My World #8

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

s a r C e v i

generatori

64

dazverva

98

kultura

86

mogonebebi

amerikis XX saukune

regioni

74

mixeil javaxiSvili

saqarTve­ losa da ruseTis urTier­ Toba

saxelmwifo

qarTveli mamluqebi egvipteSi

52

didi qarTvelebi

istoria

40

uinston CerCili – udidesi britaneli

26

politika

rogor erTi­ andeboda evropa

14

gamoCenili adamianebi

civilizacia

2

ucnobi kaxeTi – sofeli qve­ mo maCxaani

civilizacia

rogor erTiandeboda evropa

Tea farulava evropa aris kontinentis nawili, romelsac CrdiloeTiT yinulovani okeane akravs, dasavleTiT – atlantikis okeane, samxreTiT – xmelTaSua zRva, Savi zRva, kuma-maniCis Rrmuli da kaspiis zRva, xolo evropis aRmosavleTi sazRvari uralis qedsa da mdinare embas gasdevs. es aris evropis geografiuli gansazRvreba, magram dRes sityva evropa aSkarad ufro mets gveubneba, vidre es geografiuli aRweriloba. evropa didi teritoriaa, sadac sxvadasxva enaze molaparake adamianebi cxovroben. isini sapasporto kontrolis gareSe gadadian qveynidan qveyanaSi da mogzaurobisas SeiZleba fulis gadaxurdavebac ki ar dasWirdeT (evrokavSiris 18 qveya­ nas saerTo fuli – evro – aqvs). evrokavSiris moqalaqeebs mezobel an arc mTlad mezobel qveyanaSi swavlis, muSaobis da cxovrebis uflebac aqvT. ase erT ojaxad rom icxovros amdenma erma, aucilebelia, isini iziarebdnen garkveul politikur faseulobebsa da idealebs. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsebobda araerTi politikuri, religiuri Tu kulturuli faqtori, romelTac Seqm­

2

rogor erTiandeboda evropa

evropa da zevsi, romauli mozaika, II-III ss.

nes dRevandeli evropa. fiqroben, rom Tavisuflebaa is ideali, romelic yvela epoqis evropas saerTo aqvs. odiTganve swored Tavisuflebis pativiscema da siyvaruli ganasxvavebda evropas danarCeni msofliosgan. dRes Zneli gasarkvevia geografiuli saxeli evropa rogor ukavSirdeba finikiis mefis mSvenier asuls – evropas, romelic, berZnuli miTis mixedviT, zevsma finikiidan gaitaca. arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba, Tu ras unda niSnavdes evropa. erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas danamdvilebiT – es sityva qalis saxelic iyo da geografiulic. sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva xalxisTvis evropa sxvadasxva teritorias erqva.

Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi (Zv. w. V s.) evropad saberZneTs da misgan dasavleTiT mdebare teritoriebs moiazreben. am dros berZeni avtorebi ukve imazec amaxvileben yuradRebas, rom evropelebi, azielebi da afrikelebi xasiaTiTa da tradici­ ebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. metic – aRniSnaven, rom evropuli aTeni (demokratiuli qalaqi-saxelmwifo antikur saberZneTSi) Tavisuflebis simboloa, xolo aziaSi sparseTis mmarTveli despotia da kanonebs pativs ar scems. hipokrate (Zv.w. 400 w.) wers, rom evropelebi brZolaSi ufro mamacebi da Seupovrebi arian, vidre azielebi. amas swavluli imiT xsnis, rom evropasa da aziaSi sxvadasxvanairi klimatia da, garda amisa, Tavisufal evropelebs meti stimuli aqvT Tavdadebis­ Tvis.

I-II saukuneebSi romis imperiaSi, egviptidan Sav zRvamde, nel-nela vrceldeba qristianoba. aziaSi aRmocenebulma am moZRvrebam Tavisuflebis axleburi xedva

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civilizacia SesTavaza evropas da gaiTavisa berZnul-romauli humaniz­ mis bevri idea. qristianobam yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana evropis politikuri da kulturuli raobis SeqmnaSi. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianoba evropis gamaerTianebeli ideologia iyo, Tumca ganxeTqilebis mizezic araerTxel gamxdara.

tarik ibn zia, X IX s.-is ilustracia

711 wels arabma generalma tarik ibn ziam gibralta­ ris srute gadalaxa da Tavisi jari dRevandeli espaneTis teritoriaze gadasva. garda espaneTisa, mahmadiani dampyroblebi frankTa teritoriebsac utevdnen. 732 wels kordovas (dRes espaneTi) arabma mmarTvelma bordoze (dRes safrangeTi) gailaSqra da mefe eudesi daamarcxa. eudesma daxmarebisTvis frankTa mefe karlos martels mimarTa. karlos martelis mravalerovanma jarma turTan (dRes safrangeTi) gamarTul brZolaSi arabebi daamarcxa. istorikosTa azriT, rom ara qristianuli koaliciis es gamarjveba, saeWvoa, SeinarCunebda Tu ara evropa qristianobas. turis brZolis momswre mematiane koaliciur jars evropelebis armiad moixseniebs. es kampania evropuli erTsulovnebis erT-erT pirvel gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca amis Semdeg termini evropeli karga xniT ikargeba. karlos marteli turTan brZolaSi, 732 weli, mxatvari karl Steibeni (1834-1837)

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rogor erTiandeboda evropa

karlos didis droindeli evropa

VIII saukunis bolosTvis evropis mniSvnelovani nawili ukve gaqristianebuli iyo. zogierTi sasuliero Tu saero moRvawe Tvlida, rom Camoyalibda sazogadoeba, romelsac sWirdeboda saqristianos damcveli da uflis nebis aRmsrulebeli monarqi. romis papis gadawyvetilebiT, 800 wels karlos didad wodebuli frankTa mefe romis wminda imperiis mmarTvelad akurTxes. karlos mefes imdroindeli poetebi evropis mamas uwodeben, magram evropis amgvari politikuri gageba mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi iCens Tavs; magali­ Tad, zemoxsenebuli turis brZolaSi, karlos didis kurTxevisas da lexfeldis (dRes germania) brZolaSi, rodesac, 955 wels, germanTa mefem oto didma momTabare ungrelebi daamarcxa, Tanamedroveebma mas evropis ganmaTavisuflebeli uwodes.

X saukuneSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTis dasavleTi nawili da bevri kunZuli arabebs aqvT dapyrobili. aRmosavleTiT bizantia didi gaWirvebiT axerxebs ukan daaxevinos mahmadianebs. magram XI saukuneSi Turq-selCukTa aRzevebam metad daamZima situacia. Turqebma egviptis xalifas siria da ierusalimi waarTves, xolo bizantiis imperators – mcire

karlos didis mefed kurTxeva, mxatvari Jan fuke, (1455-1460)

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civilizacia azia. aSkara iyo, rom saqristianos safrTxe Seeqmna. 1095 wels bizantiis imperatorma romis papTan diplomatiuri misia gagzavna da mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmareba sTxova. swored am ambavs mohyva pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba, romelSic evropis saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi mxardamxar ibrZodnen saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.

XII-XIII saukuneebSi evropis mosaxleobis gaqristianeba dasrulebuli iyo. kaTolikurma eklesiam kargad gaidga fesvebi evropis mTel teritoriaze. swored eklesia iyo evropis gamamTlianebeli pirveli instituti.

Teologi Toma akvineli (1224-1274) siciliis samefoSi (italia) daibada, swavlobda parizsa (safrangeTi) da kelnSi (germania), xolo muSaobda parizisa da neapolis (italia) universitetebSi. evropaSi dRes muSaxelis amgvari gadaadgileba aravis ukvirs. rogorc Cans, maSinac evropa garkveulwilad ukve gamTlianebuli iyo. maSin eklesia ganagebda xelovnebis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis saqmeebs da saavadmyofoebsac ki. bevr adamians (nunToma akvineli, mxatvari karlo kriveli, XV s. ciebs, mosamarTleebs, legatebs), vinc ama Tu im saxiT eklesiis samsaxurSi iyo, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi uxdeboda muSaoba an swavla. amrigad, Sua saukuneebSi kaTolikur eklesias ukve hqonda panevropuli administraciuli qseli, romelic evropis yvelaze ganapira regionebsac ki moicavda.

XIV-XV saukuneebSi evropam gamoiara ekonomikuri, politikuri da religiuri krizisebi, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba da Savi Wiri, romelmac mosaxleobis didi nawili gawyvita. 1378-1417 wlebSi kaTolikur eklesias ori papi hyavda, ramac, buneb­ rivia, daarRvia panevropuli administraciuli qseli. marTalia, eklesiis monoliTurobas bzari gauCnda, magram swored am periodSi saqristianom geografiuli gansazRvreba SeiZina. romis papis pius meoris (XV s.) naSromebSi cnebani – qristianuli respublika da evropa – ukve sinonimebia. imave periodSi mTeli evropis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi daiwyes klasikuri epoqis berZeni da romaeli avtorebis naSromebis da klasikuri enebis (Zveli berZnuli da laTinuri) gaZlierebuli Seswavla. am saswavlo programas, romelic evropis yvela skolaSi iyo danergili, `humanitas~ erqva. amgvarad, XVI saukunis evropaSi gaCnda kidev erTi suliskveTeba, romelic yvela ganaTlebul evropels aerTianebda – klasikuri humanizmi. marTalia, cotani iyvnen isini, vinc klasikuri ganaTleba miiRo da humanizmis maRal idealebs eziara, magram maT didi gavlena

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rogor erTiandeboda evropa

moaxdines evropis erTobis ideis Camoyalibebaze. im dros ukve Cveuleb­ rivi ambavi iyo klasikuri terminis – evropis – gamoyeneba. amavdroulad, nel-nela yalibdeba evropis politikuri saxec. floren­cieli (dRes italia) saxelmwifo moxelisa da moazrovnis nikolo makiavelis (1469-1527) TxzulebaSi „mTavari“ pirvelad warmoCnda evropis raoba religiuri konteqstis gareSe, wminda politikuri TvalsazrisiT. XV saukunis meore naxevarSi italiis teritoriaze oTxi Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. milanma, florenciam da neapolma Seqmnes aliansi, raTa saerTo ZaliT daecvaT Tavi veneciisgan (milani, florencia da neapoli erTad qmnida veneciis sapirwone Zalas). mas aqeT dRemde iyeneben ZalTa balanss, rogorc mSvidobis SenarCunebis erT-erT xerxs. am mizniT evropaSi sxvadasxva dros araerTi aliansi Seiqmna.

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527), mxatvari santi di tito

XV-XVI saukuneebSi zRvaosnobis ganviTarebam moitana axali kontinentebis aRmoCena da dapyroba. gaCnda axali realoba evropis sazRvrebs miRma da am konteqstSi ufro aqtualuri gaxda evropis politikuri Tu kulturuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi. humanizmis nakvalevze XVII saukuneSi ibadeba axali inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba – ganmanaTlebloba. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ganmanaTlebelTa naazrevi gavlenas axdens xelovnebis, filosofiuri da politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze mTel evropaSi. am epoqaSi ukve bevrs fiqroben da laparakoben politikur evropaze, imaze, Tu ra amTlianebs Tu xleCs evropas, ra mniSvneloba aqvs xelisuflebis gadanawilebas da regionSi ZalTa balanss.

monteskie (16891755), ucnobi mxatv­ ris namuSevari

frangi filosofosi monteskie (1689-1755) evropis axlebur gansazRv­ rebas gvTavazobs, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs politikur evropas da mas saqristianosgan mijnavs. evropis mTavar upiratesobad is Tavisuflebis ideas miiCnevs; imas, rom evropam, aziisagan gansxvavebiT, ar icis despotizmi. monteskie imazec laparakobs, rom TavisuflebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa saSinao politikaSi Zalauflebis gadanawileba. frangi mwerali volteri (1694-1778) miiCnevs, rom qristianuli evropa SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc saxelmwifoebis didi Tanamegobroba. am saxelmwifoebs SeiZleba aqvT mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva sistema, magram isini raRaciT mainc ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. miuxedavad sxvada­ sxva qristianuli ganStoebisa, evropul saxelmwifoebs saerTo religia aqvT. yvela saxelmwifos aqvs erTnairi principebi politikasa da samoqalaqo samarTalSi; principebi, romelTac sxvagan versad naxavT msoflioSi. swored am principebis gamo evropaSi samxedro tyveebi monebi ar arian, pativs scemen mowinaaRmdege qveynis elCebs da cdiloben SeinarCunon ZalTa gonivruli balansi.

volteri (16941778), mxatvari nikola de larJilieri

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civilizacia

Tavisufleba barikadebze (1830), mxatvari eJen delakrua (1798-1863) – Tavisuflebis alegoriul figuras xelSi uWiravs axali safrangeTis simbolo – samferovani droSa – Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba.

XVIII saukunis bolosTvis evropelTa aRmatebulobis gancda „civilizebulobis“ ideas efuZneboda. swored am epoqidan iRebs saTaves termini „evropuli civilizacia“, romelic ganmanaTleblebs esmodaT, rogorc idealuri saxelmwifosken swrafvis procesi.

1789 wels evropis civilizacias safrangeTis revolucia daatyda Tavs. am revo­ luciis ideologiis mixedviT, adamiani iyo msofliosa da sakuTari qveynis moqalaqe; am ors Soris evropisTvis an evropuli erTsulovnebisTvis adgili ar rCeboda. am revoluciis Semdeg evropas kidev erTma qariSxalma gadauara safrangeTis imperatoris napoleon bonapartis saxiT. napoleonis dampyrobelma omebma buneb­ rivad gamoiwvies revoluciuri ideologiisa da institutebis gavrceleba mTel evropaSi. ise rom, am epoqis evropis gamaerTianebeli revoluciuri suliskveTeba iyo.

Tavad napoleons hqonda Taviseburi xedva evropis integraciisa. mas undoda Seeqmna „evropis asociacia“, sadac iqneboda „saerTo evropuli kodeqsi, saerTo evropuli sasamarTlo, romelic moawesrigebda yvela xarvezs“. is saerTo fulzec ki laparakobda.1815 wels vaterloos (dRes belgiaSi) brZolaSi napoleoni sabo­ lood damarcxda. frangulma droSam evropa ver gaaerTiana. napoleonis tiraniam ki mis mier dapyrobil qveynebSi nacionalisturi ideebi gamoaRviZa.

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rogor erTiandeboda evropa

rogorc erTi istorikosi wers, politikuri evropa `gaCnda da gamyarda ufro metad konfliqtisa Tu ganxeTqilebis da ara konsensusis an mSvidobis Sedegad~. napoleonis omebiT awiokebuli evropis dasalageblad da SemdgomSi liberaluri moZraobis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna (1814-1815) pirveli yvelaze farTomasStabiani gaerTianeba – venis kong­ resi. am asambleaze evropis patara saxelmwifoebic iyvnen warmodgenili, magram gadawy­ vetilebis mimRebi xuT didi qveyana iyo (iniciatori avstria, prusia, ruseTi, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi). venis kongresis venis kongresi, gamosaxuli arian yvela monawile qveymier dakanonebuli axali sazRvrebi evropam nis warmomadgenlebi TiTqmis ucvlelad SeinarCuna ormoci wlis manZilze. am saerTaSoriso asambleam gaaforma ramdenime mniSvnelovani SeTanxmeba diplomatiuri urTierTobis da mdinareebze Tavisufali navigaciis Sesaxeb, deklaraciiT dauWira mxari monebiT vaWrobis akrZalvas. venis kongresi iyo erTgvari saerTaSoriso forumi, is Tanamedrove saerTaSori­ so organizaciebs (gaero, nato, evrokavSiri) gavleniTa da efeqturobiT ver Seed­ reboda, magram mainc misi Seqmna iyo Zalian mniSvnelovani nabiji evropis integ­ raciis gzaze da siaxle saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi. XIX saukunis meore naxevrisTvis evropaSi romantikuli idealizmis epoqa damTavr­ da. politikur azrovnebaSi realizmma imZlav­ra. am periodis suliskveTebas evropis ideasTan mimarTebiT kargad gamoxatavs qvemoT moTxrobili ambavi. bismarks, germaniis kanclers (1871–1890), ing­ lisis elCma hkadra, rom „evropa ar dauSvebda germaniis gegmebis ganxorcielebas“. pasuxad bismarkma ikiTxa – ­ „vin aris evropa?“ germaniis kancleris sity­vebi naTlad aCvenebs, rom am dros evropas naklebi politikuri fasi hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom maSinac iyvnen adamianebi, visac sjeroda, rom evropis politikurad gaerTianeba SesaZlebelia. maT Soris iyo frangi mwerali viqtor hiugo. is aqtiurad uWerda mxars evropis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmnas. 1870 wels hiugom Tavis ezoSi, kunZul gernzize (didi britaneTi), muxa dargo im imediT, rom roca es xe gaizrdeboda, evropis SeerTebuli Statebi realoba iqneboda. asi weli dasWirda am ocnebis asrulebas, 1973 wels didi briviqtor hiugo (1802-1885)

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civilizacia taneTi, sadac hiugos muxa dRemde xarobs, evrokavSirs SeuerTda. swored maSin, roca evropaSi nacionalizmi yvaoda da yvela mxolod Tavisi mamulis gulSematkivari iyo, metad gamZafrda evropis, rogorc `civilizaciis“, aRmatebulobis grZnoba. manamde evropelebi arasodes yofilan ase Tavdajerebuli, arasodes hqoniaT aseTi maRali warmodgena evropaze da arasodes gavrcelebula evropuli kultura ase Sors. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave evrope­ lobiT gamowveuli es siamaye gaqra. samagierod, gaCnda ubedurebisa da daRmasvlis gancda. rogorc erTi istorikosi wers, „1914-dan 1918 wlamde ar arsebobda evropa“. arc iyo mosalodneli, rom am periodSi daibadeboda namdvilad evropuli idea integraciisa. arsebobs araerTi proeqti, magram ver vityviT, rom romelimes avtorma moaxerxa nacionalur interesebze maRla damdgariyo da movlenebisTvis zogadevropuli TvaliT Seexeda.

rixard kudenovi-kalergi (1894-1972)

omis Semdeg, 1923 wels, gamoqveynda avstrieli filosofosis rixard kudenovi-kalergis wigni „panevropa“ (mTeli evropa). es iyo politikurad, ekonomikurad da samxedro saqmeSi evropis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis axali proeqti. kudenovi-kalergi evropis erTobisa da Zlierebis safuZvlad qristianul faseulobebs, Tavisuflebasa da socialur samarTlianobas moiazrebda. kudenovi-kalergi miiCnevda, rom im xanad arsebobda mxolod geografiuli da kulturuli evropa. msofliosa da evropaSi Seqmnili politikuri garemoebebi moiTxovdnen, rom Seqmniliyo panevropa, anu politikuri evropa. misi azriT, evropas unda „aerCia integraciasa da ngrevas Soris erT-erTi“. mxolod evrointegracia ixsnida kontinents Semdgomi omebisgan. panevropa unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelSic yvela qveyanas Tanabari uflebebi eqneboda. gansakuTrebulad iyo gamaxvilebuli yuradReba erovnuli umciresobebis interesebis dacvaze. sxvadasxva erovnebis evropelTa Tanacxovrebis magaliTad mas belgia da Sveicaria mohyavda. panevropis proeqtSi moiazreboda mTeli evropa, garda britaneTisa (radgan is damoukidebeli politikuri Zala iyo) da ruseTisa (romelic, wiTeli Tu TeTri, arasodes ityoda uars hegemoniisken swrafvaze). roca panevropis proeqti Seiqmna, kudenovi-kalergi ar iyo darwmunebuli, iyo Tu ara TurqeTi evropuli qveyana, magram mogvianebiT aTa Turqis reformebis fonze is TurqeTsac panevropaSi moiazrebda. kudenovi-kalergis azriT, panevropa iyo programa, romelic pasuxobda yvela demokrati da patrioti adamianis suliskveTebas. suverenitetis mcired SezRud-

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rogor erTiandeboda evropa

vis sanacvlod yvela qveyana miiRebda ekonomikur keTildReobas da xangrZliv mSvi­dobas. xolo TiToeuli qveynis kulturas sasikeTod waadgeboda gacvliTi programebi. am wignma da misi avtoris mier dafuZnebulma panevropulma moZraobam Zalian male gaiTqves saxeli. panevropam gansakuTrebiT xelovanTa, inteleqtualTa da liberalurad moazrovne politikosTa yuradReba miipyro. kudenovi-kalergis didma enTuziazmma da Sromam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo.1926 wels venaSi panevropis pirveli kongresi gaimarTa, romelsac 24 qveynis 2000 warmomadgeneli daeswro.

1927 wels panevropul moZraobas safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri arestid briani SeuerTda. 1929 wels man `erTa ligas~ (saerTaSoriso organizacia1920-1946) evropis erTa federaciis Seqmna SesTavaza. briani mouxmobda `erTa ligis~ wevr evropul saxelmwifoTa „koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas im safrTxis winaSe, romelic evropis mSvidobas emuqreboda“. misi TqmiT, dro iyo, gaeTvaliswinebinaT evropis geografiuli mTlianoba da solidaroba gamoeCinaT erTmaneTis mimarT. am gamosvlis Semdeg safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evropeli kolegebi parizSi miiwvia araformalur viTarebaSi am sakiTxze samuSaod. am Sexvedris Semdeg safrangeTma moamzada memorandumi sagangebo SeTavazebiT, romelic 26 evropuli saxelmwifos mTavrobas gadaeca. brianis gegma aseTi iyo: monawile saxelmwifoebi evropis „moraluri kavSiris“ Sesaxeb aformebdnen xelSekrulebas, romelSic adasturebdnen erTmaneTisadmi solidarobas. Semdegi xelSekruleba daavaldebulebda monawile qveynebis mTav-

`parizis xelSekrulebis~ xelmowera, 1951

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civilizacia

rogor gamoiyureboda evropis ruka venis kongresis Semdeg

robebs regularulad Sekrebiliyvnen evropis konferenciaze, umaRles organoSi. yoveldRiur sakiTxebs ki politikuri komiteti moagvarebda. am TanamSromlobis miznebi da amocanebi mraval sferos moicavda, dawyebuli sabaJo wesebiT da damTavrebuli sanitariul-higienuri normebiT, akademiur Tu politikur dargebSi gacvlis programebiT. briani upirates mniSvnelobas politikur sakiTxebs aniWebda, gansakuTrebiT – mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas. evropis konferencias ar hqonda raime Zalaufleba da is ar unda yofiliyo erTa ligis konkurenti, piriqiT, igi erTa ligas unda daqvemdebareboda. brianis prog­ ramiT ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli raime saxis akrZalva da saxelmwifoebi inarCunebdnen srul politikur suverenitets; es unda yofiliyo „SeTanxmeba da ara erToba“. roca evropis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma TavianTi mosazrebebi warmoadgines, cxadi gaxda, rom isini amgvar TanamSromlobas mxars ar uWerdnen; mizezi sxvada­ sxva iyo. brianma mainc scada pirveli nabiji gadaedga da daefuZnebina evropis sabWo. erTa ligam mxolod evropis kavSiris Semswavleli komisiis Seqmnas dauWira mxari da am komisias briani Cauyena saTaveSi.

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rogor erTiandeboda evropa

miuxedavad amisa, panevropulma moZraobam moaxerxa moemzadebina evropis gamTlianebis ideologiuri da politikuri safuZveli. am safuZvelma meore msoflio omis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gaaadvila im movlenebis ganviTareba, romelTa logikuri dasasrulic evrokavSiris Seqmna gaxda. 1946 wels britaneTis yofili premier-ministri uinston CerCili, roca evropis integraciis aucileblobaze laparakobs, ityvis: „am saqmis didi wili ukve gakeTebulia panevropis kavSiris ZalisxmeviT...“ 1951 wels eqvsma qveyanam (belgia, dasavleTi germania, safrangeTi, italia, luqsemburgi, holandia) evrointegraciis Sesaxeb pirvel xelSekrulebas (`parizis xelSekruleba~) moawera xeli.

Cven mxolod zedapirulad gadavavleT Tvali, Tu rogor yalibdeboda evropis mTlianobis idea da vnaxeT, rom evropis politikuri raoba (Sida Tu gare sazRvrebic ki) mudmivad icvleboda. ar icvleboda mxolod `evropis Tavisuflebismoyvare suli~. dRes swored 28 Tavisufali da Tanabaruflebiani qveynis nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebaa evrokavSiri – sadac yvela adamianis yvelanairi Tavisufleba saimedodaa daculi, sadac mxolod demokratiuli qveynebi arian gaerTianebuli, sadac yvela qveynis suverenitets Tanabrad scemen pativs da sadac yvela eris an erovnuli umciresobis unikaluroba dafasebulia.

13

gamoCenili adamianebi

uinston CerCili – udidesi britaneli

(1874-1965) giorgi badriZe

2002 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam yvela drois udides britanelad uinston CerCili daasaxela. marTlac, misi gardacvalebidan ormocdaaTi wlis Semdegac CerCilis saxeli yvelam icis da didi albaTobiT arc arasodes gaqreba istoriis furclebidan. mainc rogor gaxda CerCili ase saTayvano britaneTSi da mTel msoflioSi? rogor miaRwia am adamianma pativiscemas rogorc sakuTari momxreebis, ise mowinaaRmdegeebisa da mtrebis mxridan? uinston CerCilis cxovrebaze aseulobiT sqeltaniani wignia dawerili. maTSi umetesad „mudmivi Zalisxmev a da ara Zala an CerCilis politikuri kariera da britaneTiWkua – ai ra aris Cven i SesaZleblobebis sa da msoflios winaSe misi Rvawlia aRwerili. gasaRebi“. oficialuri biografiebi aseve mogviTxroben mis aristokratiul warmoSobaze, uzrunvel bavSvobaze, brwyinvale ganaTlebasa da mSoblebis kavSirebze, ramac mis warmatebul karieras Seuwyo xeli. aravin davobs, rom CerCili gamorCeuli niWiTac iyo dajildoebuli. magram imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor gaxda es adamiani msoflio mniSvnelobis moRvawe, es sakmarisi araa. Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT CerCilis ymawvilobis periods, rodesac misi xasiaTi da faseulobebi yalibdeboda, maSin bevri ram ufro gasagebi gaxdeba.

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uinston CerCili - udidesi britaneli

uinston CerCili (Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill) daibada 1874 wels erT-erT uZveles inglisur aristokratiul ojaxSi. mamamisi, lordi rendolf spenser-CerCili, marlboros hercogis mesame vaJi iyo (hercogis tituli mxolod ufros vaJ­ze gadadis, amitom arc CerCilis mama da arc Tavad uinstoni hercogebi ar yofilan). rendolf CerCili cnobili politikosi iyo da erTxans britaneTis imperiis finansTa ministris Tanamdebobac ekava. britanul politikur sistemaSi finansTa ministri (Chancellor of the Exuinston CerCili (marjvniv) dedasa da Zma jekTan erTad, 1889 chequer ) premier-ministris Semdeg Tavisi mniSvnelobiT meore umaRlesi Tanamdebobaa. uinstonis deda amerikeli milionris Svili iyo, ase rom, mas marTlac yvelafriT uzrunvelyofili bavSvoba da garantirebulad warmatebuli momavali unda hqonoda. uinston CerCils Tavisi xangrZ­ livi politikuri karieris ganmavlobaSi ekava britaneTis mTavrobis umTavresi adamianis „simamace yvela mniSvnelovani samoqalaqo Tu arCeni mis Tvisebaa, radgan yvela dan samxedro Tanamdeboba, maT Soris gareSe uZluria“. orjer iyo qveynis premier-minist­ ri. is aRiarebulia, rogorc meore msoflio omSi hitlerze gamarjvebis erT-erTi mTavari Semoqmedi. amis garda, is cnobilia, rogorc msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi oratori, xolo misi mogonebebis krebulebi da sxva literaturuli naSromebi moculobiT ufro didia, vidre uiliam Seqspiris da Carlz dikensis nawarmoebebi erTad aRebuli. literaturuli moRvaweobisTvis CerCilma nobelis premiac ki miiRo. misi niWis kidev erTi gamoxatulebaa misi ferweruli tiloebi, romlebic bolo wlebSi milionobiT dolaradaa Sefasebuli. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT CerCilis ymawvilkacobis periods, misi warmateba sulac ar iyo garantirebuli. misi bavSvoba ar yofila uRrublo da ia-vardiT mofenili.

skolis moswavle CerCili

15

gamoCenili adamianebi

„simamace gaZlevs Zalas, rom adge da Tqva, magram zo gjer dajdomas da mosmenasac simamace sWirdeba“.

uinston CerCils mamasTan pataraobidanve Zalian rTuli urTi­ erToba hqonda. ufro sworad, mamas is saerTod ar ainteresebda da uins­toni amas Zalian ganicdida. mis mimarT gansakuTrebuli siTboTi da yuradRebiT arc deda gamoirCeoda. uinstonis adreuli bavSvobis erTaderTi axlobeli da mfarveli misi ZiZa iyo. rogorc britaneTis maRal wreSi iyo miRebuli, uinstoni skola-internatSi miabares saswavleblad. ojaxidan adreul asakSi mowyveta yovelTvis rTulia, magram im bavSvebisTvis, vinc bunebam kargi fizikuri monacemebiTa da xasiaTis simtkiciT ar daajildova, ojaxidan moSorebiT saswavlebelSi cxovreba gansakuTrebiT didi gamocdaa. uinstoni ki taniT dabali da fizikurad susti iyo, Tan enac Zlier ebmoda. rogorc misi axloblebi aRniSnavdnen, bavSvobaSi mas seriozuli kompleqsebi stanjavda da maT Soris yvelaze didi problema SiSi iyo. diax, uinston CerCili, msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi samxedro lideri, bavSvobaSi SiSiT itanjeboda da yvelaferi, rasac man miaRwia, swored am SiSis da sxva seriozuli winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. uinston CerCili samxed­ ro formaSi, 1895

yvelaze didi niWi, romelic uinston CerCils aRmoaCnda, uzomo nebisyofa iyo. is yvelafers akeTebda dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. uinston CerCili Royal Scots Fusiliers-is me-6 batalionis xelmZRvaneli, 1916

16

uinston CerCili - udidesi britaneli

magaliTad gamodgeba misi brZola sakuTari metyvelebis defeqtTan, romelic dauRalavi varjiSiT ise daamarcxa, rom CerCilis SemorCenil audioCanawerebSi mis kvalsac ki ver ipoviT. uinston CerCilis karierac mravali cxi araa „warmateba araa saboloo, mar winaaRmdegobiT da sirTuliT aRsavse amace, rom gamousworebeli: mTavaria sim aRmoCnda. mas SeeZlo uzrunvelyofili kvlavac SegeZlos Zalisxmeva“. da wynari samsaxuri eSova, magram axalgazrdobidanve didi miznebi hqonda da Tan Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli iyo. amitom 1893 wels skolis dasrulebis Semdeg man prestiJul samxedro saswavlebelSi – sandherstSi gadawyvita swavlis gagrZeleba. sandherstma axalgazrda CerCili orjer gamoistumra uariT, mag­ram rogorc es Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze man bevrjer daamtkica, is sirTuleebs aras­ d­ros nebdeboda da CerCilma misaRebi gamocda mesame mcdelobis Semdeg Caabara.

