Amendments textbook 2014

Constitutional Amendments

1-27 Created by Trinity Episcopal School 7th Grade • October 2014

December 15, 1791

Ruffin Henry

The First Amendment SUMMARY:! !

The first amendment is the freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition. This amendment was passed along with the bill of rights on December 15, 1791. The freedom of speech allows you to paint art, photographs, films, and advertisements of your beliefs. This freedom not only protects the speaker but also receiver. These freedoms are not always absolute, and sometimes the government can limit this freedom. For example if someone wants to have a protest on a public street they would need to get permission to do so. For the freedom of religion people are allowed to wear clothing that symbolizes their religion. They are allowed to pray in public or private. This also gives the people the right to not believe in a religion. The freedom of religion was passed because Great Britain was completely Christian but the Americans wanted people to have freedom in what they wanted to believe in.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT! This amendment was passed with the bill of rights because the founding fathers wanted to guarantee that the basic civil liberties would not be threatened by the government.

The freedom of speech allows people to stand up against other people and the government.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS 1)This is the freedom of speech, religion press, assembly, and petition.

2)Protects everyone so that nobody can be discriminated for their beliefs.

3)Was passed with the Bill of Rights and the other first 10 amendments.

4)People can express speech in any way , however they want.

The first amendment allows people in the US to practice any religion they would like. The US is not an Christian only country.

2nd Amendment “Right to Bare Arms” Ratified: December 19, 1791

Historical Context: Since this amendment is

one of the first 10 amendments, it was passed as a part of the Bill of Rights. At the Constitutional Convention, the absence of a “bill of rights”, a document stating the rights of the individual, made the ratification of the Constitution hard to ratify because some states said that they would not vote for the Constitution to be ratified because there was no bill of rights. The Amendment states that all citizens should be able to own a gun, in order to keep the security of the state under a militia, an informal group of people who are trained like soldiers.

Summary: The second Amendment, the Right to Bear Arms, is the amendment that grants the common people the right to own, buy, and sell guns. It was ratified on December 19, 1791 and was passed by Congress on September 25th, 1789. The second Amendment grants the individual to own, use, and buy a gun in the USA, instead of only the militia, people who are formally trained to be in the military. During this time, the 1700’s, owning a gun was essential because that is what feeds the family, since hunting is the only way for a family to find food. Since a gun was a very popular item all throughout the 1700’s, the manufacturing and sale of guns put forth a very important factor of the economy and government of the United States.

A gun from the 1700’s that the Second Amendment made legal to buy, own, and manufacture.

The Second Amendment allows militia to protect the country.

Essential Elements:

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By: Jane Murphy

Allows common people to own, buy, and sell guns.

Debates whether only the militia, formally trained persons, can own guns, or the individual.

Courts can limit rights of gun buyers, sellers, and manufacturers.

Passed as a part of the Bill of Rights There is a wide amount of gun legislation in the U.S.A.

“No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.� - Constitution MAX KEAN

QUARTERING OF SOLDIERS! THE THIRD AMENDMENT! RATIFIED DECEMBER 15, 1791.

Quartering of soldiers! the third amendment!

Ratified December 15, 1791. !

No soldier is allowed to be boarded in any house without the awareness and acceptance of the owner, neither in time of war. When soldiers used to stay at owners houses it was hard for the owner to keep them well fed and comfortable if they were not super wealthy. This amendment affects the homeowners and soldiers. Being an amendment of the American constitution this only affects America. This rule only started being applied in 1791. The reason that this amendment is important and was put in place at the begining of America is because in the revolutionary war the British army was quartering soldiers in American homes and the Americans did not like it, so they decided to make this amendment.!

A soldier asking for! a place to stay ! during peacetime.

This amendment was created because during the revolutionary war British soldiers were being stationed in American homes and they did not like that so this amendment makes sure that that will not happen. The reason that this was ratified is because Americans were sick and tired of taking care of British troops. This amendment is in the Bill of Rights which contains the first ten amendments.!

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5 things to Know

1. PART OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS 2. MADE AFTER REVOLUTIONARY WAR 3. QUARTERING OF SOLDIERS

4. MUCH MORE IMPORTANT IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 5. HATED BY COLONIAL AMERICANS A soldier asking this woman for a place to stay .

1791

4th AMENDMENT: SEARCH AND SEIZURE HISTORY The 4th amendment was created with the original ten Bill of Rights, in 1791. The purpose of this amendment was to recognize that citizens have the right to expectation of privacy. This Amendment balances individual rights and the government’s duty to protect the public. In 1756, the state of Massachusetts wrote a law that banned “general warrants,” which allowed any officer or government actor to search a suspected place, even with no evidence. This was because tax collectors were abusing powers by searching homes for illegal goods. It even gave them power to take people to jail without telling them what they did wrong or showing them evidence. Because the state needed to also protect the community, these problems led to the creation of the 4th Amendment.!

The Fourth Amendment protects people’s property from unreasonable government intrusion.

Police officers can receive a document from the government called a search warrant, which enables them permission to search someone or someplace.

