The tea master

the tea master cultural differences between British tea & Japanese tea

Manami Tamada

the tea master cultural differences between British tea & Japanese tea

Manami Tamada

This is a book about special tea time.

Tea is a special one for British people and Japanese people.

They know how to enjoy the tea time.

And they have history, culture and methods. British people created the Afternoon Tea which has a long history of over 180 years. Japanese people also created original tea culture which name is the tea ceremony. Drinking tea is so elaborate and specialized for us.

This book is about British style tea and Japanese style tea, especially about cultural differences between British tea & Japanese tea.

I would appreciate if you are interested in both of special tea culture.

Back story

Why i made the book of tea master?

I love tea. I'm from japan. My father is the tea master who make tea using way of special technique. When I was child, my father made a cup of macha tea for my family at the small tea ceremony. It was fun and leisurely time. I still feel the same. When I have a cup of tea with my family or friends or alone, it is great time for me. So tea is the special thing for me.

I have known about real Afternoon Tea since I have been England. Afternoon Tea has a long history. I think tea is also a important culture for British people.

So I made this book about british tea and japanese tea culture especially formal tea culture.

contents Japanese tea ceremony

3

What is the tea ceremony?

4

Tea school

8

Tea utensils

10

History of japanese tea

12

Tea master Mrata Juko

14

Tea master Sen no Rikyu

18

Tea talk

26

Japanese Tea Ceremony steps

34

English Afternoon Tea

61

What is Afternoon tea ?

63

Duchess with tea

64

History of british tea

66

Tea time and tea talk

68

Tea Time

70

Tea Talk in Bristol

76

Tea Talk in London

84

How to make perfect pot of tea

Japanese and British tea Reference

1

91

2

Japanese tea ceremony

3

What is the tea ceremony ?

The Japanese tea ceremony is called Chanoyu, Sado or simply Ocha in Japanese.

It is a choreographic ritual of preparing and serving Japanese green tea, called Matcha, together with traditional Japanese sweets to balance with the bitter taste of the tea.

Preparing tea in this ceremony means pouring all one's attention into the predefined movements. The whole process is not about drinking tea, but is about aesthetics, preparing a bowl of tea from one's heart. The host of the ceremony always considers the guests with every movement and gesture. Even the placement of the tea utensils is considered from the guests view point (angle), especially the main guests called the Shokyaku.

4

Photo by Š Tomo.Yun

5

Photo by ﾂｩ Tomo.Yun

Ura senke school Probably the school with the biggest following among the Sansenke is Urasenke. This school was established by Sen Sﾅ行hitsu (1622-97) who also inherited the teahouse named Konnichian. The current head of Urasenke-Konnichian-foundation is Iemoto Zabﾅ行ai Genmoku Sﾅ行hitsu. The name Urasenke comes from various parts; "Ura" comes from the location of the Konnichian teahouse which faces the back street. In Japanese, back is called "ura". The "senke" part of the name means "house of Sen". So, altogether it is the "house of Sen on the back street". Officially the name of the tea house is also included which means the full name is Urasenke-Konnichi-an.

6

Omote senke schoo

Musha no koji senke ryu

The second biggest school of the japanese tea ceremony is Omotesenke. Omotesenke school of tea was established by Koushin Sousa (Kōshin Sōsa) (1613-72) who also inherited the teahouse named Fushinan.

The current head of Omotesenke-fushinanfoundation is Iemoto Sōsa Jimyosai. The name Omotesenke comes from the following Japanese; "Omote" comes from the location of the Fushin-An teahouse which faces the front and main street. In Japanese, "front" is called "Omote". The "Senke" part as in both Urasenke and Omotesenke means the "house of sen". Due to its location this school is the teahouse on the front street.

There are some differences during the tea ceremony performed by Urasenke and Omotesenke. For example, Urasenke whisks the Macha strongly so that the froth is covered with a layer of foam. Omotesenke has some foam on top of the tea too but leaves, what is referred to as a "lake", in the center open and free of foam.

Omotesenke uses Susudake which is smoked-bamboo or darkened-bamboo for its Chasen, while Urasenke prefers to use blank, untreated bamboo for its Chasen.

Some people say that Urasenke likes to display and show-off its most valuable and expensive utensils to impress its guests.

Utensils made by famous craftsmen or expensive brand tools are said to be preferred

by Urasenke. Omotesenke however, prefers to keep things simple and plain. This does not mean that cheap junk is used to perform the Japanese tea ceremony, but that more consideration is given to balance various utensils so that they will each receive adequate attention and won't be overlooked.

The smallest of the Sansenke is Musha no koji senke ryu school of tea. Musha no koji senke ryu school of tea was established by Ichiou Soushu(Ichiō Sōshu) also a great-grandson of Sen no Rikyu. The current head of Musha no koji senke ryu - Kankyuan - Foundation is Iemoto Rikyu Koji, a fourteenth generation direct descendant of Sen no Rikyu.