CerCilis samxedro karierac uCveulo aRmoCnda. mas SeeZlo dawinaureba ojaxuri kavSirebis gamoyenebiT mieRo, magram amis nacvlad dedis gavlenas im drois yvelaze cxel wertilebSi mosaxvedrad iyenebda.

CerCilis pirveli mivlineba kubaze, sadac am dros espaneTisgan damoukideblobis mosapoveblad omi mimdinareobda, ar yofila dakavSirebuli samxedro operaciebSi monawileobasTan. CerCili samxedro korespondentad muSaobda da sikvdils SemTxveviT gadaurCa, rodesac amboxebulebma cecxli gauxsnes. misma statiebma maleve miipyres sazogadoebis yuradReba – aSkara iyo, rom avtori mwerlis didi niWiT iyo dajildoebuli. momdevno mivlinebebis dros indoeTSi, egvipteSi, sudansa Tu samxreT afrikaSi CerCili sakuTari surviliT monawileobda yvelaze rTul samxedro operaciebSi da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda, TiTqos beds scdida. indoeTSi yofnisas misi roli sakuTari polkis polos gundSi TamaSiT Semoifargleboda, magram CerCilis moT­xovniT is avRaneTis sazRvarze sadazvervo jgufis SemadgenlobaSi gaagzavnes, sadac sikvdils saswaulebrivad gadaurCa. maTi razmi puStunebis (aRmosavleTiranuli eTnikuri jgufis xalxi, romelic ZiriTadad cxovrobs avRAneTsa da pakistanSi) CasafrebaSi moxvda da danakargebiT ukan daixia ise, rom daRupulebis gvamebis datoveba mouwia. CerCilisTvis es miuRebeli iyo, magram meTaurisgan razmTan erTad ukan dabrunebaze kategoriuli uari miiRo. CerCili warumateblobas ar Sehguebia. man Svebuleba aiRo sakuTari xelmZRvanelobisgan, oRond dasvenebis nacvlad is sxva razms SeuerTda da misi meTauri daarwmuna, rom sarisko ope­ racia CaetarebinaT da dacemuli britaneli oficrebis da jariskacebis gvamebi gamoe­ta­naT. amisTvis orkviriani brZolebi gadaitanes, magram CerCilma mizans miaRwia. Tavis CanawerebSi CerCili werda, rom ar icoda, Rirda Tu ara amdeni msxverplis gaReba ukve xeTs ga­ „Tu cxovrebis gzaze jojo daRupuli meomrebisTvis, magram dixar, gaagrZele siaruli“. mas sxva­gvarad ar SeeZlo. CerCilis

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gamoCenili adamianebi

uinston CerCili –koloniebis mi­nistris moadgile – parlamentisaken miemarTeba

„omSi – simtkice, marcxSi – utexoba, gamarjvebaSi - didsulovneba “.

monaTxrobi malakandis brZolis Sesaxeb wignad gamoica da didi warmateba moipova. mas Semdeg CerCili regularulad aqveynebda statiebs britaneTis wamyvan gazeTebSi, maT Soris „deili telegrafSi“. indoeTis Semdeg CerCili egviptesa da sudanSi miavlines, sadac man araerT brZolaSi miiRo monawileoba, maT Soris britanuli armiis istoriaSi ukanasknel sakavalerio SetevaSi. mis afrikul kampaniebsac brwyinvaled dawerili publicisturi angariSebi mohyva, ramac CerCils saxeli gauTqva da politikuri karierisTvis moamzada. man Tavi daaneba samxedro samsaxurs da mTeli Tavisi Zalisxmeva politikas da publicistikas dauTmo. pirveli warumatebeli saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg man, rogorc gazeT „morning postis“ samxedro korespondentma, isev frontis xazisken aiRo gezi, amjerad samxreT afrikaSi, sadac britaneTi burebTan omSi iyo Cabmuli. erT-erTi sadazvervo operaciis dros samxedro SenaerTi, romelsac CerCili axlda Tan, alyaSi aRmoCnda da tyved Cavarda. TanamebrZolebi aRniSnavdnen, rom CerCilma mamacobiT yvela gaaoca. sakuTari xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi tyveobas ver Seegueboda, amitom pretoriis samxedro tyveebis banakidan maleve gaiqca da TiTqmis xuTasi kilometri gaiara, sanam mokavSireebs SeuerTdeboda. CerCili arc amis Semdeg gaCerebula – man moiTxova samxedro samsaxurSi dabruneba da britanul jars im samxedro banakisken gauZRva, sadac Tavisi datyvevebuli TanamebrZolebi eguleboda. CerCilma piradad daatyveva aTeulobiT buri da britanel samxedro tyveTa banaki gaaTavisufla.

18

uinston CerCili - udidesi britaneli

es istoriebi imaze metyvelebs, rom miuxedavad karieris gakeTebis survilisa, CerCilis moqmedebebs yovelTvis mkafio principebi da faseulobebi gansazRvravdnen. is verasdros miatovebda TanamebrZols da mzad iyo sakuTari sicocxle gaeriska, rom Tundac brZolis velze dacemuli meomris gvami ar daetovebina.

uTanasworo „kapitalizms keTildReobis socializms – ganawileba axasiaTebs, xolo ba“. siRatakis Tanaswori ganawile

uinston CerCili (dgas WiSkarTan pirveli, Tavze cilindriT) policiis operaciaSi monawileobisas londonSi, 1911.

CerCilis samxedro da politikuri kariera mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli. meore mcde­lobis Semdeg, 1900 wels, is parlamentis wevri gaxda konservatiuli partiidan. mas principebisTvis politikaSic ar uRalatia maSinac ki, rodesac erTi partiidan meoreSi gadasula. amis gakeTeba mas Semdeg mouwia, rodesac konservatiuli partiis proteqcionizmze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri politika misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. parlamentSi gamosvlisas CerCilma proteqcionizmi (ucxoeTidan importirebuli saqonlis dabegvra sakuTari mwarmoeblebisTvis upiratesobis Seqmnis mizniT) Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: „gadasaxadebis SemoReba xalxis keTildReobis amaRlebas imediT hgavs saTlSi mdgomi kacis mcdelobas, sakuTari Tavi saTlis saxeluriT aswios“.

1904 wels liberalur partiaSi gadasvlis Semdeg is dauRalavad iRvwoda Tavisufali vaWrobis principebis dasanergad. 1905 wels misi samTavrobo karie­rac daiwyo, rodesac liberalebis kabinetSi is koloniebis ministris moadgiled dainiSna. amis Semdeg is savaWro sabWos prezidentad daawinaures. misi iniciativiT, pirvelad britaneTis istoriaSi SemoiRes Sromis minimaluri anazRaureba, rac SromiT urTierTobebSi didi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. man daaarsa Sromis birJa da aseve monawileoba miiRo umuSevrobis Semweobisa da erovnuli dazRvevis kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebaSi. 1911 wels uinston CerCili britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad dainiSna. am Tanamdebobaze mas bevri usiamovneba da sirTule Sexvda: mouwia maRarouinston CerCili britaneTis sazRvao flotis ministris rangSi portsmuTSi, 1914 wlis aprili

19

gamoCenili adamianebi elebis gamosvlebis CaxSoba da qalTa saarCevno uflebebisTvis mebrZolebTan dapirispireba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad am sakiTxze referendumis Catarebis momxre iyo. is sastikad gaakritikes, rodesac piradad miiRo monawileoba policiis operaciaSi, romelic londonis erT-erT quCaze anarqisti teroristebisgan mZevlebis ganTavisuflebas isaxavda miznad. mas, rogorc ministrs, bunebrivia, ar evaleboda borotmoqmedebTan SeiaraRebul SetakebaSi monawileoba, magram, rogorc misi Tanamedroveebi ambobdnen, CerCils ar SeeZlo ar yofiliyo brZolis SuagulSi. CerCili maleve dainiSna britaneTis sazRvao flotis ministrad (The First Lord „mtrebi gyavT? kargia. ese igi cxovreOf Admiralty), rac msoflios udidesi sam­ baSi raRac RirebulisTvis ar giRalatixedro sazRvao Zalebis meTaurobas niSaT“. navda. man aqac gamoavlina Tavisi midrekileba progresisa da inovaciisken. misi iniciativiT daiwyo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyeneba samxedro daniSnulebiT, is monawileobda sabrZolo teqnikis axali saxeobis – tankebis SemuSavebaSi da britanuli floti navTobis sawvavze gadaiyvana (manamde britanuli gemebis absoluturi umravlesoba qvanaxSirze muSaobda). am nabijs Zalian mniSvnelovani strategiuli Sedegebi mohyva. britaneTis­Tvis aucilebeli gaxda msoflios navTobiT mdidar regionebze sakuTari gavlenis gavrceleba. amis gamo axlo aRmosavleTma da kavkasiis regionma britaneTisTvis axali mniSvneloba SeiZines. sul male, pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave, amave mizeziT saqarTvelo CerCilis da britaneTis interesis sagani gaxda. CerCili Cvens qveyanas pirvel rigSi kaspiis navTobze gasasvlelad ganixilavda da aseve mokavSired bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRmdeg. britaneTis jarebma kavkasiidan germanelebi gaaZeves da saqarTveloSi da azerbaijanSi mravalaTasiani Zalebi ganalages. maTi mTavari daniSnuleba baqodan baTumSi navTobis Seuferxebeli transportirebis uzrunvelyofa iyo.

deda-dedofali, gaerTianebuli samefos mefe jorj VI da uinston CerCili, 1940

20

1920 wels britaneTis liberalma premier-ministrma devid loid jorjma saqarTvelodan britanuli jaris gayvana gadawyvita, riTac gza gauxsna wiTeli armiis SemoWras da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxobas. mravali wlis Semdeg CerCili werda: „is, rom ver SevZeliT bolSevizmis CaxSoba misi warmoSobisTanave da ruseTSi, romelic maSin dasustebuli iyo, ama Tu im gziT demokratiuli sistemis damyarebisTvis xelis Sewyoba, dRemde danaSaulad gvawevs“.

ioseb stalini, franklin delano ruzvelti da unston CerCili Teiranis konferenciaze, 1943 wlis noemberi

pirvel msoflio omSi britaneTis gamarjvebaSi Setanili didi wvlilis miuxedavad, CerCilis reputacias didi dartyma miayena 1915 wlis galipolis operaciis fiaskom, romlis dagegmvaSic igi aqtiurad monawileobda. TurqeTSi, dardanelis srutesTan, britaneTis da Tanamegobrobis qveynebis samxedro desantis gadasxdomas Sedegad 150.000 jariskacis daRupva mohyva. CerCilma maSin pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo da Tanamdebobidan gadadga. is dasavleTis frontze gaemgzavra sabrZolvelad, sadac batalions meTaurobda da, rogorc yovelTvis, Tavi piradi mamacobiT gamoiCina. mas Svid TveSi ukanve dauZaxes mTavrobaSi da zedized ramdenime mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba Caabares, maT Soris – Tavdacvis (omis) ministris posti. galipolis tragediis miuxedavad, Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze did Secdomad CerCili finansTa ministrobis periodSi miRebul gadawyvetilebas miiCnevda: 1924 wels is daubrunda konservatiul partias da finansTa ministris rangSi, mravali ekonomistis rCevis miuxedavad, obaSi sir„pesimisti yvela SesaZlebl britaneTis valutis - girvanqa stersti – SesaZ­ Tules xedavs, xolo optimi lingis - Rirebulebis oqros standar. leblobas yvela sirTuleSi“ ti daabruna. amas Sedegad mZime ekonomikuri krizisi da umuSevrobis zrda mohyva.

1929 wels konservatiuli partia damarcxda saparlamento arCevnebSi da CerCili ramdenime wliT CamoSorda did politikas. man es dro mniSvnelovani saistorio wignebis da statiebis daweras miuZRvna.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

uinston CerCili yurebze xmis CamxSobiT Tvals adevnebs saxazo kreiser `rinuanis~ samxedro wvrTnas, 1943 wlis seqtemberi.

1930-ian wlebSi CerCilis cxovrebaSi yvelaze didi gamocdis dro dadga. maSin, roca britaneTSi, maT Soris mis sakuTar partiaSi, umravlesoba germaniaSi momZ­ lavrebul faSistebTan kompromisze wasvlas arCevda, CerCili politikur liderebs Soris erTaderTi iyo, vinc amtkicebda, rom hitleri da faSizmi mTeli evropisTvis udides safrTxes warmoadgenda. rodesac 1938 wels britaneTis premier-ministrma nevil Cemberlenma miunxenis garigebas moawera xeli, romliTac hitlerma Cexoslovakiis teritoriaze germanelebiT dasaxlebuli regionis sudetebis aneqsiisTvis mwvane Suqi miiRo, CerCilma winaswarmetyvelurad warmoTqva: „Tqven mogecaT arCevani omsa da uRirsobas Soris. Tqven airCieT uRirsoba da miiRebT oms“. misi sityvebi maleve asrulda, rodesac hitlerma Cexoslovakiis danarCeni nawilic daipyro da yvelasTvis aSkara gaxda, rom daTmobam da sisustis gamovlinebam mxolod gaamyara hitleris ganzraxva evropaSi batonobisTvis omis wamowyebis Sesaxeb.

londonma da parizma poloneTs usafrTxoebis garantiebi misces, magram ukve gviani iyo. 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers germania poloneTSi SeiWra, riTac omis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda britaneTTan da safrangeTTan. premier-ministr Cemberlens mouwia CerCilis, misi udidesi kritikosis, mTavrobaSi miwveva, sadac CerCils samxedro sazRvao Zalebis xelmZRvaneloba daevala.

CerCilma da Cemberlenma verc erTad muSaobisas miaRwies Tanxmobas: CerCili moiTxovda, rom britaneTs jarebs strategiuli poziciebi daekavebinaT norvegiaSi, magram Cemberleni ar daTanxmda da norvegiaSi germaniis jarebi Sevidnen. Cemberlenma aRiara Tavisi warumatebloba da gadadga. amis Sedegad 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premier-ministris Tanamdeboba uinston CerCilma daikava. rogorc aRmoCnda, es britaneTis istoriaSi yvelaze gadamwyveti momentis dasawyisi iyo. amave wlis zafxulSi, mas Semdeg, rac germaniam „elviseburi omis“ Sedegad belgia, niderlandebi da safrangeTi daipyro, hitleri britaneTze ieriSisTvis emzadeboda.

premieris Tanamdebobis dakavebisas CerCilma parlaments istoriuli sityviT mimarTa. man Tqva: „me arafers gTavazobT, garda sisxlis, cremlis da oflisa…. Cven bolomde vibrZolebT. vibrZolebT saf­rangeTSi, vibrZolebT zRvebsa da ok­ea­neebSi, vibrZolebT haerSi, Cven davicavT Cvens kunZuls ra fasadac ar unda dagvijdes. „hitlers rom jojoxeTTan Cven vibrZolebT zRvis napirze, dasaf­ren daewyo omi, TemTa palataSi eSmaks dadebiTad bilikebze, mindvrebSi, quCebsa da mTebSi. movixseniebdi“.

Cven arasdros davnebdebiT!“

22

CerCili xalxs mimarTavs, 1945

male germanulma aviaciam britaneTze ieriSi miitana. dabombvebi da sahaero orTabrZolebi ramdenime Tves grZeldeboda. SemodgomisTvis ukve naTeli gaxda, rom germanulma gamanadgureblebma ver gatexes britaneli xalxis neba da didi danakargebis gamo hitleri iZulebuli gaxda britaneTis dapyrobis gegmaze xeli aeRo. britaneTis brZolis Sedegma omis da msoflios bedzec imoqmeda. mas Semdeg, rac hitlerma ver SeZlo britaneTis damarcxeba, is sakuTar mokavSires, sabWoTa kavSirs, daesxa Tavs. CerCili bolSevizms kacobriobisTvis iseTive mtrad ganixilavda, rogorc nacizms, magram yoymanis gareSe Seudga stalinTan aliansis Seqmnas. misTvis hitleris SeCereba upirvelesi mniSvnelobis amocana iyo. msoflio omma CerCilis yvelaze Zlieri Tvisebebi gamoavlina – strategiuli azrovneba, didi diplomatiuri niWi da, rac mTavaria, liderobis unari. misi gamosvlebi amxnevebda britanel jariskacebs da moqalaqeebs, misma Zalisxmevam daaCqara britaneTis, amerikis da sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro aliansis Seqmna. CerCilma piradad miiRo monawileoba omisSemdgomi msoflios mowyobis SemuSavebaSi, rac sabWoTa kavSirTan da stalinTan WidilSi uwevda. germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg naTeli gax­­­ da, rom evropa erTi dampyroblisgan gan­ Tavisuflda, magram misi adgili axalma daikava. sabWoTa kavSirma maleve gamoavlina Tavisi ganzraxva, „ganTavisuflebul“ centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi Tavad gamxdariyo mbrZanebeli, ramac yofil mokav­Sireebs Soris axali dapirispireba gamoiwvia.

CerCili maiamiSi Svebulebis dros, 1946

23

gamoCenili adamianebi

CerCilma, romelmac omis damTavrebis Semdeg premier-ministris Tanamdeboba datova (1945 wlis arCevnebSi konservatiuli partia moulodnelad damarcxda), 1946 wels amerikis qalaq fultonSi, sadac is aSS-is prezidentis hari trumenis miwveviT imyofeboda, sityviT gamosvlisas pirvelma daarqva Tavisi saxeli axal realobas: „Stetinidan baltiis zRvaze, triestemde adriatikaSi, kontinentze, rkinis farda Camowva“, – Tqva man da mouwoda amerikis SeerTebul Statebs, raTa msoflioSi Tavisuflebis dasacavad mtkice kavSiri Seekra britaneTTan da msoflios yvela demokratiul saxelmwifosTan.

„amerikelebi yovelTvis swo rad iqcevian... mas Semdeg, rac yvela sxv a gzas scdian“.

CerCilis ZalisxmeviT aSS-sa da britaneTs WeSmaritad gansakuTrebuli urTi­ erTobebi CamouyalibdaT da dRemde yvelaze axlo partniorebad rCebian.

1952 wels CerCilma kidev erTxel moaxerxa premier-ministris postze dabruneba. am periods ukavSirdeba pirveli britanuli birTvuli bombis gamocda (britaneTis birTvuli programa 1940 wels CerCilis iniciativiT daiwyo), ramac britaneTi msoflioSi aSS-is da ssrk-is Semdeg mesame birTvul saxelmwifod aqcia. Rrmad mo­ xu­ci CerCili, romelsac janmrTelobis problemebi awuxebda, 1955 wels gadadga. man Tavisi danarCeni cxovreba weras da xatvas miuZRvna. CerCilis Rvawli mis cxovrebaSive iyo dafasebuli. is literaturis dargSi nobelis premiis laureati gaxda. dedofalma elisabedma CerCils londonis hercogis tituli SesTavaza, Tumca sabolood garteris (britaneTis umaRlesi rainduli ordeni) raindoba miiRo da mas Semdeg ser uinston Cerledi nensi astori: „Tqven ro m Cemi Cilad iwodeba. aSS-is prezidentma jon qmari iyoT, CaiSi sawamlavs Cag iyridiT.“ kenedim mas amerikis sapatio moqalaqeoCerCili: „nensi, Tqveni qmari rom viyo, ba mianiWa. sul bolo dromde CerCilis aucileblad davlevdi“. biusti aSS-is prezidentis ovalur kabinetSi idga.

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uinston CerCili - udidesi britaneli

bunebrivia, adamiani, romelmac amgvari cxovrebis gza ganvlo, istoriis kuTvnilebaa. magram CerCili yovelTvis gamorCeuli iqneba sxva politikosebisgan imiT, rom misi mamoZravebeli Zala ara mxolod karieris gakeTebis survili, aramed mtki­ ce principebi iyo, romelTa gamo araerTxel uTqvams uari wynar cxovrebaze. mas sjeroda, rom adamianebi imsaxurebdnen Tavisuflebas da Rirseul cxovrebas da rom amisTvis Rirda brZola.

CerCili arc gasaRmerTeblad gamodgeba. mas uamravi nakli da mavne Cveva hqonda: is axalgazrdobidan svamda uzomod da ganuyreli iyo Tavis sayvarel kubur siga­rebTan. igi SeiZleba uxeSi da utaqtoc yofiliyo (Tumca aseT SemTxvevebSic ki inar­Cunebda gamorCeul iumoris grZnobas). da mainc, CerCili istoriis erT-erTi didi gmiria, romelmac usixarulo bavSvoba gamoiara, ymawvilobaSi martom daamarcxa sakuTari sisuste da daamtkica, rom simamace an Tundac gmiroba ar niSnavs SiSis arqonas, simamace SiSis gadalaxvas niSnavs – moqmedebas SiSis miuxedavad. amitom is namdvil mebrZolad Camoyalibda, romelic araerT sastik brZolaSi gauZRva TanamebrZolebs, xolo meore msoflio omSi – mTel britanel ers da gaamarjvebina. uinston CerCili meuRlesa da SviliSvilebTan erTad, 1951

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politika

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi zurab daviTaSvili dRevandel saqarTveloSi albaT ar moiZebneba ufro aqtualuri da problemuri sakiTxi, vidre saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaa. yvela problema, exeba es politikas, ekonomikas, kulturas Tu sulierebas, raRaciT ukavSirdeba qarTul-rusul urTierTobebs da saqarTvelosa da qarTveli eris winaSe mdgar yvela siZneleSi bevri rusul kvals xedavs. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis Tema gansakuTrebiT intensiurad bolo wlebSi ganixileba. Cveni sazogadoeba TiTqos or dapirispirebul polusad gaiyo. erTni fiqroben, rom saqarTvelos ruseTze didi mteri ar hyavs da Cveni yvela ubedurebis saTave swored ruseTia, meoreni ki (romelTa raodenobam ukanasknel xans sagrZnoblad moimata, ufro sworad ki, saaSkaraoze gamovidnen) miiCneven, rom mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia saqarTvelos problemebis ga­ daW­ra da ruseTis gareSe Cvens qveyanas momavali ar aqvs. modi, gverdze gadavdoT simpaTia-antipaTiis grZnobebi da emociebis gareSe SevecadoT avxsnaT saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis xasiaTi, misi mizezebi da Taviseburebebi.

26

`rusi da qarTveli xalxis megobrobis TaRi~ – daidga saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze `georgievskis traqtatis~ 200 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT

ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTs? sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTi SeiZleba mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyos da icvlebodes megobruli kavSiridan da aliansidan mtrul dapirispirebamde, romlis ukiduresi formac omia. saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTi, Tavis mxriv, gamovlinebaa im politikisa, romelsac qveynebi erTmaneTis mimarT atareben. magram ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifos mier gatarebul politikas? aq erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT saSinao da sagareo politika. saSinao politikas gansazRvravs mmarTveli partiis msoflmxedve­ loba da ideologia. rodesac mmarTveli partia icvleba, icvleba saSinao politikac da is SeiZleba diametrulad sawinaaRmdego iyos wina mTavrobis politikisagan. sagareo politikis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori erovnuli in­ teresebia. es gacilebiT myari da naklebad cvalebadi fenomenia da mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis interess gamoxatavs. amitom, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis Secvla sagareo politikis cvlilebas ar iwvevs.

SeiZleba Seicvalos sagareo-politikuri taqtika, meTodebi da formebi, magram strategia da Sinaarsi igive rCeba. mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes sagareo politikuri kursis mkveTri cvlileba, magram am SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba didxans ver SeinarCunebs Zalauflebas, radgan aseT nabijze wasvla erovnuli interesebis winaaRmdeg wasvlas niSnavs, rasac xalxi ar patiobs (ianukoviCis xelisuflebis damxoba ukrainaSi amis naTeli dadasturebaa).

27

politika erovnuli interesebi Zalian farTo da bevris momcveli cnebaa. igi mniSv­ nelovnad gansxvavdeba imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis interesebzea laparaki da ra rols TamaSobs mocemuli qveyana saerTaSoriso asparezze. magram umTavresi, e.w. sasicocxlo interesebi yvela qveyanas erTi aqvs. esenia: suvereniteti, teri­ toriuli mTlianoba, usafrTxoeba, prestiJi, mosaxleobis materialuri uz­ runvelyofa. es interesebi mudmivia da nebismieri saxelmwifo mzadaa ukiduresi nabijic ki gadadgas maT dasacavad. patara, susti saxelmwifos erovnuli intere­ sebi, rogorc wesi, swored am sasicocxlo interesebis dacvisken aris mimarTuli da maTi sagareo politikac am mizans emsaxureba. saxelmwifoTa nawilis erovnuli interesebi regionuli liderobis miRwe­ vas da mezobel qveynebze gavlenis gavrcelebas gulisxmobs, xolo e.w. ze­ saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi globaluri masStabisaa da maTi gavle­ nis sferod mTeli dedamiwa moiazreba. unda iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTeli istoria erovnul in­ tere­sebs Soris brZolis istoriaa. saxelmwifoTa Soris mxolod maSin myardeba megobruli urTierToba, roca adgili aqvs interesebis erTobas. kargi urTierTobebi garantirebulia interesebis Tanxvedris pirobebSic. Tu saxelmwifoebis erovnuli interesebi winaaRmdegobaSi ar arian erTmaneTTan, maSin aris mSvidobiani, urTierTsargeblobaze damyarebuli, pragmatuli urTierTobebi. magram interesebis SeuTavseblobis da, miT ufro, dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi, ur­ TierToba iRebs daZabul, mtrul formas, rac konfliqtamde da omamdec SeiZleba mivides. amgvarad, saxelmwifoebs Soris megobruli Tu mtruli urTierToba damoki­ debulia imaze, Tu rogor Seesabameba maTi erovnuli interesebi erTmaneTs. guSindeli mtrebi dRes SeiZleba megobrebi gaxdnen da piriqiT, megobrebi gadaemteron erTmaneTs imisda mixedviT, daemTxva Tu daupirispirda maTi erovnuli interesebi. albaT es hqonda mxedvelobaSi XIX saukunis cnobil inglisel politikossa da ruseTis saxelmwifo XVII saukuneSi

28

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

diplomats, lord palmerstons Tavis cnobil sityvebSi: „ingliss ar hyavs mudmi­ vi mtrebi da megobrebi. ingliss aqvs mudmivi interesebi“. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, roca or saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis arsis axsna da Taviseburebis garkveva gvsurs, am qveynebis erovnuli interesebis Sedareba unda movaxdinoT da aqedan ganvsazRvroT urTierTobebis xasiaTi. am mizniT SevecadoT SevadaroT ruseTisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi.

ruseTis erovnuli interesebi mas Semdeg, rac moskovis samTavrom sxva rusuli samTavroebi SeierTa da cent­ ralizebuli ruseTis saxelmwifo Camoyalibda (XV-XVI ss.), ruseTi didi da mZlavri saxelmwifoa da misi erovnuli interesebic mxolod sakuTriv ruseTiT ar Semoifargleba. aseT viTarebas ramdenime faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. ruseTis centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna moxda im dros, roca osmalebma bolo mouRes bizantiis imperias da aiRes konstantinopoli. amasTanave, yvela marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifo an uSualod Sevida osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, an misi vasali gaxda. ruseTi iyo erTaderTi marTlmadidebeli qveyana, romelic damoukidebeli iyo da sul ufro da ufro afarToebda Tavis teritorias. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom ruseTi mdinare volgis Sua da qvemo wels mxolod XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi daeufla (yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis aRebis Semdeg). sul asiode wlis Semdeg ki, XVII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis, mTeli uzarmazari cimbiri da Soreuli aRmosavleTi misi kuTvnileba gaxda da warmoadgenda msoflios udides saxelmwifos, romelic baltiis zRvidan wynar okeanemde iyo gadaWimuli. aseT pirobebSi, ruseTis jer saeklesio, Semdeg ki saxelisuflo wreebSi Camoyalibda ruseTis, rogorc qristianul-marTlmadidebluri samyaros mxsnelis, ganmaTavisufleblis misiis idea. ruseTs ekisreboda mesianuri roli. igi bizantiis imperiis memkvidred, xolo moskovi – mes­ ame romad cxaddeboda (romisa da konstantinepolis Semdeg), im mocemulobiT, rom meoTxe romi aRarasodes iqneboda. moskovis mTavarma ivane IV mrisxa­nem miiRo ruseTis mefis tituli (rusulad царь, anu cezari, igive keisari, rac bizantiis imperatoris tituli iyo), xolo bizantiis gerbi (orTaviani arwivi, romlis erTi Tavi dasavleTiT, xolo meore aRmosavleTiT iyureba) ruseTis ger­ bad gamoacxada. es niSnavda, rom ruseTi iyo bizantiis memkvidre da pretenzia hqonda daebrunebina osmaleTis dapyrobili teritoriebi da gaeTavisuflebina marTlmadidebeli Zmebi. ivane mrisxane, mxatvari andrei SiSkini, 2009

29

politika

ruseTis gerbi

bizantiis gerbi

es mesianizmi, qristianobis mxsnelis da moZmeTa ganTavisuflebis misia, warmo­ adgenda ruseTis sagareo politikis ideologiur safuZvels. realurad am amaR­ lebuli da humanuri lozungis ukan idga gamokveTili geopolitikuri mizani – konstantinopolis aReba da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi Cagdeba, ri­Tac uzrunvelyofili iqneboda xmelTaSua zRvaze gasvla. swored es iyo ruseTis erovnuli interesi, rom am uzarmazar qveyanas, romelsac praqtikulad ar hqonda gauyinavi navsadgurebi, miscemoda SesaZlebloba samxreTis Tbil zRvebze ga­suliyo. amgvarad, samxreTiT gafarToeba iqca ruseTis umniSvnelovanes miznad. aq misi interesebi Seejaxa TurqeTis, sparseTis da, mogvianebiT, inglisis intere­ sebs. am interesebis dapirispireba iyo am qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis safuZveli. amgvarad, ukve XVIII saukunidan (oficialurad 1721 wlidan) ruseTi imperiaa da imperiuli interesebi aqvs, rac teritoriul gafarToebas da SemoerTebuli teritoriebis SenarCunebas da Tavis gavlenis qveS yolas gulisxmobs. es gansazRv­ ravda ruseTis imperiis rols da adgils saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. mas hqonda Tavi­ si garkveuli gavlenis sferoebi, romlis gafarToebisTvisac ibrZoda da Tu romelime sxva imperia misi gavlenis arealSi SemoiWreboda, konfliqtic gardauvali iyo. gansakuTrebiT sastikad uswordeboda ruseTi im xalxebs, romlebic mis imperiaSi moxvdebodnen da ganTavisuflebaze fiqrs gabedavdnen. ukve dapyrobili da imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli xalxebis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis erovnul interesebs (gavixsenoT, Tu ra sisastikiT axSobda ruseTi ajanyebebs poloneTsa da saqarTveloSi, anda ramdenwliani sisxliani omi hqonda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis dasamorCileblad). kidev ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris interesebi. Tu ruseTis imperia mainc regionuli masStabis zesaxelmwifo iyo, sabWoTa imperias pretenziebi mTel msoflioze hqonda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg Zireulad Seicvala saerTaSoriso sistema: igi orpolusiani (bipolaruli) gaxda, sadac Za-

