Index of Featured Scientists

ALLEN, Sir Geoffrey

Chemist; PhD; Visiting Fellow at Robinson College, Cambridge SUHVHQW 9LFH 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH 5R\DO 6RFLHW\  &KDQFHOORU RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (DVW $QJOLD  .QLJKWHG )56 DPhil at the University of Leeds; moved to the National Research Council in Ottawa, Canada. Returned to the UK to the University of Manchester; became Professor of Chemical Physics (1965-1975). Moved to Imperial College London; became Professor of Polymer Science (1975-1976) and then Professor of Chemical Technology (1976-1981). Chaired the Science Research Council (1977-1981). Studies the physics and chemistry of polymers; made particular strides in the thermodynamics of rubber elasticity. Director of Unilever (1982-1990); President of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (1994-1995).

MILLER, George Armitage

Psychologist; 3K')HOORZRIWKH$$$6 3URIHVVRURI3V\FKRORJ\DW3ULQFHWRQ2QHRIWKHIRXQGHUV RIFRJQLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\ Read History at the University of Alabama (1940); Masters in Speech (1941). DPhil in psycho-acoustics under Stanley Smith Stevens at Harvard University (1946); Associate Professor of Psychology at Harvard University (1948). Became Faculty at MIT, the Rockefeller 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG 3ULQFHWRQ   3UHVHQWHG VHPLQDO ¿QGLQJV RQ working memory at the Eastern Psychological Association (1955) that would shape cognitive psychology. Authored several respected books, FRQVLGHUHGWREHVRPHRIWKH¿UVWVLJQL¿FDQWZRUNVLQWKH¿HOG

BEDDINGTON, Rosa

Developmental Biologist; 3K'+HDGRI'LYLVLRQ RI 0DPPDOLDQ 'HYHORSPHQW DW 1,05  5HYROXWLRQLVHG XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPDPPDOLDQHPEU\RQLFSDWWHUQLQJ)56 Read medicine at Brasenose College, Oxford. First class BA (1977). DPhil and postdoc in Richard Gardner’s lab focusing on early mouse embryo; conducted renowned microsurgical experiments; noted also for artistic drafting skills. Moved to Edinburgh (1991) and NIMR (1993). 3URYLGHGVLJQL¿FDQWUHYLVLRQVWR6SHPDQQ¶VVZRUNRQHPEU\RQLF development: showed patterning in anterior-posterior axis formation depended on two sets of organisers. Died from cancer (2001) aged 45.

BROADBENT, Donald

Experimental Psychologist;

 'LUHFWRU 05& $SSOLHG 3V\FKRORJ\8QLW&DPEULGJH)HOORZRI:ROIVRQ&ROOHJH 2[IRUG)56 Joined the RAF (1943-1947). Read Psychology at Pembroke College, Cambridge (1950). Joined the MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge and appointed Director (1958). Moved to the Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford (1974) as an external MRC staff PHPEHU &RQWULEXWHG VLJQL¿FDQW WKHRULHV WR WKH VWXG\ RI VHOHFWLYH DWWHQWLRQDQGVKRUWWHUPPHPRU\LQFOXGLQJWKH¿OWHUPRGHORIDWWHQWLRQ IHDWXUHGLQKLVLQÀXHQWLDOERRN3HUFHSWLRQDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ (1958).

CHARMAN, Bill

Pharmaceutical Chemist;

3K'  'HDQ RI WKH )DFXOW\ RI Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Monash University, 0HOERXUQH SUHVHQW 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 0RQDVK ,QVWLWXWH RI 3KDUPDFHXWLFDO6FLHQFHVSUHVHQW Read Pharmacy at Monash University (1981). DPhil in drug design at the University of Kansas (1985). Joined the pharmaceutical industry; drug discovery scientist at Sterling Drugs (1986-1990). Returned to Australia to become senior lecturer (1991), Professor and then Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy. Carries out research into drug discovery, delivery and development, in collaboration with industry. Most notably developed a new drug for the treatment of malaria.

EDWARDS, Sir Samuel Frederick Physicist;

3K'  .QLJKWHG  &DYHQGLVK 3URIHVVRU RI 3K\VLFV&DPEULGJH)56 Read Natural Sciences at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. DPhil on the structure of the electron under Julian Schwinger at Harvard University and postdoc at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Returned to the UK; Birmingham University (1953); Professor of Theoretical Physics at Manchester University (1963). Rejoined Cambridge; Professor of Theoretical Physics (1972), then Cavendish Professor of Physics (1984-1995). Researched condensed matter (1958), revolutionising the approach to studying polymers, gels and colloids. President of the Institute of Physics (1972-1974); Chaired the Science Research Council (1973-1977).

EIGEN, Manfred

Biophysical chemist; 3K'  'LUHFWRU RI WKH 0D[3ODQFN ,QVWLWXWH IRU %LRSK\VLFDO &KHPLVWU\  1REHO 3UL]H LQ &KHPLVWU\ Read Physics and Chemistry (1948) at Georg-August University, Göttingen and continued on to a DPhil in Natural Sciences (1951) under Arnold Eucken. Moved to the Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry where he developed novel measuring techniques for fast chemical reactions (1953-1963). Received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, alongside Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, for their landmark studies into the kinetics of fast chemical reactions (1967).

FREUD, Sigmund

Neurologist;

 'RFWRU RI 0HGLFLQH  1HXURORJLVW DW9LHQQD*HQHUDO+RVSLWDO)RXQGHURISV\FKRDQDO\VLV Enrolled at the University of Vienna (1873); Studied physiology under Ernst Brücke (1873-1879); Attained degree in medicine (1881). Worked at Vienna General Hospital and became lecturer in neuropathology (1882-1886). Set up a private practice in Vienna to treat psychological disorders. Developed classic theories on the unconscious mind and repression. Developed the method of psychoanalysis that would LQVSLUH WKH¿HOGRISV\FKRORJ\ WR WKLVGD\)RXQGHG WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO Psychoanalytical Association (1910). Authored numerous noted works,

index of featured scientists

including The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) and Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1917).

