NOUR: The Magazine of the Century

THE MAGAZINE OF THE CENTURY 1920s Special Edition

Copyright Š 2013 by NOUR Ž All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

Dedicated to all my homies living on the street

Table of Contents 1. Impact of Film – Jared 2. Impact of Sports - Jacob 3. Scopes Trial – Willem 4. Economic Boom of the 1920s – Willem 5. Henry Ford – Mohamed 6. Impact of New Celebrities – Braden 7. Impact of New Music – David 8. Impact of New Communication – Mohamed 9. 18th Amendment – Jared 10. Post War Disarmament – Jacob 11. Race Relations – Willem 12. American Civil Liberties Union – Braden 13. 19th Amendment – David 14. Immigration Issues – Mohamed 15. Forms of Transportation – Jared 16. Union /Strikes – Jacob 17. Post War Economics – Braden 18. Advertising - David 19. Bibliography

Impact of Film

by Jared Termini

In the 1920s, films exposed Americans to new hairstyles, fashions, and a loosening of the rules of social behavior. Movies brought different social classes together because people were seeing and hearing the same messages or point of views. People from all over the country were also being brought together because movies.

Movie stars became national celebrities. Movie stars, such as Valpentino and Mary Pickford influenced young people who wanted to be like them. With the addition of sound to movies, they became even more popular. The growing popularity of movies made the movie industry a big business.

Impact of Sports By: Jacob Hoffman

Sports had a pretty big impact in the 1920’s. People would look up to their favorite sports stars and would expect a lot out of them. Sports would also change the economy in the US because so many of people would attend these games and would spend money here. Some of the big names at the time were Bill Tilden, and the famous Murderers Row, which were New York Yankees players at the time which included Babe Ruth, Bob Muesel, and Lou Gehrig. Many people today still consider the 1927 Yankees the best baseball team of all time.

This also brought some athletes to get involved to get into scandals and accept bribes for their playing ability. There were also frequent riots that the fans and the players would get into huge fights. One of the most famous scandals at the time was the Black Sox Scandal which involved the famous player “Shoeless” Joe Jackson, were caught accepting bribes for their teams and played according to those bribes. Many people got upset and didn’t know whether their team won fairly or not.

Scopes Trial

By Willem Philibert

In the 1920’sit was illegal to teach anything that conflicted with the bible, this included Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. In Dayton, Tennessee a group of people wanted to challenge this law. They thought it would be good for the town to get a bit of publicity. What they got was much more. About a thousand people showed up.

Along with live radio broadcasts.

So they chose John Scopes a high school biology teacher and right there and then the stage was set for a showdown between science and religion.

In the end the jury found John guilty and fined him $100.

But after that the Tennessee supreme court found him not guilty on a technicality. But still the theory of evolution was still not taught. The last state to agree to teaching evolution was Kansas in 2001.

Economic Boom of the 1920’s

By Willem Philibert

The economic boom of the 1920’s was greatly do to the war.

Although the war had destroyed most of Europe, Americas industrial facilities were untouched. After the war people had more money and shorter work days so they could go out and buy goods. Around this time man chains also opened up.

First starting with drug and groceries, but the spreading to other areas. Also many soldiers were returning and willing to spend their money on goods.

Companies like ford started shifting their facility’s from making weapons of war to maritime goods. People were also investing in the stock market. The job of stock broker became more important the physicians or engineers.

Farmers paid for these though. With America no longer exporting food to the ally’s farmers fell on hard times.

While the west coast and industrial midwest flourished the south and agricultural midwest failed. Many young farmers saw farming as no longer A viable means to make money and instead went to the city for work.

Henry Ford

By Mohamed Nour

Henry ford was a business man, and had the best idea for mass building cars. Using interchangeable parts meant making the individual pieces of the car the same every time.

In 1913, they came together in the first moving assembly line ever used for large-scale manufacturing. Ford produced cars at a record-breaking rate.

That meant he could lower the price and still make a good profit by selling more cars.

Ford had another notion, rather original in its time: the workers were also potential consumers!

In 1914, Ford workers' wages were raised to $5 a day -- an excellent wage -- and they soon proved him right by buying their own Model T’s. Ford was called "a traitor to his class" by other industrialists and professionals, but he held firm in believing that well-paid workers would put up with dull work, be loyal, and buy his cars.

Impact of New Celebrities By: Braden

Two actors that were silent film stars in Hollywood were Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow. Valentino was a popular twenties sex symbol for America. Many fans worshipped Valentino. He had applied for American citizenship shortly before his death. Bow was the quintessential flapper. She appeared in 46 silent films and 11 talkies.

Movie stars joined sports heroes in the ranks of the nation’s idols. Movie studios established the “Star system” that Hollywood soon became famous.

Playwright Eugene O’Neil brought serious American tragedy to the Broadway stage. Another actor named Mary Pickford was called “Americans Sweetheart”.