30

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

lis polusebad aSS da ssrk moiazrebodnen. sabWoTa kavSiris interess warmoadgenda mTel msoflioSi socializms gaemarjva da yvela qveyanaSi komunisturi reJimi damyarebuliyo. aSS-s ki komunisturi eqspansiis SeCerebisa da demokratiis dacvis misia daekisra. amgvarad, sabWoTa kavSirs (faqtobrivad ruseTs) ukve mTeli msoflios mSromelTa ganmaTa­ visufleblisa da mxsnelis pretenziebi gauCnda. yvela socialisturi qveyana da komunisturi partia usityvod unda damorCileboda ssrk-s da misi lideroba da xelmZRvaneloba eRiarebinaT. aseTi warmodgena myarad iyo gamjdari ara marto sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobaSi, aramed mTel rus xalxSi. amitomac iyo, rom socializmis kraxi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ruseTSi aRiqves, rogorc didi erovnuli tragedia. samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT msoflios meore saxelmwifo, romelic Tavs kacobriobis mesiad moiazrebda, uecrad rigiT qveynad iqca da mTliani Sida produqtis moculobiT saxelmwifoebis pirveli aTeulis miRma darCa. rogorc Cans, ruseTis mosaxleobis umravlesobis azrs gamoxatavda putinis cnobili sityvebi: `sabWoTa kavSiris daSla XX saukunis udidesi geopolitikuri katastrofaa“. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom dRes ruseTis mTavari erovnuli interesi Zveli didebis aRdgena da zesaxelmwifos prestiJis dab­ runebaa. zesaxelmwifod ki qveyana mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu misi gavlena sakuTar sazRvrebs scildeba da mezobel qveynebsac moicavs. aseTi

wiTeli moedani, mxatvari Teodore aleqseevi, 1801

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politika

ase warmoudgeniaT evraziuli kavSiris gavrcelebis areali evrazianizmis koncefciis avtorebs

qveynebi ruseTisTvis yofili sabWoTa respublikebia. baltiis qveynebi ruseTis­ Tvis ukve dakargulia, radgan isini evrokavSirisa da natos wevrebi gaxdnen. sxva respublikebidan ki Tundac erTis gadasvla dasavlur samyaroSi niSnavs, rom mas sxvebic mibaZaven da ruseTi zesaxelmwifosa da Zalis polusis statuss ve­Rar daibrunebs. amitom ruseTis sasicocxlo amocanaa ar dauSvas yofili sabWoTa respublikebis (gansakuTrebiT ukrainis, moldovis da saqarTvelos) integracia dasavleTTan da axali politikuri aliansi Seqmnas. dRes marTlmadidebeli Zmebis xsnis an msoflios mSromelTa gaerTianebis idea aRar gamodgeba. maT nacvlad win wamoiwia evrazianizmis koncefciam, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebis (pirvel rigSi, slavur da Turqulenovan xalxTa) bunebriv erTobas emyareba. amis gamov­ saqarTvelos samxedro gza

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saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

lineba unda iyos evraziuli kavSiri, romelic evrokavSiris alternativaa da romelic ukve funqcionirebs evraziuli sabaJo kavSiris formiT (ruseTis, belarusis, yazaxeTis da somxeTis SemadgenlobiT) da romelSic momavalSi yvela yofili sabWoTa respublika unda Sevides. faqtobrivad es sabWoTa kavSiris (ufro sworad ruseTis imperiis) axali, modernizebuli formiT aRdgenas niSnavs. nebismieri yofili sabWoTa respublika, romelic amis winaaRmdeg wava, ruseTis mteria, radgan rusuli geopolitikuri azrovneba eyrdnoba warmodgenas – „ruseTi an imperiaa, an araferi“.

saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, romelsac albaT yvelaze ufro Seesabameba napoleonis sityvebi: „qveynis istorias misi geografia gansazRvravs“. mdebareobs ra evropisa da aziis damakavSirebel yelze, kavkasiaSi, da warmoadgens evraziis gzajvaredins, saqarTvelo iyo sazRvari qristianul da islamur civilizaciebs Soris da rogorc qristianobis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi bastioni, pirveli iRebda Tavis Tavze aziidan daZruli armiebis dartymebs. amis garda, igi yovelTvis warmoadgenda msoflios uZlieresi imperiebis geopolitikuri interesebis sferos da maT Soris brZolis asparezs. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar yofila istoriaSi saukune (SeiZleba mxolod XII saukune miviCnioT gamonaklisad), roca saqarTvelo an romelime didi imperiis gavlenis sferoSi ar yofiliyo moqceuli, an am imperiebs Soris brZolis areals ar warmoadgenda. aseTi istoriuli bedis gamo saqarTvelos mTavar mizans sakuTari erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da saxelmwi­ foebriobis SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. am sasicocxlo erovnuli interesis dasacavad uxdeboda saqarTvelos mudmivi brZola Tavis Seudareblad did da Zlier mowinaaRmdegeebTan, iseT msoflio Tu regionul hegemonebTan, rogorebic iyvnen aqamenianTa irani da romis imperia, parTia da sasanianTa irani, bizantiis imperia da arabTa saxalerekle II-m (1720-1798) iranidan da osmaleTidan momdinare safrTxeebis Tavidan asaci­ ifo, seljukTa saxelmwifo da monRolTa ulusi, leblad sTxova ruseTis imperator ekateri­ Temur-lengis saxelmwifo da osmaleTis imperia, ne II-s, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS aeyvana.1783 wlis 24 ivliss georgievskis sefianTa irani da ruseTis imperia da bolos – cixe-simagreSi (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) ga­ sabWoTa kavSiri da ruseTis federacia. form­ da `samegobro SeTanxmeba~ qarTl-kaxam permanentul da uTanasworo omSi patara, susti saxelmwifos gadarCena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da Tu saqarTvelom es SeZlo, amis mizezi ara marto Tavganwiruli brZola, aramed sworad gan-

eTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris, romelsac `georgievskis traqtati~ ewoda. es SeTanxmeba iTvleba saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis dasabamad.

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politika sazRvruli strategia da dasaxuli miznisadmi erTguleba iyo. cxadia, nebismier saxelm­wifos da, pirvel rigSi, patara qveyanas unda mkafiod hqondes gansazRvruli Tavisi politikuri orientacia da arCevani gaakeTos im ZalasTan aliansze, romelTanac kavSiri yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis erovnul interesebs, misi identobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas da ganmtkicebas. am urTulesi dilemis winaSe idga qarTveli xalxi mTeli Tavigeorgievskis traqtati, 1783 si istoriis manZilze. mas arCevani unda gaekeTebina or (an met) Zalas Soris, imis sasargeblod, romelic ufro xelsayreli iyo misTvis da naklebad daazaralebda (naklebi borotebis principi). rasakvirvelia, nebismieri arCevani meore Zalis gaborotebas gamoiwvevda da qveyanac SeiZleba amisaTvis mkacrad dasjiliyo, magram ufro xangrZlivvadian perspeqtivaSi es arCevani gamarTlebuli unda yofiliyo.

SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis yovelTvis am gziT midi­oda da arCevans akeTebda im Zalis sasargeblod, romelic ufro progresuli, civilizebuli da qveynis erovnuli interesebisaTvis Sesaferisi iyo. ase moiqcnen Cveni winaprebi, roca parTiasa da roms Soris arCevani romis sasargeblod gaakeTes anda iransa da bizantias Soris bizantiaze SeaCeres arCevani (aietisa da fartazis cnobili polemika gavixsenoT). roca bizantiis dacemis Semdeg saqarTvelo evropas moswyda da samefo-samTavroebad daSlili iranma da osmaleTma gainawila, rogorc vasaluri teritoriebi, qarTvel xalxs arCevanis saSualebac daekarga. mxolod XVIII saukuneSi gaCnda SesaZlebloba axali orientaciis gansazRvrisa da erekle II-m iranis proteqtoratis qveS yofnas ruseTis proteqtoratoba amjobina. es udavod gamarTlebuli da progresuli nabiji iyo da Seesabameboda qarTveli xalxis erovnul interesebs, radgan ruseTi gacilebiT naklebi boroteba iyo, vidre irani an osmaleTi (miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia xel­ Sekrulebis pirobebi, saerTod gaauqma qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi da uSualod SeierTa isini).

rogorc ruseTis imperiis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelos winaSe kvlav dadga politikuri orientaciis sakiTxi. dRes es saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTavari problemaa da gansazRvravs kidec Cveni qveynis faqtobriv mdgomareobas.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos winaSe sagareo politikuri orientaciis sami alternativaa: CrdiloeTi, neitraliteti, dasavleTi.

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saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

CrdiloeTze orientacia faqtobrivad ruseTis satelitad qcevas gulisxmobs. am arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelom Tavi unda daanebos natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebaze fiqrs da rusuli, postsabWoTa (evraziuli) sivrcis nawili gaxdes, rac TiTqmis suverenitetis dakargvis tolfasia. bunebrivia, im qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesoba, romelmac oraswliani lodinisa da brZolis Semdeg damoukidebloba aRidgina, saeWvoa Seelios Tavisuflebas da ruseTis orbitaze dabruneba moisurvos, miT ufro, rom es aSkarad istoriuli logikis sawinaaRmdego, warsulSi dabrunebis tolfasi nabiji iqneba (adre Tu gvian TviTon ruseTs mou­ wevs dasavluri orientaciis arCeva). magram aseTi orientaciis momxreebi saqarT­ veloSi arian, romelTa gaaqtiureba bolo periodSi realobaa. isini TavianT arCe­ vans im argumentebiT asabuTeben, rom orasi wlis manZilze saqarTvelo ruseTis nawili iyo da politikurad, ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise „gadaexlarTa“ mas, rom mis gareSe arseboba ukiduresad gauWirdeba. saqarTvelo yovelTvis ucxo iqneba dasavleTisTvis da qarTuli ekonomika da kultura fexs ver moikidebs im ucxo garemoSi (bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs qarTvelebisa da rusebis erTmorwmuneobas). garda amisa, mxolod ruseTs SeuZlia moagvaros saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis problema. amdenad sxva, ararusuli orientacia saqarTvelos SeiZleba katastrofad eqces da amaze arc unda ifiqros.

neitraliteti, erTi SexedviT, Zalze mimzidveli da misaRebi ideaa, radgan misi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mSvidobiani ganviTareba da ekonomikuri aRmavloba uzrunvelyofili unda hqondes. magram realobaSi saqme gacilebiT rTuladaa. saqme isaa, rom neitralitetis gamocxadeba TavisTavad arafers niSnavs, Tu es neitraliteti aRiarebuli da garantirebuli ar iqneba (istoriam araerTi magaliTi icis, roca swored neitraliteti gamxdara qveyanaze Tavdasxmis xelSem­ wyobi faqtori). garantirebuli neitralitetis miRweva ki urTulesi amocanaa. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom aseTi statusi mxolod erTaderT qveyanas – Sveicarias aqvs. qveyanam rom aseTi statusi miiRos, is ramdenime pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: • ar unda Sediodes arc erTi didi qveynis geopolitikur interesebSi, • unda hqondes Zlieri ekonomika, • SeeZlos sakuTari Tavis dacva, • ar unda hqondes teritoriuli mTlianobis problema, • misi sagareo politika ar unda iyos ideologizirebuli. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo TiTqmis verc erT pirobas ver akmayofilebs da romc akmayofilebdes, Zneli saTqmelia ratom daudgebodnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi mas garantad. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, XXI saukuneSi, globalizaciis eraSi, roca mTeli msoflio erT, globalur sazogadoebad iqca, neitraliteti ubralod anaqronizmia. ase rom, neitraliteti, rogorc politikuri orientaciis forma, saqarTvelosTvis sruli utopiaa.

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politika 25 Tebervali, 1921 weli Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi, dumda sioni da dumda xalxi, ZilRviZrad iyo qalaqi Cemi, saSinelebas kvlav sWedda grdemli _ isev golgoTa, sisxli da cremli! mSobelo dedav, isev gagyides, isev wamebis jvari agkides, ar Segibrales, kvlav ar dagindes!

1921 wlis TebervalSi Tbiliss momdgar sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 armias kojor-tabaxmelasTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies qarTvelma iunkerebma – qarTul iunkerTa skolaSi moswavle 20-23 wlis axalgazrdebma. es iyo gmirobisa da Tavganwirvis saocari magaliTi, Tumca am suliskveTebam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iunkerebis umetesoba brZolis velze daeca, saqarTvelos aneqsiis mowinaaRmdegeni damarcxdnen da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan saqarTvelo iqca erT-erT sabWoTa socialistur respublikad. qarTvel iunkerebTan erTad daiRupa 20 wlis mowyalebis da maro mayaSvili.

Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi, dumda sioni da dumda xalxi. dacxra kojori da tabaxmela, mxolodRa Tovli cvioda nela, efineboda gmirebis gvamebs_ gangmirul mkerdebs, dalewil mklavebs, da uZrav iyo Tebervlis Rame… ...

Tovls daefara krwanisis veli,_ wiTeli droSiT, moReril yeliT, TeTr cxenze mjdomi, nabijiT neliT Semodioda sikvdili celiT! Tovda da Tbiliss ebura Talxi, dumda sioni da dumda xalxi...

kolau nadiraZe

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dasavleTze orientacia rCeba im gzad, rasac unda mihyvebodes Cveni qveyana. faqtia, rom xuTas welze metia dasavluri samyaro warmoadgens kacobriobis progresis da ganviTarebis erTaderT keras. istoriulma avbediTobam saqarTvelo daaSora am samyaros da axla igi cdilobs daubrundes mas. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba saqarTvelo gaxdes ganviTarebuli, demokratiuli, ayvavebuli da usafrTxo saxelmwifo, evropuli ojaxis Rirseuli wevri, rac qarT­ veli xalxis absoluturi umravlesobis mizani da ocnebaa. cxadia, amis miRweva advili ar aris. ruseTis winaaRmdegobas rom Tavi davaneboT, saqarTvelos mTeli rigi problemis gamo garTulebuli aqvs dasavleTTan integracia (susti ekonomika, teritoriuli mTlianobis problema, arasakmarisi demokratia, civilizaciuri gansxvavebebi da sxv.), magram sxva alternativa praqtikulad ar aris. qarTveli xalxis amocanaa yvelaferi gaakeTos, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes mimzidveli saxelm­ wifo dasavluri samyarosaTvis da evropa TviTon gaxdes dainteresebuli Tavis ojaxis wevrad miiRos es patara qveyana, rogori winaaRmdegobac ar unda Sexvdes mas ruseTis mxridan. es ar aris axlo momavlis perspeqtiva, magram isic faqtia, rom dasavluri orientaciidan gadaxveva didi xniT (Tu samudamod ara) Seaferxebs saqarTvelos progress.

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saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

arCevanis dilema: saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo? rogorc davinaxeT saqarTvelos da ruseTis erovnuli interesebi diametrulad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. Tu saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesia, moxdes misi integracia evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi, rom erTxel da samudamod uzrunvelyos sakuTari usafrTxoeba, ekonomikuri winsvla da progresi, ruseTis mTavari mizani imperiad darCena da postsabWoTa qveynebze sruli kont­ rolia. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis mTeli istoria imis dadasturebaa, Tu rogor cdilobda ruseTi ganemtkicebina sakuTari kontroli saqarTveloze. amas is axerxebda rogorc Zalis gamoyenebiT da represiebiT, ise qarTuli elitis mimarT moqnili politikis gatarebiT da privilegiebis miniWebiT (ruseTis imperiis periodSi es Tavad-aznaurobas exeboda, sabWoTa periodSi ki – inteligencias). amis garda, ruseTi saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis mZlavr berketebs flobda eTnikuri umciresobebis saxiT. rogorc ki saqarTveloSi erovnuli damoukideblobis perspeqtiva Cndeboda, maSinve Tavs wamoyofda ruseTidan inspirirebuli separatizmi eTnikuri umciresobis mxridan, rac ruseTs aZlevda saSualebas mediatoris sababiT Careuliyo konfliqtSi da movlenebi Tavis sasargeblod waremarTa (ase iyo rogorc 1918-1921, ise 1989-1993 wlebSi).

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1837) – qarTveli komunisti, romelic meTaurobda bolSevikebis SemoWras saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi da saqarTvelos socialistur respublikad gardaqmnas. misi saxe da kojor-tabaxmelis tragedia asaxa kolau nadiraZem Tavis cnobil leqsSi `25 Tebervali, 1921 weli~. am antibolSevikuri leqsis gamoqveyneba 1985 wels Zalian Tamami nabiji iyo da mexiviT gavarda imdroindeli sazogadoebis `mowmendil caze~.

msgavs politikas awarmoebda da awarmoebs ruseTi yvela yofil sabWoTa respublikis da gansakuTrebiT ki imaT mimarT, romlebmac miznad evropasTan integracia daisaxes. amis magaliTia ukraina da moldova, sadac yirimis, donbasis da dnestrispireTis separatistebis mxardaWeras ruseTis mxridan erTi mizani aqvs – ar dauSvas am qveynebis mowyveta rusuli orbitidan, radgan icis, rom evropa Tavis wevrad ar miiRebs Sida konfliqtebSi gaxveul saxelmwifos. es mTavari mizani hqonda ruseTs saqarTvelos mimarT, roca 2008 wels cxinvalis konfliqtisa da ruseT-saqarTvelos omis inspirireba moaxdina. afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis okupaciiT ruseTi borkavda saqarTvelos swrafvas dasavleTisken im gaTvliT, rom evropasTan integracia saqarTvelos daakargvinebda afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis dabrunebis imeds. magram mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wels ruseTma aRiara afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba, es iluziac gaqra. am nabijiT ruseTma droSi gawela saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri da evropuli in-

37

politika

qarTvelebisgan daclili soxumi afxazeTis omis bolos, 1993 wlis seqtemberi

tegraciis procesi, magram saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis berketebi dakarga, miT ufro, rom diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyda da ekonomikuri kavSirebi minimumamde davida. Tumca ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi male mogvardeboda – qarTvelebi dakarguli teritoriebis dasabruneblad arc partizanul oms daiwyebdnen da arc ruseTze „gabutvis“ poziciaze darCebodnen didxans – adre Tu gvian isev ruseTisken Semobrundebodnen, rom teritoriuli mTlianobis problema moegvarebinaT. bolo wlebSi es tendencia marTlac SeimCneva. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaaqtiurebiT (rusuli kompaniebis Semosvla, qarTuli Rvinis da citrusebis ruseTSi gatana, regularuli saaviacio reisebis aRdgena) ruseTi ibrunebs saqarT­veloze zemoqmedebis garkveul berketebs. ufro mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTveloSi aSkarad gaaqtiurdnen is politikuri partiebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi Tu cnobadi saxeebi, romlebic pirdapir acxadeben, rom saqarTvelom uari unda Tqvas natosa da evrokavSirisken swrafvaze, dauyovnebliv aRadginos diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ruseTTan da daiwyos pirdapiri molaparakebebi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis sakiTxis mosagvareblad. maTi azriT, mxolod am gziT SeiZleba aRd­ges qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba. ruseTis pozicia naTelia – saqarTvelom uari unda Tqvas evropasTan integraciaze, daubrundes rusul sivrces, Sevides dsT-Si, Seeguos axal realobas, e.i. scno­­s­afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba (faqtobrivad ki, ruseTis mier maTi aneqsia) da daamyaros maTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi. yovelive amis sanacvlod saqarTvelos savaraudod hpirdebian, rom axal problemebs ar Seuqmnian da axali separatizmis safrTxe ar daemuqreba. Tumca bismarkis sityvebis perifrazi rom gavakeToT, ruseTis dapirebas mxolod im qaRaldis furclis fasi aqvs, romelzec es dapirebaa dawerili. amgvarad, imis Tqma, rom ruseTTan ritorikis Secvla, masTan pirdapiri molaparakeba da megobruli urTierTobebis damyareba mas guls moulbobs da afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs Tavisi nebiT daabrunebs, sruli iluziaa. ruseTi amas veRar izams,

38

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba: dapirispirebis mizezebi

Zalianac rom undodes, radgan es momakvdinebeli dartyma iqneba mis prestiJ­ze, mis winaaRmdeg aamxedrebs mTel CrdiloeT kavkasias da ara Tu imperiis aRdgena, sakuTari teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba gauxdeba saeWvo. ase rom, saqarTvelos SerCeba evropaze uaris Tqma da ruseTis sivrceSi dabruneba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gareSe. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena mxolod didi geopolitikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad aris mosalodneli (rogorc es 80-90-ian wlebSi moxda) da saqarTvelo iq unda iyos, sadac istoriuli logikaa. evropuli orientaciis rusuli orientaciiT Secvla saqarTvelos terito­ riuli mTlianobis aRdgenas kidev ufro dagvaSorebs. rasakvirvelia, arCevani, Tu saiT unda wavides saqarTvelo, xalxma unda gaakeTos. marTalia, es arCevani ukve gakeTebulia, magram bevri fiqrobs, rom mas Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala, „evropam ar gaamarTla“ da Cveni gza isev Cven „mSobliur, erTmorwmune ruseTisken“ aris. SeiZleba afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni veRar davibrunoT, magram samagierod Cveni Rvino da mandarini, mineraluri wylebi da vaSli daubrkoleblad gava ruseTSi, xalxic Tavisuflad imoZravebs da rusi turis­ tebiT isev gaivseba Cveni kurortebi. rac mTavaria, aRar gveqneba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa Tu ruseTis mxridan Tavdasxmis SiSi da mSvidoba da usafrTxoebac garantirebuli iqneba. cxadia, aseT azrebs Tavisi logika da safuZveli aqvs da veravin gaamtyunebs mosaxleobis am nawils imaSi, Tu ratom urCevniaT maT evropul demokratias rusuli usafrTxoeba. magram aqve, albaT, mainc upriania gavixsenoT benjamin franklinis cnobili gamoTqma: „is, vinc Tanaxmaa gacvalos Tavisuf­ lebis Tundac mcire nawili usafrTxoebaze, ar imsaxurebs arc Tavisuflebas, arc usafrTxoebas“. gori, 2008 wlis agvistos omi

39

istoria

qarTveli mamluqebi egvipteSi goCa jafariZe egvipteSi mraval saocrebaTa mnaxveli gaocebas mainc ver dafaravs, roca Zvel kairoSi, salah salimis prospeqtze, ramdenime kilometrze gadaWimul Zvel sasaflaos – didsa da mcire karafas – Cauvlis gverdiT. aq ganisvenebs Sua saukuneebis egviptis politikuri da kulturuli elita. did karafaze islamis adreuli xanidan XVI saukunemde gardacvlilebma hpoves samudamo bina. mcire karafaze ZiriTad­ ad osmalTa xanis, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis, saflavebia. aq yovel nabijze saflavis qvebad qceula qveynis warsuli. aq, akldamebs Soris patara qoxebSi, wynarad cxovrobs naxevar milionamde Tanamedrove egvipteli. mSvidad Tanaarseboben miwad qceuli, erT dros Zlierni ama qveynisani da kairos dabali fenebi. mcire karafaze mamluqTa saflavebicaa, maT Soris – qarTveli mamluqebisa, romlebic bedis ukuRmarTobiT moxvdnen egvipteSi. axlo aRmosavleTis araerTi saxelmwifos msgavsad, samxedro monobis sistema egvipte­ Sic arsebobda. mamluqTa samxedro SenaerTebs vxedavT egviptis aiubian gamgebelTa armiebSi. qarTveli da Cerqezi mamluqebi hyavda saxelganTqmul saladins (1171-1293).

1250 wlis 1 maiss samxedro monebma, mamluqebma, mokles egviptis mmarTveli aiubianTa dinastiis ukanaskneli sulTani da Seqmnes mamluqTa pirveli damoukidebeli sasulTno egvipteSi, romelmac 1517 wlamde iarseba.

1250-1382 wlebSi egviptes marTavdnen upi-

40

qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

ratesad Turquli modgmis yivCaRi mamluqebi e.w. bahrelebi, xolo 1382-1517 wlebSi – upiratesad Cerqezi mamluqebi, e.w. burjelebi. mamluqTa sasulTnos sxvadasxva eSelonSi (sulTnebis garda) iyvnen qarTvelebic. amaze metyvelebs maTi rTuli islamuri saxelebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sityva qurji, rac arabulad qarTvels niSnavs. maTgan yvelaze saxelovani iyo asandamur saif ad-din qurji, romelic erTi laTinuri qronikis Tanaxmad, `iyo qristiani, Sobili qristiani mamisa da dedisgan, miwaze, romelsac ewodeba saqarT­ velo~. XIV s-is pirvel aTwleulSi mas ekava maRali Tanamdebobebi sasulTnoSi. misi aqtiuri iniciativiT da monawileobiT 1302 w. moxda evropel tamplierTa ordenis bazis likvidacia kunZul arvadze, saporto qalaq tartusis maxloblad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qarT­ veli mamluqi amiras wyalobiT jvarosnebma levantis sanapiroze dakarges ukanaskneli forposti da maT sabolood amoekveTaT fexi siriidan. is asandamur mamluqTa rigebSi warmatebiT ebrZoda siriaSi 1299 w. SeWril ilxanTa laSqars. gardaicvala 1321 w. aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani saqarTvelos arsebobis dros jer kidev ar xdeboda qarTveli monebis didi raodenobiT dineba egvipteSi – amis pirobebi ar arsebobda. maSin monaTvaWroba epizodur xasiaTs atarebda. mere ki viTareba Seicvala….

XV saukunis miwurulidan didi xnis manZilze mware bedi arguna RmerTma politikurad daSlil-daqucmacebul saqarTvelos. is ori mrisxane mtris – osmaleTis imperiisa da sefianTa iranis piris­pir aRmoCnda. samxedro-politikurma da ekonomikurma daqveiTebam, uTanasworo brZolam garemomcvel islamur samyarosTan, osmale-

mamluqi arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs monas, adamians, romelic vinmes mflobe­ lobaSia. Sua saukuneebis islamur samyaroSi, indo­ eTidan espaneTamde, farTod gavrcelda samxedro monobis sistema. adgilob­ rivi muslimi gamgeblebi iZendnen axalgazrda aramuslim monebs, amuslimebdnen, sagangebod amzadebdnen profesional meomrebad da samxedro saqmeSi iyenebdnen. gansakuTrebuli unaris mamluqebi dawinaurdebodnen armiaSi an xelisuflebaSic, xdebodnen muslimuri dinastiebis mmarTveli elitis Semadgeneli nawili. zogjer samxedro monebi – mamluqebi Tavis xelSi iRebdnen Zalauf­ lebasac da qmnidnen sakuTar dinastiebsac.

kairo, Zveli sasaflao karafa, sadac erTmaneTs erwymis saflavebi da sacxovrebeli saxlebi.

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istoria Tis mier saqarTvelos sazRvao sanapiros blokadam da mwvave deficitma sagareo vaWrobaSi noyieri niadagi Seqmna saqarTveloSi monaTvaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis. islami krZalavs muslimis monad gayidvas.

