1920’S MAGAZINE By: Olivia P., Madison B., Maddee W., Darby D., Courtney H., Olivia B.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
Impact of Music: Maddee W
12. Scopes Trial: Olivia P
2.
New celebrities: Madison B
13. Union/ Strikes: Maddee W
3.
Dating Patterns: Olivia B
14. Advertising: Olivia P
4.
Racial Tensions: Courtney H
15. Henry Ford: Olivia B
5.
Impact of Sports: Darby D
16. Consumerism: Courtney H
6.
Impact of communication: Olivia P
17. Credit/ Installment buying: Darby D
7.
19th Amendment: Maddee W
18. Forms of transportation: Madison B
8.
American Civil Liberties Union: Madison B
9.
Post war Isolation: Olivia B
10.
18th Amendment: Courtney H
11.
Immigration: Darby D
IMPACT OF MUSIC Topic: Effects of music in 1920’s. By: Maddee W. Music was the base of culture in the 1920’s. Jazz was immensely popular and it was often played at Speakeasies. These were secretive parties, where people danced the night away and there was usually illegal alcohol there. The upbeat tempos made people want to get up and dance. It was often played in places with lots of booze, so it was thought of as a mood lifting genre. It was the ultimate party music. Jazz completely changed the music industry. Before the 1920’s, slow, classical music was the most popular genre. The older generations typically didn’t approve of this new music style. It was fast-paced, and upbeat. Some thought jazz encouraged the scandalous behavior of flappers. Another huge factor in the influence and spread of music was the invention of the radio. It was now possible for people to simply turn on a device, and fill their house with their favorite tunes. Different stations played different styles, but the favorites among young people were jazz and ragtime. Music heavily influences our moods, so the new peppy, quick sounds made people happy and usually felt celebratory. Though there was a clash between generations on the music, it was overall a fun, happy style.
I M PAC T O F N E W C E L E B R I T I E S Impact of New Celebrities By Madison Brenner The 1920’s was know as the Roaring 20’s. there was many changes happening during that Era. A big influence on people during the 20’s was the new celebrities. They influenced everywhere from sports teams to fashion to music. One of the major changes happening was the changes in fashion, especially for women. Women were now having short bob haircuts and wearing flashy short outfits. These girls were known as flappers. Coco Channel set the stage for the modern fashion. Also the Miss America Pageant started in 1921 revealing the new and improved women. For entertainment a lot of people enjoyed sports. Babe Ruth was one of the best baseball players of all times. Gertrude Ederle was the first woman to cross the English Channel, and beat the fastest man by over 2 hours. Another form of entertainment was music and dance. Duke Ellington was a great Jazz singer in the heart of Harlem. And Josephine Baker was famous for her dancing; she was known for doing a great Charleston.
DATING PATTERNS Dating young vs. old By: Olivia Bristow The Dating in the 1920’s are like today in a lot of ways. We use car to get around and to take girls out on that special night. Back then there were still wild parties and famous wealth. Good times came with money, especially for teens. A lot of the teens went to parties, school events and church, by driving, driving changed how people interact and do things. Most dates were at the girl’s house where her parents would supervise them and make sure they didn’t do anything that was bad.
Dating now, are not in groups or courtship. They would go on a day with in a car with only two seats so a three person couldn’t come with them to watch them, or be a third wheel. The parents back then, when they were growing up were not allowed to show any type of sexual attraction to the girls, when on a date.
Older teens would stay at home and drink, smoke, and talk freely unlike when they were in public. For the parents were they were dating they were not allowed to kiss, or be alone with the opposite sex. The parents would choose the person that you would go out on a date with, to make sure they were decent and not someone to ruin your life. You could say dating back in the 1920 is when it started to change how we all date now.
