Strictly Science: keeping one step ahead

YEARS OF MEDICAL RESEARCH

1913 - 2013

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Strictly Science is a collaboration between the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Haberdashery www.csc.mrc.ac.uk / www.haberdasherylondon.com / Catalogue edited by Brona McVittie / Designed by Haberdashery / Printed by Scanplus

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Catalogue content Welcome

What’s the exhibition about?

TB and the beginnings of the

Medical Research Council

2 3

Science TODAY

6

What makes us fat?

7

How are genes stored and read?

8

How can a virus cause cancer?

9

How do nerves repair?

10

The TODAY lab

11

Motion capture

12

Balancing act

13

Blink

14

Science TOMORROW

22

The TOMORROW lab

23

What do the experts say?

24

What will the world be like in 2113?

26

Imagine the future

29

What’s your vision?

32

Things to do while you are here Exhibition map

33

35

Acknowledgements

36

Science YESTERDAY

The YESTERDAY lab

15

Henry Dale (1875-1968)

16

Almroth Wright (1861-1947)

18

Harriette Chick (1875-1977)

20

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What’s the exhibition about?

The Medical Research Council (MRC) is 100. From vaccination, antibiotics, clinical trials and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to discoveries of vitamins, brain chemicals, DNA and causes of cancer, the oldest UK research council helps us stay one step ahead of disease.

Explore the life-changing discoveries of yesterday, the innovative scientific strategies of today, and share your hopes and fears for tomorrow.

“The MRC is an absolutely fantastic outfit and without it we wouldn’t be where we are now” Jon Snow, Channel 4 News Presenter 2

WELCOME

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TB and the beginnings of the Medical Research Council Public funding to examine the cause and cure of disease In 1911 Lloyd George (Chancellor of the Exchequer) passed the National Insurance Act. 50,000 people had died that year in the UK from tuberculosis (TB). The act enabled up to a penny per working person per year to be spent on scientific research.

In 1913 an annual budget of ÂŁ57,000 was given to the MRC* at a time when there was no state-funded research. Henry Dale and other talented scientists were paid to examine the cause and research the cure for diseases.

*From 1913-1920 the Medical Research Committee was the forerunner of the Medical Research Council

Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd George in 1910 WELCOME

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TB yesterday and today TB has plagued humankind for millenia. 100 years ago there was no cure so efforts were focused on reducing its spread. Keeping patients quarantined and pasteurising cow’s milk helped reduce the spread of disease. Treatments included sunbathing.

The cause of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was discovered in 1882. The first vaccine was used on humans in 1921. It wasn’t until 1943 that the first antibiotic cure, streptomycin, was discovered.

The first British sanatorium (Stannington) for TB children at Morpeth, Northumbria (Wellcome Images)

TB-related deaths in the UK are rare today. Globally a new human infection arises every minute across the world. The TB bacterium has infected an estimated third of people around the world. Most have no

“There’s great hope that TB will

symptoms. One in ten develops disease. One in two

be eliminated not within the next

will survive without treatment. MRC clinical trials

hundred years, but within fifty

to test streptomycin showed the bacterium could evolve defences fast. Today vaccines help protect at risk communities and multiple drugs are used to

years”

Professor Robert Wilkinson, MRC National Institute

for Medical Research

tackle resistant strains.

4

WELCOME

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The MRC gets going Establishing medical research by Royal Charter

The Royal Charter was granted on 1st April 1920 under King George V (left) when the Medical Research Committee became the Medical Research Council. The Council’s formation effectively separated the administration of finances for medical research from the National Insurance scheme.

The current Charter (right) dates from 2003.

WELCOME

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Science TODAY What’s happening now?

Scientists

are

trying

to

better

the way for progress in regenerative medicine and

infectious diseases, cancer, heart disease, obesity,

stem cell therapy.

neurodegeneration and more. Explaining epigenetics

Watch SCIENCE in PROGRESS films in the TODAY

– ways that genes can switch on and off – is paving

cinema and visit the Faisal team in the TODAY lab.

What makes us fat?

7

How are genes stored and read?

8

How can a virus cause cancer?

