My World #4 by Rondeli Foundation

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istoria germaneli qveiTebi

meore msoflio omi „germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebis sisxliT SeduRabebuli megobroba iqneba xangrZlivi da mtkice“. ioseb stalinis saSobao milocva adolf hitlers, 1939 weli

„gTxovT miiRoT Cemi guliTadi molocva 60 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT. yovelives saukeTesos gisurvebT: Tqven, piradad – janmrTelobas, xolo megobruli sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs – bednier momavals“. adolf hitleri, stalinis dabadebis dRis milocva, 1939 weli

aleqsandre rondeli XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis meore naxevris sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba Rataki da damSeuli iyo, seriozuli samxedro mSenebloba da ekonomikis militarizacia daiwyo. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba ioseb stalinis meTaurobiT msoflioSi socializmis gavrcelebas gegmavda da evropa am komunisturi eqspansiis pirveli msxverpli unda gamxdariyo. sabWoTa kavSiris swrafi industrializacia, romelic stalinma 20-ian wlebSi wamoiwyo, upirveles yovlisa uZlieresi samxedro manqanis Seqmnas emsaxureboda. stalini didi omisTvis samzadiss adre Seudga. am momavali omis Sedegad bolSevikebi evropas unda dapatronebodnen da am miznis misaRwevad sabWoTa kavSiri erT Sroma-gasworebis banakad da samxedro produqciis saamqrod gadaaqcies. ukve 1935 wlisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris wiTeli armia udides, kbilebamde SeiaraRebul msoflio samxedro Zalad iqca. am dros evropis SuagulSi pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebuli germania 1933 wlidan nacional-socialisturi, faSisturi diqtaturis qveS eqceva da revanSizmis talRaze sakuTari samxedro Zlierebis aRdgenas iwyebs. faSisturi germaniis diqtatorma adolf hitlerma sakmaod swrafad SeZlo germaniis gaZliereba da ukve 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi germaniis teritoriisa da gavlenis sferos gafarToebas mihyo xeli. 1938 wels SemoierTa avstria da daanawevra Cexoslovakia.

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safrangeTi da didi britaneTi grZnobdnen faSisturi germaniis liderebi: germaniisagan wamosul safrTxes, magram hitlerhainrix himleri, adolf hitleri, is daSoSminebiT amaod cdilobdnen evropaSi mSmartin bormani vidobis SenarCunebas. hitleris germaniaSi metoqes xedavda sabWoTa diqtatori stalinic, magram imedovnebda, rom germania daetakeboda safrangeTs da did britaneTs, yvela es qveyana omisagan sisxliT daicleboda da misTvis evropaze gabatonebis xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmneboda. hitlerma icoda, rom saboloo jamSi mas mouwevda sabWoTa kavSirTan gamklaveba. swored sabWoTa kavSiris bunebrivi resursebi da teritoria izidavda hitlers, romelic aRmosavleTSi germaneli erisaTvis `saWiro sasicocxlo sivrces~ xedavda. 1939 wlisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom evropaSi seriozuli daZabuloba Seiqmna da mniSvnelovani Zvrebi unda momxdariyo. asec moxda. stalinma uaryo safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis SemoTavazeba, erTad damdgariyvnen germaniis winaaRmdeg. aqve unda iTqvas, rom xsenebuli SemoTavazeba ver aRmoCnda didad STambeWdavi da damajerebeli sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. 1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturma germaniam, romelic ideologiurad da geopolitikurad mosisxle mteri iyo sabWoTa kavSirisTvis, moulodnelad stalins mokavSireoba da Tavdausxmelobis paqtis xelmowera SesTavaza. germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri ioaxim fon ribentropi Camofrinda moskovSi da or dReSi xeli moaweres e. w. molotov-ribentrobis paqts. xelmomweri qveynebi pirobas debdnen, rom erTmaneTs xels ar axlebdnen, magram damatebiT, saidumlo protokolSi, romlis Sinaarsic mxolod orive qveynis umaRlesma pirebma icodnen da romelzec maTi xelmowerebi iyo, aRmosavleTi evropa `gaiyo~ or diqtaturas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; faSistursa da komunisturs Soris. nawili qveynebisa stalinma hitlers `dauTmo~, xolo zogierTi sakuTari interesebis sferod gamoacxada.

molotov-ribentropis paqtis xelmowera, moskovi, 1939, agvisto

istoria `Tqven mekiTxebiT, ra aris Cveni mizani? gipasuxebT erTi sityviT _ gamarjveba! radac ar unda dagvijdes, teroris miuxedavad, gamarjveba, raoden xangrZlivi da mZime gzac ar unda gaviaroT, radgan gamarjvebis gareSe ar arsebobs gadarCena~. uinston CerCili, britaneTis premierministri, 1940 `omi ruseTis winaaRmdeg ver iqneba rainduli _ es brZola aris ideologiuri da rasobrivi da amitom iqneba uprecedentod daundobeli da sastiki~. adolf hitleri,1941 `Cven saTanadod ver SevafaseT rusi giganti...~ franc halderi, general-polkovniki, germaniis generaluri Stabis ufrosi, 1941 wlis agvisto `istoria gvaswavlis, rom ar arsebobs uZleveli armiebi~.

swored molotov-ribentropis paqti iTvaliswinebda poloneTis, rogorc saxelmwifos, gaqrobas, ris Sesrulebasac hitleri paqtis xelmoweridan erT kviraSi (1939 wlis 1 seqtemberi) Seudga, xolo 17 seqtembers poloneTs aRmosavleTidan sabWoTa kavSirmac Seutia. moskovma Tavis agresias `dasavleT belorusiisa da dasavleT ukrainis miwebis SemoerTeba~ daarqva. seqtembris damlevs ukve aRar arsebobda poloneTis saxelmwifo. ori mtacebeli – hitleri da stalini – kmayofilebi iyvnen, magram orives gansxvavebuli Sorsmimavali gegmebi hqondaT. hitlerma poloneTis mospobiT da stalinTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtiT aRmosavleTidan gaimagra zurgi da axla poloneTis mxareze germaniis winaaRmdeg gamosul safrangeTsa da did britaneTs etaka. frangebsa da britanelebs poloneTTan urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba hqondaT, Tumca hitleri imedovnebda, rom isini ar iaqtiurebdnen da poloneTs ar gamoeqomagebodnen. moxda piriqiT da hitlers maT winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola. es xels aZlevda sabWoTa diqtator stalins, romelsac imedi, rom didi evropuli saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs Seejaxebodnen, saSualebas aZlevda omis Sedegad sisxliT daclil evropas dapatroneboda. hitleri faqtobrivad xafangSi aRmoCnda, Tumca garegnulad germania-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebi metad mWidro da megobruli iyo. ufro metic _ britanulma flotma faSisturi germania zRvidan blokadaSi moaqcia da germania misTvis saWiro strategiul nedleulsa da sursaTs amjerad daZmobilebuli sabWoTa kavSirisagan iRebda. ssrk germanias ara mxolod sakuTar nedleulsa da sursaTs aZlevda germaniisaTvis misaReb fasebad, aramed sakuTar teritoriaze atarebda sxva qveynebidan germaniisaTvis wamosul imports. stalini xels uwyobda hitlers safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg omSi.

ioseb stalini, 1941

`wiTel armiaSi ukandaxevas winsvlaze meti simamace sWirdeba~. ioseb stalini `Tqven unda momceT amis ufleba…~ iaponeli kapitani, mfrinavi iukio seki. mimarTa xelmZRvanelobas, roca gamocxadda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo monawileoba kamikaZeTa (TviTmkvlel mfrinavTa) pirvel SetevaSi.

varSava, poloneTi, ebraelebs erekebian sakoncentracio banakSi

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igrZno ra sakuTari strategiuli upira te soba, stalinma aqtiuri nabijebi gadadga. mas ar eyo naxevari poloneTi da axla, hitleris winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, fineTis damorCileba ganizraxa. samTviani sisxlismRvreli omis Semdeg 1940 wlis martSi stalinma fineTs teritoriis 10 procenti waarTva, magram wiTelma armiam, romelic patara, 4-milioniani fineTis armias daesxa Tavs, Zalian dabali brZolisunarianoba gamoavlina da mTeli msoflios winaSe Seircxvina Tavi. amas ramdenime mizezi hqonda, maT Soris isic, rom stalinma sakuTari armiis umaRlesi oficrebis 80 procenti 1936-1938 wlebSi daapatimra da daxvrita. wiTeli armia uiniciativo, usaxo masa aRmoCnda da mxolod didi adamianuri resursebisa da didi msxverplis wyalobiT moaxerxa mcirericxovani, magram medgari finelebis dajabna. fineTSi naWami sircxvilis miuxedavad, stalinma ganagrZo aqtiuri, agresiuli politika _ germaniasTan SeTanxmebiT SemoierTa baltiis sami saxelmwifo (litva, latvia da estoneTi) da rumineTs waarTva besarabia da bukovina, romelTa bazaze Seqmna moldaveTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi. stalinis am svlebis Sedegad wiTeli armia rumineTis navTobis sabadoebisagan (ploeSti) daaxloebiT 100 kilometrSi aRmoCnda. ploeSti ki faSisturi germaniisaTvis navTobis mTavari mimwodebeli iyo. amave dros germania samxedro mrewvelobisTvis aucilebel, maRalxarisxovan nikelis madans CrdiloeT fineTidan (petsamo), xolo Svedur rkinis madans fineTze tranzitiT iRebda. hitlerisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom stalini mas xafangSi aqcevda da 1940 wlis seqtemberSi hitleris brZanebiT daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirze Setevis gegmis (e.w. `barbarosas gegma~) SemuSaveba. hitlerma didi britaneTis dapyrobaze xeli aiRo, radgan mixvda, rom aRmosavleTidan mas bolSevikuri imperia Tavs daesxmeboda. amitom miiRo gadawyvetileba mokle, elvisebur omSi (germ. `blickrigi~) daemarcxebina sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic mas sakmarisad susti moeCvena da romlis samxedro-politikuri SesaZleblobebis obieqturad Sefaseba ver SeZlo. ra Tqma unda, saboloo jamSi ssrk da germania erTmaneTs daetakebodnen, magram stalinis qmedebebma 1939-1940 wlebSi daaCqara hitleris agresia sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg, radgan hitlerma moaxloebuli safrTxe igrZno da gadawyvita komunisturi gigantis gzidan CamoSoreba. germenuli plakati: `rogorc Cven vibrZviT, ise imuSave Sen gamarjvebisTvis~.

rusuli plakati: `win, dasavleTisaken!~

istoria

brZola sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT meore msoflio omis erT garemoebas, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, unikaluria omebis istoriaSi. meore msoflio omis dros Zalian bevri yofili sabWoTa moqalaqe da ssrk-is teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnebis emigraciaSi myofi piri ibrZoda sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg. maT xSirad `vlasovelebs~ uwodebdnen, rac mTlad marTebuli ar aris, radgan `rusuli gamaTavisuflebeli armiis~ garda, romelsac yofili sabWoTa general-leitenanti andrei vlasovi meTaurobda, nacisturi germaniis mxareze ibrZodnen aTasobiT ukraineli, volgispireTis xalxebis (TaTrebi, baSkirebi, yalmuxebi da sxva) warmomadgenlebi, latvielebi, litvelebi, estonelebi, belorusebi, yirimeli TaTrebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, moldavelebi da sxva. germaniis mxareze 1941-1945 wlebSi samxedro samsaxurSi iyo 1,24 milioni yofili sabWoTa moqalaqe. cnobili stalingradis brZolis (1942-1943) dros alyaSemortymul 300-aTasian samxedro dajgufebaSi, romelic germanuli, italiuri da ruminuli diviziebisgan Sedgeboda, germanelebTan da maT mokavSireebTan erTad sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg 50 aTasamde yofili sabWoTa moqalaqe ibrZoda. rogor da ratom moxda, rom amdenma adamianma iaraRi sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdeg aRmarTa? aseTi masobrivi saxelmwifo Ralati gamowveuli iyo ramdenime mizeziT: upirveles yovlisa _ bolSevikuri saxelmwifos totalitaruli xasiaTiT, romelmac fexqveS gaTela adamianuri faseulobebi, Rirseba da Tavisufleba, gaatara masobrivi represiebi da ZaldatanebiTi ekonomikuri da socialuri politika, qveyanaSi daamkvidra sayovelTao SiSi, siRatake, sicrue da TvalTmaqcoba, gaanadgura da daapatimra sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebuli da mSromeli nawili. ra Tqma unda, bevri yofili sabWoTa moqalaqisTvis germanul tyveobaSi yofna autaneli iyo. isini mtris mxareze gadasvliT cdilobdnen sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCenas, magram maTi tyveobis gausaZlisobac umTavresad sabWoTa kavSiris mier Jenevis konvenciis im nawilis araRiareba iyo, romelic sakuTar tyveebs Seexeboda. stalinma tyveebi moRalateebs gauTanabra da maT bedze pasuxismgebloba moixsna. aq isic unda davumatoT, rom omis pirvel TveebSi xSiri iyo wiTelarmielTa masobrivi danebeba da mtris mxareze gadasvla, rac aseve bolSevikuri reJimis simxeciT da araadamianobiT iyo didad ganpirobebuli.

qarTuli legionis jariskacebi germanul samxedro formaSi, poloneTi, sawvrTneli banaki

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sabWoTa tyveebi

saqarTvelo meore msoflio omSi saqarTvelos 700 aTasze metma moqalaqem Caicva samxedro forma. 300 aTasi kaci Sin ar dabrunebula, rac Zalian maRali maCvenebelia, radgan saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnoba omis win mxolod 3,5 mln. kaci iyo. gamarjvebis droSa raixstagze aRmarTes qarTvelma serJantma meliton qanTariam da rusma rigiTma ivane egorovma, risTvisac maT mieniWaT sabWoTa kavSiris gmiroba. omis dros saqarTvelo frontisTvis didZal iaraRsa da samxedro saWurvels amzadebda. aTasobiT qarTveli ibrZoda germaniis mxareze sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. zogierTma es gaakeTa, rom Tavidan aecilebina tyveobaSi daRupva, bevri ki am gziT apirebda saqarTvelos komunisturi uRlisagan daxsnas.

saomari moqmedebebi 1941 wels germanelTa Tavbrudamxvevi SetevebiTa da wlis dasasruls maTi pirveli didi marcxiT (moskovisTvis brZola) aRiniSna. omi 22 ivniss daiwyo da oqtombrisTvis germaniis jarebi ukve moskovTan axlo iyvnen. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom wiTel armias bevrad meti iaraRi, tanki, TviTmfrinavi da qvemexi hqonda, magram germanuli jari masze bevrad ukeTesad ibrZoda. gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo oqtombrisaTvis moskovis aReba da amiT faqtobrivad omis mogeba. ramdenime didi operaciis Sedegad minskTan, smolenskTan, rJevTan, kievTan germanelebma gaanadgures wiTeli armiis aTobiT divizia da korpusi. zemoCamoTvlili yoveli operaciis Sedegad germanelebi 600 aTasze met tyves igdebdnen xelT. mTlianad okupirebuli iyo belorusia, ukraina da evropuli ruseTis bevri mxare. 1941 wlis dekemberisTvis mokluli iyo ssrk-is 2,7 milioni samxedro da 3,3 milioni _ tyved Cavardnili. yovel daRupul germanel jariskacze 20 wiTelarmieli modioda. 1941 wlis noember-dekemberSi araqaTgamoclili da gayinuli germaniis jari moskovTan medgar winaaRmdegobas waawyda da mZime brZolebis Sedegad ukanac ki daixia. moskovTan brZola masSi monawile jarebis ricxovnobiT udidesi brZola iyo mTeli omis masStabiT. gadamwyveti roli Seasrula im 400 aTasamde jariskacma (40 divizia), romlebic stalinma cimbiridan da Soreuli aRmosavleTidan moskovisaken gadmoisrola (roca darwmunda, rom iaponia mas Tavs ar daesxmeboda). germanelebis blickrigis gegma CaiSala da naTeli gaxda, rom omma xangrZlivi da metad sisxlismRvreli xasiaTi miiRo. hitlerma ver ganWvrita, rom uzarmazari ssrk-is winaaRmdeg blickrigi ver gamoadgeboda.

stalingradis brZola

istoria

vin iyo saukeTeso haerSi? maiori erix hartmani – faSisturi germaniis yvelaze cnobili mfrinavi 352 – Camogdebuli mowinaaRmdege, upiratesad – aRmosavleT frontze. 20 wlis hartmanma aRmosavleTis frontze frena 1942 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo. erTxel sabWoTa jars tyved Cauvarda, magram gadayvanisas Tavs daesxa badrags da gaqceva moaxerxa. ukanaskneli TviTmfrinavi omis bolo dRes Camoagdo. tyved Cabarda amerikelebs, romlebmac igi sabWoTa kavSirs gadasces. hartmanma 10 weli gaatara sabWoTa satusaRoSi. Semdeg dabrunda germaniaSi da kvlav ganagrZo pilotis kariera. gardaicvala 1993 wels 71 wlis asakSi. 1997 wels ruseTis federaciam aRiara, rom misi gasamarTleba ukanono iyo. miRebuli aqvs germaniis umaRlesi jildoebi, `raindis jvari~ ki mas piradad gadasca adolf hitlerma. aRsaniSnavia, rom hartmani yvela drois yvelaze Sedegiani samxedro mfrinavia. sabWoTa mfrinavebidan yvelaze Sedegianebi iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris samgzis gmirebi – aleqsandre pokriSkini (59 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinavi) da ivane koJedubi (64 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinavi). aRsaniSnavia, rom hartmanis Semdeg meore adgilze, 301 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinaviT, germ aneli gerhard barkhornia. amerikelTagan 40 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinaviT saukeTesoa riCard bongi, xolo britanelTagan – jeims jonsoni 38 gamarjvebiT. iaponelebidan saukeTeso iyo hiroiuSi niSiZava, 87 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinaviT, xolo fineli ilmari iutilai neni 94 Camogdebuli TviTmfrinaviT aragermanelebidan yvelaze Sedegiani iyo.

1942 wlis gazafxulidan germanelebma kvlav wamoiwyes Seteva. amjerad maTi samizne kavkasia (misi navTobis sabadoebis gamo) da mdinare volgaze gasvla da gamagreba iyo. hitlerma aqac strategiuli Secdoma dauSva da Seteva erTi mimarTulebiT ki ar warmarTa, aramed ramdenime kurdRlis erTdroulad daWera moindoma, sakuTari jarebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT gafanta da miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlavac Savi dRe daayena wiTel armias da Zalian win waiwia, dasaxuli miznebis miRweva mainc ver SeZlo: amierkavkasiaSi ver SeiWra, xolo stalingradSi misi 300-aTasiani samxedro dajgufeba alyaSi moeqca. hitleris jiutobis gamo es dajgufeba alyaSi CarCa da 1942 wlis miwurulsa da 1943 wlis ianvarSi wiTelma armiam tyvia-wamlis gareSe darCenili, damSeuli da gayinuli mteri gaanadgura, xolo 90 aTasi kaci tyved aiyvana. amasobaSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi britanulma jarebma el-alameinTan daamarcxes germania-italiis jarebi. stalingradi da el-alameini meore msoflio omSi Semobrunebis wertilebad arian aRiarebuli. germania da italia amis Semdeg win veRar midian. 1943 wlis ivlisSi kurskTan germanelebi kidev erTxel ecadnen wiTeli armiis damarcxebas. gaimarTa udidesi satanko brZola, germanelebma mTeli TavianTi unari Cades am SetevaSi, magram wiTeli armia maT cocxali ZaliTa da SeiaraRebiT ramdenjerme aRemateboda da germanelebma ver SeZles wiTeli armiis ukugdeba. kurskis brZolis Semdeg germanelebi mxolod ukan ixeven. sabWoTa frontze germaniis bedi gadawyvetilia.

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germanelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, 1942

1944 wels wiTeli armia germanelebisagan aTavisuflebs sabWoTa kavSiris teritorias da Sedis poloneTSi. 1944 wlis 6 ivniss aSS-didi britaneTisa da kanadis jari gadmosxda safrangeTis sanapiroze _ normandiaSi da dasavleT evropaSi meore fronti gaixsna. ufro adre, 1943 wels, mokavSireTa jarebi gadasxdnen kunZul siciliaze da samxreTidan Seuties faSistur italias, romelic 1943 wlis seqtemberSi samxedro moqmedebebs gamoeTiSa, radgan italiis diqtatori musolini Camoagdes. germaniis jarebi cdilobdnen italiaze kontrolis SenarCunebas, magram mokavSireTa didi upiratesobis gamo TandaTan ukan ixevdnen. 1945 wlidan omi ukve sakuTriv germaniis teritoriaze grZeldeba. amerikulbritanulma aviaciam ganuwyveteli dabombvebiT germaniis samxedro mrewveloba da qalaqebi miwasTan gaaswora. germanul jars aRar aqvs sawvavi da samxedro saWurveli, magram ganagrZobs medgar winaaRmdegobas, gansakuTrebiT _ sabWoTa jarebis winaaRmdeg. sabolood sabWoTa jarebi aprilSi berlinSi Sedian da 1 maisisTvis germaniis dedaqalaqi wiTeli armiis xelTaa. 1945 wlis 8 maiss germania xels awers kapitulacias, xolo ramdenime dRiT adre, 30 aprils, adolf hitlerma miwisqveSa bunkerSi, romelic berlinis centrSi, saxelmwifo kancelariasTan mdebareobda, Tavi moikla.

1943 wels germanelebma katinis tyeSi, smolenskTan, aRmoaCines sabWoTa uSiSroebis organoebis mier daxvretili poloneli oficrebis masobrivi saflavebi. es faqti maT gaaxmaures, sabWoTa mTavrobam ki es sazareli mkvleloba germanelebs gadaabrala. mxolod ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg sabolood gamoaSkaravda, rom damnaSave ssrk iyo. katinis tyeSi da kidev or sxva adgilas sul daxoces 22 aTasze meti poloneli oficeri, romlebic tyved Cabardnen sabWoTa kavSirs. maT Soris ramdenime qarTvelic iyo.

istoria

frangi moqalaqeebi egebebian britanel jariskacebs, 1944 weli

wynari okeanis frontze aSS-is jarebi iaponiis mier dapyrobil qveynebsa da calkeul kunZulebs aTavisufleben iaponelebisagan da ganuwyvetliv bombaven sakuTriv iaponias. marTalia, 1941 wlis 6 dekembers iaponiam sahaero dartyma ganaxorciela havais kunZulebze mdebare aSS-is samxedro bazaze perl-harborSi da faqtobrivad gaanadgura amerikelTa samxedro floti, magram ukve 1942 wels kunZul midueisTan brZolaSi amerikelebma ajobes iaponur flots da amis Semdeg amerikelebma, romlebmac uzarmazari samxedro manqana daupirispires iaponias, daiwyes iaponelTa Seviwroeba. 1945 wlis agvistosaTvis iaponia umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, miT umetes, rom CineTis teritoriaze myofi iaponuri armia sabWoTa jarebma daamarcxes da ganaiaraRes. 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos aSS-m iaponiis qalaqebze, hirosimasa da nagasakize, TiTo atomuri bombi Camoagdo, ris Sedegadac iaponiam kapitulacia gamoacxada. am uaxlesi, saSineli iaraRis gamoyenebam axali ganzomileba SesZina ara mxolod oms, aramed mTel saerTaSoriso politikas. dadga axali, atomuri era. ase dasrulda meore msoflio omi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; yvelaze didi da sisxlismRvreli omi istoriaSi.

amerikeli jariskacebi sadesanto gemze, xmeleTze gadmosxmis win

aSS-is gemi arizona (BB-39) iwvis iaponelebis Setevis Sedegad, perl-harbori, 1941 wlis 7 dekemberi

amerikuli bombadmSni B-17 germaniis caSi

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lend-lizi lend-lizi (asesxe - aTxove) _ 1941 wlis martSi aSS-Si miiRes kanoni lend- lizis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, aSS -is prezidents eZleoda ufleba, gaeCuqebina, gaesesxebina an ijariT gaeca samxedro masalebi, SeiaraReba, sursaTi im qveynebisTvis, romelTa Tavdacvisunarianobas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda aSS-isTvis. germanelTa Tavdasxmis Semdeg 1941 wlis ivnisSi sabWoTa kavSiris diqtatorma stalinma daxmareba sTxova aSS-s da did britaneTs. 1941 wlis noembridan lendlizi gavrcelda sabWoTa kavSirzec. am programiT aSS-m sabWoTa kavSirs gadasca 429 aTasi avtomobili, 12 aTasi TviTmfrinavi, tankebi, orTqmavlebi, radarebi, asafeTqebeli masalebi, foladi, aluminiumi, benzini, sursaTi, 18 mln. wyvili fexsacmeli da bevri sxva ram. yvelaferma aman Zalian gauadvila sabWoTa kavSirs omis warmarTva. wiTeli armiis 100 avtomobilidan 70 amerikuli iyo, yoveli meaTe tanki, yoveli meoTxe aviagamanadgurebeli, aTidan cxra orTqlmavali aseve amerikuli lendliziT iqna miRebuli. ssrk-m didi britaneTidanac didi daxmareba miiRo. lendlizi faqtobrivad grZelvadiani krediti iyo, daaxloebiT 16 mlrd. dolaris odenobis (im droisaTvis kolosaluri Tanxa!). omis Semdeg sabWoTa mTavrobam uari Tqva lend-lizis valis dafarvaze. aSS-m am valis didi nawili Camowera. saboloo jamSi, 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli jer sabWoTa kavSirma, xolo Semdeg ruseTma gadaixada lend-lizis valis nawili. amJamad gadasaxdeli darCa kidev 100 mln. dolari, ris gadaxdasac ruseTi 2030 wlamde apirebs.

meore msoflio omis Sedegebi omi daiwyo 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers da dasrulda 1945 wlis 3 seqtembers (iaponiis mier kapitulaciis xelmoweriT). sabWoTa kavSirisa da dRevandeli ruseTis istoriografia umeteswilad gviambobs didi samamulo omis Sesaxeb, romelic TiTqos 1941 wlis 22 ivniss daiwyo da 1945 wlis 8 maiss dasrulda. am xerxiT xdeba sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc meore msoflio omis erT-erTi mTavari gamCaReblis rolis miCqmalva da misi mTavar msxverplad warmoCena, rac istoriul sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. meore msoflio omi 1939 wlis 23 agvistos, e. w. molotov-ribentropis paqtis xelmoweridan erT kviraSi germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris (odnav mogvianebiT) poloneTze TavdasxmiT daiwyo da ara 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, rodesac hitleri Tavs daesxa yofil mokavSires _ sabWoTa kavSirs.

sabWoTa jariskacebi 45-mm-iani tanksawinaaRmdego qvemexiT igerieben Setevas, yvelaze meti danakargi swored tanksawinaRmdego artilerias hqonda.

istoria am omis sazareli Sedegebia: 50 milioni _ mokluli (aqedan _ 28 milionze meti sabWoTa moqalaqe), ufro meti _ daWrili da dasaxiCrebuli, aTasobiT qalaqi da sofeli _ dangreuli da ganadgurebuli. faSistebma sikvdilis banakebSi da specialuri operaciebis dros 6 milionamde ebraeli samoqalaqo piri gamoasalmes sicocxles. am movlenas holokosti daerqva. garda amisa, sicocxle mouspes milionobiT sabWoTa, germanel, italiel, iaponel da sxva armiaTa tyveebs, rac akrZalulia saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT. ganadgurda faSisturi reJimi germaniaSi, italiaSi, rumineTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi. samagierod, komunisturi diqtatura sabWoTa kavSirma gaavrcela poloneTze, Cexoslovakiaze, ungreTze, rumineTze, albaneTze, iugoslaviaze, bulgareTze, CrdiloeT koreasa da germaniis aRmosavleT nawilze (germaniis demokratiuli respublika). am omis miwuruls pirvelad gamoiyenes axali saSineli iaraRi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; atomuri bombi, romlis arsebobam, bevris azriT, dRemde gadagvarCina mesame msoflio oms. meore msoflio omidan ori qveyana gamovida rogorc uZlieresi saxelmwifo: demokratiuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da komunisturi diqtatura _ sabWoTa kavSiri. aSS-is samxedro da ekonomikurma Zlierebam SeaCera komunisturi diqtaturis Semdgomi gavrceleba da xeli Seuwyo komunisturi reJimisa da misi burjis _ sabWoTa kavSiris daqveiTebasa da daSlas, meore msoflio omis dros, marTalia, yvelaze meti ziani da msxverpli sabWoTa kavSirs miadga, magram hitleris damarcxebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana aSS-m, romelmac ar mxolod Tavad ibrZola, aramed udidesi daxmareba gauwia yvela mokavSires, maT Soris _ sabWoTa kavSirs. amerikuli iaraRis, sabrZolo masalebisa da sursaTis gareSe Zalze gaZneldeboda faSisturi germaniis damarcxeba.

ioseb stalini, franklin ruzvelti, uinston CerCili, ialtis konferenciaze, 1945 wlis Tebervali

meore msoflio omi

didi qarTvelebi

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika maia sigua

mecxramete saukuneSi evropis mraval qveyanaSi da gansakuTrebiT iseTebSi, romlebic, saqarTvelos msgavsad, ama Tu im imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, erTbaSad imZlavra erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam. am moZraobebis sulisCamdgmelebi da liderebi, brZolis velze samSoblos dacvis garda, aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen mSobliuri enisa da am enaze Seqmnili xelovnebis uZvelesi, xalxuri nimuSebis dacvasac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erovnul saganZurze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; xalxSi gabneul legendebze, zRaprebsa da leqsebze, dasakrav hangebsa Tu simRerebze zrunva arasodes yofila ise farTomasStabiani, rogorc maSin. garda imisa, rom am periodSi xelovnebaSi gabatonebuli romantizmis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli Tviseba swored warsulis Tayvaniscema iyo, erovnuli moZraobis liderebma folkloruli nimuSebis gadarCena da Semonaxva miiCnies yvelaze efeqtur gzad, rom adamianebisTvis samSoblos siyvaruli, misiT siamaye SeexsenebinaT; erovnuli identoba, anu ama Tu im erisadmi kuTvnilebis, misi srulfasovani, RirsebiT savse wevrobis SegrZneba gaeRvivebinaT. ase warimarTa erovnuli moZraobis pirveli etapi poloneTSi, ungreTSi, CexeTSi, fineTSi, norvegiasa da sxva mraval qveyanaSi, xolo meore etapze, xalxuri Semoqmedebisa

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

da evropul kulturaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili gamocdilebis Serwymis safuZvelze, am qveynebis erovnulma profesiulma xelovnebam daiwyo Camoyalibeba. raki Cveni werili musikas exeba, magaliTad swored musikosebs davasaxeleb. frederik Sopeni, ferenc listi, antonin dvorJaki, ian sibeliusi, edvard grigi – Tqven, SesaZloa, gagigoniaT es saxelebi, xSirad maTi musikac mogismeniaT da mogwonebiaT ise, rom arc ki iciT, romeli qveynis Svilebi arian es kompozitorebi. magram saWiroa vicodeT, rom maTi Sedevrebis ukan ramdenime Taobis dauRalavi moRvaweobaa, xolo am cnobilma an ucnobma patriotebma ki ara mxolod gadaarCines TavianTi kulturis musikaluri ganStoeba, aramed sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli intonaciisa (rac mxolod ama Tu im erisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli) da evropuli tradiciis (rac gasagebia yvelasaTvis, miuxedavad erovnebisa) SerwymiT TavianTi qveynebis samusiko xelovneba mTel msoflios gaacnes da Seayvares. am werilSi Tqven waikiTxavT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda aseTive procesebi saqarTveloSi da ra gza gaiara zaqaria faliaSvilma, romelmac erovnuli da evropuli musikis tradiciebis SerwymiT Seqmna saukeTeso qarTuli opera da masTan erTad axal qarTul profesiul musikas myari safuZveli Cauyara.

winaistoria rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi moRvaweebs, romlebic erovnul moZraobas Caudgnen saTaveSi, „Tergdaleulebs“ eZaxdnen. es iyo im droisaTvis yvelaze ganaTlebuli axalgazrdoba, romlebmac gadawyvites, TavianTi gonebrivi da sulieri SesaZleblobebi da aseve „Tergs gaRma“, peterburgSi miRebuli TavianTi ganaTleba samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT. „Tergdaleulebis“ yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli da lideri iyo ilia WavWavaZe. maSin saqarTvelo rusifikaciis didi safrTxis winaSe idga. ikrZaleboda qarTul enaze ganaTlebis miReba (gaixseneT akaki wereTlis „Cemi Tavgadasavlidan“ gimnaziaSi gamefebuli wesebi), laparaki da simRera-galobac ki. am situaciaSi Tergdaleulebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen folkloris Segrovebisa da Seswavlis saqmes. amiT xSirad iyvnen dakavebuli ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa fSavela, iakob gogebaSvili, aleqsandre yazbegi, rafiel erisTavi da sxvani. eklesiebSi qarTulad RvTismsaxureba Tavdapirvelad daSvebuli iyo, magram aikrZala qarTuli sagaloblis hangi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom

didi qarTvelebi

zaqaria da vano faliaSvilebi

locvis qarTuli teqstebi rusuli sagaloblis musikas unda morgeboda. am, erTi SexedviT gaugebari, qmedebis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobda, rom locvis sityvebi, romlebic yvela erovnebis qristianisTvis saerToa, rusifikatoruli politikisaTvis pirvel etapze safrTxes ar warmoadgenda. samagierod, „saSiSi“ iyo originaluri, mravalxmiani qarTuli musikaluri hangi, romelic swored erovnuli identobis Zlier muxts Seicavda da yovelTvis SeeZlo Seexsenebina taZarSi salocavad mosuli qarTvelisaTvis, Tu „visi gorisa“ iyo. akrZalulma saeklesio hangma da xalxurma simRerebma momReral ojaxebSi ipoves TavSesafari da im mZime xanebSi swored maTi wyalobiT gadarCnen. magram vin icis, rodemde gagrZeldeboda ase, rom ar gamoCeniliyvnen Tavdadebuli partriotebi, romelTac notebze gadaitanes

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

da ase gadaarCines qarTuli sagaloblebi da xalxuri simRerebi. filimon qoriZe, Zmebi karbelaSvilebi, eqvTime kereseliZe, raJden xundaZe, mixeil maWavariani, andria benaSvili, zaqaria CxikvaZe, ia kargareTeli, dimitri arayiSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili da sxvani. magram imisaTvis, rom musikalurma nawarmoebma icocxlos, misi Sesrulebaa aucilebeli. amitomac iyo ase mniSvnelovani 1885 wels lado aRniaSvilis mier sakmaod mozrdili gundis „qarTuli xoros“ Camoyalibeba, romlis mizanic iyo qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis Seswavla da farTo msmenelis winaSe maTi aJRereba. 1886 wels am gundma Tavisi pirveli koncerti gamarTa „qarTul TeatrSi“. saRamos sxvebTan erTad ilia WavWavaZec eswreboda. mogvianebiT, Tavis publicistur werilSi „qarTuli xalxuri musika“ igi dawers: „qarTulma xorom, Tu ar vcdebiT, 20-30 kaci iqneboda, b-n ratilis lotbarobiT igaloba TeatrSi TerTmetamde sxvaTa Soris qarTuli saero simRerebi, notebzed gadaRebuli… nuTu kargi ar iqneboda, rom Cvenma dramatiulma dasma es axali saqme, xoroTi galoba qarTulis xmebisa, zed gadaabas warmodgenebsa! es azri da survili bevrma gamosTqva TviT TeatrSive da Cvenc sxvasTan erTad gvgonia, rom es ori saqme erTmaneTs Seavsebs da erTmaneTs uSvelis, amravalferos siamovneba da, maSasadame, TeatrSi mosiarule sazogadoebac amravlos da blomad moiwvios. es gaerTeba oris erTgvarad sasurvel da sanatrel siamovnebisa erTsac axeirebs da meoresac“. dRes miiCneva, rom iliam amgvarad isurva Tu „iwinaswarmetyvela“ qarTuli operis dabadeba. kidev erTi amgvari survili da „winaswarmetyveleba“ „iveriaSi“ 1890 welsac gamoCnda: „me im koncertzed qarTuli operis

lado aRniaSvilis `qarTuli xoro~, foto ioseb imedaSvilis arqividan

didi qarTvelebi

suni momedina... ra iqneba dadges is dro, rom qarTul enazedac daiweros operis msgavsi ram Cvenis ZvelmatianeTagan da ratilis STamomavlebma momRerlebma CagviRiRinon ram Tamar mefis cxovrebidan, giorgi saakaZis mier moqmedebidan,“ – werda mixeil yifiani, spiridon CitoreliZis fsevdonimiT. ar vici, xvdeboda Tu ara igi, rom swored am gundis momReralTagan erT-erTi gaxdeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura maT Soris, vinc momdevno wlebSi mis survils sinamdviled aqcevda. swored am wlebSi aRniaSvilis gundSi qarTul xalxur simReras swavlobda pirveli qarTuli klasikuri operis, „abesalom da eTeris“, avtori – zaqaria faliaSvili.

dasawyisi ioseb ratili, Cexi lotbari, xelmZRvanelobda „qarTul xoros“.

intonacia – sityvis marcvlis msgavsi musikaluri erTeuli; metyvelebis, musikaluri frazebis ritmul-melodiuri wyoba.