RACIAL TENSIONS Racial Tensions in the 1920’s Courtney Hoang As the roaring 20’s have begun African Americans have been gaining rights. African Americans have migrated to the North from the South to escape the harsh conditions there. A very famous white supremacist group called the KKK, also known as the Ku Klux Klan as created this group to protect the rights of the whites. The KKK continues to grow as blacks start gaining more rights. Soon about 45,000 people became a member of the KKK. In the North, African Americans could express their love for jazz in 3 major cities. These cities were St. Louis, Chicago, and the main one, Harlem. In Harlem Blacks could connect to other blacks and spread their culture with whites also. Many whites have loved the sound of jazz. Soon the Harlem Renaissance has started. But even in the North African Americans have experienced racial tensions. On July 27, 1919 a young African American man was struck with a rock by a white man on a segregated beach. As the cops arrived the only one who was arrested was the young African American man. Where’s the justice for this?
IMPACT OF SPORTS Impact of Sports in the 1920s By Darby Donovan Sports were just beginning to become popular in the 1920s. They became big business because Americans became crazy about them, starting at this time. Lots of athletes, such as John L. Sullivan, Gene Tunney, and Jack Johnson, who were boxers; Bobby Jones, who was a golfer; and Babe Ruth, who played baseball, became major public figures and celebrities. During the Roaring Twenties, all baseball fans loved the heroics and antics of Babe Ruth. The 1920s began with a huge baseball scandal-reports came out that gamblers had bribed Chicago players to play bad during the previous year’s World Series. Later, the scandal was proven to be true, because some of the players that had been bribed admitted to it. Regular people with more leisure time now, thanks to the new 8-hour/day workday, 5-day/week workweek, discovered the joys of organized competition. Sports became so popular during the 1920s that schools began setting up teams for students to play and compete in. Also, over 2 million Americans began playing golf during this time. There were a lot of records broken and new things discovered during the Roaring Twenties as well, such as the invention of waterskiing, in 1922, by Ralph Samuelson, who was only 18 years old at the time. Gertrude Ederle was the first woman to swim across the English Channel. Despite being a woman, she beat the previous record time for swimming across this body of water, and she was only 19 years old, as well. During her life she also won 3 Olympic medallions, and broke several other records, too. Another swimming record was broken by Johnny Weissmuller: he was the first to swim 100 meters in under 1 minute’s time. Weissmuller also won 3 gold medals in the 1924 Olympics in Paris; and 2 gold medals in the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. William “Big Will” Tatem Tilden ll was the first American to win a Wimbledon title in 1920, which he also won back in 1921 and 1930. “Big Will” was crowned U.S. champion 7 times, as well.
I M PAC T O F N E W C O M M U N I C AT I O N Impact of Communication By: Olivia Pacha
Radio begins in the 1920 when the station KDKA in Pittsburg announced the returns of Harding Cox presidential election. KDKA began the first regularly schedule broadcasting of news and music. Church services were also held on the radio as well. The radio became so popular the 618 stations were in business, and networks large-scale manufacturing operations began in 1920 Phones were something a lot of people used, but because of how far people had to travel just to tell them something or mail them something, easier communication was in demand by the public. The first person to invent the phone was named Alexander Graham Bell. He made these to determine how vowel sounds are produced. He combined the notes of electrically driven tuning forks to make vowel sounds which gave him the idea of "telegraphing" speech. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. The patent was issued on March 7, 1876. The telephone carried its first intelligible sentence three days later in the rented top floor of a Boston boarding house at 109 Court Street, Boston.
19 TH AMENDMENT Maddee Whitehead Article 3 When the Great Depression struck labor movements were next to useless. Unemployment rates became so high that unions were established in almost every field of work. Unions protected the right of workers. If an employee was part of a union it made it very hard for them to be fired. 110 unions were established in the 1920’s, and over 60,000 workers were a part of them. Sometimes workers felt they were being treated unfairly. They were unsatisfied with their working hours, or the pay, or the conditions they worked under. These workers went on strikes. They would refuse to do their jobs, and picket to protest their bosses. These pickets and protests were considered childish ways to get what they wanted, but they almost always were effective. Bosses needed workers, and they had to come to agreements in order to get their jobs done.
AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION American Civil Liberties Union By: Madison Brenner During the 1920’s thousands of people were getting arrested without warrants and without regard against unlawful search and seizure. The people arrested were brutally treated and were held in horrible conditions. So people decided to stand up for our rights. Some of the people who helped found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) were Jane Addams, Helen Keller, Judah Magnus, and Norman Thomas. The ACLU was a group that fights government abuse and defends individual freedoms. They are the group that will stand up even if the case is unpopular and no one else will. The three main rights that the ACLU will protect is inquiry and expression, equality before law for everyone, and due process of law for all. This organization was founded in 1920 and is still around today. One of the cases during the 1920’s was the Scopes Trial. In 1925 the law banning teaching evolution was passed in the state of Tennessee. A teacher was then arrested and found guilty; even so it helped persuade the public on the importance of academic freedom. The ACLU has been involved in hundreds of cases since
POST WAR ISOLATION World War I post isolation By: Olivia Bristow Once the United States go out of World War I, we put ourselves into an isolation period, which was when the U.S. didn’t help anyone in their wars with other countries. We were getting paid by Germany from WWI (World War I). When the Europeans and Asian had a conflict, they asked the U.S. to help them. The U.S. said no. The United States only dealt with inter conflicts, like the north and the south conflict, and the City pollution. We continued to expand our land from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. President Wilson made a case for U.S. intervention in maintaining peaceful world orders. Isolation was a diverse group. The group included the strength of the business owners and peace activists. The United States limited aids of intervention in the war with allies. In December 1914, the majority of the U.S. convinces to enter the war, on the side of the allies. You could say that it was about time for the U.S. to hop back in and get a say in thing
18 TH AMENDMENT The 18th Amendment Courtney Hoang In the 1920’s right before prohibition of intoxicating liquors, also known as alcohol became illegal. Prohibition was created to make a better life for the citizens of the United States but as some people saw it, alcohol ruined lives and became more dangerous to consume causing conflicts with other people. Thus, the 18th amendment was born. The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of intoxicating liquors (alcohol). The 18th amendment became a law on January 17, 1920. Then later repealed on December 5, 1933 when it created too many conflicts throughout America itself. There are three sections where the 18th amendment clearly states that: Section 1: After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into or the exportation thereof from the U.S. and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2: The Congress and several states have appropriate legislation. Section 3: The article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the constitution by the legislatures of several states, as provided in the Constitution within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress. Prohibition couldn’t stop citizens from doing what they wanted. Even people who worked for the president were committed to breaking the 18th amendment. The 18th amendment had just created more conflicts instead of solving problems. Those who were not obeying the law led the U.S. to enter the Great Depression.
IMMIGRATION TENSIONS Immigration Tensions By Darby Donovan During the 1920s, U.S. citizens who considered themselves “natives” were intolerant to minorities. This was conveyed by the Sacco-Vanzetti case, and was expressed by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), who became extraordinarily powerful between 1920 and 1925. The KKK was a secret terrorist organization, with its roots in the Civil War. When the Ku Klux Klan reformed after WWI, it became required for every member to be native-born white Protestants, so there would be 100-percent Americanism. This group campaigned against Catholics, Jews, African Americans, and other immigrants. Immigration restrictions during the Roaring Twenties marked a significant change in the U.S. policy. The “nativists” didn’t like the immigrants for several reasons. One reason was that the immigrants were competition for the low-pay jobs. Another reason was that they maintained their Old World customs, and they seemed to resist assimilation into American culture. A third reason was that most immigrants often lived in urban ethnic enclaves. As a result of the immigration surge after WWI, nativist appeals intensified, and their feelings against immigrants got stronger. With the anti-immigration feeling throughout the country, the Immigration Quota Law of 1924 and the act in 1929 were both created. These laws limited the annual number of immigrants allowed in the United States to 150,000. The number of immigrants would be distributed among various nationalities. A result of the restrictions was a reduction in the appeal of nativist organizations. There was a sharp drop in immigration, also caused by the Great Depression of the 1930s.
SCOPES TRIAL Scopes Trial By: Olivia Pacha The scopes trial was a famous America legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made him unable to have lawful rights for teaching at other schools. The trial served its purpose for drawing attention as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. The outcome of the proceedings was never in doubt. The judge made clear to the jury that the law’s efforts to support the validity of Darwin’s theory were not suitable. The teacher was found guilty and fined $100 for his transgression. Later, on appeal, the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law, but reversed Scopes’ opinion on the technical point that the fine had been unnecessary.