9

How do nerves repair?

6

understand

10

TODAY

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What makes us fat?

How fat are you on the inside?

As a storage organ, fat influences hormonal and immune systems, appetite, bones and other organs.

Using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Jimmy’s group makes detailed fat maps of the human body.

“Public health linked to food, diet and nutrition will be a major issue for all governments in the next century”

Andy Burnham MP, Shadow Health Secretary

They found we can be thin on the outside, but fat on the inside (TOFI). Fat in and around our internal organs puts us at risk of diabetes and heart disease in later life. Popular measures like the body mass index (BMI) don’t take internal and external body fat into account.

Professor Jimmy Bell (MRC Clinical Sciences Centre) and his team make MRI fat maps to look at external and internal fat.

Different body shapes (left), all size 12, have different patterns of fat distribution (white)

TODAY

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“All

of

us

benefit

from

new

scientific ideas produced out of sheer intellectual curiosity. It is very important that we maintain as a society a programme of basic research where very smart people in their area are given money to go away and develop the frontiers of to understand how close or far apart genes (RIGHT, coloured dots) are (TOP) Professor Wendy Bickmore (MRC Human Genetics Unit) wants knowledge”

Professor Wendy Bickmore (MRC Human Genetics Unit) wants to

Sir Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England

inside cells to help them get a measure of DNA folding

inside cells to help them get a measure of DNA folding

understand how close or far apart genes (coloured dots above) are

Switching genes on and off Genes are arranged along the length of DNA. Divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes, 2 metres of the same genetic material is repeated in each body cell.

Packed into a space narrower than a hundredth

How are genes stored and read?

8

of a millimeter, this material has to be highly folded. Folding affects which genes get switched on or off. When the wrong genes switch on or off cancer can result. Wendy’s research team looked at human chromosome 16. DNA in this region is folded differently in breast cancer cells than normal cells.

Now they are trying to find out why.

TODAY

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How can a virus cause cancer?

Reprogramming body cells A tiny virus with only eight genes can cause cervical

system cannot flush the virus out and cervical cancer

cancer in adult women. Human Papillomavirus

results. Clare explains how HPV16 sometimes stops

(HPV) 16 is everywhere and spreads through sexual

reproducing, instead making cervical cells divide out

contact. Most infections don’t lead to cancer.

of control. She wants to understand how the viral

However, in a small number of women the immune

genes cause body cells to become cancerous.

“My greatest hope for the future is there’d be a cure for cancer because I know quite a few people who died from cancer because there isn’t actually a definite cure that can just get rid of it” Lara Maughan, Year 6, Irchester Primary School

Dr Clare Davy (MRC National Institute for Medical Research) wants to understand how HPV16 infects human cells (left) TODAY

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Dr Simona Parrinello (MRC Clinical Sciences Centre) explains in the TODAY cinema how nerves repair using Schwann cells (right)

How do nerves repair?

Understanding stem cells When nerves are injured in mammals, cells and proteins rally together to try and repair the damage.

Stores for renewal exist throughout the body as stem cells. In order to replace damaged tissue, stem

“My greatest hope for the future

cells need to be able to ‘talk’ to their neighbours.

is that the developments that have

Simona’s research team aims to understand cell-

started in stem cell research will

cell communication in tissue repair and cancer.

Data from real experiments are put into computer programs to model the behaviour of molecules involved in nerve repair. These models, developed jointly with Aldo Faisal’s team can be used to

go on so that a lot of conditions that now actually make people’s life very difficult can be remedied” Baroness Mary Warnock, Philosopher

explore ways to improve nerve repair.

10 TODAY

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“The most important research questions for the next hundred years have to include dementia and Alzheimer’s disease” Professor Baroness Susan Greenfield, University of Oxford

The TODAY lab Neurotechnology: fusing neuroscience and technology to make decisions about movement. Visit the TODAY lab to explore Looking, reaching, walking and talking are every day movements that allow us to interact with our surroundings.

