﺍﻍ‪ -‬ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﻓﻮﻟﻜﺘﻴﻨﻚ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻳﺮﻳﺠﺘﺎﺱ‪ -‬ﺁﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺠﻴﻜﻮﻛﻮ‪ -‬ﺃﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﻜﺴﺪﺍﻍ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺟﻴﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ /‬ﻟﻮﻙ ﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻮﺭ‪-‬ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﻤﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎﺱ‪-‬ﻟﻴﺜﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ‪-‬ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻮﺑﺸﺘﻴﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺗﻦ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺮﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭﺗﻴﻨﻚ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻨﻮﺍﻟﺪ‪ -‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ -‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ ‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻴﺮﺧﻮﻓﻨﺎ ﺭﺍﺩﺍ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻳﻞ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ )‪(1919-1922‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﻜﺴﻜﺎﻣﺮ‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ )‪(1949-1990‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺪﺗﺎﻍ‪ -‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫• ﻣﻤﺎﻃﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻧﺼﺎﺏ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ )ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻣﻼء ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻤﺎء ﻗﻮﺗﻬﻢ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﻮﺵ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﺰﻋﻤﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ "ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ"‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺒﻬﻢ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﻘﺒﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻃﺮﻕ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻋﻤﺎءﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻳﻘﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪145‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪: ‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎء ﻭ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫)‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺣُﻤﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟﺪّﻳﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢْ ﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫‪N ′30 33°‬ﺍ ‪E ′18 36° -‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺪ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‬

‫ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪146‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬‫‪ -‬ﺟﻼء ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪1918‬‬ ‫‪ 17‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪1946‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫‪ 185,180‬ﻛﻢ‪(88) 2‬‬ ‫‪ 71,479‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪(%) ‬‬

‫‪1.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪2011 ‬‬

‫]‪[3‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﺣﺼﺎء‪2004 ‬‬

‫]‪[4‬‬

‫‪(55) 22,530,746‬‬ ‫‪17,920,844‬‬

‫‪(49) ‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪/118.3‬ﻛﻢ ‪(101) ‬‬ ‫‪/306.5‬ﻣﻴﻞ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪2010‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫)ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ(‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫‪ 105.238‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ‪.$‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫‪5,043$‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﺳﻤﻲ(‬

‫‪2010‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪ 60.047‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ‪$‬‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫‪2,877$‬‬

‫‪) 0.632‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ(‪(119) ‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪(2011) ‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺕ ﻉ ﻡ‪(2+‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪(DST) ‬‬

‫‪) ‬ﺕ ﻉ ﻡ‪(3+‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

‫‪sy.‬‬

‫ﺭﻣﺰ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫‪+963‬‬

‫)‪(.SYP‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1918‬ﻭﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،1920‬ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺻﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1932‬ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮًﺍ ﻧﺎﻟﺖ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﻭﺟﻼء ﻗﻮﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.1946‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬

‫]‪[7‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ‪ [8][6].‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺷﺮﻗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺎﺫﻱ ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ )ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪147‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮًﺍ ﻫﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[10‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 97‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ [9].‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 107‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 111‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2009‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪ [11]،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 64‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫‪ 75‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ 23,695,000‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 7‬ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ ﻭ‪54‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪69‬‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ [12]،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪ 74‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 95‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻨﻖ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰًﺍ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء‪ .‬ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻋﺮﺏ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ‪ 90%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 8%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ‪ 2%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﻭﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺒﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻛﻌﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ؛ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﻤﺎء ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﺎﻗﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﺮﻗﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻴﺮﻭﺩﺕ ﻭﻫﻮﻣﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﺳﻤﻴّﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺳﺴﺖ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻴﻮﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﻮﻟﺪﻛﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫]‪[15‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻃﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤّﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﻧﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻝ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺎﺯ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 750‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ [17][16]،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻃﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻮﺑﻴﺜﻜﺲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [17]،1959‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 65‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ [17]،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫]‪[18‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 150‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻳﻘﻄﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻐﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 12000‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [19].‬ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﺴﺒﺮ ﺃﻏﻮﺍﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺟﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺯﻕ ﺻﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻄﻠﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ [19].‬ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺤﺜًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻸﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺷﻤﺮﺍ ﻭﺗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﺭﻳﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[19‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ [20]،‬ﻓﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤًﺎ ﻓﻈﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ [21]،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺪًﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺤﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ [22].‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍءً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺷﻘﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﺟﺒﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫]‪[23‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺗﺔ ﻻﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻸﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﻛﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺇﺑﻼ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺰﺩﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺇﻳﺒﻼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﺑﺠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ [24]،‬ﻭﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[25‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭًﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺦ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1933‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [26]،1939‬ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺃﺣﻼﻓًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺳﻴّﺮﻭﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻓﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﻼﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ [28][27].‬ﻭﺍﺑﺘﺪﻋﻮﺍ ﺃﺳﺴًﺎ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‪ [28]،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻤًﺎ ﺧﺎﺻًﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺴﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺻﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ [29].‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﺛﻼﺛﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻓﺴﺤﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫]‪[30‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺆﺭﺥ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ [32][31]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﺧﺎﺻًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻼﺕ ﻛﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[31‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻼﺕ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﺘﺼﻨﻒ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫]‪[33‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2350‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺳﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻠﻜًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﺶ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺳﻊ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﻄﺮًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺗﺠﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻻً ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻞ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻝ‬ ‫]‪[34‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴًﺎ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﻛﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ 120‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﺳﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻣًﺎ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻬﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﻡ ﺳﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺗﻴﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻼﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2230‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ [35].‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﺯﻭﺍﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻋﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﺜﻼً ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ [36]،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺃﺣﻼﻓًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ [36].‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻮﺭﺍﺑﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[37‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺒﺒﺖ ﺟﻴﻮﺷﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺭﺍﺱ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﻥ ﻭﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺗﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﻧﺠﺤﻮﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺭﻋﻤﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ [38].‬ﻣﻊ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺯ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﺒﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻧﺰ ﻳﺮﻗﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺷﻤﺮﺍ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪150‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﻴﺖ ﺁﻏﻮﺷﻲ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ [39]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺷﻠﻤﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩًﺍ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺷﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺐ ﺯﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 612‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﺒﻮﺧﺬﻧﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 531‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺣﻜﻤًﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻴًﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻪ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﺒﻮﻍ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫]‪[41‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ‪ [40]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﺔ ‪602-628‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 333‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻗﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺛﻢ ﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 323‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺁﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻤﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ "ﻣﻠﻚ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ" ﻭﺳﺎﺭ ﺧﻠﻔﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻛﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ‪ [42].‬ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 307‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 300‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺪًﺍ ﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫]‪[43‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻩ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺧﻴﻮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﻭﺧﻠﻔﺎءﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ 34‬ﻣﻴﺪﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﻮﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ [45][44].‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻗﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻲ‪ [45].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛُﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 198‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺧﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺿﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﺒﻌﺪًﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ [46]،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺧﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺿﺎﻣًﺎ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺃﻧﻄﻴﻮﺧﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 169‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺣﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻲ ﻓﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﻋﺮﺝ ﺃﻧﻄﻮﺧﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺑﺤًﺎ ﻟﻺﻟﻪ ﺯﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﺱ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﺱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻭﻯ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺛﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪ [46].‬ﺇﺛﺮ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﻧﻄﻴﻮﺧﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﺖ ﺃﻭﺻﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺃﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 69‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻣﻮﻩ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﻮﺍ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 64‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ "ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺼﺮﻯ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 192‬ﻭ‪.263‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 192‬ﻭ‪ 236‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺳﺒﺘﻴﻤﻮﺱ ﺳﻴﻔﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺎﻻ ﻭﻏﻴﺘﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻼﻏﺎﺑﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪﺭ ﺳﻴﻔﻴﺮﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 244‬ﻭ‪ 249‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ [49][48][47].‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎﻁ‪ [50].‬ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻌﺖ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺎﺯﺕ ﻧﻔﻮﺫًﺍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳًﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌًﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﺫﻳﻨﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ‬ ‫]‪[51‬‬ ‫ﺯﻧﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.272‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﻓﺒﺤﺴﺐ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺸﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫] ﻟﻮﻗﺎ‪[53] [1/10 ‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﻢ ﺣﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻏﺪﺍ ﺃﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ‪ ].‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ [52] [26/11 ‬ﻭﺍﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﻮﻉ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﻮﻗﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺃﻣﺒﻴﻼﺱ ﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻮﺳﻴﻮﺱ ﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺭﺳﺘﺎﺧﻮﺱ ﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ‪ [54].‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ [55]،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮًﺍ‪ [56]،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺣﻜﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨًﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﻴًﺎ‪ [57].‬ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻧﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 325‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﺳﻴًﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﺻﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﻭﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻄﻨﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻌﺒﻮﺍ ﺩﻭﺭًﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺯًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[58‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺣﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻛﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺣﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺑﻮﻟﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻛﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ‪ [59]،‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻘﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺰﻏﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﺼﻴﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺑﺪءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﺃﻓﺴﺲ ﻭﺧﻠﻘﺪﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻄﺎﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 431‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،518‬ﻭﺍﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﺴﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 540‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺮﻕ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻳﻨﻬﺐ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻛﺴﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 613‬ﻓﺪﻣﺮ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻗﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫]‪[64][63][62‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩ ﻫﺮﻗﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.628‬‬ ‫]‪[61][60‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻧﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺃﻳﻮﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻼﺟﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺍﺑﻠﺲ ﻭ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺇﺛﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 633‬ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺣﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺁﺯﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺡ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺷﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺫﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺴﻠﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪ [65]،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﻷﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟًﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ [66]،‬ﻓﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺡ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺻﻠﺤًﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺘﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [67]،636‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﻘﺔ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺡ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ [69][68].‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻴّﻦ ﺃﺧﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [70]،640‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 656‬ﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻳﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻏﺘﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺭﺝ ﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 24‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ ،661‬ﺗﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ 132‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻌﺶ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺃﺳﺴﻮﺍ ﻧﻈﺎﻣًﺎ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻳًﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﻭﻳﻦ‪ [71].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺧﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺸﺐ‪ [72].‬ﺃﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻛﻘﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺃﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‪ [73]،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻧﺰﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴًﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺤﻂ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺟﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻘﺎﺽ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ [74]،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺬﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻼﺣﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻓﻘﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ [75].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺧﻠﻔﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،749‬ﻓﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫]‪[76‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺡ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﺒﺶ ﻗﺒﻮﺭ ﺧﻠﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻫﺪﻡ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ [77].‬ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 762‬ﺑﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 775‬ﻭ‪ 847‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﺧﺎﺻًﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻻﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻬﺪﻱ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻲ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‪ [78].‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻃﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﺍﻉ ﺻﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺮﺑًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻞ‪ [79].‬ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻃﻠﺒًﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺴﺎﻛﺮ‪ [80]،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪153‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻋﺪﺩٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻛﻘﻠﻌﺔ ﺟﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻃﻤﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻢ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻦ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﻳﻮﺣﻨﺎﻓﺮﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺴﺤﺒﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1271‬‬

‫ﻏﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺱ ﺑﺪءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺼﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ [81]،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨًﺎ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻤﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺧﺸﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﻣﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 962‬ﺭﺩﺣًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻃﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻣﺪﻧًﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺭﺩﺣًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ [82]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺟﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻄﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﺳﺴﻮﺍ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﺶ ﺑﻦ ﺃﻟﺐ ﺃﺭﺳﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫]‪[83‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻗﺖ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 1098‬ﺳﻠﻤًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ 1098‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻘﻄﺖ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ ،1099‬ﻭﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺑﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ [84].1099‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﺮﺍﺑﻠﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺱ ﺃﺟﺰﺍءً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1127‬ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺎءﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﻜﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻭﺭﻳﺜﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺟﻘﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻗﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻃﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺛﺮ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺯﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴًﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1187‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﻮﺣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [85]،1250‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﺒﺮﺱ ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1268‬ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺑﻠﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1285‬ﻓﻌﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺝ ﻭﺳﻮﺭ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[86‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1291‬ﻣﻨﻬﻴًﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻭﺩﺣﺮﻭﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻟﻮﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1260‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺩﻣﺮﻭﺍ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺃﺣﺮﻗﻮﻫﻤﺎ‪ [87]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﻟﻨﻚ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮّﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪154‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻞ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1400‬ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1401‬ﻭﺃﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺳﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻪ ﺳﻤﺮﻗﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻘﻄﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﻟﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﻟﻨﻚ‬ ‫]‪[88‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺴﻤﻮﺍ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ‬ ‫]‪[89‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﻢ‪ [87]،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮﺝ ﺩﺍﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﻢ ﺳﻠﻤًﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺟﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮﺝ ﺩﺍﺑﻖ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ 24‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،1516‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺳﻠﻤًﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ 26‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ [91]،1516‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ .1918‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻬﺪﻫﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻇﻠّﺖ ﺍﻹﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴّﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[93][92‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺿﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭًﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳًﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻓﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﺗﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﺘﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻓﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻭﻻﺓ ﺁﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﺟﻴﺪًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺓ ﺳﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ [94]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺭ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲّ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1831‬ﺩﺧﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‪ [95]،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻤًﺎ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻤﻠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1833‬ﻭ‪ ،1837‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫]‪[96‬‬ ‫‪.1840‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1749‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺮًﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 1840‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ‪1918‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﻧﻤﺖ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭًﺍ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴًﺎ‬ ‫]‪[90‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1753‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﻫﻬﺎ‪ .[97].‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻲ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻣﻰ ﻋﻀﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ [98].‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻌﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳّﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪ 1916‬ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء ﻭﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ .1918‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺙ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺔ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1916‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﻣﻔﻠﺢ ﺩﺍﻏﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ »ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ«‪ :‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﻘﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻷﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻮﻑ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫]‪[99‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻴّﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫"ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔّﺎﺡ" ﺣﺎﻛﻤًﺎ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳًﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻧًﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺿﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﺷﻴًﺎ ﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ ﺿﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮًﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺤﻖ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻤًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ [99].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻓﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1916‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ‬ ‫]‪[100‬‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺷﺨﺼًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 1916‬ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 1‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1918‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ‪ [101].‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻒ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﻋﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻄﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﺄﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻀﻮًﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﻋﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ( ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻜًﺎ ﻭﺃﻗﺮّ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭًﺍ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪8‬‬ ‫]‪[104][103‬‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ [102]،1920‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﻤﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺲ ﺑﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،1916‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1917‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺗﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ .1920‬ﻭﺣﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻮﺭﻭ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﻤﻮ ﻓﻀﻼً‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪﺩًﺍ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﻋﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 15‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1920‬ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻏﻮﺭﻭ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺭﺳﻤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،1920‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﻨﻲ ﺃﻭﺩﺕ ﺑﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﺭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻏﻮﺍﺑﻴﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﻝ ﻋﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷُﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺶٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﺑﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺭﻳﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻔﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 24‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،1920‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﻮﻗًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻏﻮﺍﺑﻴﻪ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ‪ 25‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ [105].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺗﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺎءً‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻏﻮﺍﺑﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻬﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻼء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 28‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1920‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ ‫]‪[107][106‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪156‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻏﻮﺭﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﻖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺇﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪ [108].‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺛﻮﺭﺗﺎ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ )ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ( ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻓﻀﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1925‬ﻭﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﻢ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﻮﺍ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺵ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻃﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 1928‬ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻃﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 14‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1930‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﺑﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﻳﻌﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1939‬ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪ 21‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1935‬ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺧﻼﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﻭﻓﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 1936‬ﻹﺟﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺃﺷﻬﺮًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻮﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺿﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1936‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺜﻰ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ ﺍﻷﺗﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ‬ ‫]‪[109‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺪﺕ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺮﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻚ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﻣًﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1939‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﺗﻤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺟﻴﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺗﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻟﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ [110].‬ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺗﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 1941‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﺸﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺟﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﻠﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1943‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1945‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 29‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻓﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺟﻼء ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،1946‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1945‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻗﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫]‪[111‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1920‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻝﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1939‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ )ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺲ‪-‬ﺑﻴﻜﻮ( ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪157‬‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪ 1948‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1949‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1954‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑًﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،1957‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻓﻀﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 1958‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﻤّﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻼﻭﻱ ﺃﺳﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1961‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﻲ‪ 62-‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.1973‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﻷﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1963‬ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﺮﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻓﻌًﺎ ﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺮﺏ ‪ 1967‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫]‪[112][111‬‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1970‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 1971‬ﺍﻧﺘـُﺨﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 173‬ﻧﺎﺋﺒًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺷّﺢ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 1971‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1973‬ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻮﺕ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1974‬ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1976‬ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻴّﺰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺳﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ [111].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﻭﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2007‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪2011-2012‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ 2011-2012‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2012 - 2011‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ "ﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ" ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ [114][113].2011‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ" ﻭ"ﺳﺨﻂ ﺷﻌﺒﻲ" ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨﺎﻫﻀﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣُﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻃﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤُﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫]‪[116][115‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗُﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪158‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎء ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2011‬ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‪ [118][117]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣُﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[120‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﻬﺖ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ [119]،‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﺫ ﻓﺮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮّﺓ ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﻘﻞ‬ ‫]‪[121][120‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻳُﺤﻄﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪") 2011‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺓ" ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮّﺳﻊ ﻛﻤًﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭًﺍ ﻓﺸﻬﺪﺕ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ [122].‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮَّﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴِّﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻰ‪ [123]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺮﺣًﺎ ﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫]‪[126][125][124‬‬ ‫‪ 150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ "ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰّﺓ" ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ‪ 7‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ‪ 14‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﺕ ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺗﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳّﺔ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ"‪ [128][127].‬ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﻝﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪَّﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ [129].‬ﺛﻢَّ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ [130]،‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ‪ 21‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻦَ‬ ‫]‪[131‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪَ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻓُﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 48‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1963‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ 25‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺟﺘﺎﺡ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻀﻤﻴﺔ‪ [133][132]،‬ﻭﺣﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻓﻲ ‪ 9‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻓﺘﻠﻜﺦ؛]‪ [135][134‬ﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳّﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ "ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ" ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻋﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ "ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺯﺭ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺗﺴﺒّﺐ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﺑﺴُﻘﻮﻁ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ‪ [136]،‬ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋُﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﻫﻼﻝ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎﻩ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺷﻮﺵ‪ [137].‬ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺰﻭﺡ ‪ 17,000‬ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ [138]،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺗُﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ "ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ" ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﻼﻝ "ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ" ﻓﻲ ‪29‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2011‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺮًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭَّﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺴﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ [139]،‬ﺳﻴّﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ؛ ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﺍﻓﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﺘﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴًﺎ ﺑﻴﺪَ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫]ﺍﺩﻋﺎء‪ ‬ﻏﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺛﻖ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺬ‪[ 183 ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺸﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 18‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻳﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮُّﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲِّ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻓﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺄﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺎﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻓﻜﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺷﺮﻋﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺩﻋﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺤﻲ‪ [141][140].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ [142]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ [143]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 13‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ 2012‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪَ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﻄﺮَ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻀﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﻛﻼ‬ ‫]‪[144‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﻄّﻞ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ [145]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪ 19‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪159‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻻﺕ‪ [146]،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻃﻼﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ‪ 22‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‪ [147]،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﺑﺘﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻨﺎﺋﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ "ﺭﻓﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼً"‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴّﺔ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ ،2012‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻋﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳُﻘﻮﻁ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ [149][148]،‬ﻭﺗﻠﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫]‪[150‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻨﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺯﻫﺎء ﺃﻟﻒ ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ ‪193‬‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‪ [151]،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 2253‬ﻛﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻓﺈﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺤﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺟﻨﻮﺑًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩًﺍ‬ ‫ﻝﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﺍء ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰًﺍ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻴًﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﺎﻓﻴًﺎ ﻫﺎﻣًﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪ [152].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺘﺤﺪ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺷﻤﺎﻻً‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﺮﺑًﺎ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 2814‬ﻣﺘﺮًﺍ‪ [153].‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﻤﻪ ‪ 1803‬ﻣﺘﺮًﺍ‪ [154]،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﻞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ [156][155]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺎﻁ ﺣﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﺎﺏ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻔﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻀﺒﺘﻲ ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫]‪[157‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍءً ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭًﺍ ﺃﻡ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻡ ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴّﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪ 675‬ﻛﻢ‪ [158]،‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺦ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ‪ 460‬ﻛﻢ ﻭﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺑﻮﺭ‪ [159].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺩﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪ 50‬ﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺫﻳًﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ [159].‬ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫]‪[159‬‬ ‫‪ 325‬ﻛﻢ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻗﻪ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﺎﻋﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﻧﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ [159]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭًﺍ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻏﻮﻃﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺭﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ [159].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫]‪[159‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻏﺮﺑًﺎ ﻣﻠﺘﻘﻴًﺎ ﺏﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪160‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1973‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺠﺰ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺰﻥ ‪ 14.1‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ [160]،‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻱ ﺣﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﻭﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ [161].‬ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻊ ﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ‪ 17‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1960‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻗﻄﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺯﺭﺯﺭ ﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫]‪[163][162‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﻌﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺸﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ‪ [164] 2010/25‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻏﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 31%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻏﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ [165].12%‬ﻭﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 3500‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ [166].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻀﻊ‬ ‫]‪[167‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺿﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[168‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﺩﻭﺭًﺍ ﻫﺎﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻬﺪﺩ ‪ 18%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ [169].‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[170‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻌﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ [166].‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﺎﻑ ﻭﺷﺘﺎء ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻣﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺻﻴﻔًﺎ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻏﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[171‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ •‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 605‬ﻛﻢ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 822‬ﻛﻢ(‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ‬ﻏﺮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ •‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 375‬ﻛﻢ(‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻗﺒﺮﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ •‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 375‬ﻛﻢ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ‪ -‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 76‬ﻛﻢ(‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧًﺎ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 1.9%‬ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ‪ [4]،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ [172].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ‪ 32‬ﻣﻮﻟﻮﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 4‬ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ [173][4].‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 90%‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ‪ 8%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻓﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ [174].‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 53.5%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ [176][175]،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫]‪[177‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻃﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻛﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[178‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1960‬ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2003‬ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧًﺎ ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫُﺠّﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﺮًﺍ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪162‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺭﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧًﺎ‪ [179]،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺜﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ [179]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺺّ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱّ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[180‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺜﻼﺛﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻭﺍﻓﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺠﻨﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺗﻠﻴّﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺣﺼﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﻮﻇﺒﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫]‪[181‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻐﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻟﻤّﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﺖ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩًﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺑﻲ ‪ 1948‬ﻭ‪ 1967‬ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺨﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮﻙ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ [182]،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺮﻭﺍ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ‪ 450.000‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ [184][183]،‬ﻭﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 1.700.000‬ﻋﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻫﺎﺟﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ [185]،‬ﻭﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫]‪[186‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻏﻼء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻫﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴًﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺮﺑًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1915‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻛﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 100.000‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ‪ 200.000‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[188][187‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪ 1967‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﻬﺠﻴﺮ ‪ 131.000‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﺮﻳًﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1996‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 450.000‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 164‬ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1966‬ﺳﻮﻯ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﻯ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪19.000‬‬ ‫]‪[189‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻘﺎﺽ ‪ 34‬ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻄﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 15.000‬ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪163‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰًﺍ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ(‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪5,680,000‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪2,985,000‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫‪1,749,000‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫‪1,414,913‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺺ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺺ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ‬