GARDNER, Sir Richard

Developmental biologist; 3K'  5R\DO 6RFLHW\ 3URIHVVRU 2[IRUG.QLJKWHG)56 Read Natural Sciences at St Catherine’s College, Cambridge. DPhil in Physiology under IVF pioneer Robert Edwards at Cambridge (1971); Appointed to a Lectureship in Zoology at Oxford (1973); Director of the ICRF Developmental Biology Unit in Oxford (1986–96); President RI WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI %LRORJ\  0DGH VLJQL¿FDQW FRQWULEXWLRQV to understanding the lineage and patterning of cells in the early mammalian embryo and the properties of embryonic stem cells.

GOWLAND, Gerald

Immunologist; 3K'&KDLURIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI,PXQRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI/HHGV Read Bacteriology at the University of Leeds (1956); DPhil in immunological tolerance to soluble antigens (1958). Postdoc at Leeds with Geoffrey Burwell, producing classic papers on bone transplantation. Further work under Sir Peter Medawar at University College London and WKH1,05ZKHUHKHPDGHVLJQL¿FDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJ of transplantation tolerance and homograft sensitivity. Professor at the MRC Transplantation Research Unit at the University of Southampton (1965); Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists (1979).

KRAMER, Edward

Materials Scientist; 3K'3URIHVVRULQ0DWHULDOVDQG&KHPLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD 6DQWD %DUEDUD SUHVHQW )HOORZRIWKH$$$6 Read Chemical Engineering at Cornell University (1962). DPhil in Metallurgy and Materials Science at Carnegie-Mellon University (1966). NATO postdoctoral fellow at Oxford in the laboratory of Peter Hirsch. Joined Cornell University (1967) and became Professor of Materials Science and Engineering (1988). Moved on to a professorship at UCSB (1997). Pioneered the use of new techniques to study glass polymers, such as small angle X-ray scattering and quantitative transmission electron microscopy. Studies the properties governing the structure and processing of copolymers.

LYONS, Laurie

Physical chemist;  3URIHVVRU RI 3K\VLFDO&KHPLVWU\ DW WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI4XHHQVODQG Honours degree in acetone photolysis at the University of Sydney (1942); DPhil from the University of London (1952). Worked as a chemist (1939-1943); joined the air force (1943-1945). Post-war returned to the University of Sydney; Professor of Physical Chemistry (1963) and later Head of Chemistry (1970-1973) at the University of Queensland; Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences (1971). Pioneered measuring the optical and electronic properties of organic molecular crystals and developing photoelectrochemical cells.

MEAD, Margaret

Cultural anthropologist  3K'  $GMXQFW 3URIHVVRU DW &ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\  )HOORZ RI WKH $$$6 3RSXODULVHGDQWKURSRORJ\LQ:HVWHUQFXOWXUHV Read Anthropology at Barnard College, Columbia University (1923); Stayed on for a Masters under Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict (1924) and D'3KLO6WXGLHGVH[XDODWWLWXGHVLQ6RXWK3DFL¿FDQG6RXWKHDVW Asian communities. Executive Secretary for the American National Research Council Committee on Food Habits (1939-1946); Curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History (1946-1969); President of the American Anthropological Society (1960); President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1975).

MEDAWAR, Sir Peter

Biologist;  3K' 'LUHFWRU RI WKH 1,05 1REHO 3UL]H LQ 3K\VLRORJ\ RU 0HGLFLQH  .QLJKWHG  )56 3LRQHHU RI tissue graft rejection Studied at Marlborough College and Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of Zoology at Birmingham University (1947-1951) and University College London (1951-1962); Professor of Experimental Medicine at the Royal Institution (1977-1983); President of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981-1987). Appointed Director of the NIMR (1962-1969) until partially disabled by a stroke. Received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1960), alongside Frank Macfarlane Burnet, for their work on tissue grafting which forms the cornerstone of organ transplantation today.

SOUTHWOOD, David

Space scientist; 3K'  3UHVLGHQW RI WKH 5R\DO $VWURQRPLFDO 6RFLHW\ SUHVHQW 6HQLRU 5HVHDUFK ,QYHVWLJDWRU DW ,PSHULDO &ROOHJH/RQGRQSUHVHQW Read Mathematics at Queen Mary College London (1966). DPhil in physics at Imperial College London (1969). Postdoc at the University of California, Los Angeles before returning to Imperial (1971). Vice President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1989-1991); Head of Earth Observation Strategy (1997-2001); Director of Science and Robotic ([SORUDWLRQDWWKH(XURSHDQ6SDFH$JHQF\6LJQL¿FDQWO\ contributed to solar–terrestrial physics and planetary science. Pivotal in building instrumentation for the Cassini Saturn orbiter.

SPIKES, Hugh

Mechanical Engineer; 3K'3URIHVVRURI/XEULFDWLRQDQG+HDG RI7ULERORJ\5HVHDUFK*URXSDW,PSHULDO&ROOHJH/RQGRQ Read Natural Sciences at Cambridge (1968); DPhil in Tribology at ,PSHULDO&ROOHJH /RQGRQ 0DGH VLJQL¿FDQW VWULGHVLQ WULERORJ\ – the study of interacting surfaces in motion – particularly the FRQWULEXWLRQRIOXEULFDQWDGGLWLYHVWR¿OPIRUPDWLRQIULFWLRQDQGZHDU Investigates lubricant additives for the reduction of environmentallydamaging emissions from engines.