1871 wels quTaisSi kaTolike mnaTe petre faliaSvilis mravalSvilian ojaxSi momavali kompozitori daibada. miuxedavad imisa, rom faliaSvilebs Sin aranairi musikaluri sakravi ar hqoniaT, mravalricxovan da-ZmaTagan ramdenimes musikis niWi aRmoaCnda da maT swored es sfero airCies momaval profesiad. bavSvobaSi zaqaria xSirad eswreboda quTaisis kaTolikuri taZris liturgiebs da Tavadac galobda. cnobilia, rom kaTolikur RvTismsaxurebaSi daSvebulia sagaloblebis instrumentuli TanxlebiT Sesruleba da, rogorc Cans, pirveli musikaluri STabeWdilebebi, romlebmac mogvianebiT udidesi roli Seasrules, zaqaria faliaSvilis dasavleTevropuli sagundo da instrumentuli polifoniuri (mravalxmiani) nawarmoebebis SesrulebaSi monawileobasac ukavSirdeba. amgvarad, momavali moRvaweobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan komponents – evropuli tradiciebis codnas – safuZveli quTaisSi, eklesiis gundSi galobisas da organze, fisharmoniaze da fortepianoze mecadineobisas Caeyara da Semdeg TbilisSi gagrZelda, roca mas ukve SesaZlebloba mieca, udidesi klasikosebis – baxis, hendelis, mocartis nawarmoebebs gascnoboda da Seeswavla. TbilisSi zaqaria da misi Zma lado aRniaSvilis gundis koncertzec moxvdnen da male misi wevrebic gaxdnen. swored aq, am eTnografiul gundSi qarTuli folkloruli simRerebis Sesrulebisas zaqarias smena eCveoda da iTvisebda erovnul harmonias da intonacias. mogvianebiT qarTul xalxur simReras da saeklesio sagalobels zaqaria faliaSvili ara mxolod sakuTar nawarmoebebSi gadaamuSavebs da gamoiyenebs, aramed udides Sromas gaswevs maT Casawerad da gadasarCenad.

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

ivane da zaqaria faliaSvilebs fortepianoze dakvras gasamrjelos gareSe aswavlida feliqs mizandari – pirveli qarTveli profesionali kompozitoris, virtuozi pianistis, qarTuli safortepiano skolis fuZemdeblis, pirveli samusiko skolisa da saswavleblis erT-erTi damaarseblis (romlis bazazedac aRmocenda Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria) aloiz mizandaris Zma. roiali, romelzedac feliqs mizandari zaqaria da ivane faliaSvilebs dakvras aswavlida, misma STamomavlebma konservatoriis muzeums gadasces.

amgvarad, jer kidev ymawvilobisas, logikurad Tu bednieri damTxvevis wyalobiT, momavali kompozitoris smenam da gonebam SeiTvisa xalxuri intonaciac da evropuli tradiciac – is ori umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli, razec unda dafuZnebuliyo erovnuli musikaluri ena. magram smeniTi STabeWdilebebis gasamyareblad da praqtikaSi maT gamosayeneblad profesiuli musikaluri ganaTlebis miReba iyo saWiro. amitom 1891 wels zaqaria faliaSvili Tbilisis samusiko saswavlebelSi valtornis klasSi Sevida, magram oTxi wlis mere gadawyvita mTeli Tavisi yuradReba Teoriuli sagnebis da kompoziciis Seswavlaze gadaetana. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki polifonias aqcevda, radgan es disciplina ara mxolod evropuli musikis umniSvnelovanes nawils, aramed qarTuli xalxuri simReris umTavres Tvisebasac exmaureboda. musikaTmcodne pavle xuWua Tavis wignSi „zaqaria faliaSvili“ ase xsnis am garemoebas: „zaqarias kargad esmoda, rom imdroindel saqarTvelos, upirveles yovlisa, sWirdeboda ara musikos-Semsrulebelni, aramed kompozitorebi da musikis Teoretikosebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen qarTuli simReris Sekrebas, damuSavebas da popularizacias. am mdidari masalis safuZvelze momavalSi albaT sxvadasxva formis da Janris erovnul-musikalur nawarmoebsac Seqmnidnen“.

zaqaria faliaSvili, mxatvari uCa jafariZe

zaqaria faliaSvilis roiali

didi qarTvelebi

mxolod Tbilisis saswavleblis ganaTleba ar iyo sakmarisi im Sedegis misaRebad, romlis miRwevasac ase eswrafoda imdroindeli qarTuli inteligencia. swored maTi mxardaWeriT gamxnevebuli axalgazrda musikosi moskovis konservatoriaSi gaemgzavra, raTa kompozicia sergei taneevTan, kompozitorTan da polifoniis erT-erT saukeTeso mcodnesTan, Seeswavla. Tavdauzogav mecadineobasTan erTad igi xelmZRvanelobda qarTveli studentebisgan Semdgar gunds da moskovSi qarTuli xelovnebis popularizaciisTvis koncertebsac marTavda. jer kidev studentobisas dawyebuli folkloristuli saqmianoba dabrunebisTanave ganagrZo.

dabruneba

fonografi (phono – xma da berZn. grapho — vwer) – xmis Camweri xelsawyo. gamoigona t. edisonma 1877 wels. bgera iwereboda lilvakze Semoxveul, cviliT dafaruli qaRaldis lentze membraniT dakavSirebuli nemsis (saWrisis) nakawrebiT. bgeraTa warmoebis dros ki RarSi moZravi nemsi irxeoda da masTan dakavSirebuli membrana bgeras gamoscemda.

zaqariam ara mxolod 300-mde simRera Caiwera fonografze, aramed dawvrilebiT aRwerda Tavis mogzaurobas qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da aRfrTovanebasTan erTad gulistkivilsac gamoTqvamda, rom namdvili qarTuli simRera ase Seuviwrovebia da daujabnia „axalmodis gitarul pesnebs“, „raRac ciganski romansebs“, „garmoSkasa“ da arRans. amitom kompozitori Caweril xalxur simRerebs krebulebadac gamoscemda da amuSavebda kidec. magaliTad, erT-erT aseT krebuls ewodeboda „8 qarTuli saxalxo simRera, damuSavebuli zaqaria faliaSvilis mier qalTa da vaJTa gundisaTvis fortepianos akompanementiT“. es ki niSnavs, rom Tavisi bunebiT samxmiani qarTuli xalxuri simRera kompozitorma akademiuri gundisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalxmianobis saxiT warmoadgina: ase isini ufro misawvdomi gaxada evropul musikaze aRzrdili msmenelisaTvis, romelsac tradiciuli musikaluri folkloris numuSebi SesaZloa eucxoveboda kidec. meore mxriv, erovnuli da evropuli tradiciebis SerwymiT Sesrulebuli aseTi damuSavebebi erTgvari „Zalis mosinjvac“ ki iyo kompoziciaSi. magaliTad, am krebulSi Sesuli ori simRera zaqariam mogvianebiT Tavis operebSi „abesalom da eTeri“ da „daisi“ gamoiyena. calke unda vTqvaT saeklesio sagaloblis Sesaxebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompozitori sicocxlis bolomde kaToliked darCa, misi amagi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri sagaloblebis Caweris saqmeSi udidesia. igi ara mxolod agrovebda da gamoscemda maT, aramed scenaze

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

asrulebda kidec, riTac cdilobda rac SeiZleba farTo sazogadoebisTvis gaecno es erovnuli saganZuri. 1910 wels, TbilisSi, qaSveTis wminda giorgis taZris sazeimo kurTxevis ceremonialze, mgalobelTa gunds swored zaqaria faliaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. mas mere es gundi qaSveTSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi galobda. es ar iyo zaqaria faliaSvilis erTaderTi saqmianoba. moskovidan dabrunebisTanave axalgazrda musikosi pedagogadac muSaobda: Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi simReras, saeklesio galobas, musikis Teorias aswavlida da moswavleTa gundsa da orkestrsac didi warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda. 1917 wels saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi pirveli umaRlesi saswavlebeli – Tbilisis konservatoria gaixsna da male direqtoris movaleobis Sesruleba zaqaria faliaSvils daekisra. man maSinve daiwyo zrunva, rom konservatoria, misi winamorbedi samusiko saswavleblis msgavsad, ar daqvemdebareboda „rusul musikalur sazogadoebas“ da damoukidebeli, qarTuli saswavlo dawesebuleba yofiliyo, romelSic qarTul enaze swavlis SesaZlebloba yvela qarTvel msurvels eqneboda (wina wlebSi saswavlebelSi rusulad aswavlidnen da qarTvelebi moswavleTa Soris umciresobas warmoadgendnen); gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki erovnuli musikis Seswavlis saqmes unda miqceoda. am winadadebebiT kompozitorma maSindel mTavrobas vrceli weriliT mimarTa, magram mas didi enTuziazmiT ar gamoxmaurebian. sxvadasxva saqmianobis paralelurad zaqaria faliaSvili muSaobda erT did nawarmoebze, romelsac axal qarTul profesiul musikalur kulturaSi fuZemdebluri roli unda Seesrulebina. es pirveli qarTuli klasikuri opera iyo.

didi qarTvelebi

opera saqarTveloSi 1851 wlidan, anu mas mere, rac Tbiliselma mayurebelma pirvelad naxa da moismina opera – gaetano donicetis „luCia de lamermuri“, am Janrs uamravi moyvaruli da damfasebeli gauCnda. momdevno wlebSi erTmaneTs mohyva italiuri da rusuli saopero dasebi da maTi warmodgenebi. XIX saukunis bolos, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe werda, italiuri operebidan nawyvetebs ara mxolod aristokratul salonebSi moismendiT, aramed bazrebSic ki RiRinebdnen meTuluxCe biWebi da kaxeli meduqneebic. aseTi qalaqi marTlac iyo, roca Tbiliss tfilisi erqva da gamTeniisas, roca meezoveebi quCebs hgvidnen, swored im ariebs RiRinebdnen, wina saRamos tfilisis saopero Teatris scenidan rom ismoda...

partitura mravalxmiani musikaluri nawarmoebis yvela partiis erToblioba; notebis wigni, romelic Seicavs aseTi nawarmoebis yvela partiis Canawers.

operisa da klasikuri musikis moTxovnileba marTlac uzarmazari iyo tfilisSi, qalaqSi, romlis `meidanzec ki mRerodnen `kasta divas~ da yovels fexis nabijze gaigonebdiT gamebsa da triolebs, fioriturebsa da bemolebsa~... daTo turaSvili, „iyo aseTi qalaqi“ mogvianebiT, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, teqstebi qarTuladac ki iTargmneboda „qarTul enaze operebis gammarTveli sazogadoebis mier“. zaqaria faliaSvili am sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevric iyo. konservatoriis biblioTekaSi dResac waawydebiT saopero partiturebs, zed fanqriT miwerili qarTuli teqstebiT. Tuki ucxouri opera ase Seiyvares saqarTveloSi aristokratebmac, inteligenciamac, meezoveebmac da meduqneebmac ki, ioli warmosadgenia, ra mouTmenlad daelodeboda sazogadoeba qarTul hangebze gawyobili qarTuli operis gamoCenas. ratom iyo es ase mniSvnelovani? Teatri uZvelesi droidan miiCneoda xelovnebis dargebs Soris yvelaze demokratiulad. asevea misi musikaluri ganStoeba – operac. masSi erTmaneTs erwymis musikaluri, poeturi da dramatuli xelovneba, qoreografia, mxatvroba (scenografia). yvelaferi es mayureblisTvis iolad gasagebs da misawvdoms xdis scenaze gaTamaSebul movlenebs. operaSi musika umniSvnelovanesi elementia da igi pirdapir moqmedebs mayureblis grZnobebze, gansakuTrebulad Zlierad ganacdevinebs sixarulsac da mwuxarebasac da sabolood udides siamovnebas aniWebs. opera scenaze musikalurad gadatanili cxovrebis patara monakveTebia. amitomac, mas yvelaze meti Tayvanismcemeli hyavs melomanebs Soris.

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

xandaxan kompozitorebi operis saSualebiT igavurad ambobdnen imas, risi realur cxovrebaSi Tqma an ganxorcieleba im momentSi SeuZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, cnobilia, roca italiaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da maTdami TanagrZnoba xelisuflebis mier sastikad idevneboda, ebraelTa gundi verdis operidan „nabuqo“ italieli patriotebis gamamxnevebel himnad gadaiqca da yoveli warmodgenis dros fexze wamomdgari mayurebeli momRerlebTan erTad asrulebda mas. 400 wlis win italiaSi dabadebuli operis Janri universaluri – nebismier droSi nebismieri ganaTlebis an warmomavlobis adamianisaTvis gasagebi, axlobeli da sayvareli – gaxda. erovnuli operis qona ki yvela qveynis erovnuli kulturisaTvis Rirsebis sakiTxad iqca. 1851 wels, kavkasiaSi ruseTis mefisnacval mixeil voroncovis iniciativiT daarsebul Tbilisis operas araferi hqonia saerTo qarTul erovnul tradiciebTan, magram is drois umokles monakveTSi iqca qarTuli kulturis organul nawilad da umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos, rogorc kulturuli naciis SeqmnaSi. giorgi maisuraZe, „kulturuli naciidan kulturul narcisizmamde~

`abesalom da eTeri~ zaqaria faliaSvili ar yofila pirveli qarTveli kompozitori, vinc operis Seqmna gadawyvita. jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos meliton balanCivaZem daiwyo akaki wereTlis „Tamar cbieris“ (SemdgomSi operam „darejan cbieris“ saxelwodeba miiRo, raTa mTavari, uaryofiTi personaJi, imereTis dedofali Tamari msmenelebs Tamar mefeSi ar areodaT) mixedviT qronologiurad pirveli qarTuli operis wera, magram Zalze gauWianurda da mxolod 1926 wels daasrula. 1918 wels ki, qarTuli klubis scenaze Sesrulda axalgazrda kompozitoris, parizis konservatoriis kursdamTavrebulis revaz gogniaSvilis „qristine“ (egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobis mixedviT). es iyo pirveli dadgmuli qarTuli opera.

abesalom da eTeri, mxatvari irakli ToiZe

maSin ratomRa iTvleba zaqaria faliaSvili qarTuli operis fuZemdeblad? imitom, rom swored man SeZlo ganexorcielebina umTavresi mizani – evropuli tradiciuli formebiT, qarTuli musikaluri eniT qarTul siuJetze Seqmna klasikuri qarTuli opera. amisTvis man yvela mosamzadebeli etapi gaiara: miiRo evropuli tipis musikaluri ganaTleba, xalxuri musika Seiswavla, Cawera da gadaamuSava gundisa da fortepianosTvis, Semdeg – orkestrisaTvis. ase momzadebuli niadagiT Seudga rTul da grandiozul samuSaos. libretos, anu poetur teqsts safuZvlad xalxuri „eTerianis“ erT-erTi versia daedo.* prozauli saxiT Cawerili legenda petre mirianaSvilma galeqsa. * am legendis mixedviT poema vaJa fSavelamac dawera.

didi qarTvelebi

„abesalomis“ musikaze muSaoba TiTqmis aTi weli grZeldeboda. amas xels uSlida kompozitoris gadatvirTuli samuSao grafiki, xolo erTaderTi sayvareli vaJiSvilis, iraklis gardacvalebiT mogvrilma mwuxarebam kompozitors lamis yvelaferze aaRebina xeli. iraklis gardacvalebis Semdeg zaqariam sruliad Sewyvita musikis wera da, megobrebisa da kolegebis mudaris miuxedavad, „abesalomisken“ gaxedvac ki ar surda. rogorc amboben, man mxolod sizmarSi gardacvlili Svilis Txovnis Semdeg ganaaxla muSaoba. 1913 wels farTo sazogadoebis winaSe Sesrulda „abesalomis“ nawyvetebi. aman sayovelTao molodini kidev ufro gaaZliera, rasac kompozitoric kargad grZnobda. 1918 wels faliaSvili werda: „pirveli qarTuli originaluri operis dadgmas marto piradad CemTvis, avtorisTvis, ki ara aqvs mniSvneloba, aramed Tavi da Tavi sazogadoebrivi interesi aris, rom Cven, qarTvelebi, SedarebiT patara eri, xelovnur-kulturulad imdenad ganvviTardiT, rom operebis SeTxzvac ki movaxerxeTo“. sabolood, 1919 wlis 21 Tebervals, kompozitorma Tavad udiriJora Tavisi sayvareli qmnilebis premieras. mas uzarmazari warmateba xvda wilad. Semdgomi dadgmebisTvis avtorma gaiTvaliswina is SeniSvnebi, romelic nawarmoebis mimarT gamoTqves (magaliTad, igi metismetad xangrZlivi iyo, TiTqmis 5 saaTze metxans grZeldeboda, ramdenime Seusabamo scenac axlda) da nawarmoebma ukve srulyofili saxe miiRo, iseTi, rogoriTac Cven mas vicnobT. nawarmoebis Sinaarsi aseTia: I moqmedeba. ufliswul abesaloms Seuyvarda glexis oboli qali eTeri da coloba sTxova. qali yoymanis Semdeg daTanxmda da maT erTmaneTs erTgulebis fici misces. magram eTeri abesalomis megobars, vezir murmansac Seuyvarda da radac ar unda dasjdomoda, misi mopoveba gadawyvita. II moqmedeba. maSin, roca abio mefis sasaxleSi abesalomisa da eTeris qorwils zeimobdnen, murmanma suli eSmaks mihyida da misgan mojadoebuli saCuqari miiRo, romlis gamoyenebiTac bednieri wyvilis dacilebas SeZlebda. es marTlac ase moxda. eTeri avad gaxda. III moqmedeba. misi silamaze dRiTidRe Wkneboda. abesalomma, Tavad eTerisa da sasaxlis garemocvis rCeviT, eTeris gaSveba, gaTavisufleba gadawyvita. eTeri murmanma waiyvana, colad SeirTo da brolis koSkSi daasaxla. IV moqmedeba. abesalomi ki, eTeris gareSe sasikvdilod gaxda avad da murmans ukvdavebis wylis motana daavala. guldamZimebuli murmani uxalisod gaemgzavra davalebis Sesasruleblad. abesalomi rom gaemxneve-

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

binaT, dedam, naTelam, da dam, marixma, eTeris moyvana gadawyvites. xangrZlivi Txovnis Semdeg eTeri abesalomis sanaxavad sasaxleSi wavida. magram abesalomi imdenad daesustebina dards, rom eTeris mosvlidan maleve, misi naxviT bednieri gardaicvala. sasowarkveTilma eTerma ki abesalomis naCuqari daniT Tavi moikla, raTa sayvarel adamians imqveynad mainc SeerTeboda. „abesalomSi“ faliaSvilma gamoiyena tradiciuli operisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela forma: aria, ariozo, dueti, ansamblebi, gundebi, baleti (cekvebi: qarTuli da mirzaia – meore moqmedebis bolos), magram TiToeuli maTgani xorcSesxmulia musikiT, romlis qarTulobasac nebismier taqtSi amoicnobT. metic, calkeul epizodebSi igi xalxur Temebsac iyenebs, xolo meore aqtis lxinis scena cnobilia imiT, rom kompozitorma igi mTlianad aago cnobil kaxur sufrul simReraze „Cakrulo“. qarTuli saeklesio sagaloblis msgavsad, „abesalomis“ moqmedeba darbaislurad, mdored viTardeba. specialistebi mas epikur operas an opera-legendas uwodeben. zogierTi maTgani (Salva aslaniSvili, nana qavTaraZe) masSi poulobs jvris simbolikas da akavSirebs evropul sasuliero JanrTan – pasionTan , sxvebi – antikur TeatrTan da uZveles qarTul Teatralur sanaxaobebTan naTesaobas usvamen xazs (lado donaZe, marine qavTaraZe). magram erT rameze yvela Tanxmdeba: 1919 wels, zustad 95 wlis win, „abesalom da eTeris“ saxiT zaqaria faliaSvilma Seqmna myari safuZveli, romelsac eyrdnoba ara mxolod qarTuli opera, aramed axali qarTuli profesiuli musika zogadad. es ki didi, xangrZlivi, erTguli da dauRalavi Sromis da siyvarulis Sedegad moxda.

pasioni, anu „vnebani“ sasuliero Sinaarsis vokalur-simfoniuri nawarmoebia, romelSic aRwerilia qristes cxovreba vnebis kviris oTxSabaTidan, anu gacemidan, paraskevis, jvarcmis CaTvliT.

1919 weli qarTuli operis „dabadebis“ wladac ki miiCneva. am wels abesalomTan erTad daidga pirveli qarTuli komikuri opera – viqtor doliZis „qeTo da kote“ da pirveli qarTuli lirikul-dramatuli opera – dimitri arayiSvilis „Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze“

`daisi~ „abesalomis“ warmatebidan maleve, 1920 wels, valerian gunias libretoze kompozitori axali operis – „daisis“ – weras Seudga. es saxeli nawarmoebs SemTxveviT ar hqvia. masSi moqmedeba mzis Casvlisas, daisisas, iwyeba da mzis amosvlisas, aisisas, mTavrdeba. opera mogviTxrobs axalgazrda qalis, maros, siyvarulis ambavs. maro raind malxazze iyo Seyvarebuli, magram igi gaemgzavra da didxans ar dabrunebula. imedgadawuruli gogona jaris sardalze, kiazoze dan-

didi qarTvelebi

iSnes, magram malxazi moulodnelad dabrunda. saxalxo dResaswaulze, xatobaze, maro da malxazi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen, magram iqve gamoCenilma kiazom malxazi xmalSi gaiwvia. uecrad gavrcelda cnoba, rom qveyanas mteri Semoesia. kiazom, rogorc patriotma mxedarTmTavarma, xalxs brZolisaken mouwoda. magram orTabrZola mainc Sedga da malxazi daiRupa. kiazo xvdeba da gulwrfelad inaniebs Tavis danaSauls, igi xalxs aRuTqvams, rom sakuTar sicocxles samSoblos Tavisuflebas Seswiravs. asec xdeba. opera optimisturi, maJoruli xmovanebiT sruldeba. „daisi“ „abesalomisgan“ mravali TvisebiT gansxvavdeba. Tavad kompozitori ganmartavda, rom am nawarmoebSi sakuTar Tavs meti Tavisuflebis neba misca: „roca me `daissa~ vwerdi, sruliad Segnebulad gadavuxvie stils werisas, romliTac vxelmZRvanelobdi `abesalomis~ dros... `abesalomi~ warmoadgens saukeTeso nimuSs qarTuli xalxuri simRerebisas, evropiuli Teoriis kanonebze damyarebuls“, magramo, ganagrZobs igi, ar SeiZleba „abesalomis“ Seqmnis gza kanonad miviCnioT, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi cocxali musikaluri forma – opera ki ara, mecnierul-eTnografiuli nawarmoebi SegvrCeba xelTo. mTavari gmiri qalis saxeli da asaki SemTxveviTi araa. 1921 wlis TebervalSi kojor-tabaxmelasTan sabWoTa jaris winaaRmdeg uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupa cxrameti wlis maro mayaSvili. zaqaria faliaSvilma swored mis pativsacemad daarqva operis mTavar personaJs es saxeli da asakic sagangebod miuTiTa. ramdenad swori aRmoCnda faliaSvilis es gza, amis gansja Tqven TviTonac SegiZliaT, Tuki SegaxsenebT im cnobil nawyvetebs operidan, romlebic, albaT, araerTxel mogismeniaT, Tumca, SesaZloa arc ki gifiqriaT maT avtorze. magaliTad, aseTia kiazosa da cangalas dueti „damisxi, damalevine es Rvino oxer-tiali“ (teqsti vaJa fSavelas ekuTvnis); cangalas kupletebi „Rvinov kaxuro, var Seni msmeli“, malxazis aria „Tavo Cemo, bedi ar giweria“ (akaki wereTlis teqsti) da sabaleto nomeri, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba „qarTulis“ cekvisas da farTo msmenelSi pirdapir „daisis“ saxeliTac kia cnobili. avtori mas „lekurs“ uwodebs, roca wers, rom „patara `lekuri~ sakuTari Txzulebaa Cemio“. es ki imas niSnavs, rom es musika saavtoroa, originaluria da damuSavebulia folkloruli sacekvao hangi. sxvaTa Soris, „lekurs“ „daisSi“ iliko suxiSvili cekvavda, operis sxva qoreografiuli nomrebis Tanaavtoric is iyo. malxazis partias ki didi qarTveli momRerali vano sarajiSvili asrulebda. axla ki aucileblad unda vaxseno saqarTvelos saxelmwifo himni „Tavisufleba“. ra kavSiria masa da „daiss“ Soris? – pirdapiri. himnis musik-

zaqaria faliaSvili da axali qarTuli profesiuli musika

ac „daisidanaa“. operaSi am epizods hqvia „kiazos mimarTva“. mas Semdeg, rac SeSfoTebuli xalxi Seityobs, rom „mteri barSi gadmosula, daurbevia soflebi, gaRma mxares mosdebia urjuloTa urdoebi“, kiazo, rogorc asisTavi, maT mimarTavs: „mtersa ugulos Tavxedsa gadmoulaxavs baria, gauTelia jejili, dauwvavs ezo karia... nu davTmobT Tavisuflebas Cvenis cocxalis TaviTa... Tavisufleba dRes Cvengan moiTxovs msxverplsa diadsa...“ da amTavrebs „sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani“. swored am mimarTvis musika daedo Cvens amJamindel himns, romelic cnobilma sagundo kompozitorma ioseb keWaymaZem gadaamuSava ise, rogorc Tavis droze Tavad zaqaria faliaSvili amuSavebda xalxur simRerebs. amgvarad, „daisis“ saxiT kompozitorma Seqmna SesaniSnavi romantikul-patriotuli opera, romelic swrafad Seiyvara mayurebelma. erTic unda iTqvas, rom mas Semdeg dRevandlamde Tbilisis zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da baletis Teatri Tavis yovelwliur sezons „abesalom da eTeriT“ iwyebs da „daisiT“ amTavrebs. es ukve mravalwlovani tradiciaa. „daisis“ Semdeg zaqaria faliaSvilma kidev erTi opera – „latavra“ – dawera, magram misi mxatvruli Rirsebebi, winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyureboda, amitom maleve gaqra saopero scenidanac da TiTqos kidec miiviwyes, Tumca 50-ze meti wlis Semdeg, SarSan, Sesrulda misi sakoncerto versia. dabolos, albaT Zalze gagviWirdeboda yvela is damsaxureba CamogveTvala, rac kompozitors qarTuli kulturis winaSe miuZRvis. magram maT Soris ramdenime – folkloristuli, saganmanaTleblo, saSemsruleblo saqmianoba da is faqti, rom man Seqmna mravalsaukunovan erovnul musikalur Taviseburebebsa da evropuli musikis tradiciebze dayrdnobili pirveli qarTuli klasikuri operebi da myari safuZveli Cauyara axal qarTul, profesiul musikas – vfiqrob, sakmarisia saimisod, rom madlierebiT gvaxsovdes zaqaria faliaSvilis saxeli da vafasebdeT da gviyvardes misi moRvaweoba.

vano sarajiSvili malxazis partiis Sesrulebisas

politika

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri? revaz gaCeCilaZe

liberalebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ideologiur-politikuri mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa mTavari principia pirovnebis Tavisufleba, ekonomikaSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tavisufali mewarmeoba. liberalizmi Caisaxa dasavleT evropaSi kaTolikuri eklesiis batonobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (XVIXVIII ss.). ideologias safuZveli Caeyara evropuli ganmanaTleblobis periodSi (jon loki, sarl monteskie, volteri). vrceli gagebiT Tanamedrove liberalizmis qvakuTxedi individualuri uflebebia. is eswrafvis sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli adamianis azrovnebis Tavisufleba, Zalauflebis SezRudva (gansakuTrebiT mTavrobisa da religiisa), kanonis uzenaesoba, ufaso sazogadoebrivi ganaTleba, ideebis Tavisufali gacvla, sabazro ekonomika, mTavrobis gamWvirvale sistema.

marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg jer meoTxedi saukunec ar gasula, magram ukve bevrs daaviwyda, ras warmoadgenda igi. xandaxan vxvdebiT nostalgias im epoqaze, rodesac `fasebi ar icvleboda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi~, `yvela eris warmomadgeneli megobrulad cxovrobda~, `did stalins msoflio pativs scemda!~ da a.S. magram imave adamianebs aviwydebaT, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo qveyana, sadac mudmivad arsebobda yvelanairi samomxmareblo saqonlis deficiti, `xalxTa megobroba~ iyo yalbi lozungi, romelic realurad emsaxureboda rusifikacias, xolo stalinis dros dawyebuli qveynis militarizacia mxolod sagareo eqspansiaze iyo orientirebuli. rasakvirvelia, saukunis TiTqmis sami meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi arsebul saxelmwifos hqonda ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli etapebi, magram hqonda saerTo niSnebic, rasac qvemoT mokled SevexebiT.

ramdenime sityva sawyisi istoriisa da terminebis Sesaxeb 1914 wels dawyebulma pirvelma msoflio omma gamoiwvia xelisuflebis umZafresi krizisi antantis, anu safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis, mxares germaniasTan omSi Cabmul ruseTis imperiaSi. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Sedegad daemxo romanovebis dinastia. ZiriTadad liberalebisa da socialistebis mier Seqmnilma droebiTma mTavrobam imave

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

wlis 1 seqtembers ruseTi respublikad gamoacxada. magram droebiTi mTavroba susti aRmoCnda. man ruseTis gaunaTlebel, ZiriTadad, soflis mosaxleobas gasagebad ver auxsna pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, demokratiis miznebi – es faseulobebi misTvis ucxo iyo. mTavrobis daJinebuli mcdeloba, gaegrZelebina omi, saSiS protests iwvevda omiT Tavmobezrebul da revoluciuri areulobisas iaraRiT xelSi Sin dabrunebul jariskacebSi – farajian glexebSi. droebiTi mTavrobis sisustiT isargebla ruseTis social– demokratiis radikalurma frTam, e.w. `bolSevikebma~, romelTac vladimer lenini (namdvili gvari – ulianovi) xelmZRvanelobda. Tavis umTavres TanamebrZol lev trockisTan (namdvili gvari – bronSteini) erTad leninma imave wlis 25 oqtombers (Zv. stiliT, axali stiliT es 7 noemberi iyo) moawyo saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da daamxo droebiTi mTavroba. leninis TavmjdomareobiT Seiqmna saxalxo komisarTa sabWo. formalurad ruseTSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis (anu dRevandeli gagebiT parlamentis funqciebis) ganxorcielebas Seudga sruliad ruseTis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWo (SemdgomSi mas sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa umaRlesi sabWo ewoda), adgilebze ki – analogiuri sabWoebi. aqedan warmoiSva termini `sabWoTa~, rusulad – Совет; ucxo enebSi termini rusulidan Sevida, rogorc ”Soviet”. es saxelmwifos saxelad iqca (`sabWoTa ruseTi~, `sabWoTa kavSiri~). realurad bolSevikebis elita daeufla rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. 1917 wels bolSevikebma wamoisroles martivi da farTo masebisaTvis misaRebi lozungebi: `qarxnebi — muSebs~, `miwa — glexebs~, `mSvidoba — xalxebs~. am lozungebma maT Tavdapirvelad sakmaod bevri mxardamWeri SesZina. sinamdvileSi arc muSebma miiRes qarxnebi (rogor unda exelmZRvanelaT menejmentsa da marketingSi srulebiT gauTviTcnobier-

ioseb stalini, vladimer lenini da mixail kalinini

lenini wiTel moedanze, 1920

socialistebi – socia lizmis mimdevrebi. maTi ideologia, socializmi, iTvaliswinebs socialuri Tanasworobis principebze damyarebuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobas; socializmSi warmoebis saSualebebi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSia. socializmi eswrafvis adamianis mier sxva adamianis eqspluataciis yvela formis aRmofxvras. socialistur sazogadoebaSi unda iyos sruli saxalxo mmarTveloba, socialuri Tanasworoba, ar unda iyos ekonomikuri diferenciacia; socialistebi qadageben adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas.

politika

`meti rom gqondes, meti unda awarmoo, meti rom awarmoo, meti unda icode~.