‫‪2,087,000‬‬

‫‪1,267,000‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ‬

‫‪2,052,000‬‬

‫‪854,000‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1,207,000‬‬

‫‪650,500‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‬

‫‪1,623,000‬‬

‫‪515,000‬‬

‫‪1,820,000‬‬

‫‪317,000‬‬ ‫‪220,500‬‬

‫ﺻﻴﺪﻧﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺪﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫‪966,000‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪200,000‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‬

‫‪1,540,000‬‬

‫‪188,160‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺸﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪184,231‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪144,705‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ‬

‫‪1,997,000‬‬

‫‪124,000‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬

‫‪938,000‬‬

‫‪118,000‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪106,382‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫ﺟﺒﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪80,000‬‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻋﻔﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪80,000‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‬

‫‪1,085,000‬‬

‫‪75,000‬‬

‫‪19‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪75,000‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ‬

‫‪-‬‬

‫‪66,600‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬

‫]‪[190‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪164‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ(‬

‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ [191]،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء‪ [192].‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻬﺠﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻟﻬﺠﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻ ﻭﺛﻼﺙ ﻗﺮﻯ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ [193]،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﻃﻘﻮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[194][192‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻄًﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻًﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺣﺪﻳﺜًﺎ ﺇﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ؛ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ [195]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺪﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﺦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ [196]،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺑﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ [197].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬ ‫]‪[198‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ [199]،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ [200].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[201‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 1‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻛﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ )ﺳﻨّﺔ(‬

‫‪74%‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ )ﺷﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ( ‪16%‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪10%‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ )ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪﻳﺔ(‬

‫‪0%‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ [202]،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ [203].‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﻔﻠﺖ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺑﻄﻘﻮﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﻔﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ [204]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﻴّﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻖ ﺩﻳﻨًﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻭﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ‪ [206][205].‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻻً ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺘﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺸﺮّﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ [207].‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫]‪[208‬‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻞ ﺑﺰﻓﺎﻑ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1914‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﺪًﺍ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋًﺎ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴًﺎ‪ 74% ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺬﻫﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨّﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ‪ 16%‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 12%‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[209‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 25%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﺸﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1954‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺠﺮﺗﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﺑﻲ ‪ 1948‬ﻭ‪ [210].1967‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫]‪[211‬‬ ‫ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪166‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺮﺣًﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ "ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ" ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯًﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ [212]،‬ﻭﺑﻀﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻗﺒﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺒﺮﻛًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺲ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺲ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺮﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺟﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫] ﻣﺘﻰ‪[213] [1/16 ‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺑﻄﺮﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻃﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﺱ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻌﺠﺰﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ [214].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌًﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﺷﺨﺼﻴًﺎ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﻗﻔﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺑﻮﻟﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺣﻼﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺸﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺣﻨﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻛﻨﺎﺋﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻰ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ [215]،‬ﻭﻛﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻭﺍﺩﻳﺮﺓ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪ [217][216].‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻴﺪﻧﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻ ﻭﺻﺪﺩ ﻭﺩﻳﺮ ﺳﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﺮﺟﻴﻼ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼًﺎ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻲ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺼًﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﻴًﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨّﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻫﻠﻪ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻪ ﻭﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ [218]،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2010‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1901‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﻪ‪﴿ :114/‬ﻭَﻗُﻞْ ﺭَﺏِّ ﺯِﺩْﻧِﻲ ﻋِﻠْﻤًﺎ﴾‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪167‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[220‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ [220].‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺮﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ 19%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2000‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 14.2%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2008‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪ 119‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[219‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﺪﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1972‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ"‪ [221]،‬ﻳﺆﻃﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 19%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ [221]،‬ﺛﻢ ‪ 14.2%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ [221].‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫]‪[222‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ‪ 32%‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 26%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ [224][223].‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ [225]،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ [226]،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺘﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻤﺶ ﻭﻋﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺎﺭ‬ ‫]‪[227‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[228‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻳﻌﺘﺎﺷﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻋﺰ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺍﺟﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪1.165‬‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﻗﻤﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ‪ 1.516‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻭ‪ 62‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ‪ 750‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻭ‪ 184‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﻭ‪ 23‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 120‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 4000‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻀﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫]‪[230‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 17‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻃﻦ‪ [229].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺻﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﺳﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﺪًﺍ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ‪ [231]،60%‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮّﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ"‪ [231].‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 6.5% 2007‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ [231].‬ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ [232]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰّﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻔﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺪء ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺨﻄﻮﺓ‬ ‫]‪[233‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺰﻝ ﻭﺣﻠﺞ ﻭﻧﺴﺞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺏﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ "ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺷﺎﻡ" ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻭﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﺎ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[234‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ 400‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻴًﺎ‪ [235]،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻀﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎءً ﺫﺍﺗﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﺩ‪ [236]،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ [237].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 28‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ 80%‬ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﻼﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫]‪[240][239‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ [238]،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺷﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﻋﻢ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 3.6 2010‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻦ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 9‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ [241].2010‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫]‪[242‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 45.9 2010‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻭﺍﻁ ﺳﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻂ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻴًﺎ ﻭﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺳﻮﻕ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 42%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‪ 39%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﻋًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴًﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻜﺮًﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ [243]،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2009‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺭﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﺑﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ "ﺑﻠﻮ ﺗﺎﻭﺭ" ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 5.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﺋﺘﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 8.4%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪ 70%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺠﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺑًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ 12.3%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫]‪[244‬‬ ‫‪ 8.4%‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2010‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 10.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪30%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺯﻋﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪15‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 16%‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 18%‬ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫]‪[245‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

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‫• ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‬ ‫•‬

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‫• ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪170‬‬ ‫• ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺋﻞ •‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ •ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬

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‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ •ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫• ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2011‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ · ‬ﺃﻃﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ ‪ 2012‬ﻭﻳﻨﺺّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳًﺎ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 250‬ﻋﻀﻮًﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ؛ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫]‪[246‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳّﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺂﻟﻔًﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻠﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ [247]،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃًﺎ ﺑﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪" 1973‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ" ﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ 2012‬ﻋﺎﺩ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ ﻭﻭﺗﺶ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ‪ 154‬ﺩﻭﻟﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫]‪[248‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺬﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ؛ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ "ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪ ،1967‬ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺟًﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫]‪[249‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺّ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1991‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢّ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ" ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﺮﺏ ‪ 1948‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ؛ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ ﺣﻴّﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻄﻠﻘًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢّ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﻭﻧﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪ 1967‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﺮﺏ ‪ [250]،1948‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﻴﺮًﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺗﺮﻛﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺜﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻏﺰﺓ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭﺻﺮﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﺜّﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫]‪[251‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺑﺮﺗﻜﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴًﺎ ﻟﻸﺭﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﻳﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‪ [252].‬ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺷﻘﺎء ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﺟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻊ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫]‪[253‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻗﻨﺎﻋًﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﻪ ﻛﻴﻪ ‪ ،47-‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫‪ 1948‬ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ‪ 1967‬ﻭﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪1973‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ 1974‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ‪ .1967‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1976‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1982‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺿﺪ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻓًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻛﺤﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺣﺪًﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1991‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺍﻳﺦ ﺳﻜﻮﺩ ‪-‬ﺱ ﻭﺳﻜﻮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺍﻳﺦ ﺍﺱ ‪ 300-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺗﻼﺕ ﻣﻴﺞ ‪ 31‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻑ‪ 15-‬ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 85‬ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 800‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺻﻒ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ 12 ،‬ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‪18‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2008‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﺸﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ [254].‬ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ،25%‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻤّﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﻴّﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺳﻮﺍءً ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ‪ 74‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪ [254]،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫]‪[255‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 2010‬ﺣﻔﺎﻇًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪ 65‬ﻣﻌﻤﻼً ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ‪ [256]،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫]‪[256‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 20%‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺍء‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 14.4% 2007‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 13%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫]‪[257‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪ 31%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 4.6 2007‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﺢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪ [257]،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﺧﺎﺻًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 350%‬ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴّﺎﺡ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2015‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺢ‪ [257].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫]‪[258‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻼً ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫]‪[259‬‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴّﺎﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮّﺍﺡ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 700‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺛﺮﻱ‪ [258]،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎءً ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﺄﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﻭﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺳﺮﺟﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺠﺬﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ‪ [260]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ [261].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮّﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺘﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫]‪[262‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺰﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪173‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻧﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻣﺮﻳﺘﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻛﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﺗﺰﺍﻣﻨًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﺑﺄﻳﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻮّﻕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ‪ [263].‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫]‪[264‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ‪ 54‬ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻞ ﻛﻠﻒ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺣﻠﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﻔًﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ [265]،1919‬ﻭﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ‬ ‫]‪[266‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،1871‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ [268].‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺸﻘﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﻟﺤﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺎﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻛﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻃًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺩﻋﻤًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻪ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫]‪[269‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1927‬ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ [270]،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﻑ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻀﻠﺔً ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﺮﺑﻴًﺎ‪ [273][272][271]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺍ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ [274].‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻔﻼﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ "ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺃﺩﻭﻧﻴﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺼﻖ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﻨﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺑﻮﺳﺖ ﻛﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫]‪[267‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻧﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻷﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻵﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺑّﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻧﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺃﻭﺭﻧﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻟﻸﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ [275].‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻄﺎﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺯﺟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﺰﻳﺠًﺎ ﺷﺮﻗﻴًﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﺪًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺷﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫]‪[276‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﺨﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺲ ﻟﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻏﻨﺎء ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ [277]،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻟﻘﺐ "ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺏ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜًﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﺎﺻﻴﻒ ﺯﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2006‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺏ‪ [278]،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻓﻬﺪ ﺑﻼﻥ ﺭﻣﺰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻟﻼﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻁ ﻭﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺧﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺟﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻭﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻠﻲ ﻭﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻮﻳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻣﺪﺭﺍﺱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺇﻧﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺑﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴّﺔ ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻕ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ "ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ" ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻡ ﺇﻑ ﺇﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻧﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﻧﻴﺲ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻏﻮﻁ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻏﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ‪ [279]،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺣﺎﺗﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺚ ﺣﺠﻮ‪ ،,‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺒﻎ ﺟﺎﻙ ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺟﻼﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ ﺑﺮﺯ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﺮﻃﺎﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ "ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ"‪ [280]،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ [281].‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺩﻭﺭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣّﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺮﺕ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2008‬ﻛﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﻛﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1936‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ [282].‬ﻳﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺩﻳًﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺣﺮﺍﺯًﺍ ﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2006‬ﻭﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺑﻜﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌًﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﺯًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ [283].‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﻊ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 75.000‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[284‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺰﻟﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﺱ ﻣﻌﻼ ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺤﻘﻘًﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﻤًﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻳﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﻛﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ [285]،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺛﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻋﺐ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﻋﺐ ﻭﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1987‬ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ [286]،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻤﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﻮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﻮﺍ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫]‪[287‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫]‪[288‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻌﻴّﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،1971‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ "ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫]‪[289‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1946‬ﻭﺷﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺣﻠﺐ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻩ ﻭﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1954‬ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ" ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ "ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ **_fn#‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ *fn_*_back#‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻜﺔ" ﻭ"ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻮﺭﺍﻥ" ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ "ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺯ" ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ "ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﺍء"‪ [290].‬ﻭﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1960‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺇﺩﻟﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻄﺮﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﻲ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‪ [290]،‬ﺛﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1962‬ﺷﻄﺮﺕ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪176‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1964‬ﻭﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻬﺪًﺍ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫]‪[290‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1972‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻭﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﺛﻠﺜﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺛﻠﺜﺎﻩ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 14‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ [291]،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺨﺒﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔًﺎ‪ [292].‬ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﻐﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺖ‪ [6]،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻄﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ 8‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 21‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻡ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 17‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻼء‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺟﻴﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ 6‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪﺍء‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﺎﺭًﺍ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻘﻄﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ /‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﺎﺭًﺍ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 25‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﻳﺴﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﻐﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻣﺤﺮﻡ )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 12‬ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ 2‬ﻭ‪ 3‬ﺷﻮﺍﻝ )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻓﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 10‬ﻭ‪ 11‬ﻭ‪ 12‬ﻭ‪ 13‬ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺿﺤﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺿﺤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮًﺍ ﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻄﻞ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺁﺏ ‪ /‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬

‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤًﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 16‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 29‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺍﺭﻋﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯًﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪• .‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﻭﺯﺭﺍء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫• ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ • •‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻗﻼﻉ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺄﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻼﻋﺐ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺿﺮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺷﻌﺮﺍء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.syria-news.com/files/01-%20Syrian%20them%20By_Ara%20Souvalian.mid[1‬‬ ‫]‪({{{params=33_30_N_36_18_E_type:country({{{area&http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7 [2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬

‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sy.html‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.(2007) .‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻛﻦ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ 2004‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.cbssyr.org/General census.htm‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬ ‫)‪s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&c=463&br=1&.=ds&sort=country&ssd=1&scsm=1&ey=2010&http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ 12 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(newlang=ara&subid=119&func=listpages&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪12 ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫‪section=0&http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7?action=edit‬‬

‫]‪ [8‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (pageid=116&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 12 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [9‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ 13 ،(http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [10‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )‪ 13 ،(http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [11‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫)‪99,542,582,443,474,917,754,544,698&br=1&.=ds&sort=country&ssd=1&scsm=1&ey=2009&sy=2009&pr.y=9&http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=26‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ 13 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪[12‬‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬ ‫]‪[14‬‬ ‫]‪[15‬‬ ‫]‪[16‬‬ ‫]‪[17‬‬ ‫]‪[18‬‬ ‫]‪[19‬‬ ‫]‪[20‬‬ ‫]‪[21‬‬ ‫]‪[22‬‬ ‫]‪[23‬‬ ‫]‪[24‬‬ ‫]‪[25‬‬ ‫]‪[26‬‬ ‫]‪[27‬‬ ‫]‪[28‬‬ ‫]‪[29‬‬ ‫]‪[30‬‬ ‫]‪[31‬‬ ‫]‪[32‬‬ ‫]‪[33‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2095rank.html‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ 13 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ 13 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺷﺎﻡ )‪ ،(http://www.culture-reflection.net/forum/showthread.php?t=2146‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪ 8 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫‪287–again". Assyriology. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 65(4). pp. 284 ”Syria“ and ”Assyria“ The terms" .(Rollinger, Robert (2006‬‬ ‫)‪(http://www.aina.org/articles/ttaasa.pdf‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻳﺔ )‪ ،(pageid=9&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻳﻊ ﺑﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺯﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ ،1994‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪66.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪77.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪68.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ )‪ ،(pageid=10&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 18‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.tourssyria.com/main_article.php?id=11‬ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ‪ 13 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪87.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪71.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪pageid=35&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻬﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?Filename=56092369820060418115408‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/5979‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?Filename=51300651220080127115226‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 15 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ ،1996‬ﺹ‪49.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪52.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪53.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪54.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻳﺒﻼ )ﺗﻞ ﻣﺮﺩﻳﺦ( )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/3225‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪55.‬‬

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‫]‪[34‬‬ ‫]‪[35‬‬ ‫]‪[36‬‬ ‫]‪[37‬‬ ‫]‪[38‬‬ ‫]‪[39‬‬ ‫]‪[40‬‬ ‫]‪[41‬‬ ‫]‪[42‬‬ ‫]‪[43‬‬ ‫]‪[44‬‬ ‫]‪[45‬‬ ‫]‪[46‬‬ ‫]‪[47‬‬ ‫]‪[48‬‬ ‫]‪[49‬‬ ‫]‪[50‬‬ ‫]‪[51‬‬ ‫]‪[52‬‬ ‫]‪[53‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪78-79.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪79.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪100.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪101.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪103.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syriapath.com/history.html‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ 15 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪114.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺼﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺖ ﺃﺟﻴﻨﻮﺭ )‪ ،(pageid=36&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪117.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ )‪ ،(id=1283&func=display_term&http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪.2011 ،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪28.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪118.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪120.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪124.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=40&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ )‪ ،(pageid=38&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪129.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ )‪ ،(pageid=48&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫;ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪;version=ESV&http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=2026/11%‬‬ ‫;ﻟﻮﻗﺎ‪;version=ESV&http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=201/10%‬‬

‫]‪[54‬‬ ‫]‪[55‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮﻥ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.orthodox.net/saints/70apostles.html‬ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪ -‬ﺑﺆﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺑﻮﻟﺲ )‪ ،(==http://www.coptcatholic.net/section.php?hash=aWQ9MjkxNQ‬ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬

‫]‪[56‬‬ ‫]‪[57‬‬ ‫]‪[58‬‬ ‫]‪[59‬‬ ‫]‪[60‬‬ ‫]‪[61‬‬ ‫]‪[62‬‬ ‫]‪[63‬‬ ‫]‪[64‬‬ ‫]‪[65‬‬ ‫]‪[66‬‬ ‫]‪[67‬‬ ‫]‪[68‬‬ ‫]‪[69‬‬ ‫]‪[70‬‬ ‫]‪[71‬‬ ‫]‪[72‬‬ ‫]‪[73‬‬ ‫]‪[74‬‬ ‫]‪[75‬‬ ‫]‪[76‬‬ ‫]‪[77‬‬ ‫]‪[78‬‬ ‫]‪[79‬‬ ‫]‪[80‬‬ ‫]‪[81‬‬ ‫]‪[82‬‬ ‫]‪[83‬‬ ‫]‪[84‬‬ ‫]‪[85‬‬ ‫]‪[86‬‬ ‫]‪[87‬‬ ‫]‪[88‬‬ ‫]‪[89‬‬ ‫]‪[90‬‬ ‫]‪[91‬‬

‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ )‪ ،(menu=3&id=100&http://www.franciscan-sy.org/page.php?op=news‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ )‪ ،(topic=26&http://www.ankawa.com/cgi-bin/ikonboard/topic.cgi?forum=34‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻨﻜﺎﻭﺍ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.coptichistory.org/new_page_1906.htm‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻷﻗﺒﺎﻁ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://rayhana.ahlamontada.net/montada-f16/topic-t1410.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﻳﺤﺎﻥ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﻗﺪﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﺮﻙ ﺯﻛﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻴﻮﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻙ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://syrian-orthodox.com/article.php?id=42‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺛﺬﻭﻛﺲ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ )‪ ،(http://www.nirgalgate.com/asp/v_articles.asp?id=28‬ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺎﻝ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪138-140.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.coptichistory.org/untitled_804.htm‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻷﻗﺒﺎﻁ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=37&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 17 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ )‪ ،(pageid=62&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪142.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪143.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪144.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/106‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪149.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪152.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/123‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/107‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪154 .‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪154-155.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪155.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/108‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪92.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪95.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ )‪ ،(pageid=69&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪157.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪165.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪165-166.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺝ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪167.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻮﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=73&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=75&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪172.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪175.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/6104‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 18 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8309‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﺭﺵ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪179.‬‬

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‫]‪ [92‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪180.‬‬ ‫]‪ [93‬ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺿﻠﻠﻲ )‪ ،(±http://furat.alwehda.gov.sy/_kuttab.asp?Filename=29164583020090425224817د٠Ø‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [94‬ﺇﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ )‪ ،(http://www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=125277‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺣﻨﻴﻦ‪ 19 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [95‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪206.‬‬ ‫]‪ [96‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪209.‬‬ ‫]‪ [97‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪214.‬‬ ‫]‪ [98‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪239.‬‬ ‫]‪ [99‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪230-235.‬‬ ‫]‪ [100‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺡ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/bank/170‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [101‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=113&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [102‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭ )‪،(amp;sid=97&file=article&http://www.ssnphoms.com/ssnphoms/modules.php?name=News‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺣﻤﺺ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪[103‬‬ ‫]‪[104‬‬ ‫]‪[105‬‬ ‫]‪[106‬‬ ‫]‪[107‬‬ ‫]‪[108‬‬ ‫]‪[109‬‬ ‫]‪[110‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )‪ ،(http://www.alarabalyawm.net/pages.php?articles_id=8238‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ )‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/19F379B2-D547-4D1E-A92C-102121A329D3.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻮﻥ )‪ ،(/http://ssnp.net/content/view/827/138‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=115&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪360-364.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪371.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪402 -395.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪406.‬‬

‫]‪ [111‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.baath-party.org/my_countries_detail.asp?id=32‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [112‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578856/Syria/29922/World-War-II-and-independence‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ 15 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ 15 [113‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪ ..‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻓﻲ "ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ" )‪ .(id=79646&http://www.arabnet5.com/news.asp?c=2‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .27-02-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ 12-15 [114‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ ..‬ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.free-syria.com/loadarticle.php?articleid=38075‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ 25 [115‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ ﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺪ "ﺍﻷﺳﺪ" ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ .(id=10585&http://nashwannews.com/news.php?action=view) 2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .27-02-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [116‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻔﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://www.almatraqa.com/showentry.php?toicid=1802‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.27-04-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [117‬ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/344B16D2-802B-47C2-9AD1-22144352DC5C.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .16-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [118‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/03/110315_syria_protest.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.16-03-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-12-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [119‬ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/65526‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [120‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0FEC9314-D556-4D71-9478-BCECAD02AC47.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .16-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [121‬ﺳﺠﻦ ‪ 32‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﺎ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎً )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/DA0B95BF-1294-40C5-98EE-196445DC8C14.htm?GoogleStatID=9‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.03-05-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [122‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ 4 :‬ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﺮﺣﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/658071‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .18-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [123‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 4‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/03/110317_arrsests_syria.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .18-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [124‬ﻧﺎﺷﻄﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/66170‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .24-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [125‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ..‬ﻭﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.alriyadh.com/2011/03/25/article616905.html‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [126‬ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻗﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫)‪ .(m=0&zoneid=13&http://www.alanba.com.kw/AbsoluteNMNEW/templates/international2010.aspx?articleid=181898‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .18-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.22-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [127‬ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/node/659755‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [128‬ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﺗُﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﻋﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻴﻦ؟ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/03/110325_syria_protests_reforms.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .25-03-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [129‬ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ ﺃﺯﻋﺠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﻟﻬﺒﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ )‪ .(http://www.aleqt.com/2011/03/31/article_521097.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .31-03-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [130‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ )‪.(=feature&article=617373&issueno=11826&http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .15-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬

