2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS Social Articles…. The Impact of New Celebrities… The Impact of New Communication… The Impact of Sports… The Impact of New Film… The Impact of Music… Dating Patterns… Political Articles… Disarmament After the War… Post-war Isolationism… Immigration Tensions… The Eighteenth Amendment… The Nineteenth Amendment… Scopes Trial… Economic Articles… Post-war Economy and Unemployment… Consumerism… Advertising… Credit and Installment Buying… New Forms of Transportation… Henry Ford… Citations…
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The Impact of New Celebrities by Olivia Read
Previous to the Roaring 20’s, celebrities has usually been kept anonymous. However, more and more producers and directors wanted the actors starring in their films to become big names so they could rake in the money. This, along with an increase in leisure time for Americans, led to the creation of the celebrity. The most prominent type of star was the movie star. From Charlie Chaplin to Greta Garbo and Rudolph Valentino to Al Jolson, the biggest buzz of the time was due to silents and talkies. By 1920, over thirtyfive million Americans went to the movies a week. Movie stars took over the media – and people’s money. Other than being huge icons throughout the nation, actors became a notable focus in the news and on the radio. More and more citizens paid to go to the theatre or read and hear about their favorite celebrity. Athletes, poets, musicians, and authors also grew in popularity as leisure time and prosperity for Americans became more and more common. Icons such as Langston Hughes, Babe Ruth, and Eugene O’Neill became renowned celebrities.
Before this time, most celebrities from film to sports were somewhat known, but they became household names in the 1920’s. The impact that these idols caused was huge; Americans were occupied with spending their money to keep up with these stars. Celebrities became icons in the United States and the media largely focused on them. The great influence of these figures is still prominent to this day.
The Impact of New Communications by Emma Cooper Print media, such as newspapers and magazines, was American’s only source of information before the 1920’s. Though film and radio rose in popularity during this time, print media’s significance did not dwindle. In 1929 alone, Americans purchased 200 million popular magazines. As print media’s circulation increased, more people around the country read the same articles on fashion, politics, music, etc. Various groups of people from our vast nation were introduced to emerging artists and authors. These similar interests among Americans led to the formation of popular culture, and diminished the influence of regional differences. Radio was the voice of this evolving popular culture. Radio brought current events to Americans’ homes as soon as possible, and kept the people aware of the country’s latest happenings. Famous musicians were broadcast often, radio hosts such as Orson Welles captivated listeners with dramatic stories across the country, and radio shows or sitcoms were avidly followed by Americans. This was a major contribution to the ever changing popular culture. The majority of well-known musicians featured were jazz artists that made it big due to radio. Two-thirds of airtime was devoted to the spread of jazz. Finally, sports were thrown into the limelight due to their presence on the radio. The first major event broadcast was the Dempsey-Tunney boxing match, and millions tuned in. Sports could now be enjoyed from the privacy of one’s home. The popularity of radio soared during the Roaring Twenties. Sales skyrocketed from two million in 1920 to 600 million in 1929. One-third of American families consistently tuned in. This unified Americans because of such a widespread similarity. Also, with this boom in radio sales, the ability to advertise was strengthened. The people’s idea on what was essential for life was now dictated by what they heard over this device. One such item was the radio itself. It had become a family necessity in the span of a decade.
THE IMPACT OF SPORTS by Shay Raffensperger
Before the 1920's, no one really had any time to do anything. They were either at work or fighting in WWI, but after the 8 hour workday and the end of WWI, people had lots of free time and money on their hands. Sports gave people a place to go to spend their free time. Sports were a big player in consumer culture also. Total ticket sales of college football in 1920 were at least $21 million, and over 1 million people went to professional baseball. Baseball became very popular during the 1920's because of the extravagant ballparks being built and new sports pages in magazines and newspapers.