TviT muslimTa qveSevrdomi qristianebis damonebac ki akrZalulia. TiTqos osmalebisa da yizilbaSebis Semosevebi da lekebis TareSi (`lekianoba~) ara kmaroda, CvenSi qarTveli qristiani feodalebi sakuTar yma-glexebs yiddnen. isini ver daicves uuflebo mSoblebma, ver daicva sustma saxelmwifom da verc eklesiam – tyveebiT movaWreTa SeCvenebiTac ki. monaTvaWrobam, romelsac qarTvelebi `tyvis syidvas~ eZaxdnen, saqarTveloSi uaRresad saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo. saqarTvelo gaxda erT-ersuleiman aRa anafis sasaxle Ti mTavari donori qveyana, saidanac Sevsebas iRebda rogorc osmaleTis imperiis, ise sefianTa iranis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. osmaleTis imperiaSi didi moTxovna iyo cocxal saqonelze: rogorc mamakacebze – `sazarbazne xorcze~, ise lamaz qalebze – osmalo didebulTa haremebisTvis. qarTveli monebis didi nawili iyideboda egvipteSic, romelic 1517 wels daipyro osmaleTis sulTanma selim I-ma da Tavis safaSod aqcia. osmalTa batonobis pirvel saukuneebSi egviptes ganagebda sulTnis mier 1-2 wliT daniSnuli osmalo faSa, romelic eyrdnoboda divans, sabWos – sakanonmdeb­ lo da aRmasrulebel organos. faSa xelmZRvanelobda egvipteSi dislocirebul Svid samxedro korpuss, maT Soris mamluqTa korpussac. imis­ Tvis, rom loialuri gaexadaT, osmalebi aZlevdnen mamluqTa Tavkacebs sanjak-begis an, mokled, begis (beis) samxedro rangs. XVII saukuneSi mamluqebi daeuflnen mniSvnelovan administraciul da samxedro poziciebs yvela doneze. paralelurad sustdeboda osmalo faSas Zalaufleba. XVI-XVII ss-Si qarTveli monebi TandaTan gamoCndnen Svid samxedro korpusSi, gansakuTrebiT ianiCarTa Soris, romelsac upiratesoba hqonda sxvebTan SedarebiT. egvipteSi gayidul ymawvils iZenda romelime mamluqi didebuli, romelic misTvis xdeboda yvelaze axlobeli adamiani, patroni, mama, xolo masTan erTad SeZenili sxva monebi – misi Zmebi. monas amuslimebdnen, aswavlidnen islamis normebs,

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selim I

qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

arabulsa da Turquls da, rac mTavaria, samxedro saqmes. is yalib­ deboda ubadlo mxedrad da SesaniSnav meomarad. ukve mowifuls, wver-ulvaSi rom amouvidoda, patroni monobidan aTavisuflebda da iwyeboda faTerakebiT aRsavse misi cxovreba.

suleiman aRa anafis sasaxle

XVIII saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda qarTvel mamluqTa raodenoba, maTi roli da mniSvneloba egviptis samxedro-politikur asparezze. isini xSirad amxobdnen da qveynidan aZevebdnen xolme osmalo faSas. aRar uxdidnen sulTans dakisrebul gadasaxadebs, eurCebodnen osmaleTis sulTans da ibrZodnen imisTvis, rom os­ maleTisgan CamoeSorebinaT egvipte. am saukuneSi 6 qarTveli mamluqi begi ganagebda am qveyanas. esenia:

qaTxuda an qahia niSnavda moadgiles. is rangiT meore piri iyo egvipteSi dislocirebul ianiCarTa korpusSi, faqtobrivad ki korpusis xelmZRvaneli.

muhamed beg katamiSi – egviptis faqtobrivi gamgebeli XVIII s-is 30-ian wlebSi, romelic mokles 1736 wels. is iyo pirveli qarTveli, romelmac sakuTari saxli (baiT) daafuZna egvipteSi. aseTi saxlebi, romlebSic patronis ojaxis wevrebi erTiandebodnen, Sediodnen agreTve nayidi mamluqebi da Zalze xSirad patronis moadgile (qaTxuda, qaSifi) mamluqi xdeboda saxlis meTauri da ara patronis vaJi.

kazdaRlis saxli daafuZna XVII s-is bolos anatolielma Turqma mustafam kazdaRidan. mis saxlSi araerTi qarTveli iyo da sabolood XVIII s-Si moxda misi gaqarT­veleba. sityva al-kazdaRli miuTiTebs kuTvnilebas am saxlisadmi.

ibrahim qaTxuda al-kazdaRli, kazdaRlis saxlis meTauri da ianiCarTa korpusis xelmZRvaneli, egviptis gamgebeli 1749-1754 wlebSi. ibrahim qaTxuda flobda manamde arnaxul Zalauflebas, romlis drosac kairosa da egvipteSi ar iyo amboxebebi, sufevda simSvide, xolo provinciebSi – sayovelTao uSiSroeba. egvipteli mematianis al-jabarTis daxasiaTebiT ki, `is iyo Wkviani, eSma-

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istoria ki, moxer­ xebuli, rbili da imavdroulad sastiki, mowyale, guluxvi, didsulovani, momTmeni, gambedavi, mamaci da SorsmWvreteli~. ibrahim qaTxuda iZenda mraval mamluqs, romelTa Soris umetesoba qarTveli iyo. swored misi qarTveli mamluqebi da am mamluqTa qarT­ veli mamluqebi ganagebdnen egviptes XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi. saxelganTqmuli ali beg al-qabiri (didi), afxazeTSi dabadebuli qarTveli mRvdli­s,­daviTis, vaJi, qristianobaSi iosebi, 14 wlisa SeiZina ibrahim qaTxudam romlis ali begis, ismail begisa da ibrahim qaTxudas saflavebi karzec dawinaurda. is gaxda Saix al-bala­ di (rac iyo umaRlesi Tanamdeboba mamluqTa oligarqiaSi) da egviptis gamgebeli 1768-1772 wlebSi. ali begis garemocvaSi bevri qarTveli da qristiani iyo. am dros mamluqTa oligarqiaSi – BbeiliqaTSi asaxeleben TerTmet qarTvels: cxra begsa da ianiCarTa korpusis or xelmZRvanels. misi rva mcvelidan oTxi qarTveli iyo. ali begi aujanyda osmaleTis sulTans, moWra sakuTari moneta, Sewyvita mis xazinaSi gadasaxadebis gagzavna da damoukidebeli egviptis Seqmna daisaxa miznad. man safuZvlianad Searyia osmalTa batonoba egvipteSi. gamoCenili amerikeli mamluqologi d. kreseliusi ali begis epoqaSi xedavs Tanamedrove egviptis fesvebs. proosmaluri orientaciis ismail beg al-qabiri, ibrahim qaT­xudas mamluqi da siZe, Saix al-baladi 1777-1778 da 1786-1791 wlebSi. man ise gaamagra kairo, rom ambobda, axla qalic rom daj­ des gamgeblad, mas veravin verafers daaklebso. gardaicvala Savi WiriT.

mamluqi murad begi

egviptis Seix al-baladi ibrahim beg al-qabiri (SinjikaSvili) martyofeli mRvdlis vaJi, yvelaze didi figura egviptis bolo meoTxedis istoriaSi, kaci, romelsac ar uyvarda Sidakonfliqtebi da mSvidobianad agvarebda maT. masTan erTad 17751798 wlebSi (SualedebiT) qveyanas ganagebda aseve qarTveli mu­ rad begi, romelic Tbilisidan gaitaces. is jer stambolSi, mere ki kairoSi gayides. oriveni iyvnen ali beg al-qabiris mamluqisa da siZis muhamed beg abu-zahabis mamluqebi.

erekle II-is elCi manuCar kaWkaWiSvili, romelic 1786 wels ewvia egviptes da Sexv­ da mamluqTa oligarqias – ibrahimisa da murad begis mimdevrebs, Tvrameti mamluqi begidan, romlebic aujanydnen osmaleTis sulTans, ibrahimisa da muradis garda, ixseniebs kidev aT qarTvels. garda amisa, XVIII s. bolo aTwleulSi qarTvelebi iyvnen martyofeli selimi – ianiCarTa korpusis aRa, rangiT mesame piri egviptis xelmZRvanelobaSi, gvarad ZananaSvili; sulaiman aRa anafi, aseve martyofeli, gvarad knotiSvili, ibrahim begis mamidaSvili, misi moadgile da imavdroulad kairos zarafxanis gamge da sxv.

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qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

ukve Tanamedroveebi bevr tyuil-marTals werdnen mamluqTa Sesaxeb. magram yvelas gadaaWarba frangma ganmanaTlebelma konstantin-fransua volneim, romelic 1783 wlis damdegs estumra egviptes. man Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb dawera sakmaod tendenciuri wigni, romliTac napoleon bonaparte ecnoboda egviptes, vidre dalaSqrav­da mas 1798 wels. volnei werda, rom `mamluqebs, romlebsac Zalze adreul asakSi yidian, iSviaTad Tu axsovT TavianTi warmomavloba an TavianTi qveyana; anda Tu axsovT, malaven amas...~ volneis, romelmac arc Turquli icoda da arc arabuli da zedapiruli urTierToba hqonda mamluqebTan, xSirad eSleboda da mcdar informacias awvdida mkiTxvels. bevri mamluqis qarTul warmomavlobaze werdnen egvipteli mematiane al-jabarTi, levanteli komersanti, berZeni saviura luziniani, danieli karsten niburi, erekle II-is mamluqebis SeiaraReba, XVI s. elCi – qarTveli manuCar kaWkaWiSvili da sxv. es informacia am avtorebma miiRes sakuTriv mamluqTagan, romlebmac volneis mtkicebis miuxedavad, kargad icodnen saidan iyvnen da ar malavdnen TavianT warmomavlobas.

SeiZleba warmovidginoT kairos monaTa bazarze gasuli qarTveli mamluqi begebi, romlebic monebis SeZenis dros upiratesobas Tanamemamuleebs aniWebdnen, Tundac imitom, rom mSobliur enaze dalaparakebodnen maT, Tundac imitom, rom Semdeg aseve mSobliur enaze raime saidumlo gaendoT maTTvis. volnei werda, rom mamluqebs, `erTmaneTisTvis ucxoebs, ar gaaCndaT is buneb­ rivi kavSirebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo danarCeni kacobriobisaTvis~. frangma mogzaurma maT uwoda xalxi mSoblebisa da Svilebis gareSe, `visTvisac warsulma araferi gaakeTa da visac arc Tavad gaukeTebia raime momavlisTvis~. murad begis sasaxle

45

istoria magram es ase ar iyo... jer erTi, isini ibrZodnen egviptis damoukideblobisaTvis da meorec, qarTveli mamluqebi ar iviwyebdnen arc mSoblebsa da arc axloblebs saqarTveloSi. ali beg al-qabirma daavala Tavis erTgul qarTvel mamluqs ali beg at-tantavis afxazeTSi moeZebna da egvipteSi Caeyvana Tavisi mama, mRvdeli daviTi, romelmac Tan alis dac da meore disSvili waiyvana.

1776 wels ismail begs da sxva qarTvel mamluq begebs mSob­ lebi ewvivnen kairoSi. 1778 wels ibrahim beg Sinjika­Svilma Zma da siZe miipatiJa egvipteSi. maSasadame, mamluqebs arc mSoblebi daviwyebiaT da arc dedmamiSvilebi. ara marto axsovdaT, aramed zrunavdnen kidec maTze! asaCuqrebdnen da samSobloSi abrunebdnen. egviptel murad aRas Zma estumra egvipteSi, romelsac ukan dabruneba Seugvianda. amis gamo muradma gorel feodals, Tavis yofil batons, oTar amilaxvars werilobiT moubodiSa da SesTxova: `axla es aris Cveni Txovna, rom Cemi bermama da Cemi Zmebi Tqven SinjikaSvilebis koSki martyofSi safarvelqveS gaaZlebinoT. Cemi bermama da Cemi Zmebi gebralebodeT, Tqveni gultkbiloba iyos magaTzeda~. suleiman aRa anafi erekle II-s sTxovda, rom misi Zma ivane solomon avaliSvilis ymobidan gamoeyvana da samefo ymad gadaeyvana, raTa ukeTes pirobebSi ecxovra, Tavisi qveynidan da saqristianodan rom ar gadakarguliyo. imave TxovniT iSuamdgomla erekles winaSe ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilma, romelsac ivane knotiSvili da, Sesabamisad, suleiman aRac mamidaSvilebad ergeboda. martyofSi, SinjikaSvilebis ubanSi, dRemde dgas koSki, romelic adre lekebis TareSisgan icavda sofels. is ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilis mier egviptidan gamogzav­ nili fuliTaa agebuli. man, muslimma, fuli imisTvisac gamogzavna martyofSi, rom iq eklesia aeSenebinaT. Seebrala moxuci deda, romelsac salocavad sxvagan siaruli uWirda. qarTvel mamluqebs guli im Tanamemamuleebzec SestkiodaT, monebad rom iyi­de­ bodnen egvipteSi. vinc sxvadasxva mizeziT maT rigebSi ver moxvdeboda, ukan ab­ru­ nebdnen da sagzao xarjebsac aZlevdnen. amas werda suleiman aRa anafi erekle II-s. mamluqebi Zalze xSirad erTi Taobis warCinebulebi iyvnen. mamluqis vaJi, Cveulebriv, mamluqi ar xdeboda, politikur cxovrebaSi ar monawileobda da amitom arc mematianeebi iCendnen mis mimarT yuradRebas. Tumca, saerTo wesidanac arsebobda gamonaklisi. TavisuflebaSi dabadebuli da begebis xarisxSi aRzevebuli mamluqTa vaJebic arian cnobili. Tundac ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilis vaJi marzuki.

1811 wlis 1 marts is kairos citadelSi muhamed ali faSas mier mowyobil mamluqTa xocva-JletaSi moyva. Wirisuflebs eSinodaT daxocilTa gvamebTan misvla. es marto marzukis qarTvelma dedam gabeda. Svili amoicno da faSas nebarTviT adamia­ nurad dakrZala. mere es ambavi zemo egvipteSi ltolvil ibrahim begs Seatyobines.

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qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

al-jabarTi wers, Tu rogor ganicada man Svilis sikvdili. xanSi Sesuli ibrahimi sudanSi gadaixvewa da 1816 wlis damdegs movi­da kairoSi misi sikvdilis ambavi. misma qarTvelma colma isev muhamed ali faSasgan gamoiTxova nebarTva, qmris cxedari gadmoasvena da vaJiSvilis gverdiT dakr­ Zala kairoSi. Turme col-qmruli siyvarulic yofila mamluqebSi, rom araferi vTqvaT Svilebis siyvarulze. egvipteSi moxvedrili qarTveli monebi muslimdebodnen da arabulsa da Turquls euflebodnen. amave dros qarTulsac ar mamluqTa Jleta kairos citadelSi 1811 wels iviwyebdnen. magram adreul asakSi gayi­ dulT qarTuli wera-kiTxva ar ecodinebodaT. roca saqarTveloSi werilebs agzavnidnen, uWirdaT kargi mwerlis monaxva. `ukacravaT nu CamomarTmevT, am wignSi Tu met-naklebi eweros, misiras (anu egvipteSi – g.j.) kargi mwerali ar ariso~ – ubodiSebda Tavis werilSi mamluqi murad aRa oTar amilaxvars. colebs bevri monaTa bazarze arCevda, qarTvels an Cerqezs. darwmunebuli var, rom qarTveli dedebis wyalobiT, mamluqTa STamomavlebs, pirvel Taobas mainc, qarTuli aucileblad ecodinebodaT. samSoblodakarguli gamuslimebuli qarTveli mamluqebi islamis normebiT akrZaluli Rvinis smas ar eridebodnen. murad begs Tavis sasaxleSi SesaniSnavi venaxi (maRlari) hqonda, ramac ganacvifra frangebi. darwmunebuli var, is Rvinosac wuravda. rusi oficeri pleSCeevi ixseniebs ali begis erT mamluqs, mxiarul qarTvel zul fikar begs, romelic islamuri akrZalvis miuxedavad, siamovnebiT svamda kviprosul Rvinos da mere SezarxoSebuli mReroda kidec. egvipte-ruseTis diplomatiuri urTierTobebis saTaveebTan swored qarTveli mamluqebi idgnen. XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi osmalTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebas rom apirebdnen, aleqsandriaSi ruseTi konsulis tonusis orWofuli qceva ar moswondaT da imperator ekaterine II-s Txoves, iseTi konsuli `ganewesebinaT~ aleqsand­ riaSi, `maTi qveynisa rom iyo da maTi ena icoda~.

da mainc, ra iyo samSoblo qarTveli mamluqebisTvis? samSoblo maTTvis, upirveles yovlisa, iyo is sofeli da is mxare, sadac daibadnen da fexi aidges. im dros, adreul asakSi, qarTveli biWunebidan cotas Tu eqneboda saSualeba Tavisi soflis gareT gasuliyo. mSobliuri patara sofeli, patara kuTxe samudamod aRibeWdeboda mamluqTa cnobierebaSi. amasTan iyo `didi saqarTveloc~, romlis ambebi, sxvadasxva oficialuri da araoficialuri wyaroebiT, mamluqTa oligarqiam kargad icoda; erekle II-sTan da mis SvilebTan

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istoria axlo urTierToba hqonda da maTgan iRebda mfarvelobas axloblebisTvis saqarTveloSi mamluqTa elita. Soreuli samSoblo da Tundac sakmaod Soreuli warsuli mudmivad axsenebda Tavs mamluqebs da bevrs ukan dabrunebis survils aRuZravda. xsenebulma selim aRa ZananaSvilma, ibrahim Sinjika­ Svilis Tanasoflelma, saqarTveloSi mamuli SeiZina. viRac xelmrudeni mis dapatronebas Seecadnen. egviptidan saqarTveloSi gamogzavnil werilSi selimi Seecada namusze Seegdo isini: `Tqven Cems mamulSi ra xeli gaqvT, iqneba RmerTma xeli momimarTos da mec Cems qveyanaSi mosvla meRirsos~. napoleonis mamluqebi

1765 wels erekle II-m gamosca kanoni, romliTac tyve­ obidan dabrunebuli saqarTveloSi Tavisufali xdeboda. maSin bevri dabrunda ukan, maT Soris egvipteSi gayidulebic. magram umetesobas es ar eRirsa. veRar ixila murad aRam verc Zma da verc bermama. 1799 wlis 24 Tebervals antifranguli saqmianobisTvis mas Tavi mohkveTes kairos citadelSi. arc selim aRa ZananaSvils moumarTa xeli RmerTma. 1811 wels muhamad alis risxvas sudanSi gaeqca ibrahim beg SinjikaSvilTan erTad da iq aResrula. suleiman aRa anafi imaze zrunav­da, rom misi Zma saqristianodan ar dakarguliyo, xolo TviTon egvipteSi gardaicvala. Zvel kairoSi, abajias ubanSi gadavawydi mis mier aSenebul saswavlebels da meCeTs, sadac misi saflavicaa. iqve misi vaJiSvilic ganisvenebs. egvipteSi dabadebuls saqarTvelo, albaT, mamis naambobidan Tu ecodineboda... suleiman aRas saflavis garda zogierTi sxva qarTveli mamluqis saflavic SemorCa kairoSi. imam al-laisis quCaze, egviptis gamgebel muhamed ali faSas oja­ xis didebuli saZvalis maxloblad, erTmaneTis gverdiT ganisveneben ibrahim qaT­ xuda, ali beg al-qabiri da ismail beg al-qabiri. 2000 wlis 10 ianvars am stiqonebis avtorma, im dros saqarTvelos saelCos despanma da saqarTvelos elCma prof. apolon silagaZem TiTqmis 250 wlis Semdeg pirvelad qarTvelTagan mivakvlieT maT samudamo gansasveneblebs da yvavilebiT SevamkeT isini. sxvebs naklebad gaumarTlaT. piramidebis brZolaSi daRupulebs albaT erTi saZmo sasaflao gauTxares, xolo nilosis gadacurvis dros damxrCvlebi niangebisa da Tevzebis lukma gaxdnen. 1775 wels ibrahim begma (SinjikaSvilma) winaswar gaimzada akldama egviptis mamluqTa sulTan kait beis mavzoleumis gverdiT. mag­ ram dRegrZeli aRmoCnda – 1814 an 1815 w. gardaicvala devnilobaSi, sudanSi, da misi saflavi sxvam gamoiyena. bevri veZebe Zvel kairoSi, mcire karafaze, mamluqTa sasaflaoze, sudanidan gadmosvenebuli ibrahimisa da misi vaJis saflavebi, magram amaod. JamTasvlam warxoca isini.

1800 wlis 7 aprils Savma Wirma imsxverpla ibrahim begis TanammarTveli murad begi. Tbilisis midamoebSi dabadebuli zemo egvipteSi, sohajSi cnobili RvTismetyvelis imam arifis gverdiT, erT-erT meCeTSi dakrZales. muradis colma, `mamlu-

48

qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

qTa dedad~ wodebulma qarTvelma na­fisam, yvelaze saxelganTq­mulma qal­ batonma XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedis egviptis istoriaSi, qmris­­­ ­ga­d­mosveneba ganizraxa kairo­ Si da akldamac ki moamzada mis­ Tvis, ibrahim qaTxudas mavzoleumis gverdiT, magram Canafiqri ver ganaxorciela. gava dro da 1816 wlis 25 aprils qmris adgilze dakr­ Zalaven mas. rac Seexeba muradis saflavs, 2006 wlis oqtomberSi kinojgufTan (reJisori merab koko- kairoSi gizas ubnis mTavari quCa, romelic dResac muradis CaSvili) erTad sagangebod gavemg- saxels atarebs zavre sohajSi, magram misi saflavi aRar moinaxa, JamTasvlam aRgava pirisagan miwisa. samagierod, kairoSi, gizas ubnis mTavari quCa, sadac zooparki da botanikuri baRia, iq, sadac odesRac muradis sasaxle idga, dResac muradis saxels atarebs.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijna tragikuli aRmoCnda mamluqebisTvis. zogi 1798-1801 wlebSi napoleon bonapartes winaaRmdeg brZolebSi daiRupa, zogi Savma Wirma Seiwira da zogsac egviptis faSam kairos citadelSi RalatiT mouRo bolo. frangebis eqspansia egvipteSi, romelic 1798 wlis zafxulSi daiwo, miznad isaxavda am qveynis aneqsias da yvelaze mokle saxmeleTo gzis gaWras indoeTisken, romelic safrangeTis mTavari metoqis – inglisis kolonia iyo. frangTa armia ricxobrivad aRemateboda mamluqebs, hqonda kargi SeiaraReba, gansakuTrebiT – artileria da xelmZRvanelobda yvela drois erT-erTi SesaniSnavi mxdarTmTavari – napoleon bonaparte, romelmac kargad icoda mamluqTa qarTuli warmomavloba. `piramidebis brZolis~ saxeliT cnobil generalur brZolaSi (sof. inbabasTan, dRes kairos centrSi) man daamarcxa mamluqebi da daikava kairo. miuxedavad gamarjvebisa, napoleonze didi STabWdileba moaxdina mamluqTa mxedrobam. is werda: `mamluqTa muzaradze mbrwyinavi mzis Suqi gansakuTrebul elfers aZlevda am SesaniS­ nav mxedrobas… mamluqis guladoba da simarjve Cvens aRfrTovanebas iwvevda. igi Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo Tavis cxenTan, romelnafisa xaTunis saflavi kairoSi

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istoria brZola piramidebTan, 1798 wlis 21 ivlisi

ic TiTqos grZnobda mamluqis yovel survilsa da gulisTqmas; majaze Camobmuli xmliT,­igi zedized daclida xolme Tavis muSkets, 4 dambaCas, gverdidan Cauq­ rolebda mowinaaRmdegis razms da gasaocari siswrafiT da simarjviT SeiWreboda mis rigebSi~. napoleoni aRniSnavda, rom mamluqTa jarSi ibrZodnen arabi momTabareebic, romlebic mxolod maSin utevdnen frangebs, roca oTxi mamluqi erT frangze modioda. mamluqebi ki piriqiT, yovelTvis agdebulad uyurebdnen frangebs. napoleonma aRiara, rom ukeT momzadebuli erTi mamluqi amarcxebda erT frangs, xolo as mamluqs hqonda Sansi gaemarjva as frangTan brZolaSi. magram oras-oras kaciani razmebis Sejaxebisas gamarjvebis Sansi ukve frangebis mxareze iyo. burJuaziuli safrangeTis armiis samxedro organizacia didad aRemateboda mamluq­ Ta feoda­lu­ri laSqrisas. miuxedavad amisa, mamluqTa samxedro xelovnebam ise moxibla napoleoni, rom Tavad Seqmna korpusi mamluqebisa, romlebic Tan waiyvana safrangeTSi 1799 wlis agvistoSi. maT rigebSi Wabuki qarTveli mamluqebis mcirericxovani jgufic iyo. isini monawileobdnen evropaSi napoleonis yvela samxedro kampaniaSi. maTgan yvelaze metad Tavi gamoiCina TbilisSi dabadebulma, saarakod mamacma Sahinma, pirvelma mamluqma, romelmac safrangeTis sapatio legionis ordeni daimsaxura austerlicis brZolaSi. tragikulad dasrulda mamluqTa batonoba egvipteSi. 1811 wlis 1 marts egviptis gamgebelma muhamed alim kairos citadelis sasaxleSi miipatiJa qalaqSi dislocirebuli ricxobrivad SeTxelebul mamluqTa 480-kaciani razmi. miRebis Semdeg mamluqebi qalaqSi gasasvlelad citadelis karibWisgan daiZrnen da iq galavnis kedlebze ganlagebulma muhamed alis albanelma meomrebma maT zarbaznisa da Tofis cecxli gauxsnes. gadarCa mxolod erTi mamluqi – saxelad hasani, romelic citadelis kedlidan cxeniT, didi simaRlidan gadaxta Zirs da Tavi Seafara sirias. mere muhamed alis brZanebiT gaJlites kairoSi mcxovrebi mamluqebi, romlebic adre Camoscildnen samxedro saqmes. gadarCenilebma sudans Seafares Tavi,

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qarTveli mamluqebi evropaSi

sadac dongolasTan mcire teritoria daipyres da gaWirvebiT irCendnen Tavs. maT Soris iyvnen ibrahim begi da selim aRa ZananaSvili. muhamed alim arc iq moasvena isini da maT winaaRmdeg didi armia gagzavna. mamluqTa umetesoba brZolaSi daeca da mogvianebiT, sruli morCilebis pirobiT, mciredni Tu Seiwyala faSam. muhamed ali faSam, romelmac gaanadgura mamluqTa sam­ xedro organizacia, daindo axalgazrda monebi (maT Soris araerTi qarTvelic), romlebic mis samsaxurSi Cadgnen da monawileobdnen muhamed alis TaosnobiT axali egviptis mSe­ neb­lobaSi. im damoukidebeli egviptisa, romlis safuZvelsac XVIII saukunis II naxevris mTel manZilze qmnidnen qarTveli mamluqebi. didi xnis win erTi qarTveli Jurnalisti gulistkiviliT werda samSoblodan iZulebiT gayvanili da Sindaubrunebeli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb – sad wavidneno Cveni biWebi.… es sityvebi mudam maxsenebda Tavs, roca oTxi aTeuli weli axlo aRmosavleTis gzebze davdiodi da uneburad warmovidgendi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi stambolis bazrebze gayidul qarTvel gogo-biWebs, samudamod rom dakarges mSobliuri kera da gaiTqvifnen sam kontinentze gadaWimuli osmaleTis imperiis mravaleTnikur mosaxleobaSi, maT Soris – egvipteSi. arcTu iSviaTad kairos quCebSi SexvdebiT xolme adamianebs, romelTac qarT­ velebisgan ver gamoarCevT. maT ZarRvebSi albaT saqarTvelodan gayidul qarTvelTa sisxli Cqefs.

hasani, 1811 wlis 1 martis Jletas gadarCenili erTaderTi mamluqi, xteba citadelis kedlidan

napoleoni kairoSi

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didi qarTvelebi

mixeil javaxiSvili beqa qurxuli cnobili qarTveli mwerali, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe mixeil javaxiSvili (adamaSvili) 1880 wlis 8 noembers borCalos mazraSi, arafriT gamorCeul patara sofel weraqvSi daibada, sakmaod mdidari da SeZlebuli glexis, saba adama­­ Svilis ojaxSi. borCalo, anu istoriuli qvemo qarTli, Tbilisis samxreTiT mdebareobs da mdinareebis algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavs. am kuTxes adre TrialeT-sabaraTianosac uwodebdnen, radgan aqauroba erT-erTi uZlieresi da uZvelesi qarTuli safeodalo saxlis – baraTaSvilebis samkvidro da samflobelo iyo. lelvaris mTidan moyolebuli, mixeil javaxiSvilis mSobliuri soflis, weraqvisa da legendaruli istoriuli soflis, marabdis, CaTvliT vidre TrialeTamde. Tavad baraTaSvilebis saTavado dinastias ki didma baraTa orbelianma daudo saTave. qvemo qarTli, istoriuli sabaraTiano, romelic ruseTis imperiis dros borCalos mazrad iqca, mixeil javaxiSvilis garda kidev ori Semoqmedis – mefe erekle meoris SviliSvilis, general grigol orbelianisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis samSobloc iyo.

52

mixeil jevaxiSvili

mixeil javaxiSvilis mSobliuri sofeli weraqvi

mixeil javaxiSvilis mama, saba adamaSvili, im droisTvis sakmaod SeZlebuli adamiani iyo. sxvaTa Soris, adamaSvilebis warmoSobaze, romelic mixeil javaxiSvilis namdvili gvari iyo, arsebobs versia, rom isini warmoSobiT qiziyeli, kerZod ki, bodbisxeveli vinme adam toklikiSvilis STamomavlebi arian. Tumca es mxolod versiaa da raime konkretuli dokumenturi masaliT ar aris dadasturebuli. asea Tu ise, saba adamaSvili, rogorc Cans, Zalian zrunavda Tavisi vaJis ganaTlebaze. rva wlidan mixeili privolnoes rusul skolaSi miabares, ris Sedegadac mas qarTuli TiTqmis sul gadaaviwyda. axla Zneli warmosadgenia, rom erT-erT pirvel qarTvel roma­ nists, brwyinvale moqarTules, stilists da genia­ lur prozaikoss, faqtobrivad zrdasrul asakSi Tavi­ dan mouwia qarTuli enis Seswavla. amis Semdeg mixeil javaxiSvili 1893 wels winamZRvrianTkarSi didi ilia winamZRvriSvilis daarsebul sameurneo skolaSi miabares. damtvreulma, rusulkilodakrulma qarTulma mas ramdenjerme sakmao usiamovneba SeamTxvia, radgan ilia winamZRvriSvili ilia WavWavaZis megobari da Tanamoazre gaxldaT da Zalian ufrTxildeboda yovelive qarTuls, gansakuTrebiT ki – qarTul enas. mixeil javaxiSvili Tavis publicistur werilSi `ilia WavWavaZe~ ixsenebs: mixeil javaxiSvilis bavSvobis saxli weraqvSi

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didi qarTvelebi `Cveni skolisTvis tradiciad iyo gadaqceuli, rom skolis ukanaskneli klasis mowafeni ilias dRes (20 ivliss) aucileblad unda daswrebodnen. im dRes diliT galobaSi erTxel kidev vivarjiSeT, sufTad CavicviT da saguramosken gavwieT. ilia WavWavaZesTan gadaRebuli fotosuraTi axlac win midevs. sul 32 moswavle daviTvale. win maswavlebeli Tedo megreliSvili migviZR­ vis. mas momReralTa gundi mosdevs. xuTi­ ode kilometric gaviareTY da ilias saxls rom mivuaxlovdiT, mgzavrulis kiloze misive leqsi davZaxeT: winamZRvrianTkaris saswavleblis moswavle mixeil javaxiSvili `iliaobaze~, 1896 wlis 20 ivlisi

`qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar, dRe gaTenda didebisa, Tof-iaraRi aisxi, dro modis gamarjvebisa~.

win ilia mogvegeba, gars SemovexvieT da simRera davasruleT. ilias gaocebuli Sevcqerodi. Cven win Suatanis 57 wlis kaci idga – sruli, pirsavse, WaRaraSereuli. ilia gviRimoda, gvealerseboda, vinaobas gvekiTxeboda. merme win gagviZRva da xalxiT savse ezoSi Segviyvana. Cveni gamokiTxva didxans gagrZelda. rigi Cemze mo­ vi­da. im skolaSi borCaloeli Cem meti aravin yofiliyo. es ilias gauxarda. maswavlebelma megreliSvilma Semarcxvina da ilias Cemi nakli uCurCula. _ aba, baraTaSvilis leqsi wagvikiTxe! – miTxra iliam. meti gza ar iyo, windawinve gavwiTldi da daviwye: `morbis aragvi aragviani, Tan misZaxian mTani tyianni~. maxvili ise namdvili rusuli wesiT vixmare, iliam gaicina. arc sxvebi CamorCenilan. me mewyina da maSinve gavCumdi. iliam Tavze xeli gadamisva da damawynara. viRacam uTxra Cemze: qarTuli ar exerxeba, magram mwerlobas ise bejiTad swavlobs da ise wers Txzulebas, rom mwerali unda gamovideso. _ marTla? aba Sen ici, – miTxra iliam, – vinZlo ar Segvarcxvino~.

mixeil javaxiSvili (marjvniv) ZmasTan erTad (mesame piri ucnobia)

54

saerTod, mixeil javaxiSvilis da ilia WavWavaZis pirveli Sexvedra ukanaskneli ar yofila da am ori udidesi qarTveli mwerlis da moRvawis gzebi, romlebic rogorc msoflmxedvelobiT, aseve tragikuli aRsasruliT Zalian hgavdnen erTmaneTs, kidev ramdenjerme gadaikveTeba.

mixeil jevaxiSvili

winamZRvrianTkaris sameurneo saswavleblis Semdeg 17 wlis mixeili mamamisma yirimSi, ialtis sameurneo skolaSi gagzavna swavlis gasagrZeleblad. swored ialtaSi gaigo mixeil javaxi­ Svilma Tavisi uaRresad tragikuli cxov­ rebisa da biografiis pirveli saSineli ambavi. 1899 wlis damlevs maT saxls mezoblebi daecnen da deda da da moukles. es iyo dartyma, romelmac mixeil javaxi­ Svilis mTel darCenil cxovrebas udidesi daRi daamCnia da mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sisxlian iarad gahyva, Tumca mixeil javaxiSvili dedmamiSvilebTAn erTad, 1910 arc SemdgomSi mohklebia faTeraki, xifaTi Tu gansacdeli da misi tragikuli aRsasrulic albaT Zalian simboluri da niSandoblivi finali iyo mTeli misi ganv­ lili gzisa. Tanac maSin, rodesac ukve aRiarebuli mwerali gaxldaT da cocxal klasikosad iyo Seracxuli.