Musha no koji senke ryu's name comes from the street it faces, which is the Musha no Koji Dori. (Dori means street in Japanese)

Iemoto Iemoto is a term and a title used in Japan which has as literal translation "houseorigin" but it is commonly understood that it means “founder” or "grand master" of a certain school of art. When it describes a person, than that person either founded the school or is currently the head and grand master of the school. It can also describe a system of familial generations in traditional Japanese arts like the tea ceremony. In Japan the iemoto system is characterized by a hierarchical structure within the school itself, guided by the supreme authority of the Iemoto.

The title of Iemoto in most cases is hereditary.

It is commonly transmitted by direct line, or by adoption. There can only be one iemoto at a time, which sometimes leads to the creation of new "houses" or "lines". Since there can be only one iemoto at a time, splitting up in different houses is a common phenomenon when more than one son is born to an Iemoto.

By tradition, the title of iemoto is passed down along with a hereditary name.

7

Tea school Nara ryu Sakai ryu Rukyu ryu Yabunouch ryu So tan ryu

school name

Ura senke ryu Ura senke school

Hayami ryu Dai nippon chado kai Omote senke ryu Hida ryu

So tan school

Senke school

Omote senke school

Hori no uchi ryu matsuo ryu Mitani ryu Edo senke ryu Fuhaku ryu Musha no koji senke ryu Sohen ryu Anrakuan ryu Fusai ryu Hosokawa sansai ryu Sansai ryu

Mi sai school

Furuichi ryu Senke school

Kobo ryu Kayano ryu Oribe ryu Ueda souko ryu Sowa ryu Ensyu ryu Uraku ryu Nanbo ryu Sekisyu ryu Fuji bayashi ryu Chin shin ryu Ikei ha Shimizu ha

Seki syu school

Nomura ha Oguchi ha Shinseki syu ryu Koseki shu ryu Fumai ryu

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the first generation of a style

Nara ryu Sakai ryu Rukyu ryu Yabunouch ryu So tan ryu Ura senke ryu Hayami ryu Dai nippon chado kai Omote senke ryu Hida ryu Hori no uchi ryu Matsuo ryu Mitani ryu Edo senke ryu Fuhaku ryu Musha no koji senke ryu Sohen ryu Anrakuan ryu Fusai ryu Hosokawa sansai ryu Sansai ryu Furuichi ryu Kobo ryu tea school

Kayano ryu Oribe ryu Ueda souko ryu

There are three main schools of the tea ceremony which are called the Sansenke. These are Omote senke, Ura senke and Musya no koji senke ryu. This name comes from Sen no Rikyu also called Rikyu Soeki who was the great grandfather of the founders of the three main schools. They are said to be the main schools because of the bloodline connecting them to the grand master of the tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu, and because they have the biggest following of students.

All three Sen family schools apply "Sen" in the name of their school.

Sowa ryu Ensyu ryu Uraku ryu Nanbo ryu Sekisyu ryu Fuji bayashi ryu Chin shin ryu Ikei ha Shimizu ha Nomura ha Oguchi ha Shinseki syu ryu Koseki shu ryu Fumai ryu

9

Tea utensils

Chasen bamboo whisk

Chawan a tea bowl

Usuki macha case

Kochakin a small silk cloth to carry utensil

cha ire macha case

Kochakin wet tissues and

Hishaku a tea ladle

Futa oki rest for the lid of a tea ladle

Mizu tsugi water pitcher

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Fukusa a small silk cloth

Kogo incense case

Kashi ki vessel for confectioneries

Kama kettle to boil water

Chashaku bamboo teaspoon

Mizu sashi tea ceremony water jar

Sensu japanese fan

Kaishi packet of paper

Kensui a waste-water receptacle

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History of japanese tea

The beginning of the Nara period in Japan, capital is transferred to Nara. During the Nara period tea is grown at some temples around Japan.

Tea at this time was consumed by priests and noblemen as a medicinal beverage.

729

710

The first (known) work on tea called Cha Ching is written by a Chinese Buddhist priest by the name of Lu Wu. His book outlined all the rules for the correct method of making tea.

It describes the proper use of tea vessels and the temperature of hot water. Some people speculate that through the influence of this classic, the form and style of the tea ceremony evolved in Japan.

A book called Cha Lu is written by the Chinese calligrapher Cai Xiang/ Tsan Hsiang who worked under the Sung emperor Jen Tsung. In his book he referred to the manufacture of powdered green tea, the forerunner of the green tea that was incorporated into the tea ceremony in Japan.

794

760

Emperor Shoumu holds a religious ceremony called Incha. During this ceremony tea is served to the monks who are participating in the religious service.

1107

1053

The beginning of the Heian period in Japan, capital is transferred to Kyoto.

Myoan Eisai bring back tea seeds from China. Myoan Eisai went to China to study Buddhism and brought back with him, knowledge and seeds, which were planted in Hizen district of northern Kyushu.

Eisai writes a book called; Kissa Youjouki, which means "Tea-drinking is good for our health." This book describes many aspects of growing and consuming tea.