Like a computer controls a robot, the

the tools used by the Faisal team to better understand ageing and degeneration, and to help people with brain disorders. Interpret the data traces from the motion capture suit, test your balance, and play a computer game using only your eyes.

brain has to process information

Members of the Faisal team (left to right): Andreas Thomik, William Abbott, Alan

from the surroundings and the body

Zucconi, Anastasia Sylaidi and Aldo Faisal.

TODAY

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Motion capture Reading your thoughts from your movements How do we move? How can brain

network of body sensors into a detailed map of body movement,

disease affect our movements?

a data rich stream for clinical analysis. Learn how to interpret

Motion capture technology translates a

these movement traces and help scientists find new ways to

series of everyday activities through a

diagnose conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.

“I’d love to see future developments in neurotechnology. Computers are being developed to interface with the brain, to send messages between robotic artificial limbs and the brain. I would love to see the impact on those who suffer from paralysis” Bishop of Carlisle, James Newcombe, Anglican spokesperson on healthcare

Motion capture software translates movement data from a human subject to a computer database 12

TODAY

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Balancing act Ageing and movement

Balance and co-ordination are essential to everyday movement.

Balance boards help scientists study movement in health and disease. The Faisal team uses the board to understand the effect of ageing on the nervous system. Try their ageing simulator to experience an older or younger you.

Anastasia Sylaidi of the Faisal team using the balance board to study movement TODAY

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Blink Play a computer game with your eyes

Brain-machine interfaces allow patients without the use of limbs to interact with the world, but are typically expensive and not widely available. The Faisal team pioneered a brainmachine interface in the form of an eye-tracker. Their prototype cost ÂŁ30. Test the eye-tracker by playing the classic computer game PONG. William Welby Abbott of the Faisal team wearing the prototype eye-tracker headset

14

TODAY

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The YESTERDAY lab Developments in research over the past 100 years

authentic instruments and equipment. A clockwork

have fundamentally changed medical practice.

kymograph helps explain the discovery of the first

The YESTERDAY lab brings to life the working

neurotransmitter. Experiments on war wounds

environment of pioneers Henry Dale, Almroth

make use of hand-blown glassware. Marmite and

Wright and Harriette Chick, whose discoveries

cod-liver oil recipes for rickets may be sampled.

have saved thousands of lives. Visit the lab to see

YESTERDAY lab scientists also invite visitors to view

demonstrations of century-old experiments with

slides using a century-old microscope.

Henry Dale (2nd from left) in the experimental pharmacology laboratory of the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories 1909 (Wellcome Images) YESTERDAY

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Henry Dale (1875–1968) Medicine is not a science?

Free schooling was not available when Dale was born. A series of scholarships helped him get into the University of Cambridge to study physiology. He studied medicine at Barts, and was disappointed when tutors told him ‘medicine is not a science.’

Dale began research at University College London and later worked at the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories. The salary there afforded him the chance to marry his first cousin Ellen. They had three children. The National Insurance Act yielded state funding for medical research, and in 1914 Dale set up a lab at the first MRC institute in Hampstead.

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YESTERDAY

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Findings from a fungus

Henry Dale helped explain how nerves make our muscles move Dale

discovered

the

first

neurotransmitter:

acetylcholine, which transmits signals across the junctions between nerves and muscles helping us to move. He first found the chemical in a parasitic

Tracings made by Henry Dale on carbonised paper (wrapped around the kymograph drum) show changes in blood pressure and muscle activity under different experimental conditions (Journal of Physiology)

fungus (ergot). Dale discovered it lowers heart rate, but increases muscle activity in the limbs. He later found it in spleens from cattle, which suggested a function for acetylcholine in our bodies. He won a Nobel Prize for this work in 1936. His lab also explained the basic principles of allergy.

Laws on Medicine

Finding a safe dose

Dale worked hard to ensure that the life-saving properties of substances like insulin became safely available to patients. Discovered in 1921, insulin was set to transform everyday life for people with diabetes, currently one in 20 in the UK. However, producers

(left) Portrait of Henry Dale as a boy (Wellcome Images)

of insulin had to agree on what a single unit was.

