FIFTEEN CENTS
TIME October 14, 1929
Looking Back on Harlem Exclusive: Q&A with Louis Armstrong
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In This Issue Dance Hall in Harlem, NY (1929): Dance Hall, Lindy Hop
see story pg. 16
Politics: Review Of Harding’s Presidency...10 Why are we still talking about his scandals? What In The World!...11 What’s happening outside of America? No Immigration Nation...13 Controversy and racial tension abound Economy...14 Last quarter of the decade… still booming Looking Back On Harlem...16 The biggest mark on our culture this decade Entertainment For Your Next Outing...19 Choose anything, you’ll have a hotsy-totsy time! The Golden Age ..20 Ruth to Dempsey and beyond Interview with Louis Armstrong...22 Exclusive interview with the one and only
IN EVERY ISSUE Letters From The Editors...3 Letters To The Editors...5 Briefing...8 Quotes and statistics from this week in America Bibliography...23
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Letter From the Editors
Louis Armstrong playing trumpet This magazine is including a feature article from the 1920’s which is being named the jazz age. It is very important to get a good look on the situation in Harlem and are hoping this gives you all you need to know about the topic. In this magazine the feature article has been made to show the effect of the Harlem Renaissance and to get you caught up on today's music, art, and literature. We will mention many up and coming artists as well, for example Louis Armstrong and artists like Langston Hughes In the article we address the criticism and comments from our readers.
We went through thoroughly to make sure we address opinions without using our own on the new poetry and jazz music coming from Harlem. You will also see in this magazine, the people in rural and urban living. How people lived in tenements how there was no fresh air and no room.The city was filled with them.The way people worked in the city and farm life. Some articles conclude The golden age,sports. For example the great bambino was an important in the 1920’s sports of baseball. The second biggest sport is football one sport people would travel the world to see.
Babe Ruth with a young fan 3
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Letters to the Editor Dear Editor, As a city girl, short skirts, hair, and dancing all night is nothing. Is it so bad for us women to start to express ourselves? Ask any other Jane in the city, she’ll tell you the same. It ain’t even half bad to be drinking and smoking all night long, we just want a little fun that’s all. Showing a little gam isn’t a sin or anything, we ain’t breaking the law. To all the old folk out there, just because we’re starting to venture out more and you disagree, doesn’t give you the right to be a pill. I’d say being up and out of the house is good for us. We don’t need to be tied down by monotonous housework day in and day out. It’s about time more girls started taking chances like going to college and getting a degree in something new and exciting. Besides, with all these new things like vacuums and washing machines, who needs to spend hours on end cleaning up a dusty little home that we’d hardly spend time in anyways being out partying and all. Oh, and down south where they’re making the laws about how long a lady’s skirt can be, well that’s just outright baloney! Who ever would’a thought that the length of a woman's dress could get her arrested?! I had a friend down there at the beach a while ago, she up and got fined for having her swimsuit barely an inch above what’s so called ‘acceptable’. It’s outrageous! I don’t care one way or another what people have to say about me, I’m gonna keep living my life the way I want to; makeup, short hair, scandalous dresses, sensuous dancing and all! These old folk have already ruined the world before they passed it onto us with the War and such. It’s about time we started living like we were supposed to.
Dear Editor, I have some important thoughts I would like to share about the dry and wet opinion. Prohibition was created to keep people safe, so why are people disobeying? It did help crime go down, it did keep the use of giggle water down. I have been living on a farm my whole life and it is the bee's knees. All of the alcohol that was used before kept fathers from their children and families low on funds. Without the money spent on alcohol you could have so much more for your family. Because, we do not drink alcohol we live a full life and are capable of supporting our families. Yes the wets have a good point of view, for example, alcohol ban did bring gangsters to the city. That's only because people stopped following the law and going out to buy hooch from people who illegally sold alcohol. Really this whole problem is caused by the modernists themselves. Out of all the families I know, traditionalists have so much more money to spend on the important things in life than modernists. They go to their jobs on time and make money where they are supposed to. This is how life was meant to be lived. It is meant to be lived on a farm, when did that become not enough? Sincerely, Katie Scroggins
“I’m going to keep living my life the way I want to...make up, short scandalous dresses, sensuous dancing and all!” Avrill Gratton
Sincerely, Avrill Gratton 5
Letters to the Editor Dear Editor,
Dear Editor,
After reading your article about the Scopes Trial I have only one thing to say, thank you, William Jennings Bryan for showing the world how your ignorance of basic science and history proves that you are a definite Mustard Plaster and a downright potato. You showed Americans around the country that the teachings of evolution are something that should be taught and not ignored. You showed them that evolution, something I personally strongly believe in, is in fact the bee’s knees.