ebel muSebs sawarmosaTvis?) da arc glexebma – miwa (miwa maleve saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadda, xolo 1930-iani wlebis koleqtivizaciisas glexebs danarCeni qonebac CamoarTves). marTalia, msoflio oms ruseTi gamoeTiSa, magram mSvidobis damyarebis nacvlad bolSevizmma ruseTSi sisxliani samoqalaqo omis provocireba moaxdina, romelmac 1918-1920 wlebSi ramdenime milioni adamiani Seiwira. bolSevikebma TavianT partias `komunisturi~ uwodes. 1918 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTis dedaqalaqi petrogradidan (sanqt-peterburgidan) moskovSi gadaitanes, sadac mTavrobis rezidencia gaxda kremli – Sua saukuneebis citadeli. amieridan `moskovi~, `kremli~ da `ruseTis komunisturi xelisufleba~ xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneba. 1918 wlis Suaxanidan ruseTSi aikrZala yvela partia, garda komunisturisa. bolSevikebis mier ruseTSi Zalauflebis aRebisTanave gamocxadda proletariatis diqtatura. sinamdvileSi es iyo komunisturi partiis liderebis diqtatura. saxelmwifos marTva xelSi aiRo komunisturi partiis liderebis mier Sedgenilma politikurma biurom (SemoklebiT – politbiuro), sadac Tavidan sul 7 wevri iyo, SemdgomSi wevrebis raodenoba 8-dan 25mde meryeobda.

proletariati – proletarTa klasi. proletari – kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi daqiravebul muSaTa klasi, romelsac warmoebis saSualebebi ar gaaCnia. kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi aris ori ZiriTadi klasi: proletariati da burJuazia. proletariati aris burJuaziis mier eqspluatirebuli muSebi

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri `sayvareli stalini – saxalxo bedniereba!~

uzarmazar qveyanas praqtikulad marTavda es patara jgufi, romelsac saTaveSi edga uzomo Zalauflebis mqone generaluri mdivani: 1922-1952 wlebSi es Tanamdeboba eWira ioseb stalins (namdvili gvari – juRaSvili), romlis pirovnebis kultis ganmtkicebam is `beladad~ aqcia. 1953 wels stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg partiul-saxelisuflebo vertikalis saTaveSi myofi pirebi Tavs `belads~ aRar uwodebdnen, magram qveynis uzenaesi mmarTveli isev komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis politbiuros generaluri mdivani iyo.

politikuri safuZveli – ideologia da pragmatizmi

sabWoTa ruseTi Seiqmna komunisturi ideologiis safuZvelze, romelic eyrdnoboda XIX saukunis Teoretikosebis – karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis – mier Seqmnil moZRvrebas. 1848 wels maT mier Sedgenil `komunisturi partiis manifestSi~ iyo mowodeba im usamarTlo viTarebis radikalurad Secvlisaken, rodesac kapitalistebi sakuTari gamdidrebisaTvis iyenebdnen proletariatis Sromas. sazogadoebis ganviTareba unda momxdariyo `komunizmis~ mimarTulebiT, rodesac moispoboda adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia. es gardaqmna unda dawyebuliyo `proletariatis diqtaturis~ damyarebis gziT.

politika

warwera transparantze: `sikvdili burJuazias da mis damqaSebs, gaumarjos wiTel terors!~

marqsizmis mixedviT, komunizmis saboloo mizania `yvelam iSromos unaris Sesabamisad da yvelam moixmaros moTxovnilebis mixedviT~. es utopiuri lozungi srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis bunebas, romelic ufro xSirad eyrdnoba egoizms, vidre altruizms. socialuri inJineriis meSveobiT adamianis bunebis Secvla ki (rasac XX saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi partia Seecada) SeuZlebelia. ufro realisturma midgomam komunizmis imave Teoretikosebs ukarnaxa, rom gamoeyoT komunizmis pirveli faza – `socializmi~, sadac ZiriTadi principi iqneboda: `yvelasagan – unaris mixedviT, yvelas – Sromis mixedviT~. marqsizmis klasikosebis Tanamedroves, germaniis kanclers oto fon bismarks uTqvams: `Tu socializmis aSeneba gsurT, maSin airCieT qveyana, romelic ar genanebaT!~ aseT qveynad bolSevikebma ruseTi airCies. Tavidan maT egonaT, rom `msoflio proletaruli revolucia~ male moxdeba dasavleTis industriul qveynebSic, magram ase ar moxda da leninma da misma TanamebrZolebma `socializmis mSenebloba calke aRebul qveyanaSi~ daiwyes. ruseTi ki ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo da glexuri qveyana iyo, mcirericxovani muSaTa klasiT, Tanac imperiam memkvidreobiT arguna Zalian mravalerovani qveyana. komunizmis ideebis danergva bolSevikebs Zalismieri meTodebiT mouxdaT. Tanasworobis miRwevis sababiT bolSevikebma mospes kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba, xSir SemTxvevaSi – sakuTrebis mflobelebTan erTad. ZirZveli elita, rogorc saero, ise sasuliero, faqtobrivad kanongareSe gamocxadda. leninis davalebiT 1918 welsve daiwyo sastiki `wiTeli terori~ e.w. kontrrevoluciis winaaRmdeg da mosaxleobis dasaSineblad qveyanaSi tardeboda sadamsjelo zomebi. stalinis dros `SiSis sindromis~ daTesvam kulminacias 19371938 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac yvela respublikasa da olqs daegzavna dasaxvreti an cimbirSi xangrZlivad gadasasaxlebeli `xalxis mtrebis~ raode-

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

nobrivi kvota. im wlebSi xelovnurad SeTxzuli braldebebis safuZvelze sabWoTa kavSirSi, sul cota, 1,5 milioni adamiani daapatimres da maTi umetesoba daxvrites. 1937 wels xalxSi daTesilma SiSma naxevar saukunes gaZlo. leninma arsebiTad moaxdina marqsizmis revizia da dasavleT evropasTan SedarebiT ekonomikurad da kulturulad nakleb ganviTarebuli ruseTisaTvis Sesaferisi komunisturi moZRvrebis varianti Seqmna. stalinma, romelic 1924 wlidan, leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveynis saTaveSi leninis memkvidre gaxda, marqsisa da leninis ideebidan Seakowiwa ideologia, romelsac `marqsizm-leninizmi~ewoda. sabWoTa xelisuflebis mdgradobas mxolod ideologia ver uzrunvelyofda. amitomac mmarTvelma komunisturma elitam Tavidanve ufro pragmatuli politika gaatara da sami sayrdeni Seqmna: pirveli iyo mmarTveli komunisturi partia; meore — uSiSroebis organoebi (romelTac saxeli mravaljer SeecvalaT, ukanaskneli iyo `kagebe~, magram maT TanamSromlebs dRemde icnoben `Cekistebad~, rac momdinareobs Tavdapirveli abreviaturidan ЧК, anu Всероссийская Чрезвычайная Комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией, саботажем и спекуляцией – kontrevoluciasTan, sabotJTan da spekulaciasTan brZolis sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia) da mesame sayrdeni iyo wiTeli (sabWoTa) armia. kompartia mkacrad akontrolebda uSiSroebis organoebsac da armiasac, sakadro politikis meSveobiT partiis wevrebidan niSnavda da aTavisuflebda uSiSroebisa da armiis nebismieri donis xelmZRvanelebs. am sami sayrdenidan umTavresi mainc kompartia iyo: 1991 wels, rodesac kompartia zevidan daiSala, masTan erTad sabWoTa kavSiric gaqra.

patimris naxati, rogor awameben sabWoTa uSiSroebis muSakebi patimrebs, imdroindeli wamebis fotoebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, rac bunebrivia, sabWoTa uSiSroebis gasaidumloebuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare. SemorCa patimrebis naxatebi, sadac asaxulia is jojoxeTi, romelmac bevri imsxverpla. patimrebis gadayvana murmanskis rkinigzis sadguridan, 1927

politika

sabWoTa kavSiris administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba 1917-1922 wlebSi arsebobda sabWoTa ruseTi (oficialurad – ruseTis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublika, anu rsfsr), romelic brZoliT avrcelebda moskovis batonobas yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, iq axalSeqmnili saxelmwifoebis aneqsirebis gziT. sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmna ufro mimdinare politikuri situaciis Sedegi iyo, vidre winaswar dagegmili aqcia. iqamde, sanam ruseTis komunistur xelmZRvanelobas gulubryvilo imedi hqonda, rom `msoflio komunisturi revolucia~ male gadaedeboda industriul dasavleT evropas da Seiqmneboda erTiani komunisturi saxelmwifo, sadac erebad dayofas mniSvneloba aRar eqneboda, is ar iyo winaaRmdegi, rom ruseTis yofili imperiis teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxebs droebiT SeeqmnaT Tavisi saxelmwifoebi, bunebrivia, komunisturi xelmZRvanelobiT. amitom ukve 1919 wels Seiqmna ukrainisa da belorusiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi (ussr da bssr). rodesac 1920 wels komunisturi ruseTis wiTelma armiam daipyro da sabWoTa xelisufleba daamyara iqamde xanmokle damoukideblobis mqone azerbaijansa da somxeTSi, man iqac sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi Seqmna, nominalurad – `damoukidebeli~, faqtobrivad ki – ruseTze damokidebuli. igive moxda 1921 wels saqarTveloSi. yvela gasabWoebul respublikas kremlma saTaveSi Cauyena adgilobrivi warmoSobis komunistebi. adre arsebuli yvela sxva partia daSlilad gamocxadda. rodesac kremlSi sabolood gadaewuraT `msoflio revoluciis~ imedi, saWirod miiCnies sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba. politbiuros wevrebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gaCnda. stalini mxars uWerda yofili ruseTis imperiis ganapira, ararusuli, regionebis rsfsrSi Seyvanas avtonomiis uflebebiT. magram mas mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen, romelTagan umTavresi qarTveli komunistebi aRmoCndnen, swored isini, vinc wiTel armias SemouZRvnen da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo gaasabWoes. maTi survili iyo sabWoTa respublikebis metnaklebad Tanasworuflebiani kavSiris Seqmna. raoden sakvirvelic ar unda iyos, am `nacionaluklonistebs~ (nacionalisturi gadaxris momxreebs), rogorc maT uwodes, mxari dauWira leninma. sabolood stalinma mainc miaRwia imas, rom samxreT kavkasiis sami sabWoTa respublika — azerbaijani, saqarTvelo da somxeTi – gaaerTianes amierkavkasiis socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikad (amierkavkasiis sfsr), rac TiToeul maTgans asustebda. oficialuri dokumentaciis ena iq rusuli gaxda. 1922 wlis 30 dekembers xeli moewera sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris Seqmnas, romelSic Sevidnen ruseTis sfsr, ukrainis ssr, belorusiis ssr da amierkavkasiis sfsr.

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

sabWoTa socialuri respublikebis kavSiri

1936 wels sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo axali (`stalinuri~) konstitucia. im droisaTvis Camoyalibda 11 mokavSire respublika. amierkavkasiis sfsr daSlilad gamocxadda da azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi calcalke Sevidnen kavSirSi. centralur aziis teritoriaze, romelic iqamde rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi iyo, Seiqmna xuTi mokavSire respublika â&#x20AC;&#x201C; yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da TurqmeneTi. 1939 wels hitlerul germaniasTan gaformebuli SeTanxmebiT (`molotov-ribentropis paqti~) sabWoTa kavSiri dasavleTiT gafarTovda da 1940 wels mis SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT Seiyvanes kidev 5 mokavSire respublika. eseni iyvnen litva, latvia, estoneTi, moldaveTi da karelia-fineTi (es ukanaskneli 1956 wels gauqmda da kareliis avtonomiuri respublikis saxeliT rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida). stalinma TiTqmis aRadgina ruseTis imperiis droindeli sazRvrebi (fineTisa da poloneTis nawilis gareSe) da zogan gaafarTova kidec is, magaliTad, galiciis (dasavleT ukrainis) xarjze. sabWoTa kavSirs sazRvargareT xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc `sabWoeTis imperias~, radgan, miuxedavad garegnulad federaciuli mowyobisa, is mkacrad centralizebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiReboda kremlSi da is adgilze upirobod unda Sesrulebuliyo. faqtobrivi saxelmwifo ena iyo rusuli (Tumca konstituciaSi es ar ewera) da TiTqmis yvelgan Trgunavda adgilobrivi enebis gamoyenebas.

politika

unda iTqvas, rom mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos marTva standartuli administraciul-teritoriuli sistemiT Zneli iyo. amitomac 16 SedarebiT mravalricxovan ers (1956 wlidan – 15-s) ufleba mieca Tavisi saxelis mqone sabWoTa socialisturi respublika hqonoda, romlebic TiTqos `nebayoflobiT~ gaerTiandnen `Tavisufal erTa urRvev Zmur kavSirad~! 1945 wels stalins hqonda mcdeloba, rom yvela mokavSire respublika Seeyvana gaeroSi: amiT is generalur asambleaze kenWisyrisas 16 garantirebul xmas iRebda! dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi stalins ganzraxvas miuxvdnen, mxolod nawilobriv dauTmes da sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad gaeroSi miiRes arasuverenuli ukrainis ssr da belorusiis ssr. zogierT mokavSire respublikaSi arsebobda `avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi~, romlebic `saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnebad~ iTvlebodnen. ufro dabal doneze idga `avtonomiuri olqi~, romelsac SezRuduli avtonomia hqonda. rsfsr-is CrdiloeT nawilSi iSviaTad dasaxlebul vrcel teritoriebze adgilobrivi mcirericxovani eTnosebis (evenkebi, CukCebi, xantebi, mansebi da sxv.) SesanarCuneblad Seiqmna `nacionaluri okrugebi~. sabWoTa konstituciis yvela – 1924,1936 da 1977 wlebis – versiis Tanaxmad, TiToeul mokavSire respublikas eZleoda kavSiridan `Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba~. es ar vrceldeboda avtonomiur erTeulebze, romelTac mokavSire respublikidan daukiTxavad gasvlis uflebac ki ar hqondaT. kavSiridan` Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba~ sinamdvileSi mxolod Teoriulad arsebobda: ar iyo kavSiris datovebis araviTari iuridiuli meqanizmi. stalinis dros verc veravin gabedavda moeTxova aseTi meqanizmis SemuSaveba da, miT umetes, misi amuSaveba. `ssr kavSiridan gasvlis kanoni~ SemuSavda mxolod 1990 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSiris pirvel (da ukanasknel) prezident mixail gorbaCovis xelmZRvanelobiT, magram iseTi pirobebiT, rom

`wiTeli armia – ssrk-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad~

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvla praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. es kanoni realurad arc arasodes gamouyenebiaT (ix. qvemoT).

sabWoTa ekonomikuri da socialuri politika

`cxovreba dRiTidRe ufro saamuria!~

komunisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli mTeli qoneba (garda piradi nivTebisa, romelTa Soris yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli SeiZleboda yofiliyo msubuqi avtomobili, Tuki moqalaqe, ZiriTadad 1950-iani wlebidan, mas `CawyobiT~ an qrTamiT `iSovnida~: manqana, rogorc yvelaferi, `deficits~ warmoadgenda!), `saerTo-saxalxo sakuTreba~ gaxda, faqtobrivad ki, mas saxelmwifo (e.i. kompartia) gankargavda. kanoniT aikrZala miwis yidva-gayidva. yvela sawarmo, didi metalurgiuli kombinatidan moyolebuli patara pursacxob Tonemde, yvelanairi momsaxureba saparikmaxeromde da fexsacmlis SemkeTebel mejRanemde, sagareo da saSinao vaWroba, yvela maRazia, agreTve ganaTleba, mecniereba, xelovneba saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca. 1928 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda gegmuri meurneoba da mTeli saxelwifosaTvis, respublikebis, raionebis, qalaqebis, calkeuli sawarmoebisaTvis `ekonomikuri (mogvianebiT – socialur-ekonomikuri) ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegma~ dgeboda. `gegmis Sesruleba~ yvela donis xelmZRvanelisaTvis Tavsatexs warmoadgenda, radgan amaze iyo damokidebuli misi Tanamdebobaze darCena da kariera. `gegmis gadaWarbebiT Sesruleba~ ki Tavis mowonebis kargi

socialistebi — socializmis mimdevrebi. maTi ideologia, socia lizmi, iTvaliswinebs socialuri Tanasworobis principebze damyarebuli sazogadoebis mSeneblobas; socializmSi warmoebis saSualebebi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSia. socializmi eswrafvis adamianis mier sxva adamianis eqspluataciis yvela formis aRmofxvras. socialistur sazogadoebaSi unda iyos sruli saxalxo mmarTveloba, socialuri Tanasworoba, ar unda iyos ekonomikuri diferenciacia; socialistebi qadageben adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebas.

`gegma naTelia, saqmes SevudgeT! samSoblom gvibrZana Seneba!~

politika

xerxi iyo. gavrcelebuli praqtika, gansakuTrebiT 1950-iani wlebidan, iyo `miwerebi~ – ekonomikuri Sedegebis gayalbeba. xSirad amisken maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi ubiZgebdnen kidec, radgan `gegmis Sesruleba~ maTac moeTxovebodaT. qveyanaSi centralizebulad dgindeboda fasebi 25 milion(!) produqtsa da momsaxurebaze, rac gardauvalad iwvevda uamrav `subieqtur gadaxrasa~ da gaugebrobas. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ki fasebs aregulirebs moTxovna da miwodeba. centralizebuli gegmuri meurneoba araefeqtian ekonomikas niSnavda. konkurencia ar arsebobda da xarisxze zrunvaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo dagegmili raodenobrivi maCveneblebis miRweva. es tendencia TiTqmis ar exeboda samxedro mrewvelobas, sadac kontroli Zalian mkacri iyo. msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis ganviTarebas naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. 1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daCqarebuli industrializaciisas sabWoTa kavSiri yidulobda germaniisa da aSS-is CarxmSeneblobis nawarmis did nawils, riTac, sxvaTa Soris, xels uwyobda im dros mZime ekonomikur krizisSi myofi meurneobis kapitalisturi sistemis gadarCenas, romelsac komunisturi ideologia `dasaRupad ganwirulad~ saxavda! industrializaciis realur mizans warmoadgenda wiTeli armiis aRWurva da momzadeba sagareo eqspansiisaTvis. ukve 1939 wlidan kargad SeiaraRebuli wiTeli armia ibrZoda poloneTSi, fineTSi, ierTebda baltiispireTs, besarabias. meore msoflio omSi germaniasTan droebiTi warumateblobis Semdeg wiTeli armia centralur evropaSi SeiWra da ramdenime qveyana, maT Soris germaniis naxevari daipyro, romelTa samarTavadac Zaladobrivad dasva adgilobrivi kompartiebi. sabWoTa kavSirma moaxdina germaniis nawilis – aRmosavleT prusiis – aneqsireba (es Tavisi

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

mokavSireebis – aSS-sa da didi britaneTis – TanxmobiT ganaxorciela), Soreul aRmosavleTSi ki iaponias CamoarTva kurilis kunZulebi. stalins surda kidev ufro meti teritoriis dapyroba da iq komunisturi mmarTvelobis damyareba, magram sabWoeTis eqspansionizms win aRudga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1949 wels, sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna birTvuli iaraRi, romelic iqamde, 1945 wlidan, mxolod aSS-s hqonda. birTvuli iaraRi `urTierTSekavebis faqtorad~ iqca, radgan orive mxarem Seigno, rom axali msoflio omis dawyeba Tavad misTvisac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. gamalebuli SeiaraReba, sul ufro maRali donis SeteviTi da TavdacviTi samxedro sistemebis Seqmna XX saukunis meore naxevris msoflios yvelaze damaxasiaTebel movlenad iqca. `SeiaraRebaTa Sejibri~, romlis Semadgeneli nawili iyo kosmosSi gasvlac, sabWoTa kavSiris biujetis lamis naxevars nTqavda. 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aseTi xarjebis gaweva kremlisaTvis gausaZlis tvirTad iqca. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Catarda koleqtivizacia – glexobis iZulebiT gaerTianeba koleqtiur meurneobebSi (kolmeurneobebSi), rasac Tan mohyva sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mkveTri vardna, SimSili da ramdenime milioni adamianis daRupva, ZiriTadad ukrainaSi, samxreT ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi. kolmeurneoba (anu koleqtiuri meurneoba) formalurad `kolmeurne glexebis~ saerTo sakuTreba iyo, romlisganac produqcias mtkice fasad yidulobda saxelmwifo, xolo `sabWoTa meurneoba~ saxelmwifo sawarmo iyo. TiTqmis yvela sabWoTa meurneobas biujetidan miRebuli dotaciiT uxdeboda arseboba: maTi warmoebuli produqcia TviTRirebulebaze iafad iyideboda. es saxelmwifos socialuri politikis forma iyo – maRaziaSi fasi ar unda gazrdiliyo. samomxmareblo saqoneli, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo, ise samrewvelo, sabWoTa kavSirSi yovelTvis deficits warmoadgenda. maRaziis daxlebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisiT, carieli iyo, xolo Tu rame gamoCndeboda, yvelgan uzarmazari rigi Cndeboda. 1963 wels qveyanas puric ki Semoaklda da iqidan moyolebuli sabWoTa kavSirs marcvleulis importi uxdeboda. sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis imperia xorblis msoflioSi udidesi eqsportiori iyo!

`vin-vis? davewioT da gavaswroT~

eqspansionizmi – gafarToeba. erTi qveynis mier sxva qveynisa Tu qveynebis xarjze teritoriis gazrda, axali teritoriebis mierTeba. eqspansionizmi damaxasiaTebelia imperiuli qveynebisaTvis. demokratia, wesiT, ar unda mimarTavdes eqspansionizms.

politika

maragdeboda mxolod dedaqalaqi moskovi da lamis mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri iq Cadioda tansacmlisa Tu zogi saxeobis sursaTis (magaliTad, Sebolili Zexvis, importuli bananis) sayidlad. aseT pirobebSi ayvavda spekulacia. 1950-iani wlebidan Cndeba `Crdilovani ekonomikac~. socialuri politikis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba pozitiur Sedegad ar vaxsenoT, rom sabWoeTma aRmofxvra ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli uwignuroba: es, erTi mxriv, socializmis kargi propaganda iyo, meore mxriv, wiTel armias wera-kiTxvis mcodne jariskacebi sWirdeboda. radgan danarCen msofliosTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo SejibrebaSi myof socialistur saxelmwifos dasWirda bevri inJineri, teqnikosi, gamomgonebeli (upirvelesad – samxedro sferoSi), fizikosi, maTematikosi, geologi, mSenebeli da a.S. yuradReba mieqca umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas. literatura da xelovneba mkacr ideologiur CarCoebSi moeqca. `sabWoTa SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia~ unda gaerTianebuliyo qveyanaSi erTaderT Sesabamis SemoqmedebiT – mweralTa, kompozitorTa, mxatvarTa, Teatralur moRvaweTa, arqiteqtorTa, JurnalistTa da a.S. – kavSirSi, romelsac saxelmwifo akontrolebda. stalini, romelic bevrs kiTxulobda mxatvrul da istoriul literaturas, mwerlebs `adamianis sulis inJinrebs~ uwodebda. rasakvirvelia, mas `komunisturi sulis inJineria~ esaWiroeboda. man daamkvidra termini `socialisturi realizmi~, rogorc stili da meTodi xelovnebasa da literaturaSi, romelsac unda aesaxa partiisaTvis sasurveli, Tundac ararsebuli, `sinamdvile~.

`niWis gza kapitalizmis qveynebSi~

` gza niWsa socializmis qveyanaSi~

skola ssrk-Si da skola aSS-Si

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri sityva spekulacia sxvadasxva konteqstiT ixmareba: 1) mogebis mizniT saqonlis ukanono Sesyidva da ufro Zvirad gayidva. 2) kapitalistur qveynebSi: safinanso operacia – faseulobaTa yidva-gayidvis mogebis misaRebad; birJaze TamaSi fasiani qaRaldebis kursis aweva-dawevaze. 3) gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT raime garemoebis gamoyenebaze agebuli angariSianoba, ganzraxva.

`yvelani biblioTekaSi – yoveli mSromeli, Rataki Tu kolmeurne unda gaxdes biblioTekis mkiTxveli~

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinis diqtaturis pirobebSic ki iqmneboda sabWoTa respublikebSi kargi poeziac da kargi musikac. 1950-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ki sabWoeTSi erTgvari kulturuli liberalizacia daiwyo. bevr respublikaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, im periodSi kulturis ayvavebis xana dadga.

sabWoeTis dakninebis mizezebi da misi daSla istoriam daamtkica, rom socializmis rusuli (sabWoTa) modeli ekonomikurad raRac doniT efeqtiania (magaliTad, xels uwyobs mZime mrewvelobis produqciis swraf zrdas) mxolod totalitarizmis pirobebSi — demokratiaze, adamianis uflebebze absoluturi uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, roca reJimi erTpartiulia da yvelas da yvelafers akontrolebs erTaderT politikur partias daqvemdebarebuli uSiSroebis organoebi. magram 1980-iani wlebisaTvis kremls imdeni problema Seeqmna, rom maTi gadawyveta Zveli meTodebiT SeuZlebeli gaxda. rogorc zemoT iTqva, sabWoTa gegmuri ekonomika uSedego iyo, dasavleT evropis, CrdiloeT amerikis, iaponiis ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri upiratesoba ki Zalian TvalsaCino gaxda. sabWoTa kavSiri usaSvelod bevrs xarjavda samxedro SeiaraRebaze. formalurad – ideologiuri, realurad ki – geopolitikuri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, kremlma Tavis Tavze aiRo afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi axalgamoCekili `socialisturi orientaciis~ diqtatorebis rCena, rac qveyanas Zviri ujdeboda. 1979 wels avRaneTSi `droebiT~ Seyvanili sabWoTa samxedro kontigenti iq

Crdilovani ekonomika – Crdilovani (araformaluri) ekonomika erovnuli meurneobis is nawilia, romelic moqmedebs kanonis darRveviT, ver aRiricxeba saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis mier da ar ixdis saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs.

politika

ssrk-is avRaneTSi Sesvla â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1979 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen, mokles qveynis prezidenti hafizula amini da mis magivrad daayenes TavianTi momxre babraq karmali. sabWoTa okupaciam da omma 1989 wlis Tebervlamde gastana. daiRupa milionobiT avRaneli, qveyana gaveranda. sabWoTa jarebma ver moaxerxes avRanelebis damorCileba da sabolood iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT qveyana. maTma datovebulma reJimma mxolod ori weli gaZlo. avRaneTSi marcxma didi ziani miayena sabWoTa kavSirs da xeliSuwyo mis saboloo dacemas.

10 wliT CarCa da aman sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso imijze uaryofiTad imoqmeda, rom araferi vTqvaT did adamianur da finansur danakargze. dasavleTis qveynebis bazrebze sabWoeTs mxolod nedleulis, upirvelesad navTobisa da xe-tyis, eqsporti SeeZlo. 1973 wlidan navTobze msoflio fasebis mkveTrma zrdam mas didi Semosavali moutana. erTdroulad sanavTobo Semosavalma stimuli daukarga ekonomikis gajansaRebas, rasac ideologiuri CarCoc zRudavda: kerZo iniciativis waxaliseba, anu erTaderTi meTodi, rac aamaRlebda produqciis xarisxs, safrTxes Seuqmnida partiis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas. 1985 wels axalma generalurma mdivanma mixail gorbaCovma ganizraxa qveyanaSi reformebis Catareba (rasac `perestrioka~ ewoda), ekonomikis ganviTarebis daCqareba da demokratizacia. magram, misTvis samwuxarod, gamarTlda XIX saukunis frangi politologis aleqsis de tokvilis Segoneba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; `cudi mTavrobisaTvis yvelaze saxifaTo dro dgeba, rodesac is sakuTari Tavis reformirebas iwyebs~. 1985 wlidan navTobis msoflio fasis mkveTrma dacemam sabWoeTis xazina daacariela. amas daemTxva amerikasTan SeiraRebaTa Sejibris gaZliereba, rasac sabWoTa ekonomika veRar uZlebda. kerZo mewarmeobis, e.w. kooperativebis daSvebam ekonomikaze partiuli kontroli Seasusta. demokratizaciis mcdelobam, rac sajaroobis gafarToebasa da masmediis met TavisuflebaSi gamoixata, zedapirze gamoitana iqamde miCqmaluli winaaRmdegobani, maT Soris erTaSorisi dapirispirebebi. kompartiis avtoriteti mkveTrad

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

daeca. amas daerTo brZola ZalauflebisaTvis TviT moskovSi mixail gorbaCovsa da rsfsr-is pirvel prezident boris elcins Soris. baltiis respublikebSi, saqarTveloSi, moldovaSi, ukrainaSi erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo. 1988 wlidan sabWoTa somxeTma da sabWoTa azerbaijanma mTiani yarabaRis gamo daiwyes omi, rac kremlma ver aRkveTa. 1989 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sferoSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; centraluri evropis qveynebSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iq zedized emxoboda sabWoTa kavSiris mier Tavsmoxveuli komunisturi xelisufleba. 1991 wlis bolos mokavSire respublikebis sabWoTa kavSiridan `Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba~ praqtikulad ganxorcielda, oRond ar gamouyenebiaT zemoxsenebuli gorbaCoviseuli meqanizmi. paradoqsia, rom sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis uflebiT pirvelad isargebles ruseTis federaciam, ukrainam da belorusiam, romelTac 1991 wlis dekemberSi usisxlod daSales kidec sabWoeTis imperia. sabWoTa kavSiris adgilze gaCnda 15 damoukidebeli respublika, romlebic saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam aRiara. am axal saxelmwifoebs ki umZimesi sabWoTa memkvidreoba darCaT rogorc ekonomikaSi, ise socialur fsiqologiaSi.

ssrk-is pirveli da ukanaskneli prezidenti mixail gorbaCovi da ruseTis pirveli prezidenti boris elcini

cnobili adamianebi

iulius keisari levan berZeniSvili Cemo megobaro, SeiZleba miTxra, rom araferi ici did romael mxedarTmTavarze, gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvaweze, xuTgzis konsulsa da laTinuri prozis erT-erT udides warmomadgenelze, gaius iulius keisarze, magram es uneblie tyuili iqneba. simarTle isaa, rom Sen bevrjer Segxvedria misi saxelic da gsmenia mis saqmeTa Sesaxeb. ar gjera? maSin momismine. ivnisis Semdeg rom Tve modis, misi saxeli xom ici? ra Tqma unda, ici — es ivlisia. me mgoni, ukve xvdebi, risi Tqmac minda. diax, gamoicani: am Tves saxeli iulius keisris mixedviT daerqva: jer erTi, imitom, rom is kalendari, romliTac Cven vsargeblobT, am kacis saxels ukavSirdeba (aleqsandrieli astronomis, sosigenes, daxmarebiT swored keisarma Seqmna Tanamedrove kalendari da mas dResac „iuliusis kalendari“ ewodeba); meorec, imitom, rom igi swored am TveSi – Zveli welTaRricxvis 100 wlis ivlisSi daibada da mis sapativcemulod im Tves, romelsac manamde mensis Quinctilis – kvinqtilisis Tve, anu „mexuTe Tve“ ewodeboda, ax.w. 8 wels romis imperatorma oqtavianus avgustusma iuliusi (Cveneburad „ivlisi“) daarqva; xolo ivlisi, romelic axla meSvide Tvea, mexuTe imitom iyo, rom im epoqaSi weliwadi ara ianvarSi, aramed martSi iwyeboda. es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom raRac gcodnia iulius keisarze, Tumca ivlisis ambavi yvelaferi ar aris. ar miTxra axla, rom ar gagigonia sityva „rubikoni“! ra Tqma unda, gagigonia da ici, rom rubikoni (laTinurad Rubicō, italiurad Rubicone) daax-

rogorc viciT, kalendari (laT. Calendarium) aris dReebis organizebis sistema socialuri, religiuri, komerciuli, administraciuli da sxva miznebisaTvis. amisaTvis drois Sualedebs eniWeba saxelebi. gavrcelebuli kalendrebisaTvis es periodebia dRe-Rame, kvira, Tve, weliwadi, saukune da isini ganisazRvreba cis sxeulTa moZraobebiT (mzis amosvla-Casvla, weliwadis droTa cvla, mTvaris fazebis monacvleoba), rac advilad da sayovelTaod SeimCneva da uSualod moqmedebs adamianis cxovrebaze da saqmianobaze. msoflioSi sadReisod yvelaze gavrcelebulia e.w. grigorianuli (an grigoriuli) kalendari, romelic warmoadgens misi winamorbedis, iuliusis kalendaris reformirebis Sedegs. romauli kalendari – Tavdapirvelad romaelebs hqondaT mTvaris weliwadi, romelic 10 Tvisagan Sedgeboda da iwyeboda martiT. Zv.w.VII-VI ss. etruskebisagan gadmoiRes 12-Tviani weliwadi, romelSic ianvari da Tebervali dekembris Semdeg modioda. dRevandeli Tveebis saxelwodebebi momdinareobs romauli saxelebidan: Martius – marti (RmerT marsis sapativcemulod), Aprilis – aprili, Maius – maisi (RvTaeba maiusis saxelisagan), Iunius – ivnisi (qalRmerT iunos pativsacemad), Quintilis – mexuTe, SemdgomSi – Iulius (iulius keisris pativsacemad), Sextilius – meeqvse, SemdgomSi Augustus (imperator avgustusis pativsacemad), September – seqtemberi (e.i. meSvide), October – oqtomberi (e.i. merve), November – noemberi (e.i. mecxre), December – dekemberi (e.i. meaTe). SemdgomSi amas daemata mensis Ianuarius – ianvari (RmerT ianusis pativsacemad, romelic orsaxovnad hyavdaT warmodgenili da iTvleboda yovelgvari dasawyisis RmerTad) da mensis Ianuarius – Tebervali (ganwmendis Tve, februare – ganwmenda). mTvaris weliwadi 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda, rasac umatebdnen kidev erT Tves mensis intercalariis. Zv. w. 46 w. iulius keisarma SemoiRo mzis weliwadi egvipteli astronomis sosigenis rCeviT. dawesda oTxwliani cikli (365+365+365+366=1461 dRe). aprili, ivnisi, seqtemberi da noemberi iyo 30-dRiani; ianvari, marti, maisi, ivlisi, agvisto, oqtomberi da dekemberi – 31-dRiani. Tebervali 3 wlis manZilze 28-dRiani iyo, xolo meoTxe wels ki – 29-dRiani. wlis dasawyisi keisarma 1 ianvars gadmoitana. es kalendari e.w. `iuliusis kalendari~ (an iuliuri), anu `Zveli stili~ ZalaSi iyo CvenTan 1918 wlamde, Seicvala leninis dekretiT, roca dawesda `axali stili~ – `grigoriuli~ kalendari (romelic papma grigol XIII SemoiRo 1582 w. da romelic gavrcelebuli iyo evropis mTel rig qveynebSi).