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‫]‪ [131‬ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﻯء )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/04/110421_syria_legislation.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .21-04-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [132‬ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﻭﺟﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110425-syria-deraa-jabalia-demonstration-many-killed-borders-with-jordan-closed‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [133‬ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻧﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﺪﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110425-syria-deraa-city-police-army-deploiement-violence-demonstrations‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .25-04-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [134‬ﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺘﺤﻢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﺕ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20110509-syria-protests-tanks-homs-army-opposition‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .09-05-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.24-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [135‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻳﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‪ ..‬ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.aleqt.com/2011/05/09/article_536184.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .09-05-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.24-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [136‬ﺷﻬﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110604_syria_hama_strike.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .04-06-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.05-06-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [137‬ﻫﺪﻭﺉ ﻣﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﺓ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A02C04DA-AC0E-4621-B088-1694EEF4C07D.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .07-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.12-07-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [138‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 38‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/06/110605_syria_hama_strike_day2.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .05-06-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [139‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ‪ 28‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/08/110814_syria_killing.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .14-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.26-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [140‬ﺩﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﻭﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9FF9EA0C-481B-41B6-B05C-E7DBA5CE07C2.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .18-08-2011‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.19-08-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [141‬ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﻟﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9F9FA3E3-1D9F-4214-9DFD-F2B8A892A8EB.html‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.19-08-2011 :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.19-08-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [142‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺘﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.france24.com/ar/20111002-syria-army-offensive-rastan-city-istabnbul-opposition-new-organization‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪ .24‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .02-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.03-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [143‬ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ ﺿﺒﺎﻁ )‪ .(http://www.alarengin.net/daily-news/local/1109-2011-07-30-13-46-11.html‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .30-07-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.02-08-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [144‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭء ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ )‪.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/02/120212_syria_arab_league_ministers_.shtml‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .12-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [145‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺪﻳﻦ »ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ« ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/10/111004_veto_russia_syria.shtml‬ﺍﻟﺒﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .04-10-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.07-10-2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [146‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ .(http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2011/12/111219_syria_signs.shtml‬ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .03-12-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [147‬ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻃﻼﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ .(/http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_news/news/574723‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .22-12-2011 :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.23-01-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 337 [148‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼً ﻭ‪ 1300‬ﺟﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺰﺭﺓ ﺣﻤﺺ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ .(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/04/192418.html‬ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .04-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬ ‫‪.04-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [149‬ﺣﻤﺺ ﺗﺸﻴﻊ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻨﻒ ﻗﺼﻒ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/E55D20C8-E807-4ACC-84BF-BD4C26859DCE.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .04-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.04-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ 141 [150‬ﻗﺘﻴﻼ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﺼﻒ ﻟﺤﻤﺺ )‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/6F9C4271-B253-4292-96A7-667B3FF8C952.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ‪ .09-02-2012‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ ‪.14-02-2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [151‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://arab.aljayyash.net/arabic-3-9.html‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‪ 22 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [152‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(pageid=118&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪.2011 ،‬‬ ‫]‪ [153‬ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.ibtesama.com/vb/showthread-t_190538.html‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺑﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [154‬ﺟﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ )‪ ،(pageid=121&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [155‬ﺟﺒﻞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ )‪ ،(pageid=122&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [156‬ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﺮﻳﺔ )‪ ،(pageid=119&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [157‬ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://heammz.jeeran.com/archive/2009/7/909645.html‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻥ‪ 22 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [158‬ﻧﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺪ )‪ ،(http://www.ugaidaat.com/Alfurat_alkhaled.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [159‬ﺍﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(pageid=123&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [160‬ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺑﺤﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ )‪ ،(filename=200909131120032&category=business&http://www.esyria.sy/eraqqa/index.php?p=stories‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ 20 ،‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪[.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [161‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.hakeem-sy.com/main/node/12271‬ﻋﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [162‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.irrigation.gov.sy/index.php?d=102‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 20 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [163‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﻌﺪﺓ )‪ ،(http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?Filename=69290887420090621214025‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 22 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪[164‬‬ ‫‪http://albaath.news.sy/epublisher/html_np/13118/1.html‬‬ ‫]‪[164‬‬ ‫]‪[165‬‬ ‫]‪[166‬‬ ‫]‪[167‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://almadaalhaia.ahlamontada.com/t3-topic‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ 21 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺮﺓ )‪ ،(http://www.eastern-coast.com/pages/infoframe.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﺮﺿﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.truth-wits.com/site/generalknol/308-syrian-animals.html‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬

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‫]‪ [168‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 59%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.arabianbusiness.com/arabic/559163‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [169‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻄﺎﻭﻝ ‪ 18%‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪http://www.damaspost.com/Ù Ø٠٠ات/ا٠تصØر-٠طا٠٠-18-Ù Ù -ا٠٠ئة-Ù‬‬ ‫‪ ،(Ù -ا٠أراض٠-ا٠س٠ر٠ة.htm‬ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [170‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.thenewalphabet.com/details3075.html‬ﺍﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [171‬ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ ،(http://www.dimashkiat.com/information/info1.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﻣﺸﻘﻴﺎﺕ‪ 23 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [172‬ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.justsyrian.com/vb/t1968.html‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [173‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻊ)ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻮﻟﻮﺩ ﺣﻲ(‪http://www.moh.gov.sy/ar/ا٠إØصاءات/ا٠Ù) 1970-2008‬‬ ‫‪ ،(ؤشراتا٠صØÙ Ø©/tabid/290/Default.aspx#8‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 25 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [174‬ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [175‬ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ‪) 2008 -‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪،(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2006/Table08.pdf‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [176‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.2006‬‬ ‫]‪ [177‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻃﻴﻦ )‪ ،(id=160099&func=display_term&http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [178‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=58702‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [179‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=73241‬ﺳﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺯ‪ 25 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [180‬ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.justsyrian.com/vb/t2188.html‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [181‬ﺇﺣﺼﺎءﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ )‪ ،(http://www.awsatnews.net/?p=15403‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ .2011‬ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪:‬ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫]‪ [182‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻴﻤﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.unrwa.org/atemplate.php?id=102‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [183‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.unrwa.org/atemplate.php?id=100‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻧﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [184‬ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻃﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ )‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/71476094-6D61-49F2-9DD2-8C8119AC2FDD.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [185‬ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/middle_east_news/newsid_6961000/6961545.stm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺳﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [186‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=47403‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [187‬ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ )‪ ،(http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/Arabic/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.1500778025‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﻛﻲ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [188‬ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻘﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2005/07/18/15030.html‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻧﺖ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [189‬ﻷﻫﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻞ )‪ ،(http://www.shababsyria.org/vb/showthread.php?t=22993‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺷﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫‪http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html#Stadt_alpha‬‬ ‫]‪[190‬‬ ‫]‪[191‬‬ ‫]‪[192‬‬ ‫]‪[193‬‬ ‫]‪[194‬‬ ‫]‪[195‬‬ ‫]‪[196‬‬ ‫]‪[197‬‬ ‫]‪[198‬‬ ‫]‪[199‬‬ ‫]‪[200‬‬ ‫]‪[201‬‬ ‫]‪[202‬‬ ‫]‪[203‬‬ ‫]‪[204‬‬ ‫]‪[205‬‬ ‫]‪[206‬‬ ‫]‪[207‬‬ ‫]‪[208‬‬ ‫]‪[209‬‬ ‫]‪[210‬‬ ‫]‪[211‬‬ ‫]‪[212‬‬ ‫]‪[213‬‬

‫]‪[190‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/law.php‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.unrwa.org/atemplate.php?id=194‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺻﻮﻣﺎ )‪ ،(http://suryoyenews.com/?p=9495‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )‪ ،(id=219&http://www.azad-hye.org/article.php?op=details‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺯﺍﺩ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻻ )‪ ،(http://www.aljaml.com/node/9012‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.caus.org.lb/Home/publication_popup.php?ID=3759‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪...‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ )‪ ،(http://www.shabablek.com/vb/t58115.html‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺷﺒﺒﻠﻚ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.bnikhaled.com/vb/showthread.php?t=57363‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﺸﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻬﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﻜﻴﻨﻬﺎ )‪ ،(id=10297&http://www.moc.gov.sy/?d=30‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ )‪ ،(/http://www.arabacademy.gov.sy‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺤﺮﻭﺭ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-post.net/index.php?news=8813‬ﺳﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﺖ‪ 26 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 42‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/law.php‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪..‬ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﻌﺔ )‪ ،(http://fedaa.alwehda.gov.sy/_open_a.asp?Filename=57396189520071022202302‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 35‬ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﺃ ﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/law.php‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=97748‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90221.htm‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ )‪ ،(/http://nesasy.org/content/view/3827/336‬ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻧﺴﺎء ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/law.php‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/syria.php‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺤﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ )‪ ،(http://www.okaz.com.sa/okaz/osf/20060311/Con200603111801.htm‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻜﺎﻅ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺰﻳﺪﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺃﺳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.mesopot.com/old/adad9/53.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻴﺴﻮﺳﺒﻮﺕ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.imamreza.net/arb/imamreza.php?id=2305‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫;ﻣﺘﻰ‪;version=ESV&http://www.biblegateway.com/bible?passage=201/16%‬‬

‫]‪ [214‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻴﺪﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء )‪ ،(filename=201007111855011&category=places&http://www.esyria.sy/equnaytra/index.php?p=stories‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [215‬ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺭ )‪ ،(http://www.zunoro.org/zunar_a.php‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﺗﺪﺭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺭﺍء ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺭ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [216‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(amp;t=1499&file=viewtopic&http://www.sadad.net/portal/modules.php?name=Forums‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺻﺪﺩ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [217‬ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻧﻄﺎﻛﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ )‪ ،(/http://www.antiochair.com‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺛﻮﺫﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ 27 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [218‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 37‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/law.php‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [219‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate) .‬‬ ‫]‪[220‬‬ ‫]‪[221‬‬

‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.mhe.gov.sy/FCKBIH/Directory (2).pdf‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.ydbyd.net/dar/showthread.php?t=1376‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪182‬‬

‫]‪ 19% [222‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ،(http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?Filename=81136237920050907222558‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [223‬ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syrian-agriculture.org/site_ar/syriamap/index.htm‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [224‬ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.gcsar.gov.sy/gcsarAR/spip.php?article40‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [225‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ )‪ ،(http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [226‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ )‪ ،(http://arabflowers.net/magazine/flower-articles-research/20-flower-articles/40-syria-export-flowers.html‬ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [227‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،(id=61052&http://www.syriasteps.com/?d=128) 100%‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳّﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [228‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=77084‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [229‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ‬ ‫)‪،(http://www.damaspost.com/ا٠تصاد/س٠ر٠ة-تسع٠-Ø¥Ù Ù -تØÙ Ù Ù -ا٠ا٠ت٠اء-ا٠ذات٠-Ù Ù -ا٠٠ØÙ Ù .htm‬‬ ‫ﺃﺿﻮﺍء ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ 70 [230‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://alrroya.com/node/61113‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ <ref [231‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.fsci.org.sy/syria-ind.php?l=2‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [232‬ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(ref=home&cat=107&ser=1&lang=1&dir=docs&ex=2&http://www.syriainvestmentmap.org/index.php?page=show‬ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪3 ،‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [233‬ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(cat=97&lang=1&ser=1&ex=2&dir=docs&ex=2&http://www.syriainvestmentmap.org/index.php?page=show‬ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪3 ،‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [234‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪..‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻼ ﻓﻌﻞ )‪ ،(id=50775&http://www.syriasteps.com/?d=132‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [235‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-oil.com/?p=166#more-166‬ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫]‪ [236‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/readnews.php?sy_seq=47156‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [237‬ﺑﺌﺮ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.arabianbusiness.com/arabic/531698‬ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [238‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 28‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻳﻮﻣﻴًﺎ )‪ ،(id=2077821&http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?Language=ar‬ﻛﻮﻧﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [239‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ )‪ ،(articleId=31708&http://dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=1‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﻱ‪.‬ﺑﻲ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [240‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻛﺸﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ )‪ ،(http://arabic.rt.com/news_all_biz/46372‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [241‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 46%‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺪﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪.54%‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(http://www.alwatan.sy/dindex.php?idn=95335‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [242‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺯﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،(id=2816&http://www.syrianeconomic.com/?page=show_det) 6%‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ 3 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [243‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ /10/‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1991‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(name=Subjects%26amp%3Bfile%3Dindex%26amp%3Breq%3Dviewpage%26amp%3Bpageid%3D79&http://www.daraa-gov.org/modules.php?op=modload‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‪ 5 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [244‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،(http://syriamore.com/fullnews.php?news_id=11015) 8.4%‬ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 5 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [245‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻗﺖ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ )‪ ،(Language=ar&http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgencyPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2133317‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎء ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ 5 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [246‬ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ )‪ ،(http://parliament.sy/forms/new_laws/viewNew_laws.php?law_id=10‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ 5 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪.2012‬‬ ‫]‪ [247‬ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/in-depth/syrian_elections/2003/1/1-28-4.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 10 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [248‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ ﻭﺗﺶ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪)2006‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.hrw.org/legacy/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/syria14722.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺶ‪ 10 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [249‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ‪ 5‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ )‪ ،(id=10115&http://www.mdarat.org/news.php?action=view‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ 8 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [250‬ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ )‪ ،(http://www.aljazeera.net/in-depth/twoyearintifada/2002/9/9-23-2.htm‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ 8 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [251‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(http://www.alwatan.sy/dindex.php?idn=93299) 2010‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ 8 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [252‬ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ 10 ،(http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine[1].pdf‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [253‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 30‬ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ )‪،(category_id=38&http://www.sadasoria.com/arabic/page-select-id-show_det--4539.htm?page=category‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 11 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [254‬ﺍﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ (http://www.moh.gov.sy/Pages/stats/pages/fmstats.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 14 ،‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪2009.‬‬ ‫]‪ [255‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(articleId=35059&http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?l=1‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [256‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(ar=65663082&h=ÇáÃÑÏä 370&id=8e3e60d0ee71e0cd4bfebec683c7be9e&http://www.aksalser.com/index.php?page=view_news‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻜﺎﻛﺴﺮ‪ 31 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [257‬ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ )‪ ،(http://jamahir.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?Filename=13934454620080712215720‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [258‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻋُﻤﺎﻥ )‪ ،(http://main.omandaily.om/node/34946‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻋُﻤﺎﻥ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [259‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺲ ﺗﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(amp;sid=315&amp;file=article&name=News&http://www.syriatourism.org/modules.php?op=modload‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ newlang=ara&subid=167&func=listpages&g/index.php?module=subjects [260‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.syriatourism.or‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [261‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://syriaexpo.t35.com/where.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [262‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ )‪ ،(http://www.bab.com/articles/full_article.cfm?id=8215‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪ 1 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪[263‬‬ ‫]‪[264‬‬ ‫]‪[265‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺻﻴﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(y=2010&http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=49793‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(id=75674&select_page=32&http://www.nobles-news.com/news/news/index.php?page=show_det‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ )‪ ،(pageid=1944&func=viewpage&http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?module=subjects‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬

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‫]‪ [266‬ﺑﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ )‪ ،(http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?Filename=56547857820061005231250‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 2 ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [267‬ﺯﻫﻴﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺎﻑ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ )‪ ،(http://www.syria-news.com/var/articlem.php?id=6807‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [268‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ،(http://www.3alam-it.com/montada-f9/topic-t833.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [269‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/news/319‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [270‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.cinemasy.com/ar/staticpage/details/تار٠خ-ا٠س٠٠٠ا-ا٠س٠ر٠ة/90‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [271‬ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?Filename=5959027120080923230616‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [272‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ) ‪ ،(/http://majdsyria.wordpress.com/2008/02/24/ا٠درا٠ا-ا٠س٠ر٠ة-Ù Ù -ا٠أ٠ضÙ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺭﻭﺗﺎﻧﺎ‪30 ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [273‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ )‪ ،(Itemid=64&id=37330&task=view&http://www.baladnaonline.net/ar/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﻧﺎ‪30 ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [274‬ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/news/4611‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [275‬ﺃﻭﺭﻧﻴﻨﺎ‪ ..‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?Filename=80288962120080927121927‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [276‬ﻗﺪﻭﺩ ﺣﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺪﻟﺴﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/news/6093‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [277‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺩﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺲ )‪ ،(http://www.al-sham.net/1yabbse2/index.php?topic=25406.0;wap2‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [278‬ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﻟﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.damascus-online.com/Arabic/music/sabri_moudallal.htm‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‪ 30 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [279‬ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ )‪ ،(http://www.sadasoria.com/arabic/page-select-id-show_det--2222.htm?page=video‬ﺻﺪﻯ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 31 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [280‬ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/news/4371‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 31 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [281‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(/http://www.alassad-library.gov.sy‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ 31 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [282‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ ،(http://article.vbsyria.com/page.php?details=14‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [283‬ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘّﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪ ،(http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/__archives.asp?Filename=64787539320090727102817‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬

‫]‪ [284‬ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﺮﺹ‬ ‫)‪13405&imgrefurl=http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive2.asp?cat=sport&http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/images/NEWS3%5CM09%5CD06%5C12-3.jpg‬‬ ‫‪ ،(ved=0CD8Q9QEwBg&ei=PyNDTfeILISX8QP7oN0M&sa=X&=usg=__lRc0fV_enjpM9OFqSdN9Ed7f7L0&hl=en&§Ø¹Ù Ø‬ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [285‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.discover-syria.com/news/415‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [286‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ )‪ ،(http://www.jo1jo.com/vb/showthread.php?t=60286‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [287‬ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﺩ )‪ ،(http://temp.ashams.com/art,2726‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ 28 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ census/census 2004/pop-man.pdf [288‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )‪ ،(http://www.cbssyr.org/General‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء‪ 24 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [289‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺗﻪ )‪:id=94&view=article&http://mla-sy.org/site/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ&‪:catid=84‬ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ 24 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [290‬ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ( )‪ ،(http://www.statoids.com/usy.html‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ 24 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [291‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 14‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪:id=96&view=article&http://mla-sy.org/site/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ&‪:catid=84‬ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ 24 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬ ‫]‪ [292‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪:id=95&view=article&http://mla-sy.org/site/index.php?option=com_content‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ&‪:catid=84‬ﺍﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ 24 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪.2011‬‬

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‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪(/http://www.e.sy‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻃﻦ )‪ (/http://www.esyria.sy‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(http://www.syriatourism.org/index.php?newlang=ara‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(http://www.mhe.gov.sy/new‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪(http://www.parliament.gov.sy/web/list_news.php‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(/http://www.rtv.gov.sy‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪(/http://www.syrianeducation.org.sy‬‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ )‪(/http://www.syriaart.com‬‬

‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪″00′35°00 :‬ﺵ ‪″00′38°00‬ﻕ‪35°‬ﺵ ‪38°‬ﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫>‪<noinclude/‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ –ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻉ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﻖ "ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ" ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ‪-‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻇﻠﺘﺎ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺘﻴﻦ‪ -‬ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ)ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ " ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ‪Popular Sovereignty".ww‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ"ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪.‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ"‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ (Jean Bodin) 1530-1596‬ﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ‪ (1588-1679)Thomas Hobes‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﻭﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﺯﻋﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻫﻤﺎ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ‬ ‫‪ (Rousseau(1712-1778‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ "ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ" ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ "‪ ،"General will‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﺳﺘﻦ ‪ (John Austin)1790-1895‬ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ‪ ،"Monarch in Parliament‬ﺃﻱ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪.Constitutionalism‬‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ " ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ" ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ .checks and balances‬ﻓﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ "‪Shared‬‬ ‫‪ "sovereignty‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ( ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻀﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺰﺍ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻼﺅﻡ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ* ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪39–Heywood,Andrew.(2000).Key Concepts In Politics.Basingstoke,England:Palgrave,Pp. 37‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓِﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳِﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺳِﻴﺎﺳﺔ]‪ .[1‬ﻭﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒَّﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﻮﺱ ﺭﻋﻴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳُﻮِّﺱ ﻓﻼﻥٌ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻓﻼﻥ؛ ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻛُﻠِّﻒ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﻢ]‪ [2‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺳﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻬﻴﺘﻬﺎ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺳﺎﺱ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤْﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻳﺴﻮﺱ"؛ ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺇﻥَّ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻭﻳَّﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺺَّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺴﻄﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣُﻮﺭﺩًﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ "ﻓَﻌَﻞَ" ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻤًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻓَﻌَﻞَ" ﻣﻌﺘﻼًّ]‪.[4‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻟﺪ ﻻﺯﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ)ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ( ﻣﺘﻰ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ )ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺨﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﺳﻮﺍء ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺎﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﺑﻤﺎﻳﺼﻠﺤﻪ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻗﺬﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﻬﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺌﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍء‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻋﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺗﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺣﻠﻔﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﺩﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺩﻳﺔ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺗﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻙﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ 4.‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻯ ﺷﺤﺺ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻐﻄﺎء ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪5.‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻼﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫• ﻫﺪﻧﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﺮﺏ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺣﻠﻒ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫• ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺹ ‪8/354‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒَّﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺁﻝ ﻳﺎﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪1994 ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.8/416‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪1987 ،‬ﻡ‪،‬ﺹ ‪710‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻗﺴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،1979 ،‬ﺹ ‪3/498‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )‪(http://www.feps.eun.eg‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪-‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )‪(http://sites.google.com/site/psdfepscu‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Conservatism :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ‪ Conservatism‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪" = conservare :‬ﺣﻔﻆ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ" ]‪ ([1‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺩﻭﺷﺎﺗﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪[2] ،1819‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺿﺪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺑﻬﺎﺭﺗﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﺩﻣﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ )‪ ،(1790‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (1789-1799‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺭﻙ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍً ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻙ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ(‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ؛ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻙ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ 19‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ 20th‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫)ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺆﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1979‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1973‬ﻛﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1977‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ [24] .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻨﻴﺎﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )ﺿﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ )ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺰﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﺼﺨﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻚ ﻟﻴﺌﻮﻣﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻏﺰﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻔﺬ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1979‬ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻐﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﺐ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺃﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺳﻴﻨﺎء )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (1967‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺤﻖ ﺷﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1991‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻮﺥ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺑﻴﻜﺮ( ﻟﻔﺸﻞ‬

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‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻨﻴﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺳﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻً ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺫ ] ﻻ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ[ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪) .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(2009‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ " legitimacy‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ" ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ( ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ "‪ " legitimare‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ " ﺧﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ" ﻭﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪ legality‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ(‪.‬ﻭ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ )ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ( ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻛﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻐﺾ ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ..‬ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ " ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ" ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ " ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ" ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ‪Max Weber‬‬ ‫)‪.(1864-1920‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻳﺜﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ " ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ"* ﻓﻔﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ‪ (Hobbes ( 1588-1679‬ﻭﻟﻮﻙ ‪ (Locke (1632-1704‬ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻭﺃﺳﺲ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻃﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺰﻣﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﺔ ‪ Neo-Marxist‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻇﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺒﺢ ﺟﻤﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱ ‪ (JÜrgen Habermas (1973‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ" ‪ Legitimation Crises‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﺤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ " ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺯﻣﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

190

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ Basingstoke,England:Palgrave,P.29.Key Concepts In Politics.(Heywood,Andrew.(2000 : ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ " ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

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‫ﺷﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫[ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﺎﻏﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻏﺪﻏﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻃﻒ‬6][3]‫[ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬7][6][5]،‫[ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬4][3][2][1]،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻛﺈﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺬﻭﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻱ ﻟﺘﺤﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ‬،‫[ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬8].‫ ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻳﻌﻠﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ .‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﻻ ﻋﻮﺍﻃﻔﻪ‬

‫ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬."‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻠﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ [10] [9] .‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ" ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬،‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺳﺪﺓ‬،‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻣﻨﻐﻮ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻔﻴﺘﺎ‬ 1996 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻮﻛﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ‬:‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‬ ‫ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ "ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ" ﻟﻬﻮﻏﻮ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬،‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ "ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء" ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬1997 [11] .‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

Religious Rhetoric in American Populism: Civil Religion as Movement Ideology, Rhys H. Williams and Susan M. Alexander,1994, Society [1] (http://www.jstor.org/pss/1386633) for the Scientific Study of Religion Anthropology and development: understanding contemporary social change, Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan [2] cH&hl=pt-PT&sig=4UDaFXqncjpfI5p4Ycb_UtZcyK8&ots=p5rR_TF7Pw&source=bl&"dq="Populism+ideology&lpg=PA110&pg=PA110&http://books.google.pt/books?id=yVEeWge7Nq8C) (f=false&"ideology ,CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES, Andras Bozoki, Terms: Winter and Spring 1995, Department of Political Science [3] (http://web.ceu.hu/crc/Syllabi/PolSci/Boz_ContPoli.F95PS.v6.html) Budapest, CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY The Reinvention of Populism: Islamist Responses to Capitalist Development in the Contemporary Maghreb [4] Alejandro Colás, 2001 ,(http://www.bbk.ac.uk/polsoc/staff/academic/alejandro-colas/the-reinvention-of-populism) Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia, Merriam-Webster, Inc [5] =DAB8oXybIwq1yeMtaqjzwDS0Twk&ots=MfeDmVOPSV&source=bl&"dq="Populism+political+philosophy&lpg=PA1294&pg=PA1294&http://books.google.pt/books?id=V2d12iZkgOwC) p. 3 ,(http://lepo.it.da.ut.ee/~smikkel/kaliciak.doc) Comparison of Poland and Estonia, Monika Kaliciak – Reasons for popularity of populist parties [6] [7] "American Heritage Dictionary, entry "Populism[7] 2011 ‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬11 ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬،‫( ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬issueno=11116&article=517947&http://www.aawsat.com/leader.asp?section=3) ‫[ »ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ« ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬8] (1348‫ )ﺹ‬Le Petit Robert ‫[ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ‬9] (799 ‫[ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﻞ )ﺹ‬10] 2011 ‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬11 ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻮﺝ‬،‫( ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪﻥ‬http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=116384) .‫[ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬11]

