Lives & Landscapes Magazine - Fall 2019 Issue by MSU Extension

LIVES

a publication of Montana State University Extension fall 2019

Pretty Eagle Catholic Academy embraces innovative curriculum to create practical solutions. p. 10 The Montana Ag Live call-in show on MontanaPBS features content determined by the viewers, with useful information for all Montanans. p. 6

LIVES landscapes

Fall 2019 Vol. 2 No. 3

Does autumn make you nostalgic?

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Mandie Reed Sara Adlington Adam Sigler Susan Anderegg Millie Veltkamp Jodie DeLay Josie Evenson Mat Walter Jesse Fulbright Wendy Wedum Emily Meccage Roubie Younkin

As the leaves begin to change and the temperatures cool, I find myself thinking wistfully of Bobcat football and homecoming parades gone by. I love fall. This year I’m particularly sentimental as I’m leaving my alma mater for a new opportunity. During my nearly 18 years working for MSU and MSU Extension, I’ve had the privilege of networking with wonderful people across the state and many wonderful memories are floating through my mind.

LINE EDITOR Sara Adlington MANAGING EDITOR Jodie DeLay ART MSU Extension Communications Cover photo by Jodie DeLay CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Dara Palmer Sara Adlington Mandie Reed Callie Cooley Mary Rumph Jodie DeLay Jean Wallace Peter Kolb Allison Kosto

I’m grateful for the knowledge, experiences and relationships that I’ve forged. I’m also incredibly thankful that it’s so easy to stay in touch with MSU and Extension. Did you know that friends of the university can join the MSU Alumni Association?

COMMENTS ABOUT LIVES & LANDSCAPES? E-mail us at: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu THANK YOU TO OUR REVIEWERS Jeanette Allday Jack Joyce Libby Burr Cheryl Moore-Gough Stephanie Davison Alex Nordquest Tim Fine Aaron Pruitt Eva Grimme Jack Riesselman Michelle Grocke Julie Riley Tary Hanson Jerry Strobel Katie Hatlelid Kristi Williams Ben Hauptman Garla Williamson Paul Heitt-Rennie Roubie Younkin

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Excerpts from this magazine may be reprinted with permission from the Managing Editor. Please provide appropriate credit to Montana State University Extension and supply copies of printed materials to the editor. Opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration. Montana State University Extension is an ADA/EO/AA/Veteran’s Preference Employer and Provider of Educational Outreach. Common chemical and trade names are used in this publication for clarity of the reader. Inclusion of a common chemical or trade name does not imply endorsement of that particular product or brand of herbicide and exclusion does not imply non-approval.

Check it out here: www.msuaf.org. Did you know that wherever you live across the state, there is an Extension agent near you who can help with a variety of needs? Did you know you can order a print subscription of Lives and Landscapes for just $12/year? Or sign up for a free online subscription? Visit msuextension.org for more information. It’s been an honor to serve as the managing editor of this magazine. I hope you will continue to read and enjoy! Best,

Jodie DeLay is the outgoing managing editor of Lives and Landscapes. She worked in communications and external relations for MSU and MSU Extension from 2002 until Aug. 2019.

featured contributor

Stephanie Davison

Davison is the Citizenship, International Programs, and Sustainable Communities Specialist for the Montana 4-H Center for Youth Development. In addition to coordinating hosting opportunities and outbound programs for families and young people to experience another culture, she has also served as the principal investigator for Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR) programs for more than 10 years. She was the program director for the recently concluded program at Pretty Eagle Catholic Academy and has new programs beginning on the Flathead and Rocky Boy’s reservations.

contents Preparing for Power Outages

Standby generators are installed permanently and connected to the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electrical system to provide uninterrupted power.

Identifying a Dangerous Tree

Being able to properly identify tree species, branch patterns, wood strength and root risk factors are important for recognizing potentially hazardous trees.

Montana Ag Live: 25 years and Counting

This call-in show on MontanaPBS features content determined by the viewers and includes information for large-scale producers, home gardeners, recreationalists and anyone who eats.

Building Resiliency

Five characteristics of resilient people are: authenticity, purpose, perspective, perseverance and self-reliance.

Featured Pest: Hawkweed

Hawkweeds are extremely invasive and can form dense patches quickly, so a timely response with control options is crucial to keeping populations from exploding.

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on the cover

14 Technology Can Help or Hinder Family Relationships 15 Montana Service Animals: What's in a Name? 16 Master Gardener Q&A 17 Ask Steward

Featured Montanans: Pretty Eagle Catholic Academy

Faculty, administration and students, along with professionals from MSU Extension have worked together for 10 years to bring innovative programming to the small K-8 school located on the Crow Reservation.

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Lives & Landscapes is published quarterly by Montana State University Extension, and content is available online at msuextension.org. To receive a free online subscription, or purchase a print subscription, visit: msuextension.org/ magazine. Have an idea for a story or a question for Ask Steward or our Master Gardeners? Email: ExtensionMagazine@montana.edu or contact the managing editor at 406.994.2502.

LIVES

landscapes

fall 2019

Preparing for Power Outages

considering a standby generator Most people take electricity for granted….until they are without. Fortunately, power companies have many stop gap measures to prevent power outages, but occasionally forces beyond their control, primarily acts of nature, can result in miles of downed lines and snapped off power poles. When that happens, it takes time to repair the damage and restore power, and sometimes that time is critical.

The cattle get water and the house does not.

“Standby generators can be a significant upfront investment, but go a long way toward peace of mind,” said Tary Hanson, general manager with the Tongue River Electric Cooperative (TRECO) that services eight counties in Southeastern Montana. According to Hanson, standby generators are installed permanently, usually on a concrete pad just outside the house. They are connected directly to the home’s electrical system so they can provide uninterrupted power for days if needed. They run on natural gas or propane and depending on their size, they can run just a few essential systems or all the creature comforts one enjoys. Hanson recommends the systems be installed professionally and have an automatic transfer switch. When an interruption in service is detected, the switch disconnects from the power grid and starts the generator. The switch can also detect when the main power comes back on, and will shut down the generator and reconnect to the grid. Benefits of a standby generator

§§ Seamless switching between systems means it is worry free. It means no fumbling in the dark looking for gas and trying to get a portable generator running. Also, portable generators must be operated outside, with extension cords running back inside the house to keep a portable generator’s carbon monoxide outside. §§ The continual flow of power is of particular importance for people who depend on powered home medical equipment.