Century-old clockwork kymograph used to measure muscle

Dale’s research team purified the protein hormone

activity under different experimental conditions (University

and dried it to produce a white powder, which could

Museum Groningen, the Netherlands)

be weighed. This became an international standard and led to the Therapeutic Substances Act of 1925.

YESTERDAY

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“I could never say a modest thing in all my life”

Sir Almroth Wright

Almroth Wright (1861 - 1947) Pioneer of prevention

Swedish/Irish Almroth Wright had a strictly religious childhood. Taught at home before going to Trinity College Dublin, he studied modern literature and medicine. Wright was thought to know a quarter of a million lines of poetry. He worked for the Army Medical School and later became Professor of Bacteriology at St Mary’s Hospital under the MRC. Wright was against women scientists and even the female right to vote. He became estranged from his wife and tragically lost a son to suicide. (left) Portrait of Sir Almroth Wright (Wellcome Images) and a replica of glassware designed by Alexander Fleming, Wright’s research assistant, to test antiseptic treatment of deep jagged war wounds 18

YESTERDAY

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Risky business

Self-experimentation is a hallmark of early science Wright was utterly dedicated to his research. He

the lives of over 100,000 soldiers in WWI. With a

took blood samples from his fingertips so many

single-mindedness few could contest he had as

times they lost sensation. He even injected himself

many successes as failures. Among colleagues he

with his trial vaccines. Once this led to a severe bout

was sometimes known as ‘Sir Almost Right’. In his

of Malta fever. This didn’t stop him using himself

view ‘the best research is done by people who are

and research colleagues as guinea pigs to test

constitutionally unhappy.’

his prototype typhoid vaccine. The vaccine saved

Prevention and cure

Wright warned against widespread use of antibiotics Wright developed the first vaccine against typhoid,

prevented to avoid the need for a cure. In 1928 his

which was used in WWI. His research also improved

assistant – Alexander Fleming – discovered the first

the treatment of deep jagged war wounds by

antibiotic: penicillin. Wright correctly predicted that

draining them instead of using antiseptics. Wright

widespread use of antibiotics would create resistant

helped explain how the immune system responds

bacteria.

to infection. He argued that disease should be

“Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics poses a catastrophic threat” Professor Dame Sally Davies, Chief Medical Officer

YESTERDAY

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Harriette Chick (1875 – 1977) Women scientists were rare 100 years ago Born at a time when women did not have the right to vote, Harriette Chick was lucky her Methodist parents sent her to Notting Hill and Ealing High School. She became Doctor of Science at the University of London in 1903 before embarking on a research career that led her to work for the MRC. Her contributions to science were considerable: she was made a Dame in 1949. Chick never married and she lived to the age of 102.

Chick in conservatory animal house at Roebuck House (Wellcome Images)

Children with rickets show characteristic bowed legs compared to a healthy (centre) child (Wellcome Images)

20 YESTERDAY

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Nurturing nature Chick cured children with rickets using cod-liver oil and sunshine Chick started doing research on sewage disposal.

she became secretary of the MRC’s Accessory Food

At the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in

Factors Committee, and was sent to Vienna where

London she studied disinfectants. When WWI broke

she cured children with rickets using cod-liver oil

out, troops posted overseas were poorly fed, and she

and sunshine.

began to research scurvy and beriberi. After the war,

Vitamin D

Vitamins were discovered a century ago Vitamins are chemicals needed in very small

heads and swollen joints. They were suffering

amounts by the body. Before they were discovered,

from vitamin D deficiency. Made by the body with

diseases like rickets and scurvy were common.

enough exposure to sunshine, and boosted by eating

Harriette Chick studied children in postwar Vienna,

oily fish, vitamin D helps the body absorb dietary

who had a curved spine, bowed legs, enlarged

calcium keeping bones strong.

“We forgot some of the basic medical lessons that had been learnt in the past century. So we stopped giving children vitamins and that led to the resurgence of rickets”

Dr Benjamin Jacobs, Consultant Paediatrician, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital

YESTERDAY

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Science TOMORROW If you fell asleep today and woke up in 2113, what would the world be like? What are your hopes and fears for the century ahead?