cnobili adamianebi

loebiT 80 km sigrZis mdinarea Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiaSi. es mdinare saTaves iRebs apeninebidan da adriatikis zRvaSi Caedineba samxreT emilia-romanias regionis gavliT qalaqebs – riminisa da Cezenas Soris. eWvi ar mepareba, gagonili geqneba es gamoTqmac – „rubikonis gadakveTa“ an „rubikonis gadalaxva“. popularuli idiomaa, romelsac iyeneben, rodesac raRacas iseTs gaakeTeb, rom ukan mobruneba aRar SeiZleba. keisris dros am mdinareze gadioda sazRvari italiasa da romis provincia cizalpiur galias Soris. iulius keisari maSin erT-erTi romaeli mxedarTmTavari (prokonsuli) iyo. kanonis mixedviT, prokonsuli jars xelmZRvanelobda mxolod italiis sazRvrebs gareT. miuxedavad amisa, Zv.w. 49 w. 10 ianvars

iulis keisari da rubikonis gadalaxva, avtori franCesko granaCi, 1494

iulius keisari

keisarma garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg gadalaxa rubikoni da samoqalaqo omis Semdeg senatma igi umaRles mxedarTmTavrad, diqtatorad gamoacxada da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebiT aRWurva. amis Semdeg „rubikonis gadalaxva“ aRniSnavs didi miznis saxeliT yvelafris sasworze dadebas. istorikosi svetoniusis mtkicebiT, keisars swored maSin uTqvams Tavisi ganTqmuli alea iacta est – „wili nayaria“. sul cota, ori ram gcodnia iulius keisarze: ivlisic gagigia da rubikonic. Tu germaneli kaizerebisa (Kaiser) da rusi carebis (Царь) Sesaxebac gsmenia rame, isic unda icode, rom orive es sityva, „kaizerica“ da „caric“, gaius iuliusis kognomenidan – „keisridan“ momdinareobs. barem imasac getyvi, es „kognomeni“ ra aris. kognomeni (cognomen) Tavdapirvelad iyo metsaxeli, romelic calkeuli adamianis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas mianiSnebda: Scaevola – cacia, Balbus – blu, Bibulus – msmeli (loTi), Dentatus – kiWa, Naso – cxvira da a.S. SemdgomSi kognomenma dakarga piradi metsaxelis mniSvneloba; magaliTad, Publius Ovidius Naso – publius ovidius naso (nazoni), erT-erTi udidesi romaeli poeti „cxvirad“ aravis miaCnda, Tumca Tavisi winaprisagan Zalian grZeli Tu ara, yuradRebis mimpyrobi formis cxviri mainc gamohyolia. iuliusebis erTi Stos kognomeni „keisari“ SesaZloa „xuWuWas“ an „kululebians“ niSnavdes — aq laTinurma enam aSkarad dascina iulius keisars, romelsac Tma adre gascvivda da sanaxevrod meloti iyo. bevrma Tqvenganma kidev erTi ram icis iulius keisris Sesaxeb. bevrs gsmeniaT gamoTqma veni, vidi, vici — „mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve“. es sityvebic keisarma Tqva. qvemoT vityviT, ra viTarebaSi moxda es. iulius keisari daibada patriciebis ojaxSi, romelic arc didi simdidriT da arc gansakuTrebuli ZalauflebiT ar gamoirCeoda. mamamisi, aseve gaius iulius keisari, iyo pretori (mniSvnelovani samTavrobo moxele). keisris deda, avrelia kota, didgvarovani ojaxidan iyo, xolo mama imiTac iyo cnobili, rom misi da, iulia, gaius mariusis meuRle iyo; xolo gaius mariusi im dros iyo romaelTa im jgufis lideri, romelic popularebis saxeliT iyo cnobili. iuliusi (pirvel saxels, anu prenomens – gaiuss, romelic mamamisisas emTxveoda, gamotovebda xolme) 15 wlis ymawvili iyo, rodesac mama

romauli gvarebi da saxelebi romael moqalaqeTa gvari da saxeli sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda: 1. praenomen – sakuTari saxli (sul iyo 18 prenomeni da xSirad iwereboda SemoklebiT. mag. Tiberius – Tib. an Marcus – M.); 2. nomen – gvari, romelic -ius ze bolovdeboda; 3. cognomen – metsaxeli. magaliTad, Marcus Tullius Cicero – markus tulius ciceroni an Publius Obidius Naso – publius ovidius nazoni. qalebis saxelebad gamoiyeneboda gvarebi mdedrobiT sqesSi. mag. Tullia – tulia, ciceronis qaliSvili, Iulia – iulia, keisris qaliSvili. Tu ojaxSi ori an meti qaliSvili iyo, ufross eZaxdnen maior-s, umcross – minor-s, mesames – tertia-s da a.S.

patriciebi (laT. patricii, Sdr. laT. pater „mama“) Zvel romSi – piri, romelic ekuTvnoda romis mkvidr sagvareulos, adgenda mmarTvelTa klass da flobda sazogadoebriv miwebs. popularebi (laT. Populares „xalxis momxreebi“, Sdr. populus „xalxi“) Zveli romis respublikaSi – aristokrati liderebi, romlebic saxalxo krebebsa da tribunats eyrdnobodnen politikuri Zalis mosapoveblad. konsuli (Consul, SemoklebiT – cos.) romis respublikaSi umaRlesi arCeviTi Tanamdeboba, SemdgomSi, imperiis xanaSi, gaxda daniSvniTi. kvestori – Tanamdebobis piri Zv. romSi. TAvdapirvelad kvestorebi konsulebis TanaSemweebi iyvnen, droTa ganmavlobaSi maT daevalaT sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis garCeva, saxelmwifo xazinis meTvalyureoba da sxelmwifo arqivis marTva.

gaius mariusi (laT. Gaius Marius Zv.w. 157-86) – romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikuri moRvawe, romauli armiis reformatori. Svidgzis iyo arCeuli konsulad.

cnobili adamianebi

sula – lukius kornelius sula feliqsi (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix), romaeli mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe. misi diqtatorobis xana daemTxva optimatebisa da popularebis brZolis yvelaze daZabul xanas.

krasusi – markus likinius krasusi (Marcus Licinius Crassus, Zv.w. 11553), romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikosi, romelmac Tavisi roli Seasrula romis respublikis imperiad transformaciaSi. iTvlebda erT-erT umdidres kacad.

pompeusi – gneus pompeus didi (laT. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus; Zv.w. 106 w. 29 seqtemberi– Zv.w. 48 w. 28 seqtemberi) – didi romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikuri moRvawe, mdidari da gavleniani patriuciusi. pirveli triumviratis wevri.

kornelia (Cornelia Cinnilla Zv.w. 97-69) – lucius kornelius cinas asuli, iulius keisris pirveli meuRle (daqorwindnen Zv.w. 84 w.). keisari kvestori iyo, rodesac kornelia gardaicvala da keisarma saxalxo krebaze mis suls qeba-didebiT mimarTa. pompeia (Pompeia, Zv.w. I s.) – iulius keisris meore meuRle. misi mSoblebi iyvnen kvintus pompeius rufusi, yofili konsulis Ze, da kornelia, romaeli diqtatoris, sulas qaliSvili.

kalpurnia _ iulius keisris mesame coli.

moukvda. ramdenime weli samxedro karieras miuZRvna da Semdeg daqorwinda popularebis jgufis mniSvnelovani wevris qaliSvilze – korneliaze. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvili iulia, Tumca qorwineba didxans ar gagrZelebula. yvelaferi Seicvala, rodesac roms saTaveSi diqtatori sula Caudga. upirveles yovlisa, sulam ubrZana iuliuss, kornelias gahyroda, radgan igi sulas mtrebis ojaxidan iyo. keisarma uari ganacxada da gadaimala, raTa diqtatoris nebisadmi daumorCileblobisTvis sikvdiliT ar daesajaT. sabolood mas es urCoba epatia da is romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 78 wels, rodesac sula gardaicvala. iuliusi izrdeboda rogorc samxedro, man Tavi gamoiCina romis mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, maT Soris imiTac, rom bevri jariskaci gadaarCina sikvdils. Zv.w. 75 wels moitaces da sicilieli mekobreebis xelSi aRmoCnda. mis gamosaxsnelad mekobreebma 20 talanti moiTxoves, magram Tavad daiJina, sul cota, 50 talanti mainc aris Cemi fasio. samxedro tribunad airCies Zv.w. 72 wels. saxeli gaiTqva aseve rogorc advokatma da sajaro gamomsvlelma. Zv.w. 69 wels kvestorad airCies da Semdgom senatSic moipova adgili. colad moiyvana pompeia, sulas SviliSvili. misi politikuri aRmasvla grZeldeboda, airCies pontifex maximus-ad (uzenaes qurumad) da Semdeg pretorad. aseve grZeldeboda misi samxedro warmatebebi da Zv.w. 60 wels konsulad airCies. konsuli imdroindeli mTavrobis mTavari Tanamdeboba iyo, Tumca keisari erTaderTi konsuli ar yofila, roms ukve hyavda ori konsuli krasusisa da pompeusis saxiT. pompeusi udidesi mxedarTmTavari iyo, rac man araerTgzis daamtkica brZolis velze. man did gamarjvebebs miaRwia aziaSi da romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 62 wels, raTa senatisTvis eTxova, daemtkicebina is teritoriuli mowyoba, romelsac man brZolis velze gamarjvebebiT miaRwia. krasusma, romelic Suris TvaliT Sehyurebda pompeusis samxedro warmatebebs, daarwmuna senati, ar daemtkicebina gamarjvebuli mxedarTmTavris gegma. keisarma sworad Seafasa viTareba da orive konsuli daarwmuna, erTad emuSavaT da orives dahpirda daxmarebas. sanacvlod man konsuloba moiTxova. krasusi da pompeusi daeTanxmnen da Zv.w. 60 wels Camoyalibda pirveli triumvirati (sami kacis mmarTveloba). pompeusis eWvebis gasa-

ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri

keisris droindeli galia

iulius keisris qandakeba, rimini, italia

fantavad keisarma mas Tavisi qaliSvili, iulia miaTxova, xolo Tavad axali coli, kalpurnia, moiyvana. wlebis ganmavlobaSi keisari Tavisi sityvis erTguli iyo: pompeusis gegma senatma moiwona da daamtkica, krasusic kmayofili iyo, xolo keisarma konsulobis amowurvis Semdeg xuTwliani prokonsuloba miiRo galiaSi. igi galiaSi 58 wels gaemgzavra da iq cxra weli dahyo. am drois ganmavlobaSi man mravali didi samxedro gamarjveba moipova da mravali politikuri mowinaaRmdegec CamoiSora â&#x20AC;&#x201D; kacma rom Tqvas, yvela daxoca, vinc gzaze gadaeRoba. galia, romelic keisarma daipyro, moicavda dRevandel safrangeTs, belgias, samxreT holandias, germanias rainis dasavleTiT da Sveicariis did nawils. keisari orgzis SeiWra britaneTSi, Zv.w. 55 da 54 wlebSi, magram mudmiv warmatebas ver miaRwia. britaneTis romaulad mowyoba maSin gadaido. keisarma didi saxeli moixveWa galiis damorCilebiTa da britaneTze laSqrobiT, ramac krasusisa da pompeusis Suri gamoiwvia. maT manamde hqondaT Zalaufleba da manamde hqondaT samxedro warmatebebi mopovebuli, sanam keisari gamoCndeboda politikur scenaze da romaelTa TvalSi maT Zvel didebas daCrdilavda. axali gamarjvebebis mosapoveblad krasusma aRmosavleTis armiis xelmZRvaneloba moiTxova da miiRo kidec, magram parTielebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. rac Seexeba pompeuss, misi mtroba keisrisadmi kidev ufro gaizarda, miT umetes, rom ukve aRaraferi akavSirebdaT erTmaneTTan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iulia, keisris qaliSvili da pompeusis

cnobili adamianebi

meuRle, mSobiarobas gadahyva Zv.w. 54 wels. krasusi aRar iyo cocxali da ori didi mxedarTmTavari – iulius keisari da gneus pompeusi – eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen erTmaneTs, orives surda marto yofiliyo konsuli da erTpirovnulad emarTa romis imperia. Zv.w. 49 wels keisari im mdinares miadga, romelzec ukve vilaparakeT – rubikons. rubikonis gadalaxva da romisken armiis daZvra kargad gaTvlili politikuri nabiji iyo. es nabiji ewinaaRmdegeboda romaul kanonebs da, saboloo jamSi, samoqalaqo oms niSnavda. pompeusi Tavisi legionebiT espaneTSi idga, ver daupirispirda keisars da aRmosavleTisken daiZra. amasobaSi keisari romSi Sevida da axali senati Camoayaliba. am jgufma, romelic, bunebrivia, mas TanaugrZnobda, keisari diqtatorad gamoacxada. pompeusma myari poziciebi daikava saberZneTSi. rogorc saxelmwifos meTaurma, keisarma ver daarwmuna pompeusi, rom Tavis pretenziebze uari eTqva: samoqalaqo omi ukve gardauvali gaxda. Zv.w. 48 wlis 6 ivnisis grandiozuli masStabis SetakebaSi, romelic istoriaSi „farsalosis brZolis“ saxeliT aris cnobili, pompeusma 46 aTasi, xolo keisarma mxolod 30 aTasi, magram ukeT gawrTvnili meomari gamoiyvana. keisaric da pompeusic brwyinvale mxedarTmTavari iyo da erTsac da meoresac im droisTvis uamravi gamarjveba hqonda mopovebuli. da mainc, saberZneTis am patara qalaqis maxloblad gamarTul brZolaSi im dRes gamoCnda, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiTac keisris genia metoqisas aRemateboda — man brwyinvale gamarjvebas miaRwia, Tumca orive mxridan Zalian didi danakargi iyo. pompeusma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela da egviptes miaSura, sadac mogvianebiT mas uRalates da muxanaTurad mokles. am istoriuli gamarjvebis Semdeg keisarma Tavisi epoqisTvis uCveulo nabiji gadadga: tyved Cavardnili yvela romaeli moqalaqe Seiwyala. SewyalebulTagan erT-erTi misi momavali mkvleli – markus brutusi iyo. farsalosTan miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg keisari Seudga Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas, gansakuTrebiT – egvipteSi. aleqsandriaSi Casuli keisari moxibla da gaitaca kleopatram, romelic egviptis taxtisTvis ibrZoda. cbierma dedo-

iulius keisari

falma Tavi xaliCaSi gaaxvevina da es xaliCa saCuqrad miarTves diqtators. kleopatras moxerxebulobam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina keisarze da didi romaeli mas daxmarebas dahpirda. kleopatrasTvis egviptis taxtis mosapovebel omSi keisarma egviptis flotis gadawvis brZaneba gasca. cecxlma gaanadgura ara mxolod floti, aramed Zveli istoriac – daiwva aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli didi biblioTeka. bolos da bolos, Zv.w. 47 wels kleopatra egviptis dedoflad gamocxadda da man romTan politikuri kavSiri Sekra. egvipteSi warmatebis Semdeg keisari mcire aziaSi SeiWra. Zv.w. 47 wlis 1 agvistos, pontoeli mefe farnakesis ajanyeba CaaxSo. swored am gamarjvebis aRwerisas uTqvams keisars Tavisi saxelganTqmuli veni, vidi, vici („mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve“). ori Tvis Semdeg igi romSi dabrunda, sadac axal problemebs waawyda. keisars mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi daufaravad emtereboda brwyinvale oratori katoni. igi keisarSi xedavda kacs, romelic sakuTar Tavs romsa da mis xalxze maRla ayenebda. katoni ukve cnobili pirovneba iyo, rodesac keisari gamoCnda politikur asparezze da sakuTar Tavs keisris politikuri oponentebis rigebSi moiazrebda. mas Semdeg, rac keisarma aRmosavleTSi uamravi gamarjveba moipova, katonic da keisris sxva oponentebic afrikaSi gaiqcnen. romSi dabrunebulma keisarma afrikas miaSura da oponentebi iq daamarcxa, TafsosTan brZolaSi. katonma ver gadaitana damarcxebisa Tu Sewyalebis sircxvili. keisris oponentebis sxva jgufi jer kidev flobda raRac Zalauflebas. maT Soris iyo senatori gaius kasius longinusi, romelic manamde keisars krasussa da pompeusTan erTad upirispirdeboda. kasiuss eSinoda, rom keisari Tavs mefed gamoacxadebda – swored amisTvis undodaT Tavis arideba senatorebs da romael moqalaqeebs. roms mefeebma Tavi cudad daamaxsovres: romis istoriaSi Svidi mefe iyo da Svidive mefe sastikad epyroboda ara mxolod romis mtrebs, aramed Tavad romaelebsac. romauli respublika ZiriTadad imitom Camoyalibda, rom ar daeSva romelime mefis xelisuflebaSi mosvla da romis senati Tavis Tavs swored mefobis mowinaaRmdeged da respublikuri wyobis damcvelad ganixilavda. kasiusi, katoni da sxvebi, maT Soris brutusic, keisarSi mefobis axal saSiS kandidats xedavdnen, romelic warsulis sisastikes daabrunebda. mefe an diqtatori ar aris valdebuli, vinmes pasuxi gasces. respublika da sena-

kleopatra VII (Zv.w. 69-30) – elinisturi egviptis ukanaskneli dedofali

katoni — markus porkius katon utikeli (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, Zv.w. 95-46 ), cnobili, rogorc katon umcrosi (Cato Minor), gansxvavebiT misi didi babuisgan (katon ufrosi), romauli respublikis politikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, stoicizmis filosofiis mimdevari.

markus antoniusi (laT. Marcus Antonius), Zv.w.83-30, romaeli politikosi da mxedarTmTavari, meore triumviratis wevri, samgzis konsuli da kvestori.

cnobili adamianebi

ti ki im ideiT Camoyalibda, rom xalxs SeZleboda Tavisi mTavrobisTvis raime eTqva. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom vinmes Tavi xalxze maRla daeyenebina da RvTaebrivi an samxedro aRmatebulebiT yvelaze gabatonebuliyo. keisars ukve mxolod ramdenime mowinaaRmdege darCa da igi ukve Seudga romis marTvas. upirveles yovlisa, man bevri ram gaakeTa rigiTi jariskacebisa da ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis. man romi uzarmazari finansuri validan gaaTavisufla (es valebi samoqalaqo omis dros dagrovda), gazarda senatorTa ricxvi (ra Tqma unda, Tavisi momxreebis xarjze). man daadgina, Tu marcvleulis ra raodenoba unda gamoyofiliyo gansakuTrebiT gaWirvebuli moqalaqeebisTvis; man ganaxorciela kalendris reforma, gaxada igi iseTi, rogorc dRes gvaqvs da bolo mouRo mravalwlian areulobas am sferoSi (momavalma Taobebma am kalendarSi mxolod erTi cvlileba Seitanes, ramac ganasxvava Zveli da axali stilebi). bevri ram gaakeTa man ubralo xalxisTvis, riTic kidev ufro gadaimtera bevri mdidari moqalaqe, romlebic mxars uWerdnen krasuss, pompeuss Tu sulas. pompeusis vaJebi, gneusi da seqstusi, saTaveSi Caudgnen ajanyebas espaneTSi. keisari personalurad gauZR-

iulius keisari

va armias da gaanadgura isini. keisarma gamouSva monetebi, romlebzec misi portreti iyo gamosaxuli; misi qandakebebi iseve iyo Semosili, rogorc RmerTebis qandakebebi. senatma mas uamravi axali tituli da privilegia mianiWa, maT Soris â&#x20AC;&#x17E;daumarcxebeli RmerTisâ&#x20AC;&#x153; tituli da ufleba, Caecva mewamuli oqroTi gawyobili toga da dabrZanebuliyo oqros taxtze. ori tribuni, gaius marulusi da lucius flaviusi daupirispirda am titulebsa da privilegiebs da maT senati daatovebines. Zv.w. 44 wlis TebervalSi keisari samudamo diqtatorad gamocxadda. imave wlis 15 Tebervals luperkaliis dResaswaulze keisris erTgulma TanamebrZolma, markus antoniusma, diqtators gvirgvini gauwoda. keisarma icoda, rom miuxedavad mis mimarT gamoxatuli uzarmazari siyvarulisa, xalxs mefe mainc ar undoda da amitomac uari Tqva gvirgvinze, samjer. keisars 18 marts dagegmili hqonda salaSqrod wasvla parTielebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac manamde konsuli krasusi mokles. keisari senatSi gaemarTa 15 marts, raTa laSqrobaSi wasvlamde ukanasknelad Sexvedroda senatorebs. senati am dros pompeusis mier agebul TeatrSi ikribeboda, radgan senatis tradiciul sxdomaTa darbazi daiwva da im dros xelaxla Sendeboda. swored aq daesxa Tavs keisars 60 SeTqmuli da mokles igi togebSi damaluli xanjlebiT. da es ambavi keisris mTavari mtris, pompeusis qandakebis kvarcxlbekTan moxda.

cnobili adamianebi keisris sikvdili, vinCenco kamuCinis (1771-1844) naxati

erT-erTi SeTqmuli iyo markus brutusi, romelic keisarma farsalosTan brZolis Semdeg Seiwyala da romelsac keisari gansakuTrebiT endoboda. SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen senatorebi gaius kasius longinusi da decimus brutus albinusi.

`Senc, brutus?!~ (laT. Et tu quoque Brute!) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SeiZÂleba gsmeniaT es cnobili fraza, romelsac aseve iulius keisars miaweren. TiTqos es sityvebi keisars sikvdilis win aRmoxda, roca Tavis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulTa Soris brutusic daunaxavs. am gamoTqmas xumrobiT dResac vxmarobT da veubnebiT adamians, romelsac sxvaTa rigSi Tu sxva saqmeebiT dakavebuls aRmovaCenT.

iulius keisari

miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli senatorebi gamoirCeodnen grZelvadiani dagegmvis codniTa da detalebisadmi yuradRebis miqceviT, keisris mokvlis Semdeg maT aranairi gegma ar aRmoaCndaT. senatorebma mokles keisari da samSoblodan gaiqcnen, xolo romze kontroli markus antoniuss dautoves, keisris yvelaze erTgul TanamebrZols, romelmac am droisTvis jariskacebis mTel legions mouyara Tavi. antoniusma warmoTqva saxelganTqmuli sityva keisris dakrZalvaze. am sityvaSi man daasaxela da miwasTan gaaswora keisris mkvlelebi. igi gaxda konsuli da Sevida meore triumviratSi, romelSic masTan da lepidusTan erTad iulius keisris dis, iulias SviliSvili oqtavianusic Sedioda (keisars igi naSvilevi hyavda). swored es iyo is axalgazrda kaci, romelic didi biZis nakvalevs gahyva, xelSi Caigdo uzenaesi Zalaufleba da gaxda is, riskenac miiswrafoda iulius keisari – romis pirveli imperatori.

iulius keisris droindeli romis maketi

oqtavianusi, gaius oqtaviane avgustusi (laT.Gaius Iulius Octavianus Augustus Zv.w. 63 w. 23 seqtemberi – ax.w. 14 w. 19 agvisto) — romis pirveli imperatori. avgustusis saxels ukavSirdeba meore triumviratis Seqmna, romelsac antoniusi da lepidusi xelmZRvanelobdnen. rodesac dadga dro Zalauflebis xelSi aRebisa, mas antoniusTan dapirispireba mouxda. avgustussa da antoniuss Soris gamarjveba avgustuss darCa. oqtavianes saxels ukavSirdeba romis ayvaveba da didi dapyrobiTi omebi rainis aRmosavleTiT da britaneTSi

ideologia

i m z i S a f aleqsandre kuxianiZe

cxare politikuri kamaTis dros politikosebi an ubralo adamianebi xandaxan erTmaneTs faSistebs da nacistebs uwodeben. ruseTis prezident vladimir putinis mier kontrolirebadi televizia da presa sakuTar mosaxleobas arwmunebs, rom 2014 wlis dasawyisSi ukrainaSi moxda politikuri gadatrialeba da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdes ukrainelma faSistebma da nacistebma. amis sapirispirod, mTeli civilizebuli samyaro ukrainul movlenebSi xedavs xalxis demokratiul miswrafebas ukrainis yofil prezident ianukoviCis korumpirebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg. putinis da ukrainis teritoriaze Segzavnili rusuli eqstremistuli dajgufebebisa Tu jaris qmedebebs ki mTeli msoflio faSisturi germaniisa da hitleris qmedebebs adarebs…. aseTi urTierTgamomricxavi Sefasebebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove politikuri procesebis sworad gaazrebis dros adamianma kargad unda icodes, Tu ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi faSizmi.

ra aris faSizmi? faSizmi aris totalitaruli diqtaturis forma, politikuri moZraoba da ideologia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia agresiuli nacionalizmi da rasizmi, erTpartiuli mmarTveloba, terori, daundobeli represiuli saxelmwifo, sadac Zlieria samxedro Zala, moqmedebs mkacri cenzura da uxeS sicrueze agebuli propaganda; sadac opoziciis fizikuri ganadgurebis gziT xdeba sazogadoebis totaluri kontroli da msoflio batonobis mizniT ipyroben mezobel qveynebs.

faSistur mmarTvelobas yovelTvis hyavs moqalaqeebis ori nawili, romlebic dayofilia politikuri sandoobisa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri „kargi“/„cudi“ warmomavlobis mixedviT. sakuTari siZlieris propagandis mizniT faSistebi aqtiurad

ideologia

iyeneben simbolikas (droSebs, niSnebs, formas), samxedro aRlumebs, msvlelobebsa da masobriv Sekrebebs.

faSizmis warmoSoba

faSizmi

faSizms 1919 wels safuZveli Cauyara italielma diqtatorma benito musolinim. 1914-1918 wlebSi, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, mzardi umuSevrobis, siRaribisa da evropis dangreuli ekonomikis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis maRali da saSualo fenis SiSma mosalodneli komunisturi revoluciuri qaosisa da sakuTari qonebis dakargvisadmi evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi faSisturi partiebis mosvla ganapiroba. maSin saSineli qaosisa da teroris mkafio magaliTi iyo ruseTSi 1917 wels gamarjvebuli bolSevikuri revolucia da misi katastrofuli Sedegebi – masobrivad daxvretili „burJuaziuli“ klasis warmomadgenlebi, sakoncentracio banakebSi gagzavnili uamravi adamiani, `wiTeli terori~, SiSi da SimSili qveyanaSi. am fonze faSizmi mimarTavda sazogadoebas nacionaluri erTobis ideiT, TviT muSaTa klasisa da glexebis CaTvliT, miuTiTebda ra „xalxis mtrebze“ – ebraelebze, komunistebze, ucxotomelebze, sxva rasisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis pirebze. amasTanave, nacionalisturi propaganda win wevda gare da Sina mtrebis ideas, riTic eris Sekvris amocanas aadvilebda.

rogorc iTqva, faSizmi warmoiSva italiaSi, Semdeg ki gavrcelda germaniaSi, espaneTsa da evropis sxva qveynebSi. misi mTavari liderebi iyvnen italieli benito musolini da avstriuli warmoSobis germaneli adolf hitleri.

benito musolinis italielebi duCes (ital. Duce) eZaxdnen. es saxeli momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan dux – beladi, winamZRoli da italiuradac belads niSnavs. erovnuli faSisturi partiis lider benito musolinis partiis wevrebi moZraobis winamZRolad miiCnevdnen da 1925 wels musolinim dairqva kidec `misi aRmatebuleba benito musolini, mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli, faSizmis beladi da imperiis damaarsebeli~ (wodebas `imperiis damaarsebeli~ 1936 wels daemata) da am saxels 1943 wlamde atarebda. es Tanamdeboba gadaiRes faSizmis sxva liderebmac. ase, magaliTad, adolf hitlerma fiureri (germ. Führer – qarT. winamZRoli) dairqva. 1943 wels musolinim sakuTar Tavs uwoda `italiis socialuri respublikis duCe~.

adolf hitleri da benito musolini romSi, 1938

ideologia

termini „faSizmi“ pirvelad gamoiyenes 1915 wels musolinis moZraobis „faSi revoluciur moqmedebebSi“ wevrebma. sityva „faSizmi“ modis italiuri „fascismo“-dan, rac niSnavs jgufs, gaerTianebas, ligas. es sityva laTinuri warmoSobisaa – fascio niSnavs gadakvras, Sekvras, xolo fascis – erTad gadakruli wnelebis konasa da najaxs – Zalauflebis Zvel romaul simbolos, romelsac atarebda romis respublikis umaRlesi magistratebis (anu saxelmwifo moxeleebis, Tanamdebobis pirebis) sapatio dacva, romelic jalaTis rols asrulebda da magistratebs emorCileboda.

italiis nacionalur-faSisturi partiis emblema

musolinis ideali iyo Zveli romis diqtatori iulius keisari. igi imdenad iyo Sepyrobili romis imperiis ideebiT, rom amtkicebda kidec, rom keisari iyo pirveli faSisti. amitomac iyo, rom 1919 wels Seqmnil `Savperangianebis~ mebrZol razmebs, romelTac „brZolis kavSirebi“ (Fasci di Combattimento) erqvaT, musolinim simbolod „fasciebi“ SeurCia. aqedan gaCnda am kavSiris – faSisturi partiis saxelwodeba.

faSizmi

1921 wlis maisSi musolini airCies italiis parlamentSi, 1922 wels ki man gamoacxada, rom Zalaufleba unda gadascemoda faSistebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi – ZaliT miitacebdnen. 26 aTasi `Savperangianis~ romze galaSqrebam aiZula italiis mefe viqtor emanuel III, rom musolini italiis premier-ministris postze daeniSna. musolini rogorc ki movida xelisuflebis saTaveSi, misi faSisturi razmebi gadaiqca mis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul erovnuli usafrTxoebis moxalise miliciad (anu saxalxo laSqrad). musolinis specialuri gankargulebiT Seiqmna faSisturi sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen masTan gansakuTrebiT daaxloebuli faSisturi moZraobis liderebi. es iyo pirveli gadamwyveti nabiji faSisturi partiis mier saxelmwifo Zalauflebis misataceblad. meore mniSvnelovani nabiji ki iyo „lateranis SeTanxmeba“ (1929), xelSekruleba, dadebuli romis pap pius XI-sa da musolinis Soris, romliTac mogvarda italiis mTavrobasa da wminda eparqias Soris arsebuli `romis sakiTxi~ da romlis safuZvelzec Seiqmna vatikanis saxelmwifo.

benito musolini win miuZRvis `Savperangianebs~ romze cnobil galaSqrebas 1922 wels.