1920’s Sports Timeline 1919- Corrupt World Series game 1920- NFL was created 1920- Babe Ruth set a record for homeruns (54) 1924- First winter Olympics 1927- First Ryder cup of golf 1928- Women are allowed in the Olympics
Sport stars were also role models for kids and were somewhat celebrities. Even with all this fame and popularity, not everything was berries. There was the scandal that happened in the 1919 World Series. Apparently the White Sox were bribed by people to purposely lose to the Cincinnati Reds. This cause lots of issues in the sports world. Even though bad things had happened, good things happened during this period too. The first thing that we had was Babe Ruth, one of the best baseball players ever, he had 54 home runs in one season. Also the National Football League had been made (NFL). This was also a wonderful time for women’s sports, they were allowing women to play more sports and in 1928 the women were allowed in the Olympics.
The Impact of Film by Reagan Greiser-Yoder
Of the new technology of the 1920s, film was one of the most influential. Films provided glimpses of fantasy and adventure and set the stage for cinematography today. Movie stars of both the silent films and the “talkies� became role models for the nation’s citizens. When motion pictures were first introduced, they were silent. People were attracted to this new form of media because they showed stories, rather than told them. They were a step up from the radio, which was the most popular form of media until movies were invented. Silent films were developed by Thomas Edison in 1890, but were perfected and introduced to the public in the 1920s. In 1922, the movie audience had reached 20 million and by 1929, it had doubled. Film had swept the nation, and soon, huge new theaters were being built. Theaters such as Detroit's Fox Theater and New York's Roxy Cathedral both housed up to 5,000 patrons, and were very tasteful and elegant.
Movie Stars made huge contributions to the popularity of film. They were considered, along with sports stars, the nation's role models. The movies created "glamorous images of beautiful people" that the public wanted to be like. These stars included Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino. The first method of adding sound to films was introduced by Lee DeForest in 1923. However, big motion picture studios were in no rush to produce films with sound. Sound equipment was expensive, and not all silent film stars were popular in the "talkies." Also, sound made it so films had to be in English, hurting sales to foreign workers. Eventually, in a desperate attempt to boost sales, Warner Brothers Studios released The Jazz Singer. To their surprise, it was a huge success, so much to the fact that people just saw movies because of the simple fact that they had sound; they didn't care as much about acting or the story line. "Talkies" doomed silent films and most of the silent film actors didn't continue acting in the movies with sound. Today, almost all movies are filled with sound. Motion pictures from the 1920s started the revolution of television and movies, things we still use today.
The Impact of Music by Eva Linklater
The Original Dixie Band was the first jazz band to be recorded in 1917. They didn’t start recording black jazz music until 1922. Okeh Records introduced AfricanAmerican music to our society. In 1927, Americans bought The up rise of music in the more than 100 million jazz 1920’s is mostly from technological records. The evolution of music advances. They now used records in the 1920s has affected our instead of playing the piano, guitar, community greatly and we and violin like before. The 1920’s would not be the same without were known as the Jazz Age. Jazz it. music evolved from blues and ragtime. The birthplaces of jazz were New Orleans, Chicago, New York, and Kansas City. There were four major types of jazz were Boogie Woogie, Chicago Jazz, Urban Blues, and Society Dance Bands. Jazz was nicknamed the Devils Music, also, jazz music increased racial tensions in our society. The evolution of music in the 1920’s greatly affected Americans and our society. The evolution of music gave people a new sense of fashion, such as: hair styles, clothes, slang, and the ways people danced.