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BIGSTOCK

A summer power outage occurred in Powder River County in June of 2012 as the result of wildfires. Most residents were without power for at least five days. Daytime temperatures were in the high 90s, resulting in an emergency situation – cattle were without water. (On a hot summer day, a cow nursing a calf will drink 25 to 35 gallons of water, and a herd of 100 cow-calf pairs need 2,500 to 3,500 gallons of water.) The electric pump wasn’t running and water tanks dried up quickly. Portable generators came to the rescue to run needed water pumps. In ranch situations, the top priority is the livestock; secondary is the house. The cattle get water and the house does not, unless there are multiple generators.

by Mary Rumph MSU Extension agent in Powder River County

§§ Dependable electrical power can be critical for people working from home who need to stay connected. §§ A regular power source ensures food doesn’t spoil in refrigerators or freezers. Power during an outage means continued use of electric appliances. §§ Since the power, and therefore the heat, stays on, frozen pipes are not a worry. §§ The transfer switch acts as a surge protector and prevents back-feeding electricity, which is potentially lethal since it can start fires. §§ A discount on homeowner’s insurance might be available when a standby generator is installed. Drawbacks to owning a standby generator

MARY RUMPH

§§ They are noisy. §§ Installation requires advanced plumbing and electrical work. §§ Standby generators can be costly, especially for one large enough to run an entire house. §§ They depend on a fuel supply, so it is important to verify there is an adequate fuel supply. §§ They need regular maintenance. The generator is an engine, and it needs similar consistent maintenance like a vehicle may need. Farmer/rancher and retired engineer Jerry Strobel installed a 17 Kilowatt (KW) Generac, propanepowered generator about a year ago. It cycles monthly, and has been dependable and troublefree. He purchased it at Costco for $3,000 and because he already had a manual transfer switch on his utility pole, was able to completely install it except for the final wiring. It provides adequate power to run essentials in the house and even additional appliances that aren’t usually needed in emergencies. It is located far enough from the house that the sound isn’t noticeable. He recommended the “cold weather start” kit. “It has been a great investment,” said Strobel.

Darby Fulton, with Fulton Electric in Broadus, recommended homeowners have generators installed during a “non-emergency.” In 2012, Fulton Electric installed at least five generators in Powder River County to run essential services, and 20 more for homeowners during the following year. In 2014, after another extended power outage, Fulton was aware of at least five more generators installed in the county. “Nearly every rancher dependent upon a pipeline for watering livestock now has a generator,” said Fulton. He estimated the cost of a “whole home set-up” with a 20 KW system providing 100 amps at a cost of $7,000-8,000, installed. He prefers some brands because of the warranties. Fulton also pointed out that when there is an emergency, generator availability is limited geographically. As a result, he has increased his inventory of supplies needed to provide faster service to customers in the event of a power failure. The space needed to install a standby generator is approximately 3.5 feet x 5 feet. The surface needs to be level – the generator can be mounted on cement or treated timbers. It needs a power source, propane is a popular choice. Fulton explained the importance of an auto start – helpful because a generator can be programmed to auto start and run for a period of time weekly or monthly, called “self-exercising.” This serves as a regular test for reliability, and “selfexercising is very important to keep the engine in good running condition,” said Fulton.

A standby generator has been a welcome improvement to Jerry and Joyce Strobel’s homestead. The couple farm and ranch in Southeastern Montana and are no strangers to power outages during any season.

When sizeable investments like livestock or a home are at risk, the investment of a dedicated standby generator may be a tool worth considering. 

LIVES

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fall 2019

IDENTIFYING A DANGEROUS TREE

rees provide shade and privacy, can keep a house cool in the summer, reduce winds, provide for a great playground and some may even offer fruit or nut production. Unfortunately, trees can also be the source of annoyance and danger. Trees drop fruit or seeds, leaves, branches, and in some cases can be considered an “attractive nuisance” that harbor unwanted insects or wildlife. For example, aphid infestations in some trees can cover anything underneath with sticky honeydew. All trees have the potential to develop structural issues, where large branches or even the entire tree may break off, sending hundreds to thousands of pounds of heavy wood plummeting onto whatever is beneath it. For most trees, the primary danger is from structural weaknesses that result in branches and stems breaking and falling. Although all trees can suffer structural failure under extreme stress such as wet, heavy snow or high winds, some individual trees have identifiable issues that indicate a higher potential for structural failure. In addition, some tree species are more prone to safety issues due to poor wood tensile strength and predisposition to wood decay (all poplars, cottonwoods, and willows), inherently bad structural branch growth characteristics such as “V” shaped forks that are prone to splitting (Siberian and Russian elms, silver maples) versus more stable cross-grained “U” shaped forks, or shallow rooting habits that allow for easier wind-throw (spruces). Proper tree pruning can help minimize some pre-existing structural issues, or alternatively, inappropriate pruning can create or exacerbate weaknesses. For example, reducing branch or stem length, and thus leverage on weak stem junctions might mitigate one hazard; however, resultant large pruning wounds– especially on species that are prone to wood decay–may introduce a new hazard. Understanding wood and growth characteristics of each tree species is important to evaluate risks associated with an individual tree, and is a skill acquired by studying tree physiology and by experience working with trees. The main evaluation criteria are listed in Table 1. Risk indicator importance can vary by location and tree species, but in general, some indicators are more important than others and the ranking on the table reflects this. Any larger tree stem or branch that has substantial wood decay is at great risk of breaking off. Tree species that begin with poor wood strength add to the overall risk of branch or stem failure. For example, a maple or locust tree with half of the stem decayed