After Kissa Yojoki was presented to a Shogun (Samurai General), the popularity of tea spread and became widely consumed.

1206

1191

Chinese emperor Hui Tsung writes a book called Ta Kuan Cha Lun, or A General View of Tea. His book contains the first ever mention of the tea whisk (Chasen). He referred to a bamboo whisk to whisk the powdered green tea after hot water poured over it.

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1324

1211

Myoe plants tea seeds he received from Myoan Eisai in Toganoo, kyoto. Myoe was the founder of Kouzanji (Toganoosan Kouzanji) temple in Kyoto.

Myoe has left us with numerous national treasures and important cultural properties.

Tea gatherings are forbidden by the founder of Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Takauji with the passing of a new law, Kenmu Shikimoku.

Takauji was a general of the Kamakura shogunate and founder of the Ashikaga dynasty. Out of fear for rebelling Samurai clans he forbid tea gatherings which were frequently held by Samurai warrior clans to discuss politics.

1343

1336

Emperor Godaigo holds a tea gathering for noblemen and Shoguns at his palace.

Tea gatherings called Tocha regain popularity after the ban on tea gatherings is lifted.

Retainers of prince Fushimi hold a tea gathering.

A Rinkan tea ceremony is held

by Sumitane Furuichi. Rinkan literally means "in the forest".

Sumitane Furuichi studied the art of beauty and was secretly taught by Murato shuko.

1467

1416

Death of Murata Shuko, cofounder of the Japanese tea ceremony/ "the way of tea."

1476

1469

A Rinkan tea ceremony is held

by Sumitane Furuichi. Rinkan literally means "in the forest".

Sumitane Furuichi studied the art of beauty and was secretly taught by Murato shuko.

Tsuda Sotatsu begins to write a Diary of tea gatherings The Tennōjiya kaiki. Record of chanoyu gatherings compiled by three generations of the Tennōjiya mercantile house. Running one of the most prosperous business houses in Sakai was made possible by having won the favor of Oda Nobunaga.

Around the year 1574, he became one of the three merchant-class tea masters of Sakai to be in charge of chanoyu (Japanese tea ceremony) for Oda Nobunaga.

1533

1502

A great book, Kundaikan Socho-ki is written by Noami.

Kundaikan Sochoki contains descriptions and drawings of tea utensils and ink paintings. Noami was an adviser to the Ashikaga Shogunate and collected Chinese paintings as well as other art objects for the Shogunate.

Besides being an adviser, he was a renowned Japanese painter, a renga poet, and an advisor in the ways of the Japanese tea ceremony.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi is promoted to chief advisor to the emperor Emperor Ōgimachi, the fore last emperor of the Muromachi period. Toyotomi Hideyoshi holds a tea ceremony gathering at a small palace inside the Imperial Palace.

Sen Rikyu receives the title "Koji", a Buddhist lay name, from Emperor Ōgimachi.

1555

1548

1585

Matsuya Hisamasa starts to keep a record called; "Record of tea gatherings."

Matsuya Hisamasa often visited Kyoto,Sakai, and other cities to attend tea ceremonies for inspection.

Death of Takeno Joo, master of the japanese tea ceremony and Sen Rikyu's teacher.

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1586

Toyotomi Hideyoshi finishes building his palatial home, the Jurakadai in Kyoto. The Great Tea Ceremony of Kitano is held. At this Tea gathering, Sen Rikyu Koji, Tsuda Sogyu, and Tsuda Sokyu act as Sado (supervisors).

Sen no Rikyu Koji is forced to commit suicide

by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sen Rikyu's last words written down in this poem: Welcome to thee, O sword of eternity!

Through Buddha And through Daruma alike Thou hast cleft thy way.

1588

1587

Toyotomi Hideyoshi performs a tea ceremony at the Imperial palace using his portable gold tea pavillion.

1612

1591

Yamanoue Soji begins to write The Record of Yamanoue Soji (completed in 1590)

Koho-an is constructed in the Daitokuji Temple by Kobori Enshu. Built in Enshu's later, more matured age, it is an independent tea hut, in the shoin style.

Tea master

Mrata Juko

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Who is Murata Juco There are many stories and myths about Murata Juko, but little historical information has survived. Most scholars agree that he was born in Nara around 1421.

Murata Shuko is said to be the founder of wabi-cha (tea of quiet taste). We have no certain record of his life, but it is said that he was from Nara and that he was at first a Buddhist priest. But later he lived in Kyoto and made a fortune as a merchant.

He is said to be the founder of wabi-cha because of the important letter 'Kokoro no fumi' (Letter on mastery of the mind) which he left behind. 'Kokoro no fumi' suggests that chanoyu is a spiritual path that brings about the development of a human being. In this one can see a religious influence, particularly that of Zen. Shuko was a close friend of Ikkyu and it is said that he received the Engo no Bokuseki from Ikkyu which also speaks of Shuko's Zen influence. In the 'Kokoro no fumi' Shuko writes that the line between Japanese and Chinese utensils should be dissolved.

