COMMONLY USED HERBS
Chemical constituents, medical benefits, and main functions of chemical constituents
ABSTRACT
The lists provided in this booklet include detailed information on commonly used herbs in both Western herbal medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Each herb entry includes the main chemical constituents, medicinal benefits from both TCM and Western evidence-based perspectives, and their biological actions. Dr. Gregory Lawton
Description of Herbal Lists
The lists provided include detailed information on commonly used herbs in both Western herbal medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Each herb entry includes the main chemical constituents, medicinal benefits from both TCM and Western evidence-based perspectives, and their biological actions.
Commonly Used Western Herbal Medicines
These lists include many popular herbs used in Western herbal medicine.
Each entry includes:
Main Chemical Constituents: Key bioactive compounds found in the herb.
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Evidence-based benefits supported by modern scientific research.
Biological Actions: The physiological effects and mechanisms of action of the herb’s chemical constituents.
An example from the list includes:
Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis): Contains aloin, emodin, and polysaccharides; used for wound healing, anti-inflammatory effects, and moisturizing skin.
Commonly Used TCM Herbs
This list focuses on herbs commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Each entry includes:
Main Chemical Constituents: Key bioactive compounds found in the herb.
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Traditional uses and therapeutic benefits as understood in TCM.
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Evidence-based benefits supported by modern scientific research.
Biological Actions: The physiological effects and mechanisms of action of the herb’s chemical constituents.
Examples from the list include:
Atractylodes (Atractylodes macrocephala): Contains atractylodin, β-eudesmol, and atractylenolides; used to strengthen the spleen, dispel dampness, and boost
qi; has gastrointestinal protective, anti-inflammatory, and immune-supportive properties.
Dang Gui (Angelica sinensis): Contains ferulic acid, ligustilide, and polysaccharides; used to tonify blood, regulate menstruation, and alleviate pain; has anti -inflammatory, cardiovascular, and analgesic effects.
Purpose and Use:
These lists serve as comprehensive references for practitioners, students, and enthusiasts of herbal medicine. They provide a holistic view of each herb, bridging traditional uses and modern scientific understanding. The inclusion of both TCM and Western perspectives allows for a more integrated approach to herbal therapy, highlighting the versatility and multifaceted benefits of these natural remedies.
Commonly Used Herbal Medicines
Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis)
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
Bayberry (Myrica cerifera)
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa)
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)
Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Celery Seed (Apium graveolens)
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Coleus (Coleus forskohlii)
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
Corn Silk (Zea mays)
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Damiana (Turnera diffusa)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis)
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)
Fo-ti (Polygonum multiflorum)
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris)
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera)
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum)
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
Juniper (Juniperus communis)
Kava (Piper methysticum)
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora)
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Linden (Tilia cordata)
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)
Pau d'Arco (Tabebuia avellanedae)
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Quassia (Quassia amara)
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)
Senna (Senna alexandrina)
Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Vitex (Vitex agnus-castus)
White Oak (Quercus alba)
White Willow (Salix alba)
Willow Bark (Salix spp.)
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus)
Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe)
Alphabetical List of Medicinal Herbs with Constituents and Benefits
Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Aloin, Emodin, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing
Biological Actions: Aloin and emodin have laxative effects; polysaccharides enhance immune function and promote skin healing.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Main Chemical Constituents: Withanolides, Alkaloids, Saponins
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, cognitive enhancer
Biological Actions: Withanolides modulate stress responses, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive function.
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Polysaccharides, Flavonoids, Saponins
Medicinal Benefits: Immune booster, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant Biological Actions: Polysaccharides enhance immune function and have antiinflammatory properties.
Bayberry (Myrica cerifera)
Main Chemical Constituents: Tannins, Flavonoids, Myricetin
Medicinal Benefits: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial Biological Actions: Tannins tighten tissues and reduce inflammation.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anthocyanins, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Vision support, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Anthocyanins improve blood flow in capillaries and have antioxidant properties.
Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Triterpene glycosides, Isoflavones
Medicinal Benefits: Menopausal symptom relief, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Triterpene glycosides modulate estrogen receptors, reducing menopausal symptoms.
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)
Main Chemical Constituents: Juglone, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Juglone has strong antimicrobial and anti-parasitic properties.
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Vitamin C
Medicinal Benefits: Antioxidant, cognitive support, cardiovascular health
Biological Actions: Anthocyanins protect against oxidative stress and support brain and heart health.
Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)
Main Chemical Constituents: Boswellic acids, Terpenes
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, arthritis support Biological Actions: Boswellic acids inhibit inflammatory pathways, reducing pain and inflammation.
Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Inulin, Polyacetylenes, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Detoxifying, diuretic, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Inulin supports digestive health, polyacetylenes have antimicrobial properties.
Calendula (Calendula officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Triterpenoids, Flavonoids, Carotenoids
Medicinal Benefits: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial Biological Actions: Triterpenoids reduce inflammation and promote tissue regeneration.
Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Alkaloids, Quinovic acid glycosides, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Immune booster, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant Biological Actions: Alkaloids modulate immune function and have anti-inflammatory effects.
Celery Seed (Apium graveolens)
Main Chemical Constituents: Phthalides, Flavonoids, Coumarins
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Phthalides reduce blood pressure and have anti-inflammatory properties.
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Main Chemical Constituents: Apigenin, Bisabolol, Chamazulene
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anxiolytic
Biological Actions: Apigenin binds to benzodiazepine receptors, providing sedative effects; bisabolol reduces inflammation.
Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Iridoid glycosides, Flavonoids, Essential oils
Medicinal Benefits: Women's health, hormone regulation, PMS relief Biological Actions: Iridoid glycosides modulate hormonal balance, reducing symptoms of PMS and supporting reproductive health.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, Coumarin
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, blood sugar regulation, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Cinnamaldehyde has antimicrobial properties, regulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Eugenol, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Eugenol has strong antimicrobial and analgesic properties.
Coleus (Coleus forskohlii)
Main Chemical Constituents: Forskolin, Diterpenes
Medicinal Benefits: Weight loss aid, cardiovascular support, bronchodilator
Biological Actions: Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP levels and promoting fat breakdown.
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
Main Chemical Constituents: Allantoin, Rosmarinic acid, Mucilage
Medicinal Benefits: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, bone support
Biological Actions: Allantoin promotes cell proliferation and wound healing.
Corn Silk (Zea mays)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Saponins, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Diuretic, urinary tract health, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Flavonoids and saponins support urinary tract health and reduce inflammation.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Main Chemical Constituents: Proanthocyanidins, Flavonoids, Vitamin C
Medicinal Benefits: Urinary tract health, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Proanthocyanidins prevent bacterial adhesion to urinary tract walls, reducing infections.
Damiana (Turnera diffusa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Aphrodisiac, mood enhancer, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Flavonoids and alkaloids have mood-enhancing and digestive stimulant effects.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Main Chemical Constituents: Taraxacin, Inulin, Sesquiterpene lactones
Medicinal Benefits: Diuretic, digestive aid, liver support
Biological Actions: Taraxacin stimulates bile production, inulin supports gut health.
Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens)
Main Chemical Constituents: Harpagoside, Iridoid glycosides, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Harpagoside reduces inflammation and pain.
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Ferulic acid, Phthalides, Coumarins
Medicinal Benefits: Women's health, blood circulation, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Ferulic acid improves blood circulation and has antioxidant properties.
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea)
Main Chemical Constituents: Alkamides, Polysaccharides, Caffeic acid derivatives
Medicinal Benefits: Immune support, anti-inflammatory, antiviral
Biological Actions: Alkamides modulate immune response, caffeic acid derivatives have antioxidant properties.
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Vitamin C
Medicinal Benefits: Immune support, antiviral, antioxidant Biological Actions: Anthocyanins boost immune response and have antiviral properties.
Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Eleutherosides, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, immune booster, energy enhancer
Biological Actions: Eleutherosides enhance immune function and increase resistance to stress.
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), Linoleic acid
Medicinal Benefits: Women's health, anti-inflammatory, skin health
Biological Actions: GLA reduces inflammation and supports hormonal balance.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anethole, Fenchone, Estragole
Medicinal Benefits: Digestive aid, antispasmodic, lactation support
Biological Actions: Anethole relaxes smooth muscles and supports digestion.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Saponins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Blood sugar regulation, lactation support, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Saponins regulate blood sugar and support lactation.
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)
Main Chemical Constituents: Parthenolide, Flavonoids, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Migraine relief, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Parthenolide inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, reducing inflammation and preventing migraines.
Fo-ti (Polygonum multiflorum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Stilbenes, Anthraquinones, Phospholipids
Medicinal Benefits: Longevity, hair health, liver support
Biological Actions: Stilbenes have antioxidant properties and support hair and liver health.
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Allicin, Alliin, Ajoene
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, cardiovascular support, immune booster
Biological Actions: Allicin has antibacterial and antifungal properties; ajoene reduces platelet aggregation.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Main Chemical Constituents: Gingerol, Shogaol, Zingerone
Medicinal Benefits: Antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Gingerol and shogaol reduce nausea, inflammation, and have analgesic effects.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Terpenoids (Ginkgolides, Bilobalides)
Medicinal Benefits: Cognitive enhancer, circulatory support, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Flavonoids protect against oxidative damage; terpenoids improve blood flow and reduce clot formation.
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Main Chemical Constituents: Ginsenosides, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, immune booster, energy enhancer
Biological Actions: Ginsenosides modulate immune function, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive function.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Berberine, Hydrastine, Canadine
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Berberine has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and modulates glucose metabolism.
Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris)
Main Chemical Constituents: Saponins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids
Medicinal Benefits: Testosterone booster, libido enhancer, urinary tract health
Biological Actions: Saponins support hormonal balance and enhance libido.
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Triterpenoids, Flavonoids, Asiaticoside
Medicinal Benefits: Cognitive support, wound healing, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Triterpenoids enhance collagen synthesis and improve cognitive function.
Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera)
Main Chemical Constituents: Proanthocyanidins, Flavonoids, Resveratrol
Medicinal Benefits: Antioxidant, cardiovascular support, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Proanthocyanidins and resveratrol protect against oxidative damage and support heart health.
Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Catechins (EGCG), Polyphenols, Caffeine
Medicinal Benefits: Antioxidant, weight loss aid, cardiovascular support
Biological Actions: EGCG has strong antioxidant properties, enhances metabolism, and supports cardiovascular health.
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Procyanidins, Triterpenes
Medicinal Benefits: Cardiovascular support, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Flavonoids improve blood flow and strengthen blood vessels.
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, Organic acids
Medicinal Benefits: Antioxidant, cardiovascular support, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Anthocyanins protect against oxidative stress and support heart health.
Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Eugenol, Ursolic acid, Rosmarinic acid
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial Biological Actions: Eugenol and ursolic acid reduce inflammation and have antimicrobial effects.
Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Main Chemical Constituents: Silica, Flavonoids, Saponins
Medicinal Benefits: Diuretic, bone support, wound healing
Biological Actions: Silica supports connective tissue health and bone strength.
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Pinocamphone, Isopinocamphone, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Respiratory support, antispasmodic, antiviral
Biological Actions: Pinocamphone and flavonoids have antiviral and respiratory supporting effects.
Juniper (Juniperus communis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Terpenes, Flavonoids, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Diuretic, digestive aid, antimicrobial
Biological Actions: Terpenes have antimicrobial properties and support digestion.
Kava (Piper methysticum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Kavalactones, Flavokavains
Medicinal Benefits: Anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant
Biological Actions: Kavalactones modulate GABA receptors, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)
Main Chemical Constituents: Linalool, Linalyl acetate, Cineole
Medicinal Benefits: Anxiolytic, sedative, antiseptic
Biological Actions: Linalool has calming effects on the nervous system, reduces anxiety and promotes sleep.
Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Rosmarinic acid, Flavonoids, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Anxiolytic, digestive aid, antiviral
Biological Actions: Rosmarinic acid has calming effects and supports digestive health.
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora)
Main Chemical Constituents: Citral, Geraniol, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Digestive aid, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Citral and geraniol have antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Main Chemical Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, Flavonoids, Saponins
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, reducing inflammation and protecting mucous membranes.
Linden (Tilia cordata)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Volatile oils, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic
Biological Actions: Flavonoids promote relaxation and reduce spasms.
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Mucilage, Flavonoids, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits: Soothing, anti-inflammatory, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Mucilage coats mucous membranes, reducing irritation and inflammation.
Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Main Chemical Constituents: Salicylates, Flavonoids, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Salicylates reduce pain and inflammation.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Silymarin, Silybin, Silibinin
Medicinal Benefits: Liver support, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Silymarin protects liver cells from toxins and promotes regeneration.
Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Vitamins, Minerals
Medicinal Benefits: Nutrient-rich, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Flavonoids protect against oxidative stress and support overall health.
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Mucilage, Saponins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Respiratory support, anti-inflammatory, soothing Biological Actions: Mucilage soothes irritated tissues, saponins support respiratory health.
Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha)
Main Chemical Constituents: Terpenoids, Sesquiterpenes, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing
Biological Actions: Terpenoids and sesquiterpenes have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Chlorophyll, Minerals
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, nutrient-rich, diuretic
Biological Actions: Flavonoids reduce inflammation, chlorophyll supports detoxification.
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, skin health
Biological Actions: Azadirachtin has strong antimicrobial properties.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Main Chemical Constituents: Carvacrol, Thymol, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Carvacrol and thymol have strong antimicrobial properties.
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Volatile oils, Vitamins
Medicinal Benefits: Diuretic, antioxidant, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Flavonoids and vitamins support overall health and detoxification.
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Harman alkaloids
Medicinal Benefits: Sedative, anxiolytic, antispasmodic
Biological Actions: Flavonoids and alkaloids modulate GABA receptors, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.
Pau d'Arco (Tabebuia avellanedae)
Main Chemical Constituents: Lapachol, Beta-lapachone, Quercetin
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immune booster
Biological Actions: Lapachol and quercetin have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Main Chemical Constituents: Menthol, Menthone, Menthyl acetate
Medicinal Benefits: Digestive aid, antispasmodic, analgesic
Biological Actions: Menthol relaxes smooth muscles and has a cooling effect, reducing pain and spasms.
Quassia (Quassia amara)
Main Chemical Constituents: Quassinoids, Tannins, Alkaloids
Medicinal Benefits: Digestive aid, antiparasitic, bitter tonic
Biological Actions: Quassinoids stimulate digestion and have antiparasitic properties.
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
Main Chemical Constituents: Isoflavones, Coumarins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Menopausal symptom relief, cardiovascular support, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Isoflavones mimic estrogen, reducing menopausal symptoms.
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
Main Chemical Constituents: Rosavins, Salidroside, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, energy enhancer, cognitive support
Biological Actions: Rosavins and salidroside modulate stress responses and improve mental performance.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Rosmarinic acid, Carnosic acid, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Cognitive support, antioxidant, antimicrobial Biological Actions: Rosmarinic and carnosic acids have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Rosmarinic acid, Thujone, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Cognitive support, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Rosmarinic acid supports cognitive function, thujone has antimicrobial properties.
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
Main Chemical Constituents: Fatty acids, Phytosterols, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Phytosterols inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Schisandrins, Lignans, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Adaptogen, liver support, antioxidant Biological Actions: Schisandrins enhance liver function and protect against oxidative stress.
Senna (Senna alexandrina)
Main Chemical Constituents: Sennosides, Flavonoids, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Laxative, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Sennosides stimulate bowel movements and support digestive health.
Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids (Baicalin, Wogonin), Tannins, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Anxiolytic, sedative, anti-inflammatory Biological Actions: Flavonoids like baicalin and wogonin modulate GABA receptors, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra)
Main Chemical Constituents: Mucilage, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Soothing, anti-inflammatory, digestive aid
Biological Actions: Mucilage coats mucous membranes, reducing irritation and inflammation.
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Phycocyanin, Chlorophyll, Protein
Medicinal Benefits: Nutrient-rich, antioxidant, immune support
Biological Actions: Phycocyanin has antioxidant properties and supports immune function.
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Hypericin, Hyperforin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antidepressant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Hypericin and hyperforin inhibit reuptake of serotonin and other neurotransmitters, reducing symptoms of depression.
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Chlorophyll, Minerals
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, nutrient-rich, diuretic
Biological Actions: Flavonoids reduce inflammation, chlorophyll supports detoxification.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Main Chemical Constituents: Thymol, Carvacrol, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, respiratory support
Biological Actions: Thymol and carvacrol have strong antimicrobial properties and support respiratory health.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Curcumin, Demethoxycurcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin
Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial
Biological Actions: Curcumin inhibits inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, has strong antioxidant properties.
Uva Ursi (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Main Chemical Constituents: Arbutin, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Urinary tract health, antimicrobial, diuretic
Biological Actions: Arbutin has antimicrobial properties and supports urinary tract health.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Valerenic acid, Valerenol, Isovaleric acid
Medicinal Benefits: Sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant
Biological Actions: Valerenic acid enhances GABAergic transmission, promoting relaxation and sleep.
Vitex (Vitex agnus-castus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Iridoid glycosides, Flavonoids, Essential oils
Medicinal Benefits: Women's health, hormone regulation, PMS relief
Biological Actions: Iridoid glycosides modulate hormonal balance, reducing symptoms of PMS and supporting reproductive health.
White Oak (Quercus alba)
Main Chemical Constituents: Tannins, Quercetin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, wound healing
Biological Actions: Tannins tighten tissues and reduce inflammation.
White Willow (Salix alba)
Main Chemical Constituents: Salicin, Flavonoids, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
Biological Actions: Salicin is converted to salicylic acid in the body, reducing pain and inflammation.
Willow Bark (Salix spp.)
Main Chemical Constituents: Salicin, Flavonoids, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
Biological Actions: Salicin is converted to salicylic acid in the body, reducing pain and inflammation.
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Main Chemical Constituents: Tannins, Flavonoids, Volatile oils
Medicinal Benefits: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, skin health
Biological Actions: Tannins tighten tissues and reduce inflammation.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Main Chemical Constituents: Flavonoids, Sesquiterpene lactones, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic
Biological Actions: Flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones reduce inflammation and promote wound healing.
Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Anthraquinones, Tannins, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits: Detoxifying, digestive aid, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Anthraquinones stimulate bowel movements and support detoxification.
Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Caffeine, Theobromine, Saponins
Medicinal Benefits: Stimulant, antioxidant, weight loss aid
Biological Actions: Caffeine and theobromine stimulate the central nervous system and increase metabolism.
Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe)
Main Chemical Constituents: Yohimbine, Alkaloids
Medicinal Benefits: Aphrodisiac, weight loss aid, cognitive support
Biological Actions: Yohimbine blocks alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, increasing blood flow and supporting weight loss.
Commonly Used TCM Herbs
Alphabetical list of some of the most used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbs, including their main chemical constituents, medicinal benefits from both TCM and Western evidence-based perspectives, and their biological actions.