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can withstand much greater wind pressure than a cottonwood with the same decay. The maple may have enough strong wood around the area of decay with the strength to safely hold the stem in place, whereas the cottonwood with the same decay should be removed because its weaker wood breaks with less applied force. The greater number of moderate and high value indicators for structural failure that a tree exhibits, the greater the risk it poses to those who venture underneath. An additional important factor not in the table is the “time of year,” especially for failure from extreme weather. Trees are naturally more prone to branch failure during late spring and early summer when sap flow and new growth results in additional water weight on branches. A rare, heavy spring snow that collects on new leaves or needles can turn a moderate-risk tree into a high-risk tree. Under a heavy load of wet snow, even healthy branch systems can fail and any trees or limbs that have structural weakness from poor architecture, past injuries, wood decay, or that have shallow root systems are at higher risk. Trees are programmed to grow taller each year to capture sunlight, and some tree species may eventually grow taller or longer lateral branches than their wood strength or structural attributes can hold. Thus, every tree that is located where people or assets frequent should be examined on a regular basis for risk of developing structural failure. Poor tree architecture that is properly pruned now can prevent future issues as the tree grows. Being able to properly identify tree species, branch patterns, wood strength and root risk factors is important for identifying risks and potentially hazardous trees. Pruning and other treatments of trees to alleviate such issues is not a simple procedure. ISA (International Society of Arboriculture) certified arborists are trained to identify and treat existing and potential tree structure issues and may have also taken additional “Tree Risk Assessment Qualification” (TRAQ) training to better evaluate risk factors and propose treatments. Homeowners would get the best advice consulting with such a professional. Experience is critical because every location across Montana may have different risk factors such as hardpan soils that lead to shallow roots, excessive wind gusts, or pests that affect one species more than another. Thus, this article should be used to increase awareness of risks, and not as a definitive authority on what is or is not a hazard tree. 

by Peter Kolb MSU Extension Forestry Specialist

BIGSTOCK

TABLE 1. Indicators of risk for structural failure. The more 'high' risk indicators, the greater the potential that a tree will have branch or stem breakage from wind, snow or over time. Risk indicator by importance

LOW

MODERATE

HIGH

no signs of rot, no >2" diameter dead branches, no weeping from forks, no mushroom or conks visible on stem, no visible frost cracks

several >2" diameter dead branches, several knot holes that have not healed, minor weeping from forks, <3" diameter dead spots or branches that are not healed, small frost cracks on stem

many >2" diameter dead branches, knotholes with decay, weeping forks, ¼ or more of stem diameter injured, extensive frost cracks on stem, visible fungal fruiting on stem or root crown

one main stem, lateral branches <20 feet long

several forks – U-shaped, lateral branches, 20-30 feet long

several forks – V-shaped, lateral branches 30+ feet long

SPECIES

oak, birch, locust, Norway/sugar maple, linden, catalpa, ash, juniper, horse chestnut/buckeye, hawthorn, apple, crabapple, hackberry

Siberian/Chinese elm, Douglas fir, silver maple, spruce, pine, mountain ash, plum, cherry, boxelder

poplar species, cottonwood, willow, spruce

INJURIES

branches <2" diameter broken or pruned off, no sign of stem or bark damage

branches between 2-4" diameter broken or branches larger than 4" diameter broken pruned off and not healing, bark damage or pruned off and not healing, bark <1⁄5 diameter of stem damaged >1⁄5 diameter of stem

ROOTING

no lean to tree, no soil heaving on one side or root crown, no exposed or decayed root tops on soil around stem, no high water table

exposed roots with damage in 6 feet diameter around tree, moderate to high water table, more than 10% lean to tree but no sign of root heaving, extreme one-sided tree (all branches on one side)

more than 10% lean to tree, elevated or exposed roots or soil on side of tree away from lean, high water table, visible root damage at base, history of excessive lawn watering

LOCATION AND SOILS

deep (>4 ft) sandy loam, loam or silt soils, well drained (no standing water during the year). Moderate winds and exposure.

clay or pure sand soils. Moderate winds and exposure - adjacent trees and buildings similar height.

clay or pure sand soils with standing water part of year or heavily watered lawn - isolated single tall trees - high wind area.

DECAY

STRUCTURE

PETER KOLB

A past severe crown reduction cut (also known as “topping”) created several large wounds (red line) that allowed for decay to develop within the holding wood of the cuts. Subsequent branch development is often poorly attached, can rapidly grow, and eventually results in failure of the decayed junctions, especially from wind or heavy snow events (inset).

This tree is showing a structurallyweak “V” shaped branch junction that in the past has split (left side of the tree as opposed to the more stable “U” shaped junction on the upper right side), which in turn has allowed for water and organic debris to accumulate within the stem and decay structural holding wood. This decay, as well as frost expansion from wet and decayed wood freezing in the winter further acts to “pry” the stem apart. Such architectural weakness, coupled with wood decay, will allow a high wind, heavy snow, or additional weight from normal branch growth to the weaker side of the tree to cause the stem to split off and fall.

SOME ADDITIONAL SOURCES ON DANGEROUS TREES AND ISSUES Field Guide for Hazard-Tree Identification and Mitigation on Developed Sites in Oregon and Washington Forests: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3799993.pdf Tree Care – Expert Diagram on Hazard Tree Identification: https://www.robsonforensic.com/articles/tree-care-expert-diagram-on-hazard-tree-identification International Society of Arboriculture web page: https://www.isa-arbor.com/For-the-Public

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fall 2019

"I’ve got hoppers in my wheat, and my corn is not too sweet. Taters lying on the ground, and my hay is turning brown. I’ve planted and I’ve watered, I’ve done everything I oughta, Montana Ag Live where are you?” Set to a lively country tune, these words will open the Fall 2019 season of Montana Ag Live, a regular call-in information program presented by MontanaPBS in association with Montana State University Extension. The brainchild of Jack Riesselman, MSU professor emeritus and former MSU Extension plant pathologist, who had participated in a similar show in Nebraska (Backyard Farmer, University of NebraskaLincoln https://byf.unl.edu/), Montana Ag Live first took to the air in May 1994 with a grant from the old U.S. West Corporation. Eighteen episodes are filmed live annually, 10 in spring and eight in fall. Three phone operators answer calls from viewers, often dozens per show, and screen them for several factors. A wide range of topics are included, though they generally have an agriculture theme. Whether the viewer is involved in large-scale production agriculture; cares for a garden, lawn, flower beds, and/or trees; recreates in Montana’s vast outdoor playground; or even just eats, there is likely to be something of interest to anyone. Ultimately, the content depends on call-in viewers. To increase the odds of a question being selected, consider current issues and whether the topic has broad appeal. Questions that seem politically-motivated are often omitted, as are any that appear to promote a specific product or service. Once the operators have approved

