My World #9

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

s a r C e v i

niko firosmana­ Svili­

56

antikuri saCuqari

88

mogonebebi

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria

76

mxatvroba

kultura

66

wminda mRvdelmo­ wame grigol feraZe

Tavis­ uflebis didi qartia

civilizacia

sekulari­ zacia

44

didi qarTvelebi

sazogadoeba

36

generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

24

istoria

evropis kavSiri – idealuri mokavSire

14

gamoCenili adamianebi

politika

2

Tbiliseli gulSemat­ kivris Canaxatebi

politika

evropis kavSiri idealuri mokavSire

kaxa gogolaSvili

ras niSnavs evrokavSirisken swrafva saqarTvelo evropis nawilia da is evropis kavSirSi gaerTianebisken miiswrafvis. mag­ ram viciT ki, ras niSnavs evrokavSiri da saiT mivdivarT? damoukideblobis pirvelive wlebSi saqarTvelom gezi evrokavSirSi gawev­ rianebisken aiRo. maSin es arCevani mxolod deklaraciuli xasiaTisa iyo, radgan aravin icoda realurad ras niSnavda evrokavSirisken svla. martivad rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos arCevans ori mniSvnelovani stimuli gana­ pirobebda: a) „axali hegemonis“ Zebna – 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi sxva eris mier mar­ Tul qveyanas gauWirda patronisa da mfarvelis gareSe arseboba; b) evropis mimarT gaucnobierebeli ltolva, simpaTia da ndoba. am ndobasa da miswrafebas ar gaaCnda kargad gamoxatuli mizezebi, romelTa ra­ cionalurad axsna SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, ruseTis an yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebs xSirad ukvirdaT kidec qarTvelebis aseTi keTilgan­ wyoba evropelebis mimarT, siyvaruli da pativiscema maTi kulturuli memkvidre­ obisa, literaturisa Tu sxva. aseve niSandoblivi iyo saqarTveloSi evropuli xelovnebis zedmiwevniT kargad codna da misi srulad gageba. es SesaZlebelia gemovnebaTa TavsebadobiTac aixsnas. TavisTavad qristianuli tradicia da uZ­

2

evropis kavSiri – idealuri mokavSire

velesi kavSirebi evropul civi­ lizaciasTan mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels am miswrafebis arsebobas, xolo TviT qarTveli xalxis maRali suliereba dadebiTad ganawyobs mas evropuli civi­ lizaciis mier sazogadoebriv yofaSi danergili faseulobebis – ada­ mianebis uflebebis dacvis, Rirsebis pativiscemis, Tanasworuflebianobis, solidarobis, mSvidobismoyvareobis principebis mimarT.

ra mogvitana evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobam damoukideblobis pirvelive dRidan saqarTvelo grZnobda evrokavSiris keTil­ ganwyobas. Cven wlebis ganmavlobaSi viRebdiT upirobo daxmarebas evrokavSiridan. es miliardobiT daxarjuli Tanxebi evrokavSirma gardamavali sistemuri cvli­ lebebis etapze myofi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad gaiRo. evrokav­ Siris daxmarebiT 1992 wlidan saqarTveloSi iwereboda kanonebi, iqmneboda saxel­ m­wifo institutebi, keTdeboda gzebi, viTardeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. mokled, Sendeboda qveyana, romelsac safuZvlad demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis principebi unda hqonoda. ev­ eduard SevardnaZe rokavSiri dResac saqarTvelos udide­ da Jak santeri, `partniorobisa da si donoria da qveyanas mniSvnelovan fi­ Tan amS ro mlo bis nansur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs.

SeT anxmebis~ xel­ moweris win, 1996

2008 wlis 12 agvisto, saqarT­ x­ velosa da ruseTs Soris cec anx­ SeT xeb Sesa is vet lis Sewy a mebis pirobebis molaparakeb ­ mixe ent saqarTvelos prezid s vSir oka evr an. il saakaSvilT evrokomisiis warmoadgenen manuel baro­ e xos i ent zid pre i zo, safrangeTis prezident li opu (evr i nikola sarkoz i) sabWos maSindeli prezident v­ oka (evr ana sol er xavi da Siris erTiani sagareo da us­ afrTxoebis politikis umaR­ lesi warmomadgeneli).