Dating Patterns
was more for the purpose of by Laudia Martinez finding a person’s “ideal” mate. In the roaring 20’s, dating Because young couples wanted to was a common problem for young have freedom and be away from couples. Before dating in the 1920s, their parents, dating transformed many couples that wanted to go from the men coming to the out on a date with someone women’s houses and spending couldn’t go without asking their time with them there with the parents’ permission or having their company of their parents to going parents’ be right there with them. out somewhere for a date. In the 1920’s one of the main purposes of dating was to go and have a good time together without the watchful eye of their parents. Magazines and movies spread images of what a good life should look like. These images were different than the images their parents saw when they began Prior to the young couples dating. Cars became an important going out on dates, dating was part of dating because it let the couples escape the supervision of something that was somewhat in their parents and allowed them to the women’s control but since have more privacy. Because young these young couples wanted more privacy and time away from their couples had access to cars, they parents, the men began to take had the ability to go on dates without the need for a chaperon. more control because when they Young couples that went out would go out the men would have to pay because women typically did on a date required no formal commitment to each other which not have any money. The most popular dates for young couples in gave them more freedom to be away from their parents. A more the 1920’s was going dancing or going to the movies. formal dating or courting
Disarmament After the War After the devastation of World War I, America was looking for a change in countries’ growing and glorified militaries and navies. After all, Woodrow Wilson hoped that it would be the “war to end all wars.” To do so, the United States and the rest of the Allied Forces tried to limit the military and naval forces of not only Germany, but themselves. Disarmament after the war was one of the many ways countries tried to keep peace in the 1920’s. Much of the disarmament post-war was focused on Germany, who was believed to be the cause of World War I. In order to overlook this disarmament, the Interallied Military Control Commission (IAMCC) was created and started its work in 1920. The Treaty of Versailles contributed to much of Germany’s disarmament, as well. After World War 1, Germany was only permitted 100,000 men in the military and six warships; they had no tanks, submarines, and they were not allowed in the air force. Despite all these precautions, Germany was still able to secretly train soldiers in Russia. Other than the disarmament of Germany, countries across the globe were trying to cut back on the militant and naval powers. In 1921, Harding invited representatives from France, Britain, Italy, and Japan to discuss naval disarmament at the Washington Naval Conference. These nations and the United States agreed to limit their naval forces. However, most of these countries cut back on their large warships, not the smaller fleets. Eventually, places like America and Britain built their Navies back up.
Isolationism by Shay Raffensperger
The people in the US senate and most of the American citizens were isolationists. They thought that if they didn’t get involved with another country then we could avoid another devastating war, but in order to prevent another war and to try and promote peace, America decided to take away some of their ships from the navy. Other countries thought that what America was doing was stupid. Even if isolationism wasn't the best thing to happen to our country, there were some
historic events that happened during this time that might not of happened if we never went into isolationism. After WWI had ended, people weren’t sure whether they should join the League of Nations or if they should stay isolated from the rest of the countries in the world. This was called isolationism. Most American citizens and people in the senate favored isolationism while the presidents during this time period didn’t. The presidents, Herbert Hoover, Calvin Coolidge (a vice president) and Warren G. Harding, thought that the only way for there to be peace among the world was to get involved with the League of Nations and the other countries. Unfortunately the number of isolationist compared to anti isolationist was larger. So the votes of the presidents (and vice president) got ruled out.
Immigration Tensions by Eva Linklater
Between 1905 and 1914 one million people entered the U.S. per year. In 1920 about 430,000 foreigners entered the U.S. The fear of immigrant radicalism had become so strong that it now outweighed the desire for cheap labor. Also immigration triggered nativism- the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. In 1921 congress passed the Emergency Immigration Act because of all the complaints they were getting from the Union members. Union members favored restrictions because they were worried that immigrants were taking jobs from Union workers. Because of the Emergency Immigration Act now, only 375,000 people could enter the U.S. per year. Also the Quota System was created. The Quota System was that only 3% of a countries population could enter into the U.S. per year. And then in 1924 they created the Immigration Act. This act made it so the only 164,000 immigrants could enter the U.S. per year now. They also cut the Quota to 2%. But yet that still wasn’t good enough for nativists, so the nativists convinced congress to lower the immigration number to 150,000 immigrants per year. When the Great Depression hit, also, it caused a drop in immigrants. Immigration tensions were a huge deal in the 1920’s.
The Eighteenth Amendment
by Laudia Martinez In the roaring 20’s, the 18th Amendment was a big deal. The main purpose of the 18th Amendment was an amendment to stop the consuming of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The 18th Amendment, prohibition of consuming alcoholic beverages was supposed to lower crime and corruption, reduce social problems, lower taxes, and improve the health of Americans. This Prohibition began on January 16, 1920 after it was believed that alcohol became dangerous to consume.