The urban life completely took a turn for the better in the 1920’s. The cities were growing with more factories and jobs for the people. Automobiles played a huge role during this time. It gave the people the option to travel further and brought more jobs. For example more gas stations were built and repair shops, and hotels for the long distance travels. Other factors that played a role where buildings known as tenements. These were buildings that were four to six stories high and housed many families. They didn’t have much airflow throughout the rooms and not much natural light. The high density of buildings caught fire due to the lack of maintenance especially in the poor neighborhoods. Although the urban lifestyle was growing, the rural life was still played an important role. Rural families still farmed and had chores done by women and men. They also had electricity that made it much easier for them. But with the urban lifestyle growing so fast the rural area was decreasing in population. Now about twenty-five percent of the population live in the rural area. With more people moving to the urban cities, more opportunities were available. The wealthy people founded art galleries, orchestras, and department stores. The railroad and steamboats also helped build the cities and increase the population.
You say that you fight for the integrity of religion yet you contradict basic religious teachings. How can you fight for religion if your beliefs about religion are false. Even people at the trial who strongly believed in religion over evolution changed their minds because of your stupidity. Although, I believe in evolution I do also believe that being religious is important. It is important for someone to believe in something greater than them or anyone. Religion gives people a reason to fight. I also believe that your religion could be dancing or finding a nice job. In my opinion religion is what you make of it, but Bryan made his religion look idiotic. Sincerely, Sidney Haigler
In my opinion religion is what you make of it, but Byran made his religion look idiotic.
Sincerely, Saylor Johnson
Sidney Haigler 6
Letters to the Editor Dear Editor,
Dear Editor,
Us adults are so surprised at how the women of the twenties are acting and I think it should stop. They are wearing skirts as far as nine inches from the ground and they will not stop getting shorter. We thought that their skirts and dresses would get longer by the winter time but instead just got even shorter. They wear short sleeves and at nights sometimes even wear sleeveless shirts. I just cannot believe it!
There is some controversy about the wet versus dry conflict. I strongly disagree that we should ban alcohol. I think this because most people have long days at work and just want a lap to calm them down and make everything better. Also banning alcohol brought gangsters to the city and definitely do not want that. I also believe that alcohol can be used for good as well as special occasions. I see where the dry’s are coming from about violence. Yes, alcohol can make you have a bad attitude if you drink too much but it also helps calm the nerves. Yes, we all know that it costs money and you could use that money for something fun like a family trip. But if they really wanted to ban alcohol then why make it so easy to get around. That’s all I have to say for now.
In public these women drink and smoke. They are showing body parts like shin bones and knee caps. They bring flasks with illegal liquor in them wherever they go. Other adults and I think they need to stop what they are doing and how they are dressing. We do not like how they are breaking tradition. Catholic churches dislike how the women are dancing so close to the men in public. It is disgraceful!
Sincerely, Bella Trevitt
Sincerely, Taylor Nadeau
...alcohol can make you have a bad attitude Bella Trevitt
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Briefing NO ROOM for doom mongers “Today’s stock exchange is still a one-way bet.” Our economy has never before seen such rapid growth in bank credit and loans. The stock market today is definitely the berries.
All is well with the world because medical science has profited by the war. That is an epitome of civilization. We continually invent new diseases and almost catch up with them by our invention of remedies.” ― Joe Gould, 1929
"A happy man is too satisfied with the present to dwell too much on the future." ― Albert Einstein
On average, more than
600 banks have failed every year since 1921. These are small and rural; people in metropolitan areas are largely unconcerned.
