Our Moving Earth by Okapi

WorldWise: Content-based learning | Grade 4 Curriculum-linked titles Next Generation Science

C3 Social Studies

Our

WorldWise

Moving Eart h

WorldWise

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Content-based Learning

okapi educational publishing

Written by Anna Porter

WorldWise

Content-based Learning

Our Moving Earth

WorldWise: Content-based Learning | Grade 4 Curriculum-linked titles

Science

Informational text types: Explanation/Report Level: S (40)*

Guided Reading Levels Q–S (40)*

Next Generation Science Curriculum links • • • •

ESS1.C The history of planet Earth ESS2.A Earth material and systems ESS2.B Plate tectonics and large-scale system interactions ESS3.B Natural hazards

Next Generation Science

Key concepts • Movement of the earth’s crust can change the earth’s surface and create new landforms • Movement of the earth’s crust can cause natural hazards that have a great impact on people • Certain parts of the world are more susceptible to natural disasters than others

Text features • Diagrams, table, newspaper article, maps, time line, sidebars, text boxes, captions, glossary

C3 Social Studies

Reading strategy • Interpreting graphic devices

© 2019 EC Licensing Pty Ltd. This work is protected by US copyright law, and under international copyright conventions, applicable in the jurisdictions in which it is published. All rights reserved. The trademark “Flying Start to Literacy” and Star device is a registered trademark of EC Licensing Pty Ltd in the US. The trademark “WorldWise Content-based Learning” and Star device is owned by EC Licensing Pty Ltd.

Developed by Eleanor Curtain Publishing US Consultant: Tammy Jones Designed by Derek Schneider Printed and bound in China through Colorcraft Ltd, Hong Kong

Purchasers of this book may have certain rights under applicable copyright law to copy parts of this book. Purchasers must make the necessary enquiries to ascertain whether, and to what extent, they have any such right in the jurisdiction in which they will be using the book.

Distributed in the USA by Okapi Educational Publishing Inc. Phone: 866-652-7436 Fax: 800-481-5499 Email: info@myokapi.com www.myokapi.com

Our Changing World

Homes and Shelters

Survival and Safety

Don’t Throw It Away! – Q (40)

Animal Shelters – Q (40)

Awesome Oceans – Q (40)

That’s a Good Idea! – Q (40)

Animal Architects – R (40)

Talented Animals – Q (40)

From Me to You – R (40)

Exploring Caves – R (40)

Wild, Wild Weather – Q (40)

Solving Problems: Dams, Bridges, and Canals – R (40)

Nature’s Rooming House – R (40)

Adventures in Wild Places – S (40)

It’s All About Energy – S (40)

Shells on their Backs – R (40)

How Animals Communicate – S (40)

Our Moving Earth – S (40)

Living With the Tides – S (40)

Our Bodies – S (40)

Helping Hands – Q (40)

Places We Call Home – Q (40)

Against the Odds – S (40)

Heroes R – (40)

What Makes a City? – R (40)

Your Rights – S (40)

www.worldwise-reading.com ISBN: 978-1-76067-798-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19 20 21 22 23 24

okapi educational publishing

While the publisher has made every effort to acknowledge copyright holders, any omissions should be emailed in the first instance to info@ecpublishing.com.au, including all details for appropriate acknowledgement at the next reprint. * Levels indicated by letters are Okapi’s unique measurements, comparable to the Guided Reading levels of Fountas and Pinnell. Numerical levels in parentheses align with DRA.

* Levels indicated by letters are Okapi’s unique measurements, comparable to the Guided Reading levels of Fountas and Pinnell. Numerical levels in parentheses align with DRA.

Our Moving Earth Written by Anna Porter Series Consultant: Linda Hoyt

WorldWise

â&#x201E;˘

Content-based Learning

Contents Introduction

Chapter 1 What is the earth made of?

How does rock in the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust move?

Chapter 2 What happens during an earthquake?

How do scientists measure the size of an earthquake?

Tsunamis

Chapter 3 What are volcanoes?

Volcanic islands

Volcanic craters

Volcanic hot springs and geysers

Chapter 4 Where do large earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

The Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire

The Indian Ocean trouble spots

Instability in the Mediterranean Sea region

Conclusion

Glossary 31 Index 32

Introduction An earthquake can split the ground open in a few seconds. Giant waves called tsunamis can flood a coastline. Or there can be a vast explosion of steam or fireballs of rock and ash from a volcano as it erupts. Hot rock known as lava flows like a river of melted chocolate, and it can spread over the land or the ocean floor in a few minutes.