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ Totalitarianism‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ ‪ Closed Society‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻤﺴﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺿﺎً ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍً ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﺪ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ( ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ‪ [1].‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﻺﺭﻫﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1920‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[6][5][4][3][2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﺎ ﺯﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺭﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻖ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ "...‬ﻭﻣﻀﻰ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[7‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ"‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺥ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﺃﻗﺮﺏ" ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻂ ﻭﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ" ﻛـ "ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ" ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1923‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻴﻮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻣﻨﺪﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ [9].‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻛﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻓﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "‪ "totalitario‬ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ"‪ [10].‬ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ‪ [11].‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟـ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻮ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫»«‪ – ‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪..‬‬

‫]‪[9‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ 'ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻱ "ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ '-‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ 'ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪" .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ"‪ [12].‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ISBN 0-393-04818-7, page 74 (2000) Reflections on a Ravaged CenturyRobert Conquest [1] Andrew Defty, Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945-1953: The Information Research Department, 2007, chapters 2-5[2] Achim Siegel, The totalitarian paradigm after the end of Communism: towards a theoretical reassessment, 1998, page 200 "Concepts of[3] totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify "the Cold War constellation [4] Nicholas Guilhot, The democracy makers: human rights and international order, 2005, page 33 "The opposition between the West and Soviet[4] totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as "lies" and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda...In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset, as it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism [5] David Caute, Politics and the novel during the Cold War, 2009, pages 95-99[5] [6] George A Reisch, How the Cold War transformed philosophy of science: to the icy slopes of logic, 2005, pages 153-154[6] ,3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company .The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge .Paul Preston [7] .Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 64 p. 516f ,A History of Fascism 1914-1945 :Stanley Payne [8] 281–pp. 240 ,Pipes 1995 [9] [10] Stanley G. Payne, Fascism: Comparison and Definition (UW Press, 1980), porn. 73 [10] (G. Gentile & B. Mussolini in "La dottrina del fascismo" (1932 [11] [2] [3]

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‫ﺷﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻝﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﻨﻮﻓﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ · ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻣﻐﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ )ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺑﻴﺎ( · ﺑﻴﻔﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﻳﺔ · ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺔ · ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ · ﺭﺷﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء · ﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ · ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻦ · ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ · ﻧﺨﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻨﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺑﻴﻜﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻙ‬

‫ﺿﺪ ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺳﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ · ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ·‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫'ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ · ﺇﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ · ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ · ﺟﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ · ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻟﻮﻛﻮﺳﺖ · ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ‬ ‫· ﻣﺬﺑﺤﺔ ﻣﺪﺑﺮﺓ‬ ‫·ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺇﺛﻨﻲ · ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻋﺮﻗﻲ · ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ·‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﻮﻱ ·‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ · ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﻳﺔ · ﻧﺎﺯﻳﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺩ · ﻛﻮ ﻛﻠﻮﻛﺲ ﻛﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻛﺎﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ · ﺷﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ · ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء · ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ·‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺜﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪/‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﺎء · ﺫﻛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ · ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ · ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﺎﻗﺔ · ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻴﺰﻡ‬

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‫‪194‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻋﺮﻗﻲ‪/‬ﺍﺛﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺎﺭﺗﻴﺪ · ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ · ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭ · ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ · ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎء · ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﻴﺮﻍ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭ · ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء · ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ · ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﻕ · ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪ · Adultcentrism‬ﺍﻧﻌﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ · ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ · ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ · ﺗﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻻﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﻃﻨﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻻﺓ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻜﺮﻩ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﺷﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺮﺡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻭﺏ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻇﻞ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً ﻳﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺪ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻣﺠﺪ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺧﺮﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺰﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺣﻘﺪ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪ .‬ﻛﺄﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ )ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺠﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،(male chauvinism :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (female chauvinism :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪. .‬‬

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‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻻﻃﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪-‬ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻏﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻔﺎﺭﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ‬

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‫‪ ‬ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﺥ ﺍﻧﻐﻠﺰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻭ ﺗﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻢ ﺇﻝ ﺳﻮﻧﻎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻏﺮﺍﻛﻮﺱ ﺑﺎﺑﻮﻑ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻟﻴﺒﻜﻨﺨﺖ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺸﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻴﺘﻮ‬

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‫‪ ‬ﺗﺸﻲ ﺟﻴﻔﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫"ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺗﺤﺪﻭﺍ!"‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪(2013‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺛﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺧﺎﻝٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎً ﺣﺎﺩﺍً ﺑﻴﻦ »ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ« )ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ( ﻭ»ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ« )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻣﻘﺪّﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ( ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍً ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻏﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﺎﺗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺔ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻜﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻘﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻞﺑﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻤﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺃﻣﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎً ﻭﺗﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻼﺷﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻋﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﻮﻛﻮﻳﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻛﻮﻳﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻤﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﻤﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﺪﺍء ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺣﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1534‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻻﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ" ﻭﺍﺑﺘﺪﻉ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺬﺑﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮ ﺟﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺇﺑّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺌﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻄﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻟﻤّﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺚ ﻭﺭﺍء ﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﺎﻋﺘﺰﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺃﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻛﻮّﻥ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎً ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍً‬ ‫]ﺍﺩﻋﺎء‪ ‬ﻏﻴﺮ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺛﻖ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﺬ‪[ 1204 ‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻤﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻩ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻣَﺜَّـﻠﺖْ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻠّﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪّﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻼﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪-‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻩ ﻭﻣﺮّﻩ‪ -‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﻔّﺬﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎء ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎً ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﻴّﺮ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑـﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻳُﺴﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺣﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺪﻝّ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺍﺗﺐ ﻣﻘﻄﻮﻉ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢّ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺭﺏّ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺭﺑﺢ! ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺁﻧﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺇﺟﺤﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺜّﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺣﺶ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻨﻴﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺃﻧّﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻳﻌﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤّﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘّﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘّﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤّﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮّﺑﺢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮّﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎً ﻭﺣﺘﻤﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪198‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺤﻮّﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻛﻮﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﺟﺰﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻩ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻀﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﺲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻭﻝ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ" ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻼﺩﻳﻤﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺢ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﻄﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﻴﺮﻛﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﺎﻏﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻭ ﺗﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺧﺮﻭﺷﻮﻑ ﺻﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﺨﺮﻭﺷﻮﻑ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﺴﻼﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻴﺘﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻏﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪﺕ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺗﺸﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻒ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻕ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻘﻮﺓ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻜﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﻧﻎ ﺇﻳﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺛﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻸﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻐﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﻛﺮﻭﺑﻮﺗﻜﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ_‪(2012‬‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻲ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (lobby :‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻫﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺑﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺚ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺳﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﻣﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺛﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

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‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .¹‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺼﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻀﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ )‪) (1921-2002‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (John Rawls :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺜﺎﻡ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ، (Bentham :‬ﻭ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (A Theory of Justice :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪.1971‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﻻﻝ ﺍﻻﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪" ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Global Justice :‬‬ ‫‪.(Movement‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ "ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Social and Global Equality :‬‬ ‫‪ ،(and Economic Justice‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ ‪ .Four Pillars of the Green Party‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.2001 ،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺳﻨﺪﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺆﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.1969 ،‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﺳﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺣﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫]‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice[1‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫‪203‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ )ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ (Siècle des Lumières :‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺏﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﺧﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ )ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻮﻫﺎ "ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻠﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻼﻙ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ )‪(1795‬‬ ‫ﻡ‬

‫ﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ؟ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪ ":‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻠﻮﻏﻪ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ‪ ".‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮَّﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‪ ".‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﺻﺮﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻝ‪" :‬ﺍﻋﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻜﻢ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ! ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺃﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻜﻢ!‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻛﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻧﺸﻄﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﺮﻃﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺘﺒﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﻛﻢ ﺑﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﻀﺎً ﻟﻺﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺷﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺬﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً]‪.[2‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ )ﺍﻟﺘَﻨَﻮُّﺭ( ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ‪):‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ(‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ )ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ )ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ( ﻫﻮ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻻ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ )ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ(ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ )ﻗﻠﺔ( ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ )ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ( ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻛﻦ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ( ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ )ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ( ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺍ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ )ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ( ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﺻﻴﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺍ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺎ )ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ( ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻘﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻳﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﺦ‪......‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺃﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕٌ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻐﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺓ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ )ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺭﺓ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮُّﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺎﻟﻴًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ]‪.[3‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻬﻤﺎً ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺟﻴﺶ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻭﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻮﻧﻮﻟﺚ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﻧﻲ‪-‬ﻟﻴﺜﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻬﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺏﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ ﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ ﻭﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻤﻬﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻢ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﺴﺪﻩ ﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻡ ﻭﺣﺴﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫]‪[5‬‬

‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﻧﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺸّﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻧﻴﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﺮﺟﻴﻞ )‪70-19‬‬ ‫ﻕ ﻡ(‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﻛﻮﺭﻧﺎﻱ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﺰﻧﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﺐَّ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﺼﺮﺍ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺍ‪ ,‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‪ .‬ﺗﻼ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫• ﺭﻓﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻬﻄﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪﻩ‬ ‫• ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻟﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫• ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﺃﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﻃﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﻧﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺑﺮﻱ‬ ‫• ﺟﺮﺟﻲ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﺝ ﻓﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺵ‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﻳﺶ‬ ‫• ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫• ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫• ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ‬ ‫• ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫• ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﺼﻔﻮﺭ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻭﻫﺒﻲ‬ ‫• ﺃﺑﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺳﻌﺪ ﺯﻏﻠﻮﻝ‬

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‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺎ‬ ‫• ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫• ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻋﻜﺎﺷﺔ‬

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‫• ﻧﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﻈﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫• ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﻱ‬ ‫• ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺒﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻕ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺷﻠﺘﻮﺕ‬ ‫• ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺭ‬ ‫• ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫• ﻫﺪﻯ ﺷﻌﺮﺍﻭﻯ‬ ‫• ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﻏﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫• ﺇﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎ‬ ‫• ﺯﻛﻲ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﺵ‬

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‫• ﻋﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫• ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺭﻛﻮﻥ‬ ‫• ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻃﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﺒﺔ‬ ‫• ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻳﻮ ﺇﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ‬ ‫• ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫• ﻃﻠﻌﺖ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫• ﺇﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﺱ‬ ‫• ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺳﻒ‬ ‫• ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺣﺠﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ_ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ_ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬

‫‪(http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1893902,00.html) dw-world‬‬ ‫‪(http://maaber.50megs.com/issue_december05/books_and_readings3.htm) maaber‬‬ ‫‪(http://www.lcps-lebanon.org/arabic/pub/abaad/n5/abaad5b.html) LCPS‬‬ ‫‪(http://www.assuaal.com/essies/essies.96.htm) assuaal‬‬ ‫‪(issue=9175&article=212046&http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?section=20) asharqawsat‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺛّﻘﺔ؛ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﻼﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ )ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ( ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻇﻠﻢ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ )ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺑﻜﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ 1919‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻟﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،1849‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻً ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻺﺣﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ " ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺇﻻ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻴﺠﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻً ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺒﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻭﻟﺰ ﻭﺝ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺑﺮﻣﺲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺭﺍﻭﻟﺰ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﺼﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺿﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎﺑﺮﻣﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺣﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ"‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺖ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺼﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻖ )ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻗﺎً ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳُﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺷﻌﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺰﺩﻫﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎء )ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺣﻮﻝ " ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺇﺿﻔﺎء ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ " ﺷﻌﻮﺭ" ﺃﻭ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ" ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻬﺞ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺠﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﺎً ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎً ﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻫﺆﻻء‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ "ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻧﺪﺕ" ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ".‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺻﺤﻮﺓ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎً ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺨﺎﻃﺐ " ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻓﻘﺎً ﻝﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﺍﺑﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ " ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺎً ﻭ"ﺭﻣﺰﻳﺎً" ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺇﻟﻐﺎء" ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ "ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ" ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ "ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺰﻋﻤﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻗﺴﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎءﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ "ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1997‬ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺩﻳﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺇﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻋﺪ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍء‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺁﺧﺮﺍ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﺇﺫَﻥْ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ‪ -‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ‪ -‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﻼً ﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ؟‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫»ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ«‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻨﺮﺩ )ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ( ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1793‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 33‬ﻭ‪ 34‬ﻭ‪ 35‬ﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 35‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﺃﻧﻪ‪» :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺤﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻗﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ«‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ ،1958‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ‪ :‬ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﻭﺩﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ .1946‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻲ؟‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻀﺾ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ" )ﺃﻱ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺼﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1971‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ‪ :‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﺼﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺎً ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1974‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1974‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .1789‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ 16‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ 1982‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻴﺮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ‪» 1789‬ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺴﺎءﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﻘﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ «‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺴﺎ » ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻫﺪﻓﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ "ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﻭﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ"‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎً ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 433-6‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺮﺩﻭﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺣﻖ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 122-4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ "‪) .‬ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ(‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ "ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ "‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ " ﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ "‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ "ﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻟﺴﺖ" ﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ "ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻷﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ" ﻗﺎﺋﻼً ‪ " :‬ﺇﻥ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺍً ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﻨﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﺮﺡ ﺳﺆﻻً ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﺳﺘﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺍ ﺑﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻬﺎﺗﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻟﻬﺘﻠﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺣﻜﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎً‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻤﻮﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﻃﺎً ﻭﻏﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻣﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺘﺴﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ )ﺧﻠﻞ ﻋﻘﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻠﻐﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻰ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ( ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻧﺠﺢ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎً ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻑ )ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻯ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺪﻳﻨﺄً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﻳﺰﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬ ﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ "ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎً ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﻠﺼﺎً ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﺮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺖ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻜﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻰ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ " ﺍﻟﻼ ﻓﻌﻞ " ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ “ “ ‪vis‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻫﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﺧﻀﻮﻋﺎً ﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ؟ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻨﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺴﺎءﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﺍﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﺴﺎءﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎً ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻼ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺑﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻧﺼﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻒ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻠﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻧﺘﻴﺠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﺮﺑﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻠﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ ﻟﺘﻜﻔﻞ ﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻓﻨﺎً ﻻﺋﻘﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﻴﺴﺘﺮﺍﺗﺎ ﻷﺭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺎﻧﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻳﺘﻤﻨﻌﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺟﻬﻦ ﻹﺭﻏﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪195‬‬ ‫ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 42‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻇﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﺎ ﺟﻼﺳﻴﻮﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮ ﻟﻘﻴﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺳﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺨﺬﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻮﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﺲ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻛﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ "ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺷﻖ ﺛﻐﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﺎء ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠﻨﺎً ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻇﺎﻟﻤﺔ )ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ( ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻲ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻻ ﺑﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﺎﺭﻛﻮﻣﺎﻙ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ( ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻏﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ‪ 1856 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ "ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ "‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎء ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ " ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1849‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺿﻢ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺭﻏﻢ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎء ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺒﻌﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ " :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺣﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻢ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻭﻫﻮ " ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ"‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ ‪ ":‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺭﺟﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ" ﻭﺑﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ‪"،‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ"‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﻛﻔﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﺜﻮﺭﻭ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ )‪ (Henry David Thoreau‬ﻫﻮ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1849‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Civil Disobedience :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ "ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Resistance to Civil :‬‬ ‫‪ .("Government‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻪ "ﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ" ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻪ ﻣﻌﻪ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ "ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ" )ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺳﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ (Discours de la servitude volontaire :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺇﺗﻴَﻦ ﻻﺑﻮَﺗﻲ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،(Étienne de La Boétie :‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﺎﺓ ﻳﺤﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻮﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ "ﻫﺠﺮَ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔَ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺳﺪﺍ ﻣﻔﻀﻼ ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻈﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻭﻳﺄﺑﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ"‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻻﺑﻮَﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﻀﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺆﻃﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻮﻥ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﻻﺑﻮَﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1552‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 1553‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺍ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 1576‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺕ ﻻﺑﻮَﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1563‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼُﻎ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ" ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧُﺸﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1849‬ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺗُﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1849‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ"‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺤﻴﻦ ﻧُﺸﺮﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ"‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ (Civil Disobedience‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1866‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺍﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﻴﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﻴﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ‪" :‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻣﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ؟"‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻳﺰﻋﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣُﺮﻏَﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻘﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻨﺞ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ‒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ 101‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ"‒ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺟﺎﻻً ﻋﺎﺩﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻫﻮﺱ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺥ ﺑﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ‪ 1800‬ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻯ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻨﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ ‪ 12‬ﺭﺟﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪ 500‬ﻣﺠﻨﺪ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻴﻠﺠﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ "ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ" ﻭﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺊ ﻟﻠﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﻴﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺜﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗَﺤَﻮَﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻇﺎﻟﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺯﻋﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺰﻋﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺠﻮﻣﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔﺃﻻﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1955‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻀﺖ ﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺮﺍﻛﺐ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﺞ ﻭﺃﺳﻔﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻳﺤﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺿﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻜﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻭﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛَﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺷَﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺰ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﻣﺆﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1965‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪،1975‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻻً ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎً(‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﻓﻴﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ"ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻰ"(‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﻔﻴﻞ )ﺑﺈﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻏﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2004‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻰ ﻟﻴﻀﻢ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭًﺍ ﺟﺪﺩًﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺑﺮﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ" ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،2003‬ﻛﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻧﻈﺮًﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭَﻗّﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 12000‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ 300‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 21‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1945‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ 30000‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔﺎً‪".‬‬ ‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴًﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻄﻌﻢ ﻟﻠﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻻﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺰﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮﻋﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺟﻴﻨﻴًﺎ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭًﺍ ﺑﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ"ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﻒ‪-‬ﺳﻮﺭ‪-‬ﺍﻳﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻯ]‪ [1‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺿﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻓﻊ ‪ 10000‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1500‬ﻳﻮﺭﻭ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴًﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﻨﺒﻴﺲ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺿﻞ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺿﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ‬

‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺃﻯ ﻭﻣﺴﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺖ ﺃﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻀﻴﻦ ﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﻢ )ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺓ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻌﺼﺎﺓ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻬﻤﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ )ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻲء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﻢ( ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻴﻘﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺳﻼﺡ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﻄﺎﻟﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﻮﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﻠﻚ ﻳَﻨﻢُّ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﻫﺎﺩﺋﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍء ﻭﻟﻮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ )ﺳﺎﺗﻴﺎﺟﺮﺍﻫﻲ( ﻟﻦ ﻳُﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻏﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳُﻮّﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪9.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻃﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺩﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺮﻓﺾ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺩّ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﻫﻴﻤﺴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻬﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎً ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻫﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍء ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺛﻤﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺗﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﺃﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺪﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻠّﻢ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺿﻤّﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺳﺎﺗﻴﺎﮔﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺍﺱ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ‪ 1942 ،‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺭﻣﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺍﺱ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻭﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﺞ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1906‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ‪ 3000‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﺒﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎ "ﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻠﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺲ" ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻱ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1907‬ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺛﻮﺭﻭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺗﻴﺠﺮﺍﻫﺎ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻀﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺿﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ )ﺍﻻﺑﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻳﺪ( ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺿﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1930‬ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺑﺪء "ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ " ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﻠﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ 300‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻼ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺏ ‪ 15‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻟﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﺵ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1930‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺒﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺍﺩ ﺑﻤﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 425‬ﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﺠﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﺲ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﻀﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻏﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ -1 :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻀﺐ ‪ -2‬ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻫﺠﻮﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻏﻀﺐ‪ -3 .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺫﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺿﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﻼﻛﻪ‪ -4 .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ ﺩﺯﻣﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺗﻮ ﻭﺳﺘﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﻜﻮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1989‬ﻭﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺎء ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥَ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲَ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺸﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻻ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻣﻜﻴﺎﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ" ﻭ"ﻛﻼﻭﺳﻔﻴﺘﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻠﻊ ﺳﻠﻮﺑﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻴﻠﻮﺳﻮﻓﺘﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2000‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،2000‬ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1998‬ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .2000‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻊ ﺇﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻔﺮﻧﺎﺩﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2003‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻋﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ‪ 2004‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﭘﻮﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1989‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﺟﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﻼﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪1919‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺑﻜﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ‪ ،1919‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺳﻌﺪ ﺯﻏﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ 9‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،1919‬ﺃﺷﻌﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺷﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺷﻠﻼ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎء ﻋﻘﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﻻﻕ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻋﺠّﻞ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﺘﻒ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺈﺗﻼﻑ ﻣﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮﻭﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ – ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺮﺏ ﺳﺎﺋﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﺴﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺤﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺃﻏﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﺳﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺩﻣﻨﻬﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﻮﻁ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻠﺢ ﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﻫﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻃﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺳﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﻂ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻈﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﻗﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺪﺍء ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺼﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺭﺷﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻙ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃُﺣﺮﻗﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻭﻧُﻬﺒﺖ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻭﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻏﺘﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1971‬ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1981‬ﻟﺠﺄ ﻓﻼﺣﻮ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻻﺭﺯﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺿﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ" ﻗﻤﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ" ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ )ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ( ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 19‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1996‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﺸﺮ" ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺒﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ‪" :‬ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺪﻋﻮ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﺨﻀﻌﻮﺍ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪:‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ" ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﻨﻮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻬﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺑُﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5.‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 6.‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻻ ﻋﻨﻒ ﻭﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ" ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ" ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻹﻓﻠﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺴﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻔﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ " ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ" )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ (916‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ " ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻭﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ"‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ civilis‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪.criminalis‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ﻓﻴﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ "ﻣﺪﻧﻲ" ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ "ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺎ" ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺘﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺻﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻋﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺳﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1966‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ "ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء" ‪ Black Panthers‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻭﻣﺴﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﺋﺲ" ‪ .,The Bread and Puppet Theatre‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺃﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬،‫ ﻳﺮﻭﻱ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻛﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺮﺭ‬La Grande Lessive "‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ”ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ .‫ ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﻧﻮﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ (/http://1984.over-blog.com)

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"Droits de l'Homme soutient un professeur "désobéisseur Collectif, L'État de la France 2009-2010, Paris, La Découverte, 2009, page 367 9. appel des 66 cinéastes", contre les lois Debré » [archive] sur le site Fabrique de sens’L" 10.

Une manière civilisée de désobéir », une tribune de Jean-Marie Muller 11.» ; archive]; Peace Tax Seven] ”The Mission of the National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund“ 12.