UNION/STRIKES
Maddee Whitehead Article 3 When the Great Depression struck labor movements were next to useless. Unemployment rates became so high that unions were established in almost every field of work. Unions protected the right of workers. If an employee was part of a union it made it very hard for them to be fired. 110 unions were established in the 1920’s, and over 60,000 workers were a part of them. Sometimes workers felt they were being treated unfairly. They were unsatisfied with their working hours, or the pay, or the conditions they worked under. These workers went on strikes. They would refuse to do their jobs, and picket to protest their bosses. These pickets and protests were considered childish ways to get what they wanted, but they almost always were effective. Bosses needed workers, and they had to come to agreements in order to get their jobs done.
ADVERTISING Advertising By Oliva Pacha In the 1920’s advertising had helped people find new things such as products and entertainment. There were so many different advertisements, advertisements had used young and healthy looking people to endorse their products everywhere. Society really loved to learn the latest trends that all people had saw. Some other forms of advertising were used by posters and catalogues and had also appeared on the radio and film. Advertising had changed our business demands, we came up with new and improved techniques such as catalogues. This grew from 200 million to about 3 billion.
HENRY FORD Henry ford By: Olivia Bristow
Henry Ford made the first car in 1908. This was the first model vehicle the average cost of a Model T was eight hundred and fifty dollars. In 1925, the cost down to 250 dollars. In February 1914, Ford added a mechanized belt that sped up the process of making cars. Ford installed moving lines for bits and pieces of manufacturing process. Allowing, more and more cars to be made installed moving lines. In pieces of the manufacturing process, the price of cars went down 60 percent after the introduction of assembly line.
The car industry created many jobs by for creating by Ford creating the assembly lines to create each vehicle. There were 84 discrete steps in creating a model T. New industries boomed, new methods of advertisement developed. With the boom of the industries there was an increase in wealth. Cities were being created and becoming bigger suburbs were developed. In the 1920's about 1,000,000,000 national highways were built. America was on the rise.
CONSUMERISM Consumerism Courtney Hoang What is consumerism? Consumerism is an economic and social order that persuades consumers to buy products, goods, and services in ever- greater amounts. As consumerism started to bloom in the late 17th century and intensify throughout the 18th century, it made buyers spend their money recklessly on things they typically don’t need. During World War I, people actually spent less in order to support the war. Now that the war was over, these citizens had money falling out of their pockets and they didn’t know what to do with it. Some causes of consumerism had to deal with industrialization and the mass production of auto mobiles and other electrical products such as: radios, movies, sewing machines, bread makers, and etc. This led to some people questioning society whether or not others knew how to spend their money correctly. Emulation was a key component to consumerism. As products were being advertised everywhere and by celebrities, consumers would want to use that same product as that celebrity because it would become popular quickly. Also known as emulating someone with a higher social rank. Then, consumerism eventually led to the Great Depression.