Even though this prohibition was supposed to lower the crime rate and corruption, it did just the opposite. It actually raised the crime rate as people were smuggling large quantities of alcohol from Canada, overland and via the Great lakes and selling it illegally at places like “speakeasies” or in private bars. This Amendment became an issue for economic, political, religious and geographical. During Prohibition legal and illegal home brewing was popular. During the 18th Amendment people who tried to sell alcohol illegally were known as “bootleggers”. Al Capone was one of the most famous bootleggers of all who is still remembered today.
The Nineteenth Amendment
The nineteenth amendment marked a new era in the United States. It was one of the first steps towards full women’s rights. It was passed by congress on June 4, 1919 and was ratified on August 18, 1920. The nineteenth amendment reads as follows: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. The fight for women’s suffrage lasted for many decades, and was a very brutal battle. It could only be described by one word: perseverance. When the idea of the nineteenth amendment first was introduced, there were not many positive feelings towards it, and supporters met very fierce resistance. They were heckled, jailed, and physically abused. Before women's suffrage, women were expected to be seen, not heard. Many Americans viewed the nineteenth amendment as a radical change to the constitution. To gain the right to vote, several generations of women marched, rallied, lectured, wrote, lobbied, and practiced "civil disobedience."
by Reagan Greiser-Yoder
When the nineteenth amendment was ratified, it was a very close vote. It came down to one state: Tennessee, and one person in that state: a man named Harry Brown. That morning his mother had given him a note that read, “Don’t forget to be a good boy. Vote for women’s suffrage.” He decided in favor of women’s suffrage, and caused the nineteenth amendment to be passed. The nineteenth amendment greatly impacted life in the 1920s. It paved the way for women’s equality and changed the views of American citizens. After it was passed, the United States could be sure that decisions were made based on all the citizens needs and political views, not just men.
The Scopes Trial by Emma Cooper
In England on November 24, 1859, Charles Darwin published his Origin of Species. This pamphlet described Darwin’s theory of evolution. The theory stated that all organisms today evolved from ancients species through the process of natural selection. Natural selection describes the event of one individual surviving and reproducing due to a unique characteristic that makes it stronger or more intelligent. In response to this major breakthrough, the Butler Act was passed March 21, 1925, by the Tennessee legislature. This law banned Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution from being taught in public schools. The Scopes Trial was a legal argument between traditionalists and modernists. It also encompassed the issues of evolution vs. Creation, separation of church and state, and free speech censorship.
George W. Rappleyea, and engineer from New York, brought the idea to of fighting the Butler Act in trial to Dayton’s Robinson’s Drugstore, a meeting place for local businessmen. The American Civil Liberties Union agreed to support this trial verbally and financially because it was an attempt to speak out against the violation of the First Amendment. John Scopes, a local teacher at Rhea County Central High School, agreed to participate as the defendant in the trial after the primary biology teacher refused. The school board in the area was fully aware of this scheme and very supportive. John Scopes was arrested after performing beyond the duties of a substitute teacher in a biology classroom and teaching the theory of evolution. The trial date was set for May 25, 1925. Clarrence Darrow was brought in without charge on request of Scopes to challenge the prosecution’s attorney William Jennings Bryan. These attorneys faced off in the defining case of their careers. The climax of the trial was Darrow’s famous crossexamination of Bryan where the witness was lured into a trap concerning the truth of the Bible. After an eventful trial, the defendant was found guilty and fined one hundred dollars. Upset with the outcome, the case was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court. Here, it was overturned based on the technicality that only a jury can impose a fine of over $50. Finally, on September 1, 1967, the act was deemed unconstitutional and repealed.