Politicians,

scientists,

philosophers,

religious

experts, artists, economists, technologists, teachers and broadcasters share their answers to these questions through www.youtube.com/strictlyscience.

Visit the

TOMORROW lab and experience a

3D audiovisual installation uniting their voices with those of primary school children. Share your thoughts, hopes and fears for 2113 online or in one of the booths provided, and contribute to a growing digital archive of imagined futures.

“It’s impossible to predict the future, but what you can do is take the right steps to make our future better”

The Heart-Healing Ice Lolly by Anis Siouda of Wormholt Primary School for the Imagine the Future competition

Bruno Tonioli, Choreographer

22 FUTURE

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The TOMORROW lab We cannot see tomorrow, but we can talk about

Set to a musical backdrop of every day sounds,

TOMORROW lab features a 3D sound

speakers explore why medical research matters,

sculpture that explores hopes and fears for 2113.

how technology will affect our lives, how the

Using ambisonic sound technology audio recordings

environment will change, and what ‘being healthy’

emerge from different places within the auditorium.

really means.

it. The

“Scientists are no better at predicting the future than anyone else” Professor Lord Robert Winston, Imperial College London, Scientist and Broadcaster

FUTURE

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What do the experts say?

Page 24 from left to right: (row 1) Professor Stephen Hawking - Professor Dame Sally Davies - Ringu Tulku Rinpoche - Sir Patrick Moore (row 2) Professor Sir John Savill - Jon Snow - Professor Baroness Susan Greenfield - Professor Sir Mark Walport (row 3) Vivienne Parry Lord Tim Clement-Jones - Andy Burnham - Len McCluskey Page 25 from left to right (row 1) Professor Robert Wilkinson - Dr Ranj Singh - James Newcombe - Bob Crow (row 2) Bruno Tonioli Professor Mona Siddiqui - Professor Steve Jones - Dr Benjamin Jacobs (row 3) Lord Melvyn Bragg - Baroness Mary Warnock - Sir Mervyn King - Professor Lord Robert Winston (row 4) Mat Fraser - Alom Shaha - Dr James Lovelock - Zeinab Badawi

24 FUTURE

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FUTURE

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What will the world be like in 2113?

“Human evolution will stop in the future” Steve Jones, Professor of Genetics, University College London

“The massive technological advances that will inevitably bring greater quality could also somehow make us lose touch with our humanity” Zeinab Badawi, Broadcast journalist, Reporter, Presenter

“One of the most exciting things that I think will happen is better integration of organic and electrical technology. So using organic material in computers, in scanners, using things like nanotechnology robots in healthcare and treating disease” Ranj Singh, Consultant Paediatrician, TV presenter

“In 100 years time we’ll have no devices at all except those that are implanted in our heads” Jon Snow, Channel 4 News Presenter

“We shall in a hundred years time have changed our attitude to death.

We’ve already changed our attitude to birth. We shall find that people, not just people who are terminally ill though they as well, but people who just think they’re too old to bother to go on will be enabled to commit suicide or even have help to die” Mary Warnock, Philosopher and Peer

26 FUTURE

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Future hopes and fears “My greatest hope for the future is that we will gradually develop a much more integrated understanding of health and well-being. There tends to be a rather materialistic view of the body as just a kind of machine which has to be mended. I’d love to see a greater awareness of the importance of spiritual, intellectual, physical and social health as part of the whole” James Newcombe, Bishop of Carlisle

“The greatest fear is that medical researchers will lose the support of the public” John Savill, Chief Executive Officer, Medical Research Council

“My greatest hope for the future is that society hasn’t spiralled down into Dante’s hellish inferno into selfish capitalism where the true human values of collective community, generosity and kindness have been totally forgotten” Mat Fraser, Multimedia performer, Thalidomider

“I think the most important question facing medical research is how people can grow old sanely” Melvyn Bragg, TV and Radio Presenter

FUTURE

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How will medical research be funded in the future?