1922-1943 wlebSi italiis faSizmi iqca saxelmwifo kapitalizmis totalitarul, nacionalur politikad, romelic Semdeg ZiriTad debulebebs pasuxobda: faSizmi aris yovlismomcveli da totaluri; faSisturi saxelmwifosa da ideebis miRma ar arsebobs aranairi sxva adamianuri da sulieri cxovreba; faSizmi srulad akontrolebs ara mxolod saxelmwifoSi arsebul yvela organizacias, aramed mTeli kacobriobis Semoqmedebas.

ideologia

faSisturma italiam, aviTarebda ra ideas, rom kacobriobas ar SeuZlia omebis gareSe arseboba, 1920-ian wlebSi agresiuli samxedro politika wamoiwyo. eyrdnoboda ra italielTa rasobrivi upiratesobis Teorias, rac, faSistebis azriT, iZleoda „dabali“ rasis – afrikelebis – kolonizaciis uflebas, faSisturma italiam gaaCaRa samxedro kampania libiis winaaRmdeg. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis masobrivi mkvlelobebi, aTasobiT adamianis datyveveba sakoncentracio banakebSi, SimSiloba, eTnikuri wmenda, beduinebisa da sxva tomebis ayra TavianTi samosaxlodan, raTa im adgilebSi italielebi CaesaxlebinaT – es yvelaferi Tan sdevda am samxedro laSqrobas. 1936 wels italielTa armiis umniSvnelo saomarma gamarjvebam eTiopiaSi mkveTrad gazarda musolinisa da faSizmis popularoba ara marto italiaSi, aramed germaniasa da sxva qveynebSic. italiuri faSizmi daedo safuZvlad faSizmis sxvadasxva saxeobas, gavrcelebuls me-20 saukuneSi mTel rig qveynebSi: falangizmi – espaneTSi, rkinis gvardia – rumineTSi, peronizmi – argentinaSi, integralizmi – braziliaSi, „gadaxlarTuli isrebi“ – ungreTSi, avstrofaSizmi – avstriaSi, etatizmi seva – iaponiaSi, ustaSebi – xorvatiaSi. aqedan yvelaze damRupveli germaneli xalxisa da mTeli kacobriobisTvis iyo germanuli faSizmi adolf hitleris meTaurobiT.

germanuli faSizmi, anu nacizmi germanul faSizms ewodeba nacizmi, romelic termin nacional-socializmis SemoklebiT miRebuli sityvaa. nacizmi – es aris ukiduresad eqstremistuli da rasistuli moZraoba da ideologia, romelic germaniaSi italiuri faSizmidan warmoiSva pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisas da iarseba 1945 wels faSisturi germaniis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebamde.

adolf hitleris wigni `main kampf~ (germ. Mein Kampf – qarT. „Cemi brZola“) 1924 wlis gazafxulisTvis hitleri Seudga wignis weras `main kampf~ („Cemi brZola“). qaosis wlebSi nacistebs sWirdebodaT TavianTi partiuli ideologia, romelic im droisaTvis jer ar hqondaT da romelic nacistebis „biblia“ unda gamxdariyo.

nacistebis danaSauli kacobriobis winaSe imdenad sastiki da miuRebeli iyo, rom maT 1945 wels umetesi faSisturi mTavrobebic ki ganudgnen. germaniis Rrma krizisis pirobebSi 1922 wels musolinis romze laSqrobam hitleri STaagona Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad miunxenSi 1923 wlis 8-9 noembrs putCis mosawyobad. putCi CaaxSes, miuxedavad imisa, rom im periodSi hitlers 56 aTasi bavarieli nacisti emorCileboda. TviTon hitleri 1923 wlis noembridan 1924 wlis dekembramde ki cixeSi Casves „samSoblos Ralatis“ muxliT. 1923 wels erT-erT mitingze gamosvlisas hitlerma ganacxada: „Cveni valia vTqvaT, rom roca uaxloes momavalSi movipovebT Za-

faSizmi

lauflebas, Cven SevasrulebT sxva movaleobebsac – saxrCobelaze aviyvanT moRalateebs, aramzadebs, gamcemebs!“. wignis „Cemi brZola“ arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 1919 wlis 28 ivniss safrangeTSi, versalis sasaxleSi, damamcirebeli da kabaluri versalis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg, romliTac oficialurad damTavrda 1914-1918 wlebis pirveli msoflio omi, germania unda aRdges, Seqmnas Zlieri saxelmwifo, damyarebuli axal wesrigze, rasobriv Teoriasa da germanelebis erTianobaze, Semdeg ki unda daiwyos gafarToeba, daipyros sxva saxelmwifoebi da teritoriebi, sastikad unda gauswordes nebismier winaaRmdegobas. bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom versalis mSvidobiani molaparakebis usamarTlo da sastiki pirobebi iyo erT-erTi mTavari mizezi germaniis Rrma krizisisa, romelic 1929 wels msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma ufro gaaRrmava. aman, yvelaferma, ganapiroba 1933 wels xelisuflebaSi nacistebis mosvla, Tumca iyo sxva mizezic – germaniis SiSi komunisturi revoluciisa da bolSevikuri reJimis mimarT, informacia im mxecobisa da danaSaulis Sesaxeb, romelic modioda sabWoTa kavSiridan. xelisuflebaSi nacistebis mosvlisTanave mTeli inteleqtualuri Zalebi mimarTes hitleris wignSi „Cemi brZola“ gamoTqmuli ideebis propagandisa da axs-

`ludis putCis~ an `hitler-liudendorfis putCis~ saxeliT cnobili saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdeloba moxda 1923 wlis 8-9 noemebrs, hitlerisa da general erix liudendorfis TaosnobiT. movlenas saxeli `ludis putCi~ Seerqva, radgan saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis es mcdeloba daiwyo miunxenis ludis darbazSi `hofbroi~, rodesac fon karis mosasmenad iq Sekrebili sazogadoeba nacistebis 600-ma SeiaraRebulma alyaSi moaqcia, xolo darbazSi myofma hitlerma ludis kaTxa Zirs daanarcxa, magidaze axta, WerSi gaisrola da saxalxod ganacxada, rom `daiwyo nacionaluri revolucia~. sabolood nacistebma ver miiRes verc mosaxleobis da verc samxedroebis mxardaWera da es putCi kraxiT dasrulda.

ideologia

mesame raixad moixseniebdnen germanias 1933-1945 ww-Si, rodesac qveyanas saTaveSi adolf hitleri da nacisturi partia edga.

na-ganmartebisaken, gansxvavebulad moazrovneebs ki mesame raixis mtrebad acxadebdnen da anadgurebdnen. am dros ar arsebobda ideebis Tavisufali konkurencia, iyo mxolod swori ideebi, mcdari ideebi da ideebi, romelTa amoZirkvac xdeboda. erT-erTi aseTi `swori idea~ iyo, magaliTad, is, rom Tavis qalis zomebis mixedviT SeiZleboda gansazRvra, miekuTvneboda Tu ara adamiani umaRles, germanul `ariul rasas~. wignis „Cemi brZola“ ideologiuri poziciis realizebas mxolod propaganda ver uSvelida. amisTvis aucilebeli iyo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba da sxvagvarad moazrovneebis fizikurad moSoreba, es ki SeuZlebeli iyo nacisturi simbolikis da fanatikurad erTguli da mebrZoli nacisturi organizaciebis gareSe.

yvelaze ufro didi gavlena hitleris ideologiis Camoyalibebaze moaxdina germaneli filosofosebis fridrix nicSes (1844-1900), osvald Spengleris (1880-1936) da artur Sopenhaueris (1788-1860) Sexedulebebma; agreTve rasizmis Teoretikosebma – germanelma heinrix fon treiCkem (1834-1896), frangma Jozef artur de gobinom (1816-1882) da yovelive germanulis fanatikosma, ingliselma hiuston stiuart Cemberlenma (1855-1927). germaneli filosofosi eduard fon gartmani (1842-1906) qadagebda Teorias ebraelebis, rogorc arasrulfasovani rasis Sesaxeb. nacistebs TavianTi Teoria „sasicocxlo sivrcis gafarToebis Sesaxeb“ nasesxebi aqvT fridrix ratcelis (1844-1904) naSromidan „politikuri geografia“, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo saxelmwifos ayvavebis idea teritoriuli zrdis xarjze, rasac igi mihyavda msoflios batonobamde. samxedro istorikosi fridrix adolf iulius fon bernardi (1849-1930) Tavis wignSi „germania da Semdegi omi“ gamodioda ulmobeli agresiuli politikiT, sruliad ugulebelyofda molaparakebebs da omebs ganixilavda, rogorc „RvTiur bizness“, „biologiur aucileblobas“ da „bunebriv uflebas“.

nacistebi farTod iyenebdnen sakuTari ideologiisa da reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebel simboloebs: italieli faSistebisagan SeiTvises misalmebis forma – romauli saluti – win gaSverili zeaRmarTuli marjvena xeli; ariuli rasis simbolod iqca svastika – mklavebmoxrili jvris formis yvelaze Zveli da farTod gavrcelebuli grafikuli simbolo. svastikas Zalian bevr uZveles kulturasa da civilizaciaSi sakraluri mniSvneloba hqonda. es iyo kosmosuri moZraobis, Semoqmedi Zalis, nayofierebis, keTildReobis, aRorZinebisa da mziuri sibrZnis gamomsaxveli niSani (sainteresoa, rom svastikis yvelaze Zveli gamosaxuleba napovnia SuamdinareTSi (Sumeri), aseve dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (mtkvar-araqsis (Zv. w. IV aTaswleuli) , TrialeTisa Tu kolxuri kulturis nimuSebze, aseve sxvaganac). svastika mogvianebiTac popularuli simbolo iyo bevr kulturasa da qveyanaSi. magaliTad, 1919 wels svastikas iyenebdnen wiTeli armiis zogierT nawilSi, xolo fineTSi – adrec da meore msoflio omis Semdegac. dRes svastika asocirdeba nacizmTan da iTvleba sazareli politikuri danaSaulis simbolod, nacisturi simbolikis gamoyeneba ki propagandis mizniT akrZalulia bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris – saqarTveloSic.

faSizmi

germaniis nacionalsocialisturi muSaTa partia (NSDAP) 1919 wlis ianvarSi miunxenSi organizaciisgan – „Tavisufal muSaTa komiteti Rirseuli msofliosTvis“ – Seiqmna nacionalisturi partia – „germaniis muSaTa partia“ (DAP). mis SemadgenlobaSi iyo 40-mde adamiani. 1919 wlis seqtemberSi am partiaSi Sevida adolf hitleri, romelmac 1920 wlis 24 Tebervals krebaze waradgina partiis 25-punqtiani programa. swored maSin ewoda partias „germaniis nacional-socialisturi muSaTa partia“ (NSDAP), SemoklebiT – „nacistebi“. NSDAP-is programis ganxorcielebam nacistebs uamravi danaSauli Caadenina germaniis SigniTac da saerTaSoriso arenazec. nacisturi partiis liderebma moaxdines Zalauflebis uzurpacia da miitaces germaniis saxelmwifo struqturebi. nacistebma gaauqmes versalis xelSekruleba, „sasicocxlo sivrcis“ dasakaveblad gaaCaRes omebi da saqme miiyvanes xalxebis masobriv Jletamde, ebraelebis, komunistebis, memarcxeneebis, liberalebisa da aragermanelebis sastik devnamde.

nacisturi plakati warweriT: `axalgazrdoba emsaxureba belads – yvela aTi wlisa `hitleriugendSi~.

ideologia

partiis SigniT mkacri kontroli iyo damyarebuli. partiis programisa da dogmebis umniSvnelo kritikisTvis partiis wevrebi sikvdiliT isjebodnen. yovelives fxizlad adevnebda Tvals specialuri partiuli sasamarTlo. „grZeli danebis Rame“, hitleris angariSsworeba SА-is moieriSeebisadmi 1934 wlis 30 ivniss, istoriaSi Sevida koduri saxelwodebiT „operacia kolibri“. SA-s xelmZRvanelebis daxocvis sababi gaxda hitleris eWvi, rom moieriSe razmis ufrosi ernst remi amzadebda putCs. 1933 wlis 30 ianvars vaimaris prezidentma paul fon hindenburgma hitleri daniSna axali koaliciuri mTavrobis meTaurad – raixskanclerad. 1933 wlis 17 Tebervals raixstagis Senobis dawvam sababi misca hitlers, rom 28 Tebervals mieRo sagangebo dekreti „xalxisa da saxelmwifos dacvis Sesaxeb“, romelic adamians arTmevda pirad Tavisuflebas, Sekrebis, kavSirebis, beWdvis da saidumlo mimoweris uflebas, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobas. daapatimres daaxloebiT 4 aTasamde komunisti da social-demokratiuli dajgufebebis liderebi, raixstagSi gaauqmes komunistebis 81 mandati. nacistebma yvelgan daiwyes adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mitaceba: TiTqos partiuli aqtivistebi da moieriSeebi awyobdnen mrisxane demonstraciebs moTxovniT, SeecvalaT miwebis xelisufalni da maT adgilas daeniSnaT nacisturi partiis warmomadgenlebi – gaulaterebi, imuqrebodnen Senobebis dakavebiT. miRebuli dekreti sagangebo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb exmareboda nacistebs am procesisTvis kanonieri saxe miecaT. NSDAP-is garda yvela politikuri partia aikrZala an SeuCerda saqmianoba, xolo 1933 wlis 14 ivniss miRebulma kanonma axali `partiebis daarsebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ NSDAP-i germaniaSi erTaderT partiad gamoacxada.

faSizmi

nacisturi partiis gasamxedroebuli organizacia „SS“

SS-is (germ. Schutzstaffeln – qarT. damcveli razmebi) razmebi – adolf hitlerisa da nacisturi partiis mTavari gasamxedroebuli organizacia, romelic Seiqmna 1923 wels, rogorc hitleris piradi dacvis patara razmi hainrix himleris xelmZRvanelobiT, 1929 wlidan 1945 wlamde nacisturi partiis yvelaze msxvil da Zlier nacistur gasamxedroebul formirebad iqca. SS-is ainzacjgufebi, anu „sikvdilis eskadronebi“ iyvnen `Semoqmedni~ faSistebis arnaxuli danaSaulebisa – maTi xeliT xdeboda mitacebul teritoriebze moqalaqeTa masobrivi ganadgureba, milionobiT ebraelis mkvleloba, boSebis, politikuri oponentebis, profkavSirebisa da liberaluri moZraobis wevrebis, komunistebis, partizanebis daundobeli xocva, aseve ganadgureba iseTi „asocialuri elementebisa“, rogorebic iyvnen spekulantebi, meZavebi, homoseqsualebi, suliT avadmyofebi da invalidebi, sasikvdilod ganwirva yvela konfesiis samRvdeloebis, iehovas mowmeebis, masonebisa

ideologia

da rotari-klubis wevrebisac ki. am danaSaulTa SemkveTebi iyvnen nacisturi partiis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelebi, Semsruleblebi ki – usafrTxoebis policiis TanamSromlebi, organosi, romelic Sedgeboda gestaposgan, kriminaluri policiisagan, usafrTxoebis samsaxurisa da SS-is jarebisagan. 1934 wels daiwyo SS-is specialuri razmebis Seqmna, romelsac „mkvdari Tavi“ (SS-Totenkopfverbände, anu, SemoklebiT SS-TV) uwodes. es razmebi pasuxs agebdnen sakoncentracio banakebis dacvaze. SSTV iyo ZiriTadad pasuxismgebeli sikvdilis banakebSi moTavsebuli patimrebis wamebasa da masobriv mkvlelobebze. SS-TV razmebi dislocirebuli iyvnen uSualod sikvdilis banakebSi, sisastikiT cnobil daxauSi, buxenvaldSi, auSvicSi, osvencimsa da mauthauzenSi. am banakebSi milionobiT patimari daxvrites, gazis kamerebSi gagudes, hainrix himleri (1900-1945) CamoaxrCves, awames, SimSiliT amoxoces da maTze samedicino eqsperimentebi Caatares. meore msoflio omis dros germaniaSi Seqmnes Waffen SS, anu samxedro SS. am SenaerTebSi Sedioda daaxloebiT 1 mln. kaci, aqedan germaneli mxolod mesamedi iyo. danarCenebi sxvadasxva erovnebis faSistebi iyvnen. es SenaerTebi gansakuTrebuli brZolisunarianobiTa da sisastikiT gamoirCeodnen, magram brZolebSi Zalian didi danakargi hqondaT, radganac nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen samxedro taqtikas. 1940 wels hitlerma SS-is pirveli aragermanuli samxedro Zalebis Camoyalibebis nebarTva gasca. omis bols SS-is 38 diviziidan sakoncentracio banakis tyve bavSvebi

faSizmi

25 ucxoeli moxaliseebisa da wvevamdelebisagan Sedgeboda. maT ricxvSi Sedioda qarTuli qvedanayofic (SS Waffengruppe “Georgien”), romelic 1944 wlis 11 dekembers Seiqmna SS-is vafen-Standartenfiureris mixeil fridonis Ze wulukiZis meTaurobiT. „es-a“ (SА) – germ. Sturmabteilung , qarT. Sturmis razmebi, maT aseve `yavisferperangianebsac~ (italieli `Savperangianebis~ analogiiT) uwodebdnen. maTi saxelwodeba ZiriTadad SemoklebiT ixmareba – SА. am razmebis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba iyo nacistebis yrilobebsa da krebebze usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, opoziciuri partiebis Sexvedrebis CaSla, opoziciur naxevrad samxedro SenaerTebTan brZola da slavebis, ebraelebis daSineba. 1934 wlis zafxulis e.w. `grZeli danebis Ramis~ Semdeg SА-m mniSvneloba dakarga da mTavari nacisturi organizacia ukve SS-i gaxda. „es-es“ (SS) – ger. Schutzstafel, qarT. `damcveli razmebi~, ZiriTadad moixsenieben SemoklebiT – SS, naxevrad samxedro nacisturi organizacia, Tavidan warmoadgenda NSDAP-is moxaliseTa mcire SenaerTs (im dros ewodeboda Saal-Schutz – darbazis dacva), romelic icavda nacistebis partiuli Sexvedrebis usafrTxoebas miunxenSi. 1925 wlidan organizacias SeuerTda hainrix himleri, romelmac gardaqmna organizacia da saxelic gadaarqva (man uwoda Schutzstafel – damcveli razmi). himleris xelSi es patara gaerTianeba iqca `mesame raixis~ erT-erT umsxviles da uZlieres organizaciad, romelsac Tavidan evaleboda `sapolicio samsaxuri partiis SigniT~, Tumca monawileobda nacistebis mTel danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi. „es-de“ (SD) – Der Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS – raixsfiureris uSiSroebis samsaxuri – nacisturi germaniis uSiSroebis specsamsaxuri, daarsebuli 1931 wels, evaleboda SpionaJi da saidumlo operaciebi. monawileobda nacistebis mravalricxovan danaSaulSi. gestapo – germ. Geheime Staatspolizei, qarT. saidumlo saxelmwifo policia, `mesame raixis~ saidumlo policia 1933-1945 ww-Si, organizaciulad Sedioda germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SemadgenlobaSi, Seiqmna nacizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa gasanadgureblad. iTvleba nacizmis teroris simbolod.

ideologia

nacistebis danaSauli da gasamarTleba

niurnbergis procesi (germ. NĂźrnberger Prozesse) â&#x20AC;&#x201D; II msoflio omSi omis germaneli mTavari damnaSaveebis gasamarTleba saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis mier q. niurnbergSi (germania). tribunali Seiqmna ssrk-is, aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis SeTanxmebiT londonSi 1945 wlis 8 agvistos. sasamarTlos winaSe warsdga hitleris germaniis 24 xelmZRvaneli. niurnbergis procesi mimdinareobda 1945 wlis 20 noembridan 1946 wlis 1 oqtombramde. tribunalis ganaCeniT gansasjelebi damnaSaveebad cnes agresiuli omis momzadebasa da warmoebaSi. tribunalma aseve danaSaulebriv organizaciad cno nacional-socialisturi partiis razmebi: SS, uSiSroebis samsaxuri (SD), gestapo da nacisturi partiis Semadgenloba. niurnbergis procesma amcno mTel msoflios germanuli nacizmisa da militarizmis sazareli borotmoqmedeba. pirvelad moxda, rom saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelma pirebma sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxi ages umZimesi saerTaSoriso danaSaulisaTvis. 1946 wlis 11 dekembers gaeros generalurma asambleam daadastura saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebi, romlebic aRiarebulia niurnbergis tribunalis wesdebiT da asaxulia mis ganaCenSi.

faSizmi

„ebraelTa sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetisa“ da amisaTvis SS-is sikvdilis eskadronebis Seqmnis moTave, nacisturi partiis sxva xelmZRvanelobasTan erTad, iyo SS-is raixsfiureri hainrix himleri. igi iyo sikvdilis banakebis mTavari `arqiteqtori~. niurnbergis procesis da aseve mravali gamoZiebis Sedegad, SS-is qvedanayofebi cnes pasuxismgeblad nacistebis umravles samxedro danaSaulze, gansakuTrebiT – ebraelTa genocidsa da yvela im moqalaqis mkvlelobaze, romelTac nacistebi ganixilavdnen, rogorc safrTxes maTi „rasobrivi higienis“ an ideologiis gamo. 1945 wels potsdamis mokavSire qveynebis konferenciaze miiRes politikuri gadawyvetileba nacisturi organizaciis saqmianobis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, xolo 1946 wlis Semodgomaze niurnbergis saerTaSoriso tribunalma gamoitana ganaCeni, romlis mixedviTac, akrZales yvela nacisturi organizacia, xolo maTi wevrebi damnaSaved cnes. nacisturi partiis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelebi, SS-is saSualo personalis nawili, aseve jariskacebi da SS-is samxedro oficrebi da sakoncentracio banakebis dacva aRiares sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebad da ara politikur patimrebad da samxedro tyveebad. politikuri organizebuli danaSauli aris metad saSiSi da damangreveli yvela sxva formis danaSauls Soris. nacistebis mier gaCaRebulma meore msoflio omma Seiwira 50 milionze meti adamianis sicocxle, daangria qalaqebi da gaaCanaga aTeulobiT qveynis ekonomika. omma TviT germaneli xalxi miiyvana udides tanjva-wamebamde da naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi berlinis kedliT gayo Tavad germania.

religia

iudaizmi

giorgi lobJaniZe abraamistul religiebi – iudaizmi, qristianoba, islami – es aris monoTeisturi religiebi, romlebic saTaves Zvelebrauli tradiciebidan iReben da ukavSirdebian did patriarq abraams. yvela abraamistuli religiis swavleba met-naklebad `Zveli aRTqmis~ wminda werls efuZneba.

ebraelebi TavianT istorias ramdenime mniSvnelovan monakveTad yofen. `patriarqTa epoqas~ uwodeben xanas, rodesac maT sazogadoebas marTavda RvTisagan arCeuli, xeldasxmuli adamiani – patriarqi. es xana daaxloebiT moicavda Zv. w. 2000-1600 wlebs. mefe solomonis mmarTvelobis (daaxl. Zv. w. 973-933 ww.) epoqidan babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris mier iudeas samefos aklebis dromde, anu Zv. w. 536 wlamde `pirveli taZris periodi~ ewodeba, xolo 586, anu babilonelTa tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg xanas, vidre ax.w. II s-mde `meore taZris periodi~ hqvia.

iudaizmi (an iudeveloba) qronologiurad pirveli abraamistuli religiaa da garkveulwilad maT safuZvelsac warmoadgens. saxelwodeba, ufro sworad termini `iudaizmi“ (am saxiT) momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan Ίουδαϊσμός (iudaismos), romelic daaxloebiT Cv. w. 100 wels daamkvidres berZnulenovanma iudevelebma, raTa sakuTari religia ganesxvavebinaT elinuri warmarTobisagan. saerTod ki, es saxeli ukavSirdeba ebraelTa patriarqis iakobis meoTxe vaJs leasagan – iudas (ebr. iehuda – dideba iahves, anu ebr. RmerTs), romelmac saTave daudo iudevelTa sagvareulos da romlis STamomavlebmac, beniaminis STamomavlebTan erTad, daaarses samxreTis, anu iudeis samefo, dedaqalaqiT ierusalimSi. CrdiloeTis samefos (israelis) damxobis Semdeg iudeas xalxi gaxda ebrauli kulturis ZiriTadi matarebeli da aseTad darCa maTi saxelmwifos ganadgurebis Semdegac. daaxloebiT `meore taZris epoqidan “ (Zv. w. 516) saxelidan iudea momdinareobs ebraelTa eTnikuri saxelwodebac ebraulad da msoflios sxva mraval

iudaizmi

enazec. qarTulad gvaqvs rogorc eTnikur ebraelTa aRmniSvneli termini – èbraelebi“, ise maTi sarwmunoebis gamomxatveli termini – ìudevelebi“, rac eTnikur ebraelTa garda aerTianebs sxva warmomavlobis adamianebsac, romelTac Semdgom miiRes da aRiares iudeuri sjuli. religiaTmcodneebi iudaizmis istorias Cveulebriv ganviTarebis 4 mTavar epoqad an periodad yofen: 1) `bibliuri iudaizmi“ (Zv.w. XX-ax.w. VI s.) 2) èlinisturi iudaizmi“ (Zv.w. VI-ax.w. II s.) 3) `rabinuli (Talmuduri) iudaizmi“ (ax.w. II-XVIII ss.) da 4) `Tanamedrove iudaizmi“ (1750 wlidan dRemde). Tanamedrove iudaizmSi ar arsebobs erTiani sasuliero avtoriteti an religiuri instituti, romlis azric misaRebi iqneboda yvela iudevelisaTvis. Tanamedrove iudevelobis samarTlis (halaxas) wyaroebad gvevlineba `Tanaxi“ (werilobiTi `Tora~, anu `moses xuTwigneuli~) da `Talmudi~ (zepiri `Tora~). garda amisa, aris myari safuZveli da kidev ramdenime principi, romelic iudaizmis sjuls aerTianebs, rasac qvemoT mokled SevexebiT. iudeuri sarwmunoebisa da religiuri praqtikis umTavres safuZvlad gvevlineba ebraeli xalxis istoria. iudaizmma qanaanisa da babilonis SedarebiT maRalganviTarebuli kulturebidan Zveli dResaswaulebisa da ritualebis sesxebis SemTxvevaSic ki Secvala maTi dedaarsi, jer daamata, xolo Semdeg mTlianad Caanacvla namdvili interpretacia istoriuli interpretaciiT. magaliTad, paseqi, romelic Tavidan sagazafxulo dResaswauli iyo, iudaizmSi ebraeli xalxis egviptelTa monobidan gaTavisuflebis dResaswaulad gvevlineba. winadacveTis uZvelesi rituali ki, romelic Zvel xalxebSi Wabukis srulwlovnebis aRsaniSnavad tardeboda, iudeur tradiciaSi iseT aqtad Camoyalibda, romelsac vaJis dabadebisTanave atareben da simbolurad aRniSnavs axalSobilis im aRTqmaSi Tanamonawiled Sesvlas, rac Tavis droze RmerTma ebraelTa mamamTavars, abraams, daudo. XIX saukuneSi zogma religiaTmcodnem (umTavresad qristianebma) gamoitana daskvna, rom ebralTa istoriam warmoSva ori gansxvaebuli religia, ker-

ebraelTa istoriaSi `taZari“ (ebraulad `beT ha-mikdaS“) ewodeboda or erTmaneTis Semcvlel wminda adgils. pirveli taZari, romelic detalurad aris aRwerili bibliaSi (mesame mefeTa, 6-7), solomonma miwis im nakveTze aaSena, romelic adre misma mamam – mefe daviTma SeiZina (meore mefeTa, 24, 18-25). bibliiis mixedviT, solomonis taZari iqca ebraeli xalxis RvTismsaxurebis umTavres adgilad, romelmac udabnoSi xetialis droindeli sjulis karavi Caanacvla. solomonis taZris aRWurviloba did simdidres warmoadgenda, amitom Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis ganmavlobaSi taZari araerTxel gaiZarcva. magaliTad, iudevelTa mefe ezekieli iZulebuli gaxda asureli mefisaTvis gamosasyidad mieca taZris vercxli da oqro. Zv.w. 586 wels babilonelebma daangries pirveli taZari da mefe nabuqodonosorma mTeli misi ganZeuli babilonSi gaitana. roca ebraelebi babilonelTa tyveobidan Sin dabrundnen (Zv.w. 536), maT uwindel, solomonis taZris adgilas aRmarTes samsxverplo da sparseTis mefis kirosis nebarTviT axali taZris mSenebloba wamoiwyes. TumcaRa, samuSaoebi droebiT SeCerda da rogorc Cans, ori winaswarmetyvelis qadagebis zegavleniT, mxolod Zv.w. 520 wels ganaxlda. sabolood ki dasrulda Zv.w. 516 wels. am meore taZars zorobabelis taZari uwodes. axali taZari, marTalia, raRaciT mogvagonebda solomonis taZars, magram mTlianobaSi mainc verafriT Seedreboda mis brwyinvalebasa da didebulebas. meore taZris periodSi ebraul sulier azrze didi zegavlena iqonia misanTa institutma da amitom taZris rituali detalurad, ZirisZirobamde damuSavda. Zv.w. II saukuneSi sirielebma Sebilwes taZari, Tumca igi xelaxla ganwminda da aRadgina iuda makabelma. mogvianebiT taZris rekonstruqcia gadawyvita mefe herodem. es moxda daaxloebiT ax.w. 20 wels. man mniSvnelovnad gazarda nagebobis zoma da gaafarTova misi mimdebare, kuTvnili teritoria. oqro-vercxliT uxvad Semkuli, ganaxlebuli nageboba Tavis droze maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saukeTeso Zeglad iTvleboda. taZris ganaxleba weliwad-naxevarSi dasrulda, Tumca Sida konstruqciebze muSaoba ax.w. 70-ian wlebamde gagrZelda. roca romaelebma gaanadgures da gadawves taZari, iqidan mxolod dasavleTis nakveTis gareTa kedlis erTaderTi fragmenti SemorCa. es fragmenti, romelic mkafio warmodgenas gviqmnis yofili taZris brwyinvalebasa da didebulebaze, cnobilia, rogorc `godebis kedeli“. masTan mosalocad midian ebraelebi da aRavlenen locvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom iudaizmSi sagangebod aRniSnaven pirveli da meore taZris daqcevas – `TiSa be-avis~ (e. w. `cxra abis“) – glovis dRes. imedi, rom odesme ierusalimis taZari xelaxla aigeba, tradiciuli iudaizmis mesianisturi ideebis nawilia.

religia

Zod ki, jer israelis religia ezramde (Zv.w. daaxl. 444), Semdeg â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TviTon iudaizmi. mogvianebiT es mosazreba bevrma avtoritetulma specialistma miiCnia mcdarad. iudaizmis evolucia Seuqcevadad mimdinareobda da sxva religiaTa msgavsad, iudaizmic saxes icvlida da viTardeboda, ukuagdebda uamrav Zvel elements da garemo-pirobebis cvlilebaTa Sesatyvisad mraval axalsac iTvisebda. babilonis tyveobis Semdgom periodSi iudeur sjulSi samarTlebrivi elementebis moWarbebis miuxedavad, religia arsebiTad igive darCa, rac babilonis tyveobamdel periodSi iyo da tyveobis Semdgom iudaizmSi Semotanili nebismieri mniSvnelovani doqtrinac gacilebiT adreuli xanis swavlebebs miekuTvneba. primitiuli formiT ebrauli religia arsebobda patriarqTa epoqaSi (Zv.w. daax. 2000-1600 ww.), anu im dros, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo bunebis ZalTa gaRmerTeba, demonebisa da sulebis meufebis rwmena, tabu, wminda da arawminda cxovelTa garCeva da gardacvlilTa pativiscema. zogi umTavresi eTikuri ideis Canasaxi, romelic mogvianebiT mosem da sxva winaswarmetyvelebma ganaviTares, ukve am Zalian adreul xanaSive arsebobda. bibliis Tanaxmad, abraami iyo pirveli, romelmac aRiara erTaderTi RmerTis sulieri buneba. abraamisaTvis RmerTi aris uzenaesi ufali, romelsac SeiZleba mimarTon morwmuneebma. RmerTi, romelic ar saWiroebs taZrebsa da kultmsaxurebs, yovlisSemZlea da yovlismcodne. abraamma miatova Tavisi ojaxi, romelmac uari ar Tqva asurul-babilonur rwmena-warmodgenebze da sikvdilamde qanaanSi erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadioda erTaderTi RmerTis rwmenis qadagebiT. winaswarmetyvel moses periodSi (savaraudod, Zv.w. XV saukune), romelic maRalganviTarebuli egviptis kulturis pirobebSi aRizarda, iudaizmma ufro rTuli da daxvewili formebi miiRo. mosem am religias mxolod da mxolod iahvesadmi morCilebis forma mianiWa. swored uzenaesi RmerTis CareviT xsnida mose im saSinel katastrofas, rac egviptes daemarTa da ramac gamoiwvia israelianTa da sxvadasxva eris im CagrulTa gaTavisufleba, romelTaganac Camoyalibda Semdgom ebraeli xalxi.

iudaizmi

erTaderTi RmerTis Tayvaniscemas Tan axlda ritualuri da socialuri kanonis SemoReba, riTac udabnoSi xetialis periodSi israelis Zeebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. kultsa da rituals mosesaTvis ar hqonia gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es iyo mxolod damatebiTi saSualeba, romelic xalxs erTi RmerTis erTgulebis SenarCunebaSi exmareboda. ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo sulieri da moraluri kanonis dacvaze, romelic aT mcnebad iyo Camoyalibebuli da aq mkacrad iyo akrZaluli kerpTayvaniscema. moses sjulSi daSvebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli karvis – aRTqmis karvis – arseboba, romelic RvTis Tanxlebis, RmerTis sufevis xilul niSans warmoadgenda da aseve hqondaT sjulis kidobani – oqroTi movarayebuli xis skivri, sadac inaxeboda sjulis ficari – RmerTis aRTqma. sjulis karavSive, bibliis mixedviT, idga `menora“ (ebr. lampari) – Svidtotiani oqros sasanTle, romelic SemdgomSi ierusalimis taZarSi daavanes da iq inaxeboda meore taZris ganadgurebamde. menora iudaizmis

religia

erT-erTi simboloa, is gamosaxulia israelis saxelmwifos gerbzec. qanaanis dakavebis Semdeg israelis Zeebma adgilobrivi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis zegavleniT Camoayalibes kulti, romelic iTvaliswinebda msxverplSewirvas, dResaswaulTa aRniSvnasa da adgilobrivi siwmindeebis pativiscemas. mogvianebiT, kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan brZolaSi israelSi warmoiSva winaswarmetyvelTa instituti, adamianebis jgufi, romelTa meoxebiTac ebraeli xalxis religiam ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs miaRwia. eseni iyvnen sxvadasxva socialuri warmoSobis adamianebi, romlebic bedavdnen sajarod eqadagaT is, rac maT zemodan, RvTisagan, ganecxadebodaT da bedavdnen im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT qadagebas ufro meti ubedureba, mTeli xalxis gawyveta an taZris ganadgurebac ki mohyveboda. iudeas samefos damxobisa da taZris ganadgurebis Semdgom, Zv.w. 586 wels, babilonSi devnil ebraelTa garemoSi iudaizmma axali formebi miiRo. devnilobis periodSi ebraelebi dasaxldnen ara mxolod babilonSi, aramed siriaSi, egviptesa da sxva qveynebSi. am periodSi aResruleboda mxolod is religiuri ritualebi, romlebic ar ukavSirdeboda taZris kultmsaxurebas. SabaTis dacva da winadacveTa RmerTTan dadebuli aRTqmis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebad iTvleboda. erTad Sekrebisas iudevelebi yvebodnen gadmocemebs, ganmartavdnen wminda werils, kiTxulobdnen fsalmunebsa da religiuri Sinaarsis sxva poetur nimuSebs, aRasrulebdnen locvas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cal-calke Tu erToblivad. qreboda Senoba-nagebobebis, sakulto nivTebis, kultmsaxurTa arsebobis saWiroeba; RvTismsaxurebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mxolod erTi adamianis an adamianTa jgufis survili. Sekrebebisas adamianebs ar yofdnen maTi socialuri statusisa da warmoSobis mixedviT da es demokratizmi mogvianebiT sinagogis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebadac iqca. roca devnilebi ierusalimSi dabrundnen, sinagogebSi ganviTarebuli salocavi RvTismsaxureba sataZro msaxurebis nawili gaxda, xolo taZris xelaxali daqcevis Semdeg (ax.w. 70 w.) isev Seviwrovda msxverplSewirvis rituali. am dros sinagogam

iudaizmi

Caanacvla ierusalimis taZari. sinagoga iqca ucxoobaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa salocav saxlad, religiur skolad da Sekrebis adgilad. aRsaniSnavia, rom babilonis tyveobisa da mis Semdgom gaCnda iudaizmis universaluri mniSvnelobis idea: is sisxliT monaTesave sazogadoebis sjulidan rwmeniT gaerTianebul sazogadoebad iqca, romlis wevric SeiZleboda yofiliyo yvela – nebismieri xalxisa da eris warmomadgeneli. erovnuli idealebi kvlavac SenarCunda, magram is kacobriobis erTianobis ZiriTad princips daefuZna. am ideis gamoxatulebaa kuSas (suqoTis) dResaswaulze 70-gzis msxverplSewirva, romelic simbolurad gamoxatavs msoflios 70 xalxis monawileobas erTiani, ganuyofeli RvTis msaxurebaSi. devnilobis 100 welze cota meti xnis Semdeg ebraelebma daiwyes palestinaSi dabruneba. neemias meTaurobiT maT xelaxla aRadgines ierusalimis galavani da gamarTes taZari. neemiasve miTiTebiT SeizRuda ebraelebSi ucxotomel qalebze qorwineba, rom SenarCunebuliyo ebrauli Temi, romelsac ucxoTagan motanili kultebisa da wes-Cveulebebis SeTviseba daemuqra. am periodisaTvis, roca taZari xelaxla gaxda msxverplSewirvis adgili, sinagogaSi yvelas SeeZlo wminda werilis Seswavla. Toras ganmartebis funqcia mwignobar swavlulebs (ebr. soferim) daekisraT. mwignobarTa avtoriteti kidev ufro gaizarda im periodSi, roca sasuliero memkvidreobam nel-nela daiwyo elinizmTan Segueba da adaptacia. mwignobrebi am dros warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen brZolas erovnuli da religiuri siwmindis dasacavad. TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi mataTi hasmonelis Svilebma, iuda makabelis meTaurobiT, ebraelebs antioqe epifanes berZnul mxedrobaze gamarjveba moupoves. am gamarjvebas, romlis wyalobiTac ebraelebma sakuTari sjulis Tavisuflad aRiarebisa da RvTismsaxurebis Riad warmarTvis neba moipoves, eZRvneba maTi religiuri dResaswauli xanuqa (`gabrwyinebis dResaswauli~).

menora

formirebis aseTi rTuli gzisa da garkveuli ekleqturobis miuxedavad, mainc SeiZleba iudaizmis zogadi principebis gamoyofa, romlebic Zalze mokled ase SegviZlia warmovadginoT: pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom iudevelobis safuZvels warmoadgens monoTeizmi – rwmena erTaderTi RmerTisa, romelmac Seqmna samyaro da adamianic `Tavis saxed da xatad“. aqedan gamomdinareobs RvTis siyvaruli adamianisadmi da misi survili, daexmaros adamians sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebis saqmeSi. iudaizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia RmerTis aRqma, rogorc absoluturi srulqmnilebisa. is ara mxolod absolutur gonsa da Zalas warmoadgens, aramed aris absoluturi sikeTis, siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis wyaroc da adamianisaTvis mxolod Semoqmedad ki

`daviTis varskvlavi~ – eqvskuTxa varskvlavi, romelic XVII s-dan warmoadgens iudaizmis simbolos, legendis Tanaxmad, igi gamosaxuli iyo ebraelTa mefe daviTis meomrebis farze.