3

politika

evrokavSiris politikurma mxardaWeram SegvinarCuna damoukidebloba. saqarT­ velos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis dacvis sakiTxi evrokavSiris erT-erTi prioritetuli sagareo-politikuri Tema gaxda. 2008 wlis Semdeg ki, aSS-sTan erTad, evrokavSirma ruseTis mier Cven winaaRmdeg warmoebuli agresia SeaCera da aqtiurad ganagrZobs saqarTvelos interesebis mxardaWeras Jenevis mo­ laparakebebis formatsa Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi.

evrokavSirisken miswrafeba mravali xalxis arCevania 2013 wlis noemberSi ukraineli xalxi Tavisi qveynis legitimur mmarTvels au­ janyda da daamxo kidec misi xelisufleba imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelma uari Tqva evropasTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gaformebaze da ruseTTan kavSiris gamyareba gadawyvita. qveynis yvelaze mniSvnelovan moedanze mravali dRis ganmav­ lobaSi gaismoda sityvebi: „ukraina ce evropa“ – ukraina evropaa. ra edo safuZvlad ukraineli xalxis motivacias, rom araerTma Seswira sicocxle evropul arCevans?

2008 wels ruseTma saqarTveloSi samxedro agresia ganaxorciela da qveynis saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli teritoriis nawilis okupacia moaxdina. amis realuri mizani aseve iyo saqarTvelos evropuli da evroatlantikuri miswrafe­ bebisaTvis xelis SeSla. orive SemTxvevaSi, ukrainaSic da saqarTveloSic, am qveynebis xalxebma Tavgan­ wirva gamoiCines, rom maT momaval Taobebs politikurad evropaSi daemkvidre­ binaT Tavi da evropis kavSirSi ecxovraT.

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evropis kavSiri – idealuri mokavSire

rogor Seiqmna evrokavSiri evrokavSiri samocdaxuTi welia, rac arsebobs. am xnis ganmavlobaSi man gan­ viTarebis rTuli gza ganvlo – 6 qveynis mier 1950 wels Seqmnili qvanaxSirisa da foladis Tanamegobrobidan 28 wevri saxelmwifos kavSiramde, 500-milioniani mo­ saxleobiT. 1950 wels dasavleT evropis eqvsma saxelmwifom, meore msoflio omis gakveTilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TanamSromlobis iseTi formis SemuSaveba gadawyvi­ ta, romelic daZlevda saukuneebis manZilze arsebul winaaRmdegobebs da mSvido­ basa da urTierTdaxmarebis suliskveTebas samudamod daamkvidrebda maT Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli erTianobis idea mravali saukunis manZilze mwifdeboda da is mravali udidesi evropeli moazrovnis nafiqralis Sedegia, pir­ veli praqtikuli nabiji, romelmac Tanamedrove evropul integracias Cauyara sa­ fuZveli, safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa maSindeli ministris – robert Sumanis 1950 wlis 9 maiss gakeTebuli deklaracia gaxldaT.

5

politika

robert Sumani (1886-1963)

deklaracia, romlis SemuSavebaSic maSindelma frangma saxel­ m­wifo moxeleebma Jan monem da pol ruterma miiRes monawileoba, mouwodebda erTiani evropuli federaciis Seqmnisken, zeerovnuli institutebiTa da saerTo bazriT, sazRvrebisa da gamyofi bariere­ bis gareSe. midgomebi gaiziares maSindelma safrangeTis, dasavleT germaniis, italiisa da beneluqsis (belgia, niderlandebi da luqsem­ burgis konfederacia) mTavrobebma, rasac 1951 wels foladisa da qvanaxSiris gaerTianebis, xolo 1957 wels kidev ori – evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebisa da evropis atomuri gaerTianebis Seqm­ na mohyva. am SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze aRniSnulma qveynebma Seqmnes erTmaneTTan Tavisufali savaWro sivrce da sabaJo kavSiri, xolo mogvianebiT – saerTo bazari, sadac garantirebuli iyo saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da adamianebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba.