“We all fund science through paying our taxes which is then channelled to organisations like the Medical Research Council. I think that is a sustainable model. It’s an important model” Mark Walport, Government Chief Scientific Advisor

“Medical science needs adequate funding to make people not just live longer, but have quality of life as well” Bob Crow, General Secretary of the Rail Maritime and Transport workers Union

“Basic research should be conducted for its own sake without any political agenda. The science should determine the pattern in which the research evolves. We have to have a way of financing it that allows researchers to remain independent” Mervyn King, Governor of the Bank of England

“There will always be a need for an organisation like the Medical Research Council, which does things that are independent of industry, simply for the public good. Proper public service is of great benefit to mankind” Vivienne Parry, Broadcaster, Author, Presenter, member of MRC Council 28 FUTURE

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Imagine the future

Centenary schools competition and comic book

The MRC Centenary Comic book helped schools to prepare entries for the Imagine the Future competition

Today more children than ever will live to be 100.

December 2012. Resources including a comic book

Their imagination and actions will shape the world

about the past and short films featured in the TODAY

in the future. Imagine the Future invited UK primary

cinema were shared with school audiences through

school children to illustrate their visions for 2113.

a series of educational workshops. A selection of

The competition ran from 14th September to 21st

their work is exhibited near the TOMORROW lab.

FUTURE

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Wishworld Selected works from the Imagine the Future competition by primary school children

“I think there will be a hotel on the moon” Tommy Ryan, Year 6

“My greatest fear for the future is, well, I think the big bang theory will come alive and the whole world will blow up” Jesse Mains, Year 6

30 FUTURE

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Artwork from Imagine the Future competition

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Children’s views on the future Pupils share their hopes and fears for tomorrow “My greatest hope for the future is that we can find life on Mars because it could help diseases we’ve never been able to cure on Earth” Oni Hayes, Year 6

“My greatest fear would be giant killer babies ruled the earth, radioactive ones created by mad scientists, and they try and kill everyone” Lewis Williams, Year 6

FUTURE

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What’s your vision?

Strictly Science invites visitors to share thoughts, hopes and fears for the future Visit the

TOMORROW lab and:

Record your vision in one of the booths provided and contribute to a growing digital archive of imagined futures

Leave a note for the future in the Wishworld wall

Leave an idea, a drawing or a poem in the Wishworld of imagined futures

Listen to the views of experts and of primary school children, and post your video response on www.youtube.com/strictlyscience

32 FUTURE

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Things to do while you are here 10.00 to 18.00 / 5 - 14 April The TODAY lab Learn about neurotechnology by: • playing a computer game using only your eyes • testing your skills on a balance board • helping scientists to analyse body movement

The YESTERDAY lab Watch live demonstrations with antique equipment of century-old experiments about:

• discovering the first neurotransmitter • treating deep jagged war-wounds • making recipes for rickets

The TOMORROW lab Consider the century ahead by:

• exploring the future hopes and fears of experts and primary school children through a 3D audiovisual installation

• sharing your hopes and fears using the booths provided • leaving a message for the future in the Wishworld wall

FUTURE

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Strictly Science Lates Book free tickets at www.strictlyscience.mrc.ac.uk for: Exhibition launch on Thursday 4th April 19.00 Historical talk by Professor EM Tansey (Science historian) on the origins of the MRC and Henry Dale followed by Q&A led by Vivienne Parry (Broadcaster and Author) with Professors Avrion Mitchison (Zoologist, Immunologist), Denis Mitchison (Bacteriologist) and Daniel Davis (Immunologist)

The Future debate on Thursday 11th April 19.00 Dr Aldo Faisal (Neurotechnologist), Anna Smajdor (Bioethicist) and Professor Richard Festenstein (Clinical epigeneticist) discuss the impact of future technology on medicine with Dr Kat Arney (Science Communicator, Cancer Research UK)

34 LATES

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Exhibition map stairs to lower ground floor

lift

Imperial College Reception DOWN

TODAY cinema

YESTERDAY lab

YESTERDAY cinema

Welcome area

GROUND

TOMORROW cinema

Lemon tree meeting point

and lates

Brain games Blink

TODAY lab Balancing act Motion capture

Entrance via Exhibition Road

Wheelchair ramp toilets Future booths

CAFÉ

TOMORROW lab

LOWER GROUND

3D sound sculpture

UP Kids activities

Wishworld Wall

CAFÉ

MAP

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Acknowledgements Science direction: Amanda Fisher, Aldo Faisal Research and curation: Kiki von Glasow, Andree Molyneux Design: Haberdashery Project management: Brona McVittie Exhibition host: Imperial College London