She had one the Academy award 2 times, once in 1929, second in 1975. These Actors and movie films introduced Americans new fashions, hairstyles, and new behavior towards people.

Impact of New Music

By David Wang

Jazz was the defining music style in the 1920s. Jazz came from New Orleans and spread to the north into cities like Chicago and New York as African Americans came to the north. Jazz was a mixture of ragtimes and the blues. As prohibition was put into effect, Americans in big cities flocked to speakeasies where musicians played their jazz. Jazz was soulful, emotional, and unpredictable. Jazz music depended on tone colors, new harmonies, and extreme volume changes. But jazz was also a symbol of the rebellious behavior and biracial culture that emerged in the 1920’s.

Older generations and rural folks thought that jazz morally destroyed people. Movements appeared to get rid of jazz music too. But, jazz people was extremely popular among the people. It was extremely popular for the ordinary people. A lot of people went to speakeasies and jazz music spread quickly because of radio. Also, the emergence of famous jazz musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong helped spread the music too.

Impact of New Communication

By Mohammed Nour

The impact on new communication in the 1920’s was big.

The first radio station was 8mk in Detroit. First commercial radio westinghouses corporations KPKA. In 1920 through 1925 radio was available at some places in the United States. By 1926 and 1927 radio stations and signals reached everywhere in the United States. Radio informed people about news and sports, entertained by regularly airing comedy shows. It was a huge impact in the 1920’s, people really benefited from this.

Outside the home, popular entertainment in the 1920s meant going to the movies. In the 1920s, an average Indiana town of 35,000 boasted nine movie theaters. These movies stayed open from 1 P.M. to 11 P.M. every day of the year. In addition to the United States, countries from Cuba to Japan also produced movies. But 90 percent of all movies came out of the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood.

As early as 1907, the Scientific American magazine used the word television to describe the transmission of moving pictures. Scottish inventor John L. Baird first telecasted an object in motion in England, 1926. On May 11, 1928, General Electric began the first regular broadcast station, WGY, in Schenectady, New York. These milestones paved the way for the coming television revolution. The high cost of the technology prevented the television from becoming widespread until the Fifties.

The 18th Amendment

By Jared Termini

The 18th Amendment (also called Prohibition) was approved by Congress in October 1919. It was then ratified by the states on January 16, 1920. The 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol. Some people believed that if alcohol was made illegal then society would be better. The rationale was that men were spending lots of money at bars. Therefore, if no bars existed, men would spend their money on their family.

It was very hard to enforce the 18th Amendment because moonshiners illegally produced alcohol.

Other people, like Al Capone, smuggled alcohol.

They were known as bootleggers because they would often hide the alcohol bottles in their boots.

Post War Disarmament

By Jacob Hoffman

Post war disarmament was a big topic after world war 1, because nobody wanted to have another big war again. All of the allied powers agreed to disarmament except one country, the United States. The US was also the biggest power in the world at the time and we wanted to have some control.

In a 1932 meeting, the world powers tried to make a rule for all war disarmament but it never followed through. For the most part they tried to settle it during the treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations.

Some of the people chose to believe in the Spirit of Larceno which was a belief that this spirit told them that the allies were hoping to end all wars.

Race Relations

By Willem Failbert

Race relations in the 1920’s did not improve much. Lynching was a common practice along with cross burning and voter intimidation. Another one was riots and the destruction of African Americans property or murder. Also African American militants’ did not help the African American cause.

One of the main reasons these was allowed to happen was that the justice system was not ready to handle race related issues and usually sided with the white side. Another would be that the Klu-Klux-Klan was in charge of some southern states like Arkansas and Texas. The last would be when a crime was filled against an African American the police did not do a full investigation and just arrested the accused African American.

American Civil Liberties Union By: Braden

(ACLU) stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Founded in 1920, its focus was on freedom of speech, primarily for anti-war protesters. Nonpartisan organization devoted to the preservation and extension of the basic rights set forth In the U.S. constitution. (ACLU) grew out of earlier groups that had defended the rights of conscientious objectors during World War 1.

In 1925 the (ACLU) consisted of a handful of individuals who would meet essentially in one room in New York. Passed a bill that banned the teaching of evolution in all educational institutions throughout the state. The Butler Act set off alarm bells around the country. The ACLU responded immediately with an offer to defend any teacher prosecuted under the law.

(ACLU) lost to the scopes trial though, and scope was fined $100.

19th Amendment

By David Wang

At the time the U.S. was founded, women did not enjoy all the rights that men did, including the right to vote. It wasn’t until 1848 that the movement for women’s rights went to a national scale, starting with the Seneca Falls Convention. After the convention, the right to vote became a core part of the women’s rights movement.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were big activists and raise public awareness. Also, they drafted what is now the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

By 1916, most of the major women’s rights movements had united behind the goal of adding the 19th amendment to the Constitution. Women paraded, did silent vigils, and hunger strikes. Supporters were jailed and sometimes physically abused.