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questions, they deliver them to the moderator, who distributes them among a panel of experts. The panel regularly includes faculty from MSU Extension, as well as the College of Agriculture and Ag Experiment Station. Guests to the panel include various farmers and ranchers, representatives from the Montana Department of Agriculture and/or commodity groups and other industry experts. During spring of 2019, for the first time, the whole season focused primarily on a theme. Guest panelists were selected based on their work in entrepreneurship and expanding ag products from base commodities to value-added products. Each fall, one show features a single topic. In 2018 it was Montana’s seed potato industry, from planting through harvest and marketing. This coming season, an episode will feature the pulse crop industry in Montana … think peas and lentils, which are fast becoming both a popular source of alternative nutrition and are important in nitrogen fixation and land management. Don Mathre, who was the Plant Pathology department head in 1995, and is also a professor emeritus, recalls Riesselman calling him to be on a panel for a new public television show. He agreed and has been involved in the show since, as a phone operator, panelist and occasional moderator. Asked how the program has remained relevant and successful for 25 years, Mathre replied, “Jack has kept it informal. Everyone can relate to it and a lot of laughter goes on.” Another part of the genius of the show was inviting Hayden Ferguson to be the original moderator. Ferguson graduated from MSU in 1950 and became

KIMBERLY SUTA

25 years and counting

by Jodie DeLay MSU Extension External Relations Coordinator

a nationally renowned scholar. He was named a fellow of the American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, as well as outstanding teacher in the College of Agriculture for numerous years. In 2013 he was inducted into the Bobcat Hall of Fame for his exceptional support of student athletes, and also received the College of Agriculture’s Outstanding Alumni Achievement Award. In 2015 a newlyrenovated lab in Leon Johnson Hall was rededicated in his honor and is now named the Hayden Ferguson Soils Teaching Laboratory. With all the success in research, extension and teaching, Ferguson's wife Marlene noted with a twinkle in her eye that his most recognized role may be as the moderator of Montana Ag Live, which he continued to do long after retirement and throughout his 80s. “We’ll be on an elevator, and someone will recognize him. They recognize his voice, even if they don’t see him!”

SAM OVERTURF, COURTESY OF MONTANAPBS

Ferguson takes pride in the show, mostly because it has proven to be an effective way of delivering timely, accurate information to the agriculture and non-ag community. “The average public television viewer may not think to ask a question about water or mushrooms,” he said, “but the response can be very helpful for the broader community.” Ferguson’s self-deprecating, quirky, downhome way of speaking is endearing and for many viewers was a big part of their tuning in. For his part, Ferguson is very modest. “Jack (Riesselman) has been the major mover. He shook this thing based on his experience in Nebraska and has kept it going. For most of the time, my job was to pick up a piece of paper and read a question. Though I suppose I have a certain breadth of knowledge, and my ability to distribute the questions to the right people probably was helpful.” “I’m more surprised,” he said, “that I was involved to the degree I was, and in spite of my involvement, it has lasted so long.” Though at age 90 Ferguson has officially retired, Riesselman and Mathre continue to be a part of the show and there are many seasoned and new contributors. They encourage everyone to call in with

ag and horticulture-related questions. Because the show format is less formal with a moderated panel, it is also not so technical that viewers need a science background to learn something new. To view episodes of Montana Ag Live, visit montanapbs.org, where every episode since 2003 is archived. Reruns are broadcast most Sunday mornings at 11 a.m. on MontanaPBS. The fall series begins Sunday, Sept. 8, 2019 at 6 p.m. Have your questions ready! For the current season, production underwriters for Montana Ag Live are the Montana Department of Agriculture, MSU Extension, the MSU Ag Experiment Stations of the College of Agriculture, the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, the Montana Bankers Association, Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, the Gallatin Gardeners Club, and the Rocky Mountain Certified Crop Adviser Program. For information on becoming a production underwriter, please contact the station toll free at (866) 832-0829.

MontanaPBS is free public television available in over 400 communities across Montana. It is comprised of KUSM-TV Bozeman (Montana State University) and KUFM-TV Missoula (University of Montana) and fully supported by citizens, businesses, foundations and public representatives of Montana. For information on how to support Montana Ag Live and other MontanaPBS programming, please visit montanapbs. org/support. 

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landscapes

fall 2019

STRIKE THREE! Your arm is broken so you won’t be able to swim for six weeks.

Building resiliency Life can be disappointing. How are some people seemingly able to cope with little concern, while others struggle?

When people hear about resilience, what often comes to mind is grit. Although grit, or perseverance, is a part of resilience, being resilient is much more. Merriam-Webster defines resilience as, “an ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change.” Research has found that resilience is a combination of characteristics that make it possible for people to bounce back, to persevere and to respond in a positive way to whatever life brings. Gail Wagnild, RN, PhD, of The Resilience Center, online at www.resiliencecenter.com, has found that resilient people tend to share five characteristics. These five characteristics are: authenticity, purpose, perspective, perseverance and self-reliance. Underlying these characteristics is both a belief that we have the ability to change and direct our lives, and the awareness that the decisions we make affect what happens to us. The good news is that these characteristics can be taught and practiced. Wagnild and her colleague, Jean Wallace M.Ed, created a three-year resilience curriculum for youth

You were not selected for a part in the play.

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in grades seven through nine. Outcomes from a study of the curriculum indicate that youth were able to continue to use skills they learned and apply them later in their lives to be more resilient. Five characteristics of resiliency: §§ Authenticity: What does it mean to be authentic? Authentic people know their core values and stand up honestly and openly for what they believe. Take a moment and think about the values you hold most dear, the values you don’t want to give up. Sometimes it is helpful to write a list. Knowing your authentic values can be a powerful tool in decision making. When faced with making a decision, consider how it reflects your values. Authentic people stay true to themselves and their values despite outside pressures. Being authentic takes courage. §§ Purpose: Having a clear sense of purpose is important in practicing resiliency. People who know their purpose are able to recognize what they love to do or activities that make their hearts sing. People identify their purpose when they act authentically and pay attention to opportunities that honor their authentic values. It is also important to remember that as we grow and change, so will our purpose.

by Jean Wallace, M.Ed.