Tavad mixeil javaxiSvili Tavis ojaxze damtydar tragedias ase aRgviwers: `1899 wlis damlevs Cvens saxls mezoblebi daecnen Cemi umcrosi dis, sofios, motaceba undodaT. mamaCemi Sin ar iyo. qalebi gauZaliandnen. brZolis dros im mxe­ cebma Cemi dac mohkles, dedac da Cveni mojamagirec. mamaCemi aTeisti iyo, magram am ubedurebam ise mostexa, Zveli eklesiis ganaxlebas didZali fuli daaxarja da erTi wlis Semdeg TviTonac gardaicvala. aman imdenad imoqmeda Cemze, rom 1902 wels iqaurobas Tavi davanebe da mas aqeT im sofelSi erTxelac aRar mivsulvar~. amis Semdeg mixeil javaxiSvilma debedas xeobaSi, alaverdis spilenZis qarxanaSi daiwyo muSaoba, magram imis miuxedavad, rom sakmaod maRali jamagiri hqonda da materialurad uzrunvelyofili iyo, erTi wlis Semdeg samsaxurs Tavi daaneba, TbilisSi gadmovida da literaturul saqmianobas Seudga. `Tavdapirvelad Zalian gamiWirda, magram mainc damZlia kulturuli muSaobis survilma. noembris erT RameSi moTxroba `CanCura~ davwere, romelic `cnobis furclis~ damatebaSi daibeWda...~ amave dros mixeil javaxiSvilma gazeT `cnobis furcelTan~ daiw­ yo TanamSromloba, 1904 wlidan ki filipe gogiCaiSvilTan erTad ilia WavWavaZis mier daarsebuli da im droisTvis Zalian popularuli da mixeili winamZRvrianTkaris sasoflo-sameurneo saswavleblis moswavle

55

didi qarTvelebi saxelganTqmuli gazeT `iveriis~ Tanaredaqtori gaxda. mixeil javaxiSvili Zalian gaitaca sagazeTo publicistikam, amitom am xnis ganmavlobaSi sul ramdenime, Tumca umniSvnelovanesi da mixeil javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebisagan ganuyofeli moTxrobebi Seiqmna: `CanCura~, `meCeqme gabo~, `upatrono~, `eka~, `jildo~, `kurkas qorwili~ da `eSmakis qva~. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis beletristika da publicisturi statiebi, romlebic mixeil javaxiSvilis kalams ekuTvnis, sakmaod farTo speqtrs moicavs da TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs mis axalgazrdul radikalizms; aseve did dainteresebasac ara marto saqarTvelosa da ruseTis imperiisTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebis SeswavliT da ganxilviT, aramed imdroindel msoflioSi mimdinare sakmaod boboqari, sisxl­ savse da xSirad saxifaTo da tragikuli movlenebiTac ki. es iyo revoluciebis, udidesi saukunovani imperiebis, aseve saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli religiebis rRvevis epoqa da maTi Canacvleba axali, axlad aRmocenebuli da Zalian xSirad sakmaod radikaluri ideologiebiT, romlebic Tavisi fanatizmiT da SeuvalobiT didad ar Camouvardebodnen da Zalianac waagavdnen yvelaze fanatikur religiur mimdinareobebs, dawyebuli inkviziciiT da damTavrebuli iezuituri ordenebiT. patara saqarTvelo ki, romlis ukanaskneli mmarTvelebi erekle II da giorgi XII iyvnen, pirdapir feodalizmidan gadaeSva am apokalifsur oromtrialSi, Tanac sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe darCenili, sxva ucxo da sakmaod mtruli rusuli imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myofi. marto statiebis saTaurebsac rom gadavavloT Tvali, cxadi gaxdeba, Tu ramxela samuSaos asrulebda mixeil javaxiSvili Tavisi didi winamorbedis – ilia WavWavaZis msgavsad, romelsac erTdroulad bankirobac uwevda, publicistobac, mwerlobac, wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomareobac da am yvelaferTan erTad kaxuri Rvinis avkargianobazec msjelobda da imazec didada swuxda, rom `Cveneburi Rvino mgzavrobas ver itanso...~

sxedan: petre qavTaraZe, Salva dadiani, mixeil javaxiSvili, geronti qiqoZe. dganan: sandro SanSiaSvili, ilo mosaSvili, konstantine WiWinaZe

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axla, asi wlis Semdeg, Zalian sainte­ reso da niSandoblivia epoqis Sesacnobad mixeil javaxiSvilis statiebis saTaurebs rom gadavxedoT: `Cven da Cveni Teatri~, `oriode dRe alaverdis madanSi~, `ruseTis cxovrebidan~, `erovnuli sakiTxi avstriaSi~, `nakaduli saymawvilo Jurnali N1~, `germaniis muSaTa partia~, `tfilisis mixeilis saavadmyofo~, `belgiis muSaTa partiis istoriidan~, `glexi da memamule~, `qalTa saarCevno uflebebi avstraliaSi~, `qalTa moZraobis istoriidan~, `qarTuli warmodgena~, `miwis mflobeloba axal zelandiaSi~, `qarTuli erovnuli muzeumi~, `CartistTa moZraoba~, `qarTuli ena~, `socialisturi moZraoba amerikis

mixeil jevaxiSvili

SeerTebul StatebSi...~ es sakmaod vrceli, Tumca Zalian arasruli sia mixeil javaxiSvilis publicisturi naSromebisa ukve gviqmnis zogad STabeWdilebas mwerlis sazogado da Jurnalistur saqmianobazec da imdroindel msoflioSi mimdinare procesebzec. swored amave wlebSi dainteresda da sakmaod aqtiurad CaerTo imdroindel politikur bataliebSi mixeil javaxiSvili, ramac sabediswero roli iTamaSa mis Semdgom cxovrebaSi. yvelas kargad gvaxsovs, rom mixeil javaxiSvili sisxlianma sabWoTa reJimma da represiebma imsxverpla. Tumca, albaT cotam Tu icis, rom arc caristul ruseTs da mis Jandarmebs daukliaT xeli maSin jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda mwerlisa da publicistis­ Tvis. Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom caristuli ruseTis represiebi, adamianTa msxverplis, dapatimrebulTa raodenobis da sisastikis TvalsazrisiT axlosac ver mividoda mogvianebiT sabWoTa reJimis mier datrialebul sisxlian kalosTan. ruseTis imperiis Jandarmeria mixeil javaxiSviliT 1906 wels dainteresda da mis winaaRmdeg saqmec aRZra. Ees arc iyo gasakviri, Tu mwerlis maSindel statiebsa da eseebs gadavxedavT da im ukompromisobas, sijiutesa da moqalaqeobriv gambedaobas gaviTvaliswinebT, romelic mixeil javaxiSvils mTeli cxovreba gahyva da bolos misi tragikuli da mowameobrivi aRsasrulis mizezic gaxda. sakmarisia sul ramdenime citatis moxmoba, rom davinaxoT 1905-1906 wlebSi, gagania stolipinis reaqciis dros, rodesac `xalxTa sapyrobiled~ wodebuli ruseTis imperia saxr­ CobelebiT iyo mofenili, igi marTlac marabdelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ujiaTobiT YebrZoda ruseTis caristul reJims: `bneleTis motrfiale presa, `mosk. uwyebani~ da `graJdanini~ yovel furcelze, yovel werilSi da yovel striqonSi gaiZaxis, rom inteligenciasa da muSebs swored ise unda moveqceT, rogorc ruseTis jari iaponiis jars eqcevao, e.i. Tof-zarbazani unda davuniSnoT da amovwyvitoTo~;… `Cveni mefe aris yvelaze mdidari kaci mTels qveyanaze. marto imas da imis ociode naTesavs mTels ruseTSi aqvT oci milioni desetina miwa, e.i. aTjer meti mTel saqarT­veloze.… aba, sad aris samarTali?! rac qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imereTisa, guriis da samegrelos miwa aqvT, aTi imodona marto erT kacsa aqvs...~ `mTavroba emuqreba, sdevnis da mxecurad epyroba glexebs... alixanovma ase SeuTvala gurul glexebs: me gelaparakebiT Tqven sityviT da gicxadebT, TuU sami dRis ganmavlobaSi ar SemoitanT yvela gadasaxads, maSin gamogigzavniT polkovnik krilovs, romelic zarbaznebiT dagiwyebT laparakso – ase emuqrebodnen xalxs, romelsac saWmeli da puri ar gaaCnda saxlSi...~ aseTi TavzexelaRebuli statiebis Semdeg albaT arc iyo gasakviri, rom Jandar-

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didi qarTvelebi meriam da mefis ruseTis `oxrankam~ 26 wlis mwerali mizanSi amoiRo, Tumca im jerze mixeil javaxiSvilma evropaSi gaaswro. Tavdapirvelad SveicariaSi gadavida da iq dabinavda, Semdeg ki mogzaurobda. `1907 wels parizSi gadavedi da iqaur universitetSi literaturas, xelovnebas da politekonomias vswavlobdi. mcire xans italiaSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, inglisSi, belgiaSi da germaniaSi vimogzaure. mcire xans stambolSic davyav~. evropaSi myof mixeil javaxiSvilze saSinlad imoqmeda 1907 wlis agvistoSi misi maswavleblis da sulieri moZRvris – ilia WavWavaZis mxecurma mkvlelobam. javaxi­ Svili erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc gazeT `isarSi~ ilia WavWavaZis tragikul aRsasruls gamoexmaura da imaTgan gansxvavebiT, vinc ilias mkvlelobaze `tyes roca Wrian, nafotebic scviva~ ganacxades, miuxedavad revoluciisadmi misi daufaravi simpaTiisa, cxadad gansWvrita wiwamurSi momxdari erovnuli katastrofis mTeli siRrme da simZime: `uRvTo iyo Seni sikvdili! kalami miTrTis…, ena mebmis, azri mereva. tyviiT gangmires mxcovani guli, mxcovani poetisa da gvami misi gadaagdes mtvrian Sara gzaze. gangmires is guli, romelic naxevar saukunis ganmavlobaSi CvenTvis iwvoda RvTa­ ebriv cecxlis alze. CvenTvis TrToda da CvenTvis feTqavda. mohkles da tyes Seafares gaSavebuli da saukunod Sercxvenili Tavi, ToTqos mas SeeZlos maTi damalva da TiTqos iq ki ar dauxvdebaT samarcxvino boZi, romelzedac cecxlis asoebiT ewereba: `am naZiralebma mohkles poeti!… magram ar momkvdara misi saxeli da dideba da arc mokvdeba im dromdis, sanam Zgers guli qarTvelisa, sanam arsebobs TviTon qarTveli, sanam arsebobs misi ena, iliasgan gafaqizebuli da qarTuli kalami da wigni iliasganve gamtkicebuli da gasufTavebuli~. istorias saocari, saSineli, SeiZleba iTqvas, cinikuri ganmeorebebi sCvevia. warmoidgenda Tu ara 27 wlis mixeil javaxiSvili, roca 1907 wlis agvistoSi gulmokluli werda am striqonebs, rom zustad ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg da swored agvistoSi iseTive mowameobrivi aRsasruli eloda, rogorc mis did winamorbedsa da winamZRols, `romelic 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi batonobda Cvens sazogadoebriv azrovnebas, sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, erovnul ideas...~ mixeil javaxiSvilma romanSi `qalis tvirTi~, romelic swored 1905 wlis revo­ lucias, stolipinis reaqcias da imdroindel e.w. `erTobas~ exeba, ilia WavWavaZis epikuri portreti aRgviwera. Tu ar vcdebi, es aris ilia WavWavaZis erTaderTi literaturuli portreti qarTul mwerlobaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi mainc. konkretulad ki, aRwerilia ilias gamosvla saTavadaznauro krebis sxdomaze 1905 wlis reaqciis dros. manamade, cota xniT adre, ilias `gurulebis damxmare komitetisaTvis~ gadaricxuli asi maneTi `erTobis~ xalxma ukanve daubruna da SemouTvala, xalxis mtrisgan daxmarebas ar miviRebTo.…amis miuxeda-

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mixeil jevaxiSvili

vad, am krebaze ilia WavWavaZe erTaderTi aRmoCnda, vinc ajanyebul glexebs da revolucionerebs gamoesarCla. ai, rogor aRwers mixeil javaxiSvili ilia WavWavaZes Tavis ukanasknel romanSi, romelic 1936 wels Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ gamoqveynda: `TiTqmis samocdaaTi wlis moxuci SuagarRveul xalxSi dinjad modioda da Tan sxedan: al. abaSeli, t. tabiZe, p. ingoroyva, n. miwiSvili, mohqonda Tavisi sanaqebo darm. oraxelaSvili, m. gorki, s. Tordia, S. radiani, g. ruxaZe. baisloba, JamTa cvalebadodganan: p. keSelava, k. kalaZe, v. asirbekovi, m. javaxiSvili, g. tabiZe, baSi ukve minelebuli dideba, naxevari saukunis mesveuroba, erisa da uTvalavi sulieri Wrilobani, romelic mas am ulevel gzaze, rogorc marcxnidan, ise marjvnidan, miayenes. karga xania, rac es kbilebgacveTili beberi lomi TiTqo saimedod Seixizna bunagSi. aRarc misi buxuni ismoda, aRarc misi klanWi Canda. mxolod erTxel kidev daibuxuna, rodesac guriis asaklebad mZvinvare general alixanovs hgzavnidnen~.

1909 wels mixeil javaxiSvili aralegalurad brundeba saqarTveloSi, mas CamosvlisTanave apatimrebs Jandarmeria da jer erTi wliT metexis cixeSi svams, Semdeg ki amierkavkasiidan gaasaxlebs.

1912 wels mixeil javaxiSvili vladikavkazSi luba jaWvaZeze qorwindeba. am periodSi, 1918 wlamde, mixeil javaxiSvili wiTel jvarsa da saqarTvelos savaWro-samrewvelo palataSi msaxurobda.

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals ruseTma, oRond am SemTxvevaSi wiTelma sabWoTa ruseTma, kvlav daipyro amjerad ukve demokratiul respublikad gamocxadebuli saqarTvelo. maSindeli moaruli xmebiT, romlebmac Cvens dromdec moaRwia, imdroindeli qarTuli inteligencia, maT Soris mixeil javaxiSvili, `cisferyanwelebi~ da sxvebic, romlebic sul raRac 15-16 weliwadSi swored am sisxliani reJimis msxverpli gaxdnen, loialurad Sexv­dnen sabWoTa ruseTisgan damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupacias da aneqsias. yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi protesti mainc ar gamouxatavT. ra iyo amis mizezi, marTla

mixeil javaxiSvilis meuRle luba jaWvaZe da ufrosi qaliSvili qeTevani

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didi qarTvelebi ase iyo Tu ara? iyo es maSindeli social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis, e.w. menSevikebis, uTavbolobiT Tavmobezreba Tu maTive partiis meore frTasTan, `bolSevikebTan~, arcTu safuZvelmoklebuli analogia da `alia Tu osmana – orive TaTarias~ principiT xelmZRvaneloba – axla Zneli saTqmelia. erTi ram ki faqtia, mixeil javaxiSvili arasodes, sxva cnobil mweralTagan gansxvavebiT, komunistur partiaSi ar Sesula. Tavis nawarmoebSic ver an ar malavda sabWoTa bolSevikuri reJimisadmi antipatias, siZulvils da garkveul SiSsac ki. es gansakuTrebiT or romanSi – `jayos xiznebSi~ da `TeTr sayeloSia~ asaxuli. asea Tu ise, swored 1923 wlidan daiwyo mixeil javaxiSvilis samwerlo moRvaweobis meore da gacilebiT nayofieri etapi. amgvarad, mwerlis literaturuli saqmianoba or araTanabar nawilad gaiyo: 1903-1908 w.w., rodesac novelebi `CanCura~, `meCeqme gabo~ da sxvebi Seiqmna; rodesac, misive gancxadebiT, floberis, mopasanis, gorkis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis da vaJa-fSavelas (igulisxmeba vaJa-fSavelas proza) gavlenas ganicdida da 1923 wlis Semdgom periodad, rodesac didi xnis pauzis Semdeg `tyis kaci~ daiwera. amas romanebi `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~, `jayos xiznebi~, `TeTri sayelo~, `arsena marabdeli~ da `qalis tvirTi~ mohyva. sxvaTa Soris, mixeil javaxiSvili karga xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda cxinvalsa da samaCablos, anu didi liaxvis xeobis soflebSi, romelic 2008 wlis saqarTvelo-ruseTis agvistos omis dros rusulma armiam miwasTan gaaswora. mwerali am xeobaSi Tavisi qarTulis daxvewas cdilobda, radgan cnobili iyo, rom liaxvis xeobelebi yvelaze gamarTuli literaturuli qarTuliT saubrobdnen. aqve, kerZod ki, sofel qurTaSi daiwera misi adrindeli moTxroba `eka~ da asec aris daTariRebuli – `1905w. sofeli qurTa, didi liaxvis xeoba~.… aqve, cxinvalsa da didi liaxvis xeobaSi mimdinareobs mixeil javaxiSvilis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da skandaluri romanis `jayos xiz­ nebis~ ZiriTadi moqmedeba. saerTod, me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebi mixeil javaxiSvilis­ Tvis gardamtexi aRmoCnda, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, aseve piradi bedisweris TvalsazrisiT. am periodis na­warmoebebSi sakmaod pirdapir da Tamamad gamoxatul protests Zalian Zvirad dausvamen da sul wvrilad dauangariSeben ara marto Cekas jalaTebi da partmuSakebi lav­renti berias xelmZRvanelobiT, aramed, rac yvelaze samwuxaroa, Tavad misi megobari da kolega mwerlebi. piradad me ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed arc saqarT­ velos gareT meguleba ase mkveTrad gamoxatuli antisabWoTa da antikomunisturi nawarmoebi, vidre mixeil javaxiSvilis `dampatiJea~:

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mixeil jevaxiSvili

`oTxfexs tkipi SeuCndeba, futkars winwkali Caujdeba, xes xavsi da fiTri moekideba, kldesac ki faTalo Caeqsoveba da ase cxovroben sxvisi wveniT, neta adamianic ase xom ar aris mowyobili?~ – es moTxroba 1928 wels, anu gagania koleqtivizaciis dros aris dawerili. ufro adre, 1924 wels daiwera `jayos xiznebi~, sadac bolSevikebis mier ekonomikur Cagvras da usa­marTlobas erovnulic miemata da `ssaw...…wyali qq..…arTli~ `maimunis meaTe Taobas da pitekantrofis minamgvan jayo jivaSvils darCa `mma...rguSisTan~ erTad, romelic grZnobs, rom misi dro movida da daurideblad acxadebs: `romeli prava laparakobda Sena?! – ris zakoni? ai jayos zakoni, winaT Tqven swerebodeT zakonebsa, axla ki morCebodeT da CaZaRldebodiT! Eaxla me gwer kanonebsa mena! jayo gwersa kanonsa, jayoi! maS, maSa! gaigebdes amasa, gaigebdes meTqi!...~ aA mis pasuxad ki mxolod umweo amonakvnesi ismis, isic brgvili eniT: `hm! s...ssaocaria! Ss...sakvirvelia! Cveni dasaflaveba C...veniv Tvalwin xdeba. anderZs gvigeben da Cvenve veswrebiT Cvens q...qqelexs...~ Cven veswrebodiT kidevac da daveswariT Cvens sakuTar qelexs, sadac axlac jayo jivaSvilis samadlobeli ismis: `RmerTma gakurTxos balSenikebis mTavrobai, romelmaca sawyal jayos saxlic mogca, baRica da venaxica da kargi zakonica! Zirs Jordaniai! maSa, maSa, agre vicis jayoma! RmerTma gacocxlos Cvenma Tavrobai jayosTana sawyalsa saxli da miwa ro mogeci. Segewios jayosa misi madli da angelozi...~ kidev ufro pirdapir da kategoriulad upirispirdeba komunistur reJims xevsuri jurxa romanSi `TeTri sayelo~, romelic pirdapir acxadebs, rom `aq, wiTel eSmas ar amauSvebs...~ `Cven batonymoba ara gvqoniv sru mudam TavisuflebisTvis vomobdiTav, iaxlac Tavisufalni orT! Tqven ki ubatonoT arc winav gicxovraTa da iaxlac wiTel uRelCi RbixarT! agrea marTalia!..~ Tu sabWoTaAkavSiris pirvel ocian wlebSi, rodesac SedarebiT Tavisufleba iyo, amgvar protests da damokidebulebas ase Tu ise itanda, ufro sworad ki droebiT yurs iqiT atarebda sabWoTa AmuSur-glexuri socialisturi mTavroba, koleqtivizaciis, gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi 1933 wels adolf hitleris nacional-socialisturi muSuri (isev muSuri!) xelisuflebis mosvlisa da espaneTSi falangistebis putCis Semdeg mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki evropaSi da, Sesabamisad, sabWoTa kavSirSic, viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. haerSi kvlav msoflio omis suni datrialda. komunisturma xelisuflebamac, `amxanag~ stalinis da misi satrapebis xelmZRvanelobiT yvelas gauxsenes, visac ki antisabWoTaA azri

61

didi qarTvelebi gamoeTqva an Tundac anegdoti moeyola. metic, `gauxsenes~ da xeli staces imaTac, vinac mTeli cxovreba diTirambebs umReroda sabWoTa xelisuflebas da xelis gadatyavebamde ukravda taSs leninur-marqsistul ideebs. gauxsenes da Zalian cudad gauxsenes erTmaneTsac, Tavad sabWoTa xelis­uflebis warmomadgenelma. rodesac 1937 wlis dasawyisSi dapatimrebebma ukve masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo (Torem ise represiuli manqana arc arasdros SeCerebula, ubralod masStabebi iyo sxvadasxva), bunebrivia mixeil javaxiSvilic amoiRes mizanSi. is faqti, rom mixeil javaxiSvili sul raRac naxevari wliT adre, 1936 wels, igive sabWoTa xelisuflebam Sromis wiTeli droSis ordeniT daajildova, arafers niSnavda. wiTeli droSis ordeni ki ara mxolod 1936-1937 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris, TviT `en-ka-ve-de-s~, anu maSindeli uSiSroebis ori mrisxane komisari henrix iagoda da nikolai eJovi daapatimres da daxvrites. oficialuri cnobebiT, igive bedi ewia 15-iode wlis Semdeg maT `memkvidres~ da kidev erT jalaTs – lavrenti berias. ase rom, `komunistur samoTxeSi~ dazR­veuli aravin iyo, arc mwerali – msxverpli, arc Cekisti – jalaTi. swored lavrenti beriam daiwyo mixeil javaxiSvilis devna, rodesac 1937 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas sxdomaze man sxva mwerlebTan erTad mixe­ il javaxiSvilic moixsenia da aRniSna: `mixeil javaxiSvilma Tavisi saqcieli unda gadasinjoso. Ees TiTqos umtkivneulo fraza im droisTvis sasikvdilo ganaCens udrida da iyo niSani, rom mweralze namdvili nadiroba da fsiqologiur-mora­ luri terori unda dawyebuliyo, rasac `damuSavebas~ eZaxdnen. yvelaze amazr­ zeni ki is iyo, rom am `damuSavebaSi~ Zalian aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen ara mxolod Cekistebi, aramed maSindeli qarTveli mwerlebisa da kritikosebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili.

mixeil javaxiSvili daviT kldiaSvilis dakrZalvaze, 1931, Tbilisi

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lavrenti berias moxseneba-ganaCenidan meore dResve, 8 ivniss, mweralTa kavSiris sxdoma gaimarTa, sadac mixeil javaxiSvili sityviT gamoiyvanes, sadac mas unda `moenaniebina codvebi~, `daegmo warsuli~ da `sajarod eRiarebina Secdomebi~. gamosvliT misi `kolegebi~ ukmayofiloebi darCenilan, radgan mweralma TviTonac ar icoda kargad, ra

mixeil jevaxiSvili

unda moenaniebina, daegmo an eRiarebina~. mas sTxovdnen eRiarebina kavSiri gamomcemlobis xelmZRvanelTan lida gasvianTan, mweralTa kavSiris yofil TavmjdomaresTan malaqia toroSeli­ ZesTan da mweral akaki TaTariSvilTan, romlebic am droisTvis ukve dapatimrebulebi iyvnen. mixeil javaxiSvilis qaliSvilis, qeTevan javaxiSvilis mogonebebSi, aRwerilia yovlad samarcxvino da aRmaSfoTebeli situacia, rodesac mwerals pirze adgebodnen da faqtobrivad sasikvdilod imetebdnen misi megob­ rebi, kolegebi da Tanamokalmeebi. aq qarTuli literaturis sakmaod cnobili saxelebi figurireben, romelTac, bunebrivia, ar davasaxeleb, Tumca es saxelebi da faqtebi isedac cnobilia. `am dros mwerlebi mglis xrovas warmoadgendnen, romelTa samsjavroze msxverplad Sesawiravi adamiani idga!~ – ixsenebs qeTevan javaxiSvili. m. javaxiSvilis Zma, aRsaniSnavia, rom am sxdomis dros protestis niSnad adga daxvrites 1937 wels da darbazidan gamovida geronti qiqoZe, rac im dros namdvili gmiroba iyo. bolos sasowarkveTamde misul mixeil javaxiSvils wamouZaxia: `Tqven Tu zvaraki gindaT, eg sxva saqmea!~

am sxdomis Semdeg cxadi gaxda, rom sabediswero wamzomi CarTuli iyo. Tumca albaT bolomde mainc ar sjeroda, rom ase gaimetebdnen. qeTevan javaxiSvilis mogonebis mixedviT, ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi beriam paolo iaSvili daibara. arsebobs mosazreba, rom paolo iaSvils beriam mixeil javaxiSvilisa da tician tabiZis winaaRmdeg Cvenebis micema mosTxova, rasac mohyva kidevac paolo iaSvilis TviTmkv­ leloba da javaxiSvilis fraza: `vaJkaci yofila, vaJkaci yofilao!~ amis Semdeg mixeil javaxiSvili lavrenti beriasTan mivida cekaSi. mosacdelSi gaaxsenda, rom ordeni saxlSi darCenoda, meuRles daukavSirda da ordenis mitana sTxova. karga xnis lodinis Semdeg lavrenti beriam ar miiRo – yvelaferi cxadi gaxda. cota xanSi Zma daupatimres. mixeil javaxiSvilma saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisar gogliZes werili miswera, romelic upasuxod darCa. Tavad mwerali 14 agvistos, gamTeniisas, qviSxeTis agarakze meuRlisa da qaliSvil qeTevanis Tvalwin daapatimres. mixeil javaxiSvilma, vidre Cekistebs gahyveboda, jibidan soWis sakurorto sagzuri amoiRo da qaliSvils sTxova: qeTo, xvalve wadi da es sagzuri mweralTa kavSirs ukanve daubruneo, da oTaxidan gavida!

m. javaxiSvili qaliSvil qeTevanTan erTAad

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saxelmwifo

dazverva istoria erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

revaz baxtaZe Zv. w. V saukuneSi didi Cineli strategosi sun Zi werda, rom movlenebis winaswar ganWvreta is umTavresi mizezia, romlis safuZvelze mTavrebi da samxedro meTaurebi mowinaaRmdeges amarcxeben da warmatebas aRweven. winmswrebi informaciis floba dakavSirebulia fizikur gadarCenasTan da uxsovari droidan cdilobdnen mmarTvelebi, rom gaegoT, Tu ra moxdeboda Semdeg? rogor moiqceoda mowinaaRmdege Tu mokavSire? ra gza aerCia? – isini am kiTxvebze pasuxs sxvadasxva gziT moipovebdnen. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis miTologiam, istoriam da religiurma teqstebma araerTi ambavi Semogvinaxes, Tu rogor exvewebodnen xelmwifeebi RmerTebs, qurumebsa Tu winaswarmetyvelebs momavlis ganWvretas. `Zvel aRTqmaSi~ mocemulia „pirveli sadazvervo operaciis“ aRwera: Tavad ufali mimarTavs moses da eubneba: „gagzavne kacebi, rom dazveron qanaanis qveyana“. RmerTis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, mosem Tormeti tomidan TiTo-TiTo warmomadgeneli SearCia da maT davaleba misca, gaegoT, Tu ramdeni adamiani cxovrobda qanaanSi, ramdenad Zlierebi iyvnen, ganviTarebis ra done hqondaT, ra tipis dasaxlebebi iyo gavrcelebuli da rogori iyo maTi meurneobis struqtura (ricx. 13). dRevandeli sadazvervo samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelTa davalebebi arsebiTad amave Sinaarss atarebs. bibliaSi warmodgenili araerTi sadazvervo pasaJis miuxedavad, dazvervis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT aRmosavleTi dasavleTze win iyo. imave sun Zis Tu davesesxebiT, winmswreb informacias sulebis, RmerTebis Tu niSnebisgan ver Sevit­

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dazverva

yobT, misi mopoveba adamianebisgan SeiZleba da igi iqve gvTavazobs agentebis klasifikacias: 1) adgilze myofi agentebi, anu mowinaaRmdege qveynis dabali saxelmwifo rangis mqone informatorebi, 2) „Txu­ nelebi“ – mowinaaRmdegis maRalCinosanTa Soris Canergili agentebi, 3) ormagi agentebi – mowinaaRmdegis mier gamogzavnili agentebi, romelTa gadabireba xdeba, raTa mters mcdari informacia miawodon, 4) provokaciis agentebi, romlebic mowinaaRmdegis dasabnevad, wasaqezeblad an mosaxleobaSi panikis dasaTesad gamoiyenebian, 5) malemsrbolebi, romelTac sadazvervo informacia aqeT-iqiT miaqvT. am klasifikacias mxolod mcire adaptacia dasWirda XX saukuneSi. sun Zis „omis xelovneba“ uZvelesi nawarmoebia, romelic dazvervas konceptualurad ganixilavs da araerT praqtikul rCevas iZleva, romelsac yavli dResac ar gasvlia. aRsaniSnavia `Zveli aRTqmis~ kidev erTi adgili, romelic sadazvervo samsaxurebsa da agentebs Soris urTierTobis erT sakvanZo aspeqts Seexeba.