SUMMARY The 4th Amendment, called Search and Seizure, was ratified on December 15, 1791. One of the first ten amendments,it came straight from the Bill of Rights. The idea of this amendment is to balance individual rights and the government’s duty to protect the public. In order to protect people from unnecessary searches and seizures by the government, this amendment requires a government actor to have a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed.

The government then can receive a warrant from a judge to search a person’s body, car, or house.

Complaints of a certain person selling illegal drugs, paired with evidence, can lead to permission to look through their bag or pockets.

However, if the government obtains an item in violation of this amendment, the item will not be allowed as evidence in court. The Fourth Amendment protects people’s belongings from unreasonable governmental intrusion, recognizing that individuals have a reasonable expectation of privacy (the right to be let alone). !

1) This amendment protects people and their property.

2) It gives citizens a reasonable expectation of privacy.

3) It balances rights of individual with needs of public safety.

4) It was fashioned so that the government could not abuse its power.

1791

Fifth Amendment

Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination,

Due Process, Takings

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Summary:!

The fifth amendment, called Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process, Takings, was ratified in 1791. It guarantees the right to a Grand Jury in a serious federal crime case; protects against being tried twice for the same crime; prohibits the government from forcing someone to testify against themselves; guarantees a fair trial; and requires the government to pay a compensation for private property taken for public use.

Even though the fifth amendment states that refusing to talk in a trial cannot be used against someone, many people are suspicious when someone “takes the fifth”.

Historical Context:!

The double jeopardy clause protects someone from being punished twice for the same crime.

The framers of the constitution had been oppressed by the tyrannical monarchy of Great Britain. As a result, they did not trust large, allpowerful governments.

To prevent the United States government from having too much power, they guaranteed specific rights to citizens in the Fifth Amendment. The fifth amendment was created as a part of the bill of rights. The Bill of Rights was created after the constitutional convention because opponents of the constitution wanted certain rights to be guaranteed by the constitution.

Essential Elements:!

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guarantees the right to a Grand Jury in a serious federal crime case! protects against being tried twice for the same crime! prohibits government from forcing someone to testify against self! guarantees a fair trial! requires government to pay owner for private property taken for ! public use

Charlotte Williams

5th AMENDMENT Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-incrimination, Due Process, Takings! ! !

SUMMARY! The 5 amendment titled Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-incrimination, Due process, takings was passed by congress September 25 1789 with the bill of rights and ratified December 15th 1791. The amendment states that serious crime has to be approached by a Grand Jury in court. Grand Jury can be assigned to anyone except members of the military. The jury is selected secretly out of the population. This amendment also states that the person who is being prosecuted for a crime has the right to not take part at his or her trial, they must take a DNA test if needed. The right to due process is the right to protect those accused of a crime. This idea was taken from the Magna Carta. The amendment also includes double jeopardy which means a person cannot be persecuted for the same thing. Takings states that the government can buy you out of your home for the purpose of the public

Grand Jury at a trial in California HISTORICAL CONTEXT! This amendment was created for criminals to have fair trials and proper rulings. The Founding Fathers were creating a country and needed a complex set of laws for trials and persecution.

This was one of the first of ten to be passed in the Bill of Rights

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS! 1.The law was passed with the Bill of Rights!

2. Includes the right to have a fair trial !

3. Includes the right to have a Grand Jury be present at a trial!

4. Includes the right to not be persecuted for the same crime twice !

5. Includes the right to remain silent means a person does not have to speak at his or her trial!

Comic by Don Mathias about the fifth amendment

Taylor Herrington

7th Amendment: Jury Trial in Civil Lawsuits Summary: The Seventh Amendment which is the right to a Jury Trial in Civil lawsuits, was passed by congress on September 25th 1789. Two years later on December 15th 1791 it was ratified by the required 9 states, it was part of the first 10 amendments to form the Bill of Rights. The amendment states that if in a civil lawsuit the value that you are suing for is more than twenty dollars, then you have to right a jury in trial. It also means that once this case is tried it cannot be re-tried in any other court unless the rules of common law is upheld. This amendment extends the right to a jury in federal civil cases, such as car accidents, disputes between corporations for breach of contract or most discrimination or employment disputes. In civil cases the lawsuit (plaintiff) seeks money/damages or court order preventing the person being sued from engaging in certain conduct, to win he/she must have at least 50% of proof. Only guarantees the right to a jury in federal court, not state court.

The Scales of Justice represent the 7th amendment, because it is a symbol for justice which is the purpose of a court, to provide justice

By: Amelia Peters

1789

Historical Content: The 7th amendment which is the Right to a Jury in Civil Lawsuits, is part of the first ten amendments, on the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was created in order to give the citizens a list of their rights and freedoms, it lists specific prohibitions on government. It was written by James Madison in 1791, these 10 amendments were ratified on December 15th 1 7 9 1 . Th e Fe d e ra l i s t s a r g u e d t h a t t h e Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights, but the Anti-Federalists argued that having a Bill of Rights was essential to the Constitution and to the new country. It was designed “primarily to prevent the establishment of arbitrary courts of justice, where the decision of the judges is subject to the whims and control of the government.”