Netzwerk-Friedenssteuer [archive]; Conscience and Peace Tax International Chomsky et Roszak 1966 et 1968, p. 254-291 13. ,Romain Blondeau, « Un film de Banksy sur la culture anarchiste disponible en ligne », dans Les Inrockuptibles 14. [(août 2011 [texte intégral [ (page consultée le 16/08/2011 16 ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻮﺍءﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﺖ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻤﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﺧﻔﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻦ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﺼﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪......‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎﺍﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ‪ -‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻳﺎﺧﺪ ﺣﻴﺰﺍ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ ،19‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎً ﺇﻻ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻃﻐﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﺍ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍء ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻳﺮﻛﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﺬ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻗﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫"ﻣﻮﺭﺗﻦ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﻥ" )‪(Kaplan‬ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺮﻡ‪":‬ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬

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‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ" )‪ .(Kaplan,1961:6‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ,1992‬ﻧﺸﺮ "ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺟﻴﺪﺯ" )‪ (Gaddis, John Lewis‬ﻣﻘﺎﻻً ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ‪،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺸﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ)‪ .Gaddis,1992‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؟ ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ)( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻼءﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻓﺴّﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﺜّﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ "ﻛﺮﺍﺗﺸﻮﻳﻞ" ‪ ،((Kratochwil, Koslowski‬ﻭ"ﺍﻳﻜﻨﺒﻴﺮﻱ" ‪(Ikenberry‬‬ ‫)‪،‬ﻭ"ﻧﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺒﻮ" )‪ ،(Ned Lebow‬ﻭ"ﻫﻴﺮﻣﺎﻥ" )‪ ،(Herman‬ﻭﺷﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ـ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ـ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺄﺕ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻦ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺢ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫)‪ (search=books&http://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=egb104572-5104231‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪2003 ،(http://www.daralnahda.com/productdetails.aspx?ProductID=3776‬‬ ‫• ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ" ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪2012 ،‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌَﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .[2][1]،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﻴﻘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﻴﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻮﻟﺘﻴﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳُﻔﺴّﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﻧﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴّﺔ ﺷﻲءًﺍ ﺟﺎﻣﺪًﺍ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻭُﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻋَﻠَﻢ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ "ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ"‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ؛ ﻭﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ܥܠܡܐ )ﻧﻘﺤﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻋَﻠﻤﺎ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺭﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪ :‬עולם‬ ‫)ﻧﻘﺤﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻋُﻮﻟَﻢ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ؛ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ )‪ (1704- 1632‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺰءًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﻼء ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻻً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺰﻭﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ »ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ« ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﻮﺍﺕ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﺑﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻨﻴﻐﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻔﺎء ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺧﻠﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ [6].‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺕ ﻏﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪ [7]".‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞّ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﺪ ﺇﺳﺒﻴﻨﻮﺯﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻫﻮﻟﻴﻮﻙ )‪ (1906- 1817‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺤﺖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﻮّﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫"ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ" ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1851‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﻭﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘًﺎ ﻣﺆﻛﺪًﺍ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺳﺒﻴﻨﻮﺯﺍ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣًﺎ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮّﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻮّﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺇﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺸﻮء ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫]‪[9‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﻥ ﺃﺭﻣﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪219‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﻴًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻜﺮﻳًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫]‪[10‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﻴﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺮّﺡ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺑﻴﻠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.1800‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﻴﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺻﺮّﺡ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻬﻢ"‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﻴﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ ﺟﺎء ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1786‬‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺠﻠﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻜﻔﻮﻻً ﺑﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴًﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﻋﻲ »ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ«‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﺍءً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻀﻌﻀﻊ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫]‪[11‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻮﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻫﻮﻟﻴﻮﻙ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1851‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻢ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺻﺎﻏﻮﻩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻭﺗﺨﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻮﻟﻴﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺿﺪﻩ ﺇﺫ ﺻﺮﺡ‪" :‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ"‪ [12].‬ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺّ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺩﻳﻨًﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺺّ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫]‪[13‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﻮﻧًﺎ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩﻭﻻً ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﻨﺺّ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻛﻤﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨًﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﻣﺤﺮﻣًﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﻤﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻻﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺣﻠﺖ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ" ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ" ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ "ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻳﻔﺮﻍ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺤﺼﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺑﺈﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ [14].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻻً ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ" ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ "ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴًﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺒﺲ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻼً ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ؛]‪ [15‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺺّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪّﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳًﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2007‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 47454‬ﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﺝ ﻫﻨﺪﻱ‪ [16].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻨﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ " ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ"]‪) [17‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Humble reliance on the :‬‬ ‫‪ ،(blessing of Almighty God‬ﻭﺳﻮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺪّ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻨﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺷﻤﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ )ﻭﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻤﻴّﺰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭّﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ]‪.[18‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍُﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻻﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﻨﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻼ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺒّﺮﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻻ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻏﺒﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻴّﻦ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(2011‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً‪ .‬ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻧﻤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺴّﻔﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻛﻞ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﺗﺆﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺤﺮ ﺇﺑّﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻸﺧﺺ( ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻋﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻼﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ؛ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺑﺪﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً ﺃﻥ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ؛ ﻭﻻ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺒﺴﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻛﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻓﻄﺮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﺎﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﺳﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﻤﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺼﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﺠﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺼﻮﻝ ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﺘﺪﻉ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎء "ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻛﻢ" ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ"‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻱ‪" :‬ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺣﺮﻣﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺳﻜﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻔﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺒﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﻨﺴﻰ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻼ )ﻭﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺑﻚ ﻧﺴﻴﺎً( )ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ‪ (64:‬ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ‪" :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻓﺮﺍﺋﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﻀﻴﻌﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻌﺘﺪﻭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻡ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻼ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻜﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻜﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺷﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺭﺣﻤﺔ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﺒﺤﺜﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ" ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻗﻄﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ـ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ـ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼً‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺒﺚ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻤﺰﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺠﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻜﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺼﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻇﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻇﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺪ ـﻔﺮﺩﺍً ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔـ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺿﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﺴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻘﺔ ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺴﻴﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻏﻼﻻً ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻨﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺟﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺴﺄﻟﻮﻥ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ؟! ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺮﻓﺾ ﺳﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺠﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺒﺚ؟! ﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺣﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻬﻢ ﻫﻤﻼً‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺳﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻊ ‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻷﻣﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎً ﻭﺣﺎﻻً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻨﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻳﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮّﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴّﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ )ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ( ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻫﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﺤﺮﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﺴﻌﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮّﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺿﻌﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻓﺸﺎﻋﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﻃﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺗﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﺒﺜﺎﻕ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺟﺪﻻً ﺣﻮﻝ ﺩﻻﻻﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍً ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎً ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺑﺮﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻣﻼءﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ "ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ( ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻜﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ )ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ()ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ "ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ" ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ -‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ "ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺎً‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻳﺠﻲء ﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺆﺍﺩ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ‪-‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺎً ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺖ ﺇﺯﺍء ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ "ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﻘﻒ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ "ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺒﻲّ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜّﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ" ﻛﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ -‬ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺩ‪.‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﻨﺎً ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬‫‪ 1.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺪﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮّﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒّﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻒ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﺆﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﻒٍ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﻘﻼً ﺧﺎﻟﺼًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻢ ﻋﺪﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ "ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﻨﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ"‪.‬‬

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ً‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ .(‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺻﻔﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻟﺤﺎﺩ‬ .‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ including atheism – Secularism is neutrality towards all religion [1] 2011 ‫ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬7 ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬- (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2011/jul/07/secularism-neutrality-religion-atheism) .Ed .Secularism & Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives ".Kosmin, Barry A. "Contemporary Secularity and Secularism [2] .Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar. Hartford, CT: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture (ISSSC), 2007 102.‫ ﺹ‬،2005 ‫ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺁﺭﻣﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻎ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬3] .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬28 ،‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬،(postcount=14&http://www.atinternational.org/forums/showpost.php?p=4664) ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬1 [4] .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬28 ،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/532006/secularism) (‫[ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬5] 336.‫ ﺹ‬،2005 ‫ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﻴﻨﻮﺍ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬6] 336-337.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬7] 39.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬8] 33.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬9] 90.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬10] 103.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫[ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬11] .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬28 ،‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬،(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13676a.htm) (‫[ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬12] ,Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 14 ("[Legal secularists] claim that separating religion from the public .Divided by God .(Feldman, Noah (2005 [13] (".governmental sphere is necessary to ensure full inclusion of all citizens .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬30 ،‫ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬،(http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=396736) ‫[ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ؟‬14] .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬30 ،‫ﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬-‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺟﻲ‬،(http://www.jstor.org/pss/1188531) (‫[ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬15] .2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬30 ،‫ ﻓﺎﻳﻨﻴﻨﺸﺎﻝ ﺇﻛﺴﺒﺮﺱ‬،(http://www.financialexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-has-air-india-fuming/360651/0) (‫[ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬16] 30 ،‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬،(http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution/preamble.htm) (‫[ ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬17] .2011 ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬ [18] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism [18]

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﺩﻳﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬

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‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻘﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻋﻤﻖ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻝﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﻨﻮﻓﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ · ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻣﻐﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ )ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺑﻴﺎ( · ﺑﻴﻔﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﻳﺔ · ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺔ · ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ · ﺭﺷﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء · ﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ · ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻦ · ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ · ﻧﺨﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻨﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺑﻴﻜﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻙ‬

‫ﺿﺪ ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺳﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ · ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ·‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫'ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ · ﺇﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ · ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ · ﺟﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ · ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻟﻮﻛﻮﺳﺖ · ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ‬ ‫· ﻣﺬﺑﺤﺔ ﻣﺪﺑﺮﺓ‬ ‫·ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺇﺛﻨﻲ · ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﻋﺮﻗﻲ · ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ·‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﻮﻱ ·‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ · ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﻳﺔ · ﻧﺎﺯﻳﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺩ · ﻛﻮ ﻛﻠﻮﻛﺲ ﻛﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻛﺎﻫﺎﻧﻴﺔ · ﺷﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ · ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ · ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ · ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء · ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ·‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺜﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪/‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﺎء · ﺫﻛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ · ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ · ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﺎﻗﺔ · ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻴﺰﻡ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪226‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻋﺮﻗﻲ‪/‬ﺍﺛﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺎﺭﺗﻴﺪ · ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ · ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭ · ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ · ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎء · ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﻴﺮﻍ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭ · ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء · ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ · ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﻕ · ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪ · Adultcentrism‬ﺍﻧﻌﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ · ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ · ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ · ﺗﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ( )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Racism :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﺰﻭﻫﺎ ﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ‪ -‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﻴﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ )ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ( ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ [3][2][1].‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺷﻜﻼً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻠﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ [4].‬ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺟﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺧﺼﻴﺎﺋﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﻀﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ )ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﺷﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺬﺍﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﻮﻏﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮﻝ‪ [8][7][6] ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺳﻄﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫]ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ[‬

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‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﺨﺒﻮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‬.‫ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺁﺭﻳﺔ‬- ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻀﺖ ﻏﺰﺕ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎً ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺎً ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻞ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻯ‬ .‫ﺷﻲء ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻬﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺒﺮﻃﺔ‬ ،‫ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﺒﺮﻃﺔ ﺃﺳﺴﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

1945-1933 ‫ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﻣﺒﺮﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ‬،‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﻯ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﻔﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﻪ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ .‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬،‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬،1940 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

ً‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ •

‫• ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

•

‫• ﺃﺑﺎﺭﺗﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ [9]

‫ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬- ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary .(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/racism) racism

[1]

.accessed 2009-03-16 .(2009-03-16) Framework decision on combating racism and xenophobia [2] Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of .(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/combating_discrimination/l33178_en.htm) .European Union. accessed 3 February 2011 .November 2008 28 .UN Treaty Series .(http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm) International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination [3] .United Nations. accessed 3 February 2011 The Canadian .(Params=A1ARTA0006636&http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE) Racism .(J.S. (05/2010 ،Frideres [4] .Canadian Encyclopedia. accessed 2010-07-23 .Encyclopedia ,If races are defined as genetically discrete groups“ .Scientific American ."?Bamshad, Michael; Steve E. Olson (12/2003). "Does Race Exist [5] ”.no. But researchers can use some genetic information to group individuals into clusters with medical relevance Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire [6] International Association of Genocide ,(http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf) . ,Scholars Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I .Gaunt, David [7] Piscataway, New .(f=false&=q&cd=1#v=onepage&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&printsec=frontcover&http://books.google.se/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC) .Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006 Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish [8] 10.1080/14623520801950820 :doi .14–7 :(1) 10 Journal of Genocide Research ."introduction – population and extermination policies .(http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623520801950820) [9] http://www.un.org/arabic/conferences/wcar/backgrounder1.htm[9]

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228

‫ﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫[ ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬4][3][2].‫ﺃﺫﻯ‬ ،‫ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬.(‫ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺻﻮﺭًﺍ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﻗﻤﻊ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻔﺸﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔً ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻳﺬﺍء‬،‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎءً ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 (xls) .(http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls) .(2004) .World Health Organization (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/violence)

[1]

(http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/violence?view=uk)

[3]

http://www.bartleby.com/61/0/V0110000.htm

[4]

[2]

(http://www.bartleby.com/61/0/V0110000.html)

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ WHO Prevention of Violence • (/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/en) CDC Violence Prevention • (http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/index.html) Violence Prevention Alliance • (http://www.who.int/violenceprevention)

International Handbook of violence research • hIyzCA&hl=de&source=bn&printsec=frontcover&dq=international+handbook+of+violence+research&http://books.google.de/books?id=MiBMeO2CjGQC) ،‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ‬ Mortality and .2002 ‫ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻓﻲ‬100,000 ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member .States in 2002. (xls) World Health Organization .(2004)

Information on James W. Prescott's work • (http://www.violence.de) Seville Statement on Violence 1986 • (http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf) Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville • Statement on Violence (http://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov-intro.html)

Intercultural (http://them.polylog.org/5/index-en.htm#fcs) The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings • discussions on violence "Text of Dom Helder Camara's classic 1971 "Spiral of Violence • (http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/spiral-of-violence.htm) (http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/en/ikg) Institute for interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence • (http://cjrc.osu.edu/researchprojects/hvd) Historical Violence Database • (http://www.apa.org/pi/prevent-violence/index.aspx) American Psychological Association's Violence Prevention Office • How Violence has Change Ciudad Juarez • (lang=arces&http://www.literalmagazine.com/es/archive-L23troncoso.php?section=hive)

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229 ,THE ORIGINS OF PEACE AND VIOLENCE.Deprivation of Physical Affection as a Main Cause of Depression • (http://www.violence.de/index.html) Aggression and Drug Abuse

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‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‪» :‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ )ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴّﺔ "‪ "fascism‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،fascio‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻟﺠﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﺤﻤَﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻠًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺎ "‪ "fascia‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺛﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻜّﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ "‪ "fascisma‬ﻗﺪ ﺣﻈﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ "ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ"‬ ‫"‪ "fascism‬ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ" "‪ "fascist‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺜﻴﺮًﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ "ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ" ﻟﻔﻈﻴﻦ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣَﻦ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍء ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺺ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺻﻴﻐًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺿﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ؛ ﻧﻈﺮًﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺿﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺠﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻴﺒﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1922‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Faseism‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Faseism‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1920‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻌﻼ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ )ﻓﻴﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺷﻜﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻥ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺃﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1933‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻧﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﻜﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1939‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺄﻋﻀﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺩﻛﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳّﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻮ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1922‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1943‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1933‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1945‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ –ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ– ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪًﺍ ﺷﻌﺒﻴًﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻌﺶ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻧﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺷﻐﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻨﺤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺟﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺤﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻄﺮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌًﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻲ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪًﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﻌﻮﺑﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺪﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻄﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ::‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ,‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﺍﻟﺦ ﺍﻟﺦ ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻼﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺨﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻋﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﻄﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺳﻠﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ﺭُﻓﺾ ﻓﺄﻟﻒ ﺟﻴﺸﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ" ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺍﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ..‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ‪::‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺟﻴﺸًﺎ ﻗﻮﻳًﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﻑ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻋﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1.‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2.‬ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺯﻱ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺣﺬﻱ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3.‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﻰ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻔﺰﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪ -‬ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻔﻲ ‪ -‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ‪1977 -‬ﻡ ‪ -‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪.123‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫]‪http://www.eduwav.com[1‬‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ( ﻭﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫)ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺗﺘﻘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰ )ﺃﻟﺒﺮﺕ ﺩﺍﻳﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺲ( ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺩﺍﻳﺴﻲ ﺷﺮﻃﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ "ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺮﻗﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﻄﻠﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻙ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﺠﺴﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﺴﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟"‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻀﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻹﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻻﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ "ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺎ" ﻭﻏﻴﺮ "ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺽ" )‪ .(Inexpensive‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻘﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻭﻭﻻﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﺳﻼﻧﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪234‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ 23‬ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ 6‬ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻻﻧﺪﺭ ﺃﻭﺑﻮﻧﺪﺳﻼﻧﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ)ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫‪ 26‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ 561،5‬ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪ 10‬ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺃﺭﺍﺽ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﺳﻚ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺟﺰﺭ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ 9‬ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ 16‬ﻻﻧﺪﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺳﻼﻧﺪﺭ‬

‫‪ 28‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 7‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺇﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫‪ 15‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫‪ 15‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬

‫‪ 13‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬

‫‪ 31‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪ 4‬ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪ 36‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 4‬ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ 4‬ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻴﺘﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻴﻔﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺟﺰﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﻛﻴﺘﺲ ﻭﻧﻴﻔﻴﺲ‬

‫‪ 2‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺗﺎﻥ‪ 14/‬ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺶ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ 26‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬

‫‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ 21‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ 46 ،‬ﺃﻭﺑﻼﺳﺖ‪ 9 ،‬ﻛﺮﺍﻳﺲ‪ 1 ،‬ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺃﻭﺑﻼﺳﺖ‪4 ،‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺃﻛﺮﻭﻏﺲ‪ 2 ،‬ﻣﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ 7‬ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ 50 :‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬

‫ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬

‫‪ 50‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ؛ ‪ 14‬ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 23‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ 1 ،‬ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺜﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻃﺎﻟﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻚ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﻓﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻚ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺟﺰء ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻛﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﻛﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻩ(‪ [2]".‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪.1978‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ "ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ")ﻓﻲ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺎﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﻎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ(]‪ [3‬ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (The Federalist Paper‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺳﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ‪ 45‬ﻭ‪ 46‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻔﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻴﻞ‪.‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﻴﻌﺎﺯﺭ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻲ ‪ Temple‬ﻭ‪ .Bar Lian‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺤﻮﺛﻪ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Publius: The Journal of Federalism‬‬

‫]‪[4‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪.Article 65 of Russian Constitution ,(http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm) Federal structure of Russia [1‬‬ ‫]‪JUDICIAL REVIEW IN SPAIN: THE CONSTITUTIONAL ،(http://www.ugr.es/~pwdconst/enrique/ENRIQUE GUILLEN.htm) Enrique Guillén López [2‬‬ ‫‪.(COURT, 41 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 541, 544 (2008‬‬ ‫]‪(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1151187) Economic Warlords by Gregory H. Fuller [3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/pubjof/index.html[4‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪).‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ_‪(2008‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺻﺎﻏﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﻜﻴﻮ ‪،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩِﺉ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪.Trias Politica‬‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء ﻭﺩﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻭﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻗِﻴَﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻞﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺭُﻛﻨﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺣُﻜﻢُ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔُ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠّﻰ ﻛﻞّ ﺭﻛﻦٍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪَﺩٍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩِﺉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺪﺭُ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﺫَ ﺩﻭﻟﺔٌ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊٌ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠَﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔً ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥّ ﻋﺪَﺩﺍً ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺧِﻼﻓِﻲّ ﻻ ﻳَﻠﻘَﻰ ﺇِﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎً ﺑَﻴﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮّﺳﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩِﺉ ﺗﻨﻈّﻢ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩِﺉ ﻣﺼﻤَّﻤﺔٌ ﺣﺘَّﻰ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠَﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌّﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴّﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺷﻠّﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳّﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﺠﺰِﻱء ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴّﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳّﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮّﻓﻪ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺴﻜﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 1776‬ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻓﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‪ 12 ,‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 1776‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺎﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻋﺖ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ :(UNPA‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﻭﻏﻼﺱ ﺭﻭﺗﺸﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻬﻤﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺭﺅﺳﺎء ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍً ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء]‪.[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪(http://216.194.69.38/users/roche/writings/documents/nuclear/UNParReform.pdf) Roche‬ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪:‬ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ‬

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‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‪» :‬ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ«‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺿﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﺪﻗـﻰ ﻳﻨﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﺸﻴﺌﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻ ﺻﺪﻗﺖ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﺑﺴﻮﺕ ‪ " Bossuet‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎءﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻻﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ "‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺟﺪ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ؛ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻷﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪَ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ))ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ((‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ )ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ( ﻭﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬

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‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﺟﻮﺭﻳﺴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

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‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

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‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫• ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

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‫• ﻣﺤﺎﻣﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

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‫• ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬

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‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ]‪ [1‬ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://ar.jurispedia.org/index.php/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://www.omanlegal.net/vb/index.php[2‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺪﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 51‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 22‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ .1962‬ﻭﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 1963‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،2‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺠﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻃﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ )‪ .(3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﻧﺺ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺣﺎﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺯﺍء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎءﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍً ﺟﺪﻳﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﻮﺿﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺘﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺳﺤﺐ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺧﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺇﺧﻼء ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺯ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻴﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﺑﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻟﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎء ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﻭﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺖ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺗﺤﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ – ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ – ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 260‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 339‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 369‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(387‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 427‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(459‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 573‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(586‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﺮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﻪ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻐﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 162‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 27/9/1958‬ﻭﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 162‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻔﻮﺿﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 162‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 162‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪2011‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 15‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 2011‬ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺜﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺨﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ "ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻧﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻬﺎ "ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺑﻤﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻗﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻋﻮﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 17‬ﺃﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﻫﻴﺜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2003‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺖ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ 1963‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﻴﻔﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻳﺔ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺄﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

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‫ﻧﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/6D5F72BA-9A6B-47A0-86B9-5745364EAA98.htm?GoogleStatID=9) 1962‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻭُﺻِﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 30/3/2011‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .(http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/4EC2CA1F-4173-4E37-9C24-2AF4C07D14A8.htm?GoogleStatID=9) 1962‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻭُﺻِﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪ 30/3/2011‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﻣﺎﻝ‪"...‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺩﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻻ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻀﻮﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻸﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺑﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻔﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ )ﻣﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺭﻧﺴﺖ ﺭﻳﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1882‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ"؟‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺟﻮﻳﺴﻴﺒﻰ ﻣﺎﺗﺰﻳﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ـ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1835‬ـ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻻﻟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺗﺰﻳﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﻫﻴﺮﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺴًﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻰ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﻛﻮﻫﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺎ( ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء ـ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ـ ﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴًّﺎ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﺎﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﺗﻤﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻛﺄﺻﺪﻕ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻀﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻓﻌًﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ـ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ ـ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ( ﻭﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﻭﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﺇﺣﻴﺎء ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﻣًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎءﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺭﺍء ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺿﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮًﺍ ﻟﻸﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭًﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺗﻐﺮﻳﺒًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺯﻣﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ـ ﻭﺗﺠﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ـ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﻮﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻼﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﺪﺕ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻕ ﻧﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ )ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺿﺪﻫﺎ‪ [1].‬ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ( ﻓﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳًّﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳًّﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪُّﺩ ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻼﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻭﻗﺘًﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﺟﺪًّﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎءﻩ ﺻﻬﺮ )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ( ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻰ ﻟﻸﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺠﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﻐﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺰﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻌًﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﺮﻓًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﻋﻀﻮﻯ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴًّﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ )ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﻴُّﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍء ﺑﺄﻗﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ )ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ( ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻨﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺒِّﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻓﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺷﺮﺍءﻩ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ـ ﻓﻤﺠَّﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺪ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻰ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋُﺰﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋُﺮِّﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺪَّﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺣُﺪِّﺩ ﻣﺴﺒﻘًﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻪ )ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮﺗﻪ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺠَّﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼء ﻋﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫• ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• )ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،196 : 194‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪(2002‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻣﻰ ﺧﺸﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،2‬ﺹ ‪ ،156‬ﻁ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪2006‬‬