SHYLEA WINGARD

§§ Perspective: Maintaining perspective is being able to see an event or decision from more than one point of view. People create stress and stories around events that can be either positive or negative. Resilient people usually look for a positive way to perceive any experience, and consciously seek out more than one point of view. They approach life with equanimity, waiting to respond to events until they are able to see how their response might affect the outcome. §§ Perseverance: Perseverance is practicing grit, not giving up. Resilient people show perseverance when working toward meaningful goals and focus their time and energy on what is most important. They learn and grow from experiences and continue to work toward meaningful goals. It is easier to persevere, even through unpleasant tasks, when helping to achieve something meaningful. §§ Self-reliance: Self-reliance is the one characteristic that cannot be taught. It is learned through experience. Resilient people choose to learn and grow from experiences and have gained confidence in their ability to make it through. Because they have practiced making authentic and purposeful decisions, they know they can do so again. Self-reliance takes practice and experience. One way to practice is to try something new and see it as an opportunity to learn and grow.

they authentically enjoy and find a way to use their talents and abilities. Finally, resilient people consciously choose to balance responsibilities, rest, and recreation. The old adage about “all work and no play” is true. If rest and recreation are neglected, it may be more difficult to respond with resilience when life feels like a struggle. People can help youth develop resilience by practicing each of the five characteristics of resiliency and modeling resilient behavior. Communication about building resiliency, and teaching youth how to exercise the characteristics should happen during and after events where coping skills are needed, like the examples listed in the introduction. Adults can share a similar experience and outcomes to illustrate resilient choices, as children learn when others share their own decision-making process and experiences. 

LISA TERRY

In addition to practicing authenticity, purpose, perspective, perseverance and self-reliance, other supports can also positively impact an individual’s ability to practice resilience. One way is to take care of your physical and emotional health by making healthy food and nutrition choices, engaging in physical activity at least three or four times per week, and practicing healthy sleeping habits. Another important support is to foster relationships with friends and family who care about you, make you feel good about yourself, and who you can depend on and trust if help is needed. It is also important to engage in activities that are fulfilling and enjoyable. Resilient people develop hobbies

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fall 2019

Featured Montanans

PRETTY EAGLE CATHOLIC ACADEMY The science room at Pretty Eagle Catholic Academy located in St. Xavier, a small community on the Crow Reservation, was buzzing with anticipation as kids prepared to celebrate the unveiling of their ultimate project: a fully functional, portable, steel bridge measuring 4 feet wide, 27 feet long and weighing 920 pounds.

"Don't eat the bridge!"

First, they shared some of their design development stages. Step one? Gum drop (yum) and toothpick models. The room filled with laughter as the kids admonished one another, “don’t eat the bridge!” From candy mockups, the design progressed through several iterations. Students used computer-aided design (CAD) software (the same program professional engineers use) to design models and then selected three from about 10 initial designs to have 3D printed with soft, biodegradable plastic. Some of these 6-inch models were so strong that they supported nearly 250 pounds before breaking. The students learned through trial and error how to design structural supports with minimal material by experimenting with Kinect blocks and lifesized bridge sections made from 1-inch foam board. Because they wanted the bridge to be useful in various locations for various needs, the kids figured out a way to roll the bridge into a 9-foot diameter “wheel” so it would be portable. This portability, requiring no special equipment, sets their bridge apart from other bridges. First Interstate Bank of Hardin and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-NIFA) provided funding to purchase materials to build the final approved design.

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Innovative curriculum

The bridge was an unintended result of a program that began with a Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR) grant from the USDA-NIFA that started in 2009. Garla Williamson, the school’s principal for the last 15 years, recalled that she wanted more opportunities for kids, both in-school and after-school. With support from a parent, she applied for a grant through 4-H. “This grant opened the door to so much more – from filmmaking, both culturally- and sciencebased, to robotics, everything. Pretty Eagle did more than add these things after school, we incorporated them into our curriculum.” The principle investigator for the grant and MSU Extension citizenship, international programs, and sustainable communities specialist, Stephanie Davison, expressed that having 10 years to partner with the Pretty Eagle team which included Williamson, the teaching staff and youth, had a tremendous impact. “We were able to really bond and build trust which is very important. Everyone knew we would show up and that we were all working in the best interest of the kids and the school.” “The grant was intentionally a step-up program,” Davison said, “meaning that kids started with robotics in the second or third grades and then moved to GPS in fifth, drones, CAD and GIS in sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, building on previous learning.” Equipment purchased with the grant will allow the school to continue integration of technology programs in everyday curriculum.

by Jodie DeLay MSU Extension External Relations Coordinator

Jack Joyce, an award-winning teacher in his 22nd year of teaching science and religion at the school, was instrumental in developing innovative projects throughout the 10 years that allowed kids to apply the skills they were learning in practical ways. Students used CAD to design a doghouse they later built for Rex, the resident black lab, and a shed to hold the school’s football equipment. The kids fully embrace the active, hands-on learning. Sixth grader Drew Little Light was particularly interested in computers. She designed her own video game. “I especially like making the sounds using my own voice,” she said. Micah Falls Down, also a sixth grader, most enjoyed using CAD to make his bat-erang, a boomerang that looks like a bat. He said, “I love to work with Mr. Joyce and Kenji Goodson (one of the school’s Jesuit volunteers). They make science interesting.”