zemoT naxsenebi sami gaerTianeba momavalSi (1967 wels) e.w. Serwymis xel­ SekrulebiT erTian instituciur struqturebSi moeqca da samives erTad evropis gaerTianeba (evrogaerTianeba) ewoda. miuxedavad amisa, es jer kidev ar iyo evro­ kavSiri, radganac gaerTianeba mxolod ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis kompeten­ ciebs moicavda, dRevandeli evrokavSiri ki, romelic formalurad 1992 wels maastrixtis SeTanxmebam daafuZna, wevri qveynebis mWidro TanamSromlobas da erTobliv saqmianobas, garda savaWro-ekonomikurisa, politikisa da marTl­ msajulebis sakiTxebSic axorcielebs. evrokavSiri dRes, 1999 wlidan, aseve ekonomikuri da monetaruli kavSiricaa, romlis komponentia evrozonis saxeliT cnobili erTiani savaluto sivrce. evros – evrokavSiris erTian fulad erTeuls – jerjerobiT mxolod evrokavSiris 19 wevri saxelmwifo iyenebs, magram umeteso­ ba qveynebisa emzadeba masze gadasasvlelad. erTiani fuladi erTeuli da mone­ taruli kavSiri xels uwyobs evrokavSiris sivrceSi vaWrobisa da investiciebis Tavisuf­lad da danakargebis gareSe ganxorcielebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom rigi evro­ kavSiris arawevri qveynebisa, rogoricaa san-marino, monako, montenegro, nebayof­ lobiT aRiareben evros sakuTar teritoriaze mimoqcevaSi arsebul oficialur fulad erTeulad.

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veli entis uolter halStainis pir evrokomisiis pirveli prezid

an

Sexvedra evrokomisiis wevrebT

rogor funqcionirebs evrokavSiri albaT bevrs smenia terminebi – evrokomisia, evroparlamenti, evrokavSiris sabWo, evropuli sabWo. evrokavSiri ar aris federacia an erTiani saxelmwifo. is qveynebis gardamavali saxis kavSiria, romelic erTdroulad federaluri saxelmwifosa da samTavrobaTSoriso organizaciis niSnebs atarebs. miuxe­ davad amisa, misi marTva daaxloebiT imave saxis institutebiT xdeba, rogorc es demokratiul saxelmwifoebs sCveviaT. evroparlamenti, romelic strasburgSi ikribeba, sayovelTaod, proporciuli wesiT arCeuli organoa, romelic yvela wevri qveynidan arCeuli 751 deputatisa­gan Sedgeba. igi evrokavSiris sxva institutebis funqcionirebis demokratiul kon­ trols axorcielebs. evroparlamenti aseve monawileobs sakanonmdeblo saqmia­ nobaSi da gamocemuli rezoluciebiT evrokavSirSi moqmedi politikuri Zalebis nebas gamoxatavs kavSiris politikis yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxze. evropuli sabWo evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis saxelmwifos an mTavrobis meTaurebisagan Sedgeba, romlis Sekrebebis drosac ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris saqmianobisa da politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. mas uZRveba evropuli sabWos prezidenti, romelsac wevri qveynebi orwlinaxevriT irCeven. evropuli sabWos mier miRebuli mimarTulebebis realizacias evrokavSiris sabWo axdens, rome­lic evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis ministrebisgan Sedgeba. sul sabWos 10 nairsaxeo­ ba arsebobs, sadac, gansaxilveli sakiTxis specifikidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi dargebi (finansTa da ekonomikis, iusticiis, sagareo saqmeTa, energetikis, garemos dacvis da sxva) monawileoben. isini iReben kanonebsa da gadawyvetilebebs, romel­ Ta Sesrulebac, evroparlamentis mier maTi damtkicebis Semdgom, savaldebuloa evrokavSiris yvela qveyanaSi. evrokomisia, romelsac prezidenti da 28 komisari marTavs, evrokavSiris aRmas­ rulebeli organoa. misi Stab-bina mdebareobs briuselSi. es mTlianad zeerovnu­ li instituti amuSavebs winadadebebs, uZRveba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs, debs