These are the furious forces of nature from deep within the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust and they change the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. New mountains, canyons, and holes called craters appear, and islands rise up from the ocean floor. Some changes happen so fast that they can cause great harm to people, wildlife, and property. Some changes happen slowly. They change over millions of years as mountains are pushed up and lakes form as parts of the earth sink. 4

Chapter

What is the earth made of?

If you could cut the earth in half, you would see that it is not one big solid rock but that it has three main layers of rock like the rings of an onion. These are called the crust, the mantle, and the core. The deeper you go toward the center of the earth, the hotter these rocks get.

The crust. This is a thin layer of rocks that lies below the earth’s continents and oceans. The mantle. This is a layer of hard, solid rock above the core.

The core. This is the hottest part of the earth. The rock is so hot that it melts into a thick liquid called magma. It boils and bubbles.

The lines on this map show the earth’s plates.

The earth’s crust and mantle are made up of seven huge rocky plates that float on top of the hot liquid rock in the layer underneath them. The plates are constantly and slowly moving.

What is the earth made of ?

How does rock in the earth’s crust move? The edges of the rocky plates move about one inch each year. The plates move apart, they move together, and sometimes they bang against each other or slide under one another. As a result, rocks of the crust may fold, bend, or buckle. Folding rocks Sometimes huge blocks of rock can buckle like the hood of a car in a head-on collision. The buckled rock is pushed up and tilted in a particular direction to form a mountain range like the Rockies, the Andes, or the Himalayas. Other parts of the crust cool and sink and fill with rainwater to become lakes or shallow seas.

The Andes, Peru

Fault lines and cracking in the earth’s crust

How a mountain range is formed Uplifted folded rock

At other times when the edges of the plates meet and collide, the rocks are too brittle to fold, so they develop cracks in the earth’s crust known as fault lines. Most of earth’s earthquakes and volcanoes occur along fault lines.

A fault line in Iceland Moving and cracking rocky plates

Depression filled with water

Sinking rock

A fault line in Utah, USA 9

Chapter

What happens during an earthquake?

Most earthquakes and tremors are so small that people do not feel them. But if the tremors are powerful, huge cracks in the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface break open or large areas of land can move downhill in the form of a landslide. If snowy mountains are nearby, the moving snow can crash down the mountain in an avalanche. Moving earth or snow can bury people, animals, plants, and buildings.

A large earthquake can cause buildings above the ground to move and fall. As buildings topple over, falling bricks, concrete, tin, or tiles can crush people. Roads can be destroyed, trains derailed, and cars crushed. Of all natural hazards, earthquakes can result in the greatest loss of life.

A landslide

An avalanche 10

What happens during an earthquake?

How do scientists measure the size of an earthquake?

An average earthquake lasts for less than one minute. Some have lasted for over four minutes. After an earthquake happens, there can be more earth movements and shaking called after-shocks. These can cause even more damage to buildings and roads.

Scientists called geologists study rocks and the movements of the Earth. They use machines to record and measure the size and strength of earth tremors on machines. The size of an earthquake is measured by the amount of energy it releases from under the ground. This is called the magnitude. The measurements used have a range from one to eight. It is known as the Richter scale and was invented by Dr. Charles Richter. The larger the number appearing on this scale, the greater the damage the earthquake will cause.

Earthquake magnitude scale Minor

Light

Moderate

Strong

Major

Great

Magnitude

1–3

3–6

6– 9

How does it feel?

Usually not felt by humans

Can be felt by humans

Effect

Rarely causes damage

Damage is usually minor. Some buildings may be affected

Can cause great damage from about 100 miles to over an area of hundreds of square miles

What happens during an earthquake? In 1964, a powerful earthquake and several tsunamis damaged many parts of Alaska.

Tsunamis If large-scale sudden earthquake tremors happen under the sea floor, they cause huge wave movements in the seawater called tsunamis. These waves rush across the surface of the ocean at speeds of up to 600 miles per hour and build up into a high wall of water. This wall can be up to 100 feet high, as high as a 10-story building. How far this wave wall reaches inland and what is in its path determine how dangerous it will be. Some tsunamis blasting onto the shore can reach over 10 miles inland, flooding everything in their path. Many fishing villages, coastal towns, or tourist buildings can be devastated. The unique characteristics of tsunamis make them hard to predict, detect, or monitor.

THE NEWS

Great Alaskan Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Yesterday at 5:36 p.m.