religia

ara, mis transcendentul (zebunebriv) mamadac gvevlineba. iudaizmisaTvis sicocxle aris mudmivi dialogi RmerTsa da adamians Soris, romelic rogorc pirovnuli – calkeuli adamianisa da RvTisa, aseve erisa da RmerTisa da, sabolood, mTeli kacobriobisa da RvTis doneze mimdinareobs. iudaizmisaTvis niSneulia swavleba adamianis, rogorc RvTis saxed da xatad Seqmnili ukvdavi substanciis – sulis – mqone arsebis absoluturi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, romlis idealur daniSnulebad dausrulebeli, yovelmxrivi sulieri ganviTareba da srulyofa gvevlineba. iudaizmi aRiarebs yvela adamianis Tanasworobas RvTis winaSe. yoveli adamiani RvTis Svilia da yvelas xsnili aqvs gza srulyofisa RmerTamde misasvlelad. am miznisaTvis TiToeul adamians eZleva saSualeba, rac pirovnebis Tavisufal nebasa da RmerTis SewevnaSi gamoixateba. amasTanave ebrael xalxs aqvs gansakuTrebuli misia, rac am WeSmaritebaTa kacobrobamde mitanasa da kacobriobis daxmarebis am gziT maT RmerTTan miaxloebaSi mdgomareobs. am amocanis Sesasruleblad RmerTma ebrael xalxs daudo aRTqma da misca mcnebebi. RvTis aRTqma ucvlelia da es ebrael xalxs gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.

iudaizmi

iudaizmi yvela xalxsa da ers (araiudevelebs) sTavazobs miiRon moralur pasuxismgeblobaTa is minimumi, rac ToraSi samyaros Semoqmedma kacobriobas dauwesa. ebraelebi ki valdebuli arian daicvan 613-ve `micva“, romelic gvxvdeba moses xuTwigneulSi. ToraSi gvaqvs 613 micva. amaTgan 248 aris e. w. `micvoT ase“ an `xiu vum“ (anu `valdebulebani“), xolo 365 – amkrZalveli (`micvoT lo ase“, anu àsurum“ – akrZalvebi). `micvebis“ dacva savaldebuloa yvela srulwlovani ebraelisaTvis: biWebisaTvis 13 wlidan (bar-micvas Semdeg) da gogonebisaTvis 12 wlidan (baT-micvas Semdeg). termini `bar-micva~ da `baT-micva“ ebraulad niSnavs àRTqmis Zes“ an àRTqmis asuls“ da aRniSnavs ebraelis srulwlovnebis asaks, rodesac ama Tu im iudevels SeuZlia pasuxismgebloba ikisros Tavis saqcielze. zog sinagogaSi dRes bar-micva da baT-micva 13 wlis asakidan aRiniSneba, anu vaJebisa da gogonebis asaki Tanabaria. am dromde Svilebis saqcielze pasuxismgebeli arian mSoblebi, amieridan ki bavSvebi TviTon kisruloben mTel pasuxismgeblobas iudaizmis eTikuri, ritualuri da sxva normebis dacvaze da ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon iudeuri Temis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. rac Seexeba araiudevels, romelic iudaizmis mixedviT iTvleba RvTis mier noes meSveobiT adamianTan dadebuli aRTqmis monawiled, mas moeTxoveba mxolod noes ZeTa Svidi kanoni. Talmudis Tanaxmad, RmerTma abraamisa da noes meSveobiT adamianebs daudo aRTqma, romlis Tanaxmadac aukrZala maT 6 saqme – kerpTayvanismcemloba, RvTisgmoba, mkvleloba, mruSoba, cocxali cxovelis mokveTili nawilis sakvebad gamoyeneba da daavaldebula SeeqmnaT samarTliani samsajulo (sasamarTlo) sistema. `micva“ ebrauli sityvaa da niSnavs `mcnebas“, `gafrTxilebas“, mogvianebiT es sityva yovelgvari keTili saqmis aRmniSvneli gaxda.

religia

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom iudaizmi principulad ar aris dakavebuli prozelitizmiT (anu sakuTari doqtrinis sxva aRmsareblobis xalxisaTvis qadagebiT) da is iTvleba ebraeli xalxis erovnul religiad.

lailaSis biblia – X s-is unikaluri berZnulenovani biblia, aRmoCenilia sofel lailaSSi, svaneTSi.

sityva `Tanaxi~ warmoadgens iudaizmis yvelaze ufro popularuli krebulebis akronims (anu abreviaturis iseT saxes, romelic ramdenime sityvis mTavruli asoebisagan miiReba da gansxvavebiT abreviaturisagan (romelsac aso-aso kiTxuloben), erT, damoukidebel sityvad warmoiTqmis), romelic ase iSifreba: 1) Tora – moses xuTwigneuli 2) neviim – `winaswarmetyvelebi“ da 3) `qeTuvim“ – werilebi. termini `Tanaxi“ pirvelad gvxvdeba Sua saukuneTa ebraeli Teologebis nawerebSi.

iudaizmis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebelia swavleba sulieri sawyisis batonobisa materiaze (anu imqveyniuri sawyisebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre amqveyniuri cxovreba). oRond unda aRiniSnos, rom materialur samyarosac aqvs sulieri Rirebuleba. RmerTi materiis upirobo meufea, rogorc misi Semoqmedi da swored man mianiWa adamians materialurze mbrZaneblobis, materiis gankargvis neba, raTa adamianma materialur sxeulze da materialur samyaroSi SeZlos Tavisi uzenaesi, anu sulieri da zneobrivi srulyofa. iudaizmis upirobo nawils warmoadgens swavleba `maSiaxis“ mosvlis Sesaxeb. ebrauli sityva `maSiax“, romelic qarTulSi Semosulia am sityvis berZnuli variantis – `mesiis“ formiT, qarTulad niSnavs `cxebuls“. iudaizmSi is aRniSnavda mefes, rogorc wesi, daviTis sagvareulodan, romelsac RmerTi gamogzavnis ebraelTa dasaxsnelad da qveyanaze samarTlianobis damamkvidreblad. iudauri rwmenis mixedviT, `maSiaxi“ cxebuli unda iyos winaswarmetyvel elias mier, romelic RmerTma zecaSi cocxalad aiyvana. dabolos, iudaizmis ganuyofeli nawilia bolo Jamisa da adamianTa mkvdreTiT aRdgomis rwmena, anu rwmena imisa, rom samyaro garkveuli xanis mere dasruldeba, gardacvlilebi mkvdreTiT aRdgebian da isev icxovreben dedamiwaze. Zveli ierusalimi da solomonis taZari

iudaizmi

zemoT warmodgenili yvela religiuri principi gadmocemulia e. w. `TanaxSiâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. Tanaxi aerTianebs 24 wigns, misi Semadgenloba bibliis, ufro sworad, Zveli aRTqmis identiuria, magram gansxvavdeba wignTa TanamimdevrobiT. Tanaxi aRwers RvTis mer samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnas, RvTis aRTqmasa da mcnebebs da aseve ebraeli xalxis istorias meore taZris epoqamde. iudevelebi am wignebs wminda werilad miiCneven, radganac, maTi rwmeniT, isini adamianebs ruax hakodeSim (anu siwmindis sulma [suliwmida]) uboZa. Tanaxis saboloo Camoyalibebas religiaTmcodneebi ukavSireben winaswarmetyvel ezrasa da misi epoqis im mwignobrebs, romlebic winaswarmetyvel neemias epoqis Semdgom movidnen (Zv. w. V-II ss.). es Zegli iqmneboda im epoqaSi, roca mravali apokrifuli (anu arakanonikuri) Txzuleba gaCnda. amieridan werilobiTi kanonis (Tora Sebi-qTav) Seswavlas daemata zepiri kanonis (Tora Sebe al-fe) ganmartebac. Zv.w. II saukuneSi iudaizmSi gaCnda ori formireba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sadukevelebi da farisevlebi. sadukevelebi miekuTvnebodnen sasuliero da didgvarovanTa wodebas. isini iyvnen cadukidebis wminda dinastiis sayrdeni da, SesaZloa, saxelic swored am di-

Toras gragnili

religia

nastiis Semqmnelis cadokis mixedviT daerqvaT. farisevlebi ki mosaxleobis saSualo fenebidan iyvnen gamosuli da moqmedebdnen mwignobarTa tradiciis Tanaxmad. isini cdilobdnen SeezRudaT sadukevelebis gavlena da oponirebas uwevdnen maT gadawyvetilebebs. farisevelTa ideali iyo mTeli xalxis siwminde da darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom adamianis mTeli cxovreba RvTismsaxurebad, qvelmoqmdebad unda CaTvliliyo. sadukevelebi gamodiodnen Toris garegnuli (sityvasityviTi) gagebidan, farisevlebi ki Toris sazrisidan (Sinagani mxaridan). sadukevelebisagan gansxvavebiT, farisevlebi aRiarebdnen zepir Torasac da mis Sesrulebas savaldebulod miiCnevdnen. farisevlebis tradicia gaagrZeles `Tannaiebma“ (ebr. Tannaim – moZRvarni,), `amoraiebma“ (ebr. amoraim – `Toris ganmartebelni“) da `savoraiebma“ (ebr. savoraim – `Toris amxsnelni“). swored maTi koleqtiuri Sromis nayofia ax.w. III saukuneSi Seqmnili Tanaxis komentarebi, romelsac `miSna“ (`meore aRTqma“) ewodeba. miSnas SeqmnaSi monawileobas iRebdnen Tanaiebi da misi saboloo redaqcia Seasrula iehuda ha nasim. mogvianebiT daiwera kidev erTi wigni `gemara“, romlis funqciac ukve `miSnas“ CaRrmavebuli komentirebaa da romlis SeqmnisTvisac, ZiriTadad, amoraiebi irjebodnen. miSna da gemara erTad Seadgenen `Talmuds“. Talmudma saboloo saxe miiRo babilonSi daaxloebiT ax. w. 500 w. babilonuri Talmudis bolo redaqcia miewereba rabinsa da suris akademiis xelmZRvanels rabi ioses. ierusalimuri anda palestinuri Talmudi ki, romelsac palestinis skolebSi ebrael swavlulTa araerTi Taoba qmnida, dasrulda daaxloebiT 550 wels palestinaSi. Tanaxi (Tora) da Talmudi aregulireben religiuri ebraelis (iudevelis) cxovrebis yvela sferos, maT Soris iseT sakiTxebsac, rasac sxva religiebSi mora-

Talmudi

iudaizmi

onis (raWa) sinagoga

lis, eTikis, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis prerogativad miiCneven. TalmudSi gamohyofen halaxas da agadas, romlebic erTmaneTs exmianeba da amdidrebs. halaxa – es aris kanoni religiuri, saojaxo da samoqalaqo cxovrebis Sesaxeb, xolo agada gansazRvravs iudaizmis sulier safuZvlebs. halaxa Talmudis ZiriTadi nawilia, agadas ki ufro didi adgili uWiravs rabinistuli Txzulebebis sxva JanrSi – midraSSi. savoraiebis epoqa grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 600 wlamde. swored am periodidan iudaizmSi Cndeba morwmune mecnierTa axali pleada, romelTac `gaonebs“ (ebraulad: `geonim“ – upiratesni, qebulni) uwodebdnen. gaonebi meTaurobdnen akademiebs sursa da fumbeditSi – babilonSi arsebul or gamorCeul skolas, romlebic ebrauli samarTlis Seswavlis centrebad iqcnen mas Semdeg, rac romaelebma (300 w.) daxures aseTi skolebi palestinaSi. am periodisaTvis babilonuri Temis meTauri iyo `reS galuTa“ (`devnilTa meTauri“, `egzilarqi“), romelsac, rogorc wesi, sparseTis mTavroba amtkicebda. magram ebraelTa cxovrebaze, rogorc babilonSi, aseve sxva qveynebSi, realur gavlenas axdendnen gaonebi. gaonTa epoqa daaxloebiT 400 wels gagrZelda (600-1050 ww.) rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, iudaizmSi ar arsebobs erTi religiuri avtoriteti an centri, romlis azri misaRebi iqneboda yvela ebraelisaTvis. Tumca

solomonis taZari

religia

sinagoga romSi

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT `rabinebs“ (Zveli ebraulidan – `Cemi maswavlebeli“), romlebic arian Toras ganmmartebelni da sajaro locvis xelmZRvanelni. ebraelTa gafantvam jer Zveli msoflios (azia, afrika, evropa), xolo Semdgom axal msoflios (amerika) sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiwvia maTi religiur-erovnuli bevri centris warmoSoba. adre erTian centrad miiCneoda ierusalimis taZari, sadac aResruleboda yoveldRiuri msxverplSewirva. rac taZari ganadgurda, msxverplSewirvis adgili daikava locvam, romlis aRsasrulebladac ebraelebi erTiandebodnen sjulis calkeuli maswavleblebis, anu rabinebis garSemo. am gaerTianebebidan warmoiqmna iudeuri salocavi Temi sinagogebi (`krebuli“, `jamaaTi“). iudaizmSi sinagoga warmoadgens ebraelTa (iudevelTa) sakrebulos locvis aRsrulebisa da Torisa da Talmudis Seswavlis mizniT. aseTi sakrebulo ar iTvaliswinebs specialuri nagebobis arsebobas da SeiZleba gaimarTos nebismier SenobaSi. sajaro locvisa da RvTismsaxurebis aRsasruleblad aucilebelia 10 srulwlovani iudeveli mamakacis erTad yofna. isini Seadgenen pirvelad iudeur Tems e. w. `minians“ (sityvasityviT: `ricxvi“), anu kvorums, romelic aucilebelia locvis Casatareblad. istoriulad sajaro RvTismsaxurebis neba iudaizmSi aqvs rabins – Toris ganmmartebelsa da maswavlebels. rabinis garda sinagogaSi msaxuroben xazani, SamaSi da gabai. xazani uZRveba sayovelTao locvas da warmoadgens RvTisaken mipyrobil mTel religiur Tems, SamaSi sinagogis msaxuria, romelsac iq sisufTavisa da wesrigis dacva da sinagogis qonebis meTvalyureoba evaleba. gabai ki wyvets sinagogis administraciul da finansur sakiTxebs.

iudaizmi

ebraelTa zemoT naxsenebi religiuri dResaswaulebis garda, iudaizmSi gvaqvs sxva mniSvnelovani dResaswaulebic: pirvel rigSi, rasakvirvelia, es aris SabaTi – yovelkvireuli dResaswauli, romelic ebraelebs axsenebs samyaros Sesaqmis da meSvide dRes uflis dasvenebis bibliur paradigmas. iom qifuri – gankiTxvis dRe – sinanulisa da keTili saqmeebis meSveboT RmerTTan mibrunebis dRea, suqoTi – aTi (iudaizmis Tanamedrove reformistul ganStoebebSi ki rva) dRe, romelic saSemodgomo mosavlis aRebas eZRvneba da ebraelebs udabnoSi xetialis gansacdels Seaxsenebs. am aTeulis bolo dRea `simxaT Tora“ (Toris sixaruli). SavuoTi ki aRniSnavs im dRes, roca mosem sinas mTaze uflisagan miiRo mcnebebi. paseqi – sagazafxulo dResaswauli, romelic ebraeli xalxis egviptis monobidan Tavis daRwevis aRsaniSnavad imarTeba. rogorc cnobilia, 1948 wlidan arsebobs israelis saxelmwfo, romlis oficialur religiasac swored iudaizmi warmoadgens. 2010 wlisaTvis iudevelTa ricxvi mTel msoflioSi 13,4 milioni iyo, rac msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 2 procents warmoadgens. maTi didi nawili, daaxloebiT 42 procenti, israelSi cxovrobs, 42 procenti – amerikis SerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi, xolo danarCeni umetesoba – evropis mkvidria.

ierusalimis meore taZris modeli

teqnologiebi

Cemi samyaro da informacia Teimuraz yanCeli

termini informacia Zalze xSirad gvesmis satelevizio gadacemebSi, vkiTxulobT Jurnal-gazeTebSi da viyenebT sxva adamianebTan saubris dros. es termini imdenad gavrcelebuli da nacnobia, rom arc ki vfiqrobT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania movlenebi, romlebsac igi aRwers.

informacia cocxal bunebaSi memkvidreobiTi informacia

Cemi samyaro da informacia

Cveni saubari daviwyoT imiT, rom dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenisTanave misi arseboba da ganviTareba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod erTi organizmisgan mis STamomavalze informaciis gadacemis principis amoqmedebiT. es informacia moicavda organizmebis saukeTeso Tvisebebis aRweras, romelic memkvidre organizmebs sxva organizmebTan konkurenciisa da brZolis pirobebSi garemoSi gadarCenisTvis aniWebda upiratesobas. britanelma mecnierma Carlz darvinma me-19 saukuneSi aRmoaCina es principi da evoluciis procesi uwoda. praqtikulad yvela cocxal organizmSi (cxovelebSi, mcenareebSi, baqteriebsa da virusebSi) informaciis gadacema xdeba erTnairi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavisa (dnm) da ribonukleinis mJavis (rnm) gadatanis gziT. gasaocaria is faqti, rom informaciis Cawera, Senaxva, gadacema da gamoyeneba xdeba mxolod da mxolod

teqnologiebi

biologiuri warmoSobis masalebis gamoyenebiT. ramdenad efeqtiani da saimedo unda iyos aseTi meqanizmi, rom man uzrunvelyo aseulobiT milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze cvalebad geologiur-klimatur pirobebSi cocxali organizmebis uamravi formis gamravleba da ganviTareba! rTuli biologiuri Sedgenilobis mqone informaciis matarebeli obieqti me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi aRmoaCines da pirvelebma Seiswavles nobelis premiis laureatma mecnierebma: britanelebma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; frensis krikma, moris uilkinsma da amerikelma jeims uotsonma da mas geni uwodes. informacia am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs da daSifruli formiT gadaicema cilebis (organuli nivTierebis) meSveobiT. sul axlaxan uamravi samecniero dawesebulebisa da aTasobiT mkvlevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moxda genomis

Cemi samyaro da informacia

(genis) gaSifvra, anu genis aTiaTasobiT nawilis ganlagebisa da Sedgenilobis dadgena (es informacia inaxeba kompiuteruli failebis formiT). magram jerjerobiT ar aris dadgenili, Tu ra rols asruleben genis calkeuli nawilebi adamianis sxeulis funqciebis uzrunvelyofaSi da ra gavlenas axdenen mis Tvisebebze.

informacia cocxal bunebaSi operatiuli informacia sxeulis sxvadasxva organos SeTanxmebuli muSaobis uzrunvelyofas sWirdeba operatiuli marTva, rac informaciis meore umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa sulier organizmebSi. am fenomenis ganxilva ori kuTxidan SeiZleba: adamianis tvini gadaamuSavebs grZnobis organoebidan (mxedveloba, smena, Sexeba, ynosva da gemovneba) miRebul informacias, iyenebs sakuTar mexsierebaSi dagrovil informacias, gamoimuSavebs qcevisa da moqmedebis myisier strategias da gascems brZanebas mis Sesasruleblad an analizis Sedegs inaxavs mexsierebaSi, rogorc samomavlo gegmas. am procesis warmosadgenad Semdegi SemTxveva gamodgeba: erTi Zalze frTxili da gamocdili teroristis dasaWerad mis binaSi Casafrdnen policiis TanamSromlebi, romlebic sawolis qveS daimalnen. maT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mouwiaT aseT pirobebSi yofna da erT-erTma maTganma sigareti moswia. dRis bolos dabrunda binis patroni da karis gaRebisTanave amoiRo iaraRi, gaxsna cecxli sawolis mimarTulebiT da gaiqca. am SemTxvevam imsxverpla erTi TanamSromeli da momxdaris garCevisas gairkva CvenTvis saintereso Semdegi detalebi: teroristi da misi ojaxis wevrebi sigarets ar eweodnen da mas kargi ynosva hqonda. Sesvlisas igi ynosviT mixvda, rom viRac iyo oTaxSi da ieWva, rom arsebul situaciaSi es mxolod samarTaldamcavebi SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen. misi mxedvelobis areSi moeqca sawoli, romelic ise ar iyo gasworebuli, rogorc diasaxlisi alagebda. mas sawolis qveSidan raRac faCuni moesma da am mimarTulebiT brmad gaisrola (specialuri momzadebis mqone mebrZols srul sibneleSic SeuZlia zustad gaisrolos xmis wyaros mimarTulebiT). am SemTxvevaSi navarjiSebi adamianis oTxi SegrZneba Zalze didi siCqariT amoqmedda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ynosva (sigaretis boli), smena (xma sawolis qveS), mxedveloba (sawoli gaxda samizne), Sexeba (iaraRis SegrZneba). adamianis tvinma gadaamuSva es informacia da am konkretuli adamianis ganwyobis mixedviT miiRo cecxlis gaxsnis gadawyvetileba. tvinma sasurveli qmedebis Sesaxeb informacia gaugzavna uamrav kunTs (tanis, fexis, mxris, mtevnis, TiTebis), romelTa SeTanxmebul moqmedebas mohyva gasrola. srolis procesSi monawileoba

teqnologiebi

miiRo organizmis aTeulobiT kunTma. nebismier rTul sistemaSi misi qmedebis srulyofisTvis unda arsebobdes ukukavSiri, anu kunTebi amoqmedebisas agzavnian informacias tvinSi, romelic mas amuSavebs da koreqtirebis saWiroebisas SeimuSavebs informaciis axal nakads da gadascems. es aris Zalze gamartivebuli sqema imisa, Tu rogor cirkulirebs informacia adamianis sxeulSi. gaazrebuli qmedebebis garda, adamianis sxeulSi mudmivad mimdinareobs informaciis generireba da miwodeba, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas, sisxlis wnevas da marTavs sakvebis gadamuSavebas, dazianebuli qsovilebis aRdgenas, mavne nivTierebebis gamoyofas, garedan SemoWril mavne obiqtebTan (baqteriebsa da virusebTan) brZolas da uamrav sxva sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis processa da parametrs. am procesebs da maT informaciul uzrunvelyofas adamiani verc aRiqvams da SesaZloa amas misi tvini arc gankargavdes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; maTi marTva xdeba adgilze da amiT izrdeba adamianis sxeulis arsebobis saimedooba. amgvaradve funqcionirebs cxovelTa organizmebi. zemoT aRwerili informaciuli procesebi universaluria yvela cocxali organizmisTvis, oRond rTuli formebis azrovnebis unari da misi Taobidan TaobaSi gadacema xdeba mxolod adamianebSi. cxadia, cocxal bunebaSi informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis fenomens dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. genebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis sxeulSi operatiuli informacia vrceldeba nervul sistemaSi (neironebis saSualebiT, romelTa raodenoba adamianis organizmSi 100 miliards aRwevs) eleqtruli impulsebis gadacemiT. am impulsebis gadacemis siCqare gasaocrad dabalia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3-120 m/wm. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, absolu-

Cemi samyaro da informacia

turad gaugebaria, rogor funqcionirebs adamianis tvini, romlis gamoTvliTi saSualebebi fantastikurad maRalia. IBM-is firmis Deep Blue superkompiuterma 1996 wels mougo WadrakSi maSindel msoflio Cempion gari kasparovs angariSiT 3,5:2,5. Semdegi Taobebis gacilebiT ufro Zlieri superkompiuterebi calsaxad mainc ver ugeben adamians. magram Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCerebT im faqtze, rom kompiuterebSi informaciis gadacemis eleqtruli signalebis siCqare aris 300.000 km/wm da ara 100 m/wm (anu 3 mln-jer meti) – rogorc adamianis tvinSi. Tanamedrove mecnierebam jer ver amoxsna adamianis tvinis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis saidumlo da am amocanaze msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi uamravi umaRlesi rangis specialisti muSaobs. es amocana Tavisi sirTuliTa da perspeqtivebiT imdenad momxiblavi da mniSvnelovania, rom aTasobiT axalgazrda mkvlevars izidavs, romlebic studentobidan cdiloben gverdSi amoudgnen Rvawlmosil mecnierebs bunebis saidumloebebTan maT dauRalav da uaRresad saintereso brZolaSi.

informacia da adamiani ram ganacalkeva adamiani sxva cxovelebisgan da rogor gaxda igi gonieri adamiani (laT. Homo sapiens)? amis Sesaxeb mravali erTmaneTis gamomricxavi Teoria arsebobs, magram udavoa erTaderTi debuleba – gonieri adamianis tvini odesRac (mecnierebis azriT, es daaxloebiT 200 aTasi wlis win moxda afrikaSi) ise Seicvala, rom mas informaciis gadamuSavebis gansxvavebuli, sxva cocxal arsebebTan SedarebiT ufro srulyofili saSualebebi gauCnda. aseTma cvlilebam mogvaniWa Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli logikuri azrovnebis Zalze Zlieri unari, romlis gamoyenebiT adamiani daeufla Sromis iaraRebis damzadebasa da gamoyenebas, cecxlis moxmarebas. adamians gauCnda metyvelebis unari, rac radikalurad gansxvavdeba cxovelebSi arsebuli sasignalo bgerebis gamoyenebisgan (romelsac, cxadia, Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelebisTvis). adamianis metyveleba, sxva funqciebTan erTad, asrulebs informaciuli arxis albaT umTavres rols – dagrovili codnis gadacemas, romlis gareSe adamiani, rogorc modgma, ver ganviTardeboda. (ufrosklaselTaTvis vityodi, rom ara mxolod fizikurma Sromam Seqmna adamiani, aramed codnis SeZenam, Senaxvam, gadacemam da am codnis

festos disko _ saberZneTSi, kunZul kretaze napovni gamomwvari Tixis disko, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis, romelzec gvxvdeba ucnauri, dRemde gauSifravi damwerlobis nimuSi. am simboloebis wakiTxvis uamravi mcdelobis miuxdavad, dRemde daudgenelia ra warmoSobisaa igi an ra weria.

teqnologiebi

aTvisebam, anu swavlam). gasagebia, rom metyveleba teqnikurad wminda informaciuli procesia, romelSic adamianis uamravi sistema iRebs monawileobas: tvinis ujredebi, romlebic imaxsovreben informacias, gadaamuSaveben mas, axdenen kodirebas da dekodirebas, yelis, enis da filtvebis kunTebi, smenis aparati. gacilebiT gvian Seiqmna sistema, romelmac Cvens winaprebs gauadvila codnis (anu informaciis) Taobidan TaobaSi gadacema da am gamogonebas damwerloba ewodeba. damwerlobis gamogonebamde informaciis gadacema Zalze rTuli iyo da amaze miuTiTebs erTi legenda, romlis Tanaxmad, sparseTis mefe dariosma damwerlobis armqone momTabare tomebisgan miiRo Setyobineba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mas gamougzavnes frinveli, Tagvi, bayayi da xuTi isari. mefem gadawyvita, rom morCilebis niSnad mas momTabareebi gadascemen miwas (Tagvi), cas (frinveli), wyals (bayayi) da uars amboben winaaRmdegobis gawevaze (isrebi). mefis erTgulma brZenma gamoTqva sawinaaRmdego azri: Tu Tqven frinveliviT caSi ar gaqrebiT, TagviviT miwaSi ar CaZvrebiT, bayayiviT WaobSi ar CaxtebiT, am isrebiT gaganadgurebTo. es bolo versia swori aRmoCnda, magram CvenTvis axla ufro arsebiTia is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo damwerlobis gamogoneba informaciis zusti gadacemisTvis. damwerlobis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul, advilad asaTvisebel da saxmarad iol formas warmoadgens anbani. pirveli anbani daaxloebiT 3500 wlis win Seqmna im xalxma, romelic xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze saxlobdnen. Cven unda gvesmodes, rom salaparako ena da anbani erTsa da imaves ar gulisxmobs. msoflioSi 10.000-ze meti salaparako enaa, magram anbanTa raodenoba Semoifargleba ori aTeuliT da maT Soris aris qarTuli anbanic. mas Semdeg, rac adamianma iswavla laparaki, gamoigona anbani, dadga informaciis matareblis sakiTxi. martivad rom vTqvaT, adamianma mosinja mravali masala, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda informaciis Senaxva, kopireba, transportireba da martivad gamoyeneba. dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionSi sxvadasxva dros iyenebdnen Tixis (Sumerebis `Tixis wignebi~), qvis, Zvlis, xis, xis qerqis, Wilis (papirusi, Zv.w. me-3 aTaswleulidan ax.w. me-9 saukunemde), tyavis (pergamenti), qaRaldis (pirvelad CineTSi, Zv.w. 105 wels gaCnda) informaciis matareblebs. qaRaldi ukve mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli informaciis matarebelia. xelnaweri wignebi cnobilia uZvelesi droidan. am dargSi revoluciuri gardaqmna ekuTvnis iohan gutenbergs, romelmac me-15 saukuneSi gamoigona Sriftis Camosasxmeli da sabeWdi dazgebi, SeimuSava SriftisaTvis liTonis Sedgenilobisa da sabeWdi saRebavis receptura.

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teqnikur saSualebTa ganviTareba teqnikisa da teqnologiebis progresma moitana informaciis dacvis axali saSualebebi. mokled SevexoT zogierTs: fotografiis gamogonebis TariRad miCneulia 1839 wlis 19 agvisto, roca parizis mecnierebaTa akademiaSi fizikosma d. aragom ganacxada, rom l. dagerma da J. niepsma erToblivad SeimuSaves gamosaxulebaTa miRebis xerxi, romelsac mogvianebiT dagerotipia uwodes. 1860 w. martenvilma gamoigona „fonoavtografi“, romelic bgeras iwerda cilindrze daxveul muriT dafarul qaRaldze. amis Semdeg bgeris Caweris teqnologiis Seswavla edisonma daiwyo 1857 wels da 1878 wels miiRo patenti „fonografze“. Semdeg gamoigones gramafoni (1887), patefoni (1907), eleqtrofoni (1925). eleqtronuli movlenebis dargSi fizikosTa gamokvlevebma me-19 saukuneSi teqnikis yvela dargSi axali horizontebi gaxsna, maT Soris – informaciis Senaxvis, gadamuSavebisa da gadacemis sferoSi. arsebobs informaciis ramdenime tipis Tanamedrove matarebeli, romlebsac kompiuterul teqnologiebSi iyeneben, esenia: 1. Sida da gare xisti diskebi – mexsierebis moculoba terabaitebs aRwevs. 2. fleS (xandaxan amboben USB) draivi – mexsierebis moculoba terabaitebs aRwevs. 3. lazeruli diskebi: 1) СD – moculoba 700 Mb, moZvelebuli teqnologiaa. 2) DVD – moculoba 4,7 Gb; 8,5 Gb; 17 Gb. 3) Blue-ray - moculoba 25 Gb.

biti da baiti informaciis sazomi erTeulebia (1 baiti = 8 bits), iseve, rogorc temperaturisa – gradusi da sigrZisa – metri. prefiqsi kilo (K) niSnavs 1000-s, mega (M) – 1 milions, giga (G) - 1 miliards, tera (T) - 1000 miliards da berZnul-laTinuri warmoSobisaa.

teqnologiebi garda informaciis Senaxvisa, aranakleb mniSvnelovania informaciis efeqtiani gadacema – swrafad, uSecdomod, saimedod, farulad, did manZilze. amisaTvis 1844 wlidan me-19 saukunis bolomde gamoiyeneboda telegrafi (gamoigona semuel morzem) – eleqtroxelsawyo, romelic teqsts morzes kodiT (wertilebisa da tireebis erToblioba) gadascemda. pirveli radiogadacema Caatara markonim 1895 wels. pirveli satelevizio gadacema moxda CikagoSi 1928 wels. am aparaturaSi gamoyenebuli iyo signalis generirebis (gaSlis) meqanikuri principi, xolo gadacemebi eleqtronuli gaSliT ganxorcielda 1932 wels niu-iorkSi. sityva `kompiuteri~ pirvelad gamoiyenes 1613 wels. is gulisxmobda pirs, romelic axdenda gaTvlebs, anu ingl. computations. 1837 wels britaneli maTematikosi Carlz babiji iyo pirveli, vinc moamzada srulad programirebadi meqanikuri kompiuteris koncefcia da dizaini. gagikvirdebaT, magram misi proeqtiT am gamomTvleli manqanis amoqmedeba xdeboda orTqlis Zravis gamoyenebiT. komputeris Seqmnis istoria ukavSirdeba germanel emigrants – herman holerits, romelmac 1888 wels Seqmna pirveli eleqtromeqanikuri gamomTvleli manqana – tabulatori. XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi eleqtronuli milakebi (Cveulebrivi sayofacxovrebo eleqtronaTuris msgavsi moZvelebuli xelsawyo) gamoiyenes pirveli kompiuteris asagebad. pirveli tranzistirebuli kompiuteri (1956 wels gamogonil ufro Tanamedrove eleqtronul xelsawyos – tranzistors akisria eleqtronuli signalebis gaZlierebis funqcia da zomiT daaxloebiT 1 sm-ia) Seiqmna 1956 wels masaCusetsis teqnologiis institutSi (aSS). 1960 wels kompania Digital Equipment-i uSvebs pirvel minikompiuters PDP-1, romlis fasi iyo 120 000 aSS dolari (dRevandel fasebSi daaxloebiT 5 mln. aSS dolari). es iyo pirveli komerciuli kompiuteri, romelic aRWurvili iyo klaviaturiTa da monitoriT.