• Essential Elements: • Only guarantees the right to a jury in

federal court, not state court • If the amount that you are suing for exceeds twenty dollars, then you have the right to a jury • Part of the first 10 amendments on the Bill of Rights • Passed by Congress on September 25th 1789

A jury is a body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court., which is guaranteed by the 7th amendment

The Eighth Amendment!

EXCESSIVE FINES, CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS

Ratified 1791 On September 25, 1789, Congress passed the Eighth Amendment and on December 15, 1791 it was ratified. The name of the Eighth Amendment was “Excessive Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment”. It protects the rights of prisoners before they are tried and after they are convicted and it prohibits being forced to provide excessive bail. In some cases however, it is allowed to not allow someone the chance to provide bail because of fear that they would run away or commit more crimes. In addition is does not allow excessive fines, which means you can’t overfine somebody for a petty crime. It also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment (torture) on any account. An example of when this amendment was broken was in Massachusetts when people were found guilty for blasphemy and they were sentenced to death and tortured in many ways.!

The first part of the amendment states that when someone is found guilty they are charged with fines that are appropriate to the crime they committed.

This also applies to Bails.

The second part is that torture is not allowed under ANY circumstances.

Historical content: It was thought to be inhumane to torture people in most of Europe so when America was founded they decided that torture should not be allowed. They wrote this amendment on the original bill of rights with all the first ten amendments to reinforce and guarantee individual rights.

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Essential elements: !

No excessive bails fines including bails. !

However the cost of bail changes for every given court case.!

If someone is found guilty though they CANNOT be tortured under ANY circumstances.!

• It was on the original bill of rights!

By: Joshua Keegan

Nin!

December 15, 1789

Essential Knowledge:!

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Made to tie up loose ends in the list of American rights! !

There are unmentioned rights in the constitution that need to be protected! !

Part of the Bill of Rights

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The ninth amendment says that there are more rights the American citizens are given than only the ones stated in the constitution. This law was created with the bill of rights and was ratified in 1791 with the rest of the constitution. This refers to natural rights, a belief that as creatures of god we all deserve basic rights. Some examples of natural rights are the right to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness. In summary, the ninth amendment states that the American citizens have “Natural Rights” that dont even need to be mentioned in the Constitution because they should be given to the people anyways!

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When the constitution was created, some people believed the constitution did not protect the rights of the individual. These people were called anti-federalists. They argued that there should be a Bill of Rights. As a result, 10 amendments were created to fulfill the duty of protecting the individual’s rights. However, when they were making the Bill of Rights they knew they weren't going to be able to cover all of the rights they believed people should have. As a result they created the ninth amendment to close that gap.

No one can force you against your will in the USA or “chain you up” because of the 9th amendment

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I KNOW HOW TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM! WE WILL ADD AN AMENDMENT THAT STATES THAT THERE ARE UNMENTIONED RIGHTS!

This plant is prospering because it was given a chance at life! Just like you!

By: JOEL FUNDERBURK

10th Amendment

1789

Rights Reserved to States or People By: Celia Romano

Summary The tenth amendment is in the Bill of Rights and was ratified on September 5, 1789. The tenth amendment is the rights reserved to states or people. It protects the states rather than individual people. The federal government has specific powers which include the power to declare war, collect taxes, regulate interstate business activities, etc. The powers that are not listed for this amendment, the states and people have. It is very important to the people because it balances powers and confirms continuing roles of the government. The tenth amendment prevents the people and states from feeling like they are being controlled by the government.

A group of protestors stand outside with posters saying that no one is free if the government’s power is not limited. The tenth amendment limits the governments power by taking away some of their rights and giving them to the states.

Historical Context: This amendment was written as a part of the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights are collective names of the first ten amendments. It was added to the Bill of Rights to limit the powers and rights the federal government had and to extend the states and peoples powers.

The Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom for this amendment. Freedom represents the people because they have redeemed more freedom by limiting the government’s power.

Four Essential Elements: • Reserved to the states and/or the people • Confirms ongoing roles of the constitution • Defines balance of power • Part of the Bill of Rights

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Ratified in 1795

11th Amendment! !

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Suits against states Summary:!

The eleventh amendment is saying you can not sue a state that you do not live. The 11th amendment is Suits Against States. It was Passed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified February 7, 1795. It first constitutional amendment to specifically overturn a Supreme Court decision. It is an amendment because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1793 that two men could from South Carolina could sue the State of Georgia. This amendment prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country. It is protecting states from certain types of legal liability.!

A gavel under a pile of money representing that you can not sue a state that you do not inhabit.

Historical context!

The amendment came to be because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1793 that two men from South Carolina could sue and collect debts from the State of Georgia. States-rights advocates in Congress and the states pushed for what This eleventh amendment is the first amendment to became the Eleventh Amendment in 1795.! overturn the supreme courts decision. Also the amendment was written because two men sued the state Georgia Essential Elements:!

1. Protecting states from certain types of legal liability.!

2. Prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued !

3. First constitutional amendment to specifically overturn a Supreme Court decision !

Robert DeRussy!

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12th Amendment!