JODIE DELAY

Genesta Luther, grade 4-5 teacher who has taught at Pretty Eagle for 10 years and was the site director for the CYFAR grant, said she works with the kids on things like GPS, Google Earth, hydroponics and robotics to get them ready for Joyce’s class. “Some kids have a stigma that they can’t learn,” she said. “They’ve had years of being told they can’t, so they get really excited when they find out they can. As an example, some struggle with writing, but they can do CAD. They end up teaching their teachers and just beaming.” Part of the curriculum that has been put in place includes improving communication skills. “Native American kids often struggle in college because of their fear of speaking, but with filmmaking and robotics and all they’ve done with this grant, especially starting young, they are learning and it’s getting easier,” said Luther. “We pair kids up as early

as third grade and have them work together to solve problems. They learn to share their ideas verbally. This will help them be successful as they grow.” Williamson agreed, “our curriculum and the opportunities we are providing get kids thinking about career possibilities, especially those that involve computers and engineering. Every time we get them on a college campus or expose them to new things, we get them thinking about what they can do.” Davison expects the work from the grant and related projects may have long term impacts. “Knowing the kids have learned skills they can definitely use in the future, and probably close to home, is very rewarding. This project has built capacity in the community by expanding the potential job pool. These kids have experience and more confidence to explore CAD and other science and engineering careers.” The final product

Why a bridge? A small irrigation ditch is located outside one of the school’s exits. Williamson asked Joyce and the kids to build the bridge to span the ditch to create a safer path for a wheelchair. They obliged. At age 14, seventh grader Solomon Montoya has been working on STEM projects at Pretty Eagle for five years. Credited as the main designer, he is interested in studying interior design and architecture. His goal? To make affordable housing available. “It’s a big need here,” he said. Minerva Stuart, also 14, is credited as the main builder. When she was 10, she started doing construction with her dad, who, like many in her family, builds houses. She has enjoyed the interactive learning and supportive environment at Pretty Eagle. “I’m going to really miss it next year when I have to graduate,” she said. continues on page 14

TOP LEFT: Students, staff and volunteers from Pretty Eagle Catholic Academy in St. Xavier and St. Charles Mission School in Pryor stand on the portable bridge that they designed and built. The bridge is capable of supporting people, horses, livestock and ATVs. With the entire group jumping on the bridge, it flexed less than ¼ of an inch. RIGHT: Youth demonstrate stages of the design process they went through to construct the bridge. Micah Falls Down with a 3D printed plastic bridge model and gum drop and tooth pick samples on the table. Solomon Montoya with life-sized bridge sections made from 1-inch foam board. Drew Little Light extends the hand railing into place after the bridge was rolled out. Falls Down drops the floor board in place to complete the installation.

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Featured Pest

HAWKWEED The Montana Noxious Weed List contains several Hawkweed species: Orange Hawkweed and the Meadow Hawkweed Complex, which includes two exotic species of Hawkweeds. Additionally, there are four species of native Hawkweeds in Montana and more than 700 species of Hawkweed worldwide. As one can guess, it is challenging to distinguish between the different species. Description & Habitat

Native hawkweeds – not on the noxious weed list – are found in the western and central parts of Montana, but the exotic hawkweeds species, which are relatively new invaders from Europe, have primarily been found in northwest Montana. They prefer grasslands, moist open forests, roadsides, irrigated pasture and lawns.

Meadow Hawkweed (left) and Kingdevil are the two most common yellow-flowered exotic hawkweeds. They grow to 8-30 inches tall. Each rosette produces one stem which rarely has more than three leaves. The tall height and bare stem are the two easiest-to-distinguish characteristics when compared to native species. The exotic species can have stolons, which are runner roots like strawberries have. Meadow Hawkweed and Kingdevil are very difficult to tell apart. Overall, meadow hawkweed is “hairier” with a distinguishing type of hair. However, it may take a microscope and an expert to tell them apart. Hawkweed plants reproduce by seeds in addition to their root system. Each tiny black seed has a tuft of hair that allows it to attach to hair, fur, clothing and vehicles or be carried by the wind. Exotic hawkweeds can quickly form dense patches that displace native plants. They can also be a problem in lawns and gardens. Because hawkweeds are extremely invasive and can form dense patches quickly, a timely response with control options is crucial to keep the populations from exploding. Due to their brightly-colored flowers, hawkweeds can become major pests in lawns and gardens by being TOP: orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum); ABOVE LEFT: Meadow hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum)

a publication of Montana State University Extension

JENNIFER D'APPOLLONIO, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE

The exotic species can be difficult to distinguish from the native. Both contain a milky sap and have a flowerhead that resembles a dandelion. All species are perennials that can regrow from their rhizomatous root system. Orange Hawkweed (above) is the only orange-flowered hawkweed in Montana, making it a little easier to identify. The rest of the exotic hawkweeds have yellow flowers.

by Allison Kosto MSU Extension agent in Broadwater County

MICHAEL SHEPHARD, USDA FOREST SERVICE, BUGWOOD.ORG

mistaken as wildflowers. It is important to remember that listed Montana noxious weeds cannot be actively cultivated no matter how pretty and colorful the flowers. Therefore, it is important to keep them out of gardens and natural areas due to their competitive nature, which can quickly take over an area. Management

Biological

There are currently no biological control options available. Due to so many native hawkweeds, it is unlikely that this will ever be an option. Livestock and wildlife do find the rosettes and buds to be palatable and the plants contain a moderate to high nutritive value.

Prevention

Chemical

In areas where the weed is not established, prevention is the primary goal. Long distance seed dispersal is through human activity, by being caught on vehicles or equipment or transported in contaminated seed or soil. Do not drive or walk in heavily weed-infested areas. Wash vehicles, ATVs and equipment before going home. Research has shown that seeds can travel over 160 miles on a vehicle in dry conditions.

The best timing for herbicides is the spring when plants are in the rosette stage, unless otherwise indicated on the label. The most effective herbicides are Curtail, Forefront, Milestone, and Transline. Due to the hairy leaves, a surfactant is recommended to increase absorption. Always read and follow the label instructions when applying herbicides. Common chemical and trade names are used for clarity, but do not imply endorsement or non-endorsement of a product or brand.

Mechanical

Hand-pulling or digging is generally not effective, because it stimulates the root system to regrow. Mowing and grazing is effective at reducing seed production, but also stimulates vegetative growth.

Early detection is important for combatting this noxious weed. If you suspect you have a hawkweed, bring it to your local MSU Extension office or Weed District for identification. 

Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name

Product per Acre

Application Timing or Growth Stage

Aminopyralid Milestone

4-6 ounces per acre

Bolting to flowering

Aminopyralid + 2,4-D ForeFront HL

1.5-2.1 pints per acre

Actively growing to flowering

Clopyralid + 2,4-D Curtail

2-2.6 pints per acre

Actively growing to flowering

Clopyralid Transline

⅔ – 1⅓ pints per acre

Rosette to Bolting

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, BUGWOOD.ORG

Meadow hawkweed

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LEFT TO RIGHT: Science and religion teacher Jack Joyce, Principal Garla Williamson, students Minerva Stuart and Solomon Montoya.

“It’s a miracle,” said Montoya. “We actually did it.” His advice for other kids? “Find someone who can help you. Get a mentor. Mr. Joyce has helped me get a job shadow (CTA Architects in Billings) and more. Before I met Mr. Joyce, I didn’t believe in myself. All I did was draw. Now I’ve built a bridge.” For more information about this project or upcoming CYFAR projects, contact Stephanie Davison at: sdavison@montana.edu. For information about Pretty Eagle School, contact Joyce or Williamson at gwilliamson@stlabre.org

by Mandie Reed, MSU Extension agent in Wheatland County

Technology can help and hinder family relationships

Strong family relationships are built on communication and connection. Technology has made it possible to be connected all the time, and in theory, enhance communication and relationships. Technology can help improve family connections especially with relatives across a distance. Electronic devices allow people to share experiences from around the globe. Grandparents can see newborns and children have face-to-face conversations with traveling parents. Today’s technology is a great tool to maintain daily communication. At the same time, the increased use of technology has created an expectation of constant access and allowed work to encroach into family or personal time. When people feel like they are consistently pulled in two directions, they may find it difficult to be present at work or with family. This may be stressful and could also damage family relationships.

Some strategies to consider for concerns about the effects of technology on family relationships are: §§ Identify your own and family technology habits. When do you notice a tendency to use technology? Is it having a negative impact on family dynamics and relationships? A screen time app can serve as a useful tool to monitor and gain perspective of phone and technology usage. Ask your family their perception of your technology habits. §§ Have electronics-free mealtimes. Make a family tradition that there are no distractions at mealtime. Ask all family members to turn off notifications to limit distractions or create a common place to “park” devices during mealtime. §§ Set electronics boundaries. Manage checking electronic communication for less distraction from family or personal time. It is easy to check a quick e-mail or answer one text, however, it pulls focus away from family and back to work. §§ Create family rituals. Play cards, board games, or other activities that allow all family members to connect and share experience. Honor this time by not allowing yourself or family members to be distracted by technology. §§ Get a paper book. If you find yourself distracted while reading an e-book, check out a paper book. There is nothing like the feel of pages beneath your fingers and you are also modeling for your family a healthy behavior of being a lifelong reader. 

a publication of Montana State University Extension

JODIE DELAY

continued from page 11 After the demonstrations inside the science room, the entire Pretty Eagle team gathered outside to see their project literally unfold. Together they rolled the giant wheel into place across the irrigation ditch to the back door of the school. A few students rushed in to lock the top rails in place, raise the hand railing and drop in the floorboards. Finally, with a smile the size of the big Montana sky, Stuart pushed her math teacher, Pam Maxwell across the bridge for its first use. Maxwell waved to all the kids as she beamed with pride.

by Sara Adlington MSU Extension Editor

WHAT'S IN A NAME? In spring of 2019, the Montana legislature voted to revise state laws around service animals being misrepresented. Montana law already defined that a person with a disability has the right to be accompanied by a service animal, or service animal in training, in public places and to use all public accommodations, without being charged extra for the service animal. Updates to the law define the type of animals allowed as service animals (a dog or miniature horse); spell out how to report a complaint against someone who misrepresents an animal; and makes misrepresentation punishable as a misdemeanor offense with escalating fines. To access public places with a legitimate service animal, the revised law has language similar to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The animal must be under the handler’s control and the person may be asked by a representative of the place a) whether the animal is a service animal required to assist with a disability and b) to describe the work or task the animal is trained to perform. The representative cannot ask what the disability is. If the animal is uncontrolled, the handler may be asked to remove the animal, but the place that asks for the animal to be removed shall offer services to the handler after the animal is removed. Identification is NOT required by service animals who have completed their training and are at work. Part of the reason for clarification in the law is that emotional support animals and therapy animals are not the same as service animals, and misrepresentation has caused confusion. Definitions, which rely heavily on the task of each animal, follow:

§§ Service dogs are specially trained in tasks to mitigate one person's disability; they are allowed by the federal ADA law to accompany a handler in all public places (including businesses) and public transportation; they are allowed to live with a disabled person in a housing unit that has ‘no pet’ policies (federal Fair Housing Act); and they are trained to assist just one person. Specific training includes hearing dogs (for alarms, doorbells, etc.), guide dogs for the visually impaired, psychiatric service animals trained to interrupt self-harming behavior or remind handlers to take medication, or animals that provide alerts for impending seizures or exposure to allergens (such as peanuts). While the ADA does not require identification because it requires a service animal to be trained before serving in public, Montana requires that service animals in training have identification, by wearing a leash, collar, cape, harness or backpack with writing that is visible and legible from a distance of 20 feet. §§ An emotional support animal (ESA) alleviates symptoms or effects of one person’s disability through companionship. This animal, when prescribed by a licensed mental health professional, is recognized as a ‘reasonable accommodation’ for the federal Fair Housing Act to live with a person in a housing unit that has ‘no pet’ policies. ESAs have different rights than service dogs though, and are generally not allowed in all public places. §§ Therapy dogs provide emotional comfort or support to many people. They often volunteer with owners in schools, hospitals or nursing homes, but like emotional support animals, do not have the same rights as service dogs for public places or accommodations. Finally, as a general rule, do not pet a service dog, as it is working. If a service dog approaches without a handler, it may be looking for assistance; follow the dog to its handler. 