Post-war Economics and Unemployment by Emma Cooper
As the Roaring Twenties debuted, inflation was present in the economy due to major borrowing in order to fund the war effort. The per capita income falls to below prewar levels and unemployment rises sharply. Social workers attempted to install unemployment insurance for those in need of money, but the funds were refused. Citizens were disgusted at the thought of taking charity. It was common belief that misfortune was one’s own fault, and the hardships must be endured. The economy was suffering a recession, and when Harding was sworn in as President of the United States in 1920, the unemployment rate was at an appalling 15%.
President Harding’s first actions as Chief Executive involved repealing war taxes set by Woodrow Wilson. He also created the Bureau of the Budget and appointed Chicago banker Charles Dawes to manage it. Dawes severely cut the government’s budget to under $4 billion. Also, to rake in more money from European nations involved in World War One, the Dawes Plan was enacted. This plan enabled the government to loan money to Germany in order to aid them in paying their reparations to Great Britain and France, who in turn repaid their $11 billion debt to the United States. The only major flaw in this plan, which indirectly affected America, was that Germany’s debt owed to the United States was building steadily. After the unfortunate death of Harding, Calvin Coolidge steps in to perform the President’s duties from 1923-1928. Coolidge pushes for cuts in corporate, income, and inheritance taxes, as well as any unnecessary government spending. In 1928, when millionaire Herbert Hoover takes office, he encourages what he calls “associationalism”. This describes the close work between industry and political leaders to increase efficiency. Business owners, such as Henry Ford, also contributed positively to the economy by mass producing goods using consolidation. Consolidation is when companies combine to dominate a certain industry. This allowed for lower prices of goods and services because companies received a greater profit. Another trick in business, practiced by Ford when producing his Model T, was raising wages for employees. This gave the middle class the ability to purchase more goods, and therefore business owners became even wealthier. These actions all contributed to the major spike in the economy during the 1920’s. The level of output reached the quantity that it was at the close of the war in 1918. Also, interest was slashed by half, income taxes were removed, and investment recovered. Two years of cuts led to a sharp rise in wages until they were equal to wartime wages. By 1923, the United States suffered a labor shortage. Unemployment had plummeted to 2%. The country prospered. Unfortunately, not everyone flourished. Farmers and farmworkers suffered from the decline in cost of crops, and unskilled workers in ancient fields lost their jobs and means to support their families.
Consumerism
by Shay Raffensperger Consumerism was a Consumerism also big part of the 1920s. People took part in how the were able to go and buy the fashion had changed things they wanted from during this time period. stores right away, they Girls didn’t have to wear/ didn’t have to make them by stopped wearing corsets hand anymore. because they didn’t want Consumerism was a big part to wear them anymore of popular culture, and it and they weren't forced still is today. to. Girls also didn’t have Consumerism was to wear such long clothes spent on many different anymore. things. It was spent on store Why products, (cars, clothes, etc) consumerism spread is but consumerism was also because people were buying sports tickets. making money that they didn’t necessarily need to save so they would go out and buy the latest trend/ fashion at the store. Plus companies were still making supplies at the same rate as they were during the war, so they had lots of new things coming out quickly.
Advertising by Eva Linklater
American advertising boomed after World War I. Advertising did many things to the economy; a couple of those things are: it changed the way the ideal woman looked, and it increased sales of many products.
Also, they would use doctors, dentists, and other important people to “approve� of their product. They would use celebrities, too, to advertise their The forefront of product. They advertised advertising was the motorcar. Henry Ford was through many things but the main sources of one of the first people to advertisements were the advertise his product. television, the radio, and the When people advertised their products they would newspaper. Our society try to convince people that would be completely different, today, if we didn’t the product would make their lives easier and better. have advertising.
Credit & Installment Buying by Laudia Martinez
Prior to the 1920s the economy wasn’t doing well because people could not afford to buy expensive things such as cars, TV’s and jewelry at full price. Manufactures realized they could expand their profits by using an installment plan. The Installment Plan allowed people to purchase expensive items on a monthly payment plan. Because people began to buy expensive things with this new Installment Plan, the economy was able to grow. There was something known as the “Ladies Home Journal”. Two strategies that were used to increase installment buying were the amount of time that was saved by using new appliances and cars and the amount of money that people were able to save by using newer products. The money they saved could be used on other things such as “life's luxuries.” The stock market crash of 1929 was the beginning of the end for many people especially those who took advantage of the Installment Plan. Many American’s were in serious debt that lead them to bankruptcy.