1804

Election of Presidents and Vice Presidents! by: Adair Rufty Summary! !

The 12th amendment was written December 9th, 1803 and ratified June 15th, 1804 when there were some governmental issues taking place between the vice president and the president. During elections, the presidential candidate with the most votes got the position of the president and the runner up got the position of the vice president. Even though this seemed like a good idea at the time, it frequently caused problems with ruling because the elected officers often had different political views, resulting in arguments among the people and political officials. With the creation of the 12th amendment, the presidential candidate with the most votes (president) got to choose the vice president based on his/her own points of view. The 12th amendment also strongly suggests that the president and vice president are from different states so that the electors from that state may vote for both offices. The 12th amendment helps the president and vice president get along better, resulting in smoother and more successful ruling.

The Electoral College is the process of presidential elections. As of 2012, Louisiana has eight votes.

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Prior to the 2000 election, presidential candidate George W. Bush and vice presidential candidate Dick Cheney both lived in Texas, so as the 12th Amendment recommends, Dick Cheney moved to his hometown in Wyoming.

Historical Context! !

The 12th amendment was created to change the process of elections. This process is called the Electoral College. Specifically, it was created after the 1800 Presidential Election in order to fix some flaws that allowed Thomas Jefferson to tie with vice presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. The 12th amendment also enforces the qualifications and responsibilities of being a presidential candidate. It’s purpose is to smooth out the relationship between the president and vice president, because frequently, before this amendment was created, ruling was rough because of the clashing political views of both officers.

Essencial Elements!

Qualifications of president and vice president!

Presidential candidate chooses own vice president!

The Electoral College is the process of elections!

4. President and vice president should be from different states

13 Admendment: Abolishing Slavery Historical Context

Abraham Lincoln

Though many slaves had been freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation ,there were questions about its validity since the proclamation didn’t address slaves in the north. So by creating an amendment abolishing slavery,Congress hoped to remove any questions about emancipation from politics.

Founder of the Emancipation Proclamation and signer of the 13th amendment.

1. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States’ Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude,except punishment as a crime.

2. It was passed by Senate on April 8,1864,and by the House of Reps on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.

3. I t w a s t h e f i r s t o f t h e T h r e e Reconstruction Amendments,and was adopted after the American Civil War. 4. Slavery had been protected in the original Constitution through clauses such as;Three Fifths Clause.

5. The 13th Amendment was created to remove questions about Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation’s validity from politics.

warning slaves to watch out for slave catchers and kidnappers

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States’ Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude,except punishment as a crime. It was passed by Senate on April 8,1864,and by the House of Reps on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.Secretary of State William H. Seward announced it’s adoption on December 18,1865. It was the first of the Three Reconstruction Amendments,and was adopted after the American Civil War. The measure was quickly ratified by most northern states,along with a sufficient number of border and “reconstructed” states.

Abolitionist Poster

Documentation: "Amendment XIII Abolition of Slavery."

National Constitution Center – Constitutioncenter.org.

N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Sept.

2014. <http:// constitutioncenter.org/ constitution/theamendments/ amendment-13-slaveryabolished>.!

By:Sophie Hogan

13th Amendment!

1865

Abolition of Slavery!

Ratified 1865!

By: Ellie Montgomery

Abraham Lincoln signed the 13th Amendment.

Historical Context: The 13th Amendment was made to abolish slavery in the United States and provide that slavery except for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. The Civil War led to the ratification of the 13th Amendment by how people in the government were falling apart from slavery. Congress passed it to the states and it was abolished.

Summary: The 13th Amendment is Abolition of Slavery. The amendment was passed by congress on 31 December, 1865 and ratified on 6 December, 1865.

Congress had the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Slavery except for crime shall have been duly convicted, shall exist with in the US, and any place subject to their jurisdiction.

This amendment was signed by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

Essential Elements: 1. slavery except for crime shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the US, and any place subject to their jurisdiction 2. abolish slavery in the United States 3. during civil war which people were suffering from slavery 4. 1807 end date for for the importation of slaves

Two Jewish girls protesting over slavery.

14th Amendment Citizenship Rights, Equal Protection, Apportionment, Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment named Citizenship Rights, Equal Protection, Apportionment, Civil War Debt mainly aďŹ&#x20AC;ects Indians and citizens of the USA. The Amendment makes Indians not count for taxation, but they do count for representation. It also says that if you were a part of a rebellion or if you are a criminal you can not be in federal or state oďŹ&#x192;ce. This Amendment was ratified after the Civil War, and this is important because many people rebelled against the United States in that war, and those people lost one of their rights. This Amendment was passed to warn citizens not to rebel, to secure citizens rights, and to make African Americans citizens after slavery was abolished in the 13th Amendment.

Historical Context This Amendment was created as a result of the civil war. This amendment was ratified in 1868 and the Civil War ended in 1865.

The amendment also took away some rights of those who rebel against the government, for example the Union who rebelled in the Civil War. Essential Elements!

1. Indians did not count for taxation!

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2. State power is limited! !