Cineli mxedarTmTavari sun Zi, avtori laSqrobis win ieso naves Zem ori mstovari gaagzavna traqtatisa `omis xelovneba~ ieriqonSi. isini qalaqSi mcxovrebi meZavis – rahabis saxlSi gaCerdnen. rahabma ara marto Seifara jaSuSebi, aramed mefis mier maT saZebnad gamogzavnili xalxi moatyua da mcdari mimarTulebiT gauSva. mogvianebiT rahabma mstovrebi saxlidan gaapara da qalaqidan uvneblad gasasvlelad gzac miaswavla. sanacvlod, qanaanelma meZavma Tavisi ojaxis xelSeuxebloba iTxova. roca ieso naves Zem ieriqoni daipyro, rahabi da misi ojaxi uvneblad gadarCnen (ies. 2). amiT safuZveli Caeyara tradicias, rom vinc dazvervas daexmareba, kompensaciac unda miiRos raime formiT unda miiRos. saTanado sazRauris gareSe agentebis gadmobireba da marTva ver moxdeba.

Sua saukuneebSi araerTi samefos mmarTveli iyenebda jaSuSebs sxvadasxva intensivobiT. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTvelo iyo, sadac pirveli sadazvervo samsaxuri mefe daviT meoTxe aRmaSenebelma Seqmna. samwuxarod, TiTqmis araferia cnobili am samsaxuris struqturis an operaciebis Sesaxeb, Tumca mefe daviTis samxedro warmatebebi da Zalauflebis konsolidacia iZleva imis safuZvels, rom misi sadazvervo sistema Zalian efeqturad miviCnioT. XV saukuneSi italielebma sadazvervo informaciis Segrovebis sistemis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes. italiurma qalaq-saxelmwifoebma veneciam, genuam da sxvebma mudmivmoqmedi saelCoebi gaxsnes sxva saxelmwifoebSi. saelCoebi gaxda informaciis Segrovebis, agenturuli qselis Seqmnisa da marTvis mTavari baza ucxo qveynebis teritoriebze. XVI saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas mudmivmoqmedi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobe-

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saxelmwifo bi hqonda, romlebic sadazvervo informaciis SegrovebiT iyvnen dakavebuli.

ser frensis uolsinhemi, mxatvari jon dekrici, 1585

kardinali riSelie, mxatvari fillip de Sampan, 1642

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mogvianebiT dazvervis ingliselma didos­ tatma ser frensis uolsinhemma (1532-1590) msoflios erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian sadazvervo samsaxurs Cauyara safuZveli. dedofal elisabedis saxelmwifo mdivani praqtikulad yvela didi wamowyebis ukan idga. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs dazvervis raime xerxi, romelic mas ar gamoeyenebinos. man gadmoibira oqsfordisa da kembrijis saukeTeso kursdamTavrebulebi, romlebsac safrangeTSi agzavnida saswavleblad, raTa maT Semdgom muSaoba daewyoT safrangeTis mefis karze da frangebis saidumlo gegmebi londonisTvis miewodebinaT. misi miTiTebiT, damkvidrebul praqtikad iqca weri­ lebis gaxsna, wakiTxva, xelaxla dabeWdva da daniSnulebisamebr gagzavna. swored am teqnikis meSveobiT Seityo uolsinhemma mariam stiuartis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. mis mier specialurad daqiravebulma kripto-analitikosma Tomas felipsma daSifruli werili gaSifra, rasac sabo­ lood Sotlandiis dedoflis dakaveba da dasja mohyva. uolsinhemis udidesi miRweva iyo espanuri armadis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis mopoveba, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula ing­ lisis gamarjvebaSi. man uari Tqva moZvelebul meTodze, romelic mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis Sesa­ faseblad mcire sazRvao Zalebis gagzavnas da Setakebis provocirebas iTvaliswinebda. amis nacvlad, ser frensisma ori ingliseli gaagzav­ na toskanaSi, romlis samefo karTan maT kargi kavSirebi hqondaT (am da araerT sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo mdivani e.w. cru droSas iyenebda. misi agentebi xan Tavs asaRebdnen sxva saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebad, xan protestantebi ambobdnen, rom kaTolikeebi iyvnen da inglisis mtrebs emxrobodnen). erT-erTi maTgani, entoni stendeni, imdenad dauaxlovda toskanis elCs espaneTSi, rom am ukanasknelma stendenis rekomendaciis safuZvelze misi „megobrebi“ aiyvana samuSaod saelCoSi. espaneTSi toskanis saelCoSi

dazverva

momuSave araingliselebi eWvs ar aRZravdnen, maT portebSi Sesvla da dakvirveba SeeZloT. toskanis elCi „megobrebs“ uflebas aZlevda, rom am italiur samefoSi myof stendenTan werilebi diplomatiuri fostiT gaegzavnaT. uolsinhemis mier Seqmnil sistemas odnav mogvianebiT mxolod kardinal riSelies (1585-1642) mier daarsebuli saidumlo samsaxuri Tu gauwevda metoqeobas.

XVII da XIX saukuneebSi sagareo da saSinao dazvervis funqciebis gayofa daiwyo. mTavari mizezi Sida areulobebis da revoluciebis safrTxis zrda iyo. wamyvanma evropulma saxelmwifoebma damoukidebeli sadazvervo samsaxurebi Camoayalibes. rogorc wesi, sagareo dazverva samxedro uwyebebis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, xolo Sida usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli politikuri policia da kontrdazverva – Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebis daqvemdebarebaSi. politikuri dazverva ZiriTad­ ad diplomatebs evalebodaT. magaliTad, napoleonis dros Sida usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo Sinagan saqmeTa ministri Jozef fuSe (1759-1820). fuSes sayvareli meTodi iyo provokaciis agentebis gamoyeneba rogorc Cveulebriv danaSaulebriv jgufebTan brZolaSi, ise reJimis mowinaaRmdegeTa gamosavlenad da dasamarcxeblad. am fonze gamonaklisi iyo prusia, sadac 1871 wlamde kancler oto fon bismar­kis dazvervis Sefi vilhelm Stiberi (1818-1882) prusiis samxedro-sagareo dazvervasac da Sida saidumlo policiasac akontrolebda. man pirvelad gamoiyena masob­ rivi SpionaJis meTodi: mowinaaRmdegis teritoriis jaSuSebiT ise gajereba, rom misi politikuri da samxedro mdgomareobis faqtobrivad yvela detali cnobilia.

oto fon bismarki da vilhelm Stiberi

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saxelmwifo es qseli aseve mexuTe kolonis rols asrulebs, rome­ lic momavali dampyroblis mimarT SiSs aRvivebs da amiT samoqalaqo mosaxleobis morals Zirs uTxris da winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars asustebs. manamde SpionaJis samiz­ ne maRalCinosnebi da privilegirebuli fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. Stiberis samsaxuri ki aseve ibirebda fermerebs da patar-patara maRaziebis mflobelebs, mimtanebs da damlageblebs. man es meTodi 1866 wels avstriaSi da 1870 wels safrangeTSi samxedro intervenciebis mosamzadeblad gamoiyena. orive samxedro kampania prusiis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda. evropis aRmosavleTiT ruseTis saidumlo samsaxuri viTardeboda, romelsac sadazvervo saqmianobis erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. 1565 wels ruseTis pirveli politikuri policia – `opriCnina~ moskovis didma mTavarma ivane mrisxanem Seqmna. swored opriCninam gaanadgura novgorodi, romlis mosaxleoba 1570 wels ivane mrisxane, mxatxuT kviraSi gawyvites. es samsaxuri daarsebidan Svidi vari v. m. vasnecovi, 1897 wlis Semdeg gauqmda. Semdgomi sadazvervo samsaxuri, romlis mTavari daniSnuleba politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa ganeitraleba iyo, petre pirvelma daaarsa XVII saukunis bolos. es iyo `preobraJenskis polki~, romelic imdenad gasaidumloebul viTarebaSi Seiqmna, rom misi daarsebis zusti TariRi dRem-

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opriCnina, mxatvari orest betextini, 1999

dazverva

petre pirveli da preobraJenskis polkis oficrebi

de ucnobia. petre didis gardacvalebis Semdeg es samsaxuric daiSala. 1826 wels, dekembristTa ajanyebidan ramdenime TveSi, imperatorma nikoloz pirvelma imperiuli kancelariis `mesame ganyofileba~ Seqmna, romelsac politikuri wesrigis SenarCuneba daevala. mesame ganyofilebis pirvelma xelmZRvanelma, grafma benkendorfma, umTavres miznad sazogadoebrivi azris monitoringi da kontroli daisaxa. misi davalebiT daiwyo sazogadoebrivi azris yovelwliuri gamokiTxvis Catareba, romelsac ewodeboda „moraluri da politikuri viTareba ruseTSi“.

1800 wels `mesame ganyofileba~ gauqmda da misi funq­ ciebi policiis departamentSi Sida usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebel danayofs gadaeca. XIX s-is bolos ruseTis gareT imdeni rusi revolucioneri, studenti da emig­ ranti cxovrobda, rom maTze zedamxedvelobis gareSe imperatorebi taxts ver SeinarCunebdnen. oxrana agzav­ nida agentebs mTel evropaSi, romlebic sxvadasxva emig­

grafi benkendorfi (17821844) – ruseTis imperiis general-adiutanti, `mesame ganyofilebis~ pirveli xelmZRvaneli

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saxelmwifo raciul organizaciebSi wevriandebodnen. maTi Zaladobaze provocirebis da radikalizaciis Sedegad, oxrana misTvis arasasurveli pirebis diskreditacias, daWeras an mokvlas axerxebda. xSirad amas sxvadasxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis policiis xeliT akeTebda. oxranis operaciebi imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom rodesac bolSevikebi xelisuflebaSi movidnen, lenini gancvifrebuli darCa, imdeni axlo da gulmxurvale bolSeviki aRmoCnda saidumlo samsaxuris agenti. `oxranis~ memkvidre „Ce-ka“ 1917 wlis 20 dekembers Seiqmna, romelic 1954 wels „ka-gebem“ Caanacvla. aRsaniSnavia, rom „Ce-ka“-m da „ka-ge-bem“ `oxranis~ yvela meTodi gadaiRes da srulyves, maT Soris – provokaciis agentebis gamoyeneba. am meTodis meSveobiT maT emigraciuli organizaciebis umravlesoba da qveynis SigniT moqmedi iatakqveSa moZraobebi gaaneitrales. dRes ruseTs sami sadazvervo samsaxuri aqvs: Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis mTavari sadazvervo sammarTvelo, federaluri usafrTxoebis samsaxuri da sagareo dazvervis samsaxuri. did saxelmwifoTa Soris amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma sadazvervo samsaxurebi yvelaze gvian Seqmna. jorj vaSingtonisa da abraam linkolnis mier dazvervis gamoyeneba axladdaarsebuli respublikisTvis gamonaklisi ufro iyo, vidre wesi. amerikaSi jaSuSoba jentlmenisTvis Seuferebel saqmianobad miiCneoda. pirveli Tanamedrove, mudmivmoqmedi sadazvervo samsaxuri – strategiuli momsaxurebis ofisi uiliam donovanis xelmZRvanelobiT meore msoflio omis dros, 1942 wels daarsda. 1947 wels erovnuli usafrTxoebis aqtiT Seiqmna misi memkvidre organizacia – centraluri sadazvervo saagento. dRes amerikas Cvidmeti sadazvervo samsaxuri aqvs. es msoflioSi yvelaze didi da ZviradRirebuli sadazvervo sistemaa. pirvelma da meore msoflio omebma sadazvervo samsaxurebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gazardes. civi omi, faqtobrivad, sadazvervo samsaxurebis omad gadaiqca, romlebic mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi revoluciebis mowyobiT, samrewvelo da politikuri SpionaJiTa da propagandiT iyvnen dakavebuli. saxelmwifoebis garda, didi sadazvervo samsaxurebi korporaciebmac Seqmnes, romlebic ZiriTadad industriuli SpionaJiT, TavianTi gamogonebebisa da personalis usafrTxoebiT arian dakavebuli.

Tumca, isini arcTu iSviaTad tradiciuli politikuri dazverviTac interesdebian. aRsaniSnavia, rom XXI saukuneSi dazverva kidev ufro metad gaxda damokidebuli teqnikur saSualebebze. internetma kiberdazvervis unikaluri winapirobebi Seqmna.

Tumca, teroristulma aqtebma aSS-Si da yirimis oku­paciam kidev erTxel daadastura, rom adamianuri wyaroebi dazvervisTvis Seucvlelia. uiliam donovani (1883-1959) – strategiuli momsaxurebis ofisis xelmZRvaneli

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aRsaniSnavia, rom dazverva patara da SedarebiT susti qveynebis xelSi mZlavri iaraRia. magaliTad,

dazverva

israelis, kubis da estoneTis sadazvervo samsaxurebi tols ar udeben did saxelmwifoebs da zogierT geografiul raionSi maTze gacilebiT ufro efeqturebi arian. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela met-naklebad warmatebuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zlieri usafrTxoebis samsaxurebia.

aqve gvinda warmogidginoT dazvervis erT-erTi legenda – elzbeT Sragmiuleri, romelmac Tanamedrove dazvervis saswavlo kursis Seqmnas Cauyara safuZveli mTel msoflioSi da dazvervis analizisa da praqtikis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo.

froilain doqtori – elzbeT Sragmiuleri (1887-1940)

pirveli msoflio omis dros britanelebma ramdenime elzbeT Sragmuleri germaneli jaSuSi gamoavlines belgiaSi, romlebic erTmaneTis msgavs istoriebs yvebodnen: germanelTa sasargeb­ lod muSaobaze daTanxmebis Semdeg isini mihyavdaT okupirebuli antverpenis teri­toriaze, maTTvis ucnob misamarTze mdebare saxlSi. iq maT maRali, qeraTmiani qali xvdebodaT, romelic gasaidumloebul sadazvervo skolas xelmZRvanelobda. TviTmxilvelTa TqmiT, mas gamWoli mzera da lurji Tvalebi hqonda, mkafio brZanebebs iZleoda da skolaSi moxvedridan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi maTi cxovrebis yvela aspeqts akontrolebda. skolaSi wesebi mkacri iyo: axalgadabirebuli agentis an oficris mxolod koduri saxeli iyo sxvebisTvis cnobili da akrZaluli iyo namdvili vinaobis gamxela, mas skolaSi aravisTan dalaparakebis ufleba ar hqonda, yoveldRe 12 saaTi SpionaJis sxvadasxva disciplinis aTvisebisTvis unda daeTmo, xolo darCenili dro Tavis oTaxSi gaetarebina. kursis warmatebiT gavlis SemTxvevaSi, mas britanelebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze gauSvebdnen samuSaod. Sinaganawesis nebismieri darRveva sasikvdilo ganaCeniT isjeboda. sadazvervo skolis yvela msmenels am qalis eSinoda da aravin icoda misi saxeli. Wori dadioda, rom mas ekonomikaSi hqonda sadoqtoro disertacia daculi da amis gamo uwodebdnen mas froilain doqtors. froilain doqtoris namdvili saxeli mxolod omis dasrulebis Semdeg gaiges britanelebma – mas elzbeT Sragmiu­ leri erqva.

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saxelmwifo Sragmiulerma 1913 wels fraiburgis universitetSi politikur mecnierebebSi sadoqtoro disertacia daicva. roca omi daiwyo, is moxalised Caewera germaniis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi. Sragmiuleri Tav­ dadebuli germaneli patrioti iyo da moiTxova uSualod frontze gaeSvaT sabr­Zolvelad. samxedro meTaurebma amaze uari uTxres. samagierod, raxan axalgazrda gogona 4 enas flobda Tavisuflad, is armiis safosto cenzuris biuroSi gaamweses germanelebis mier okupirebuli briuselis teritoriaze. es mosawyeni da uferuli samuSao Sragmiulerma brwyinvale sadazvervo operaciad gardaqmna. man Seqmna teqsturi analizis sistema da Tavis zedamxedvels aCvena, Tu rogor gadascemdnen jaSuSebi sadazvervo informacias erTi SexedviT uwyinari werilebis meSveobiT. elzbeTis TqmiT, Tu, magaliTad, moqalaqe biZaSvils Tavisi fermis Sesaxeb swerda, is didi albaTobiT jaSuSi iyo. gana, saeWvo ar iyo werilSi mocemuli detaluri informacia, ramdeni goWi, wiwila da cxeni hyavda?! anda – Seyva­ rebuli qalis werili, sadac is satrfos uyveboda, ramdeni lamazi xis navi daTvala portSi?! Sragmiuleris sistemiT, goWebi, wiwilebi da xis navebi germanul SenaerTebad, samxedro teqnikad da samxedro gemebad iTargmneboda.

dazvervis legenda mata hari, igive margareta zele

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elzbeTis sistema imdenad efeqturi aRmoCnda jaSuSebis gamosavlenad, rom armiis xelmZRvanelobam misTvis gacilebiT ufro sapasuxismgeblo samuSaos Cabareba gadawyvita. Tumca, Sragmiulerma sxva, Tavisi saocnebo samuSao moiTxova – sadazvervo skolis Sefoba antverpenSi. skola kargi ar iyo, mcire gamocdilebis mqone oficrebi agentebs cudad amzadebdnen da swrafadve uSvebdnen frontis xazs miRma, saidanac, faqtobrivad, aRaravin brundeboda.

dazverva

armiis xelmZRvaneloba imdenad didi STabeW­ dilebis qveS iyo, rom Sragmiuleris winadadebas daTanxmdnen. elzbeTma skolis struqtura da saswavlo programa Secvala. axla momavali jaSuSebi mraval kurss gadiodnen, dawyebuli mtris uaxlesi teqnologiis amocnobidan, kriptografiiT damTavrebuli. is mudmivad atarebda maTraxs, romelsac zarmaci studentebisTvis ar iSurebda. dasavleTis frontze britaneTis kontrdazvervam dainaxa Sragmiuleris meTodebis efeqturoba. germaneli agentebis daWera gacilebiT ufro gaZnelda, isini ukeT momzadebuli iyvnen da met warmatebas aRwevdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi britanelebma Seityves froilain doqtoris arsebobis Sesaxeb da mis gamosavlenad ramdenime film `froilain doqtoris~ afiSa operacia dagegmes. arc erTi maTgani warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda. Sragmiuleri vinaobas icvlida, sxvadasxva adgilas cxovrobda da SeniRbvis sxvadasxva dones iyenebda. garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi is moxuci damlagebeli qalis safarqveS cxovrobda antverpenSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom dazvervis istorias froilain doqtori Tavisi saswavlo programiT SemorCa, romelic yvela Tanamedrove sadazvervo samsaxurma gadaiRo. aseve, misi danergilia dazvervis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cinikuri da warmatebuli meTodi: erTi, naklebad mniSvnelovani agentis gawirva meore, ufro mniSvnelovani agentis gadasarCenad. froilain doqtorma swored es meTodi gamoiyena Tavi­ si undili mowafis, holandieli margareta zeles mimarT, romelic safrangeTis kontrdazvervas „Seswires.“ bedis ironiaa, rom Sragmiuleris uferuli studenti dazvervis legendad iqca – msoflio margareta zeles mata haris saxeliT icnobs. omis Semdeg elzbeT Sragmiuleri miunhenis universitetSi ekonomikas aswavli­ da da dedas uvlida. man uari Tqva memuarebis daweraze. is mxolod erTxel gamoCnda presis furclebze, roca SveicariaSi TviTmarqvia narkomanma qalma ganacxada, rom is froilain doqtori iyo. gabrazebulma elzbeTma es Wori sajarod uaryo. Tumca, 1969 wels, misi gardacvalebidan 29 wlis Semdeg gadaRebul filmSi froilain doqtori – Sragmiuleris gmiri kvlavac narkomanad da aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis qalbatonad gamoiyvanes.

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amerikis XX saukune vasil kaWarava istorikosebi xSirad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelma qveyanam ganapiroba ama Tu im epoqis saxe da marTlac, rodesac kacobriobis ganviTarebazea saubari, vin ar gaixsenebs Zvel egviptesa Tu saberZneTs, romis imperiasa Tu napoleonis epoqas! albaT, isic bunebrivia, rom CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso mainc XX saukunea, romlisganac, mis gariJraJze, sayovelTao mSvidobas, ayvavebas da usazRvro winsvlas moelodnen, magram romelic I da II msoflio omebis wyalobiT yvelaze sisxlian saukuned iqca. Tumca am saukunes meore naxevarSi arc warmoudgenlad swrafi ganviTareba da progresi mokhlebia... rad Rirs, Tundac, kosmosis aTvisebis dasawyisi da ekonomikis ayvavebis grandiozuli masStabebi evroatlantikur sivrceSi! saxelmwifoTa da regionTa integraciis sruliad uprecedento masStabebis wya­ lobiT dRes albaT kidev ufro Znelia romelime erTi saxelmwifos liderobis aRi­ areba, magram, rogorc ityvian, yvelaferi SedarebiTi da pirobiTia Cvens cxovrebaSi da albaT aqac SeiZleba Cveni prioritetebi da simpaTiebi gvqondes. Sefasebis mTavari kriteriumi ki is unda iyos, Tu ra sikeTe moutana ama Tu im qveyanam ara marto sakuTar xalxs, aramed mTel samyaros an Tundac samyaros udides nawils. am Tavisebur konkursSi albaT yvelaze ufro realur pretendentad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mesaxeba, romelsac aleqsis de tokvilma jer kidev 1830-ian wlebSi uwinaswarmetyvela msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaqceva. ar dagvaviwydes, rom aSS-is istoria sul raRac 250 wels moicavs da bevris azriT igi axalgazrda saxelmwifoa, magram wlebic aris da wlebic! iseve, rogorc brZolis velze mowinaaRmdegeTa Tanafardoba marto ricxovnobiT ki ara, meomarTa

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amerikis XX saukune

xarisxiTac ganisazRvreba, albaT wlebsac aqvs xarisxi movlenebis raodenobis, simZafrisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. aqedan gamomdinare, zogi weli aTs udris, zogi ki – saukunesac. Sesabamisad, amerikuli saxelmwifos miRwevebi arsebuli wlebis xarisxis da ara formaluri raodenobis Sedegia. amerikis istorias arc dapirispireba da arc msxverpliT aRsavse brZolebi dahklebia, Tundac amerikuli revolucia (1763-1787 ww.) an samoqalaqo omi (1861-1865) rad Rirs! magram maSinac ki amerikuli sazogadoebis ideologiuri safuZveli adamianis uflebebis dacvaze, Semwynareblobasa da urTierTpativiscemaze iyo dafuZnebuli. gamarjvebuli damarcxe­ buls ki ar Cagravda da spobda, aramed urigdeboda da xels uwyobda mis warmatebulad CarTvas brZolis Sedegad Seqmnil axal realobaSi. aRarafers vambobT xelisuflebis mxolod arCevnebis gziT Secvlaze. rac Seexeba e.w. axalgazrda da gamoucdeli eris fenomens, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom isini, vinc Seqmna amerika, Tavad arian udidesi istoriuli warsulis memkvidreebi – ingliselebi da espanelebi, frangebi da germanelebi, Cinelebi da polonelebi. marTalia, bevrad ufro mokrZalebuli, magram garkveuli wvlili qarTvelebmac Seitanes amerikis ganviTarebaSi. ase rom, ar unda daviviwyoT ra masStabis genetikuri mexsierebaa Cadebuli amerikelebad qceul am uZvelesi erebis warmomadgenlebSi. es codna, gamocdileba, sxvadasxvagvari temperamenti Tu erovnuli Tvisebebi erT geografiul sivrceSi da istoriul monakveTSi gaerTianda da jer arnaxuli moculobisa da xarisxis SesaZleblobebi saerTo miznebs dauqvemdebara. es grandiozuli muxti amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqm­ nis pirvelive dReebSive gamoikveTa, magram gansakuTrebiT

aleqsis de tokvili (1895-1859) – frangi istorikosi da politikuri moRvawe, avtori cnobili Sromebisa – `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835, 1849) da `Zveli reJimi da revolucia~ (1856)

amerikis istoriaSi ramdenime qarTvelis saxeli darCeba, maT Soris pirvel rigSia amerikuli baletis Semqmneli jorj balan­ Cini, aseve amerikuli samxedro aviaciis ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT aleqsandre qarTveliSvils (qarTvels) da cnobil aviakonstruqors mixe­ il grigoraSvils. jon malxaz SalikaSvili iyo aSS-is Stabebis ufrosTa gaerTianebuli komitetis Tavmjdomare. amerikuli parfiumeruli warmoebis erT-erTi Seqmneli ki iyo giorgi maCabeli, xolo amerikis minis warmoebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mesveuri – grigol kobaxiZe.

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afroamerikeli kaci wyals svams `feradkanianTaTvis~ gankuTvnili onkanidan, oklahoma, 1939

iCina Tavi XX saukuneSi, romelic mravali mkvlevrisa Tu ubralod istoriiT dainteresebuli adamianis azriT, amerikis saukuned SeiZleba CaiTvalos. amerikelebs uyvarT sakuTari istoriis aTwleulebad dayofa da es gansakuTrebiT XX saukunes exeba. magaliTad, 1900-iani wlebi progresistuli reformebisa da saerTaSoriso eqspansiis aTwleulad iTvleba, 1910-ianebi – prezident vudro uilsonis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisa da I msoflio omSi monawileobisa, 1920-iani wlebi ekonomikuri ayvavebis da mSrali kanonis aTwleulia, 1930-ianebi amerikelebma Savbnel, didi dep­resiis xanad monaTles, 1940-ianebSi amerika antifaSisturi koaliciis samWedlo iyo da II msoflio omSi 15 milioni amerikeli ibrZoda, 1950-ianebi, uprecedento ekonomikuri ayvavebis fonze, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, iyo ubednieresi da kmayofilebiT aRsavse xana amerikis istoriaSi. 1960-ianebi vietnamis omisa da socialuri da kulturuli amboxis periodia, 1970-ianebSi prezident niqsonis ZalisxmeviT ganpirobebuli saerTaSoriso daTbobis sikeTe uotergeitis skandalis sircxvilma daCr­ dila, 1980-ianebi reiganiseuli konservatiuli revoluciis aTwleulad iTvleba da bevri maSindel amerikas ubralod `reiganis amerikad~ naTlavda. 1990-ianebi ki klintoniseuli ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da postsabWoTa epoqis dasawyisad miiCneva.

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amerikis XX saukune

ar iqneboda marTebuli da Zalianac rom mogvendomebina, ar gamogvividoda amerikis idealuri saxis daxatva. uamrav progresul nabijTan erTad amerikas arc agresia, danaSauli da Secdomebi aklda. rasakvirvelia, upirvelesad gvaxsendeba mkvidri mosaxleoba, indielebi, romelTac xSirad daundoblad da veragulad eqceodnen. aranakleb tragikuli aRmoCnda Savkanian amerikelTa xvedri. barbarosuli rasizmi samarcxvino furcelia amerikis istoriaSi. 1823 wels miRebuli monros doqtrina – `amerika amerikelTaTvis~ – xSirad niSnavda amerikas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa­ Tvis. arc teritoriuli eqspansiis dros Cadenili codvebia dasaviwyebeli. indielTa miwebis sruliad ganukiTxav mitacebasTan erTad amerika arc mezobel meqsikas erideboda, romelsac 18461848 wlebis omis Semdeg uzarmazari teritoria waarTva. arc havais kunZulebis amerikis farglebSi moqceva moxda sruli ormxrivi Tanxmobis safuZvelze. panamis arxis problemac suverenuli kolumbiis uflebebis uxeSi darRveviT gadawyda. 1960-ian wlebSi mimdinare sisxlismRvreli omi vietnamSi, romelsac milionobiT vietnamelis sicocxle Seewira, Znelad Tu CaiTvleba mxolod demokratiisaTvis brZolis magaliTad. aseve mraval kiTxvas aCenda amerikis moqmedeba eraySi, sadac Zlevamosili amerikuli armiis SeWriT inspirirebulma Sida dapirispirebam aTeul aTasobiT erayelis sicocxle Seiwira. marTalia, ameri­kulma jarma ukve datova erayi da am qveyanas arCevnebis meSveobiT mosuli mTavroba marTavs, magram iq seriozuli problemebi dResac sakmaodaa. amasTan, nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom monros doqtrinis meSveobiT amerikam marTlac daicva laTinuri amerikis axlad Seqmnili respublikebi evropuli eqspansiisgan. 1898 wlis espaneTi-amerikis omis Sedegi iyo, rom kubam, Tumc SezRuduli, magram mainc damoukideb­loba miiRo. amerikis Care-

jeronimo (1829-1909) – saxelganTqmuli indieli, Cirikahuas apaCTa modgmis lideri, romelic 25 weli ibrZoda indielTa miwebis dasacavad monros doqtrina – 1823 wels, jeims monros prezidentobis (aSS-is me-5 prezidenti) dros gamocxadebuli doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac, evropul saxelmwifoebs erTmeodaT amerikis kolonizaciisa Tu amerikis kontinentebze arsebuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba. aSS-s ki, Tavis mxriv, unda daecva neitraliteti evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris an evropul saxelmwifoebsa da maT koloniebs Soris gamarTul omebSi, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca aseTi omi amerikaSi gaCaRdeboda – am SemTxvevas aSS Tavis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mtrul qmedebad ganixilavda. 1904 wels prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma (aSS-is 26-e prezidenti) am doqtrinaSi mniSvnelovani Sesworeba Seitana, romlis Sesabamisad, aSS iRebda uflebas, Careuliyo laTinuri amerikis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi da faqtobrivad, Tavis Tavze iRebda saerTaSoriso policiur uflebebs. am politikis gamomxatveli fraza iyo: „ilaparake Cumad, magram moimarjve didi keti“. am doqtrinam udidesi roli Seasrula globaluri politikuri urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi, radganac faqtobrivad laTinuri amerika aSS-s „ukana ezod“ gadaaqcia, sadac aSS-s SeeZlo daecva sakuTari interesebi da ar gaeTvaliswinebina arc adgilobrivi suverenuli saxelmwifoebisa da arc sxva wamyvani globaluri moTamaSeebis interesebi, gansakuTrebiT, civi omis periodSi. yvelaze kargad aseTi politikis efeqturoba gamovlinda panamis arxze kontrolis damyarebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebSi.