Until that time the focus had been on Chinese utensils (karamono). Instead, Shuko was concerned with how to harmonize Japanese utensils with Chinese utensils to create a new kind of beauty. Also Shuko left these words, 'A moon which is not behind clouds is disagreeable', meaning that a moon that appears and disappears behind the clouds is more beautiful than a brilliant full moon. This aesthetic of deficiency is central to the wabicha that Shuko created.

Photo by Š Sen no Rikyu, Cha no bigaku by Dikichi Narukawa

15

The moon not glimpsed through rifts in clouds holds no interest

Bright full moon that was the symbol of enlightenment in many Buddhist traditions wasn’t elegant or expressive as the partially obscured moon. That we find perfection in imperfect, embrace the discordance in life to achieve concordance, and so on.

16

Juco and ZEN There are many stories and myths about Murata Juko, but little historical information has survived. Most scholars agree that he was born in Nara around 1421.

Murata Shuko is said to be the founder of wabi-cha (tea of quiet taste). We have no certain record of his life, but it is said that he was from Nara and that he was at first a Buddhist priest. But later he lived in Kyoto and made a fortune as a merchant.

He is said to be the founder of wabi-cha because of the important letter 'Kokoro no fumi' (Letter on mastery of the mind) which he left behind. 'Kokoro no fumi' suggests that chanoyu is a spiritual path that brings about the development of a human being. In this one can see a religious influence, particularly that of Zen. Shuko was a close friend of Ikkyu and it is said that he received the Engo no Bokuseki from Ikkyu which also speaks of Shuko's Zen influence. In the 'Kokoro no fumi' Shuko writes that the line between Japanese and Chinese utensils should be dissolved.

Until that time the focus had been on Chinese utensils (karamono). Instead, Shuko was concerned with how to harmonize Japanese utensils with Chinese utensils to create a new kind of beauty. Also Shuko left these words, 'A moon which is not behind clouds is disagreeable', meaning that a moon that appears and disappears behind the clouds is more beautiful than a brilliant full moon. This aesthetic of deficiency is central to the wabicha that Shuko created.

17

Tea master

Sen no Rikyu

18

Who is Sen no Rikyu Sen no Rikyu was born in the merchant city of Sakai in 1522. He was given the name Yoshiro at birth.

By the time he reached 58, he was serving as tea master to Oda Nobunaga, the leading daimyo in Japan. After Nobunaga’s assassination, he became the tea master for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Nobunaga’s successor and military dictator of Japan.

When Hideyoshi hosted a tea at the Imperial Palace in 1585, Rikyu received the Buddhist rank of koji from the Emperor Ogimachi. This was an honorary title for a lay person who had lived a pious faithful Buddhist, and from that time he was known as Sen no Rikyu Koji.

This established his preeminence among the leading Japanese tea practitioners.

Although Rikyu’s tea ceremony is closely associated with Zen Buddhism, three of Rikyu’s seven deciples were devote Christians.

Rikyu’s sense of esthetics influenced design as well. He popularized the use of smaller stone lanterns as garden ornamentations.

He also designed new utensils for serving tea. Rather than basing them on the formal Chinese designs that were previously used, Rikyu’s designs were wonders of simplicity and typically contained asymmetrical irregularities which gave them a natural quality.

Rikyu’s relationship with Hideyoshi was a complex one and enventually caused his death. Rikyu was more than Hideyoshi’s tea master. he was often an advisor on other matters as well. Yet Rikyu maintained his independence and the relationship was occasionally stormy. When Rikyu refused Hideyoshi’s request to take Rikyu’s daughter as a concubine, the relationship never recovered. Eventually, Hideyoshi ordered Rikyu to commit ritual suicide.

Photo by © Sakai city museum

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Japanese sword This sword's name is Syunurikinnhirumakidaisyoukosirae which mean Vermilion colored sheath with gold belt.

20

Rikyu and Samurai The Samurai had once great influence in Japan and much of the Japanese culture of nowadays has its roots from the time Samurai ruled the country. These great warriors of elevated status were the armies and police of their time. The Samurai often had lots of free time and so they looked for ways to entertain themselves. Tea was one of the ways for them to do that. Some of their customs are still implemented these days during a tea ceremony.

Rikyu’s relationship with Samirai Hideyoshi who is one of the most remarkable men in Japanese history. He was born a peasant and yet rose to finally end the Sengoku Period.

He was also a master of tea ceremony and learned the tea ceremony from Sen no Rikyu.

However, Rikyu, who was appointed to the important post of Hideyoshi Toyotomi's tea master, Kenchu led a secluded life in the north, immersing himself in the tea ceremony.

21

The decorative alcove is a socalled murodoko, as its rear posts have been plastered over.

Taian

Katte

Katte is back porch.

Tsuginoma is antechamber.

Murodoko

tsuginoma Entrance Entrance

This is the steppingstones.

Tai-an, tea room designed by Rikyu

22

The most famouse of tea master's tea room.