T Find out more Find out where the biggest earthquake occurred. What happened straight after it? What damage did it cause? 14

March 28, 1964

his is the largest earthquake in North American history, measuring 9.2 on the Richter scale. Its center was in Prince William Sound, and it lasted four minutes and 38 seconds. Luckily, children were home from school because it was Good Friday. This earthquake set off landslides and tsunamis. There was a huge landslide in Anchorage. Parts of the city

dropped 30 feet. Buildings were totally destroyed. The tsunamis in Shoup Bay, where the tidal wave was over 200 feet high, led to the deaths of several people. Other huge waves occurred down the West Coast and across the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii. Some people were also killed in Hawaii. A total of 131 people lost their lives in these tsunamis.

Chapter

What are volcanoes?

When rock presses together or collides under the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust, gases and magma, the extremely hot liquid rock, are forced up through cracks and a volcano is formed.

Find out more Magma is forced upward and shoots out of the volcano

Find out how volcanoes got their name.

When the magma reaches the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, it is called lava. Sometimes the lava flows slowly out over the land, moves downhill, cools, and hardens. At other times, the erupting lava is like a gassy fireball. It explodes out of the crack with great speed and power, bringing with it ash, pieces of rock, and soot. These shoot up into the atmosphere and spread over a wide area. Volcanoes can continue to erupt and over time may produce other landforms: a crater, a dome, a mountain, or an island.

Many volcanoes are not active. These are called dormant. Active volcanoes erupt from time to time. They cause most harm as a natural hazard when people live near them or develop farms on the rich soils formed from their lava.

Farmland near the volcano Mount Fuji, Japan

Warnings about danger from volcanoes Sensitive monitoring devices can now detect increasing volcanic activity months in advance of an eruption. The only effective method to prevent or lessen any harm is to communicate with local officials and the media about a possible eruption. These officials can warn people at risk and arrange for the evacuation of people and animals. 16

A dormant volcano, Iceland 17

What are volcanoes?

Volcanic islands

Hawaii

Over millions of years, many island groups have been formed from volcanoes erupting under the seabed. The hot magma rises upward until it spews out as lava through a weak place on the surface of the seafloor at what is called a hot spot. These hot spots can occur in the middle of a plate under the ocean. When the sizzling lava hits the cooler water, it hardens into an underwater volcano. Over time, and after many eruptions, the hardened lava on this volcano builds high enough to emerge above the ocean surface as an island.

The islands of Hawaii, about 2,500 miles off the Pacific coastline, also have many active volcanoes. They were first formed over 70 million years ago. Way down on the ocean floor, a hot spot of magma began to gush lava into the sea. About 40 million years later, this lava built upward to a height of 18,000 feet, forming bare volcanic islands rising out of the sea. These became the group of islands called Hawaii, and they are the most isolated in the world.

Under all the earth’s oceans there are more than one million underwater volcanoes. Of these, about 75,000 rise up over half a mile above the ocean floor. Find out more

Molten lava flowing into the ocean, Hawaii Island, US

Find out more

Kawaikini

Find out about other groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are formed from volcanoes.

Kaena Waianae

Koolau

West Molokai

East Molokai West Maui Haleakala

Kohala Mahukona Hualalai

Mauna Loa Kilauea

Principal Hawaiian volcanoes

Mauna Kea

100

150 miles

There are three active volcanoes in Hawaii. On Hawaii Island, the Kilauea Caldera continues to show hot slabs of recent lava flows. It has been erupting constantly since 1983. At that time, lava shot up 100 feet and covered over 120 acres. Where are the other two active volcanoes in Hawaii?

Kauai Island on Hawaii, US 18

What are volcanoes?

Island Park Caldera, Yellowstone

Volcanic craters After they have erupted several times, some old volcanoes have very large holes, or craters, in their tops. As the magma has moved up through the earth’s surface, the empty hole that is left cannot support the walls of the mountain above it. These walls collapse and form a large crater. Some craters can be over 300 feet wide. These often fill with water and are called crater lakes or calderas. The steep high walls of the crater form a circle around and above the water of the lake.

Castle Geyser erupts with hot water and steam.

Find out more What is the deepest crater lake in the United States?

Geothermal hot springs, Yellowstone National Park

Streaming geysers near Yellowstone River

Yellowstone contains one of the world’s largest volcanic craters, the Island Park Caldera. This crater was formed about two million years ago, when a volcano erupted, spewing liquid lava, boulders, and soot into the atmosphere. Scientists are now studying the buildup of the magma in the hole beneath this crater. The ground in the crater has been surveyed, and the magma chamber is 45 miles long and 28 miles wide. This magma seems to be again bulging upward toward the earth’s surface. Scientists are trying to predict when this volcano may erupt again.