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regioni `didi oTxeuli~ pa­ rizis samSvidobo konferenciaze, 1919. mar­ cxnidan marjv­ niv: didi britaneTis premier-minist­ ri devid loid jorji, italiis premier-minist­ ri vitorio emanuel orlando, safrangeTis premier-ministri JorJ benJamen klemanso da aSSis prezidenti vudro uilsoni.

va karibis zRvis qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi arcTu iSviaTad am qveynebis mosaxleobas sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo omebisagan icavda. erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi realur politikaSi swored amerikis prezident vudro uilsonis wyalobiT damkvidrda 1919 wels parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze. rogorc pirvel, aseve meore msoflio omSi amerika demokratiuli faseulobebis mxares ibrZoda da igive iyo civi omis drosac. nu daviviwyebT, rom am periodSi swored amerika iyo is erTaderTi realu­ri Zala, romelmac komunizmis eqspansiisagan daicva samyaro. II msoflio omamde izolacionistur sagareo politikas amofarebuli amerika omis Semdeg msoflios yvelaze Zlier, gavlenian da mdidar saxelmwifod iqca da rogorc dasavluri civilizaciisa da `Tavisufali samyaros~ mTavari damcveli, sabWoTa eqspansias daupirispirda. amave dros, danis wverze siarulis miuxedavad, is, rom civi omi planetis gamanadgurebel cxel omSi ar gadaizarda, mniSvnelovanwilad swored amerikis damsaxurebaa.

II msoflio omis dros amerikis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi nacisturi germania da militaristuli iaponia iyvnen, magram omis Semdeg swored amerikam Seqmna am qveynebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis pirobebi, xeli Seuwyo maT demokratizacias da ekonomikur ganviTarebasac. Sesabamisad, rogorc germanuli, ise iaponuri ekonomikuri `saocrebac~ mniSvnelovanwilad amerikelTa damsaxurebacaa.

1947 wlis 12 marts hari trumenma (aSS-is 33-e prezidenti) kongress 400 milioni dolari sTxova saberZneTisa da TurqeTis dasaxmareblad, sadac arsebul mTavrobebs komunisturi safrTxe daemuqraT. amerikis es finansuri daxmareba imasac gulisxmobda, rom igi arc uSualod samxedro moqmedebaze ityoda uars. Tavis gamosvlaSi trumenma ganacxada: `mwams, rom amerikis politika mimarTuli unda iyos Tavisufali adamianebis dasaxmareblad, romelnic Tavs icaven SeiaraRebuli um-

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amerikis XX saukune

ciresobisa da gareSe Zalebis zewolisgan... Tu Cvens liderobas davTmobT am saqmeSi, safrTxeSi CavagdebT mSvidobas msoflioSi da Tanac safrTxeSi CavagdebT Cveni qveynis keTildReobasac~. samwuxarod, dResac, 21-e saukuneSic, sabWoTa kavSiris meore gamocema, putiniseuli rusuli imperializmis saxiT, kvlav agrZelebs msgavsi saxis moqmedebebs amjerad ukve yofili sabWoTa respublikebis winaaRmdeg da trumenis doqtrinis es sityvebi dResac aqtualuria da dResac axalgazrda demokratiebis mTavar imedad kvlav amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gvevlineba.

1947 wlis 5 ivniss harvardis universitetis kursdamTavrebulTa gamosaSveb ceremoniaze saxelmwifo mdivani jorj marSali omisgan dazaralebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri daxmarebis iniciativiT gamovida: `Cveni politika mimarTulia ara romelime qveynis an doqtrinis, aramed SimSilis, siRatakis da qaosis winaaRmdeg. misi daniSnulebaa gamoacocxlos ekonomika msoflioSi~. es winadadeba gulisxmobda sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT yvela evropuli qveynis daxmarebas. stalinma am proeqtSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da es Tavis satelitebsac aukrZala. sabo­ lood, e.w. `marSalis gegmis~ mixedviT, dasavleT evropis qveynebma sami wlis manZilze 12 miliard dolarze meti daxmareba miiRes. es daxmareba aseve gamoiyenes evropaSi ukiduresi gaWirvebis gamo mzardi memarc­ xene radikalizmis SeCerebisa da evropuli mosaxleobis saSualo fenis gaZlierebisaTvis. unda iTqvas, rom gegmam marTlac Zalze efeqtianad imuSava da dasavleTi evropa ara marto siRatakisa da komunizmisgan daicva, aramed udidesi biZgi misca mis ekonomikur ayvavebas 1950-ian wlebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg amerikam msgavsi xasiaTis daxmareba yofil sabWoTa respublikebsac aRmouCina, raTa maT

jorj marSali harvardSi gamosvlisas, 1947

79

regioni axali demokratiuli tipis saxelmwifoebi CamoeyalibebinaT da am aspeqtiT Cvenma samSoblomac metad mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri daxmareba miiRo da kvlavac iRebs.

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis – natos – Seqmna 1949 wels aseve trumenis administraciis wyalobiT moxda, Tumca nato evropuli saxelmwifoebis TxovniT Seiqmna da ara aSS-is iniciativiT. am organizaciis ZiriTad birTvs aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi warmoadgenda da swored misi wyalobiT moxerxda sabWoTa eqspansiis SeCereba evropaSi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg kacobrioba imedovnebda, rom natos arsebobis aucilebloba mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda, magram, samwuxarod, es ase ar moxda. aSS-is prezident trumens am organizacias seriozuli brZola sWirdeba saerTaSoriso terxelSi uWiravs natos xel­ orizmis winaaRmdeg warmoebul omebSi. ufro metic, ruseTidan Sekruleba, romelsac xeli moawera 1949 wlis 25 ivliss momdinare safrTxis gamo am organizaciaSi komunistebisagan ganTavisuflebuli aRmosavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo gawevrianda. rogorc viciT, saqarTveloc am mimarTulebiT midis, Tumca Cveni gza gacilebiT ufro rTuli da mZime aRmoCnda da am survilisTvis 2008 wels farTomasStabiani rusuli sam­xed­ro Tavdasxmis msxverpli Seiqmna. am omisgan dazaralebul da dasustebul saqarTvelos amerikam udidesi finansuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri daxmareba aRmouCina.

natos daarsebis oficialuri xelmoweris ceremonia 1949 wlis 4 aprili

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dRes rom samxreT korea msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ayvavebuli qveyanaa, absoluturad despoturi CrdiloeT koreisgan gansxvavebiT, esec amerikis damsaxurebaa. rogorc viciT, es qveyana dResac ori nawi­ lisgan Sedgeba da axlo momavalSi mis gaerTianebas piri ar uCans. ko-

amerikis XX saukune

reis omSi, romelic 1950-1953 wlebSi mimdinareobda da romelic komunisturma CrdiloeT koream daiwyo, ukanaskneli monacemiT, 33 615 amerikeli daiRupa da 92 aTasamde daiWra. Tavad omi ki 22 miliardi dolari dajda. amerikis prezidentma duait eizenhauerma dazavebisTanave Seasrula samxreT koreis mTavrobisadmi micemuli piroba da samxreTi koreis rekonstruqciisTvis kongress 200 milioni dolari mosTxova. msgavsi daxmareba SemdgomSic gagrZelda. amerikuli jaris mniSv­nelovani dajgufeba ki dResac am or qveyanas Soris arsebul sazRvarTan imyofeba da zurgs umagrebs samxreT koreis demokratias. dRes koreis ekonomika erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebulia msoflioSi da qveyanas cxovrebis donec Sesabami­ si aqvs, maSin, rodesac komunizmis idealebze Camoyalibebuli CrdiloeT korea msoflioSi yvelaze militaristuli da Rataki qveyanaa.

1983 wels ronald reiganis brZanebiT amerikis sazRvao qveiTebma karibis zRvis patara kunZulovani qveyana grenada gaaTavisufles prokomunisturi Zalebisa da maTi kubeli mokavSireebisgan da SeaCeres komunisturi gavlenis zrda regionSi. patara, magram Tavis navTobis uzarmazari resursebis gamo metad mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoa quveiTi, romelSiac 1990 wels erayeli diqtatoris sadam huseinis armia SeiWra. maSin swored amerikis prezident jorj buSis iniciativiTa da lide­ robiT da gaeros mxardaWeriT Seqmna amerikam Zlieri samxedro koalicia, romelSic arabuli qveynebic monawileobdnen. koaliciam operacia `udabnos qariSxlis~ meSveobiT TiTqmis pirwmindad gaanadgura agresoris armia da gaaTavisufla es patara qveyana.

Tumca, rasakvirvelia, yvelaze dramatuli movlena civi omis dasasruli iyo.

1989 wels, xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg, `solidarobis~ profkavSiris liderobiT poloneTSi Catarda pirveli damoukidebeli arCevnebi da poloneTi Tavisufali bazris ekonomikas daubrunda. dasustebuli sabWoTa kavSiris pasiurobis fonze es talRa gavrcelda ungreTze, Cexoslovakiasa da germaniis demokratiul respublikazec ki, rasac sabolood, 1989 wlis dekemberSi avadsaxsenebeli berlinis ked-

duait eizenhaueri koreaSi, koreis omis periodSi

81

regioni lis dangreva, xolo 1990 wels germaniis gaerTianebac mohyva. 1991 wels varSavis qveynebis paqti (ssrk-is mier Seqmnili samxedro bloki) daiSala da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs damoukidebeli ganviTarebis saSualeba miecaT. rac mTavaria, 1991 wlis dekemberSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala oficialurad da amave wlis 8 dekembers Seiqmna e.w. damoukidebel saxelm­wifoTa Tanamegobroba, romelSiac 21 dekembers sabolood gawevrianda yvela yofili sabWoTa respublika baltiispireTis respublikebisa da saqarTvelos garda. es epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movlenebi, Tavad sabWoTa sistemis fundamentur xarvezebTan erTad, mniSvnelovanwilad amerikis prezidentis ronald reiganis politikurma moRvaweobamac ganapiroba. reigani da misi gundi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom e.w. `daTbobis periodi~ sabWoTa kavSirma calmxrivad, Tavisi gaZlierebisa da eqspansiis varSavis qveynebis paqti – gasafarToeblad gamoiyena da garkveulwilad moatyua kidec 1985 wlis aprilSi sabWoTa kav­ dasavleTi. Sesabamisad, man gadawyveta Zireulad Seecvala Siris, bulgareTis, Cexoslovakiis, aRmosavleT germaniis, arsebuli viTareba da Tavad dasavluri samyaro gadaeyvaungreTis, poloneTisa da ruminena kontr­ Setevaze, romelic ara marto SeaCerebda sabWoTa Tis komunisturi da mSromelTa par­ tiebis generaluri mdivneeqspansias, aramed sabolood Zirs gamouTxrida am sistemas. bi Seikribnen varSavaSi da xeli es brZola reiganma sabWoTa kavSirze, sabWoTa sistemaze da moaweres dokuments, romelic saerTod komunistur ideologiaze ukompromiso ideologiagrZelebda 1955 wlis SeTanxmebas megobrobaze, TanamSromuri SeteviT daiwyo. swored reiganma uwoda sabWoTa kavSirs lobasa da erTmaneTis daxmare`borotebis imperia~ da moaxerxa misi istoriuli ganwirulobaze, ramac warmoqmna sabWoTa politikur-samxedro aliansi aRbis dasabuTeba.

safosto markaze gamosaxulia grenadis ruka da ronald reigani

mosavleT evropaSi.

`solidarnostis~ aqcia da lex valensa, 1989 weli

82

magram nebismieri mWevrmetyveleba konkretulma saqmem unda gaamag­ ros. es ki gamoixata amerikis samxedro Zlevamosilebis aRorZinebaSi, sabWoTa kavSirTan politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro dapirispirebis Zalze kargad momzadebuli programis SemuSavebasa da mis ganxorcielebaSi. am movlenebSi, saudis arabeTTan SeTanxmebiT amerikis mier inicirebuli navTobis fasebis dawevasTan erTad (am droisTvis ssrk-is mTavar savaluto Semosavals navTobis gayidva warmoadgenda), centraluri adgili strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativam (e.w. `varskvlavuri omebis~ idea) daikava, romelic reiganma 1983 wlis 23 marts gaaxmaura.

Sedegad, ekonomikurad, politikurad da ideologiurad dauZlurebuli ssr kavSiris lideri mixeil gorbaCovi zemoCamoTvlil daTmobebze wavida, rasac sabolood sabWoTa kavSiris daSlac ki mohyva.

1990-ian wlebSi yofil iugoslaviaSi uaresad sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo omis dasrulebaSic, romelsac asobiT aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seewira, swored aSS-is prezident bil klintonis administraciam iTamaSa gadamwyveti roli.

berlinis kedlis dangreva, 1989

ronald reigani sityviT gamodis brandenburgis karibWis win, 1989 wlis 9 noemberi, berlini

albaT mkiTxvels kanonzomieri kiTxva gauCndeba, Tu ram ganapiroba farTomasStabiani aqtiuroba mTel msoflioSi da Tu ratom xarjavs amerika sakuTari gadasaxadis

83

regioni gadamxdelTa uzarmazar Tanxebs axalgazrda demokratiebis mxardasaWerad da rig SemTxvevaSi amerikel jariskacTa sicocxlesac riskis qveS ayenebs? pasuxi TiTqosda martivia: vinaidan demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi gacilebiT ufro prognozirebadi arian sakuTar sagareo politikaSi da Sesabamisad, gaci­ lebiT ufro mSvidobis moyvarenic, rac saboloo jamSi amerikis usafrTxoebis interesebSia. garda amisa, iTvleba, rom Rataki saxelmwifoebi totalitarizmisa da agresiulobisTvis metad noyieri niadagia, rac ara marto moralur, aramed wminda politikur da usafrTxoebis aspeqtSi problemas warmoadgens SeerTebuli StatebisTvis.

1953 wels sainauguracio gamosvlaSi prezidentma eizenhauerma aRniSna, `Cven dakavSirebuli varT yvela Tavisufal adamianTan ara marto keTilSobiluri ideiT, aramed ubralo aucileblobiT‌ Tavisufal adamianTa erTianobis Sesaqmnelad, Cveni drois gamowvevebis dasaZlevad bedisweram Cven qveyanas daakisra Tavisufali samyaros lideroba... erTi eris gaRatakebac ki safrTxes warmoadgens yvela sxva xalxis keTildReobisaTvis~. aseve Tavis sainauguracio gamosvlaSi 1961 wels prezidenti jon kenedi pirdapir ambobda, rom amerika yovelmxriv daexmareboda planetis gaWirvebul adamianebs ara imitom, rom maT SeiZleba komunistebi daexmaron an amerikas maTi xmebi sWirdeba, aramed imitom, rom es ubralod swori qcevaa. vinaidan Tu Tavisufal sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia daexmaros mraval gaWirvebul adamians, is mdidar umciresobasac ver daicavs. amgavri sityvebi XX saukunis meore naxevris TiTqmis yvela amerikeli prezidentis saprogramo gamosvlaSi SeiZleba naxoT. saqme isaa, rom amerikis usafrTxoebisa da ayvavebis strategiuli interesebi da zemoCamoTvlili argumentebi sakmaod kargad emTxveva erTmaneTs.

duait eizenhaueri debs saprezidento fics:

84

XX saukunes, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri mniSvnelovani politikuri movlenis, ideologiebisa da mimdinareobebis saukune iyo, mainc yvelaze metad aSS-is arsebobam da politikam daasva daRi. gasuli saukune WeSmaritad amerikis saukune iyo. sainteresoa, moxdeba Tu ara igive XXI saukuneSi?!

jon kenedi sityviT gamosvlisas, 1961

85

mogonebebi

g en e ra tor i saCuqari pirveli samyarosgan es mogoneba ramdenadme gansxvavdeba Cvens JurnalSi Cveulebriv gamoqveynebuli statiebisgan, Tumca Tavad Cveni statiebic xom xSirad sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan rogorc SinaarsiT, ise stiliTa da maneriT. aq moTxrobili ambavi kargad gadmoscems me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul yofas da zogjer kuriozamde misul gaWirvebas. vfiqrobT, igi gansakuTrebiT daainteresebs Cvens mTavar mkiTxvels – skolis moswavleebs, romelTac am JurnalSi sxvadasxva rakursiT warvudgenT xolme Cveni qveynis uaxloes warsuls, istorias, politikas. miT ufro, rom mTxrobeli Tavad iyo skolis moswavle, roca es ambavi gadaxda...

ana mayaSvili

es ambavi didi xnis win moxda. imdenad didi xnis win, rom TiTqmis ukve daviwyebuli mqonda. nawilobriv swored amitomac gadavwyite, masze damewera. im dros moxda, roca asaki ar maZlevda saSualebas, saTanadod damefasebina faqtis keTilSobileba. moxda jer kidev maSin, roca saqarTvelo mesame samyarosac ar ekuTvnoda da arc saerTod msoflio rukas. da am frazaSi, sxvaTa Soris, imdenive pirdapiri mniSv­neloba devs, ramdenic metaforuli: saqarTvelos maSin danarCen realobasTan (sivrcesTan da drosTan) imaze naklebi hqonda saerTo, vidre, magaliTad, namdvil guls – gulis popularul gamosaxulebasTan. mokled, erTgvari transcendenturi teritoria iyo, romlis saxeli, saqarTvelo, misi macxovreblebisTvis imas niSnavda, rom, simbolurad mainc, es teritoria qveyana iyo, danarCeni samyarosTvis ki – arafers.

Tumca, davbrundeT rukaze. miwaze – ufro sworad (Torem mkiTxvelma SeiZleba am werilis avtoris asakTan dakavSirebiT mcdari daskvnebi gaakeTos). es periodi sinamdvileSi arc ise dramatulad didi xnis win

86

generatori

iyo da adgilobriv metyvelebaSi iseTive droSi gawelili da aradiferencirebuli saxeli daimkvidra, rogoric Tavad iyo Tavisi arsiT – 90-ianebi, xandaxan ki – `Sav­ bneli 90-ianebi~.

90-ianebi – sityva, romelic yvela im adgilobrivisTvis, vinc, vudi alenis naTqvamis perifrazs Tu movaxdenT, sul cota, gagarinis kosmosuri mogzaurobis mere da berlinis kedlis dacemamde daibada, uamravi socialur-kulturuli mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli. da metic – es periodi maTTvis STagonebis Tu ara, dRemde uSreti mxatvrul-romantikuli mogonebebis wyarodaa qceuli. erTgvari paradoqsia: 90-ianebSi, erTi mxriv, yofna-ar yofnis mTeli dramaturgia sakuTar Tavze gamovcadeT, meore mxriv ki – mas nostalgiis gareSe TiTqmis veravin igonebs da erTmaneTs im atributebis gaxsenebaSi vejibrebiT, rac im wlebs axlda Tan. iqneba es janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi mwvane navTqura, qalaqis centrSi Camwkrivebuli araamqveyniuri (igulisxme: araesTeturi) ferebis produqtebiT savse yviTeli jixu­rebi, civi zamTris uimedo puris rigebi, Cabnelebuli sadarbazoebi da virTxe­bis gniasi, denze (ufro sworad, udenobaze) pasuxismgebeli miTiuri me-9 bloki, orkasetiani magnitofoni (romlis marjvena, Camweri mxare gafuWebuli iyo da romelzec trialebda kasetaze Cawerili ramdenime dagvianebuli superhiti), Turquli warmoebis vadagasuli Sokoladi Luna, kariesis gaCenisaTvis zedgamoWrili saReWi rezini romantikuli saxeliTa da koncefciiT – love is... da sxva mravali, razec darwmunebuli var, am periodSi mcxovreb yvela adgilobrivs Tavisi mogoneba da istoria aqvs uxvad da riTac dRes erTmaneTs Tu vera, ganviTarebuli qveynis moqalaqeebs mainc gaaoceben (ise, xandaxan Tavadac ver vijerebT, es yvelaferi rom marTla gamoviareT).

87

mogonebebi

swored es – saocari konrtasti ganviTarebul samyarosTan – aris erT-erTi xazi, rac 90-ianebs gansakuTrebul fenomenad aqcevs. Tu Cven eleqtroenergiagaTiSul saxlebSi navTis suniT ayrolebul lampaze viTbobdiT gayinul xelebs, dasavleTSi Tanamedrove eleqtronuli musikis yvelaze gavlenian figuras, britanel musikoss, Aphex Twin-s ukve gamoSvebuli hqonda Tavisi pirveli teqnoalbomi, xolo kidev erTi ganTqmuli britanuli musikaluri jgufi, Depeche Mode ukve erT-erTi pirveli iyo, visac internetiT, AOL-ze, TayvanismcemlebTan kiTxva-pasuxis tipis urTierToba gaemarTa. Tu Cven CamoRvenTili sanTlisgan gayinuli TiTebiT uformo figurebs vZerwavdiT, Cveni dasavleli Tanatolebi videoTamaSebiT iqcevdnen Tavs, romelic im dros sul ufro da ufro ikidebda fexs ganviTarebul samyaroSi. roca ukve 2003 wels CNN-ma erayidan pirdapiri telereportaJebi daiwyo, mamaCemi albaT swori iyo, rom Tqva – amiT qarTvelebs ver gaakvirvebo: Tbilisis omis dros anZis gaTiSvamde Cveni televizia iseT kadrebs aCvenebda mTavrobis sasaxlis mimdebare teritoriebidan, rom holivudis nebismieri horori, PlayStation-is TamaSad mogeCvenebodao. maSindeli televizori daaxloebiT Svid arxs iTvlida, romelic yvelaze kargi sayurebeli maSin iyo, roca deni gqonda da drois romelime monakveTSi romelime arxi musikalur arxs, Super Channel-s rTavda an rusi mamakacis saintereso temb­ riT gaxmovanebul filmebs uCvenebdnen, romlebzec wuTSi erTxel inglisurad iwereboda, rom filmis yureba akrZalulia da videofiris mflobeli, gamSvebi da mayurebeli sastikad daisjeba, Tanac kanoniT. yvelaze cudi ki is iyo, rom am

88

generatori

filmebis yurebisas, xSirad yvelaze dramatul momentSi (roca unda gairkves, aris Tu ara mTavari gmiri bavSvi-gmiris namdvili mama, vin damarcxdeba TviTmfrinavis frTa­ze an rkina-jaWvebiT savse samrewvelo qarxanaSi sabediswero orTabrZolaSi, gadaarCens, Tu ara matareblis aTas xuTas mgzavrs erTi axovani mamakaci, Seewireba Tu ara Savkaniani policieli misi samSoblos keTili prezidentis sicocxles da a.S.), deni qreboda. Tumca, am cudsac hqonda Tavisi kargi: swored maSin moifiqra mamaCemma Suaze Sewyvetili filmebisTvis dasasrulebis mogonebis idea, rasac lampis Suqze gviyveboda xolme da Cvenc dausruleblobis gancdas mSvenivrad vikmayofilebdiT. deni rom qreboda, gare samyarosTan kontaqtis damamyarebeli saSualeba radio iyo. Tumca imas, rac FM-talRebze xdeboda, gare samyarosTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda. eTerSi briyvi dijei ijda, romelic yvelafers akeTebda musikis gaSvebis garda. dijei ZiriTadad, biWi iyo, mas gogonebi urekavdnen da adgili hqonda ormxriv mWevrmetyvelebas siyvarulis, megobrobis, seqsis irgvliv. es Ramis saaTebSi da gansakuTrebiT `radio 105~-ze xdeboda, romelmac waruSleli roli iTamaSa qarTul FM sivrceSi Tavis WkuiT hovardsternuli siaxleebiTa da Tamami, Tavisufali TanamSromlebiT. `105~-s yvelaze metad radio `evrika~ hgavda, oRond iq naklebi iumori iyo da meti sentimentebi. maSindeli `radio 106~ (romelic aseve erT-erTi upirvelesTagani iyo) ufro inteleqtual msmenelze iyo momarTuli imi­tom, rom uSvebdnen jazs. radio `mwvane talRa~ roks gadmoscemda, romlis msme­ nelebi frenk zapas frenk zapanis eZaxdnen (Tumca Led Zeppelin-is gamoTqmasTan da-

89

mogonebebi kavSirebiT problemebi ar hqondaT). yvela radiotalRas Tavisi msmeneli hyavda da am msmenelebs – rCeuli dijeebi. maSin, maxsovs, erTi simRera iyo modaSi bambisTvala joze, saxelad Cotton-eye Joe, romelsac zogi dijei Cowboy Joe-s eZaxda da zogi – Common Dry Joe-s... radio da telefoni (romliTac ucnobi adamianebi erTmaneTs icnobdnen da uam­ ravs laparakobdnen) seriozuli sazrdo iyo maSindeli tineijerisTvis. man jer araferi icoda yovlisSemZle internetis Sesaxeb, romelic radios da telefonis Canacvlebas SeZlebda aTasgvari `CaTis~ da socialuri qselis wyalobiT. kompiuterebi maSin Zalian cota iyo; vTqvaT, erT did redaqciaSi daaxloebiT sami idga. internetTan urTierToba mSoblebis samsaxurebSi SeiZleboda, oRond mSoblebSi Tu gagimarTlebda – maSin. es ukve mere, nel-nela gaixsna qalaqSi internetkafeebi, romlebSic araferi iyo iseTi, rac iq kafes arsebobaze miganiSnebdaT. am kafeebis momxmareblebi umetesad Counter-Strike-is moTamaSeebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT, roca internetsac gavugeT gemo, eleqtronuli fostebic gavikeTeT da erTmaneTs vugzav­ nidiT werilebs da imaT, vinc aRniSnul kriziss ver gauZlo, samSoblo miatova da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxes Seafara Tavi. emigraciaSi wasulebs, savaraudod, sxva tipis problemebi gauCndaT, maT Soris e.w. pirveli samyaros problemebic. Cven mowyenilobis dro ar gvqonda. mowyeniloba am TvalsazrisiT fufunebaa da pirveli samyaros problema. roca ar aris dakmayofilebuli pirveladi moTxovnilebebi, rogoric, magaliTad, SimSili da si-

90

generatori

cocxlis usafrTxoebaa (arasdros iyavi darwmunebuli, rom puris sayidlad gasuli mSobeli saxlSi cocxali dabrundeboda), piradi egzistencialuri Civilebis dro ar gaqvs da cxovreba brZolas emsgavseba gadarCenisaTvis. es raRac uprece­ dento gamocdileba iyo: samoqalaqo omis fonze uSuqobaSi, uwylobaSi, ugazobaSi, mokled, srul energetikul krizisSi adamianebi sicocxlis gagrZelebas cdilobdnen. es iyo kulinariuli, teqnologiuri, farmakologiuri, sameurneo eqsperimentebis daujerebeli periodi. qalebis gamomgoneblobam navTqurebze da minimaluri produqtebiT namcxvrebis gamocxobasa da saWmelebis mzadebaSi umaRles mwvervalebs miaRwia; kacebma naxevrad xelnakeTi generatorebiT minimaluri eleqtroenergiis mopoveba SeZles; im dros moWarbebulma wamaldamokidebulma adamianebma yvelaze iaffasiani qimiuri nivTierebebiT (mag.: navTiT) iswavles narkotikebis damzadeba; Cven, magaliTad, qalaqis centrSi, sacxovrebeli saxlis meSvide sarTulze, aivanze, jer mwvanilis baRi movaSeneT, mere kidev ori qaTami moviyvaneT, romelTac me da Cemma deidaSvilma, 5-7 wlis bavSvebma, tazepami da diazepami davarqviT. am kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, am wlebis romantizireba nakleb paradoqsuladac SeiZleba mogeCvenoT. asea Tu ise, swored am dros Seiqmna Tanamedrove qarTuli proza, pirveli qarTuli bestseleri (romelic, sxvaTa Soris, dRemdec bestseleria) – aka morCilaZe Tavisi wignebiT `gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ an `agvistos paseansi~ – realisturi proza, radgan maSin metaforuloba ar iyo saWiro an, jon lenonis Tqmis ar iyos, realoba warmosaxvisTvis sakmaris sazrdos iZleoda. maSin gamodioda yvelaze kargi gazeTi – `7 dRe~. musikaluradac gacilebiT saintereso da gulrwfeli iyo yvelaferi. marTalia, germaniaSi, magram swored 1993 wels Cawera irakli Carkvianma yvelaze kargi Tanamedrove qarTuli musikaluri albomi – Svan Songs. maSin akeTebda lado burduli yvelaze karg saRamoebs `fabrikaSi~, rac endi uorholis Factory-s erT­gvari dagvianebuli (an gnebavT, CamorCenili) qarTuli versia iyo da alternatiuli kulturis mo­ yva­ rulebisTvis samoTxis patara naglejs hgavda sxvamxriv jojoxeTur yofaSi. zogadad, maSin xelovnebasTan Tu TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela mcdeloba (maT Soris, Tanamedrove artistebis gamofenebi an Tundac imdroin-

91

mogonebebi

deli `feSen viki~, saxelad `alternatiuli modis asamblea~) gacilebiT gulwrfeli da faseulic iyo, vidre dRes aris. erTi mxriv, es – xelovnebis gaaqtiureba – SeiZleba TviTgadarCenis forma iyo (Tu mxatvrulad an cota iumoriT ar miudgebodi am periods, albaT verc gadarCebodi), Tumca, meore mxriv, rac albaT ufro sarwmunoa, es daSlili sabWoTa kavSiris Sedegi iyo: axladmopovebuli Tavisuflebis gauazrebeli gancda da enTuziazmi momavlis winaSe. damxobilma ideologiam albaT didi sicarielec gaaCina. warsuls da momavals Soris viyaviT gamokidebulebi. awmyo ki imdenad qaoturi, bundovani da SemaSinebeli iyo, rom masze fiqrs, albaT jobda ubralod imedianad yofiliyavi. am yvelafris gancdis saSualebas ki yvelaze metad urbanuli landSaftebi iZleoda: dazianebuli stalinis Zegli, Senobebis nangrevebi, alag-alag SemorCenili sabWoTa maRaziebis gverdiT Cadgmuli vardisferi Turquli produqciiT savse yviTeli jixurebi, socialuri warsulisa da naomari cvlilebebis Sedegad gaCenili asoebmoklebuli abrebi: ,,Xoto saXoXi”, ,,univeXmaRi” da aTasi sevdiani sanaxaoba... amitom, albaT araa gasakviri, rom es wlebi dRemde gaazrebas iTxovs da STagonebad rCeba, rogorc rigiTi TviTmxilvelebisTvis, ise, magaliTad, qarTuli kinosTvis. aSkaraa, rom unikaluri gamocdileba iyo. udaod unikaluri, radgan sxva Tu araferi, normaluri yofis parodias warmoadgenda, absurdTan momijnaves. es iyo politikis parodia, ganaTlebis, ekonomikis, biznesis parodia... ase, magaliTad, rogorc dRes intertentSi, vTqvaT, horoskopebis vebgverdze Sesuls, gixteba aTasi suleluri sareklamo bmuli urTierTobebTan, mkiTxaobasTan da sxva msgavs paranormalur sibriyvesTan dakavSirebiT (radgan gverdis mesveurebma ician, rom Tu horoskopebis SemowmebiT xar dakavebuli, e.i. cxovrebis am etapze sasowarkveTili xar da raRac gaukontroleblis gakontrolebas cdilob yovlisSemZle netSi), msgavsadve iyo Tbilisis quCebSic: yoveli afTiaqis gverdiT dainaxavdi fanjaras, abriT `lombardi~. es biznesgaTvla wamaldamokidebulebis cxovrebis gamartivebas, sxva sityvebiT – maT waxalisebas emsaxureboda.