3. Everyone except native americans are citizens!

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The Battle of Chickamauga, one of the major battles in the Civil War with the 2nd highest casualty number

An African American voting now that he is a citizen of the United States

4. Native Americans were treated as cruelly as African Americans once were

14th Amendment By: Tim Favrot

This “Justice Scale” represents equality under the law in the U.S.A.

The 14th amendment sates that all people, regardless of ethnicity or origin, are to receive equal protection under the law. The amendment also states that all children, black or white, are to receive an equal education. It states that anyone that was natural born is a U.S. citizen, including slaves that had been freed. It also overrules the original plan tho have slaves only count as three fifths of a person population wise.

The 14th Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868. The amendment was written because some states were denying legal protection to freed slaves. Politicians in Washington believed this wasn’t right, so an amendment was proposed, written, and ratified. Unfortunately, this amendment was ignored for almost a century after its ratification in 1868.

It was brought back into relevance when the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s led to protesting the education and treatment of African Americans.

The phrase “equal justice under law” was created because of the 14th amendment. It is engraved on the top of the Supreme Court building in Washington D.C.

1. Provides rights to freed slaves.!

2. Provides equal education to blacks and whites.!

3. Overrules idea that blacks are a fraction of a person!

4. Grants U.S. citizenship to freed slaves!

5.Provides equal legal protection to everyone in America

15th Amendment !

The Right to Vote Not Denied by Race Summary :! !

The 15th Amendment is named The Right to Vote Not Denied By Race. It was passed by Congress February 26, 1869. and ratified February 3, 1870 following the Civil War. It clearly prohibits the use of race in determining which citizens can vote and how they do so. It abolishes one of the key traces of slavery and advances the civil rights and liberties of former slaves. Congress has the power to enforce it by enacting federal legislation that ensures racial equality in voting. If someone denies or acts against this law, there will be consequences.

This amendment is for the US only and effects any citizen of the age of 18 or older.!

The 15th Amendment gives African Americans the power to vote.

Essential Elements!

1. prohibits use of race in determining which citizens can vote!

2. Congress has power to enforce it!

3. affects citizens that are at least 18 years old!

Slaves being put to work before the “Reconstruction Amendments” were passed by congress.

Historical Content:! !

The 15th Amendment was the last of the “Reconstruction Amendments” to be adopted.

The “Reconstruction Amendments” were the amendments made right after the civil war.

The 15th Amendment is the third and final amendment in the “Reconstruction Amendments” followed by the 13th Amendment and the 14th Amendment.

All three amendments worked to create equality between all citizens of the U.S. The “Reconstruction Amendments” abolished slavery, created equal citizenship for all people under the law, and let African Americans vote.!

Ratified in 1870!

Project by : Adair Cook

15th Amendment

By Jordan Bennett

Voting is not denied by race

Ratified: February 3rd, 1870.

S u m m a r y : T h e fi f t e e n t h amendment that was created in 1869 states that the right to vote is not denied by race. This amendment was part of the complete abolishment of slavery and African-American injustice.

The amendment had little to no effect for a generation due to illiteracy. The amendment could be enforced if voting was denied. Many people thought that the amendment should include women as well, but that amendment came 50 years later in 1919.!

Five Important Points:!

1. The right to vote is not denied by race.!

2. The 15th amendment was a part of the complete abolishment of slavery.!

3. The law can be enforced if voting is denied.!

4. The law had little to no effect for a generation due to illiteracy.!

5. Some people though the law should include women.

Patrick Mundy Peterson, the first AfricanAmerican to vote in a presidential ! election,

Historical Context: The 15th ! amendment was created post Civil war. The amendment was ratified as an aid to the! complete abolition abolition of! slavery. Slavery was abolished recently before the amendment was ratified, slavery was abolished just 5 years before the 15th amendment which was ratified on February 3rd, 1870!

The 15th amendment! in action today.

16th Amendment, Income Tax

By Myles Kullander Summary:The 16th amendment is income tax.

Passed July 2nd, 1909 and ratified February Third 1913, The Rule of Apportionment requires the government to tax states on population, not personal wealth. This was all part of the Progressive Era, and affects both big and small states. Income tax taxes on population, because if they taxed on states wealth, a small state that was wealthy would have to tax people more because there aren’t as many people as other states. The amendment was passed so that taxing was fair for all people, and states. In 1895, federal income tax was declared unconstitutional because it was based on personal wealth and property owned.!

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Historical Context: This amendment was created because federal income tax was declared unconstitutional by supreme court because it went against the rule of apportionment, (requires government to tax each state on population). The federal income taxation was changed to go with the rule, not against it.

1913

The Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & Trust Co brought the federal income tax to supreme court, because it went against the Rule of Apportionment

Article one Section two of the Constitution states that taxes must be based upon population and not personal wealth or property

Essential Elements: ! ! ! !

Government must tax according to state population according to the rule of Apportionment Can’t tax based on personal wealth or property Progressive Era!

17th Amendment !

Proper Election of Senators Summary!

The 18th amendment is the Proper Election of Senators and was passed on April 8, 1912. The 18th amendment was passed in the United States to make everyone have a equal chance at being elected. It was passed because the US is a Democracy and in order to have Democracy you have to vote for your representatives senators or presidents. This amendment is important because it involves everyone in the US that can vote.