C R E D I T / I N S TA L L M E N T BU Y I N G Credit/Installment Buying By Darby Donovan At the beginning of the Roaring Twenties, not very many people used credit to buy their goods. But, by the end of the decade, it was estimated that American consumers bought around 60-75 percent of their cars, 80-90 percent of their furniture, 75 percent of washing machines, 65 percent of their vacuum cleaners, 18-25 percent of jewelry, 75 percent of radios, and 80 percent of phonographs using the installment plan. People buy these things because they feel that they need them, they want to keep up with their neighbors, they were encouraged to keep buying new things and spending their money, and sometimes they’d just buy things for fun. Americans felt like they needed to have everything to be happy. However, their needs and wants often exceeded their income, so they needed to find extra money to make ends meet. The solution to this, though, was credit. People liked credit because it was simple and easy, and it was a way to get what they wanted right away, without having to wait at all. Paying was easy; all you had to do was make a small down payment at first, and you could bring what you wanted home. Then, to pay it off, you just made monthly payments plus interest over the next several years. Businessmen liked credit because they could sell more goods to consumers. Some people, conservatives, warned that misusing credit buying could lead to disaster later in life for over-buyers. There was a banker that said that people who overspent were “mortgaging future earnings for the gratification of present-day pleasures.” But, unfortunately, most people didn’t listen, as they would prefer to listen to a salesman who urged them to “enjoy while you pay.” Most Americans during the 1920s saw debt as a laughing matter. 422 × 355 - users.humboldt.edu
FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION Forms of Transportation By: Madison Brenner The two improved forms of transportation during the 1920’s were the Automobile and the Airplane. Both items helped people travel farther and faster then they could’ve before. They also created forms of entertainment for some, such as the aviators (daredevils that flew at high speeds) for the planes. The cars and planes also helped our economy with all the mass production. Henry Ford led the automobile train. When he increased wages and lowered the cost of the vehicles it made it more possible for a lot of people to own a car. He also now improved the car adding tops and even heating for the people’s comfort. And with more roads developing it really helped people travel farther. The Airplane was invented before the 20’s although it was mainly used for cargo. During World War 1 they improved the plane so that it was now more reliable for flying longer distances and carrying heavier loads. The plane could now take people farther than they ever could have gone before. For example Amelia Earhart was the first female to fly across the Atlantic.
CITATIONS Maddie’s Citations:
“Jazz.” The Great American Art. Gene Seymour. 1995
Jeff Wallenfield. A New World Power. Britannia Publishing America 1920-1945. Copyright 2013.
http://www.d.umn.edu
www.archives.gov
www.law.cornell.edu
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Darby’s Citations:
Impact of Sports
Pietrusza, David. The Roaring Twenties. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1998. Print.
http://hoover.nara.gov/
http://library.thinkquest.org/
Immigration Tensions
Yancey, Diane. Life During the Roaring Twenties. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2002.
http://www.let.rug.nl/
http://www.studymode.com/
Credit Installment Buying
Yancey, Diane. Life During the Roaring Twenties. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2002.
http://www.umsl.edu/
CITATIONS CONTINUED Courtney’s Citations “The roaming twenties.” Stuart A. Kallen, Greenhaven. Press 2001
“The dollar decade.” Mammon and the Machine in 1920’s America. Gary Dean Best, Praeger Publishers, 2003
“18th amendment” Cornell University Law School 29, Oct. 2013
“Harlem Stomp” Laban Carrick Hill Library of Congress NY 2009
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Evens, Hiran W. “The Klans fight for Americanism” The North American Review 1926, March
Perret, Geoffrey “America in the Twenties” NY: Simon and Schuster, 1982
Citations for pictures:
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=racial+tensions&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=58E311A8749F175B68C9304AAD20BE4D84C314E
5&selectedIndex=6
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=18th+amendment&qs=ds&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=764D5EFA48B3689A8B869B9CFD283A145D
A318F9&selectedIndex=49
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=consumerism&qs=n&form=QBIR&pq=consumerism&sc=0-0&sp=-
1&sk=#view=detail&id=F9FB9DF072BFA8093BC2EBD01BF8B28AC0BF4382&selectedInde
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Olivia Bristow’s citations
http://makered.org/files/2013/02/Henry-Ford-next-to-Model-T-1921-From-the-Collections-of-The-Henry-Ford.jpg
http://makered.org/files/2013/02/Henry-Ford-next-to-Model-T-1921-From-the-Collections-of-The-Henry-Ford.jpg
http://www.uvm.edu/landscape/dating/clothing_and_hair/1920s_clothing_women_files/image026.jpg
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Madison’s citations
http://www.1920-30.com/automobiles/
Hanson, Erica. The 1920s. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1999. Print.
http://www.aclu.org
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/american-civil-liberties-union.html
http://www.1920s –fashion-and-music.com/famous-people-in-the-1920s.html
http:www.adclassix.com/x.com/ads/20cocacola.htm
historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/ads/amadv.html
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Olivia’s P citations
http://www.nytimes.com
http://www.en.wikipedia.org
http://www.voices.yahoo.com/roaringtwenties
http://www.enweb.com
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