92

generatori

axali weli da zogadad, dResaswaulebic dResaswaulebis parodia iyo. im dros axali wlis moaxloebis pirveli niSans romelime `sakomisio” maRaziis daorTqlil vitrinaze sagangebod dakruli samedicino bamba warmoadgenda. bamba patar-patara qulebad iyo momrgvalebuli da miwebebuli minaze. bamba fifqs aRniSnavda da imas, rom Cveni qalaqic uerTdeboda sadResaswaulo sezons. mec mixaroda da guls da kuWs Soris raRac sasiamovno Jruantels vgrZnobdi, iseTs, rogoric bavSvebma unda igrZnon dResaswaulis molodinSi. cxadia, mixaroda isic, Tu eleqtroenergiagaTiSuli saxlis fanjrebidan namdvil fifqebsac davinaxvdi. mixaroda, roca quCaSi gasrolili avtomatebis xma saaxalwlo SuSxunebis xma megona. sxvaTa Soris, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, 90-ianebi Cems mogonebaSi swored zamT­ rad rom daileqa. zamTrad da sibneled. am wlebs rom vixseneb, zafxuli TiTqmis arasdros maxsendeba, maSinve sicive da sibnele midgeba Tvalwin; raRac iseTive uferuli da sevdiani, rogorc imdroindeli qarTuli droSa. da kidev – saqarTvelo hgavda romelime adgilobriv telearxze uxarisxo mauwyeblobiT gadmocemul ulicenziod mopovebul films, romelsac arasdros aravin uyurebs. bunebrivia, aseT yofaSi yvelafers, rasac msoflios civilur nawilTan hqonda kavSiri, gansakuTrebuli xelgaSlilobiT da cnobismoyvareobiT viRebdiT. am kavSirs ki, ZiriTadad, TiTo-orola NGO-s saxiT (an mis gareSe) warmodgenili dasavleTevropeli uzrunvelyofda, romelTac Tan CamohqondaT odnav Wkuis damrigebluri ganwyoba, informacia sakuTari kulturis Sesaxeb, mariliani Txi-

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mogonebebi li, Sokoladi, Jurnal-gazeTebi, cotac – faseulobebi da cotac – fuli. Cven ki mcired komforts gviqmnidnen TavianTi aq yofniT, rac albaT ufro imis iluzia iyo, rom Cveni qveyana dasavleTisTvis sainteresoa; arada, dasavleTis misioneruli organizaciebi im periodSi ufro afrikeli bavSvebisTvis qvelmoqmedebasa da im regionSi mSvidobis damyarebiT akeTebdnen fuls, romelsac adre iugoslavia erqva. aq Camosulebi komforts im informaciiTac gviqmnidnen, romelsac gviziarebdnen da romelsac enTuziazmiT, Zlieri, Tumca SeniRbuli cnobismoyvareobiT, vismendiT. Cems SemTxvevaSi civilizaciasTan kavSiri erTi detaliT iyo gamartivebuli – deidaCemi did britaneTSi cxovrobda. misi damsaxurebiT skolaSi yvelaze kargi sakancelario nivTebi me mqonda; mqonda ilustrirebuli zRaprebi, sabavSvo biblia; SemeZlo, guli mejerebina Jurnal Marie Claire-is TvalierebiT da gansakuTrebiT iq im kabebis yurebiT davmtkbariyavi, romelic `qarwaRebulSi~ vivien lis personaJs – skarlet o’haras acvia (ufro ki is mwvane kaba momwonda, romelsac ukve gaRatakebul skarlets Savkaniani ZiZa fardisgan ukeravs); meTvalierebina princi Carlzisa da ledi daianas qorwilisTvis sagangebod miZRvnili priala gamocema; dabadebis dReebze SeZlebisdagvarad mimeRo Wrela-Wrula Ria baraTebi; mqonoda kevi Wrigley’s da Tan Love is…-sa da sxva moculobiT, daSaqrul kevebs daCveuli Tanatolebis­Tvis amexsna, rom am kevis gemo SeiZleba emwaroT da radgan brtyeli da grZelia, ar aris aucilebeli, xelSi daamrgvalo da ise daReWo... mokled, garkveuli upiratesobebi mqonda. magram mTavari upiratesoba is iyo, rom SemeZlo, ukve Camongreuli rkinis fardis miRma, realur qveyanaSi, Tanac msoflioSi erT-erT saukeTeso qveyanaSi – did britaneTSi realurad memogzaura. amaze didi saCuqari berlinis kedlis dangrevamde oTxi wliT adre dabadebuli bavSvisTvis, cxadia, arc `barbi~ iyo da arc `koka-kola~, radgan iqauroba am yvelafers isedac aerTianebda: `barbisac~, `koka-kolasac~, maRaziebs, saTamaSoebs, zooparkebs, parkebs, atraqcionebs, televizors uamravi multfilmiT, Cifsebs, kamfetebs, dilis xratunebs, gaRimebul adamianebs ZaRlebiT da, mokled, aTasgvar kapitalistur sikeTes, romelic, yvelaferTan erTad, ise harmoniulad erwymoda maradmwvane bunebriv garemosa da istoriul, STambeWdav arqiteqturas, rom jamSi yvelaferi erTi yvelaze sasiamovno, eniTauwereli da mravlismomcveli sunis saxiT

94

generatori

unda daleqiliyo 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelodan wasuli bavSvis tvinSi. sxva­Ta Soris, swored britaneTSi yofnisas mqonda Cems qveyanasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi pirveli imedgacrueba: iq saqarvelos Sesaxeb TiTqmis aravis araferi hqonda gagonili an Tu rame icoda aseTi geografiuli warmonaqmnis Sesaxeb, darwmunebuli iyo, rom Cveni ena rusuli unda yofiliyo. ase iyo Tu ise, is ambavi, sul zemoT rom vaxsene, did britaneTSi moxda, ufro zustad am kunZulebis CrdiloeT mxareSi – dasavleT SotlandiaSi, atlantikis okeanis yureSi moqceuli patara turistuli qalaqidan 10 wuTis savalze, Sua saukuneebis cixe-simagreebiT, cxvrebiT mofenili mTebiT, tbebiTa da okeaniT garSemortymul patara sofelSi... 1993 wlis zafxuls. am sofels danbegi hqvia. deidaCemi iq, atlantikis piras mdebare sazRvao laboratoriaSi muSaobda da ojaxTan erTad iqve cxovrobda. hoda, bebiasTan erTad me da Cemi deidaSvili zafxulis gasatareblad sami TviT CavediT. me rva wlis viyavi, Cemi deidaSvili – cxris. dro bevri gvqonda, adgili ki iseTi lamazi da usafrTxo iyo, rom kapitalisturi sikeTeebi roca mogvwyindeboda, vseirnobdiT da vseirnobdiT martoebi. ase gavicaniT aleqsi da fimi – xanSiSesuli uSvilo col-qmari, romelTa movlil, mwvane, yvavilebian ezos imdenjer avuar-CavuareT (sofeli Zalian patara iyo), rom erTxelac saxlSi SegvipatiJes. aleqsi meore msoflio omis veterani aRmoCnda da kedelze samxedro formaSi gamowyobili misi portretebi ekidaT, kidev naTesavebis qorwilebis fotoebi hqondaT bevri da ori patara Savi ZaRli hyavdaT – joki da jasperi. orcxobilebiT da rZiani CaiT gagvimaspinZldnen. detalebi ar maxsovs, magram maxsovs, rom orive mxare nasiamovnebi davrCiT. imdenad, rom sul ufro xSirad vstumrobdiT. mere bebiac mivuyvaneT stumrad. savaraudod, wyvili, uneburad, im dasavlel adamianTa siaSi aRmoCnda, romlebic gaocebas ver malavdnen qarTuli 90-ianebis gamo da interesiTac gvismendnen.

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mogonebebi bevri rame zustad ar maxsovs. rac Semdeg vici, ukve erT patara statiaSi wavikiTxe, romelsac inglisur enaze ase hqvia: `danbegis soflis macxovreblebi saqarT­velos exmarebian~ da romelic SotlandiaSi, adgilobriv gazeTSi, 1994 wlis ianvars aris dabeWdili. am statiaSi weria, rom 1993 wlis zafxuls danbegis macxovreblebs, aleqs kameronsa da mis col fimis saqarTvelodan Casuli ori gogona – ana da qeTevani da maTi bebia gaucniaT. sasiamovno, Wkviani da kargad aRzr­dili gogonebi iyvnen da SotlandiiT gulwrfelad moxiblulebio. kameronebi qarTvelebs daumegobrdnen da mere, roca es ukanasknelebi samSobloSi wavidnen, ukve mimowerac daiwyeso. dekemberSi aleqsi gogonebis bebiis werilma Zalian daasevdianao. ar vici, aseTi ra miswera bebiaCemma; ara mgonia, is eTqva, rom me da Cem deidaSvils skolaSi sicivisgan fexis da xelis TiTebi mogveyina da Sedegad, meore xarisxis damwv­roba miviReT an is, rom wyali roca ar gvqonda xolme, quCidan Tovli amogvqonda da vadnobdiT, tualetis Casarecxad mainc rom gamogveyenebina. magram faqtia, rom qarTuli zamTaris erTma-orma realisturma aRweram aleqsi imdenad daasevdiana, rom Cveni yovelgvari molodinis gareSe qvelmoqmedeba gadawyvita. werilis miRebis Semdeg aleqsma is danbegis erTaderT saSualo skolaSi waiRo (sadac Cveni iq mcxovrebi deidaSvilic swavlobda) da me da Cemi (aq mcxovrebi) deidaSvilis fotoebTan erTad kedelze gaakra, rom iqauri bavSvebisTvis `gaecnobierebina, ramdenad kargad iyvnen isini Sobas, vidre zogi sxva bavSvi~. mere skolis mowafeebTan da maswavleblebTan erTad qvelmoqmedebis gegmis dasaxvas Seudga da adgilobrivi parlamentaric Seawuxa. mTavari, ris mopovebasac cdilobda, genera­ tori iyo, radgan am mowyobilobas, misi TqmiT, `siTbos da sinaTlis~ uzrunvelyo­ fa SeeZlo. da marTlac, sakmaod male aleqsis Canafiqridan deidaCemma (romelic aseve Cabmuli iyo am ambebSi) Sotlandiidan gvamcno, rom Sotlandiuri soflidan saqarTveloSi wamosuli daxmareba – generatori, tansacmeli, sakancelario nivTebi, wignebi, saTamaSoebi – traileriT moemarTeboda. magram, `simpsonebis~ babua simpsonis Tqmis ar iyos, rogorc yvela namdvil ambavs, arc am ambavs aqvs kargi dasasruli. saqme is iyo, rom traileris Camosvlis punqtad oficialurad romelime arsebuli dawesebuleba unda gagveformebina. aseTad ki Cvenebma Cemi deidaSvilis skola SearCies, Tan gadawyvites, rom generators da sakancelario nivTebs am skolas dautovebdnen, danarCens ki (tansacmels, saTamaSoebs) yru-munj bavSvTa saxls gadascemdnen. mec da Cemi deidaSvilic, oriveni, qalaqis centrSi – vakeSi (me) da veraze (Cemi deidaSvili) – mdebare iseT skolebSi vswav­lobdiT, sadac im drois `Tavmoyvare~ mSoblebs dahyavdaT Svilebi. Cemi deidaSvilis skola ki, sadac qvelmoqmedebas elodnen, kidev ufro gansakuTrebulad burJuaziuli skola iyo da gaugebari Rirsebebis safuZvelze qalaqSi popularuli

96

direqtori hyavda, romelic zogadad, albaT, yvelaze naklebad saWiroebda maSin qvelmoqmedebas. da ai, ra moxda: traileris Casvlis Sesaxeb im skolis direqtorma araferi Segva­ tyobina, gaxsna yvela yuTi da fuTa da rac moewona, yvelaferi saxlSi waiRo ise, rom bavSvTa saxlSi wasaRebi, praqtikulad, aRaraferi datova. metic – Sotlandi­ idan deidaCemma dedamisisTvis am trailerSi Cado yuTi da zed specialurad misi saxeli daawera. esec ki gaxsnili dagxvda. generators rac Seexeba, raRac periodi idga skolaSi, Tumca misiT gamTbari bavSvebi da ganaTebuli saklaso oTaxebi didad aravis axsovs. mokled, Sotlandiis pawawina soflidan keTilSobili moqalaqeebis mier gamogzavnili daxmareba saqarTvelos dedaqalaq TbilisSi ver daafases. arada, qvelmoq­ medeba yovelgvari paTetikis gareSe, gulwrfelad iyo gakeTebuli iseTi adamianebis mier, romlebic dasavlur samyaros aqceven imad, rac aris da rac gvizidavs masSi. albaT yvelafers damsaxureba unda. aleqsi da fimi dResac kargad grZnoben Tavs. erTaderTi ZaRlebi aRar hyavT cocxlebi. da axla, am ambebidan 21 wlis Semdeg, roca saqarTvelo msoflio rukasac SeurTda, roca kapitalisturi sikeTeebi naklebad gvakvirvebs da roca samyarosaviT didma qselma – internetma – geografiuli sazRvrebi imdenad Seasusta, rom Cvenc dagvewyo pirveli samyaros problemebi (rogoricaa, Tundac, `iPhone-i mijdeba, jandaba, damteni iqiT oTaxSia!”), vcdilob aleqsi da fimi ar daviviwyo da danbegSi Casvlis dros movikiTxo xolme. ver vityvi, rom samagaliTo var. magram imedi maqvs, arasdros damaviwydeba, rom 90-ianebSi maT Cveni gaTboba da ganaTeba undodaT.

97

kultura

ucnobi kaxeTi – sofeli qvemo maCxaani

kaxa ximSiaSvili kaxeTi erT-erTi im kuTxeTagania, romelsac ar aklia stumari. adgilobrivi Tu ucxoeli turistebi mravlad Cadian Rvinis turebiTa Tu kaxeTSi uxvad mimobneuli Zeg­lebis sanaxavad. maTi umravlesoba kargad cnobil Zeg­ lebs stumrobs, iqneba es alaverdi, SuamTa, nekresi, lopota, Telavi Tu winandali. magram kaxeTSi aris naklebad cnobili da, Sesabamisad, naklebad turistuli adgilebi Tu soflebi, romlebic namdvilad imsaxureben farTo sazogadoebis interess, iq Casvlas da daTvalierebas. erT-erTi aseTi naklebad cnobili adgili sofeli qvemo maCxaania, romelic siRnaRis raionSia da kargi, gamarTuli gza akavSirebs wnorTanac da siRnaRTanac. basiko nadiraSvilis saxlis lojia

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qvemo maCxaani XIX saukunis bolos qiziyis savaWro centrad Camoyalibda. aq imarTeboda bazroba da qiziyis

ucnobi kaxeTi - sofeli qvemo maCxaani

soflebidan swored maCxaanSi Cadiodnen savaWrod. ase grZeldeboda XX saukunis TiTqmis Sua xanebamde, sanam maCxaanis bazars kaxeTSi cnobili bodbisxevis bazari ar Caenacvla.

XIX saukuneSi qvemo maCxaanis win wamowevasa da gaZlierebaSi didi roli iTamaSes am soflis mkvidrma Zmebma dimitri da basiko nadiraSvilebma. dimitri nadiraSvilma Tavisi soflis saxeli fsevdonimadac ki aiRo da maCxanelad daewera. Zmebi, gansakuTrebiT dimitri, saTaveSi Caudgnen axal wamowyebebs, Seqmnes amxanagoba da daaarses e. w. saxalxo depo – dRevandeli terminologiiT, albaT, „savaWro centri“; garda amisa, qvemo maCxaanSi XIX saukunis bolos daarsda skola, saavadmyofo da, rac yvelaze saocaria, Teatri. qvemo maCxaanis ambebs sistematurad aSuqebda gazeTi „iveria“. mogvyavs erTi amonaridi, romelic „depos“ muSaobas eZRvneba da saidanac kargad Cans, Tu ra rTul da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mtrul garemoSic ki uxdebodaT muSaoba amxanagobaSi CarTul maCxaane­ lebs, sadamde midioda konkurentebis survili, rom xalxi ar misuliyo „depoSi“ savaWrod. gazeTi „iveria“1896 wlis N5: `axal daarsebuls saxalxo depos vaWroba da sawevro fuli dRiTi dRe emateba. gamgeobam saukeTeso adgili iyida am dReebSi da didis Senobis dadgmas apirebs am zafxuls, radgan xSi­rad

ganjina basiko nadiraSvilis saxlSi

basiko nadiraSvilis saxli

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kultura duqani moWrili aivniTa da amoSenebuli kariT

ise iWedeba depo msyidvelebiT, rom nemsi ar Cavardeba. iyideba guTnebi imave fasad, ra fasadac tfilisSi isyideba TiToobiT. msyidvels aTi maneTi ukan rCeba, gzis xarji da mocdena rom ar viangariSoT. wurbela vaWar-CarCebi aTasnair sicrues avrceleben qiziyis soflebSi depos Sesaxeb: `depoSi iafad imitom isyideba yvela, rom baqos xolerianobaSi gadarCenili saqonelia da dadgeba Tu ara zafxuli, yvela msyidvels qolera amoJletso. depoSi imitoma sweraven raRaca wiTel-yviTels qaRaldiT (Ceks), rom mTavrobas warudginon – naxeT ramodenasa vaWrobs glexis xalxi da foStis fuli mogematebaTo. iafad imitom gaZleven, rom zomebi da sawyobebi patarebi aqvTo, gana marTla depom daaiafa? ruseTSiac daiafda saqonelio“ – vin mosTvlis, kidev ra sicrue-Worebs ar avrceleben xalxis mZarcvel mglejavni, magram xalxs mainc ver ajereben… xalxis umravlesoba locva-kurTxeviT ixseniebs `samadlo depos~ damaarseblebs~.

soflis skolis Senoba

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qvemo maCxaanSi SemorCenilia rogorc XIX saukunis soflis geg­ mareba, aseve uamravi Senoba, agebuli XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. am nagebobaTa didi nawili gadarCenilia, zogi – ukeTesad, zogic – uaresad, maT Soris – skola, saavadmyofo, Teatri da mravali duqani. Tavad „depo“ ki imdenadaa gadakeTebuli sabWoTa periodSi, rom Tavdapirveli nagebobidan bevri araferia darCenili. samwuxarod, skolac, romelSic sabWoTa periodSi teqnikumi iyo ganTavsebuli, savalalo dReSia.

duqani moWrili aivniT

adgilobrivTa gadmocemiT, qvemo maCxaanSi as ocamde duqani yofila. yvela met-naklebad standartuli gegmarebisa iyo: pirvel sarTulze duqani an saxelosno, romelic didi RiobebiT ixsneboda quCisken, xolo meore sarTulze – sacxovrebli. meore sarTulidan quCisken aivnebi iyo gadmokidebuli. aseTi nagebobebi sakmaod bevria gadarCenili maCxaanSi, Tumca Tavdapirveli funqcia duqnisa an saxelosnosi arc erTs aRar aqvs da yvela sacxovrebladaa gadakeTebuli. es yovelive sabWoTa periodSi moxda, roca mTavrobam duqnebi daxura da vaWroba akrZala. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom, radgan qvemo maCxaani mZlavri da SedarebiT mdidari sofeli iyo, sabWoTa periodSi mravali maCxaaneli Seewira represiebs. rogorc adgilob­

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kultura

duqani SemorCenili aivniT

duqani moWrili aivniT

rivebi amboben, sxva soflebTan SedarebiT, maCxaanSi ufro didi gaqaneba miiRo represiebma. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zvel duqanTa meore sarTulebidan mTavari quCisken xis aivnebi iyo gadmokidebuli da Zalian gulsatkenia, rom sabWoTa periodSi am aivanTa umravlesoba moWres da dResdReobiT gvxvdeba saxlebi, romlebSic fasadis meore sarTulze mxolod karia SemorCenili.

Teatris parteris skami Teatris Senoba

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ucnobi kaxeTi - sofeli qvemo maCxaani

basiko nadiraSvilis marnis kari

basiko nadiraSvilis marnis TaxCebi

yvelaze kargad qvemo maCxaanSi Teatri gadarCa. Teatris mSenebloba daiwyo 1891 an 1892 wels da damTavrda 1899 wels. igi aigo mTlianad SemowirulobebiT, romelic gaiRo qiziyis sazogadoebam. soflis Teatris kvalobaze sakmaod tevadia, orasadgiliani parteriTa da iarusiT, scenis marjvniv da marcxniv ki loJebia. aRsaniS­ navia, rom parteris skamebi avTenturia iseve, rogorc sasceno meqanizmis gadarCenili nawilic. maCxaanelebis TqmiT, Teatrs moZravi scenac hqonia, romelic, maTi gadmocemiT, dauSliaT da marjaniSvilis TeatrSi wauRiaT. maCxaanis Teatri iseve, rogorc saxalxo depo, xSi­rad xvdeboda gazeT „iveri-

saxli maCxaanis uban fanianSi, Sesasvleli

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kultura

saxli fanianSi

Teatris sasceno meqanizmis nawili

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is“ gverdebze. ai, ras werda „iveria“ 1899 wels (nomeri 162): `1899 wlis ivliss warmoadgines qvemo maCxaanis Teatris axal SenobaSi `xanuma“, a. cagarelisa da adgilobrivi scenis moyvareTa daxmarebiT. warmodgenas qiziyis rCeuli sazogadoeba da didZali xalxi daeswro (Raribni ufasod). warmodgenidan Semovida oc Tumnamdis, romelmac unda gaistumros TeatrisTvis axlad agebuli Senobis vali. maCxa­anis inteligencia

ucnobi kaxeTi - sofeli qvemo maCxaani

apirebs moaTavsos wignT-sacavi da samkiTxvelo axlad aSenebul Teatris darbazSi, sadac kvira uqme dReebSi waukiTxaven xalxs xalxuri eniT daweril leqciebs, zneobrivs, sasoflo-meurneobisas da samkurnalos“. amrigad, qvemo maCxaanSi dainteresebuli damTvarielebeli SeiZleba gaecnos kaxeTis, kidev ufro zustad qiziyis, gamorCeul sofels, romelSic saswauleb­ rivad gadarCa XIX saukunis gegmarebiTi qsovili, mravali nageboba, maT Soris ise­Ti gamorCeuli, rogorciaa mTel aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erT-erTi pirveli Teatri. sasixaruloa, rom qvemo maCxaanis Seswavlasa da popularizacias Cvens droSic gamouCndnen qomagebi, kerZod organizaciebi „kulturuli memkvidreobis arasamTavrobo monitoringi“ da „samoqalaqo iniciativa“. maTi mcdelobiT 2014 wels qvemo maCxaanis Teatrsa da erT-erT sacxovrebel saxls Zeglis statusi mieniWa. „samoqalaqo iniciativa“, romelic adgilobrivi, qiziyuri organizaciaa, amJamad cdilobs gaacocxlos qvemo maCxaanis Teatri. am organizaciis mecadineobiT qvemo maCxaanis TeatrSi 2014 wlis 16 oqtombers orkestrma „saqarTvelos simfonietam“ saqvelmoqmedo koncerti gamarTa, saidanac Semosuli Tanxa moxmardeba sasceno ganaTebis gamarTvas, romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia Teatris muSaoba.

statiaSi gamoyenebulia `kulturuli memkvidreobis arasamTavrobo monitoringisa~ da `samoqalaqo iniciativis~ mier gazeT „iveriaSi“ moZiebuli masalebi da kaxa ximSiaSvilis fotoebi.

duqani SemorCenili aivniT

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Sveulad 1. sxvadasxva kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mReris manera folkloristikaSi. 2. ledas kvercxidan gamoCekili erT-erTi vaJi. 3. centraluri afrikis respublikis diqtatori, romelmac 1976 wels qveyana imperiad, xolo sakuTari Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada. 5. arabuli warmoSobis termini astronomiaSi. 7. kontrastuli mravalxmianobis brwyinvale nimuSi gurul folklorSi. 8. aTaTurqis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs TurqeTis saxelmwifoebriobas. 9. iaponiis imperatori. erTaderTi pirovneba dRevandel msoflioSi, romelic oficialurad atarebs imperatoris tituls. 11. mzis sadidebeli mravalxmi­ani svanuri simRera. 15. daavadeba, romelic wlebis manZilze tanjavda iakob gogebaSvils. 18. didi germanul­ enovani mwerali da novelisti, romelic sikvdilis Semdeg aRiares. 20. qemalizmis erT-erTi principi. 21. bernard Sous cnobili piesa. 22. sastumro TbilisSi, sadac 1928 wels gaimarTa daviT kakabaZis personaluri gamofena. 25. frangi polifonisti. 26. menelaosis Zma, mikenis mefe, aqavelTa winamZRoli trois omSi. 29. Svedi mwerali qali, `saxuravis binadari karlsonis~ da `pepi grZeliwindas~ avtori. 31. „hari poteris“ avtori. 32. avstriel-britaneli musikaTmcodne, romelic qarTul mravalxmianobas „evropuli mravalxmianobis safuZv­ lad“ miiCnevda. 34. saxmeleTo mmarTveloba. 40. cnobili eTnomusikologi, romelmac qarTvelebs xatovnad „homo polifonikusebi“ uwoda. 41. adamianis religiuri cnobierebis sawyis etapze bunebis ZalTa gaRmerTeba

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da Tayvaniscema. 42. saqarTvelos saxalxo mxatvari, daviT kakabaZis Tanamedrove da megobari. 43. germaneli fexburTeli, romelsac aristokratuli TamaSis stilis gamo imperatori (Kaiser) Searqves. 45. mowesrigebuli mravalxmianoba. 46. dauwereli zneobrivi kodeqsi warmarT arabebSi (`vaJkacoba“). 50. sofeli qarTlSi, sadac daibada iakob gogebaSvili. 55. qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze ganaTlebuli, yvelaze ganviTarebuli nawili. 56. qarTuli sportuli gazeTi. Tarazulad 4. qveyana dRevandel msoflioSi, romlis saTaveSic aris imperatori. 6. sofeli imereTSi, sadac daibada daviT kakabaZe. 8. 1919 wels lado gudiaSvilis da daviT kakabaZis mier moxatuli artistuli kafe. 10. mecniereba xalxuri Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. 12. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe qarTveli fermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari. 13. msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi dramaturgi, „gareuli ixvisa“ da „Tojinebis saxlis“ avtori. 14. irlandieli mwerali, „guliveris mogzaurobis“ avtori. 16. saudis arabeTis istoriuli regioni, sadac mdebareobs qalaqi meqa. 17. holandiuri gundi, Tbilisis `dinamos~ mowinaaRmdege 1981 wels uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis gaTamaSebis naxevarfinalSi. 19. qalaqi germaniaSi, sadac 1981 wlis 13 maiss gaimarTa evropis qveynebis Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis ocdameerTe gaTamaSeba Tbilisis `dinamosa~ da ienis `karl caiss~ Soris. 23. silamazisa da siyvarulis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi. 24. monarqiuli saxelm­ wifos tipi. 27. jeims joisis romani. 28. Tbilisis dinamos fexburTeli, romelmac 1981 wels uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis gaTamaSebis finalSi gadamwyveti goli gaitana. 30. kosmosSi gagzavnil gramfirfitaSi „dedamiwis xmebi“ Sesuli qarTuli simRera. 33. msoflio Sedevrebis nusxaSi moxvedrili Seqspiris erT-erTi nawarmoebi. 35. Zvelad – konstantinopoli, axla – ?. 36. qveyana axlo aRmosavleTSi, romelic XI saukuneSi Turq-seljukTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. 37. qarTveli filosofosi, romelsac ekuTvnis werilobiTi dokumenti organizebuli mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb. 38. `formula erTis~ manqanebSi samgzis gamarjvebuli brazilieli mrboleli. 39. bizantiis dedaqalaqi. 44. qaosis, uTanxmoebisa da areulobis qalRmerTi berZ­ nul miTologiaSi. 47. rusi romanisti, mwerali da eseisti, romelic msoflios yvela drois asi saukeTeso wignis nusxaSi yvelaze meti, oTxi wigniT warmodga. 48. erT-erTi elinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic makedonelis imperiis daSlis Sedegad gaCnda. 49. ori an ramdenime tonis erTdrouli JRera. 51. uZraobis periodis qarTuli sainformacio programa. 52. rusuli avangardis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, kavSiris `gakeTebuli suraTebi~ (Сделанные картины) damaarsebeli. 53. 1904-1908 wlebis mimdinareoba Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi, romelic upiratesobas aniWebda ferwerulobasa da mWaxe ferebs. 54. barokos epoqis germaneli kompozitori da organisti, genialuri polifonisti. 56. germaneli mwerali, romelmac miiRo monawileoba msoflios yvela drois 100 saukeTeso wignis SerCevaSi. 57. mwerali, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe, `deda enis~ Semdgeneli da avtori. 58. Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis damaarsebeli da pirveli prezidenti. 59. qalaqi dRevandel saberZneTSi, sadac 1881 wels qemal aTaTurqi daibada. 60. qarTveli eTnomusikologi.

wina nomris pasuxebi: Sveulad 1. ritmenbluzi 2. maSveli 3. vikipedia 4. bermuxa 5. solJenicini 9. foreqsi 10. memoriali14. elini 16. inglisi 17. mileri 22. aleqsandria 23. dielo 24. Wiakokonoba 25. miunxeni 29. valua 30. kalifornia 31. gamsaxurdia 37. gilgameSiani 38. riSelie 39. gorbaCovi 42. maqsima 44. aristotele 45. aTeSgahi 47. Salamovi 48. pitiaxSi 50. troicki Tarazulad 6. reigani 7. dartaniani 8. vorkutlagi 11. cxrukveTi 12. diuma 13. Sampolioni 15. nensi 18. gaskonia19. tirani 20. gulagi 21. delfo 26. falceti 27. kuxianiZe 28. iveria 32. vefxistyaosani 33. eplbaumi 34. muSketeri 35. mazdeanoba 36. aTosi 40. ilinoisi 41. asiriologia 43. mao 46. kembriji 49. konstancia 51. qitiaSvili 52. visramiani 53. domeni 54. spa 55. Sveicaria 56. blogi 57. partia

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