This is where the Election of Senators is held

Essential Elements !

1)Before this amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures !

2)The 17th amendment is in Article 1 Section 3 of the Constitution !

3)There are 2 Senators in each state (100 total)!

This badge represents that every vote counts and you have the right to vote for your senators

Historical Content!

The 17th amendment or Proper Election of senators was passed because there were problems related to the election of senators. In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. Over a year later, the amendment was sent to the states for ratification. On April 8, 1913 three quarters of the states ratified the proposed amendment, and officially it became the 17th amendment.

Project by: Jake McAlister

19th Amendment:The Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Right to Vote !

Eleanor Parker

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1920

Summary!

The nineteenth Amendment is womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s right to vote. This this amendment was ratified in August 181920.To achieve this right required a lengthy struggle. In 1800 woman organized petitioned and picketed to win the right to vote.It took them decades to accomplish this purpose. Before the amendment was informed women women were not considered citizens. Between 1878 when the amendment was first introduced in congress, champions of voting rights to for woman worked tirelessly for this freedom.

After working tirelessly for this freedom the congress passed the amendment so that women could vote.

The women are standing up to the women's right to vote.

By protesting for women's freedom to vote.

Historical Context!

The woman right to vote was created so that women had the freedom to vote and choose what she wants to do.The purpose of this amendment was to give the women choices for voting and choosing who should be a leader . What led to this was more than a century woman had organized to demand the right to vote. since they represented five% of the population it was hard to justify not including them.

This symbol also represented the women that they could be strong and could vote.

Essential Elements!

1.) Women worked tirelessly for this right. !

2.) In 1800 the woman organized a petition to achieve the 19 amendment. !

3.) Before this19th Amendment women were not considered citizens.

19th Amendment

1920

Women’s Right to Vote Summary: The 19th amendment allowing women to vote in America was ratified on June 4, 1920. Previously, women were not allowed to take place in any vote involving the government. They passed this amendment because all women have the right to express their thoughts about who should lead them. Women’s vote is crucial because 51% of America is female.

Tennessee provided the necessary approval with one vote.

Women show bravery by protesting in the streets for women’s suffrage against police officers.

Women protesting for women’s suffrage march down streets bearing signs.

Historical Context: This amendment was created due to all the protests held by mostly women in from 1848 to 1919. During the 1850’s the 14th and 15th Amendments were passed. The 14th Amendment extends the Constitution’s protection to all citizens and defines “citizens” as “male”, and the 15th guarantees black men the right to vote. Some women suffrage advocates saw this as an opportunity to push lawmakers for truly universal suffrage. By 1890, the suffragists’ approach had changed. Instead of arguing that women deserved the same rights and responsibilities as men because women and men were created equal, the new generation of activists argued that women deserved the vote because they were different from men. They argued that their difference could be a political virtue. Starting in 1910, some states in the West began to extend the vote to women for the first time in almost 20 years. Utah and Idaho had given them the right in the end of the 19th century. Still, the more established Southern and Eastern states resisted. World War I (1914-1918) gave the women the final push they needed. The women’s war effort proved they were just as patriotic a men and worthy of voting.!

1. Women’s vote is crucial because women make up half of America.!

2. The amendment was passed due to the constant protest lead by mostly women.!

3. The amendment allows women to vote on any governmental election or vote.!

19th Amendment Women’s Right to Vote!

By: Grant Browne

1920!

Summary: !

My Amendment is the 19th Amendment known as Women’s Right to Vote . Before this Amendment was passed women were denied the right to vote, which brought about the women’s suffrage movement. Some states prior to the adoption of the 19th Amendment permitted women to vote and to hold office This Amendment was passed on June 4, 1919 and was ratified August 18, 1920. An interesting fact is that Tennessee provided the necessary approval by one vote.!

These women are protesting to achieve their goal of voting.

Historical Context: The women of the US have been fighting for their right to vote since the 19th century. During this time the women’s suffrage movement was created. Women began to protest by, marching, lobbying, and lecturing to achieve their goal. Many Americans believed that this was an extreme change to the Constitution.

This is the actual19th Amendment.

Essential Elements !

1. Except for some states only men were allowed to vote.! !

2. Women believed if that men could vote they could vote as well.!

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3. Tennessee provided the necessary approval by one vote. !

20th Amendment The Lame Duck Amendment 1932 Summary: The 20th Amendment was ratified on March, 2nd, 1932. It was made by Sen George W. Norris, of Nebraska. It is also Known as the “Lame Duck Amendment” It was made to get rid of the very long period of time inbetween when the old official had an unsuccessful re-election, and when the newly elected official moved in and started working. This Amendment was passed because after the elected official had a unsuccessful re-election there would be no work done until the newly elected official moved in, in January. This Amendment was made because the new president used to have to move in during March which took too much time. That is why the 20th Amendment was passed.

When an official is not doing anything productive, after their unsuccessful reelection, this is usually referred to as a Lame duck session.