Find out more Find something that would be as big in size as this magma pool in the Island Park Caldera?

What are volcanoes? One of the most famous geysers is in the United States of America. It is called Old Faithful. It shoots boiling steam and water up to 180 feet into the air.

Volcanic hot springs and geysers Other landforms caused by volcanoes are hot springs and geysers. Find out more What other countries in the world have geysers? Can you name them?

Freshwater can seep down through cracks in rocks below the earth’s surface. When it comes in contact with the hot rocks near volcanoes, the water heats up very quickly. The hot water builds up pressure and steam, and eventually shoots upward through a tiny crack in the earth’s surface. If this hot water or steam flows out of the surface and forms a pool, it is called a hot spring. If the temperature of the underground water becomes extremely hot, the pressure forces huge jets of water and steam to shoot up high into the air. This is called a geyser. The water inside a geyser can be three times as hot as water boiling in a kettle.

How geysers and hot springs form

Think about Why is this geyser called Old Faithful?

Old Faithful geyser erupts

Geyser

Hot spring

Hot water Magma 22

Heat source

Areas around Rotorua in New Zealand are famous for their large geysers and hot springs. The Pohutu geyser is the largest in New Zealand. It erupts up to 15 times a day and shoots steam and boiling water 100 feet skyward.

Pohutu geyser 23

Chapter

Where do large earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

The Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire The plates are most unstable under the continents and oceans of the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire. These areas have high mountains and deep ocean trenches. This area has many earthquakes and tsunamis, and 75 percent of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s active and dormant volcanoes.

The moving rocky plates that cause large earthquakes and volcanoes occur in particular zones around the world. The Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire

Japan

United States

Pacific Ocean Hawaii

Indonesia

South America

Papua New Guinea

Australia

New Zealand 24

Where do large earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

The Indian Ocean trouble spots Two islands in Indonesia, Java and Sumatra, have a high risk of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. One of the most famous volcanic eruptions in history occurred on the island of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait between the two islands. It is estimated that 36,000 people died. Between 1907 and 2004, earthquakes on these islands killed almost 22,000 people and volcanoes killed 18,000 people. In 2010, a landslide in the village of Tenjolaya, 40 miles from Bandung, the capital of West Java, killed dozens of people.

Krakatoa volcano

The most well-known disaster to hit Indonesia was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, when a 9.1Â magnitude earthquake triggered the enormous wave. Over 130,000 people died. This tsunami killed an estimated 228,000 people throughout the countries of SoutheastÂ Asia. Scenes of destruction after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

Where do large earthquakes and volcanoes occur? The ruins of Pompeii with Mount Vesuvius in the background

Instability in the Mediterranean Sea region Parts of Italy lie on a fault line so earthquakes and volcanoes have affected many cities, towns, and villages. One of the first volcanic eruptions recorded was in 79 CE, when Mount Vesuvius blew its top, burying the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Since then, there have been more than 50 eruptions. The city of Naples lies at the base of this volcano and up to 650,000 people live on its slopes. Any sign of an impending eruption could force the evacuation of more than a million people. The Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Italy has many volcanoes. The resort island of Ischia is the most worrisome. An eruption there would affect Naples.

The city of Naples lies at the base of Mount Vesuvius

TIME LINE: Some major earthquakes

1908

1980

2012

2016

2017

A 7.2 magnitude earthquake reduced Messina, Sicily, to rubble. Several lesser strength earthquakes have occurred in Sicily in the past six years.

An earthquake centered in Eboli, Italy, stretched across the country toward Naples. It killed 2,735 people and injured 7,500.

Two earthquakes, nine days apart, occurred in Mirandola, Italy. It was reported that 26 people were killed and 350 injured.

A 6.6 magnitude earthquake rocked central Italy near Norcia. It is believed to be the strongest quake to hit this nation in many years. It killed hundreds of people and left thousands homeless.

Four earthquakes happened in quick succession in the same region, causing buildings to collapse. Emergency services were hampered by snowstorms and very cold weather, but fortunately no lives were lost.