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politika xel­Sekrulebebs sxva qveynebTan, afinansebs evrokavSiris programebsa da marTavs evrokavSiris biujetis did nawils. evrokavSirSi aseve Seqmnilia marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo, romelic mde­ bareobs luqsemburgSi, umaRlesi uflebamosileba aqvs gaauqmos nebismieri aqti, romelic miiRo sabWom, an qveyanas, romelic ar asrulebs evrokavSiris kanonebs, daakisros jarima. evrokavSiris erTian savaluto sivrces frankfurtidan marTavs evropis cent­ raluri banki. am mniSvnelovani institutebis garda, evrokavSiris programebsa da politikas asamde saagento da ofisi marTavs, romlebic iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebiT arian dakavebuli, rogoricaa erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis poli­ tika, garemos dacva, regionuli politika, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebi, standartebi da sxva.

evrokavSiris sagareo politika evrokavSiris erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika jerjerobiT ganvi­ Tarebis fazaSia. am sferoSi gadawyvetilebebs qveynebi sagareo sakiTxTa sabWoze iReben xolme. rogorc wesi, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi erTiani poziciiT gamodian gaerosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, ar moqmedeben erTmaneT­ Tan SeuTanxmebelad msoflios cxel wertilebSi da erTiani ZalisxmeviT iRvwian saerTSoriso mSvidobisa da stabilurobisTvis. evrokavSiri did qveynebTan, rogoric aSS, ruseTi an CineTia, individualur politikas atarebs, xolo SedarebiT mcire qveynebTan regionul midgomas iyenebs. amisTvis is xSirad qmnis TanamSromlobis CarCos, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xmelTa­ SuazRvispireTisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan (saqarTvelos CaTvliT) er­ Tad dafuZnebuli evrokavSiris samezoblo politika. aseve yvelasTvis kargadaa cnobili evrokavSiris aRmosavleTis partnioroba. am mravalmxrivi TanamSromlo­ bis formatSi ukraina, belarusi, moldova, saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi monawileoben. misi mizania evrokavSiris politikasTan progresuli daaxloeba praqtikulad yvela sferoSi, reformebis xelSewyoba, demokratiis ganviTareba, stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa regionuli masStabiT, vaWrobis xelSewyoba, ener­ getikis, transportisa da sxva dargebSi mniSvnelovani proeqtebis ganviTareba. am politikis farglebSi saqarTvelom, ukrainam da moldovam, romlebmac sxva qveynebze meti progresi aCvenes da ufro naTlad gamoxates TavianTi evropuli miswrafeba, evrokavSirTan gaaformes asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. am SeTanx­ mebiT saqarT­ velo evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcvel Tavisufal savaWro sivrces qmnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi saxis formatebi partnior qveyanas uSu­ a­lod evrokavSiris wevrobas ar hpirdeba, maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia iseTi reformebisa da ganviTarebis iseTi dRis wesrigis ganxorcieleba, romelic Sem­

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evropis kavSiri – idealuri mokavSire

dgomSi qveyanas e.w. kopenhagenis kriteriumebis (ix. qveviT) dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas miscems da amiT evrokavSirSi sruli integraciis myar sa­ fuZvels Seqmnis.

gafarToebis talRebi da gawevrianebis procesi evrokavSiris wevrad axali qveynebis miReba gafarToebad aris cnobili. es termini aqtualuria dRe­ sac. dReisaTvis gafarToebis eqvs talRas hqonda adgili:

 1973 – gawevriandnen gaerTianebuli samefo, irlandia da dania  1981 – saberZneTi  1986 – espaneTi da portugalia  1995 – avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi  2004-2007 – pirveli faza: ungreTi, poloneTi, slovakeTi, CexeTi, slovenia, estoneTi, latvia, litva, kviprosi da malta; meore faza: bulgareTi da ru­ mineTi  2013 – xorvatia