Taian is the tea room or teahouse. From columbia.edu.The original Taian was built between 1582 and 1583, over 400 years ago.

Recently, Nakamura Toshinori reconstructed the Taian at the Daitokuji Temple. The Taian was reconstructed according to an account left by Sen no Rikyu’s disciple, Yamanoue Sojiki. Taian was originally built within Hideyoshi’s castle in Yamazaki.

A tea house that can accommodate five people, a separate small room where tea utensils are washed, and two entrances, one for the host and one for the guests a doorway low enough to require the guests to bend down to enter, humbling themselves in preparation for the tea ceremony.

23

Black Raku tea bowl This tea bowl owned by Rikyu and made by Chojiro called Kamuro

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Rikyu's tea utensils Rikyu's tea utensils which is said that Rikyu's chanoyu entered its most successful period in the second decade of Tensho (the 1580's).

One of the foundations on which this was built was the appearance of tea utensils that Rikyu designed and had made. Originally, utensils used for other purposes were selected for use in chanoyu, but Rikyu began to ask specialist craftsmen to make new ones specifically for use in chanoyu. Among these, Raku tea bowls made by Raku Chojiro could be taken to symbolize faithfully the aesthetics and spirit of Rikyu's 'wabi' (quiet simplicity).

Raku tea bowls are made by hand, without using a potter's wheel. The clay is worked with both hands, then shaped with a spatula.

Working it with the hands gives a natural shape and scraping with a scapula removes the surplus clay. These two processes bring out the shape so that the ultimate tea bowl suitable in size shape colour, weight and feel for the wabi-cha that Rikyu was seeking can be made.

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Tea talk

Toshiro Tamada

26

Tea talk with my father My father has tea license of tea ceremony.

I could interview him about Japanese tea.

“Let me know about the Macha?”

“Macha is one of the green tea which is the popular in Japan of the past. Japanese monk bought it from Caina. He is a zen monk.

So Macha derived from a Zen Buddhist monastery. It’s at the beginning of story of Macha.

“Why they drunk tea?”

“Because tea have a lot of functions. Tea is healthy. And one of the function is to wake one up. A Zen Buddhist monastery is so hard.

And they can’t sleep enough. So they use Macha to wake them up.”

“Please let me know about Sen-no-rikyu.”

“He is trailblazer in the field of Wabi tea. His tea culture spread in Japan for conscious of beauty and human communication. And he create new style of tea room. There are two small entrance. If people come inside, they have to bend down to pass through small entrance. Rikyu create small entrance of tea room because of keeping samurai people from bringing brand to tea room. This style makes relationship of equals between samurai people.

The tea ceremony is for pleasure and also engine for the development of various creation.

In the past, men drink tea to help them quiet their mind before war. Wemen practice Japanese tea style for marriage in the Meiji era. Now, people drink tea for pleasure."

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"The tea ceremony is a not only make a tea but also to feel real conscious of beauty such as space tea bowl, Kakeziku picture, tea ceremony flower and so on.

It is very important to feel conscious of beauty through the tea ceremony. If you can feel like this consciousness, you can be pleased the tea ceremony by understanding split of tea ceremony."

28

The tea ceremony is a not only make a tea

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15 years Professor of tea master

10 years the Lecturer of tea master

3 to 5 years the Student of tea ceremony

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3 type of tea master “What kind of tea master name do you have?

How many years do you need to get the tea master license?”

“We have 3 type of tea master. There are 2 types of tea master license. One of the tea master name is the Lecturer tea master.

And another tea master name is the Professor tea master. If you get the tea master license, you can give license to your students.

If you want to get the tea master license, you have to add to your tea ceremony experience.

Three to five years of tea ceremony experience is required. When you add to your tea ceremony experience durling 3 to 5 years, you will be the Student of Tea Ceremony.

The Lecturer of Tea Master who get the name of special name of tea. It takes at least 10 years.

Professor of tea master who get the name of special name of tea. It takes at least 15 years.

In my case, it takes for 10 years to get the Lecturer."

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Japanese Tea Ceremony steps

32

33

1

When you enter the tea ceremony room, you need to placed palm down on the upper thighs with the fingers close together. Then you have to place japanese fan in front of you.

34

2

You carry a tea ceremony water jar.

35

3 Place a tea ceremony water jar on the right side of wind furnace.

36

4

When you stand up, you turn a 180 in anticlockwise.

37

5

Bring a tea bowl and a macha case. You hold a tea bowl in your right hand. And you hold a macha case in your left hand.

38

6 Arrange a tea bowl, a macha case and a tea ceremony water jar in a triangle. water jar

tea bowl

39

macha case

7

40

You will have to calm down befor making a cup of macha tea.

41

8

Hold a tea bowl in your left hand. Then you pass the tea bowl in your right hand. And place the tea bowl in front of a tea ceremony water jar.

42

9 Place a Macha case in front of you.

43

10 Fold a small silk cloth to carry utensil.

44

11

cleansing of a Macha case using a small silk cloth.