10-RUN inning Philadelphia Athletics makes historic World Series comeback (October 12) Chicago blames the sun. “Couldn’t see the balls,” Hack Wilson clarified. “I’m a big chump, and nobody’s going to tell me different.” Wilson and his four-year-old son Bobby departed the park together in a taxi. “The devil with them, Daddy,” he remarked. “We’ll get them next year.” 8
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Politics - Review of Harding’s Presidency SCANDAL STILL PLAGUES HIS TERM By: Avrill Gratton He’s been gone since 1923 but we’re still talking about his scandals in the White House. Here’s a recap of Harding and the ups and downs of his presidency. Born in Blooming Grove, Ohio, Warren G. Harding brought his small town pro-business politics to Washington. With knowledge of what the people wanted and a promise to “return to normalcy” after Wilson’s term as president. Running his campaign quite literally from his front porch, citizens traveled from all over to hear his speeches. Almost entranced by this idea of business as usual, the people like what they were hearing. It was no great feat that Harding won the 1920 election by a landslide. Arriving in office, Harding pushed his pro-business, conservative agenda. He reduced taxes, put high protective tariffs in place and limited immigration. Harding’s cabinet included Herbert Hoover, Charles Evans Hughes, and Andrew Mellon. These capable men, however, were not Harding’s closest advisors. In addition to his Cabinet, he also surrounded himself with the Ohio Gang. These were also high-level appointees but later proved to be corrupt and involved in numerous financial scandals.
companies in return for personal loans. Harding’s Secretary of the Interiour, Albert B. Fall, was eventually found guilty and sentenced to prison. Even Harry Daugherty, Attorney General faced impeachment by congress and was indicted for government fraud. While still in office, several rumours circulated concerning a love child between Nan Britton and Harding prior to his presidency. Hosting private parties at the White House, Harding and his wife, Florence kept ample supplies of liquor, a violation of the prohibition. Also burdened with the overwhelming responsibilities of president, Harding often turned to alcohol and gambling. He once lost the entire White House china in a poker game. Small town politician turned president, Harding took America through the ups and downs of his presidency. His three year term proved to be quite the rollercoaster for both him and America leading up to his death: heart attack. Although he promised normalcy, Harding’s presidency really did none but the opposite, instead taking corruption to a whole new level.
Bribery, love affairs and alcoholism, Harding and those closest to him proved to be involved in several shocking scandals, none of which surfaced until recently after his death in 1923. The Teapot Dome scandal involved oil rich lands in Wyoming that were leased to Harding and Cabinet - 1921
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By: Bella Trevitt New technology and how it can help
Here are some little kids listening to the radio Okay let us see. I wonder what is going on in the world? I bet that is a question that most of you are asking well I am about to answer all of them. Well first thing first. We all know that the majority of you do not like or trust the foreigners anymore why this you may ask. Because you think that the war was stated by them. But there are other reasons to. Such as religious and conflict. So many Americans such as I believe that you should not turn on them because of what you may believe because you do not know the truth.
Most of this conflict can be resolved and how you may ask well of course the new technology. The new technology can keep the foreigners out and keeping us safe.
New Neighbors? Yes Herbert Hoover is now inviting Cuba to join us and is passing a new policy. This policy is called “The Good Neighbor Policy,” This policy requires us to be nice and well being people the our new neighbors. That's it for now. Don’t forget to read about this next week
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No Immigration Nation by Sidney Haigler
We are living in nation that believes immigration is wrong for this country. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe want to settle in American cities.They are in need of jobs and education and instead they are being shunned because Americans are afraid of them and what they might do. In order to prevent immigration into America the government has passed different laws called immigration laws. These laws are creating racial tension all throughout America because they prevent, what some people believe to be, basic human rights. Some of the main laws implemented are the Immigration Act of 1924 and the quota system. The quota system was created, only a couple years ago, in 1921. It limited immigration to three percent of the number of each nationality present in America. This made this maximum quota 357,000 immigrants per year.