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‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻲ( ﻫﻮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻮﺽ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﻜﻼ ﺁﺧﺮﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻝﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺈﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺧﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻲ ﺇﻱ ﻻﺟﺎﺱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﻴﻪ " ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺴﻴﻨﺖ ﺩﻭﻛﻮﺭﺑﻴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ "ﺇﻥ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺳﻮﺍﺭ "ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1984‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪ 1806‬ﻭ‪.1848‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﻦ )‪ (1813-1806‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﻏﻮﻥ ‪1137-1716‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪1781-1789‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪1982-2006‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺳﻨﻐﺎﻝ ﻏﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪1982-1989‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1291‬ﻭ‪ 1848‬ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻙ "ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪1958-1961‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ‪2003-2006‬‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺮﻭﻛﻮﺍﺱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺤﺪﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ 12‬ﻭﺃﺳﺴﻮﺍ ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

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‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺊ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Refugee :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺟﺌﻮﻥ ﻳﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻨﻴﻚ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺳﻨﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪.1993‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻝ ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺇﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎﻓﻴﻴﻒ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺠﻮء ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ ﻻﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺍﺋﻴﺮ ‪.1994‬‬

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‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ )ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺗﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻭ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﻮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪· ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﻡ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻴﺴﻜﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺭﺩ ﻛﻴﻨﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ‪ · ‬ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻧﻮﺯﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍﺳﻞ‬

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‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻣﻦ "‪) "līberālis‬ﻟﻴﺒِﺮَﺍﻟِﺲ( ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﺣﺮ"‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺰﻳﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﺎً؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺑﻪ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺣﺮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺆﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﺍً ﺣﺮﺍً ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺸﺎء ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻴﺎ ﺣﺮﺍً ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎً ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍءً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ]‪ ،[1‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ ﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ ﻭﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻘﺪﺍً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺮﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺮﺭ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺑﺰ ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺜﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺎً ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍءﺗﻪ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ )ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ( ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻹﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﻔﺰﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ )ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍُﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ]‪ [3‬ﻭﺗﺤﻮّﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـّﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺏﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ]‪.[4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻝﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻜﻮّﻧﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮّﻑ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺣﺮﺍ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎ ﻭﺳﻄﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺪﺳﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺭﻣﻮﺯﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺳﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺳﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺎ‬ ‫• ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﻓﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻳﻴّﻚ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﺭﺍء ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺏﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ ﻣﻘﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺟﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺟﺎء ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺹ‪.‬ﻉ‪.‬ﺱ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻨﻴﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺁﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺇﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻳُﻨﺴﺐ ﻧﺸﻮء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔً‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﻫﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻤﻰ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ‪) :‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻋﻤﻘﺘﻪ ﻭﺣﺬﻓﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺭﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﺮ ‪ :‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﺩ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺘﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻕ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(http://www.shorouknews.com/Columns/Column.aspx?id=282960) 2010‬‬ ‫‪The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, Fareed Zakaria, Foreign Affairs, November/ December 1997‬‬ ‫)‪(http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20100218050641/http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/other/democracy.html‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺧﻮﺍﻃﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪(issue=10309&article=406843&http://www.asharqalawsat.com/leader.asp?section=3‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ )‪(http://www.alriyadh.com/2007/05/24/article251555.html‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪(cat_id=14&id=59&http://menber-alhewar.com/forum.php?action=view‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﻴﺘﻮ ﻟﻸﺑﺤﺎﺙ )‪(/http://www.misbahalhurriyya.org‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ )‪(http://www.montdiatna.com:8686/forum‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺌﺔ؟ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﻨﺴﻴﺔ )‪(http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/ElaphWriter/2008/2/302100.htm‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ )‪(http://www.arab-liberals.net‬‬

‫• ﻗﺮﺍءﺓ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﻣﻲ "ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺷﻮﻣﺔ"( )‪ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ka3luGqc20A‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ »ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ«‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

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‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ )ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺗﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻭ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﻮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪· ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﻡ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﻔﺮﺳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻴﺴﻜﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺭﺩ ﻛﻴﻨﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻟﺲ‪ · ‬ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻧﻮﺯﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﺗﺮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍﺳﻞ‬

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‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺧﻀﺮﺍء‪ · ‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻃﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )ﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻴﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺫﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ]‪ ،[1‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ]‪ .[2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ( ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﻹﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ( ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ" )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺃﺟﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎﺗًﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ )ﺧﻼﻓًﺎ ﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ )ﺧﻼﻓًﺎ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ( ﻣﻊ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌًﺎ ﻭﺳﻄًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻛﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺭﻓﻀًﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪًﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺨﻴًﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ( ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺪًﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻴﻦ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺃﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻭﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺄﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎءﻕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺭﺓ )ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ(‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻭﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ" ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺖ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﻡ ↑‬ ‫]‪ .[4‬ﻭ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺪﻟﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫]‪[6][5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=162617[1‬‬ ‫]‪http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/#NewLib[2‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬

‫]‪ [3‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ‪ ،Gilles Dostaler‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺝ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻥ‪http://www.alawan.org‬‬ ‫]‪a, b et c Audard 2009, p. 281[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫]‪[6‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬

‫]‪[4‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬ ‫]‪[6‬‬

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‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ''ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ )ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻲء( ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ‪..‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻀﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﺒﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻭﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺩﻳﻤﻮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ(ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ )ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﻠﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ( ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻰ ﻓﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﺭﻛﺎﻳﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ "ﻣﻮﺱ"‬ ‫ﺃﻥ "ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻴﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺳﻲ ﺟﻲ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﺶ ﺑﺄﻥ "ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ" ﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ " ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻷﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻓﻴﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ"‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻻﺗﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ]]ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ[[ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻤﻴﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ "ﺳﻮﺳﻮﺭ" )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Saussure :‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻫﻮﺭﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺬ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻗﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺹ‪446‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫]‪[1‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 167‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍً ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 166‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ‪ 165‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 60‬ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، 2006‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪ 2008‬ﻭ ‪.2010‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 9.8‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2010‬ﻣﺰﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺣﺘﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2008‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪.1.08‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪2010‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬

‫‪Nominal type of government‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬

‫‪9.80‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪9.65‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫‪9.52‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬

‫‪9.50‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻮ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪9.26‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪9.22‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪9.19‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬

‫‪9.09‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪9.08‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪8.99‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻮﻛﺴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ‬

‫‪8.88‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪8.79‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬

‫‪8.49‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪8.38‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻟﻄﺎ‬

‫‪8.28‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺲ‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻚ‬

‫‪8.19‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪8.18‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪8.16‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪19‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪8.16‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪8.11‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬

‫‪8.10‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪258‬‬

‫‪22‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬

‫‪8.08‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫‪8.05‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺸﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪8.04‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫‪8.04‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫‪8.02‬‬

‫‪ Full‬ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬

‫‪7.94‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬

‫‪7.92‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪29‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.83‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.79‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬

‫‪7.77‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻠﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.69‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.68‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ‬

‫‪7.67‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﺗﺴﻮﺍﻧﺎ‬

‫‪7.63‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ ‫)‪(Taiwan‬‬

‫‪7.52‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬

‫‪7.48‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.35‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﺒﺮﺹ‬

‫‪7.29‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬

‫‪7.28‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.24‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪7.22‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮ‬

‫‪7.21‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫‪7.21‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪7.16‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪7.15‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪259‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬

‫‪7.12‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪7.05‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺎ‬

‫‪7.05‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬

‫‪6.93‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫‪6.84‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪6.84‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪53‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﺮﻭﺍﺗﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.81‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪54‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﻡ‬

‫‪6.65‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﺎ‬

‫‪6.64‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪56‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.60‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.55‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪6.55‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪59‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫‪6.54‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.53‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪61‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫‪6.47‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪62‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬

‫‪6.40‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪62‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭ‬

‫‪6.40‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪64‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.36‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.33‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪65‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻭﻓﺎ‬

‫‪6.33‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪67‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.30‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪68‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‬

‫‪6.27‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪69‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.23‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪260‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫‪6.20‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪71‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬

‫‪6.19‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪72‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫‪6.17‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪6.16‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪74‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ‬

‫‪6.12‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﻮﻳﺎﻧﺎ‬

‫‪6.05‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ‬

‫‪6.05‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪77‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺗﻮ‬

‫‪6.02‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪77‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﺎﻧﺎ‬

‫‪6.02‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪6.01‬‬

‫‪Flawed‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﻮﻧﻎ ﻛﻮﻧﻎ‬

‫‪5.92‬‬

‫‪ presidential-Quasi Hybrid regime‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ‪ ,suffrage with limited‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬

‫‪5.92‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫‪5.89‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪83‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻨﻐﻼﺩﻳﺶ‬

‫‪5.87‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫‪84‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪5.86‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪85‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻻﻭﻱ‬

‫‪5.84‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪86‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫‪5.82‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻃﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪87‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﻛﻮﺍﺩﻭﺭ‬

‫‪5.77‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪88‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ‬

‫‪5.76‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪89‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫‪5.73‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪89‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍ‬

‫‪5.73‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪91‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫‪5.68‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪92‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪5.64‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪93‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬

‫‪5.44‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪5.32‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪95‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ‬

‫‪5.27‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪96‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬

‫‪5.18‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪97‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪5.07‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪98‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪5.05‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪99‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺯﻣﺒﻴﻖ‬

‫‪4.90‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ‬

‫‪4.87‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪101‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪4.71‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪102‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﺗﺎﻥ‬

‫‪4.68‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪261‬‬

‫‪103‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪4.59‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪104‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪4.55‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪105‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫‪4.51‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪106‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﺮﻏﻴﺰﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪4.31‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪107‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫‪4.26‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪4.24‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪109‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺭﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪4.09‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﺭﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬

‫‪4.01‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪111‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﺎﻳﺘﻲ‬

‫‪4.00‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪111‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫‪4.00‬‬

‫‪ Hybrid regime‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪108‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ‬

‫‪113‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ‬

‫‪3.94‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪114‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬

‫‪3.88‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪115‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪3.86‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪116‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ‬

‫‪3.79‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪117‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫‪3.74‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪118‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬

‫‪3.68‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪119‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻴﺠﻲ‬

‫‪3.62‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻮﺭﻛﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺳﻮ‬

‫‪3.59‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪121‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻮﺑﺎ‬

‫‪3.52‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪122‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪3.49‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪123‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪3.47‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪124‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻮﻏﻮ‬

‫‪3.45‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫‪3.44‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪126‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫‪3.41‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪126‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪3.41‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪128‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ‬

‫‪3.38‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬

‫‪128‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫‪3.38‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪130‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫‪3.34‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪131‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻧﻐﻮﻻ‬

‫‪3.32‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪132‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﺎﺯﺍﺧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪3.30‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪133‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬

‫‪3.29‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪134‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺪﺍ‬

‫‪3.25‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪135‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺫﺭﺑﻴﺠﺎﻥ‬

‫‪3.15‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪136‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬

‫‪3.14‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪137‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬

‫‪3.09‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪138‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫‪3.07‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪139‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬

‫‪3.02‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪140‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ‬

‫‪2.94‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪141‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺍﺯﻳﻼﻧﺪ‬

‫‪2.90‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪262‬‬

‫‪142‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‬

‫‪2.89‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪143‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪2.86‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪144‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬

‫‪2.79‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ‬

‫‪144‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬

‫‪2.79‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪146‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺯﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮﻱ‬

‫‪2.64‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪146‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬

‫‪2.64‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪148‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪2.52‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪149‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻃﺎﺟﻴﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪2.51‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪150‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪2.48‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪151‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‬

‫‪2.42‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪152‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺭﺗﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪2.31‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪152‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪2.31‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪154‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻴﺒﻮﺗﻲ‬

‫‪2.20‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪155‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2.15‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪156‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻻﻭﺱ‬

‫‪2.10‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪157‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺎﻭ‬

‫‪1.99‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ‪ ,‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪158‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫‪1.94‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪("State of the masses") Jamahiriya‬‬

‫‪158‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪1.94‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪160‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1.84‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪160‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1.84‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫‪162‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

‫‪1.82‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪163‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫‪1.77‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ )‪(de facto military dictatorship‬‬

‫‪164‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪1.74‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪165‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﻛﻤﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫‪1.72‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪166‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺸﺎﺩ‬

‫‪1.52‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪167‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1.08‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ,‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺯﻭﺗﺸﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺨﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ )ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄﺗﻬﻢ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩٌ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻬﺾ ﺑﻌﺐء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫]‪[3][2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﺸﺌﻬﺎ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ [1].‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮﻱ‪ [2].‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻗﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ »ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ« ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻻً ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺩﻣﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﺑﺴﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﻭﺇﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ »ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ«‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻑﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺑﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮء ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎء ﻟﻪ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻠﻤﺢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻀﻴﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺠﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﺆﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺐء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬

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‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺫﻭﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎء ﺣﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ )ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ( ﻭﺗﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻄﻐﻼء ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﻨﺰ ﻭﺩﺍﻳﻤﻠﺮ ﺑﻨﺰ ﻭﻛﺮﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍء ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫]‪[2‬‬ ‫]‪[3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪" ،‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ "‪.2009 ،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ CIVICUS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ »ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ« ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.Key Concepts In politics".Basingstoke,England: Palgrave,P.17.(Heywood,Andrew.(2000‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ‪ (http://www.intrac.org/data/files/resources/421/Praxis-Paper-20-Arabic.pdf) 2007‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻙ )‪(/http://www.intrac.org‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ‪(http://www.ndi.org/files/CivicParticipationTerminology_2009May.pdf) 2009 -‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ )‪(/http://anadigital.org‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﻔﻴﻜﺲ )‪(https://www.civicus.org/fr/news-and-resources/toolkits‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ )‪(http://www.ndi.org/node/15432‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ )‪(/http://www.ndaworld.org‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺩ )‪(http://www.activisminstitute.org/joo/index.php/ar/Visit-the-Library/library‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• ‪(http://www.actnow.com.au/Toolkit.aspx) ActNow Toolkit‬‬ ‫• ‪(http://www.dosomething.org/actnow/actionguide/become-activist) Action Tips on dosomething.org‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪:/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki‬ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻫﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻝﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻴﻮﺥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‪″11.76′52°05 :‬ﺵ ‪″43.80′4°17‬ﻕ‪52.0866°‬ﺵ ‪4.2955°‬ﻕ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1945‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺠﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ!‬

‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺑﻼﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﻗﺎﺿﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪9‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺤﻤﻼﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻗﺎﺽ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﺮﺳﻴﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺤﺲ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻨﻴﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻫﻼً ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺳﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻳﺠﺮﻳﻪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻜﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻨﺰﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺇﺑﺎﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﺩﻋﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻀﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺣﻜﻤﺎً ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎً ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺁﺭﺍء ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﺤﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

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‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

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‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺸﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺇﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎً ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎً ﺑﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ( ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﻮء ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ )ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ( ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻛﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪ 1000‬ﺷﺨﺺ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻮ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺦ‪ ..‬ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺃ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻹﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺬﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺘﻮ )ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻹﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ( ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻮﻩ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻆ ﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺳﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻧﺨﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺏ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺏﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻆ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ )ﻭﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ( ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﺨﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫• ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫‪References‬‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ )‪.Investopedia.com .(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standard-of-living.asp#ixzz1VUli2yEI‬‬

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‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺘﺪﺉ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺪﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻮﺿﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﻐﺪ ﺍﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ( ﻭﻻﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﻠﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪:‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻼﻧﻴﺔ)ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻀﻤﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ "ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ" ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ" ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﺨﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ]‪.[1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺩ‪.‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺋﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ "(search=books&http://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=egb104569-5104227‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪2007 ،(http://www.daralnahda.com/productdetails.aspx?ProductID=3776‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ · ‬ﺍﻭﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬

‫‪271‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ · ‬ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ · ‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ‪ · ‬ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ · ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ · ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ · ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Game theory :‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻛﺲ ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﻐﺎﺭﻱ‪-‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ )‪ ،(1920-1930‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺇﻳﻮﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﻐﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬

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‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1944‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﻏﻦ ﺷﺘﻴﺮﻥ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪The Theory of Games and‬‬ ‫‪ .Economic Behavior‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1994‬ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﺭﺑﻮﺱ ﻧﺎﺵ ﻭﺭﻳﻨﺎﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻞﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ :1944‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﻮﺭﻧﻮ ﺑﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻣﻴﻠﻮ‬ ‫‪:1944‬ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﻏﻦ ﺷﺘﻴﺮﻥ ﻳﺆﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior‬‬ ‫‪ 1950‬ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 1960‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:1972‬ﺇﻗﺤﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ )‪ (evolution biology‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺭﺩ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪Game Theory and the‬‬ ‫‪Evolution of Fighting‬‬ ‫‪:1994‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻨﺎﺵ ﻭﺯﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games :‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ( ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ )ﺃﻱ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﺢ( ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺴﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﻬﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻜﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪2‬‬ ‫• ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ( ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫• ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ‪3‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻮﻥ( ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺍﺷﺪﻭﻥ ﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﻢ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻋﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺠًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ )ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ )ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﻙﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪: ‬ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺃﺳﻨﺪﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺇﻛﺲ ﺃﻭ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﻤًّﺎ ﻫﺎﺋﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﻮّﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﻄًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻩ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﺒﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺣﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻻﻋﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﻥ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻗﺪﺭﺍً ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ ﺑﻬﻜﺬﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ‪،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ,‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺯﻋﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﺨﺼﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﻦ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻻﻋﺐ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﺑﻮﻟﻲ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻻﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑـ ﻥ ﻻﻋﺐ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ‪ ,‬ﻷﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻻﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﺎ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪: ‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺻﻔﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺭﺑﺢ ﻭﻻ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻫﺘﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1944‬ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﻭﺃﻭﺳﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﻏﻨﺴﻨﻦ ‪ Oskar Morgensten‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻥ‪ 1+‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻥ‪ 1+‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺛﻴﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑـ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ‪-‬ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ‪ ,‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ,1928‬ﻭﻧﺠﺢ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍً ﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ‪-‬ﻣﻮﺭﻏﻨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ,‬ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺠﻮﺍﺑﻬﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﺧﺒﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻌﻼً‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻻً ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺢ‪ ,‬ﻓﻴﺒﺪﺃ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻞ ﻣﺘﻔﺤﺼﺎً ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﺬﺭﻭﺗﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍء ﺳﻴﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﺭﺍءﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺢ ﺇﻥ ﺻﺢ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻋﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ‪ ,‬ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺸﻔﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻫﺎﺟﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺐ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻃﻠﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ,‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺭﺍﺳﻞ ﻛﺮﻭ ﺑﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ )ﺟﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺵ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ )ﻋﻘﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ( )‪.(A Beautiful Mind‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ,2005‬ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺃﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺝ ﺃﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺷﻠﻴﻨﻎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍً ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 2007‬ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﻮﺭﻳﻜﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﻨﺴﻮﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻳﺮﻙ ﻣﺎﺳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺟﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﺮﺳﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺛﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻸﻟﻌﺎﺏ ‪.Mechanism Design Theory‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫• ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ" ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ..‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪2012 ،‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﺗﺎ ‪2007‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫•‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪http://www.gametheory.net[1‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎً‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺐ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪ -‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻃﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪:‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‪ ..‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ]‪ "[1‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ]‪2005 ،[2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫‪search=books&http://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=egb104571-5104230‬‬

‫]‪http://www.daralnahda.com/productdetails.aspx?ProductID=3776[2‬‬

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‫ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺧﻀﺮﺍء‪ · ‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻃﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ )ﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻴﻦ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺘﺮﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻮﺫﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‬

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‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺃﻣﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‪ · ‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ · ‬ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Utilitarianism :‬ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ‪ utility‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،consequentialism‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ‪ pleasure‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺘﻐﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺇﺭﺿﺎء ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

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‫‪277‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ )‪ (Syndicalism‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺾ ﻟﻞﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﺬﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﺴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ )ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻌﻴﺔ( ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻀﻤﺤﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﻭﻥ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (Proudhon :‬ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺝ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻩ ﻛﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﺮﺍ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺻﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻓﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﻛﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﻛﻨﺰﻋﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺹ ‪.604‬‬

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‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ‪ .[2][1].‬ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻃﻴﻔﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍء ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ]‪ [4][3‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍُﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺗﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺲ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ •‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪279‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﺩﻳـﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫• ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

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‫• ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻳﺲ ‪ Valois Dynasty‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1328‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1589‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﺑﻮﻥ )‪ (1792 - 1589‬ﺷﻬﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻞﻣﻠﻚ ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 3‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪:.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 10%‬ﻭﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 15%‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.000،100‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻳﺤﻖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻒ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1789‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ 000،14‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻛﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄﺓ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺮﺍء ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻼﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﻼء ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ 98%‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪءﻭﺍ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻼء‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺬﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﻤﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﻌﻠﺖ ﻓﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺯﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺎءﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ 1789‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻧﺒﻼء ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻻ ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺭﺍءﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳُﻔﺾّ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﺃﺻﺮ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ؛ ﻓﺄﺿﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺑﻤﻦ ﻳﻨﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻮﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﺸﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺳﻴﻴﺲ )‪ (1836 - 1748‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻓﻀﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻴﻌﻠﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻧﻮﺍﺑًﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺃﺻﺮ ﻧﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻓﺎﺿﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﺮﻏﻤًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻌﻮﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭًﺍ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﺠﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪ 14‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ 1789‬ﻭﺑﺴﻘﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1789‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 22‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪.1792‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻟﻞﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﺜـﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ )ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ )ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ( ﺍﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺭﻓﺾ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺍﻣﺮﺍ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‪) .‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ(‬

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‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎ ﻟﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻞﺇﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﺤﺎﻑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻝﻋﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺞ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻳﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻛﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1917‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺷﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ )ﺍﻝﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ( ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ‪ 2003‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺏﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺯﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻠﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺏﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﺑﻮﺵ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﺰﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﺎﻭ ﺗﺴﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻎ ﺗﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﻓﻈﻮﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺐ ﺍﻝﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻗﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﺑﻮﺑﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻌﺒﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺗﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺏﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﺎ ﻭﺧﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺏﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﺗﺴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﺿﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺏﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﻃﺮﺃﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺮﺯ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎ ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻌﺎ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻝﺃﺣﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻓﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺤﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﺏﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻳﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﻗﻤﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻟﻸﺻﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺑﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻭﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﻀﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻣﺰﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫• ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻞﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﻧﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪1919‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪ 24‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪1924‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ 24‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪1924‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬

‫‪ 31‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪1934‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬

‫‪1960‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫‪1966‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪ 11‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪1967‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪ 22‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪1969‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ 31‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1975‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫‪2011‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫‪1922‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫‪ 10‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪1976‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻧﺲ‬

‫‪ 3‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪1986‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬

‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪2000‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪ 30‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪2001‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪2001‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ ‪1982‬‬

‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪2011‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

282

‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ • • • • • • • • •

‫• ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫• ﻓﻨﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳﻞ‬ ‫• ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺭﻏﻮﺍﻱ‬ ‫• ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬ ‫• ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﻛﻮﺑﺎ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ,T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd[1] .Pp 30 .2003 [2] .Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997[2] Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, ISBN ,The Movements of the New Left, 1950 - 1975: A Brief History with Documents ,Van Gosse [3] 978-1-4039-6804-3 .0495501123 ISBN .3 .‫ ﺹ‬.Florence: Oxford University Press .Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation .(Arnold,N. Scott (2009 [4] [1]