45

12

Fold a small silk cloth.

Then you pass the cloth in your left hand.

And place the tea bowl in front of you.

These utensils are arranged in triangle.

46

13 Fill the tea bowl with boiling water using a tea ladle.

47

14

Make chasendoshi which refers to a series of movements where hot or cold water is poured in a tea bowl, and the bristles of chasen are swayed in it and moved in and out of it, before and after making the tea.

48

15 Discard the water in a waste-water receptacle.

49

16 Wipe the tea bowl with a small silk cloth for 3 times.

50

17

Scoop the powdered green tea from the Macha case.

And put the powdered green tea onto the tea bowl.

51

17

Fill the tea bowl with boiling water using a tea ladle.

52

18

Whisk the thin tea using bamboo whisk.

53

19

Serve guest a cup of tea.

54

20

The guest receive a cup of tea from the tea master.

55

21 It tastes great!

56

Partake of the Macha.

57

behavior at the tea ceremony

58

59

60

English afternoon tea

61

62

What is Afternoon tea ?

What is Afternoon tea?

Afternoon Tea is a tea-related ritual, introduced in Britain in the early 1840s.

It evolved as a mini meal to stem the hunger and anticipation of an evening meal at 8pm.

Afternoon Tea is a meal composed of sandwiches (usually cut delicately into 'fingers'), scones with clotted cream and jam, sweet pastries and cakes. Interestingly, scones were not a common feature of early Afternoon Tea and were only introduced in the twentieth century.

Afternoon Tea was initially developed as a private social event for ladies who climbed the echelons of society. It was only when Queen Victoria engaged in the Afternoon Tea ritual that it became a formal occasion on a larger scale, known as 'tea receptions'.

These receptions could have as many as two hundred guests with an open 'at home' invitation to visit between 4pm and 7pm, during which they could come and go as they pleased; this was the genesis of the Afternoon Tea as we know it. In Britain today Afternoon Tea is usually enjoyed as an occasional indulgence or to celebrate a special event such as a birthday, or a pre-wedding or baby shower party with a group of friends.

63

Duchess with tea

Anna Maria Russell

64

The creator of Afternoon tea Tea consumption increased dramatically during the early nineteenth century and it is around this time that Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford is said to have complained of "having that sinking feeling" during the late afternoon. At the time it was usual for people to take only two main meals a day, breakfast, and dinner at around 8 o'clock in the evening.

The solution for the Duchess was a pot a tea and a light snack, taken privately in her boudoir during the afternoon.

Later friends were invited to join her in her rooms at Woburn Abbey and this summer practice proved so popular that the Duchess continued it when she returned to London, sending cards to her friends asking them to join her for "tea and a walking the fields."

Other social hostesses quickly picked up on the idea and the practice became respectable enough to move it into the drawing room.

Before long all of fashionable society was sipping tea and nibbling sandwiches in the middle of the afternoon.

Photo by Š National Portrait Gallery, London

65

History of british tea

Elizabeth I had founded the John company for the purpose of promoting Asian trade.

The company was managed by a governor and 24 directors chosen from its stockholders.

And its power was based on the importation of tea.

The fleet arrived in Aceh, in Sumatra. Since the Dutch had already formed exclusive trading alliances, Lancaster resorted to piracy to bring back pepper, trading South India cottons and textiles in Java and Sumatra.

1601

1600

Its first factories, or trading posts, were established in India in the provinces of Madras and Bombay.

1609

1602

The first voyage of the East India Company set out under Captain James Lancaster and the ships the Dragon, the Hector, the Susan, and the Ascension.

The John company absorbed rival companies that had been incorporated under the Commonwealth and Protectorate

by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.

1637

1610

King James I, the company began to compete with the Dutch trading monopoly in the Malay Archipelago, but after the massacre of Amboina the company conceded to the Dutch the area that became known as the Netherlands East Indies. Its armed merchantmen, however, continued sea warfare with Dutch, French, and Portuguese competitors.

1652

1650

England's first visit to China was made by John Weddell.

Cromwell ordered it reorganized as the sole jointstock company with rights to the Indian trade.

During the reign of *Charles II the company acquired sovereign rights in addition to its trading privileges.

1666

1657

The first samples of tea reached England between 1652 and 1654.

Tea quickly proved popular enough to replace ale as the national drink of England.

Great Britain was the last of the three great seafaring nations to break into the Chinese and East Indian trade routes. This was due in part to the unsteady ascension to the throne of the Stuarts and the Cromwellian Civil War.

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Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, the Marquise de Sevigne (16261696) makes the first mention of adding milk to tea. Sugar from the plantations in Jamaica might also be added.

1685 1680

The tradition of the "tea lady" was first introduced by a Mrs Harris, who was the wife of the Housekeeper and Beadle of the East India Company. She made tea for the Committee Meetings held by Directors of the Company.

The Manchu Emperor opened his ports to foreign trade.