Recently a new immigration law has been passed. This law is called the Immigration Act of 1924. It discriminates against Eastern and Southern Europe, the poorer regions of Europe, and completely excludes Asians. The annual immigration quota was changed from three percent to two percent because of this new law. The maximum quota is now only 164,000 immigrants per year. These laws are very controversial and create lots of racial tension in our nation. Some people believe these laws are helping to keep the nation pure while others believe it is our responsibility to help those who need help. The Sacco and Vanzetti Trial is an example of the racial tension created because they were accused of murder and theft and there was no clear evidence the proves them guilty. Many people believe it was because they were Italian immigrants, so their death sentence was continuously postponed. Eventually the two men were executed and protests broke out. These riots have broken out all over the country and many believe they are caused by racial tensions. Moving forward, it will be the responsibility of all Americans to resolve these controversies.
Sacco and Vanzetti at their trial in Massachusetts in 1927 13
Economy By: Taylor Nadeau
Economy is booming the twenties provides things from new machinery to new ways to pay. New machines were made to help produce more products faster, this is called mass production. The assembly line, which was first made by Henry Ford, made it quicker and easier for things like cars to be made. Cars made it a lot easier to get around to places. The car businesses that are most popular are Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors. These businesses sold stock and bonds to get money.
Credit is another big thing that changed the way americans live, it is called credit which allows people to buy something and pay later when they do not have enough cash with them. it was used mostly for automobiles, gasoline, and hotels. Radios were one of the big things that changed america also. They allowed people to listen to music or broadcasts at home. Advertisements were something that helped companies get their product sold. Ads were also seen on big billboards on the sides of the road. In 1900 only ten percent of children went to high school, in 1930 it increased to fifty percent of children. The average life expectancy increased from forty-nine to fifty-nine.
Farmers, African Americans, and Immigrants are three groups of people who did not get anything from the economic boom of the twenties. African Americans lived in poverty, and could not make enough money off of cotton. Farmers did not have electricity or telephones.
Picture: A car from the 1920’ s. 14
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Looking Back on Harlem The Roaring 20’s in Review Centered in Harlem, the Harlem Renaissance was a decade of change. The Renaissance was a boom of African American literature, music, and other art. Starting soon after the War the their culture began to grow and make its statement on American society. Attracted by new job opportunities, African Americans began to move north in 1916, this was known as the Great Migration. About half a million southerners took part in this movement to escape discrimination and segregation. Not only did the Great Migration lead to the Harlem Renaissance, but it also inspired a burst of creativity and created a greater sense of humanity. The Harlem Renaissance came in all forms of creativity; music, art, literature and more. Of the up and coming poets and writers of yesterday, few made an acceptable living. One of the most well known poets was Langston Hughes. His piece, “The Weary Blues” earned him his title and his fame when it was written in 1926. This piece was one of many already written and more to come. Claude Mckay wrote “Home to Harlem” a fast paced, sensual and brutally accurate story of two men struggling to find their own identity and place in American society during the Renaissance. The story gave readers a clear insight to each character and their lives. Both Hughes and Mckay left a large impact on the literary works during the Renaissance.
Langston Hughes - 1953
The Jazz Age was an era of greatness for the youth of the 1920s. Out of the many musicians that shaped this era, few will be remembered as great. Louis Armstrong is the most well known jazz musician around. Crowds from all around gathered to hear him play his trumpet. Bessie Smith was the true New Orleans joy. Nicknamed The Empress of the Blues, her voice carried far and wide with soulful influence and a distinctive sound. Jelly Roll Morton was another great name floating around. An aspiring jazz composer, and pianist Morton and his band played all around New York. Of these few names, the greats left a daring new era of music for the generations ahead.