Atractylodes (Atractylodes macrocephala)
Bai Shao (Paeonia lactiflora)
Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala)
Cang Zhu (Atractylodes lancea)
Chai Hu (Bupleurum chinense)
Chen Pi (Citrus reticulata)
Dang Gui (Angelica sinensis)
Fu Ling (Poria cocos)
Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)
Gou Qi Zi (Lycium barbarum)
Huang Lian (Coptis chinensis)
Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus)
Jin Yin Hua (Lonicera japonica)
Long Dan Cao (Gentiana scabra)
Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus)
Mu Dan Pi (Paeonia suffruticosa)
Ren Shen (Panax ginseng)
Shan Yao (Dioscorea opposita)
Sheng Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa)
Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa)
Tian Ma (Gastrodia elata)
Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis)
Xia Ku Cao (Prunella vulgaris)
Xuan Shen (Scrophularia ningpoensis)
Yi Mu Cao (Leonurus japonicus)
Yin Yang Huo (Epimedium sagittatum)
Yu Jin (Curcuma aromatica)
Zi Su Ye (Perilla frutescens)
Detailed Alphabetical List of Commonly Used TCM Herbs
Alphabetical list of some of the most used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbs, including their main chemical constituents, medicinal benefits from both TCM and Western evidence-based perspectives, and their biological actions.
Atractylodes (Atractylodes macrocephala)
Main Chemical Constituents: Atractylodin, β-eudesmol, Atractylenolides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Strengthens spleen, dispels dampness, boosts qi
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Gastrointestinal health, anti-inflammatory, immune support
Biological Actions: Atractylenolides have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and gastrointestinal protective properties.
Bai Shao (Paeonia lactiflora)
Main Chemical Constituents: Paeoniflorin, Albiflorin, Oxypaeoniflorin
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Nourishes blood, regulates menstruation, soothes liver
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Menstrual health, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant
Biological Actions: Paeoniflorin has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective effects.
Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala)
Main Chemical Constituents: Atractylodin, β-eudesmol, Atractylenolides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Strengthens spleen, dispels dampness, boosts qi
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Digestive health, anti-inflammatory, immune support
Biological Actions: Atractylenolides have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
Cang Zhu (Atractylodes lancea)
Main Chemical Constituents: Atractylodin, β-eudesmol, Atractylenolides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Dries dampness, strengthens spleen, expels wind-damp
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, digestive health
Biological Actions: Atractylodin and β-eudesmol have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.
Chai Hu (Bupleurum chinense)
Main Chemical Constituents: Saikosaponins, Saikogenin
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Relieves liver qi stagnation, reduces fever, harmonizes exterior and interior
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Liver health, anti-inflammatory, antiviral
Biological Actions: Saikosaponins have hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory effects.
Chen Pi (Citrus reticulata)
Main Chemical Constituents: Hesperidin, Naringin, Limonene
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Regulates qi, improves digestion, dries dampness
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Digestive health, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Hesperidin and naringin have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive stimulant properties.
Dang Gui (Angelica sinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Ferulic acid, Ligustilide, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies blood, regulates menstruation, alleviates pain
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Menstrual health, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular support
Biological Actions: Ferulic acid and ligustilide have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant effects.
Fu Ling (Poria cocos)
Main Chemical Constituents: Polysaccharides, Triterpenoids, Pachymic acid
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Promotes urination, strengthens spleen, calms heart
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Diuretic, immune support, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Polysaccharides and triterpenoids have diuretic, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory effects.
Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Glycyrrhizin, Liquiritin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies spleen, moistens lung, clears heat and toxins
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, respiratory health
Biological Actions: Glycyrrhizin has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective properties.
Gou Qi Zi (Lycium barbarum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Polysaccharides, Zeaxanthin, Betaine
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Nourishes liver and kidneys, benefits eyes, enriches yin
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Eye health, antioxidant, immune support
Biological Actions: Polysaccharides have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects.
Huang Lian (Coptis chinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Berberine, Coptisine, Palmatine
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears heat, dries dampness, detoxifies
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, blood sugar regulation
Biological Actions: Berberine has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and blood sugar-regulating properties.
Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Astragalosides, Polysaccharides, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies qi, strengthens immunity, promotes urination
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Immune support, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Astragalosides and polysaccharides have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Jin Yin Hua (Lonicera japonica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Chlorogenic acid, Luteolin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears heat, relieves toxicity, dispels wind-heat
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Chlorogenic acid and luteolin have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
Long Dan Cao (Gentiana scabra)
Main Chemical Constituents: Gentiopicroside, Loganin, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Drains fire, clears damp-heat, benefits liver and gallbladder
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Liver support, anti-inflammatory, digestive health
Biological Actions: Gentiopicroside has anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and choleretic effects.
Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Saponins, Polysaccharides, Sterols
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Nourishes yin, moistens lung, clears heart heat
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Respiratory health, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Saponins and polysaccharides have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Mu Dan Pi (Paeonia suffruticosa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Paeonol, Paeoniflorin, Tannins
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears heat, cools blood, invigorates blood circulation
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiovascular support
Biological Actions: Paeonol and paeoniflorin have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties.
Ren Shen (Panax ginseng)
Main Chemical Constituents: Ginsenosides, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies qi, strengthens spleen, benefits lung and heart
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Energy booster, cognitive support, immune support
Biological Actions: Ginsenosides modulate immune function, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive function.
Shan Yao (Dioscorea opposita)
Main Chemical Constituents: Diosgenin, Polysaccharides, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies spleen and stomach, nourishes lung and kidney
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Digestive health, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Diosgenin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties.
Sheng Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Iridoid glycosides, Triterpenes, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, immune support, antioxidant
Biological Actions: Iridoid glycosides and polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.
Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa)
Main Chemical Constituents: Iridoid glycosides, Triterpenes, Polysaccharides
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies blood, nourishes yin, replenishes essence
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Blood health, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Iridoid glycosides and polysaccharides have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.
Tian Ma (Gastrodia elata)
Main Chemical Constituents: Gastrodin, Vanillyl alcohol, Parishin
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Calms liver, extinguishes wind, alleviates spasms
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Neurological support, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant
Biological Actions: Gastrodin has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties.
Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Schisandrin, Schisandrol, Lignans
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Astringes lung qi, nourishes kidneys, calms heart
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Antioxidant, liver support, cognitive enhancer
Biological Actions: Schisandrin and lignans have antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects.
Xia Ku Cao (Prunella vulgaris)
Main Chemical Constituents: Ursolic acid, Rosmarinic acid, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears liver fire, dissipates nodules, benefits eyes
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer
Biological Actions: Ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties.
Xuan Shen (Scrophularia ningpoensis)
Main Chemical Constituents: Harpagoside, E-harpagoside, Acteoside
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Clears heat, cools blood, nourishes yin
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune support
Biological Actions: Harpagoside and acteoside have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects.
Yi Mu Cao (Leonurus japonicus)
Main Chemical Constituents: Leonurine, Stachydrine, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Invigorates blood, regulates menstruation, promotes urination
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Cardiovascular support, menstrual health, diuretic
Biological Actions: Leonurine and stachydrine have cardioprotective, diuretic, and antiinflammatory properties.
Yin Yang Huo (Epimedium sagittatum)
Main Chemical Constituents: Icariin, Icariside, Flavonoids
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Tonifies kidney yang, strengthens bones, dispels wind-damp
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Bone health, libido enhancement, anti-inflammatory
Biological Actions: Icariin has bone-strengthening, libido-enhancing, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Yu Jin (Curcuma aromatica)
Main Chemical Constituents: Curcumin, Demethoxycurcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Invigorates blood, breaks up blood stasis, promotes movement of qi
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular support
Biological Actions: Curcumin has strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascularprotective properties.
Zi Su Ye (Perilla frutescens)
Main Chemical Constituents: Perillaldehyde, Limonene, Rosmarinic acid
Medicinal Benefits (TCM): Releases exterior, disperses cold, regulates qi
Medicinal Benefits (Western): Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, respiratory support
Biological Actions: Perillaldehyde and rosmarinic acid have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergic properties.