The ‘Model T’ was the new mode of transportation. This made it easier for the new president to move to Washington. So they made the time to move shorter in this amendment because of the easy mode of transportation.

By: Mamo Nash

Historical Context: The amendment was made because there was too much time in between when the old president leaves and the new president joins. The purpose of this amendment was, to change the date when the new president started working. During the time that the 20th Amendment was made transportation was getting better. At first people had to use horses to travel around but soon when cars were made it was easier to move to Washington because of the new transportation.

The new transportation made moving faster so the 5 months you needed to move turned into 3 months because it became easier to get there.

That helped the amendment get ratified.

Essential Elements: !

1. The Twentieth Amendment is also known as the ‘Lame Duck Amendment’. !

2. The Twentieth Amendment was made to get rid of the five months, the new president was provided to move to Washington, and providing the president with three months instead!

3.This Amendment was passed because faster transportation was being made making it easier to move

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22nd AMENDMENT

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1951!

Presidents can only run for 2 terms ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

1.This amendment prohibits the president to run for more than 2 terms.

2. This unofficial rule was never officially an amendment until 1951.

3 If the vice president takes over as president for two or less than two years then the term he takes over as does not count towards his 2 terms.

SUMMARY

This amendment declares that no person who has held the office of president or has acted as president for more than two years of a term to which the vice-president was elected President shall be elected to the office of president more than once. No person shall be elected to the office of president more than twice. This amendment was never officially made until 1947, but it was an unwritten rule for all presidents because of how George Washington decided to only serve for 2 terms.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

George Washington-the first president of America and the one to set the example of only running for two terms

Many people asked George Washington to run for more than 2 terms, but he said that presidents should be limited to only 2 terms. All presidents after him followed his example, except for Franklin D Roosevelt, because of World War 2. All of the congressmen started to say that this unspoken rule had to be a amendment. In 1951, this unspoken rule finally became an amendment.

Franklin D. Roosevelt -! the only president in American history to run for more than two terms

The 23 Amendment Presidential Vote for D.C In 1960 the 23rd amendment was passed. This allowed D.C. residents to vote in the presidential election. previously the D.C residents were not allowed to vote in the Presidential election. In 1964 D.C. residents voted in their first Presidential election. The residents voted for Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater in 1964. However D.C. residents remain the only U.S. citizens who pay federal income taxes and have no voting representation in congress.

1960

D.C Flag

Historical Context: The 23rd Amendment allowed the people of D.C. to vote in the Presidential Elections. D.C. residents remain the only U.S. citizens who pay federal income taxes. D.C. residents have no voting representation in congress. The D.C. residents voted in there first presidential election in 1964.

Jackson Bewley Cartoon of voting in D.C. Essential Elements: 1. D.C. citizens allowed to vote in 1964.

2. D.C. residents remain the only U.S. citizens who pay federal income taxes.

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D.C. citizens have no voting representation in congress

The 24th Amendment Abolition of Poll Taxes Summary:! !

The 24th Amendment also known as the Abolition of Poll Taxes, was ratified on January 23rd, 1964. This was passed to let numerous citizens to vote because not everyone in the US could vote, also each state had a different fee on voting. The amendment was passed by Congress in 1962 and ratified in 1964. Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements, poll taxes were used to keep low-income (primarily African American) citizens from participating in elections. The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures, opening democratic participation to all, regardless of one’s ability to pay. Also the Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate

Many Americans protested to get the Amendment that we know today as the “24th Amendment” as the “New Amendment”.

1964

Many Americans that wanted to vote when they were at the age of 21 but they would have to pay a fee depending where they were, most people would pay with checks.

Historical Context:! !

This amendment had let many americans vote when they had turned the proper age at the time for national voting. Without this amendment you would have to pay a fine to vote for your country. Many americans thought that it was unfair for someone to pay to vote for their country. Most people didn’t have the money to vote mostly because they were poor, african american, or slaves. So on January 23rd, 1964 this amendment was created to let anyone eligible of age to vote for free.

Essential Elements: !

1. This Amendment lets any american of age to vote for free.!

2. This Amendment allows America to have fair votes.!

3. Tax is not going to be as expensive as it used to be.

Duke Wirth

Abolition of Poll Tax: 24th Amendment

1964

Historical Context: !

The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes at this time because it was the end of Segregation and it was the end of the Civil Rights Act. It was passed because some citizens thought that is was unfair to have to pay a fee to vote and it should be a regular everyday right.

People rallying in the streets to protest poll taxes.

Summary: !

The Amendment, Abolition of Poll Tax was made to abolish poll taxes which was passed in 1964. Poll taxes were a tax that made people pay to vote which were used to keep low income Americans in the U.S unable to vote.

This was a significant time because this was the end of Segregation and the end of the Civil Rights Act. It was passed so every citizen could vote without a fee.

Essential Elements:!

1. Abolishes poll taxes!

2. Allows every citizen to vote !

3. Passed in 1964 !

4. Passed when segregation and the Civil Rights act ended !

5. May not be denied by U.S. or any State by reason to pay poll tax !

In 1964 people made pins to protest poll taxes.