Cemi samyaro da informacia

1958 wels gamoigones integraluri mikrosqema – Cipi. es ramdenime milimetris sisqis siliciumis (kaJis) Txeli firfitaa. dResdReobiT mikrointegraluri sqemebi erT kvadratul santimetrze Seicaven milionobiT tranzistors da maT iyeneben nebismier kompiuterSi procesoris da sxva elementebis asagebad. mikroCips, Tuki saTanadod iqneba daprogramebuli, SeuZlia TiTqmis yvela manqanis marTva. dReisaTvis uSveben uamravi saxeobis kompiuters da maT samomxmareblo TvisebebSi garkveva advili ar aris. qvemoT moyvanilia kompiuteruli teqnikis klasifikacia, Tumca, samwuxarod, maTi samomxmareblo Tvisebebis aRwera aq Zalian Sors wagviyvanda:

superkompiuteri serveri muSa sadguri an kompiuteri-klienti mainframi konsoluri kompiuteri personaluri kompiuteri: • samagido kompiuteri • nouTbuki (leptopi) – subnouTbuki an ultraportatiuli nouTbuki (ekranis zoma: 7-13,3 diumi (1 diumi aris 2,54 sm), wona: 1-2 kg-mde). – netbuki – ultrabuki (sisqe: 20 mm -mde, wona: 1.4 kg -mde) – smartbuki (didi zomis smartfoni) • planSeturi kompiuteri, e.w. tableti (sensoruli ekraniT): – planSeturi personaluri kompiuteri – Txeli personaluri kompiuteri – ultramobiluri personaluri kompiuteri – internetplanSeti (nouTbukisa da smartfonis TvisebebiT) – eleqtronuli wigni • saTamaSo konsoli • komunikatori an smartfoni satarebeli kompiuteri kalkulatori

teqnologiebi

interneti 1969 wlis ianvarSi aSS-is samecniero-kvleviT institutebSi samxedro programebis daCqarebisa da koordinaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT Seiqmna pirveli kompiuteruli qseli ARPA Net. 1983 wels SemuSavda normatiuli dokumenti (` TCP/ IP protokoli~ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), xolo mis bazaze 1988 wels – World Wide Web (WWW) – erTiani sainformacio qselis teqnologia. qselma yvela arsebuli resursi erTian hiperteqstur sivrceSi gaaerTiana, romelsac 1990 wels daemata internetgverdebis Seqmnis, ganTavsebisa da daTvalierebis teqnologia. internetSi SeRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod specializebuli internetprovaiderebis kompaniebis saSualebiT, romlebic momxmareblebs ZiriTadad sTavazoben umavTulo, satelefono an optikur-boWkovani kabeliT dakavSirebas. msoflio masStabiT internetis momxmarebelTa ricxvi mudmivad da Zalze swrafad izrdeba da miliardebs aRwevs. internetis resursebi, romlebsac Cven viyenebT, SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg kategoriebad: socialuri qselebi (mag., sayovelTaod cnobili Facebook), saZiebo sistemebi (mag., Google an Yahoo), eleqtronuli komerciis (mag., Amazon), saganmanaTleblo (mag., ka.wikipedia.org) da sainformacio (mag., Parliament.ge). rigiTi adamianebis mier informaciis ganTavseba internetSi (komentarebis, blogebis; vikipedia xom mTlianad am teqnologiazea dafuZnebuli) internetis ganviTarebis yvelaze mTavari etapi gaxda. informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba adamianebis profesiul saqmianobasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi imdenad intensiuria, erTi wuTiT rom warmovidginoT raime mizeziT yvela kompiuteris erTdroulad gaCereba, es globaluri katastrofis tolfasi iqneba. am viTarebam gaaCina axali tipis teroristuli safrTxe – kiberterorizmi (anu teroristuli qmedeba informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT da sainformacio obieqtebis winaaRmdeg), samxedroebis leqsikonSi ki gaCnda informaciuli omis cneba. rigiTma adamianebma Seityves hakerebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. dRes Cvens sazogadoebas ewodeba informaciuli sazogadoeba.

informacia da samyaro SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informacia kacobriobis arsebobis garemoa (iseve, rogoric TevzebisTvis – wyali). amaze uamravi faqti metyvelebs. realur cxovrebaSi yofila mauglis istoriis msgavsi faqtebi da roca adrindel etapze aRzrdas moklebuli bavSvebi isev dabrunebian adamianTa sazogadoebas, maTi gonebrivi ganviTareba mkveTrad CamorCenili aRmoCenila; sazogadoebaSi dabruneba Zalze rTuli yofila meore msoflio omis dros tyeSi dakarguli da iq aTwleulebi mcxovrebi jariskacebisTvisac – maTi fsiqikisa da azrovnebisTvis. samecniero kvlevebis obieqti ZiriTadad realuri samyaros agebuleba da Tvisebebia. kosmosidan dedamiwaze SeRweul gamosxivebasa da nawilakebs moaqvT infor-

Cemi samyaro da informacia

macia samyaros (makrosamyaros) warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. mecnierebma evropaSi grandiozuli da yvelaze Zvirad Rirebuli (6 mlrd. aSS dolari) xelsawyo – didi adronuli kolaideri mxolod imisTvis aages, rom miiRon informacia mikrosamyaros Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebuli qveynebi xarjaven asobiT mlrd aSS dolars kosmosis aTvisebis mizniT sxvadasxva eqsperimentebis Casatareblad (informaciis misaRebad) da teqnikisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebisTvis. ra saWiroa aseTi kolosaluri danaxarjebis gaweva, roca kacobriobas uamravi sxva problema awuxebs? saqmianobis yvela ZiriTadi sfero, romlebic uzrunvelyofs adamianis arsebobas – medicina, sakvebiTa da energiiT momarageba, informaciuli teqnologiebi, samxedro saqme – efuZneba fundamentur mecnierebaTa miRwevebs. adamianTa nebismieri samecniero-kvleviTi samuSao axali informaciis moZiebas, mis gaazrebasa da amis safuZvelze axali codnis generirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli; axali codna ki kacobriobas uxsnis axal horizontebs, perspeqtivebs, romlebic mogvcems amouwuravi energiis axal wyaroebs, gadaarCens kacobriobas SimSilisgan, Soreul momavalSi miscems saSualebas aiTvisos sxva planetebi, Seqmnas axali, saswaulebrivi Tvisebebis mqone masalebi, romlebic gardaqmnian teqnikur procesebsa da danadgarebs, mkurnalobis axal meTodebs, rac adamians sicocxles gauxangrZlivebs. dabolos, samecniero-popularuli statiis avtoris umTavresi valia ganmartos gamoyenebuli terminebi an imgvarad ga-

teqnologiebi

moiyenos, rom yvelasaTvis gasagebi iyos da mkiTxvelma Sinaarsi damaxinjebulad an arasworad ar aRiqvas. gagikvirdebaT, magram termin „informaciis“ universaluri ganmarteba ar arsebobs. mecnierebisa da teqnikis yvela dargs, sakuTari sameciero da teqnikuri amocanebidan gamomdinare, aqvs informaciis sakuTari ganmarteba, romelic am dargis saWiroebebzea morgebuli. informaciis Tvisebebi Zalze saintersoa imiT, rom radikalurad gansxvadeba sxva fizikuri obieqtebisa da sidideebisgan, rac Cven yvelam viswavleT skolaSi. informacias, rogorc produqts, Zalze saintereso Tviseba axasiaTebs – materialuri faseulobebisgan gansxvavebiT, erTxel Seqmnili informacia SeiZleba SeuzRudavad, mravaljer gaiyidos da amiT darCenili informaciis raodenoba ar mcirdeba. informacia ganuwyvetlivaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva materialur obieqtTan – genTan, tvinTan, lazerul diskTan, Tundac am JurnalTan. genebis an Jurnalis ganadgurebiT informacia ganadgurdeba, gaqreba, Tu am genis an Jurnalis zusti asli ar arsebobs. informaciis generirebas sWirdeba garkveuli energia, magram sxva dovlaTisgan gansxvavebiT, informaciis faswarmoqmna efuZneba sxva principebs, vidre es xdeba mrewvelobaSi. informaciis, rogorc saqonlis Rirebuleba Zalze pirobiTicaa da ufro metic – Zalze subieqturic. magaliTad, saidumlo informacia, romelic meore msoflio omis dros faSisturi germaniis samxedro ZalebSi daSifruli formiT cirkulirebda, germaniisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo, vinaidan masze damokidebuli iyo aTiaTasobiT jariskacis sicocxle da samxedro operaciebis bedi. didi britaneTisTvis ki, romelic flobda xsenebul informacias, magram ver axerxebda mis gaSifvras, am informacias aranairi

Cemi samyaro da informacia

Rirebuleba ar hqonda. yvelaferi Seicvala, roca didi britaneTis mezRvaurebma tyved Caigdes faSistebis wyalqveSa navebi (1940 w. da 1942 w.), sadac aRmoaCines saidumlo kodis gamSifravi mowyobiloba `enigmas~ axali modelebi. germanelebis gasaidumloebuli informaciis gaSifvram es informacia didi britaneTisTvis Zalze Rirebuli gaxada, xolo germaneli samxedroebisTvis – uaRresad negatiuri Rirebulebis mqone, vinaidan maT mier dagegmili samxedro operaciebis detalebi mokavSire ZalebisTvis gaxda cnobili (aSS, didi britaneTi, sabWoTa kavSiri da sxv.). am statiaSi mindoda meCvenebina, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania axalgazrda TaobisTvis codnis SeZenis procesi – swavla, romelic gzas xsnis informaciis dauflebisken. `vinc flobs informacias, is flobs samyaros~ – es iyo XVIII saukunis Zalze warmatebul biznesmenTa saerTaSoriso dinastiis – rotSildebis devizi. am dinastiis warmomadgenlebma, xuTma Zmam, evropaSi Seqmnes bankebis qseli, romlebic erTmaneTTan daakavSires kurierebis sakuTari samsaxuriT. maT iyenebdnen evropis sxvadasxva kuTxidan yvelaze adre miRebuli politikuri da samxedro informaciis, fasiani qaRaldebiT birJaze vaWrobisa da sxva komerciuli operaciebis CatarebisTvis. magaliTad, erT-erTma rotSildma, romelmac pirvelma miiRo informacia napoleonis vaterloosTan damarcxebis Sesaxeb, londonis birJaze warmatebiT Catarebuli operaciis Sedegad, sanam sxva biznesmenebi Seityobdnen axal strategiul informacias, ramdenime milioni funti sterlingis sufTa mogeba miiRo. dRes rotSildebis devizs kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba mieca.

umciresobebi

Aazerbaijaneli mwyemsebi

arCil qiqoZe

mravalferovani eTnoss uwodeben saerTo kulturuli da socialuri tradiciis mqone socialur jgufs.

erovnebas iseve, rogorc ers ori gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs – eTnikuri da, zogadi, politikuri. pirveli mniSvnelobiT eri eTnosis arsebobis formasa da mis socialur organizacias aRniSnavs, xolo erovneba eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis gamomxatvelia.

100

msoflioSi bevrad meti eTnosia (erovneba), vidre saxelmwifo. ufro metic, istoriis manZilze mravali saxelmwifo samudamod gaqra, xolo bevri eTnosi sruliad gaiTqvifa sxva xalxebSi. arsebobs Cvenze bevrad mravalricxovani erebi (magaliTad, qurTebi, romlebic TiTqmis 40 milioni arian), romelTac arasodes hqoniaT sakuTari saxelmwifo. amis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cven `gagvimarTla~ – qarTvelebi dRemde varsebobT da gvaqvs Cveni saxelmwifo – saqarTvelo, romlis sazRvrebi istoriis manZilze mudam icvleboda, zogjer aseTi qveyana sruliad qreboda xangZlivi droiT, magram ukve oc welze metia Cven isev vcxovrobT damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi – saqarTveloSi, rac garkveul pasuxismgeblobebs gvaniWebs, radgan xangrZlivi istoriuli pauzis Semdeg Cven isev gavxdiT sakuTari bedis ganmkargvelebi. Cven gvakisria pasuxismgebloba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis mimarT da maT Soris (Tu ara gansakuTrebulad) aq mcxovrebi eTnikuri (erovnuli) umciresobebis mimarTac, radgan eTnikuri umciresobebi – patara Tu didi jgufebi – yvelaze mgrZnobiare arian ama Tu im cvlilebis mimarT da yvelaze mZafrad reagireben maTze.

mravalferovani saqarTvelo

saqarTvelo mravalerovani Tu, rogorc ufro xSirad vambobT, mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. ase iyo mudam da ase iqneba momavalSi. amaSi gasakviri araferia. eTnikuri sazRvrebi iSviaTad emTxveva saxelmwifo sazRvrebs, xolo monoeTnikuri (sadac mxolod erTi erovnebis xalxi cxovrobs) qveynebi ufro gamonaklisia, vidre Cveulebrivi movlena da, Sesabamisad, Zalian cotaa msoflioSi. monoeTnikuri saxelmwifosken swrafva saxifaTo utopiaa, romelsac Zalian cudisken – nacionalizmis ukiduresi formisken mivyavarT. es seni ki erTxel ukve moixada msofliom da samudamod dagmo. da mainc, miuxedavad im gamocdilebisa, romelic kacobriobas daugrovda, mainc gauTaveblad meordeba erTi da igive Secdomebi da msoflios ama Tu im kuTxeSi mudmivad xdeba konfliqtebi, sadac sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. es aris namdvili ubedureba, saxelmwifoTa Soris omze kidev ufro uaresi da daundobeli, radgan saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba moilaparakon da cecxli Sewyviton, eTnikuri konfliqtebi ki swored susti da umwifari saxelmwifoebis SigniT xdeba, TiTqos arsaidan Cndeba (Tumca yovelTvis aqvs winapiroba) da misi SeCereba

monoeTnikur saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi eris xvedriTi wili mTeli mosaxleobis 99 procents aRemateba. msoflios 190 saxelmwifodan aseTi mxolod TerTmetia: ungreTi, islandia da portugalia – evropaSi, samxreT korea da koreis saxalxo-demokratiuli respublika – aziaSi, madagaskari da san-tomes da prinsipis respublika – afrikaSi, haiti – laTinur amerikaSi da tonga – okeaneTSi.

saqarTvelo Zalian Znelia. mezobeli upirispirdeba mezobels, guSindeli megobrebi, klaselebi barikadebis sxvadasxva mxares xvdebian, orive mxridan pirvelebi omSi uangarod CarTuli idealisti axalgazrdebi iRupebian, xolo orive mxares patriotul lozungebs amofarebuli kriminalebi Zarcvaven, daundoblad anadgureben sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis kacebs, qalebs, bavSvebs. eTnikuri wmenda da misi ukiduresi forma, genocidi, swored eTnikuri konfliqtebis saSineli Sedegia. da kidev, eTnikur konfliqtebSi ar arsebobs gamarjvebuli. ucnaurad JRers, magram mwams, rom asea. marTalia, erTi mxare marcxdeba, kargavs saxl-kars, qonebas, iqceva ltolvilad, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom meore mxare gamarjvebulia. nebismier miwaze, sadac moxda eTnikuri konfliqti, is eTnikuri jgufi, romelmac meore dajabna, Tavs komfortulad ver grZnobs. aseT teritoriebze ar viTardeba biznesi da turizmi, investorebi fuls ar deben, radgan yvelam icis, rom konfliqti mxolod gayinulia da ara – dasrulebuli. `gamarjvebuls~ ara aqvs stabilurobis SegrZneba, uxifaTo xvalindeli dRis imedi, omiT mopovebuli miwa mas bed-

Qsomexi QqaliQ, Qmxatvari Qm.Q tilke. Q1910

101

umciresobebi

nierebas ver aniWebs. damarcxebuli mxare mudmivad revanSis (SurisZiebis) survliTaa Sepyrobili da axal Sanss, axal naperwkals elodeba. am revanSis wyurviliT izrdeba axali Taobac, romlisTvisac TvaliT arasdros nanaxi dakarguli samSoblo da saxl-kari miTiur samoTxed iqceva. xSirad gayinuli eTnikuri konfliqtebi aTwleulebis mere grZeldeba da axal sisxls, axal ubedurebas iwvevs. duxobori qalebi

moloknebi iseve, rogorc duxoborebi da staroverebi qristiani seqtantebi arian, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen samxedro samsaxurs da uaryofdnen saero wesebs. isini mefis ruseTis dros, me-19 saukuneSi, gadmoasaxles imperiis Soreul kunWulSi – saqarTveloSi. maTi didi nawili ninowmindis raionSi, aseve dmanisSi dasaxlda.

102

risTvis damWirda amxela Sesavali? ra Tqma unda, mkiTxvelis SesaSineblad – ara. Cven vcxovrobT kavkasiaSi – mravaleTnikur, mravalenovan, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis regionSi. es kulturuli mravalferovneba kavkasias did xibls aniWebs. amave dros is SeiZleba iyos xifaTis matarebeli. piradad me sabWoTa kavSirSi gavizarde, am qveyanaSi Tvrameti wlis asakamde vicxovre da kargad maxsovs is dro, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs `moZme erebs~ uwodebdnen. is tyuili iyo, xolo moZme erebis erToba – iZulebiTi. ase rom ar yofiliyo, sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevisTanave moZme erebis warmomadgenlebi ase sastikad ar daereodnen erTmaneTs. mizezTa

mravalferovani saqarTvelo

gamo, yvelaze meti konfliqti kavkasiis regionSi moxda. yarabaRis, samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis konfliqtTa Sedegebi dResac mouSuSebel Wrilobad atyvia samxreT kavkasias. meoce saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibebis procesSi myofma kavkasiurma saxelmwifoebma – somxeTma, azerbaijanma, saqarTvelom – am konfliqtebis arideba ver SeZles. samarTlianobisTvis unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTi erTaderTi Zala iyo, romelmac am omebiT ixeira. igi iaraRs awvdida yvela mxares, xolo zogierTs ufro did daxmarebasac uwevda. areuli da daulagebeli kavkasia, sadac Tavad arbitrisa da mSvidobismyofelis rolSi gamovidoda, Cvens Crdiloel mezobels awyobda maSin da awyobs dResac, magram Tavad kavkasiur saxelmwifoebs, konfliqtSi CarTul eTnosebs, azerbaijanlebs, somxebs, qarTvelebs, afxazebs, osebs da maT mmarTvel elitebs da maT inteleqtualebs – mecnierebs, mwerlebs, reJisorebs – yvelas, visac avtoriteti hqonda da sityva eTqmoda, ar eyo sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba, rom ubedureba Tavidan aecilebina. sxvaTa Soris, im dros kavkasiaSi momxdari konfliqtebis arsi da winapirobebi ar iyo erTgvarovani, zogi konfliqti ufro didxans mwifdeboda, zogi ufro spontanurad moxda, zogis Tavidan arideba ufro rTuli iqneboda, zogis ki, albaT, SesaZlebeli iyo. eTnikuri konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis universaluri meqanizmi albaT arc arsebobs, magram arsebobs ori `jadosnuri~ sityva – pativiscema da integracia da, vfiqrob, am or sityvaSi mSvidobiani da megobruli Tanacxovrebis mTavari winapirobebi imaleba. urTierTis kulturis, tradiciebis codna da maTi pativiscema marTlac uebari wamalia. aba, davfiqrdeT, ra cota ram viciT Cvens gverdiT mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb. xSirad Cveni codna am jgufebis, erovnebebis Sesaxeb mxolod garkveul stereotipebzea damyarebuli. stereotipi ki yovelTvis zerelea – faqtobrivad igivea, rac anegdoti. saerTod, kavkasielebs gamZafrebuli aqvT erovnuli identobis grZnoba. qarTvelebi Zalian vamayobT sakuTari warsuliT, kulturiT da zustad ase arian sxvebic. arasodes moeqce sxvas ise, rogorc ar ginda, rom Tavad mogeqcnen. Cven patara xalxi varT da amitom gvaqvs mudmivi SiSi sxvebSi gaTqvefis, sakuTari identobis dakargvisa. xandaxan es SiSi sakmaod paranoidul xasiaTs iRebs. axla warmoidgineT, rom arseboben Cvenze patara xalxebic imave SiSebiT da identobis iseTive mZafri grZnobiT. xSirad Cven maT Sesaxeb araferi viciT. arada sainteresoa...

vainaxi – CeCnebisa da

inguSebis saerTo saxelwodebaa da niSnavs `Cvens xalxs~. am terminiT es monaTesave xalxebi TavianT Tavs CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva eTnosebisagan gamoyofdnen. ramdenadac vainaxebi uSualod emezoblebodnen saqarTvelos, kerZod ki, TuSeTsa da xevsureTs, teritoriuli siaxlove xels uwyobda vainaxuri tomebis qarTul TemebSi Serevas. Sua saukuneebidan qarTulSi mkvidrdeba termini qisti, romelSic igulisxmeba rogorc CeCnebi, aseve inguSebi. amave dros qistebad iwodeba pankisis xeobaSi gadmosuli da kompaqturad mosaxle CeCnuri warmomavlobis eTnikuri jgufi, Tumca zogierTi mecnieri qistebs calke vainaxur tomad miiCnevs. sofeli duisi pankisis xeobaSi yvelaze adreuli qisturi dasaxleba unda iyos.

Qudi, Qmxatvari Qm.Q tilke.Q1910

iciT, rom kaxeTSi, yvarlis raionis sofel zinobianSi, cxovroben udiebi, romlebic mTel msoflioSi sul aTi aTasi arian. dRevandeli azerbaijanis da nawilobriv aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

103

umciresobebi

teritoriaze odesRac arsebobda saxelmwifo albaneTi, romelic msoflio rukidan arabTa Semosevebis Sedegad gaqra, gaqrnen albanelebic, romelTa STamomavlebad swored udiebi miiCnevian...

avareli qali, Q mxatvari Qm.Q tilke.Q1910

saerTod, alaznis marcxena napiri, sadac zinobiani mdebareobs, axmetis raionidan moyolebuli vidre lagodexamde, didi eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. Cvens mkiTxvels albaT gaugia pankisis xeoba, sadac qistebi (rogorc saqarTveloSi veZaxiT), anu vainaxebi – CeCnebisa da inguSebis monaTesave xalxi, cxovroben, magram pankisic gagvigia mxolod politikuri viTarebebis gamo, Tavad qistTa yofaze, maT wes-Cveulebebsa da adaTze bevri araferi viciT. pankisidan rom alaznis marcxena napirs davuyveT, qarTul soflebSi mimobneul sxvadasxva erovnebis Temebs movinaxulebT – osuri juRaani da wiwkanaanTseri, avaruli soflebi Tivi, CanTlisyure da saruso... avarelebi daRestnis yvelaze didi eTnosia. iseve, rogorc sxva daRestnur tomebs, qarTvelebi lekebs (momdinareobs erT-erTi daRestnuri tomis `lakebis~ saxelwodebidan) uwodeben, an arada erTi bewo daRestani swored rom msoflios gamorCeuli kuTxea eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT. daRestanSi ocdaaTze meti ena (da ara dialeqti) gvxvdeba... sakmarisia gzidan gadavuxvioT da am samidan romelime avarul sofelSi SevideT, rom aRmovCndebiT CvenTvis ucxo samyaroSi, romelzec araferi viciT da romelsac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda vufrTxodeT – piriqiT. Cem CamoTvlil nebismier sofelSi stumars sixaruliT iReben. es xom kavkasiaa, adgili, sadac stumari RvTis saCuqrad iTvleba. CanTlisyureli avareli iqneba es Tu pankiseli qisti, mxolod gaxarebuli darCeba, Tuki vinme maTi yofiT an problemebiT dainteresdeba. `lekuri~ soflebis gavlis Semdeg, Tuki lagodexisken gavagrZlebT gzas, jer Cven mier ukve naxseneb udiur zinobians gavivliT, mere ki – azerbaijanlebis uzarmazar sofels, kabals. mTavari gzidan odnav Tu gadavuxvevT, imave lagodexis raionSi rusi molokanebis patara dasaxlebas – grafovkasac vnaxavT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am soflebis arseboba bevrma arc ki icis da ise Cauvlis gverds, rom verc ki gaigebs, rom aq gansxvavebuli enis, warmoSobis da adaTis xalxi cxovrobs, an arada – sainteresoa. mravalferovneba yovelTvis sainteresoa da hoda, kvira dRes, Tuki yvarlis raionis sofel axalsoflis siaxloves moxvdebiT, aucileblad ewvieT axalsoflis bazrobas, sadac regionis eTnikur mravalferovnebas mTeli Tavisi mSvenierebiT ixilavT...

Qudi, Qmxatvari Qm.Q tilke.Q1910

104

axla ki cota xniT Tavi davaneboT saqarTvelos regionebs da gadmovinacvloT mis dedaqalaqSi, TbilisSi, sadac saukuneebis manZilze gverdi-gverd cxovroben qarTvelebi, somxebi, iezidi

mravalferovani saqarTvelo

qurTebi, qristiani asirielebi (aisorebi), ebraelebi, azerbaijanlebi, polonelebi, rusebi... metsac getyviT, didi xnis manZilze Cveni dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis umetesobas somxebi Seadgendnen. mTeli mecxramete saukune da meocis dasawyisi swored Tbilisi, da ara erevani, iyo somxuri kulturis centri, xolo somxuri saliteraturo enis safuZveli swored Tbilisuri somxuri dialeqti gaxda, rogorc, magaliTad, qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZveli gaxda qarTluri dialeqti. Tbiliss araerTi saamayo somexi erovnebis msoflio moqalaqe hyolia, iqneboda es mecenati Tu kulavareli qalebi

105

umciresobebi

turis moRvawe. rad Rirs Tundac mwerali ovanes Tumaniani an reJisori sergei farajanovi, romelTa danatovari ukve didi xania gascda somxuri an qarTuli kulturis farglebs da msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia. iyo dro, roca TbilisisTvis namdvilad ar kmaroda mxolod saqarTvelos dedaqalaqoba. is Zveli Tbilisi, romelsac kidev didi xani nostalgiiT ixsenebdnen poetebi, kavkasiis dedaqalaqic iyo, namdvili kosmopolisi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qalaqi, romlis moqalaqeoba ufro mets niSnavs, vidre romelime eTnikuri jgufis kuTvnileba. am qalaqs mravali mexotbe hyavda da maTSi gamorCeulia warmoSobiT somexi poeti saiaTnova, romelic Tavis leqsebs somxur, azerbaijanul, qarTul da sparsul enebze werda, Tanac erT leqsSi SeeZlo oTxive ena gamoeyenebina. iezidi qalebi

106

mravalferovani saqarTvelo

im Zveli Tbilisisgan mxolod legendaRa darCa. Cvens dedaqalaqSi dResac cxovroben sxvadasxva warmomavlobis da aRmsareblobis adamianebi, magram dakargulia qalaqis saerTo kosmopolituri suli. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi marginalur sazogadoebebad arseboben da Cven maT praqtikulad ar vxvdebiT, TiTqmis araferi viciT maT Sesaxeb. da ai, aq nabij-nabij mivediT integraciis problemamde, anu iqamde, Tu raoden arian CarTuli sxvadasxva erovnuli umciresobebi sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi, ra monawileobas iReben isini sakuTari qalaqis, regionis, qveynisTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadaWraSi. Tavidanve vityvi, rom am CarTulobis xarisxi Zalian mcirea. es, erTi mxriv, Zalze cudia da amasTan erTad Zalze cudad Cans garedan. Cveni politikosebi pirvelis ara, magram meore xarvezis gasworebas mudmivad cdiloben: magaliTad, Cvens parlamentSi mudmivad arian azerbaijanuli da somxuri erovnebis deputatebi. ratom es ori erovneba? imitom, rom swored azerbaijanlebi da somxebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos yvelaze did araqarTvel eTnikur jgufebs. ufro metic, Cvens qveyanaSi aris ori regioni, sadac am ori erovnebis xalxi umravlesobas warmoadgens. es regionebia qvemo qarTli (marneulis da nawilobriv gardabnis da bolnisis raionebi) – azerbaijanelTa SemTxvevaSi da javaxeTi (axalqalaqis da ninowmindis raionebi) – somexTa SemTxvevaSi. mTlianad azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 6,5 procents Seadgens, xolo somxuri – 5,7 procents. es ar aris mcire cifrebi da somexi didvaWris TamamSevisQ bebiebi, QTamamSevaQ daQ mirimanova.Q1898

saiaTnova (namdvili sa

xeli – aruTiun saiaTiani) (1712-1795) – saqarTveloSi moRvawe eTnikurad somexi poeti, aSuRi, momRerali. werda da laparakobda remdenime enaze. erekle II-is karis momRerali, romelic, gadmocemiT, diplomatis funqciasac asrulebda. mefis qaliSvilis siyvarulis gamo karis samsaxuri dakarga da danarCeni cxovreba gzaSi xetialsa da simReraSi galia. 1768 wels berad Sedga axpatSi (somxeTi), drodadro ubrundeboda Tbiliss. dakrZalulia Tbilisis surfgevorqis eklesiaSi.

sergo farajanovi (1924-

1990) – XX saukunis didi reJisori, qarTuli da sabWoTa kinos SesaniSnavi warmomadgeneli, eTnikurad somexi, daibada da gaizarda TbilisSi, cxovrebis didi nawilic TbilisSi gaatara. dakrZalulia erevanSi. avtoria cnobili filmebisa: àSik-qeribi~ (1988), àmbavi suramis cixisa~ (1984), `saiaTnova~ (1968), `miviwyebuil winaparTa aCrdilebi~ (1962), ùkrainuli rafsodia~ (1961) da sxva.

107

umciresobebi

qurTebi wina aziis erT-erTi uZvelesi xalxia. qurTebi Zir-

iTadad muslimebi arian da laparakoben kurmanjize, romelic iranuli enebis Stos miekuTvneba. calkeuli qurTuli tomebis saqarTveloSi XVI saukunidan Cndebian. muslimi qurTebis garda saqarTveloSi cxovroben aramuslimi qurTebi – iezidebi, romlebic damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1918 wels TurqeTidan miiRo, sadac isini religiur-politikur devnas ganicdidnen. iezidebi monoTeistebi – erTi RmerTis mimdevrebi arian.

iezidi qali, Q mxatvari Qm.Q tilke. 1910

somxur-azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba diaxac imsaxurebs imas, rom sakanonmdeblo organoSi sakuTari warmomadgeneli hyavdes. es politikosebma kargad ician da dRes saqarTveloSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, ar arsebobs politikuri partia, romelsac Tavis rigebSi am erovnebaTa warmomadgeneli ar hyavdes. da axla, modi, erTad gavixsenoT, ismis Tu ara saqarTvelos parlamentSi am deputatebis xma, moaqvT Tu ara maT sakanonmdeblo organoSi da, Sesabamisad, Cvenamdec sakuTari xalxis da regionis problemebi. aqve vityvi, rom – ara. rogorc wesi, parlamentSi moxvedrili araqarTveli deputatebi naklebad Canan, mmarTveli politikuri partiebi icvlebian da Tavis partiebSi mudam, TiTqos sagangebod, irCeven somexi da azerbaijanuli erovnebis iseT warmomadgenlebs, romelTac sakuTari xalxis da kuTxis xma da gasaWiri Cvenamde ver moaqvT. vfiqrob, problema aris Tavad qarTul sazogadoebaSic, romelsac am mdgomareobaSi yofna `urCevnia~, ase ufro komfortulad grZnobs Tavs. oRond regionebSi problemebi grovdeba, Cven ki amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. an iqneb arc gvinda, rom es problemebi vicodeT, Cveni xelisuflebebis msgavsad ase ufro komfortulad vgrZnobT Tavs.

ovanes Tumaniani (1869-1923) – somexi mwera

li da sazogado moRvawe. man cxovrebis didi nawili saqarTveloSi gaatara. werda leqsebs, poemebs, moTxrobebs, zRaprebs, iga vebsa da baladebs. iyo qarTveli da somexi xalxebis megobrobisa da siyvarulis Tavdadebuli damcveli, qarTvelTa didi gulSematkivari.

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108

ai, ras werda mis Sesaxeb mogonebaSi tician tabiZe: `…mis pirovnebaSi iyo didi adamianuri ganaTeba, romelic samudamo megobrad xdida, visac is daelaparakeboda…... pirveli adamiani, romelsac yvelaze ufro awvalebda fiqri somxeTisa da qarTvelebis Zmobaze, iyo ovanes Tumaniani. …didi patriotoba ar uSlida ovaness yofiliyo qarTvelebis orientaciisa...… saqveynod cnobilia, rom …roca qarTvel-somexTa omi daiwyo, zogi mis SvilebTagan moxvda erevanSi, ovanes Tumanianma ubrZana Svilebs ar mieRoT monawileoba omSi, Torem is maT daswyevlida – es iyo didi siyvarulis aqti...~

mravalferovani saqarTvelo

diaxac, dRes saqarTvelos eTnikuri umciresobebis sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi integracia Zalze mcirea, xolo eTnikurad araqarTuli regionebi xelisuflebas da sazogadoebas, rogorc wesi, mxolod arCevnebis dros axsendeba xolme. da umetesad arCevnebis dros am regionebSi mmarTveli partia imarjvebs imitom, rom aseTi regionebis mosaxleobas cvlilebebi afrTxobs, ase vTqvaT, `SeCveuli Wiri~ urCevnia xvalindel gaurkvevlobas, ufro metic, araferi icis mimdinare politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb, radgan procesebSi integrirebuli ar aris da, mendeT, imitom ara, rom integracia ar unda. didwilad maT integracias qarTuli sazogadoeba gaurbis da mere javaxeTSi an qvemo qarTlSi SemTxveviT moxvedrilebi aRmovaCenT, rom `xedav, qarTuli ar ician!~, `saqarTveloSi cxovroben da qarTuli ar ician!~ aseT dros, rogorc wesi, Cvens aRSfoTebas sazRvari ar aqvs, magram iSviaTad Tu davfiqrdebiT imaze, Tu ratom ar ician? ratom ar sWirdebaT saxelmwifo enis codna? ratom cxovroben es adamianebi TviTkmar Temebad da ratom Semoifargleba maTi qarTulis codna im sityviT, romlebic Tavisi moyvanili soflis meurneobis produqtebis gasayidad SeiZleba dasWirdeT... faravnis tbasTan mcxovrebi somxebi

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umciresobebi

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi iyofian e.w pontos berZnebad da urumebad. pirvelad pontos berZnebis dasaxlebebi XVIII saukuneSi Cndeba, rodesac isini erekle meorem Camoasaxla aRmosavleT anatoliidan (TurqeTi) axtalis spilenZis, vercxlisa da oqros sabadoebis dasamuSaveblad. pontos berZnebi elinofonebi arian, anu isini laparakoben berZnuli enis pontos dialeqtze. berZnuli sityva `pontos~, antikuri tradiciiT, Savi zRvispireTis samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT teritoriis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda, sadac berZnebma VI saukuneSi dasaxlebebi daarses. elinofonebis ZiriTadi nawili saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 5080-ian wlebSi dasaxlda. urumebs uwodeben walkis raionSi macxovrebel Turqulenovan berZnebs. termini `urumi~ ukavSirdeba laTinur sityvas `romas~ da aRniSnavs romaels, anu aRmosavleT romis imperiis qveSevrdoms.

es rTuli Temaa. integracia rTuli procesia, romelsac sazogadoebis da mTavrobis didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. advili mxolod urTierTobis gafuWebaa, ginda calkeul adamianebs da ginda xalxebs Soris. amitomac ufrTxildebian wesieri adamianebi sxva adamianebs, maT grZnobebs, angariSs uweven maT azrebs da es exeba ukvlebliv yvelafers – ojaxs, samegobros, sazogadoebas. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebi Cveni sazogadoebis nawilia – asec unda iyos, aseTad unda grZnobdnen Tavs! sxvanairad Cven qveyanas ver avaSenebT. qveynis aSeneba ki erTad mogviwevs. sxva gamosavali ar gvaqvs. me gamimarTla. bavSvobidan moyolebuli Zalian didi dro gavatare qalaqgareT, velze, mraval SesaniSnav adamians Sevxvdi. Cemi Tevzaobis pirveli maswavlebeli azerbaijaneli kaci, sofel araxlos mkvidri magradeli iyo, iSviaTad Semxvedria faravnis tbis piras mcxovrebi somexi kacis kirakozisnairi keTili adamiani. dRes aRarc erTi cocxali aRar aris, magram maTi saxe da maTi mogoneba dRemde momyveba. javaxeTSi me minadiria rus duxoborebTan erTad, mTaSi Rame qist mwyemsebTan miTevia da es Cemi saukeTeso mogonebebia. axalgazrdobasac imaves vusurveb – nu darCebiT stereotipebis tyveobaSi da nu dagafrTxobT mravalferovneba, romelic Cvens samSoblos ganumeorebel xibls aniWebs!

berZeni qali walkidan, Q mxatvari Qm.Q tilke.Q1910

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mravalferovani mravalferovani saqarTvelo saqarTvelo qisti mxedari

111

sporti

lado kilasonia

ragbi –

bavSvobaSi vxatavdi, dedam Cemi naxatebi erT mxatvars wauRo, iman – atareT xatvaze, bavSvs kargi Tvali aqvso. ra Tqma unda, es ambavi mamas movuyevi (mama Zveli regbistia). ki, Svilo, – miTxra, Tavze xeli gadamisva da meore dRes ukve stadionze davdevdi ucnaur burTs. ase movxvdi regbize... da mere? mere gaqra yvelaferi da darCa marto ucnauri, nesviviT ovaluri burTi, stadioni, gundelebi, TamaSi, uamravi sasacilo istoria da bevri Zalian magari mogoneba! ar gtkivaT, erTmaneTs Tavze rom axtebiT? – xSirad mekiTxebodnen da dRemde gvekiTxebian ragbistebs. swored am dros vxdebiT xolme yvelaze sasaciloebi: Tavaweulebi, amayi saxiT, odnav daboxebuli xmiT rom vpasuxobT: ara, ar gvtkiva! da marTalia, Tavs viwonebT, magram simarTlesac vambobT imitom, rom regbiSi (Tu ratom veZaxi zogan ragbis da zogan regbis, amas qvemoT vityvi) da saerTod sportSi eg `ar stkivaT~, ufro sworad – `egre ar stkivaT~, radgan Tavze daxtomis tkivils wagebuli TamaSis tkivili jabnis, roca xvdebi, rom SegeZlo, magram raRaca bolomde ar gaakeTe, bolomde ar daixarje da mogeba, rogorc mdinareSi xeldavlebuli Tevzi, ise gagisrialda TiTebidan. bolo TamaSze Cemi bavSvobis Zmakacs, bairamas, romelTan erTadac aRar maxsovs ramdenjer miTamaSia, fexi motyda, iwva egre mindorze, koWi wvivze edo, adgilSecvlili Zvlebi kanqveS kamaTeliviT areoda, magram rodesac aswies da saswrafo manqanisken waiyvanes, biWebs dagviZaxa: aba, Tqven iciT, es TamaSi unda moigoTo.