283

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ,Abanima, Abanoub nader, Abcxyz, Aboelzoz, Adeabos, Alaa.hariri, Alhanuty, Ammar.khw :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10211314 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ 2011-2012 ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ,Anas.sal, Anas1954, Arabalone, Archaeogenetics, Avocato, Azitony, Bakkouz, Bandar1998, Bo yaser, Chaos, Ciphers, Coincédentia oppositorum, CommonsDelinker, Cyb3r, Donomar2, Eclipse ,Elmoro, ErikvanB, FALCON-MAN, Faris knight, Fayadjamal, Free Guy, Ghanahmad, Haider90, Hala Al Haddad, Hamada2012, Hasanalkharat, Hasheemxx10, Hatemsaloom, Helmoony .Howareyoumani, I3issa, Islam84, Islamic, Jony5059, Kingsauod123, Lawdoc, Liberatesyria, Lkmn, Luai1980, M the surgeon, Maher27777, Medo1987, Meno25, Mohammad Alrohmany, Mr ,Ibrahem, Muhammadhkk, Muhammed Shipo, Muhends, Nasser.1105, Newrashed500, Osa osa 5, PICAWN, Pikasso, Raafat, Rafy, Ronniesudani, S,vdh, Saeeder, Salem2013, Samer1sami2 ‫ ﺃﺑﻮ‬,‫ אבגד‬,Sammy.aw, Smekken, Smiling4everman, Steel boy, Syrevo, Syrian hope, Syrianfreearmy, TWikiWriterT, The Egyptian Liberal, Trucalling, Wissam Al-Sharef, Wmsaqqa, Zenithfel, Zxs ,‫ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬,‫ ﺯﺍﺧﻮﻟﻲ‬,‫ ﺭﺿﺎ‬,‫ ﺭﺍﺷﺪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺑﻮﺩﺟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻣﺸﺔ‬. ‫ ﺩ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻣﻲ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬,‫ ﺑﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬,‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬,‫ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬,‫ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬,‫ ﺃﻣﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﻜﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ‬,‫ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬255 ,‫ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬,000‫ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ‬,‫ ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺯﻗﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﺣﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬,‫ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻕ‬ ‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ‬,Aboluay, Atheerkt, Elmondo21st, Eskandarany, Helmoony, MassimoAr, Muhends, Vivarabia, Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10138235 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺗﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,‫ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﻮﺙ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,Abdelrhman 1990, Antime, Ghaly, Muhends, Producer, Samah10 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10139296 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬33 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺭ‬.‫ ﺩ‬,Abanima, Alkwassir11, Ciphers, Justwiki, Koraiem, Mohamed Ouda :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9587065 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‬ 3Princip, Ciphers :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10012154 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ,Justwiki, Loveless, Lucquessoy, Meno25, Producer, Reham Darwish, Saif alnazari, Thaaaamr, Transmanche :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10166316 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬21 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﺮﺭ‬,‫ ﻛﻬﻴﺮﺏ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬,Usamasalah ,Abdullah.khaled, Adhamsabry1191, Ammar-1992, AshrafSS, Aziz1, Charlie, Ciphers, Classic 971 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10202802 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‬,Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Ibrahim.ID, MTN1996, Meno25, Merik egy, Mnokel, Mohammadd, Mokotillon, Murtasa, Skatershot, The Egyptian Liberal, Санта Клаус ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬47 ,‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﻣﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬,88‫ ﻋﻤﺮ‬,‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬7 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,German arabic teaching sami, Histolo2, Mohamed Ouda, Saudi :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9915042 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺏ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Ghaly, Histolo2, Omar86, 2 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10189176 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ,Abuzreq, Adi0008, Ali1, Antime, Chaos, Disooqi, Egyegy, Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Eskandarany, Hasanisawi :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10003313 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬28 ,‫ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Histolo2, Loveless, M95khalil, Marquez, Mdsam2, Mnokel, MoeSimba, Reham Darwish, Vivaystn, Zxs ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﻳﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬,Brazzouk, Jed, Jordan123, Mr AkRaM, Oxydo, Sami Lab :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10043879 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ‬ ,3bdulelah, ALAHWAZPRESS, Alnokta, Avicennasis, Elmondo21st, Esp1986, Kh3355, Lord Anubis, Marquez :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9262792 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬13 ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻞ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‬,Rami.Awad, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬8 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬,‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ‬,Axel gh07, Charlie, Eman21, Hakeem, Helmoony, Jo NaHaL, Omar-mila, Tarawneh :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10045014 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‬ 82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,1‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻴﺪﻱ‬,1971 ‫ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ‬,Meno25 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10044322 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ,Abanima, Ahmed elfeqy, Alex prince, Ali1, Antime, Aram33, Assemkh, Avocato, Baronnet, Chaos, Charlie :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10125940 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ,Ciphers, Doctormido, Egyegy, Faris knight, Fycl2008, Hero4ksa, Itinaina, Jak, Kefahnassr, Link12, Loveless, MK, Manar al Zraiy, Mdsam2, Meno25, Midymido, Momo 1994, Mustafa Atef ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﻼﻥ‬,Neogeolegend, Rana emc, SHAHINOVE, Salman al.msjen, Shipmaster, Skatershot, Soman, Taher2000, The Egyptian Liberal, Veue, Wajd, Zeko 2000, Zxs, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬69 ,‫ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﻱ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻗﺼﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﻱ‬,‫ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬ ‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺩ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,Azooz213, Ibnsina81 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10045144 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﻡ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬7 ,‫ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﻛﻬﻴﻌﺺ‬,Elmondo21st, Eskandarany, Meno25, Mn-imhotep, Mohamed Ouda, Omar35880 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10044465 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,Atheerkt, Elmoro, Eskandarany, Mn-imhotep, Omar35880 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10044466 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,Ashoola :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10049508 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ‬ ,Abanima, Adnanthefirst, Ali82, Alrifaie, Anas Qtiesh, Avocato, Chaos, German arabic teaching sami :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10212163 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬51 ,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,05‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺰﺓ‬,Hakeem, Hassaann1 1, Hhoussam, Ihusrieh, Jupiter78, Makki98, Muhends, Sammy.aw ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,Ahmed khider, Egyegy, Muhends, Passing.Stranger, Thabet202 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10052740 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Link12, Mustafa khayam, MustafaHH, 1 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10117182 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬,‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺒﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺭﻳﺞ ﺯﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9902955 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,‫ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9604865 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,Meno25 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9301387 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ (‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ )ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﻏﻨﻴﻢ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻠﺜﻮﻡ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,Ali1, Banano818, Disooqi, Elmoro, Elph, Fekrawy, Itc5, Kedareda, Mohatatou :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9897711 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬4 ,‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬,‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬ ,ABU.LAYALI, Azitony, Chaos, Ciphers, Classic 971, Elmoro, Eskandarany, Loveless, Mohamed Ouda, Riadismet :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9194003 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬20 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻘﻴﻄﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻂ‬ ,Amr hassany, Amro0od, Atheerkt, Avocato, Aziz1, Chaos, Charlie, Gaa5, Ghaly, Hadeer Samir, Hgk,p, Majedbiz :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9987800 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬26 ,‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬,‫ ﺩﻭﺩﻳﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Meno25, Palica, Reham Darwish, Uwe a, Veue ,3bo0od khan, Elmondo21st, Eskandarany, German arabic teaching sami, Google of history, Mnmngb, Mostafa attiya :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9950900 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬9 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻓﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬,‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻯ‬,Red dawn Bakkouz :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9891425 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ (‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ )ﺩﻳﺒﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬6 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,Chaos, Classic 971, Elmoro, Eskandarany, Hasanisawi, Kefahnassr, Meno25, Uwe a :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10163071 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬ ,Aram33, Bakkouz, Classic 971, Dr.mosaeed, K00966k, Makki98, Msmtawansy, Murtasa, Rami radwan :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9554597 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬19 ,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺍﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬,24.‫ﻏﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬.‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Ramirese12009, Saif alnazari, Tarawneh, Tawfik21 ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬,Elmoro, Maher27777, Mido, Mr AkRaM, Zakaria55 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9844685 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ (‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ )ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10013440 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬ ,Abanima, Abdallah2010, Ali1, Anouar113, Athkalani, Avocato, Bilel bejaoui, Charlie, Ciphers, Eexactrnaybe :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10175736 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﻮﺭﺓ‬ ,Elmondo21st, Eng mohamed.elmasry, Eskandarany, Hamada2012, Hussain1987, K3boos, Majednidaa, Mma1212, Mouh2jijel, MrGentelman, Mrayess, Nadeenhady, Oofes, Primlibya, Proghima ,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻤﺸﻲ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻠﻪ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻜﺮ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Ronniesudani, S.alsherif, Salah Almhamdi, Tagallyat, Taher2000, Tunisiendusud, Uwe a

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬119 ,‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎ‬,‫ﻗﻴﺼﺮﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ‬ ,3a2el, Abosaleh911, CommonsDelinker, Jo NaHaL, Mesho lonly, Mo7amedsalim, Raymonda, Riadismet :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9593828 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬3 ,‫ ﻛﻬﻴﻌﺺ‬,TheEgyptian ,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﺭﺿﺎ‬,3a2el, A7, Abosaleh911, Azitony, Chaos, Eskandarany, Ghaly, Jo NaHaL, Muhends, Producer :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10002276 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ﻛﻬﻴﻌﺺ‬ ,Abanima, Abbodi28, Ag9007, Alnokta, Azitony, Chady, Charlie, Ciphers, Elmondo21st, Helmoony, Lkmn, Loveless :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9791038 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬12 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,Makki98, Mido, Mohamed Ouda, OsamaK, Shipmaster, Uwe a ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬5 ,‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺒﻲ‬,24.‫ﻏﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬.‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,AhmedZidan86, Alexknight12, Ali1, Alnokta, Ebrahimsamer, Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10009312 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ‬,Ciphers, Eas, Jo NaHaL, Loveless, MK, Mohamed rizk20, Pmgforever, Rouis.k, Wipedafter, Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9838842 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬11 ,82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ﺷﺒﻜﺸﻲ‬ ,Aboukacem, Baronnet, Beaukarpo, Chaos, Ciphers, Elmoro, Freedomcost, Ibn alsham, KULSHI, Meno25, Mnao :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9964690 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬88 ,‫ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﺳﻨﺲ‬,‫ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬,28‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ‬,Mohamed Ouda, Navigation4ever, O.Waqfi, Okno, Omar86, OsamaK, Raspooten, Salah Almhamdi, Skatershot, Tamam warda, Tarawneh, Uwe a ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ,Ali1, Aram33, Ashoola, Avgeen, Avocato, Azitony, Aziz1, Bassam DAYOUB, Chaos, Charlie :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9987610 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ‬ ,Classic 971, Devilsh, Freedom's Falcon, Googlander, Histolo2, Iiikhalediii, Jak, Kemawi, Lord Anubis, Loveless, MD Syria, Majd abboud, Marquez, Miiran Shekh Newzad, Mraedarab ,Mrandmrsx-ar, Murtasa, Mustafa khayam, Neogeolegend, Ocean $hark, OsamaK, Oxydo, Rami radwan, Robin12hk, Roniblr, Safirsawtak, Sami Lab, Sammd, Sammy.aw, Saudi, Silver0eagle ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬76 ,‫ ٍﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺮﻭﺩ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻠﺜﻮﻡ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺭﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Tarawneh, Tariqhada, Usamasaad, Uwe a, Zaxo, Zxs, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﻧﺴﺮ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,Baider, Basharh, Elmondo21st, Ghaly, Lemkacha5, Lkmn, Zxs, Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10173857 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,Ciphers, Jobas, MassimoAr, Moayad00, Muhends, Pænir, Vivarabia :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10129597 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ,Athkalani, Bader115, Chaos, Charlie, Jo NaHaL, Loveless, Mnmngb, Ms.3hooD, Omar35880, Osamaleb, Producer :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10152969 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬12 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬,‫ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ‬,Riadismet, Usamasaad ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬3 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺭﻭﺧﻮ‬,Alnokta, Egyptian lion, Link12, MK, Mohamed Ouda :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9853286 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ Aboalbiss, Msoms-anime, Trabelsiismail :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=4635521 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺩ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ Ahmed2IQ, AshrafSS, Bakkouz, Charlie, Elmondo21st, Ibrahim-saeed, OOMoUnCeFOo, Ralhazzaa, Schekinov :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9929756 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬11 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬,1988‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬,‫ ﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬,‫ ﺭﻭﺧﻮ‬,‫ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬,‫ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﺩ‬,‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﺒﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Alexey Victorovich ,Abdo36, Alexknight12, Alkaabo, Azitony, Gachour Mouad, Loveless, M almohandes, MedhatAldab3, Meno25 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10115447 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬55 ,‫ ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺯﻗﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻣﺼﻮﻥ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺸﻲ‬,‫ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﻼﻥ‬,‫ ﺑﻮﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻲ‬,Mnmngb, Mohdalg, Mostafa attiya, OsamaK, Palica, RAFRAFI, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﻫﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Halabadie, Sanya3, Tamam warda :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9840289 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ,50cent), Abanima, Ahmedhanafy, Ali1, Chaos, Charlie, Ciphers, Classic 971, Egyegy, Elmondo21st, First king) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10132481 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ,Goldhai, Helmoony, Histolo2, Hope(N Forever), Hsoon38, Jak, Jo NaHaL, Kingsauod123, Laiko3, Lkmn, Loveless, Mamado4m, MassimoAr, Meno25, Pollas, Rami radwan, Shipmaster ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬74 ,‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺯﻗﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻗﻲ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻂ‬,‫ ﺗﺎﻣﺮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﻱ‬,24.‫ﻏﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬.‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Tarawneh, Zxs ,Abanima, Abdalaziz ghunaim, Abdo36, Aboluay, Ahmad510, Ali1, Amer-aln7l, Aram33, Assemkh, Atheerkt :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10138233 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ,Avocato, AwamerT, Aziz1, Banano03, Bestofmed, Chaos, Charlie, Ciphers, Classic 971, Delengar, Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Ghaly, HURAAN, Helmoony, Iljia, Jak, Jo NaHaL, Kattuub, Lkmn ,LubricantRumble, Lucquessoy, MK, Meno25, Meshal AL-Sayead, Mn-imhotep, Mnmngb, Mostafa attiya, Nadeenhady, OsamaK, Oxydo, Peadara, Producer, Ravan, Reham Darwish, Shatret ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬101 ,‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬,‫ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺸﻲ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺫﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺯ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬,‫ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻏﺎﺯﻱ‬,Skatershot, Tamam warda, Thamer62, TheEgyptian, Uwe a ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ,Atheerkt, Chaos, Eskandarany, Helmoony, Kefahnassr, Link12, MK, Marquez, Mn-imhotep, Momo 1994 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10208186 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬7 ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,Neogeolegend, Rami radwan, The Egyptian Liberal 82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=4422123 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ,‫ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﻔﻴﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬,Abanima, Maggnum, Marquez, Meno25, Ph.hesapi, Ridhaintj, SHAHINOVE, Wikissance, Zxs :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9745743 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬11 ,‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﻮﺙ‬ Abdo36, Aljuwari, Elmoro, GOD OF WAR, Ghaly, Hope(N Forever), Jo NaHaL, Malika2012, Mnt2, Mohamed :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9887256 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬11 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Ouda, Omar86, Tarawneh, Tariqhada, Yasser ELH, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬9 ,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,Aram33, Classic 971, Ghaly, Loveless, Meno25, Producer, Tariqhada, Zxs :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9815170 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,Classic 971, Ghaly, Moataz98, Producer :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9674835 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ,3Princip, 4souria, A.Obeidat, Abanima, Abbodeh83, Abo shakr, Aboalbiss, Aboluay, Abu bahaa ,** ‫ ** ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌُﻤَﺮﻱ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9913441 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ,Abu7Alrif, Abuubayda, Abuzaid, Ahm-sy, Ahmad, Ahmad Nawaf, Ahmedhijazi, Ahtmb1, AlFreDo, Albayed, Aleppos, Alexknight12, Algwaly, Ali Aljabr, Ali1, Almelhem, Almofarje, Alnokta ,Alrasam, Amam zom, Amir syria, Amjad helo, Ammar-smadi, Angela, Anthrax, Antime, Aphaia, Arab Salsa, Araber301, Araber311, Aram33, Asabbagh, Ash2005, Avgeen, Avocato, Azitony ,Aziz1, BERXEWDAN, Bachar, Baitona, Bassem JARKAS, Belle Fille, Belze, Binturki, Bo yaser, Bsqaraya, Bufunkul, Bwzz, Chaos, Charlie, Chegho, Ciphers, Classic 971, CommonsDelinker ,Cyb3r, Damaskus1967, Dana hazin, Dani-filth0, DeathMask, DrFO.Tn, Drork, Duchesse, DuhaZ, Dz.bedaya, Elian, Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Emadsyria, Eng.Adel, Esmaail, Eyadhamid, Ezadin ,F.bakkar, Fadi musa, Fadi.mhanna, Falcon paw, Faris knight, Fatosha, Fisal05, Fixic, Flouna ri, Free Guy, Freedom's Falcon, German arabic teaching sami, Gilgamesh, Gooo1970, H i-c h-a M ,HD86, Hakeem, Hamed fcs, Hamouta, Helmoony, Histolo2, IRINNEWS, Intrax world group, Islamic, Istanbul86ymf, JackSakali, Jacksyria, Jak, Jo NaHaL, Jupiter78, Justsyrian, Kafaja Kinan.salti, Kinanister, Kingsauod123, Korangkurd, Kovily, LORD OF LORD, Lighter239, Lob-m, Lord Anubis, Loveless, Luai80, M2moun14, MD Syria, MK, MaX, Maher10012, Mahmood ,S. Lattouf, Mahmoud farahat, Majjoudeh, Malven, Marquez, Masrawygamedd, Maxim A, May05, Mbwd, Meen sameer, Meno25, Mgr Manssour, Micheloo, Mido, Milad 80, Mkelzy ,Mohamad969, Mohamed Ouda, Mohammed alkhater, Mohmad nour, Mr. Ibrahem, Mr.GoOdKaT, Mraedarab, Mshtawy, Muhends, Mustafa khayam, Nabeel81, Nadim.alex, Nedal Ali, Newlife7 ,NickK, Ocean $hark, Omar.mr, Onabhani, Oneforall2012, OsamaK, Oxydo, PICAWN, Peadara, Pipers, Producer, Qatoor, R2is, Rafy, Ralhazzaa, Richard2006mba, Robin12hk, SSFL2007 ,Sac.haj, Saleem Najjar, Same7same7, Samer.alshaer, Sami Lab, Sammy.aw, Scien80, Scorpix, SegeWiki, Sezar, Shadikoudsi, Shafei, Sherif.elsayed, Shipmaster, Symoon, Syrian, T.tyrael ,Taher2000, TalibDemashqi, Tarawneh, Template namespace initialisation script, The owl, TheEgyptian, TheGracesite, Theblacklily2006, Traroth, Uishaki, Uwe a, Wadi3, Waro, Wassof, Waten ‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺔ‬,‫ ﺃﻳﻤﻦ‬,‫ ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Wikioskar, Wipedafter, Wqn177070, Xiquet, Yacoub18, Yahia2006, Ytaklaarab, Yusuf86, Zakaria55, Zxcoxo, Σύμμαχος ,‫ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﺍء ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺁﻋﺠﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬,‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬,‫ ﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬,‫ ﺳﺎﻻﻡ‬,‫ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬,‫ ﺭﺿﺎ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻂ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬,‫ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬,‫ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬,05‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﺑﺤﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ‬,‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺤﺮ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻖ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﺑﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻡ‬,‫ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ ﻟﻴﺒﻲ‬,‫ ﻛﻬﻴﻌﺺ‬,‫ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‬,‫ ﻗﻤﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﻗﺪﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬,‫ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺣﺒﻄﻮﺵ ﺧﻮﺕ ﺃﺑﺰﺍﺥ‬,‫ ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬,‫ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻠﺜﻮﻡ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﺯﺣﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬,‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺩﺭﻳﺲ‬,‫ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺰﻳﺪﻱ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺎﻕ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻷﻟﻪ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺣﻠﻔﯽ‬,‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1044 ,‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬,‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‬,‫ ﻳﻮﺯﺑﺎﺷﻲ‬,‫ ﻭﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪﻱ‬,‫ ﻫـﺸـﺎﻡ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬,2006‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻭﺩﻳﺔ‬,‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬,‫ﺻﺢ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬10 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,AliGalalA.M, Loveless, Muhends, Shipmaster :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9863273 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ,Abanima, Aboalbiss, AliGalalA.M, Aligalalam, Almuhammedi, Aram33, Asabbagh, Asrin1979, Avocato, Baronnet :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10191419 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ,‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﺒﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Bluemask, Chaos, Charlie, Egyegy, Hamada2012, Historyfeelings, Jak, Lkmn, Loveless, Magdmagdmagd, Mahaodeh, Meno25, Mo7amedsalim, Oxydo, Waledhelmymhmd ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬24 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻰ‬,‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻠﻪ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬,‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ 81 ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻱ‬,Arab Hafez, Asrin1979, Meno25, Rubenesque :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10122760 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,AliGalalA.M, Bluszczokrzew, Omar35880, Salah Almhamdi :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9616390 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ Elmoro, Tariqhada :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10048164 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬4 ,‫ ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺯﻗﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,Alphabetico, Aqwio, Casper20, Mdsam2, Neogeolegend, Ravan :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10185721 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﺃﻧﺲ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ‬,AhmedZidan86, Brazzouk, Chaos, Charlie, Elmondo21st, Loveless, Rafale, Saif alnazari :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=8732626 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬4 ,‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬,‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ‬ ,ALFAIZ, Abanima, Agari, Ahmed awny, Alex prince, Ali1, Anarchy, Assemkh, Azitony, Chaos ,** ‫ ** ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌُﻤَﺮﻱ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10186304 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ,Ciphers, Classic 971, CommonsDelinker, Drissi, Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Eng.SAME7, Eskandarany, Ghainmem, Green hawk, Jak, Jo NaHaL, Kefahnassr, MK, Mamado4m, Manal,Abdul ,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬,‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪﺟﻼﻝ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,‫ לערי ריינהארט‬,Maoist, Mohamed Ouda, Oxydo, Palica, Pallap, Red dawn, Reham Darwish, Soela100, Soman, Sosy1, Stalker, Thaaaamr, Uwe a, Zakaria55 ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬106 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,81 ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,‫ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺰﻳﺪﻱ‬,‫ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬9 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺑﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻳﻚ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,Algont, Elmoro, MassimoAr, Mohamed Ouda, PhiberOptik :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9780041 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬1 ,82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,Aboluay, Ali1, Atheerkt, Ciphers :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9793259 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ,‫ ﻋﻼء ﺧﺎﺷﻘﺠﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺰﺓ‬,Banias, Chaos, Charlie, Ghaly, Jak, Loveless, Meno25, OsamaK, RAFRAFI, Tamam warda :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10040231 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬24 ,‫ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬ ,Anwar1122, Christina Samir, Ciphers, Dina.moawad, Doaasaifeldine, Faris knight, H moushir, Loveless :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9824291 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬30 ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﺑـﻮ ﺯﻳـﺪ‬,M.shady, Marianne.ramsès, Meno25, Neogeolegend, Nirvana.zaki, Producer, Sararagai ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬15 ,‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻟﺐ‬,Aram33, Elmondo21st, Ghaly, O.Waqfi :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10011233 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ,JAN, 3almani, 7lm, A.Obeidat, Abanima, Abu jassim, Ahlawy4ever, Ahmadeeer, Ahmedragaey, Al3llam 25 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10119368 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ,Alexender, Alexknight12, Ali1, Almuhammedi, Antime, Archipoeta, Asabbagh, Aser ahmad, Ashraf85, Assemkh, Atheerkt, Avocato, Awinsh, Benhoz, Bestofmed, Bonguy, Borio1704 Byassine, Chaos, Charlie, Ciphers, Classic 971, Delengar, Diwanya, Egyptian lion, Elmondo21st, Elokda, Eskandarany, Ghaly, Hadiu, Hafiz Nagib, Hakeem, Histolo2, Jak, Jo NaHaL, Jobas, Jsm ,q8, Laiko3, Lkmn, Lucis mando, Mahmoud farahat, Mahmoudasem, Mariojanamour, Marquez, Matrix neo2010, Mdsam2, Meno25, Mhkmost, Mnmngb, Mohamed Ouda, Mohanad hamed ,Mohdalg, Mr AkRaM, Msaoudi, Muhammedgamal, Mustafa khayam, Neogeolegend, Omar.w.kh, OsamaK, Osos.awy, Oxydo, Sammy.aw, Saudi, SciKnight, Shaki, Skatershot, Slacker ,1971 ‫ ﺇﻣﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Summar1st, Tamam warda, Tarawneh, The Egyptian Liberal, TheEgyptian, Tsaleb, Uwe a, Wessamfauad, Yamanam, Yas88ser, Zxs, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬222 ,‫ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻟﻴﻠﻪ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬,‫ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺰﻳﺪﻱ‬,‫ ﻋﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻂ‬,‫ﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻴﻼﻥ‬ Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=8808077 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ,Abtem, Alwatan, Anwar1122, Arabuser, Aram33, Azdiyy, Aziz1, Azooz213, Charlie, Ciphers, CommonsDelinker :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10203751 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬25 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬,‫ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﺤﺮ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Dambler 2, Ghaly, Ibourk, Iljia, Jobas, Jordan123, Kh3355, Khawla bint al azwer, Lord Anubis, Loveless, Meno25, Uwe a Bassir, Elmoro, Magioladitis, Majed, Meno25, Michaelcg, Mo7amedsalim, Mohamed Ouda, Schekinov Alexey :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10193565 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬12 ,‫ ﻳﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺰﺑﺎﺭﻱ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬,Victorovich, TheEgyptian, Zxs ,50cent), A user, Abanima, Ahmed kandeel, Ahmed.hwary, Anwar1122, Bravo, Charlie, Ciphers, Elmondo21st) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10187618 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺷﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬34 ,81 ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬,‫ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ‬,205 ‫ ﺿﺎﺭﻱ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬,‫ ﺑﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ‬,Helmoony, Hkghkjgj, Oxydo, Producer, Shafei, Usamasaad, Uwe a, Zxs ,Abdo36, Ahmed badda, Chaos, Charlie, Classic 971, Dr Bilal Alshareef, Ghaly, Hakeem, Loveless, Mabad08 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10199848 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬31 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬,Maggnum, Mahmoud farahat, Robin12hk, Scorpix, Victory144, Wikipism, Σύμμαχος ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬9 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,Abanima, Elmoro, Fmm.212, Ghaly, Karim-Marocain, Lkmn, Zxs :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9989526 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ Ahmedhasen, Alpha-beta, Baronnet, Chaos, Ciphers, Elmoro, Iglc, Jak, MK, Mahaodeh, Meno25, Mnmngb, Mohamed :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10060162 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬43 ,‫ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬,‫ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬,‫ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬,Ouda, Mohamed alsemany, Mostafa attiya, Mr AkRaM, Mustafa khayam, Neogeolegend, Oxydo, Producer, Slacker, TheEgyptian, Uwe a ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﺯﺍﺧﻮﻟﻲ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,Azitony, Ciphers :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=8880521 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬5 ,88‫ ﻋﻤﺮ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻠﻒ‬,Ahmad, Elmoro, Jobas, Loveless, Maggnum, Pollas, Umar abu ward :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9937387 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ,Ahmed essam eldin, Atwargui, Borio1704, DevSaeed, Elmoro, Link12, Meno25, Robin12hk, Xiquet, Σύμμαχος :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9926692 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻔﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬9 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎ‬ ,Ahmad alrifai, Bassem JARKAS, Ciphers, Elmondo21st, IRINNEWS, Kassemsalem, Lord Anubis, Maggnum :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10161914 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﺊ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬8 ,‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬,Mohamed Ouda, Mohammad Hejaili, Mustafa khayam, Riadismet, Schekinov Alexey Victorovich ,Ahmad-noor79, Ahmaric, Ahmbarakat, Ahmed m rabea, Ahmed1wf, Ali1, Almanhal, Alnokta, Arab League :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10186381 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ .Assemkh, Atheerkt, Atitium, Avocato, Ayman Sabek, Aziz1, Bani2, Baronnet, Bo badeer88, Charlie, Ciphers, Classic 971, Delengar, Dr B2, DrFO.Tn, Eas, Elmondo21st, Elmoro, Eng ,Mohamad, Eskandarany, Evergreen, FaisalNasser, FraNTic, Gardi, GmC, HURAAN, Helmoony, Heterodoxos, Histolo2, Iraqi Liberal Party, Jamil8mjk, Jasim999, Jo NaHaL, Kefahnassr ,Koraiem, Laiko3, Link12, Lkmn, M.farouk83, MAGNAM, MK, Mansour2015, Marquez, Mido, Minbaralhurriyya, Mohamed Ouda, Mohamed almokadem, Mur59h, Myalfaruq, Neogeolegend ‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ‬,OsamaK, Pollas, Reham Darwish, Rhythem, Sami Lab, Saudi, SaudiPseudonym, Scorpix, Shipmaster, Skatershot, Sokobeen, The Egyptian Liberal, Triple em, Wisamsal, Yamanam 313 ,‫ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﻴﺮﻯ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻏﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ‬,‫ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺪ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻠﻲ‬,‫ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬,‫ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻨﺘﻮﺕ‬,‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ‬,2099‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺃﻧﺲ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎﺭﻯ‬,‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ Atheerkt, Aya mahmoud elshaer, Chaos, Eskandarany, Ibn alsham, Loveless, Mdsam2, Mn-imhotep, The :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10205713 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬8 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,Egyptian Liberal, Udufruduhu ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬2 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,‫ ﻓﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬,Bakkouz, Disooqi, Hafsah jcctv, K00966k, Ravan :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10129644 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Meno25, Rami radwan, 4 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9418361 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬13 ,‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻦ‬,AliGalalA.M, Avocato, Elmondo21st, M2012d, Mn-imhotep, Mnmngb :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9925790 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Helmoony, Mostafa attiya, TheEgyptian, 2 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9974032 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‬ 6 ,‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,Ali1, Azitony, Bakkouz, Loveless, Producer, Rami radwan, Robin12hk, Shipmaster :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10127051 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ TurkiYounis :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10017118 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,Almuhammedi, Danifouad, Mohamed Ouda, Rere yoyo, Riadismet :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9788380 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ,Alexknight12, Elmoro, Fleurita09, Inssaf65, Jido23, Loveless, Meno25, Michaelcg, Mo7amedsalim, Mohamed Ouda :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9537662 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬9 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻼ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬,‫ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺭﺻﺎﺹ‬,2009 ‫ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‬,‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺒﻲ‬,24.‫ﻏﺎﻣﺪﻱ‬.‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‬,Mostafa attiya, Salah Almhamdi ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Abdelrhman 1990, Athkalani, Bjankuloski06ar, Disooqi, Egyegy, Mohamed Ouda, TheEgyptian, 13 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9884326 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ,Adi0008, Alexknight12, Alshathri, Aqmme, Casper 2105, Chaos, Charlie, Ciphers, Farisnet, Haytham abulela :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10198031 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺉ‬,‫ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ‬,1997‫ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ‬,‫ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺑﺤﺮ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺰﺓ‬,Helmoony, Joeyoyo84, Loveless, MustafaHH, Neophiliac, Producer, Taher2000, Usamasaad, Uwe a, Y.Zainy, Zakaria55 ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬45 ,‫ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬,94‫ ﻭﺩ‬,‫ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬,‫ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬15 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬,Egyegy, Lord Anubis :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=6849294 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Chaos, The Egyptian Liberal, 1 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=9544294 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‬ 82‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪ‬,Link12, MassimoAr, Nopira :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10052782 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ,Abosaleh911, Ali1, AliGalalA.M, Antime, Arab Salsa, Ashoola, Atheerkt, Ciphers, Classic 971, CommonsDelinker :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=10191442 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ,‫ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﺍء‬,‫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬,‫ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺷﻼﺥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬,Elm, Eskandarany, Haider90, Jo NaHaL, Lkmn, Mamado4m, Maoist, Meno25, Merik egy, Mnokel, Uwe a, Zxs, Σύμμαχος, Санта Клаус ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬66 ,‫ ﻧﺴﺮ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬,‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬

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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ,Vipersnake151 , penubag :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Ambox_currentevent.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Ambox currentevent.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (Tkgd2007 (clock :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ jpg.2011 ‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬29 - ‫( ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬Banyas demonstration):‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Counny, Denniss :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ jpg.2011_‫_ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‬29_-_‫(_ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ_ﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﺱ_ﺟﻤﻌﺔ_ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺐ‬Banyas_demonstration):‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title ‫ ﻋﺒﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬,Jacklee, Trijnstel see below :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Syria.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Syria.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ David Vignoni :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Lesser General Public License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Gtk-dialog-info.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Gtk-dialog-info.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,AVRS, Cpro :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ 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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ Jerzy Strzelecki :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Eagle_Dome3(js).jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Eagle Dome3(js).jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Fadi Hallisso :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Jaabar.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Jaabar.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Xvlun :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Crac des chevaliers syria.jpeg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Godfried :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Standbeeld_Saladin_Damascus.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Standbeeld Saladin Damascus.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Warreyn krebsmaus07 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Azem_Palace_02.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Azem Palace 02.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Aziz1005, Doug Coldwell, Olivier2, TheRealHuldra :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Khan_Asaad_Basha.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Khan Asaad Basha.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Sammy.aw :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Damas-6-may.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Damas-6-may.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Ciphers, Uwe a, 1 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Sykes_picot_ar.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Sykes picot ar.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Unknown :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ ProtestsAnnexationAlexanderetta.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ ProtestsAnnexationAlexanderetta.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Creative Commons :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ PikiWiki_Israel_4223_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ PikiWiki Israel 4223 Israel Defense Forces.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ דני גולדשמידט‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Attribution 2.5 Electionworld, Timeshifter :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ SatSyria.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ SatSyria.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Mappo :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Oronte,_SiriaHPIM3104.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Oronte, SiriaHPIM3104.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Bernard :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Deir_Mar_Musa_02.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Deir Mar Musa 02.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Gagnon Bazminbaz :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ JPG.2_‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭ_ﻏﺎﺑﺔ‬:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ JPG.2 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﺑﺔ‬:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Fibonacci :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Compass_rose_pale.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Compass rose pale.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Iraq.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Iraq.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Lebanon.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Lebanon.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ .modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi User:Vzb83 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Cyprus.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Cyprus.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the“ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Israel.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Israel.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flag is not ”State of Israel precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flag .(legislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Jordan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Jordan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Bontenbal, Demmo, Valérie75, 1 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Syria-demography.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Syria-demography.png:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ Creative Commons :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Armenian_Genocide_Museum_in_Der_Zor_Syria.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Armenian Genocide Museum in Der Zor Syria.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Further to Fly :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Attribution 2.0 Cnes - Spot Image :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Hama_SPOT_1157.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Hama SPOT 1157.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ AlHasakah_BeydarExcavationHouse2.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:AlHasakah BeydarExcavationHouse2.jpg Ocean $hark / beydar.com :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ 3.0 Aziz1005 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ JPG.‫ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ JPG.‫ﻃﺮﻃﻮﺱ‬:File Original uploader was Chaos at ar.wikipedia :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Hama_wheels.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Hama wheels.jpg :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Saidnaya seen from the Holy Patriarchal Convent of Our Lady of Saidnaya.JPG Effi Schweiizer :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Saidnaya_seen_from_the_Holy_Patriarchal_Convent_of_Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title Aziz1005, Bgag, High :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ jpg.‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬-‫ﺛﻠﺞ‬-Damascus-snow:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ jpg.‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬-‫ﺛﻠﺞ‬-File:Damascus-snow ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Contrast, Meno25, 1 Bertramz :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Salamiyya,view.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Salamiyya,view.jpg MlleAlxVuk :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Aleppo_Grand_Seray.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Aleppo Grand Seray.jpg syriapath.com :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Umayyad-mosque1.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Umayyad-mosque1.jpg Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Khaled_Ibn_Al-Waleed_Mosque.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Khaled Ibn Al-Waleed Mosque.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Bo yaser :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ uknown :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Lattakia_1970.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Lattakia 1970.jpg Fadi Hallisso :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Jaabar.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Jaabar.jpg Jordi Mastrullenque :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Alijlas_kufi.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Alijlas kufi.png:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ syriapath.com :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Khaled-binwalid-mosque4.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Khaled-binwalid-mosque4.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Fransiscan_Missionaries_Aleppo.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Fransiscan Missionaries Aleppo.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Kevorkmail (talk). Original uploader was Kevorkmail at en.wikipedia :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Original uploader was Funkynusayri at :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ en.wikipedia User:Aziz1005 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Sit_Zaynab.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Sit Zaynab.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Muhammed naser :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Damas_univ.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Damas univ.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Creative Commons Attribution :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ World_literacy_map_UNHD_2007_2008-ar.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008-ar.png:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (World_literacy_map_UNHD_2007_2008.png: Sbw01f derivative work: Bassem (talk :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ 3.0 MarkusHagenlocher :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Triticum_durum.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Triticum durum.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Graham van der Wielen :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Aleppo_Khan_Shuneh.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Aleppo Khan Shuneh.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ [www.gray-um.com] monisbu :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Tonyjeff, based on national symbol, with the :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Coat of arms of Syria.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ .help of AnonMoos Tech. Sgt. H. H. Deffner :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Syrian_soldier_aims_an_AK-47.JPEG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Syrian soldier aims an AK-47.JPEG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (me (aziz1005 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ FourseasonshotelDamascus.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ FourseasonshotelDamascus.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Banias_Spring_Cliff_Pan's_Cave.JPG:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Banias Spring Cliff Pan's Cave.JPG:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ gugganij :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Unported ‫ ﺳﺎﺋﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Aleppo-Museum.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Aleppo-Museum.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Slmcom :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Bab_alhara-1.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Bab alhara-1.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Modteque :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Aleppo_culture2006.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Aleppo culture2006.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Modteque :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Alep_inter_stadium.gif:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Alep inter stadium.gif:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Rarelibra :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Syria_districts.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Syria districts.png:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ :The_Levant_3.png :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ The_Levant-ar.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ The Levant-ar.png:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺭﻭﺧﻮ‬:MapMaster derivative work

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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Hammer_and_Sickle_Red_Star_with_Glow.png:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ File:Hammer and Sickle Red Star with Glow.png User:Michaelwuzthere .John Mayall jun :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Karl_Marx_001.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Image:Karl Marx 001.jpg Alonr, Breeze, Bubuka, Lhademmor, Niki K, Ratatosk, Shizhao :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Engels.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Image:Engels.jpg L. 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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬RamzyAbueita, Zscout370, 4 ,Alkari, Bastique, Cycn, Denelson83, DerFussi, Fry1989 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Venezuela.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Venezuela.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,George McFinnigan, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Huhsunqu, Infrogmation, K21edgo, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, Rupert Pupkin, Sarang, Sparkve ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Wikisole, Zscout370, 12 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ GNU Free Documentation License :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Comunidades_autónomas_de_España.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Comunidades autónomas de España.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Rodriguillo :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Evstafiev-travnik-refugees.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Evstafiev-travnik-refugees.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Kanonkas, Maksim, Mentifisto, Oreo Priest, 5 ,Amakuru :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Rwandan refugee camp in east Zaire.jpg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Elmondo21st, Foroa, J Milburn, Janmad, Jaranda, Joonasl, Simon Villeneuve, Wolfgangus Mozart, Yakudza, 3 :Blue_flag_waving.svg :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Yellow_flag_waving.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Yellow flag waving.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (Viktorvoigt derivative work: Dove (talk Creative Commons :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Handshake_(Workshop_Cologne_'06).jpeg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Handshake (Workshop Cologne '06).jpeg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Tobias Wolter :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Dbenbenn :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Norway.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Norway.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Zscout370, User:Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Iceland.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Iceland.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Madden :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Denmark.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Denmark.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Jon Harald Søby :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Sweden.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Sweden.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, Arria Belli :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of New Zealand.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic, Mamndassan, Mattes ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, Tabasco, Transparent Blue, Väsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 37 Drawn by User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Finland.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Finland.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the Netherlands.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Luxembourg.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Ireland.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Ireland.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Alkari, Cycn, Fry1989, Gabbe, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Malta.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Malta.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Liftarn, Mattes, Meno25, Nightstallion, Peeperman, Pumbaa80, Ratatosk, Rodejong, Zscout370, 5 special commission (of code): SVG :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the Czech Republic.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ .version by cs:-xfi-. Colors according to Appendix No. 3 of czech legal Act 3/1993. cs:Zirland Pedro A. Gracia Fajardo, escudo de Manual de Imagen :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Spain.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Spain.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Institucional de la Administración General del Estado Original flag by James I of :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the United Kingdom.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ England/James VI of ScotlandSVG recreation by User:Zscout370 Various :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_South_Korea.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of South Korea.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (User:Reisio (original author :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Uruguay.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Uruguay.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Various :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Japan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Japan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Mauritius.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Mauritius.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Costa Rica.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Portugal.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Portugal.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources Drawn by User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Cape Verde.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Greece.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Greece.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ see below :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Italy.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Italy.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, BRUTE :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_South_Africa.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of South Africa.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15 ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, Ricordisamoa, SKopp, Sarang, SiBr4, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 35 User:Achim1999 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Slovenia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Slovenia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Estonia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Estonia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ . User:PeepP to match the image at Alkari, B1mbo, David Newton, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, ElmA, Er :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Chile.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Chile.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Komandante, Fibonacci, Fry1989, Fsopolonezcaro, Herbythyme, Huhsunqu, Kallerna, Kanonkas, Klemen Kocjancic, Kyro, Mattes, McZusatz, Mozzan, Nagy, Nightstallion, Piastu, Pixeltoo ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Pumbaa80, SKopp, Sarang, Srtxg, Sterling.M.Archer, Str4nd, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Xarucoponce, Yakoo, Yonatanh, Zscout370, 49 User:SKopp, User:Gabbe, User:Madden :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Botswana.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Botswana.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Abner1069, Bestalex ,555 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the Republic of China.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Bigmorr, Denelson83, Ed veg, Gzdavidwong, Herbythyme, Isletakee, Kakoui, Kallerna, Kibinsky, Mattes, Mizunoryu, Neq00, Nickpo, Nightstallion, Odder, Pymouss, R.O.C, Reisio, Reuvenk ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Rkt2312, Rocket000, Runningfridgesrule, Samwingkit, Sasha Krotov, Shizhao, Tabasco, Vzb83, Wrightbus, ZooFari, Zscout370, 75 SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Slovakia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Slovakia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Lithuania.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Lithuania.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_East_Timor.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of East Timor.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Hungary.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Hungary.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Anime Addict AA, Boricuaeddie, Bruce1ee, Davepape :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Jamaica.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Jamaica.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Duduziq, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, KBarnett, Kilom691, Klemen Kocjancic, Kounoupidi, Körnerbrötchen, Ludger1961, Mattes, Nishkid64, Odder, Reisio, SKopp, Sarang, The Evil IP ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬address, Wknight94, Zscout370, 29 ,xfi-, Addicted04, Alkari, Cycn, Duduziq, Fadi the philologer- :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Panama.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Panama.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Fry1989, Huhsunqu, Hystrix, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Nightstallion, Ninane, Pumbaa80, Reisio, Rfc1394, TFCforever, Thomas81, ThomasPusch, Zscout370, Ö, Фёдор Гусляров, 19 ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ Mareklug, Wanted :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Poland.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Poland.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Latvia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Latvia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Bulgaria.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Croatia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Croatia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament ALE!, Alkari, Anime Addict AA, Antemister, Bouwe :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Suriname.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Suriname.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬Brouwer, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Iketsi, Klemen Kocjancic, Kookaburra, Krun, Mattes, Mikewazhere, Mmxx, Nightstallion, Pfctdayelise, Reisio, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, Zscout370, 17 ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Sri Lanka.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ AdiJapan :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Romania.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Romania.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Colombia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Colombia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬

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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Thailand.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Thailand.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Nightstallion :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Indonesia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Indonesia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ user:Nightstallion :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of El Salvador.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Republica del Paraguay :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Paraguay.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Paraguay.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Dbenbenn :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Peru.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title 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Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ .collection, and is public domain Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Nepal.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Nepal.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Armenia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Armenia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Pumbaa80 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Burundi.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Burundi.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,colours and size changes of the now deletied versions) Madden) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Haiti.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Haiti.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion Coat of arms :Lokal_Profil and Myriam Thyes User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Madagascar.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Madagascar.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Kuwait.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Kuwait.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Alkari, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos, Cactus26 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Mauritania.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Mauritania.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Docu, Flad, Fred J, Fry1989, Gabbe, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, SKopp, TFCforever, ThomasPusch, 8 Denelson83, Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Morocco.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Morocco.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Anime Addict AA, Avala, ButterStick, Denelson83, Fred the Oyster :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Fiji.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Fiji.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Fry1989, Greentubing, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Krun, Lokal Profil, Mattes, Multichill, Neq00, Nightstallion, Sam916, Urhixidur, Vzb83, 8 User:Gabbe, User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Burkina Faso.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ see below :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Cuba.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Cuba.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Bahrain.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Bahrain.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Aaker, Ahsoous, Alkari, Cycn, EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, Homo :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Togo.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Togo.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Mxn, Neq00, Nightstallion, Reisio, ThomasPusch, Vzb83 .This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Algeria.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Algeria.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ -of code) cs:User:-xfi) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Cameroon.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Cameroon.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Niger.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Niger.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ .fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p ,Atamari, Avala, Courcelles, Denniss, Erlenmeyer :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of The Gambia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬FischersFritz, Fry1989, INeverCry, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, OAlexander, Porao, Rkt2312, Rodejong, ThomasPusch, Vzb83, WikipediaMaster, Zscout370, 3 Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Belarus.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Belarus.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬

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‫ ﺭﺧﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬،‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Angola.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Angola.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ -xfi- :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Kazakhstan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Gabbe, User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Gabon.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Gabon.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ . :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Rwanda.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Rwanda.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ SKopp and others :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Azerbaijan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Drawn by :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ (User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors -of code) cs:User:-xfi) :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Qatar.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Qatar.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Open Clip Art :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Egypt.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Egypt.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Jon Harald Søby :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Cote_d'Ivoire.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ Lưu Ly vẽ lại theo nguồn trên :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Vietnam.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Vietnam.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Swaziland.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Swaziland.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Kocjancic, Mogelzahn, Nightstallion, OAlexander, Ratatosk, ThomasPusch, 1 ,Anime Addict AA :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Antemister, Courcelles, Denelson83, Erlenmeyer, Estrilda, FischersFritz, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Klemen Kocjancic, LA2, Madden, Mattes, Moyogo, Neq00, Nightstallion, Persiana, Ratatosk ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Romaine, ThomasPusch, Thuresson, 3 drew, Alkari, Cycn, Duduziq, Fry1989, Happenstance, Homo* :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Oman.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Oman.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ lupus, Ittihadawi, Jetijones, Klemen Kocjancic, Liftarn, Mattes, Neq00, Nightstallion, NikNaks, OAlexander, Orange Tuesday, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, ThomasPusch, Zscout370 User:SKopp :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Guinea.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Guinea.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ entraîneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Tunisia.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Tunisia.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ User:Madden :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Zimbabwe.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ - :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Yemen.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Yemen.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Achim1999, Alex Spade, Anime Addict AA, Antonsusi :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg:‫=ﻣﻠﻒ‬http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬ Flag of Tajikistan.svg:‫ﻣﻠﻒ‬ ,Apatomerus, Bjankuloski06en, Cycn, Ecad93, Erlenmeyer, EugeneZelenko, Fred the Oyster, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Johnny Rotten, Klemen Kocjancic, Leonid 2, Mattes, Nameneko, Neq00 ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Nightstallion, OAlexander, Rinkio, Sarang, SouthSudan, Zscout370, Умед Джайхони, 3 User:Zscout370 :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ‬ Public Domain :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ 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