With the establishment of administrative districts called presidencies in the Indian provinces of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, the company began its long rule in India. It was continually harassed by traders who were not members of the company and were not licensed by the Crown to trade.

1698

The victories of Robert Clive, a company official, over the French at Arcot.

1702

1757 1751

Under a parliamentary ruling in favor of free trade, these private newcomers were able to set up a new company, called the New Company or English Company. The John India Company, however, bought control of this new company.

All formidable European rivalry vanished with the defeat of the French at Pondicherry.

An act of Parliament amalgamated the two as "The United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies."

It was merely a managing agency for the British government of India.

Anna, the Duchess of Bedford was born.

1784 1761

1800 1788

The John Company saw the rise of its fortunes, and its transformation from a trading venture to a ruling enterprise, when one of its military officials, Robert Clive, defeated the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-uddaulah, at the Battle of Plassey.

the India Act created a department of the British government to exercise political, military, and financial control over the Indian affairs of the company, and during the next half century British control was extended over most of the subcontinent.

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Robert Bruce and his brother Charles, an employee of the East India Company, confirmed that the tea plant was indeed a native of the Assam area and sent seeds and specimen plants to officials at the newly established Botanical Gardens in Calcutta.

1826 1813

Anna, the Duchess of Bedford, one of Queen Victoria's ladies-in-waiting.

She created a afternoon.

Adopting the European tea service format, she invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at five o'clock in her rooms at * Belvoir Castle.

1833 1831

John Horniman started a tea merchants business and the warehouse was just north of the City in Shepherdess Walk. The story is that he was one of the first merchants to have the idea of selling tea in packets.

This was done to protect the trade mark from counterfeits.

Whether for that reason or some other, the firm prospered and advertised widely so that Horniman's tea became a household name.

everything changed. The company lost its monopoly and suddenly woke up to the fact that India might prove a profitable alternative. A committee was set up, Charles Bruce was given the task of establishing the first nurseries, and the secretary of the committee was sent off to China to collect 80,000 tea seeds.

Tea time and tea talk

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Bristol

The Tea Birds

Northend

Willsbridge Knowle

Lanadown

Batheaston

Kelston Larkhall

Kingsdown Bathford

Corston

Winsley

Bath

Monkton Farleigh

The Bridge Tea Rooms Combe Down I visited 2 tea shops in Bristol which name is the Bridge Tea Room and the Tea Birds Bristol.

The Bridge Tea Room; 24a Bridge Street Bradford on Avon Wiltshire BA15 1BY the Tea Birds Bristol; 20 Park Street, Bristol, BS1 5JA

London

St James's Park

Buckingham Palace Garden Party

Buckingham

Whittard Victoria

I visited a tea shop in London which name is Whittard.

Whittard; 29 Buckingham Palace Rd London SW1W 0PP

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Tea Time

Tea Bird in Bristol Afternoon tea is the first experience in my life.

We have a cafe and teashop in Japan. But if you want to enjoy Afternoon tea, you have to go to Hotel’s restaurant. It’s so expensive. But in UK which is not so expensive. And we can go more easily. It is different between Japan and English. I saw cake tower first time.

Sandwiches, a scone and a cupcake on each plate.

At the beginning I enjoyed tea which is Classic Earl gray tea. After I eat sandwiches, a scone and a cupcake. I tried the top of stuff.

But friends teach me how to eat the cake tower. I wanted to eat cup cake, but I have to eat sandwiches at first...

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A tea cup, a tea pot, stainless tea infuser and tea were brought to our table.

Each tea cup and each tea pot is a different pattern and different form.

These are perfectly matched with tea flavor.

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It's cake tower which is sandwiches, a scone and a cupcake. We have to start from last plate.

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About my first time Afternoon tea Place of tea shop: Park Street, Bristol Order: Afternoon tea Selection of sandwich, home made scone with fruites jam and clotted cream, a cup cake and sweet treat served with a pot of tea of your choice.

What kind of flavor: Earl gray tea Flavor and color: My oder is Classic Earl gray tea which is a fragrant tea. It’s not strong flavor. It’s matching tea for the home made sweets.

A friend ordered smoked tea. It’s so strong flavor. And this tea is not matching tea for sweets. And another friend ordered organic tea. This have a subtle and delicate flavor.

The way of enjoying after noon tea: I enjoyed the tea at the bigining. After I had sandwiches, a scone and a cupcake.

Take away: I could'nt finish my cake tower. I was take away these cakes. System of take away is usual in UK. But it's difficult to bring food to our house because for hygiene program in Japan. I like take away system in UK. We should change our system in Japan.

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Colour and shop stuff match the mood for the tea shop.

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Tea Talk in Bristol

The Bridge Tea Room I went to The Bridge Tea Rooms which is the traditional british tea room. I could interview a waitress who wear traditional dress.

The Bridge Tea Rooms is converted at the start of the Bath Christmas market into a Victorian Christmas wonderland laced with golden antiquities, garlands strung from the mantle framing a glowing fire and traditional Christmas carols.