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In protest to this new style of music, the anti-jazz campaign made its short lived stand in the 1920s. Citizens of the previous generation did their best to restrict this new fandangled music genre. New dance moves, kicks, twists and turns appeared wild and reckless, unacceptable in the eyes of the upper generation. Despite this movement, the youth of 20’s continued to blow and get down to the new beat of jazz. We interviewed William Gilmore, a jazz enthusiast and Lorelai Bries, an anti-jazz supporter. When asked why jazz is an important part of society today William replied, “I believe jazz shows the wonderful culture that has so far been oppressed. I feel it is a way for many people to express their emotions through the different artforms. Jazz is soulful; it speaks to the souls of people who take the time to cherish it.” Mr. Gilmore represents the majority of people who agree that jazz betters this nation and its community. In the case of Lorelai Bries, we asked her why she believed jazz was destroying our country. Her response, “Jazz is a change this world does not need to see. Jazz is a new thing
Harlem - 1920
Bessie Smith, blues singer - 1924
brought by a new generation that does not know the beauty of classical music. It is a genre that cannot be replaced. No good can come from this despicable music” Lorelai declined to respond when told that jazz has helped convince many women to push the boundaries of gender roles and fight for their rights. As the age of the Renaissance continued to progress, so did the sense of what it means to be free in America. African Americans in our society still struggle with segregation and unfairness. As the lively generation of Harlem began to outgrow their wild ways, the era of freedom and creativity came to a close making a permanent mark on arts and music in America.
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Eye s th at cha rm NEW! Maybelline Eye Shadow. It’s Perfect for all flappers who want to be wild. 18
Entertainment for Your Next Outing By: Katie Scroggins Louis Armstrong the up and coming jazz artist, is being claimed by jazz fans that he is the best Jazz artist of the time. He is a vocalist from New Orleans ready to steal the limelight. He recently joined the Creole Jazz band of King Oliver. They are said to put on a good show. A now big entertainment industry is spectator sports. It is changing just for its viewers. You may be wondering what it is they are throwing around in that field. They now improved the baseball to a rabbit ball to make the game more interesting. It has already been put to work for the Babe, he has made a record of 29 homerun hits for the yankees. There has been a recent breakthrough in entertainment, close to five million are being sold annually. This is the radio! On it you get music all the way to sports. They are now offering basket weaving lessons. Currently on the radio is has been 0.1% dramas, 70% music, 7% news, and 2% sports.
A woman using a new radio in her home.
If you have not been to a moving picture you are missing out, modernists are calling them the bee’s knees. It has hit the fifth top ranked business. If you aren't sure which movie industry to look into MGM has been named the most universally known. A land mark film that has said to be a great watch by the people of America is, The Birth of the Nation, and should make a good first watch for any who haven't seen a movie.
People waiting to see a moving picture at
IWarners’ Theatre having a good time If you have not heard the term age of Jazz you must not know the date. This era has been named as the age of jazz due to the boom and the new beats of the music we play now. There is its very own style you can buy. Now you can get Jazzed up dresses for the ladies and suits for the gentlemen. You will hear jazz almost everywhere you go especial New Orleans the birthplace of Jazz. If you are interested the Creole Band of King Oliver is sure to put on a great show. 19
The Golden Age By Saylor Johnson “1920 famous Babe Ruth saying farewell to wife and daughter for the yanks annual training.”
The Golden age and the age of the spectator was the time were the introduction of radio made it easier for the fans to keep up with the sports they enjoyed. Newspapers and radios increased the coverage of sports. Baseball was the best sport to go to than any other sport. Baseball, the most famous sport. Television and radios were the best way to keep up with your favorite sports team. The great Babe Ruth played for the yankees,hit sixty home runs in one season. Than played for other teams. People came across the world to watch the great Bambino. As time goes on people would never forget the great babe ruth. Basketball, what is not much bigger than baseball. Thomas gymnasium which held 2000 people which field the whole stadium fans crowded in each seat. The level of dribbling passing and leaping that are so much a part of their act can be seen as outgrowths of the stereotype of African-Americans. The sport came to exist, the founder Abe Saperstein , Coach and owner.
Boxing, events were not widely held at the state because their association with gambling. Jack Dempsey was almost a famous as Bruce. Dempsey held the little title back back erase eras boxing, events were not widely held at the state because their association with gambling. Jack densely was almost a famous as Ruth. Dempsey held the title until September 23 when he lost to Ginny tiny on points in the 10th round. After was a rematch them see Saint Jen down to the floor with the left hook. And reclaimed his title. Foot ball was also almost bigger than baseball. Football what is primarily a college sport after graduation on All-Americans college quarterback and or lineman had the little future in the Athletics. They were to arrange the American professional football Association known as a PFA soon changed its name to the National Football League as NFL.Harold grange was a university of Illinois State who scored four touchdowns in 10 minutes, against Michigan was a university of Illinois State who scored four touchdowns in 10 minutes, against Michigan. Grange nickname was that galloping ghost became vegan for superstar became the in SL hero.