Organisations - Bancroft Preparatory School - BBC - Bramley School - Exton and Greetham Church of England Primary - Goldsmiths College Imperial College Fleming Museum, St Mary’s - Imperial College London and Business School - Irchester Primary School - Manchester University Medical School Museum - MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection - MRC National Institute for Medical Research Northwold Primary School - Nottinghill and Ealing High School - Rotherfield Primary School - Santander - St Mary’s Church of England Primary School - The Imperial War Museum - The National Portrait Gallery - The Royal Institution - The Royal Society of Medicine - The Science Museum - The Wellcome Trust - University Museum Groningen - Wormholt Primary School - Individuals - Allifia Abbas - William Welby Abbott Ekaterina Abramova - Katherine Andrews - Hakan Bagci - Zeinab Badawi - Jimmy Bell - Rudy Benfredj - Meghan Betts - Wendy Bickmore - Ben Bleasedale - Steve Bloom - Julie Borgel - Emma Bornebroek - Melvyn Bragg - Lesley Bravery - Olympia Brown - Kevin Brown - Ludovica Bruno - Andy Burnham - Ivan Campeotto - George Chennel - David Clayton - Tim Clement-Jones - Rebecca Corrigan - Sara Cropley - Bob Crow - Aubrey Cunnington - Daniel Davis - Sally C Davies - Clare Davy - Joanna Dawes - Peter Dickens - Jessica Douthwaite - Charlotte Durkin Afrey - Edes Miguel Esteras - Guy Fairhurst - Barbara Farquharson - Sonja Fenske - Richard Festenstein - Amelie Feytout - Kate Fothergill - Mat Fraser - Chris Furniss - Andrew Georgiou - Kylie Glasgow - Susan Greenfield - Dorothy Griffiths - Preksha Gupta - Stephen Hawking - Peter Hill - David Holden - James Hopkins - Jan Waling Huisman - Tim Hunt - Liz Ing-Simmons - Andrew Innes - Benjamin Jacobs - F James - Steve Jones - Sanjay Khadayate - Mervyn King - Margarita Kotti - Ira Ktena - Marion Lean - Joanne Leonard - Anthony Lewis - Chin-Hsuan Lin James Lovelock - Andy Malinowski - Jon Marsh - Natasha Martineau - Zoe Matthews - Len McCluskey - Feryal Mehraban Pour Behbahani - Anne Mirabella - Gareth Mitchell - Avrion Mitchison - Denis Mitchison - Patrick Moore (RIP) - Caroline Mullineaux Sanders - Mohammad Neishabouri - Charlotte New - James Newcome - Richard Newton - Frank Norman - Keith O’Nions - Kimberley Painter - Zhensheng Pan Simona Parrinello - Vivienne Parry - Tony Peatfield - Lucy Penfold - Adrian Penrose - Marco Perry - Sehrish Rafique - Stephen Richardson - Ringu Tulku Rinpoche - Stephanie Robinson - Stefan Samell - Eleanor Sandhu - Tathiana Santana - Joanna Santos - Alex Sardini - John Savill - Angela Saward - John Sawkins - Alom Shaha - Mona Siddiqui - Elizabeth Simpson - Ranj Singh - Jim Smith - Jon Snow - Anastasia Sylaidi - EM Tansey - Aimee Tasker - Louise Thomas - Alessandro Ticchi - Andreas Thomik - Silvia Tognetti - Bruno Tonioli - Aleksandra Turp - Matthew Van De Pette - Mark Walport - Mary Warnock - Simon Watt - Felix Wentworth - Lucien West - Ariadne Whitby - Robert Wilkinson - Robert Winston - Alan Zucconi

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www.strictlyscience.mrc.ac.uk

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