But finally, in 1919, Congress passed to amendment and later in 1920 the states ratified it. It took 70 years for women to finally have the right to vote. The 19th Amendment reads : “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” After the 19th Amendment was passed, every U.S. citizen could vote.

Immigration Issues

By Mohamed Nour

Restriction of foreign immigration during the 1920s marked a significant change in U.S. policy. Immigration had soared in the late 19th century and peaked in the early 20th century. Between 1900 and 1915, for example, more than 13 million people came to the United States, with the preponderance from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Many of these people were Jewish or Catholic, a fact that alarmed many older Americans who were predominately Anglo-Saxon and Protestant. Some resented the newcomers because they competed for low-wage jobs, others because the new immigrants maintained Old World customs, often lived in urban ethnic enclaves, and seemed to resist assimilation into the larger American culture.

As a result of this immigrant surge after World War I, nativist appeals intensified. A reorganized Ku Klux Klan emerged calling for "100-percent Americanism." Unlike the Klan of Reconstruction, the new Klan restricted its membership to native-born white Protestants, and campaigned against Catholics, Jews and immigrants as well as African Americans. By redefining its enemies, the Klan broadened its appeal to parts of the North and Midwest, and for a time, its membership swelled.

Anti-immigration sentiment was codified in a series of measures, culminating in the Immigration Quota Law of 1924 and a 1929 act.

These laws limited the annual number of immigrants to 150,000, to be distributed among peoples of various nationalities in proportion to the number of their compatriots already in the United States in 1920. One result of these restrictions was to reduce the appeal of nativist organizations; the Great Depression of the 1930s also caused a sharp drop in immigration.

Forms of transportation

By Jared Termini

After the end of World War 1, the U.S. military had too many warplanes. The government sold thousands of warplanes at very low prices. Many wartime pilots bought these planes. The U.S. Post Office also bought some planes and used them to transport mail between a few large cities.

Before the 1920s, most people did not own an automobile because they were too expensive. But automaker Henry Ford changed that by making the Model T which was a more affordable car. After cars became more affordable, the number of cars owned by Americans increased from 8 thousand in 1900 to 8 million in 1920. More affordable cars also changed the way Americans lived. Not only did people have a faster way of transportation but cars gave teenagers and women a new sense of freedom. Cars also allowed people to live farther away from their jobs.

Unions Strikes

By Jacob Hoffman

When WW1 ended there were a lot of soldiers and officers that were out of work at the time. They wanted to work for their old companies but other people had already taken their jobs.

Labor strikes affected the US hugely at the time, and people were persuaded by what other peoples thoughts and their opinions. A lot of these people who went on strike, demanded higher wages, lower working hours, and better working conditions.

Many people at this time started watching movies and cartoons. A popular cartoon, Mutt and Jeff was an example of how shows persuaded people. People young and old all over the US watched Mutt and Jeff. In one episode they made, Mutt and Jeff went on a strike at the place they worked and when they finished the cartoon showed that if you go on strike for what you think is right, you will eventually win and get your way.

Post War Economics By: Braden

Many Americans feared that the end of World War II and the subsequent drop in military spending might bring back the hard times of the Great Depression. But instead, pent-up consumer demand fueled exceptionally strong economic growth in the post war period. The automobile industry successfully converted back to producing cars, and new industries such as aviation and electronics grew by leaps and bounds. A housing boom, stimulated in part by easily affordable mortgages for returning members of the military, added to the expansion. The nation's gross national product rose from about $200,000 million in 1940 to $300,000 million in 1950 and to more than $500,000 million in 1960. At the same time, the jump in postwar births, known as the "baby boom," increased the number of consumers. More and more Americans joined the middle class.

The American work force also changed significantly. During the 1950s, the number of workers providing services grew until it equaled and then surpassed the number who produced goods. And by 1956, a majority of U.S. workers held white-collar rather than blue-collar jobs. At the same time, labor unions won long-term employment contracts and other benefits for their members.

Advertising

By David Wang

The need for advertising started in the industrial expansions in the 1880s. Mass production and low prices meant that more and more goods were available to more and more people. Changes in technology and reliance on advertisers made publishers able to drop their prices from 35 cents to just a nickel. Readership soared. Advertising helped companies sell their product and created brand loyalty which increased profits. The advertising market grew from only $200 million in 1880 to nearly #3 billion in 1920.

In 1923, Henry Luce began publishing Time. Now, advertisers had access to millions of Americans through newspapers and magazines. They hired movie stars and sports figures to put their image on their advertisement and persuade Americans to buy their products, from coffee to tobacco to Coca-Cola. The rise of radio broadcasting also helped advertisers. Soon, every American saw tons of advertisements each and every day. Since advertisements were new to people, they believed everything they saw. This just helped companies even more. Advertising in the 1920s shaped how advertising would be for the next 90 years.

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