Delicate bone china, the finest leaf teas, and friendly staff in Victorian costumes serving lunches, home-made cakes, pastries and sandwiches and a fantastic range of Afternoon Teas served on cake stands.

Housed in a former blacksmith's cottage dating from 1502 and quite positively one of the most charismatic Cotswold Stone buildings in the country , the Bridge Tea Rooms positively oozes atmosphere, and the classical music playing gently in the background sets a tranquil tone.

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Intervew to waiter “I’m interested in British tea culture. So could I ask about British tea? Could you talk about The history of The Bridge Tea Rooms?“ “Offcourse. This downstairs built on here. And then 1674, top layard built. Next statue top add downstairs to be going to start the tea center. And next store was like a workshop of the black tea. And then, after that it was black tea stores many many years.

And then it was origynal cottage for while.

And then it was military's house for while. And it was antique shop. And this store start the shop in 1989.

“So this shop is looks like so old.”

“Yes, very old building.”

“Tea tower is always the same dessert?”

“Yeah, it’s not always. Sometimes not cakes.

Not always chess cakes. Sometimes if you get scone."

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I’m from Japan. And we have a tea master...it’s like a sommelier.

“Oh tea master?? Woh” “So do you have a tea master in the British tea culture?”

“No..no...I don’t think so.”

“Oh you don’t have it...”

“I don’t know.”

“It some makes a tea or something? It means...”

“Yeah.”

“I just make a coffee this hold this staff. But I think we don't have like a tea master."

"Thank you."

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We ordered 2 flavor.

One of tea is Guv'nors Tea which is from a 100 year old recipe.

A blend of Darjeeling and full strength Assam teas.

Place flower on each table. And there are 2 variations of tea cup.

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Another tea is Rose Congou (Pouchong) which is a delicate China tea scented with rose petals. It is a strong flavor tea.

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Tea Talk in London

Interviewing "Which tea flavor is the most popular at your shop?"

"The most popular flavor is the English rose tea which is the packaging of Alice in Wonderland.

We mixed black tea and flavouring.

This tea drink without milk."

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85

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"Which tea leaf is suitable for milk tea?"

"It’s Whittard Original Tea Pouch.

Breakfast Earl Gray and Afternoon Blend tea go well with the stronger milk."

"It is difficult for me to make milk tea..."

"It’s simple. You can use these stainless tea infusers. We have a kind of stainless tea infuser. You can chose favorite type of tea infuser. This type is ball tea infuser. If you use these infuser, you can make milk tea easily."

"Which one do you have a recommend of tea?"

"This is Green Moroccan Mint Tea. It is Green tea and Mint tea. You can enjoy the flavor of mint. This tea is for straight. And Afternoon Earl Grey tea. It’s popular tea. I can recommend tea for customers' preferences."

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History of whttard Tea Walter Whittard was born in London in 1861 into a family of wealthy leather merchants.

But fired by his passion for tea, he chose to pursue his own dream. In 1886, aged only 25, he opened his first shop on Fleet Street, below the famous Anderton’s Hotel.

Always listening to his customers, Walter soon added coffee and cocoa to his range of expertly blended teas, creating premium products for both the newcomer and connoisseur.

By 1890, business was thriving, and Walter took premises at the hub of the tea trade, at 21 Mincing Lane, the ‘Street of Tea’ and home to the tea auctions of the London Commercial Salerooms.

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Japanese and British tea

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The British tea ceremonies generally focus on being tactful and polite while Japanese tea ceremonies are much more complicated.

They have several different schools of tea ceremonies in japan, but generally it's about how to handle bowls, how to drink tea and eat sweets, how to use paper and sweet-picks, and myriad other details. They get to learn things like how to open the door properly and to avoid stepping on the edges of the tatami mats. There are several imaginary and real lines to take into account when you're at a Japanese tea ceremony.

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Reference

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Books THE RITZ LONDON BOOK OF AFTERNOON TEA Website Whittard; http://www.whittard.co.uk/ About Rikyu; http://d.hatena.ne.jp/shinwakai/20110920 Afternoontea co.yk; http://www.afternoontea.co.uk/information/what-isafternoon-tea/ How Afternoon Tea Took Over The Afternoon; http://www.smittenbybritain.com/how-afternoon-teabecame-a-tradition/ Sakaishi; https://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/kanko/sakai/keisho/ senjintachi/sennorikyu.html Tokyo waonder land; http://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/kurobe1588/ diary/201004170001/ Japabese Janguage; http://japanese.about.com/library/blhiraculture11.htm Magouemon; http://www.magouemon.com/en/contents/history.html yorkshiretea;v http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/about-tea/yorkshire-teahow-to-make-a-proper-brew.php

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Tea is a special one for British people and Japanese people. They know how to enjoy the tea. And they have history, culture and method.

This book is about British style tea and Japanese style tea, especially about culture difference between British tea & Japanese tea. You can know variety of the tea from this book. I would appreciate if you are interested in both of tea culture.