Cole Herrington

Ratified: 1967

25th Amendment

Dylan Cummins

The Twenty-fifth Amendment PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY AND SUCCESSION! was passed in order to decide what happens when a president or Vice President dies, is removed from office, or resigns. The office is temporarily filled by the Vice President if the President is no longer in office for one of the reasons above. If something happens to the Vice President then the President will nominate a new Vice president. This Amendment was Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.!

Essential elements!

1.Used when a president dies or resigns!

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2.Vice president is next in line! !

3.If there is no Vice president the president nominates a new on. ! !

4.This amendment has been invoked 6 times since ratification !

The 25th Amendment answers the question of who will fill the presidential spot in absence of the elected president.

Gerald R. Ford being sworn into office as Vice President of Richard Nixon by Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger. He was the first person to use the 25th amendment.

In 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower had a heart attack and was in terrible health, he made an agreement with Richard Nixon (Vice President) that he would give all of his presidential powers to him. This was done under no constitutional authority since there was not an amendment saying this is what happens when a president has issue such as this. When Congress found out knowing this had happened in many earlier cases they decided to make a law that states what happens during circumstances such as this.

! ! ! ! ! 26th amendment 1971 The right for 18 year olds to vote

Summary: My amendment was the the 26 amendment that is the right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote and they shall not be denied or cancelled by the United States or by any State on account of age. The amendment helps 18 year olds and older vote for what and who they want. The amendment was passed because 18 year olds during the Vietnam war were getting drafted to go fight and they could not vote because they were not old enough. They thought it was unfair to get drafted to go to war and not get a chance to vote for it.

So they asked if they could vote and then that led to the 26 amendment.

The 26 amendment affects and helps the people between 18 and 20 years old who were not allowed to vote and wanted to vote. The amendment was passed faster than any other amendment because everyone agreed that it was unfair that people could be sent to war

These kids are protesting for their right of 18 years old to vote, and lower down the voting age.

Historical Context:!

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It was created because 18 to 20 year olds were being sent off to Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s to fight for their country without the right to vote. The war was unpopular so they did not want people to be sent off and die when only 18 years old. The purpose was to fix an unfair part of the constitution and make it just, by letting people who were eligible to go to war vote for what and who they want.

A group of people are protesting to help try to end the war so the 18 years do not have to fight anymore.

Essential Elements: !

1.They changed the voting age from 21 and older to 18 and older. !

2.The Vietnam war commotion lead to the 26 amendment !

3.It was the fastest passed amendment because every states majority agreed with the statement .!

4.â&#x20AC;&#x153;old enough to fight, old enough to vote!!â&#x20AC;? ( remember this and you will know what the 26 amendment is about)!

Davis Laibe

26th Amendment

Right to Vote at The Age of 18

July, 1 1971

Summary: The 26th amendment is right to vote at age 18. The amendment allows young adults to vote at age 18 for leaders of their state and country. At the time of the constitution the law used to be that you had to be 21 years old in order to vote. The law was finally approved and there was the right to vote for those 18 and older. The law also changed the age limit to 18 in states too. The Vietnam War (1954-1975) had a huge impact on the decision of the amendment. The amendment was passed by congress on March 23, 1971 and ratified on July 1, 1971. This was the quickest ratification of an amendment in history If young adults are old enough

to fight then they should be able to

18 year olds have to

vote!

fight in Vietnam.

Historical Context: The Vietnam War brought up the subject that if young adults at the age of 18 were old enough to fight for their country and risk their lives and possibly die for America, then they should have the right to vote for the leaders who send them to war.

Essential Elements:

1. The law used to be that you had to be 21 to vote.

2. The amendment gave the right for citizens who were 18 to vote.

3. The Vietnam War made a big impact on the approval of the amendment.

4. Young adults thought that if they could fight for their country then they should should be able to vote.

Trevor Peyronnin

27th Amendment: Congressional Compensation By:Caroline Pitalo

1992

â&#x20AC;&#x153;No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.â&#x20AC;? written - James Madison Essential Elements: 1. 27th amendment was introduced by James Madison, in 1789, but fully ratified in 1992.

2. Congressional Compensation states congress members can not raise their pay during current term.

3. The dates are significant because the large gap where this subject was put aside because the congress then did not see use for this law.

The hand represents Congressional Compensation (arm could symbolize Congressional Compensation).

Represented because it is Congress taking their money back and created an amendment stating this new law.

Historical Context: The 27th Amendment was created to prevent Congress members from raising their pay during term. They did not want this to happen because the Congress would continue to raise their pay and take the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s money.

Legislators are more likely to increase pay without personal take in vote. The amendment was introduced by James Madison, in 1789 which is significant because it was not ratified until 1992. Instead of being the 12th amendment it turned out to be the 27th because of the large gap.

Legislative Branch Seal is used to mark passed laws.

Summary: The 27th Amendment states that a congress member cannot raise pay during current session of The 27th amendment prevents congress from raising their own pay during current session, but they may raise their pay for the next session.

Congress raising their pay was an issue because the money that was given to them as a raise was the governments money.

James Madison introduced 27th amendment to Constitutional Convention, died before it could before ratified.