For details around the federal Fair Housing Act and assistance animals, visit: https://archives.hud.gov/news/2013/servanimals_ntcfheo2013-01.pdf. Resources: https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0490/chapter_0040/part_0020/section_0140/0490-0040-0020-0140.html https://leg.mt.gov/bills/2019/billpdf/HB0446.pdf https://archives.hud.gov/news/2013/servanimals_ntcfheo2013-01.pdf https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/service_animal_qa.html

SUSAN ANDEREGG

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Master Gardener Q&A

I had terrible leaf blight on my aspens this year. Is there anything I can do this fall to prevent this from happening? - Missoula County

Here are some quick facts about foliage disease, often called leaf spot, of aspen and poplars:

§§ Foliage diseases develop readily in wet, cool weather. §§ Foliage diseases decrease a tree's aesthetic value and can cause premature defoliation. §§ Severe outbreaks of leaf spot can affect the general health of the tree.

This fall, rake and dispose of leaves around the tree to reduce the bacteria or fungus that overwinters in the leaf matter. Be sure that the aspen and poplar leaves are burned or taken to the landfill. Do not put them in the compost pile.

Leafy spurge

In general, focus on supporting tree health by providing adequate water and nutrients during the growing season. Next year, make sure to water in the early morning, don’t let the sprinkler spray the leaves of the tree, and be sure to prune or space trees for good air movement between trees and branches. It has been noted that trees that are iron deficient are more susceptible to certain leaf spots. If you live in an area with a high soil pH, which includes most of Montana, it may be helpful to add iron or elemental sulfur (which makes iron in the soil available to the tree) to the soil to help the tree be less prone to the disease. If you decide to spray a fungicide, remember that the fungicides for leaf blights are preventative and will only work if sprayed before the tree is showing symptoms. Contact your local MSU Extension agent or another plant professional for advice on whether fungicide treatments or additives to the soil are needed.

Poison Hemlock

When should I put my tree trunk protectors around my trees? - Powell County

Tree protectors are used to prevent sun scald, which usually doesn’t occur until late winter. However, it is recommended to put them on in the fall to help keep the trunk protected from deer, elk or moose damage. They can also help protect the trunk from vole damage. Putting them on in the fall will also prevent you from tromping around in the snow and cold to install them later in the winter. When installing trunk protectors, be sure to protect the trees (especially smoothor dark-bark trees) up to the first branch. If a deer or elk rubs on the trunk, even the best tree trunk protector for sunscald may not be enough to keep the tree safe. If this is the case, also consider fencing off the tree.

Do you have Master Gardener questions? Send them to: extensionmagazine@montana.edu.

a publication of Montana State University Extension

Ventenata

Ask Steward

Have a question for Ask Steward? Please send it to: extensionmagazine@montana.edu.

What is Noxious Weed Seed Free Forage and why is it required on public lands in Montana?

Callie Cooley, MSU Extension agent in Yellowstone County

Healthy and productive lands are important to Montanans, but what exactly does that mean? Healthy is defined as normal, natural, and desirable. Productive is defined as producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities, or more broadly, as something producing a positive result. MATT LAVIN

Noxious weed pressure keeps land from being healthy and productive. Noxious weeds have a destructive impact, displacing native species, reducing the carrying capacity for domestic livestock, interfering with agronomic crops, degrading wildlife habitat, and even increasing soil erosion. To prevent these from happening, one of the programs designed to protect the state’s natural resources is the Noxious Weed Seed Free Forage (NWSFF) Program. Noxious weed seed free forage is purchased and used in a variety of applications; however, use by those packing in to recreate on Montana’s public lands is one of the most common, as NWSFF is required in that setting. Government agencies and public utilities are also required to use weed-free mulches, bedding materials, and erosion control barriers. The Noxious Weed Seed Free Forage (NWSFF) Act was passed by the 1995 Montana legislature, with a purpose of providing forage products that are free of noxious weed seeds or any injurious or propagating weed parts. These forage products include hay, straw, pellets, cubes, and grain. Currently, an average of 22,000

tons of forage is certified annually from approximately 220 certified producers across Montana. As the NWSFF Program administrator, the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA) is responsible for enforcing the NWSFF Act Administrative Rules, and partners with Montana State University (MSU) Extension and county weed district coordinators to provide an inspector in almost every Montana county. If you are a producer interested in contributing to the Noxious Weed Seed Free Forage (NWSFF) Program, the first step is to contact the local NWSFF inspector. The inspector will ask a series of questions to fulfill the annual application portion of the process, including producer name and contact information. The producer will then be assigned an identification number to use in all future inspections. At that time, the producer and inspector agree on meeting details for a field inspection. It is important to note that field inspections for hay and straw must be completed before forage is harvested, and harvest must be completed within 7 days of the hay inspection and within 14 days of the straw inspection. During the inspection, the inspector will take their time walking and examining the field, specifically noting any weeds present in the field or on the field’s edge. The stack yard, storage shed, bin, or other location where forage will be stored is also inspected. Inspectors look for all weeds, paying special attention to the 33 state-listed noxious weeds and/or the 28 noxious weeds or undesirable plants on the regional list. There is zero tolerance for noxious weed seeds in certified

forage, so it is possible all or portions of some fields may not be certified. Aside from noxious weeds, fields that appear weedy or show poor crop practices, even though noxious weeds aren’t present, will not be certified. For example, fields with cheatgrass or poisonous plants will not be certified. One of the most common questions related to the NWSFF Program relates to cost. The cost of getting forage inspected through the NWSFF Program depends on the number of acres inspected, not the number of acres certified. That cost is set at $4.50/acre or a flat rate of $45 for any fields that are 10 acres and under. The only other costs associated with the program relate to the ID markers and potentially to inspector mileage. It is up to the inspector whether they charge mileage. Regarding the ID markers, bales from certified forage must be marked with specific twine or tags. To learn more about marker price, talk to your local inspector. Producers who participate can realize a premium price for certified forage that can offset the cost of certifying. For more information about the NWSFF Program, visit https://agr. mt.gov/Noxious-Weed-Seed-Free-Forage. According to MSU Extension Specialists Kate Binzen-Fuller and Jane Mangold, non-native invasive weeds in the United States cause billions of dollars in damages annually. Because of invasive weed’s damaging impact, take time to appreciate the efforts of programs like the NWSFF Program to preserve Montana’s pristine land. 

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