112

TamaSi da istoria ragbi marto TamaSi ar aris – is cxovrebis wesia da damtvreuli da eqimTan moxvedrili ragbistis pirveli kiTxvaa: eqimo, rodis viTamaSeb? aq yvelaferi ukuRmaa: dakawruli saxis da Calurjebuli Tvalis sircxvils gaqceuli mowinaaRmdege cvlis, Tavze rom gadagiara an patara bavSviviT mogatyua da pirRia dagtova amodena mwvane mindorze; gadaxexil xelze da muxlebze wasmuli iodis simwares ki – mogebis sixaruli, rodesac Seni oTxmoci wuTi Sens gverdze fexmoucvlelad mdgomi Tanagundelis ofliani sxeuli da balaxisa da sisxlis suniT gaJRenTili maisuri yvelaze magar sunamod iqceva. roca patara viyavi da TamaSs viwyebdi, ragbi maSin jer kidev ar iyo popularuli, ufro fexs idgamda, Tumca ukve viRacebs gagebuli hqndaT, rom romeliRaca moedanze ocdaaTi gadareuli cxvir-pirs amtvrevda erTmaneTs ucnauri, nesviviT ovaluri burTis gamo. manamde ragbi TiTo-orola kacs Tu gaego. mama miyveboda, rogor gadauvardaT erTxel ragbis TamaSisas burTi trasaze, rogor aiRo damuxruWebuli manqanidan gadmosulma msuqanma mZRolma es burTi xelSi, gakvirvebulma daxeda da Txovnaze, gadmogvigdeo, TanagrZnobiT savse xmiT upasuxa: ki gadmogigdebT, Svilebo, magram am burTs, mgoni, manqanam gadauara da gafuWdao. mere ragbim saxeli gaiTqva... ragbi dResdReobiT Zalian popularulia, is yvelas moswons, ufro sworad – yvelas sxvadasxvanairad: viRacas – angariSi, romelSic win varT, viRacas – maRali,

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dakunTuli biWebi, viRacas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saqarTvelos himnze atirebuli saxeebi, magram Zalian cotam Tu icis am qveyanaSi, Tu ra aris ragbi. ician, rom moswonT, magram ratom? amas, mgoni, aravin ufiqrdeba, Torem dafiqrebisas kiTxvebi TavisiT Cndeba. Tu ragbi aseTi popularulia, maSin ratom ar dadis xalxi stadionze, ratom ar ivseba tribunebi, ratom ar yidulobs mayurebeli larian, orlarian bileTs? imitom, rom es rTuli TamaSia, rTuli wesebiT da Tu TamaSs kargad ar icnob, Znelia datkbe misi silamaziT (da rogor eSlebaT imaT, visac ragbi viruli sporti hgonia), adamianebs ki moswonT is, rac kargad esmiT, raSic Caxeduli arian, razec imsjeleben da sadac maTi azri mniSvnelovani, gasaTvaliswinebeli iqneba. da Tu xalxma ar icis, ra aris ragbi, ar dadis stadionze, ver tkbeba misi silamaziT, maSin ratom aris es sporti aseTi popularuli? ratom iqca sityva `ragbisti~ kargi adamianis sinonimad (ragbisti Tu xar, maSin aucileblad magari kaci iqnebi! arada Cven Cveulebrivi adamianebi varT, savse adamianuri sisusteebiT da RirsebebiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vCxubobT, viciniT, vsvamT, gvwyins, gvSia, gvixaria, gvSurs)? pirvel rigSi, es Cveni erovnuli nakrebis damsaxurebaa, biWebis, romlebic erovnul nakrebs im franguli da arafranguli klubebis (visganac iReben xelfass da am xelfasze arian damokidebuli) interesebze maRla ayeneben da yovelTvis bolomde ixarjebian. ubralod, xandaxan es bolomde daxarjvac ar kmara. kidev imisi,

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ragbi - TamaSi da istoria

rom xSirad vimarjvebT, rac CvenTan, gundur sportSi, cota iSviaToba gaxda; imisi, rom xalxs uyvars gamarjvebis gageba, azri ara aqvs, naxa Tu ara, miiRo monawileoba Tu ara, gamarjveba uxaria da morCa. da rac mTavaria, imisi, rom yovelTvis vugebT ruseTs! es ki CvenTan (da ara marto CvenTan) wmindaa! maxsovs, erTxel uelsel 12 nomers – skot gigzs – vusmine. im wels uelsma (sadac ragbi pirveli sportia) yvela TamaSi waago `xuT erze~ (inglisis, safrangeTis, irlandiis, uelsis da Sotlandiis erovnuli nekrebebis yovelwliuri Sejibri, romelsac 2000 wlidan daemata italia) da mxolod bolo matCSi, saxlSi, daamarcxa inglisi. TamaSis Semdgomi reportaJi iyo, stadionzeve elaparakeboda korespondents. `dRes Cven Cveni xalxisTvis msoflio Cempionebi varT!~ – Tqva maSin gigzma da iyvnen kidec, sporti xom ar arsebobs politikis gareSe. amas ragbis warmoSobac mowmobs da swored amitom minda giamboT, saidan gaCnda sportis es saxeoba, ra gzebiT Semoipara saqarTveloSi da rogor moaRwia dRemde.

ragbis warmoSoba skolaSi fexburTis TamaSisas Teqvsmeti wlis biWma goli rom vera da ver gaitana, burTi xelSi aiRo, ramdenime mowinaaRmdege moatyua da karis ukan daamiwa. ase gaitana uiliam veb elisma Tavisi pirveli lelo da gaCnda ragbi – mogviTxrobs legenda. sinamdvileSi ki, yvelaferi sul sxvanairad iyo. ragbi arc fexburTidan warmoSobila da arc qalaq ragbidan (uorkSiris sagrafo). is kaci ki, romelsac miaweren am yvelafers da vis saxelsac atarebs dRevandeli msoflio Tasi, ubralo mRvdeli iyo, romelic iq, im qalaqis skolaSi swavlobda da romelsac SesaZloa arasodes eTamaSa sportis es saxeoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi – misi dakanonebuli varianti. gadmocemiT, man xom 1823 wlis 7 aprils aiRo burTi xelSi, xolo ragbis pirveli

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`la sul~ – Suasaukuneebis naxati

oficialuri wesebis krebuli, Sedgenili vinme paCkisis mier, mxolod 1846 wels gamovida, Tumca is bevrma ar miiRo. maSin inglisSi daaxloebiT ocdaaTamde klubi arsebobda da yvelas Tavisi wesebi hqonda. mokled, uiliam veb eliss ragbi ar mougonia, miT umetes – fexburTidan. piriqiT, ragbismagvari TamaSidan gaCnda fexburTic. saqme sul sxvagvaradaa, ubralod, maSin, im mSfoTvare saukunis (1895 wels) miwuruls, viRac-viRacebs sakuTari ideis gadasarCenad legenda dasWirdaT da Seqmnes kidec, magram amaze – qvemoT. sul Tavidan iyo erTi xalxuri TamaSi, romelsac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva saxeli erqva da sxvadasxvanairad iTamaSeboda. magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTSi – `episkiros~, safrangeTSi – `la sul~, italiaSi – `kalCo~, inglisSi – `bigsaid~, saqarTveloSi ki – `lelo~. es TamaSebi uxsovari droidan modis da maT arasodes hqoniaT oficialuri wesebi, mTavari iyo burTi daTqmul niSnuls iqiT gadagetana. ar arsebobda arc moTamaSeTa dadgenili raodenoba, ubralod Seikribeboda xolme ori mxare, gaiyofoda sofeli sofelze, colianebi – ucoloebze, wverianebi – uwveroebze, daTqvamda wesebs, moniSnavda moedans, romelic SeiZleboda erTi soflidan meore soflamde `gadaWimuliyo~, aagdebda burTs da atydeboda erTi ambavi, ZiZgilaoba, Wyleta, Cxubi. sxvaTa Soris, qarTuli TamaSi `lelo~, romelic SesaZloa yvela TamaSis dedad moviazroT, radgan, rogorc amboben, daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlisa unda iyos, TiTqmis gamqralia dRevandel saqarTveloSi da axlaRa xdeba misi aRorZineba, irlandiaSi, avstraliasa da amerikaSi dRemde pirvel sportad miiCneven sakuTar nacionalur TamaSebs – irlandiur, avstraliur da amerikul fexburTs, romlebic aSkarad ragbidan warmoiSva, arnaxuli popularobiT sargeblobs da TiTo TamaSs lamis asi aTasamde mayurebeli eswreba.

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ragbi - TamaSi da istoria

me-19 saukuneSi inglisSi `bigsaids~, anu im Zvel TamaSs, romelsac mohyva fexburTisa da ragbis warmoSoba, yvela TamaSobda – aristokratebi, bankirebi, magram yvelaze metad muSebi da Raribi xalxi, romlebic metwilad qalaqebSi, im qarxnebis maxloblad gaSenebul Raribul ubnebSi cxovrobdnen, sadac muSaobdnen, TamaSiT ki uqme dReebSi pirdapir quCaSi TamaSobdnen, radgan qalaqgareT gasvlis da mindorze ZiZgilaobis fuli ar hqondaT. ase quCebSi, qvafenilze Widaobdnen, urtyamdnen, Wyletdnen erTmaneTs da xandaxan tvinsac asxamdnen (sikvdilis SemTxvevebi marTlac xSiri iyo). mere viRacam moifiqra – xalxo, ras vxocavT erTmaneTs, modi, es burTi Zirs davagdoT da fexiT vagoraoTo. am ideas mravlad gamosCenia momxrec da mowinaaRmdegec. xalxi orad gayofila, zogs axali gza aurCevia, zogs kidev – Zveli. xeliT TamaSis momxreebs wesebi xelmeored gamouciaT 1862 wels da raRac-raRacebi daukanonebiaT, magaliTad, moTamaSeTa raodenoba – gundSi 20 kaci, saidanac 13 Tavdamsxmeli, anu `sxvatkisti~ iyo, aseve daadgines TamaSis dro da moednis zoma, magram maSin msajebi ar hyavdaT da yvelafers Turme gundis kapitnebi wyvetdnen. saerTod, es sul sxva TamaSi iyo, erTi didi

`la sulis~ matCi, gamosaxuli 1963 wlis markaze

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zedaxora, romelsac TiTqmis aranairi saerTo ar aqvs dRevandel ragbisTan, lelo arafrad iTvleboda, ubralod, is uflebas gaZlevda iqidan romelime SenianisaTvis fexiT ukan, moedanSi, dagertya burTi, romelic am ukanasknels aucileblad haerSi unda daeWira da axla iqidan ecada mis karSi fexiT gatanas (swored amis gamo hqvia lelos gatanas TRY, anu cda, radgan is karSi dartymis cdis saSualebas gaZlevda da mxolod SemdegSiRa daitvirTa qulebiT).

uiliam veb elisis qandakeba ragbis skolis ezoSi, uoriqSiri, inglisi

karebi ragbiSi ZvelTaganve ucvleli yofila, SeiZleba mxolod Sua Zeli iyos SemdegSi Camatebuli. pirveli pasi ki Turme mxolod 1880 wels gadauciaT. mokled, rogorc vTqviT, zogma xeli airCia, zogma – fexi, magram ase didxans ver gagrZeldeboda da 1863 wels londonis erT-erT ludxanaSi (romelic, rogorc amboben, masonTa ludxana iyo) Seikribnen am erTi saxeobis ori sxvadasxvanairad TamaSis msurveli mxareebi, sadac fexosnebma imZlavres, xolo `xelosnebma~, anu xeliT TamaSis momxreebma, protestis niSnad iqauroba datoves da Camoayalibes ragbis ori klubi – `riCmondi~ da `blekhizi~. ase gaCnda ragbica (romelsac es saxeli im qalaqis sapativcemod ewoda, romelSiac xeliT TamaSis msurvelebis Zlieri da mdidari klubi da skola iyo) da fexburTic. marTalia, meores bevrad ufro meti momxre gamouCnda, vidre pirvels, magram ragbi mainc moedo msoflios. magaliTad, argentinaSi, kerZod ki, CubutSi Casulma uelselma mosaxleobam jer kidev me-19 saukunis 30 wlebSi Seaswavla adgilobrivebs `bigsaidis~ xeliT TamaSis varianti. uamravi faqti mowmobs, rom msoflioSi raRac saerTo TamaSi arsebobda, magaliTad, icodiT Tu ara, rom:

ragbis TamaSis aFFfiSa, 1880-iani wlebi

ragbiSi hyavdaT mekare; fexburTSi me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde moqmedebda alalis wesi, anu Tu burTs haeridan pirdapir xelebSi daiWerdi, msaji Tavisufal jarimas gaZlevda (es wesi dRemdea SemorCenili ragbiSi da avstraliur fexburTSi); kalaTburTSi 1936 wlamde sajarimos isroda mxolod erTi kaci – `SuTeri~, rogorc damrtymeli ragbiSi; kalaTburTis faris da ragbis Sua Zelis simaRle ki, rogorc amboben, toli iyo. hokeiSi 1929 wlamde akrZaluli iyo win pasi. arafers vambob amerikul, avstraliur da irlandiur (geiliqi) fexburTze, romlebic pirdapiri anareklia im Zveli TamaSisa. ragbi da fexburTi gaiyo, magram axla ganxeTqilebam Tavi iCina TviTon xeliT TamaSis msurvelebs Soris. rogorc ukve vTqviT, ragbis yvela TamaSobda, aristokratebiTa da bankirebiT dawyebuli, muSebiTa da mWedlebiT damTavrebuli. pirvelebs hqondaT fuli da ambiciebi, xolo meoreebs – kunTebi da cxenis gamZleoba, amitomac sul Cagravdnen fulianebs da aristokratebsac kargad JeJavdnen xolme stadionze. magram TamaSi SabaTobiT imarTeboda, SabaTi ki ma-

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ragbi - TamaSi da istoria

Sin, me-19 saukunis inglisSi, mxolod sanaxevrod yofila uqme, anu muSebi imis gamo, rom TamaSze misuliyvnen, iZulebuli iyvnen qarxnebi Tu samWedloebi naadrevad daetovebinaT, ris gamoc ufrosebi jamagirs aklebdnen. hoda, maTac bankirebs kviraSi erTxel im naxevari girvanqis gadaxda sTxoves, romelsac ragbis gamo kargavdnen, magram mudmivi wagebiT gamwarebul bobolebs raRa undodaT meti?! xelze daixvies es moTxovna da muSebs am ZirZveli TamaSis principebisa da misi tradiciebis RalatSi dasdes brali, 1895 wels mowveul krebaze Cawyobil arCevnebSic mouges, fulis gadaxdazec uari ganucxades da swored maSin imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es TamaSi aristokratTa mier iyo mogonili, romelSiac arasodes aravis auRia fuli, SeTxzes legenda im gamxdar, patara biWze, romelmac veRar moiTmina, wesebi daarRvia, burTi xelSi aiRo da pirveli lelo gaitana; legenda, romelsac dRemde TavgamodebiT icaven da am legendis dasamtkiceblad, iqve, im sxdomaze, aafriales viRac 75 wlis moxucis akankalebuli xeliT dajRabnili furclebi, romelsac swored qalaq ragbiSi daemTavrebina is cnobili skola da Tavis mogonebebSi werda, rom gagonili hqonda (nanaxi ki ara – gagonili), rom ama da am wels aseTi rame momxdara... esec ar akmares sacodav muSebs, viRaca wverosani pastoric gamoiyvanes, romelmac SeaCvena es `eSmakeulni~. am sxdomis Sedegad xelfasis momxreni gamoeyvnen aristokratebs da ragbis meore saxeoba, e. w. 13-kaca ligis ragbi Camoayalibes. sinamdvileSi ki pirveli lelo jim maklim gaitana me-19 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi.

gza saqarTvelomde sainteresoa, saidan moxvda es TamaSi CvenTan. albaT – zRvidan da albaT – bevrad ufro adre, vidre Cven gvgonia da faqtebi metyveleben: xom SeiZleboda inglisel mezRvaurebs, romlebmac foTSi fexburTi Camoitanes, sruliad SemTxveviT sadme, gemis romelime kunWulSi mimaluli ragbic gadmohyolodaT napirze (am versias adasturebs gamoCenili qarTveli fexburTeli boris paiWaZe Tavis wignSi `mogonebebi da golebi~ – 1926-1928 wlebSi foTis navsadguris samxreTiT ingliseli mezRvaurebi ragbisac TamaSobdnen da maTTan erTad mec miTamaSiao), romelmac maSin fexi ver moikida da verc moikidebda, radgan winaaRmdegobas Sexvdeboda, romelsac CvenSi leloburTi erqva da mouwevda Tavis dros dalodeboda. ase iyo Tu ise, ragbis gundis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba namdvilad iyo 1929 wels, Semdeg, 1936-1937 wlebSi, aqauri mZleosnebis mwvrTnelma eliazarovma dawera werili ragbis dadebiT mxareebze, aseve namdvilad iyo frangi muSa Jan no, romelic muSuri olimpiadis dros Camovida sabWoTa kavSirSi, SeirTo rusi coli, sacxovrebladac darCa da ragbis kursebis Catarebac iTava. kidev iyo givi dvali, romelic moskovSi am kursebze miavlines, xolo wlebis mere ucnauri suraTebi aafriala, TiTqos qarTuli gundebisa (es versia dRemde daumuSavebelia da bevr

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pirveli qarTveli moragbeebi

eWvs iwvevs), magram bolos mainc stalinma `gviSvela~, romelmac uecrad moisurva didi somxeTis aRorZineba da qveynierebis yvela kuTxidan ixmo somxeTis gamoCenili da mimobneuli Svilebi. swored ase aRmoCnda marseleli Jak aspekiani erevanSi. mere stalins uecrad guneba Seecvala, axal stumrebSi safrTxe dainaxa, zogi sad gadaasaxla da zogi sad, Jaki TbilisSi daukavSirda naTesavebs da aq Camovida. weliwadSi ramdenime grZel werils swerda safrangeTis mTavrobas da exveweboda ukan, marselSi damabruneTo. bolos manamde Zvelma velosipedistma TerZobas mihyo xeli, saidanRac ragbis burTi amoaZvrina da raxan xruSCovi ukve amayobda Tavisi liberaluri reformebiT, stalinisgan akrZaluli kibernetika da ragbi rom dauSva, 1959 wlis 15 oqtombers pirveli varjiSi Caatara politeqnikuri institutis studentebTan (dRevandeli `yoCebi~). Jakma meore gundic daaarsa isnis fexsacmlis qarxnis kbilebCacvenili, sviringebiT moxatuli muSebisgan da radgan ragbis burTi erTi hqonda, kviraSi samjer erTs avarjiSebda, samjer â&#x20AC;&#x201C; meores. cota xanSi mesame gundsac mouyara Tavi sasoflo universitetSi da ase daiwyo ragbi saqarTveloSi. im istoriul fotoze, romelzec aRbeWdili arian pirveli qarTveli ragbistebi, fotos avtorma, nodar yifianma, ToTxmetis amocnoba SeZlo, Tumca oTxi dRemde ucnobia. ragbisTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSic arsebobs legenda: 1979 wlis erT dRes xeljoxiani da TeTrwvera emigranti profesori, vinme davriSaSvili, misula `lokomotivis~ stadionze movarjiSe ragbistebis erT-erT mwvrTnelTan da mouyolia, rom vakeSi, `lokomotivsa~ da fizkulturis institutis mimdebare teritoriaze, sadac adre dragunTa korpusis placi, anu savarjiSo moednebi iyo, jer kidev 1919 wels yofila ragbis sami gundi, romelTagan erT-erTSic TviTon TamaSobda. davriSaSvils detalebic uambia, ori gundis biWebi erTmaneTSi kargad viyaviTo,

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mesameebTan ki mtroba gvqonda da sul vCxubobdiTo, mere qveyana gawiTlda, mec safrangeTSi gaviqeci da iq vagrZelebdi TamaSso. davriSaSvils uTqvams, axla waval, xval isev moval da suraTebsa da yvelafris damadasturebel sabuTebs mogitanTo da iseve ucnaurad gauCinarebula, rogorc gamoCenila. gundis es mwvrTneli am yvelafers aTweleulebis ganmavlobaSi saguldagulod malavda, radgan saqme emigrants exeboda, es ambavi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi xdeboda da amitom safrTxilo iyo. mxolod wlebis Semdeg gaamJRavna es ambavi da ase gaCnda legenda.

ra xdeboda sabWoTa ragbiSi qarTuli ragbi ar arsebobs rusuli, anu sabWoTa regbis gareSe, radgan am TamaSma CvenTan swored sabWoTa periodSi moikida fexi. namdvili ragbisti, visac odesme saqarTveloSi sportis es saxeoba uTamaSia, Tavs `ragbists~ arasodes uwodebs, ubralod ityvis, regbisti (regbi rusuladaa) varo da morCa, Tumca yvelaze gauTviTcnobierebeli gulSematkivaric ki swor formas – ragbists – xmarobs. arc erTi regbisti ar ityvis SeboWvas imitom, rom eg Cveneburad, regbistulad, `zaxvatia~, Serkineba – `sxvatka~, araswori Semogdeba autSi – `perebrosi~, `sxvatkaSi~ ki – `zabrosi~. vinc sabWoTa ragbis periodis istoriebi ar icis, is Znelad Tu mixvdeba, rogori gaWirvebiT moitanes Cvenma veteranebma es TamaSi dRemde.

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yvelaferTan erTad isic unda iTqvas, rom maSin sruli vakuumi iyo – aranairi sazRvargareTuli TamaSebis Canawerebi; Zvelebi ixsenebdnen, pirvelad aq, CvenTan, britaneli `pingvinebi~ rom Camovidnen (1977), maSin vnaxeT naRdi TamaSio; erTxel kidev video kaseta Cagvivarda xelSi da im kasetam mTeli Tbilisi moiara, TiTom aT-aTjer mainc vuyureT, xelidan xelSi gadadiodao (sakvirvelia, rom axla, roca informaciis amxela saSualebaa – interneti, televizori, wignebi, gazeTebi, rodesac yvelafris naxva da gageba SeiZleba, patara ragbistebi TiTqmis ar uyureben TamaSebs, ar interesdebian sad rogor TamaSoben, ra xdeba ragbis samyaroSi... maSin swavlisa da axlis gagebis gacxovelebuli wyurvili iyo, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs). im droSi burTi tyavis iyo, wvimaSi wyliT iJRinTeboda da qvasaviT mZimdeboda, bucebi – uxarisxo, ragbis TamaSebs ki mxolod naTesavebi da megobrebi Tu eswrebodnen. erT-erTi mTavari siZnele ki msajoba da amasTan dakavSirebuli dabrkolebebi iyo.

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legendebi da dauwereli kanonebi ragbi legendebis da dauwereli kanonebis TamaSia. ori legenda ukve vaxseneT: ararsebul biWze, romelmac burTi xelSi aiRo da lelo gaitana da xeljoxian profesorze. magram ragbiSi legendebi bevrad metia da xandaxan SeiZleba sruliad SemTxveviT gaigoT, rogorc me gavige axlaxan, rom inglisis romeliRaca gundis gulSematkivrebi wvimis dros qolgebs ar xsnian, rom mowinaaRmdege gundis fanebs matCis yurebaSi xeli ar SeuSalon. SesaZloa, es legenda iyos, magram unda iTqvas, rom ragbi gulSematkivrobis mxriv Zalian mSvidi sportia. yvelaze daZabul matCebzec ki ori gundis fanebi erTad sxedan, erTad wrupaven luds da kameris obieqtivSi moxvedrilebi erTad iqneven xelebs. inglisSi yvelaze mwvave derbis turis centralur matCebs mezobeli qalaqebis dapirispirebas sul samoci Tu ormocdaaTi policieli icavs da es namdvilad im dauwereli kanonebis damsaxurebaa, romlebic ragbiSi dRemde arsebobs da romlebiTac, Cemi azriT, is marTlac gamorCeulia. pirveli da mTavari wesia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rac mindorze xdeba, mindorzeve rCeba. rac ar unda moxdes, ramdenjerac da rogor sastikadac ar unda iCxubon gundebma erTmaneTSi, matCis damTavrebisTanave mTeli is boRma Tu agresia im mwvane mindroze rCeba, romelzedac oTxmoci wuTi ibuRraves da iomes da mesame taimze, anu banketze, rac aseve ragbis erT-erTi wesia, yvela mxiaruli da laRia. ragbiSi Cxubi mosula, magram Tu fexburTelebis Cxubebs SevadarebT, gansxvaveba aSkaraa: iq wixlebs iqneven, naxtomiT afrindebian erTmaneTs, aq ki marto muStia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dadgebian, miayrian erTmaneTs, mere Sewyveten da isev gaagrZeleben

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TamaSs. Cxubobs mxolod TxuTmeti kaci TxuTmetze, saTadarigoebs da gulSematkivrebs sastikad ekrZaelbaT moedanze Sevardna, rac Zalian cud Jestad iTvleba, laparaki aRaraa CxubSi droSebis an raime sxva sagnis gamoyenebaze, Cxuboben marto muStiT (es oficialur wesebSic aris gaTvaliswinebuli da yvelaze sastikad wixlis damrtymeli isjeba). asea Tu ise, yvelaferi erTad marTla gvaZlevs sxvanair suls, midgomas, qmnis sxvanair TamaSs, sadac ar dagindoben, magram ar ezizRebi, sadac Semogaskdebian, muStsac mogiqneven, gatkenen, magram yovelTvis dagifaseben vaJkacobas da Tavdadebas. erTi patara magaliTi minda moviyvano. es ambavi inglisis cnobili moTamaSe maik ketis interviudan Sevityve: 2003 wlis msoflio Cempionatis finali iyo, avstralia Sin, sidneiSi, eTamaSeboda ingliss. matCis bolo wuTi midioda, angariSi iyo 14:11 inglisis sasargeblod. msajma ingliselTa naxevarze avstralielebs dauniSna saeWvo jarima. karSi dasartymelad dabali da jmuxi avstralieli 12 nomeri elton fletli mivida. keti im dros axali Sesuli yofila moedanze saTadarigoTa skamidan. `vuyurebdi da rom vxedavdi, rogori daZabuli, SeSinebuli emzadeboda kunTebis amodena masa jarimis dasartymelad, – ixsenebda keti, – yvelafers vxvdebodi, vxvdebodi rogor nerviulobda, rogor awveboda asiaTaskaciani yviTlad gadaWedili stadionis da mTeli Tavisi qveynis simZime mxrebze, rom es jarima yvelafers niSnavda: gaitanda – da damatebiTi dro dainiSneboda, vera da – avstralia msoflio Tass dakargavda da roca gaitana da Tavisi moednisken gaZunZulda, gzaSi wamovewie, neknebze rbilad mivartyi xeli da Cumad vuTxari – yoCaR-meTqi~.

ragbi - TamaSi da istoria

zustad es aris CemTvis ragbi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; marto xatis win muxlmodrekili da dakunTuli biWebi an moedanze gamarTuli muStikrivi (rac ase moswons Cvens mayurebels) da mogeba ki ara, ragbi wagebuli TamaSis Semdeg Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegis guliT milocvaa, ragbi uelseli goliaTi alan vein jounsia, eqims rom daagvianda da cal mxargaTiSulma rom gaagrZela TamaSi, marcxena xeliT rom eWira CvariviT Camokidebuli marjvena mklavi da im cali xeliT mainc rom gaakeTa `zaxvati~ da, ra Tqma unda, ragbi is Zmakacebi arian, romlebic swored im, ucxoeTSi mwvane, saqarTveloSi ki yavisferi moednidan SeviZineT da romlebic viciT bolomde gagvyvebian. ragbi xom erTaderTi sportia, sadac mowinaaRmdege win gyavs, ukan ki Senianebi gidganan!

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Sveulad 2. mSromelTa klasi. 4. maRali renesansis warmomadgeneli moqandake, mxatvari da arqiteqtori. 5. damaxasiaTebeli normebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da warmodgenebis ama Tu im sazogadoebisTvis gadacema da gavrceleba. 7. udidesi germaneli mwerali da moazrovne. 9. aSS-is prezidenti pirveli msoflio omis dros. 12. ioseb juRaSvili . 16. qveynis cxovrebaSi saqalaqo dasaxlebis mniSvnelobis zrdis procesi. 17. `bitlzis~ wevri. 20. social-demokrati, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare 1918 wlis 24 ivlisidan 1921 wlis 18 martamde. 22. ideologia, romelsac efuZneboda musolinisa da hitleris mTavrobebi. 23. germaneli poeti, dramaturgi da istorikosi, goeTes Tanamokalme. 27. goeTes umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebi, romlis meore nawili mxolod avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg gamoqveynda. 28. mTavari moqmedi piri, personaJi. 31. xuroTmoZRvari, adreuli renesansis erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli. 32. ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebis `oTaraanT qvrivis~ erT-erTi mTavari gmiri. 34. politikuri reJimis an xelisuflebis cvlileba Zaladobrivi an mSvidobiani gziT. 35. leninis SemuSavebuli revoluciuri proletaruli moZraobisa da kapitalisturi sazogadoebis komunistur sazogadoebad gardaqmnis Teoria da taqtika. 39. savaWro moedani da saxalxo Sekrebebis adgili Zvel saberZneTSi. 40. msxvili dasaxlebuli punqti, romelic asrulebs samrewvelo, satransporto, sameurneo, kulturuli, politikuri, administraciuli organizaciis funqciebs. 42. braziliis qalaqebis uRaribesi raionebi.

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Tarazulad 1. ganuxorcielebeli ocneba, realur safuZvels moklebuli, fantastikuri moZRvreba idealuri sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis Sesaxeb. 3. saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli konfrontaciis gadawyveta samxedro Zaladobis gziT. 6. `bitlzis~ drameri, romelsac ekuTvnis sityvebi `minda, rom Cven Sesaxeb skolis saxelmZRvaneloebSi dawerono~. 8. safrangeTis mxedarTmTavari, avtori cnobili frazisa: `erTi kargi generlis gamozrdas 15 aTasi mebrZolis msxverpli sWirdeba~. 10. saxelmwifos mier sxva qveynebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebisa da konfliqtebisagan Tavis Sors daWera. 11. profesiuli kavSirebis warmomadgeneli. 13. goeTes piradi mdivani. 14. gazis saxelwodeba, romelic germanelebma pirvelad gamoiyenes pirvel msoflio omSi. 15. gardamavali etapi Sua saukuneebidan aRorZinebaze, romelic Camoyalibda italiaSi XIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. 18. sabWoTa marqsisti revolucioneri, wiTeli armiis damaarsebeli da pirveli xelmZRvaneli. 19. `bitlzis~ menejeri. 21. safrangeTis premier-ministri, avtori sityvebisa: `omi imdenad seriozuli ram aris, rom igi mTlianad samxedroebs ar unda miando~. 24. qveynis samrewvelo ganviTareba. 25. jaris saukeTeso, rCeuli nawili. 26. qveyana dasavleT evropaSi, sadac safuZveli Caeyara renesanss. 29. warmoebis saSualebebis, bankebisa da ekonomikis dargebis kerZo sakuTrebidan saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis procesi. 30. goeTes romanis mTavari gmiri. 33. qarTuli politikuri da literaturuli perioduli gamocema, romlis damaarsebeli da redaqtori iyo ilia WavWavaZe. 36. ori kulturis urTierTqmedebis procesi, romlis Sedegad erT-erTi maTgani kargavs sakuTar identobas da STainTqmeba meoris mier. 37. qalaqi germaniaSi, sadac gardaicvala goeTe. 38. masala, romelic CrdiloeT evropaSi Seqmnes da mxatvrobaSi gamoiyenes Zmebma hubert da ian van eikebma. 41. Zalian maRali inflacia. 43. sakuTrebis Zaladobrivi an iZulebiTi CamorTmeva an gasxviseba saxelmwifos mier anazRaurebiT an mis gareSe. 44. leninis namdvili gvari. 45. adamianTa religiuri cxovrebis wesi, romelic zneobrivi srulyofis misaRwevad am qveynisagan gandgomas, miwieri survilebisagan ukidures TavSekavebas, sxeulis darTgunvas gulisxmobs. 46. `bitlzis~ musikaluri prodiuseri.

wina nomris pasuxebi Sveulad: 1. religia; 2. hitleri; 3. kontraposti; 4. diqtatura; 6. avinioni; 8. demokratia; 11. kleopatra; 16. sura; 17. islami; 19. mociquli; 20. megaekonomika; 21. reigani; 22. sebastopolisi; 26. manerheimi; 28. pariteti; 30. ekosistema; 35. avstria 36. jokonda; 39. aia. Tarazulad: 1. renesansi; 5. totalitarizmi; 7. stalini; 9. atmosfero; 10. avtoritarizmi; 12. joto; 13. yurani; 14. kvatroCento; 15. mesianizmi; 18. monometalizmi; 23. talviseta; 24. xareba; 25. emisia; 27. odisea; 28. politika; 29. moneta; 31. pompeiusi; 32. homerosi; 33. telegonosi; 34. karavajo; 37. aspeqti; 38. fuli; 40. qrematistika; 41. leningradi.

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