Forms of Transportation by Reagan Greiser-Yoder
There were many new inventions created in the 1920s, some of which involved transportation. The 1920s were the first time in history that people throughout the United States, regardless of social class or income level experienced the new thrills of planes and automobiles. Citizens learned the excitement of driving a car, and waiting for new speed records to be broken in flight. People were swept with excitement over transportation, because the 1920s was the first era that cars weren't limited to upper class citizens.
The automobile was the symbol of success in the 20s, and still is today. Cars were accepted as the ultimate status symbol, and buying a car became a national mania for both the poor and the rich. The car gave owners a feeling of mastery and power. It created the biggest revolution of American life ever caused by a single invention. The automobile made family and city life easier, and gave farmers more mobility as well as an experience of independence. The invention of the car caused new companies to form in order to meet the growing demand for vehicles in the United States. The automobile business quickly became the largest industry in the nation. Companies created in the 1920s include: Buick, Cadaillac, Chevrolet, Dodge, Lincoln, Oldsmobile, Plymouth, and Pontiac. Walter Percy Chrysler founded the Chrystler Corporation in 1928. Cars created by these companies and more specifically, the Model A, by Henry Ford created an enormous public interest. People could travel longer distances. The car allowed citizens to move, shop, and go on vacation. It greatly impacted the amount of leisure time that Americans had, that was previously unavailable.
Following the automobile, the plane was second in public imagination. Planes grew from 80 mph biplanes to 200+ mph race planes. They offered exciting thrills of speed, and adventure. They offered the exciting ability of freedom, and brought forth new obstacles for man to overcome. Spectators never rode on the planes themselves in the 1920s, rather they just watched other pilots perform stunts with the planes. "Barnstormers" or stunt flyers, performed shows where the overcame marvelous feats and wooed the audience. One of these pilots was Charles Lindbergh, who made the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 21st, 1927. He was considered the hero of the decade for his importance in history of aviation and the thrill of his daredevil achievement. Much like the automobile, the plane greatly impacted industry. Airplanes were a $200 million industry in 1929. Airplane manufacturers prospered, and airports created a big boom in the construction industry. Donald Douglas, the creator of Douglas Aircraft, designed new, faster, and more reliable planes, along with many other manufacturers. Some planes made by these people were: The Stinson, The Fokker, and Ford Trimotored Airliners. The 1920s were a time of new invention, ideas, and leisure. Advancements of transportation made in the roaring 20s, are still commended and used today. For without the automobile or the plane, life would be very different.
Henry Ford
Henry Ford’s notoriety for the creation of the automobile and the assembly line are close to true, but not completely correct. In actuality, Ford didn’t invent either of these iconic symbols of the Roaring 20s; he did, however, innovate them to the point where they were more efficient, accessible, and popular than ever. Ford’s interest in machines as a child later skyrocketed him to fame with the creation of the legendary Ford Motor Company. In 1903, Ford Motor Company was formed after Ford had gotten over two previously failed companies. Shortly after, in 1908, the first infamous Model T was made. Americans found this automobile much different than others; it was cheap, efficient, stylish, and only one simple model was available. Besides inventing the “Tin Lizzy”, Ford revolutionized the assembly line. His new concept was an improvement from the original assembly line and helped to make factory work faster. It also led to lower product costs.
Despite these breakthroughs that Ford made, Ford Motors still had competition to deal with. General Motors and Chrysler Motors were huge challenges to keep up with. Ford even strayed from his plain black Model T to the Model A with varying designs. Although Ford Motors may not have lasted as the biggest and best car company, it is still famed today. When Ford was born in 1863, the automobile had not even been invented yet. By the time of Ford’s death in 1947, cars – and America as a whole – had been revolutionized.
1920-30.com/music
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