“Rainy day in 1920,football still goes on.” 20
Wrigley’s Gum To be cool you have to chew Wrigley’s
Best in town, everyone has it! 21
Q: How did you know you wanted to be a musician? A: Well when I got in trouble I got sent to a home for boys and they made us listen to music and to that day I have always loved music. Q: Did people judge you because you looked different? A: Yes some did but once they realized that I was making good music they looked at me everyone should. Q: How should everyone look at you? A: They should look at me like I am just a normal man making music. Q: Do you prefer making music or movies? A: They are both great but I have to say that music is and always be my passion no matter what. Also musicals are super fun to make because I get to sing and act. No matter what I chose I hope everyone will still accept me. Q: Was it the bee’s knees to work with all the different groups? A: Yes it was really fun working with the other groups. Q: What was it like being the first African American to write an autobiography? A: It was great but also challenging be cause as a writer it put a lot of pressure on me. How so? Being the first African American a lot was riding on me.
Q: Did you know that your music would touch people to this day? A: At first I was questioning myself like will people like it, would they want to keep listening and as it turned out they loved it, well some more than others. Q: Was it fun to make movies? A: It was absolutely fun to make moves. Making movies was very different than making music. Q: How so? A: Movies you have to memorize and act. But with music it all comes from your heart and you do not have to act because it just comes to you. Q: How does music make you feel? A: It makes me feel like anything could happen and it just makes me feel really good and you can express many emotions through music. Q: Did music make you a better you? A: Honestly, I would say yes because I don’t know where I would be without music. Q: Do you have anything else to say? A: Yes. Do not give up on your dreams because you never know where they could take you. Thank you very much and I hope people learned something from this. - Louis Armstrong
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Bibliography "1920s Industry and Technology by Starr." 1920s Industry and Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Baughman, Judith S. American Decades: 1920-1929. New York: Gale Research, 1996. Print. Bloom, Harold. The Harlem Renaissance. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004. Print. "Buy Essential AP Images from The Associated Press." AP. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Case, Brian, Stan Britt, and Trisha Palmer. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Jazz. New York: Harmony, 1978. Print. "Cotton Club | Nightclub, New York City, New York, United States." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Domina, Lynn. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Exploration of Literature. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Downey, Matthew T. The Roaring Twenties and an Unsettled Peace, 1919-1929. New York: Macmillan, 1992. Print. "Emergence of Advertising in America." Duke Digital Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Hanson, Erica. The 1920s. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1999. Print. Hart, Diane, and Bert Bower. History Alive!: Pursuing American Ideals. Rancho Cordova, CA: Teachers' Curriculum Institute, 2013. Print. Haskins, Jim. The Harlem Renaissance. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Jacques, Geoffrey. Free within Ourselves: The Harlem Renaissance. New York: F. Watts, 1996. Print. The Jazz Age. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. The Jazz Age: The 20s. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1998. Print. Kallen, Stuart A. The Roaring Twenties. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2002. Print. Keepnews, O., and B. Grauer. A Pictorial History of Jazz. New York: Spring, 1960. Print. LuĚˆsted, Marcia Amidon, and Jennifer K. Keller. The Roaring Twenties: Discover the Era of Prohibition, Flappers, and Jazz. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. McDonnell, Janet. 1920-1929: Janet McDonnell. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1995. Print. "The One and Only, Louis Armstrong." The One and Only, Louis Armstrong. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Pendergast, Sara, and Tom Pendergast. Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th-century America. Detroit, MI: UXL, 2002. Print. Pietrusza, David. The Roaring Twenties. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1998. Print. Rogers, Richard. 100 Best Songs of the '20s and '30s. New York: Gramercy, 1973. Print. This Fabulous Century, Volume III: 1920-1930. New York: Time-Life, 1969. Print. U.S.A. 1920s. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 2005. Print. U.S.A. Twenties. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 2005. Print. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. Wukovits, John F. The 1920s. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2000. Print.
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