Conclusion Natural hazards and disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes occur when the earth moves. If they occur in areas where many people live, the result is disastrous to people’s lives and property. Scientists try to warn people when volcanoes are dangerous. But sometimes eruptions are hard to predict. People cannot eliminate these natural hazards caused by the continual changes of the moving earth but they can take steps to reduce their impact. Earthquake engineers have devised building techniques and materials that resist all but the strongest earth movement. Knowing what happens when they occur helps people to prepare for them. Families and people in the community can prepare for a disaster with an emergency plan.

Glossary ancient belonging to times long time ago, in the distant past atmosphere the different layers of air that surround the Earth avalanche a large amount of snow, ice, and rocks suddenly and powerfully moving down the side of a mountain calderas very large holes or craters formed when a volcano collapses, after the magma has been ejected

continents the seven large areas of continuous land found on the Earth

dormant inactive; still able to erupt but not likely to do so in the near future

earthquake engineers people who design and analyze buildings and structures so they are able to withstand earthquakes

eruption the forceful ejecting of materials such as rocks, hot liquid rock, and gasses through cracks in the earth’s surface

fault lines a long crack in the surface of the earth geothermal related to the use of natural heat that comes from inside the earth

hazards causes of danger lava hot, melted rock that flows out of a volcano magma hot, liquid rock found under the earth’s surface Make a plan

tremors slight shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface

What do you have to consider?

Index avalanche 10, 31

Italy 28–29

calderas 20, 31

landslide 10, 15, 26

core 6, 7

lava 4, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31

crater 16, 20, 21 crust 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16 dormant 17, 25, 31 earthquake 4, 9, 10–15, 25, 26, 28–29, 30 earthquake engineers 30, 31

mantle 6, 7 monitoring devices 17 mountain range 8

fault lines 9, 28, 31

Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire 24–25

geologists 12

Richter scale 12, 15

geysers 21, 22–23

tsunamis 4, 14–15, 25, 26, 27, 30

Hawaii

15, 19

hazards 11, 30, 31 hot spot 18 hot springs 20, 22 Indonesia 24, 26–27

magma 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31

underwater volcanoes 18 volcano 4, 9, 16–22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 Yellowstone 21

Our Moving Earth

WorldWise: Content-based Learning | Grade 4 Curriculum-linked titles

Science

Informational text types: Explanation/Report Level: S (40)*

Guided Reading Levels Q–S (40)*

Next Generation Science Curriculum links • • • •

ESS1.C The history of planet Earth ESS2.A Earth material and systems ESS2.B Plate tectonics and large-scale system interactions ESS3.B Natural hazards

Next Generation Science

Text features • Diagrams, table, newspaper article, maps, time line, sidebars, text boxes, captions, glossary

C3 Social Studies

Reading strategy • Interpreting graphic devices

Developed by Eleanor Curtain Publishing US Consultant: Tammy Jones Designed by Derek Schneider Printed and bound in China through Colorcraft Ltd, Hong Kong

Distributed in the USA by Okapi Educational Publishing Inc. Phone: 866-652-7436 Fax: 800-481-5499 Email: info@myokapi.com www.myokapi.com

Our Changing World

Homes and Shelters

Survival and Safety

Don’t Throw It Away! – Q (40)

Animal Shelters – Q (40)

Awesome Oceans – Q (40)

That’s a Good Idea! – Q (40)

Animal Architects – R (40)

Talented Animals – Q (40)

From Me to You – R (40)

Exploring Caves – R (40)

Wild, Wild Weather – Q (40)

Solving Problems: Dams, Bridges, and Canals – R (40)

Nature’s Rooming House – R (40)

Adventures in Wild Places – S (40)

It’s All About Energy – S (40)

Shells on their Backs – R (40)

How Animals Communicate – S (40)

Our Moving Earth – S (40)

Living With the Tides – S (40)

Our Bodies – S (40)

Helping Hands – Q (40)

Places We Call Home – Q (40)

Against the Odds – S (40)

Heroes R – (40)

What Makes a City? – R (40)

Your Rights – S (40)

www.worldwise-reading.com ISBN: 978-1-76067-798-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19 20 21 22 23 24

okapi educational publishing

* Levels indicated by letters are Okapi’s unique measurements, comparable to the Guided Reading levels of Fountas and Pinnell. Numerical levels in parentheses align with DRA.

WorldWise: Content-based learning | Grade 4 Curriculum-linked titles Next Generation Science

C3 Social Studies

Our

WorldWise

Moving Eart h

WorldWise

ÂŽ

Content-based Learning

okapi educational publishing

Written by Anna Porter

WorldWise

Content-based Learning