9

politika

albaT gagiCndebaT kiTxva, Tu rogor wevriandebian qveynebi evrokavSirSi? amisaTvis ramdenime pirobaa aucilebeli:  qveyana geografiulad unda mdebareobdes evropaSi da iziarebdes da pa­ tivs scemdes demokratiul faseulobebs.  qveyanas unda undodes evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba da es unda gamoxatos oficialuri ganacxadis SetaniT.  qveyana unda iyos sasurveli partniori evrokavSiris moqmedi wevri qveynebisTvis, ise, rom arc erTma qveyanam ar unda uTxras mas uari amaze. es mxolod ZiriTadi formaluri mxarea, magram amis realizacias sxva mniSv­ nelovani pirobebis dakmayofileba esaWiroeba. 1992 wels evrokavSiris maSindelma wevrma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves e.w. kopenhagenis kriteriumebi, romlebic gawev­ rianebis msurvel qveyanas sami saxis kriteriumis dakmayofilebas sTxovs:  institutebis arseboba, romlebic demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da adamia­ nis uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofen.  funqcionaluri sabazro ekonomika.  unari itvirTos evrokavSiris mier aRebuli valdebulebebi da gauZlos kav­ Siris SigniT arsebul konkurentul wnexs. yvelaferi amis realizacia gawevrianebis mosurne qveynisgan moiTxovs mniSv­ nelovan Zalisxmevas, reformebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikulad yvela sferoSi, evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis srul gadmonergvas (transpozicias), so­ cialur-ekonomikuri donis amaRlebasa da siRaribis daZlevas. qveynis am saxiT transformaciis process zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT akvirdeba evrokomisia, rome­ lic amave dros finansur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs mas am reformebis swrafad da efeqtianad warmarTvaSi.

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2014 wlis 27 ivniss saqarTvelos, ukra­ ini­ sa da moldovis umaR­lesma pirebma xeli moaweres evro­ kavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs.

riTi gamoirCeva evrokavSiri evrokavSiri msoflioSi yvelaze didi savaWro moTamaSe da yvelaze didi investoria. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniTa da adamianebis keTildReobis maCvenebliT evrokavSiri aseve erT-erTi pirvelTagania. Tu ratom ara pirveli, amis pasu­xia ev­ rokavSiris xSiri gafarToeba masSi axali wevrebis miRebis xarjze. rogorc wesi, axali wevrebi naklebad ganviTarebuli centraluri da aRmosavleTi an sam­xreTaRmosavleTi evropis qveynebia, romlebic sabWoTa reJimis mier kontrolirebadi socialisturi qveynebis blokSi imyofebodnen wina saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. ev­ rokavSirSi gawevrianebam maT mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri winsvla moutana, mag­ ram maTi umetesoba evrokavSiris saSualo cxovrebis donis bevrad dabal maCvene­ belzea. es amcirebs saerTo maCveneblebs mTeli kavSiris masStabiT. miuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris SedarebiT axali wevrebi – poloneTi, CexeTi Tu baltiispira qveynebi – Zalze swrafad viTardebian da uaxlovdebian evrokav­ Siris sxva qveynebSi arsebul keTildReobis dones. amas xels uwyobs evrokavSiris e.w. gaTanabrebis politika, romlis meSveobiTac axali wevrebi iReben Zalze mniSv­ nelovan finansur daxmarebebs evrokavSiris saerTo biujetidan. evrokavSirSi amJamad 24 oficialuri enaa. ratom 28 ara? masSi xom 28 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli, SeiZleba ikiTxoT Tqven. imitom, rom ramdenime qveyanas erTi da igive oficialuri ena aqvs evrokavSiris institutebSi gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, avstriasa da germanias – germanuli, samenovan belgias – holandiuri da frangu­

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politika

evrokavSiris qveynebis saxelmwifosa da mTavrobis meTaurebi evropuli sabWos sxdomis Semdeg.

li, aseve samenovan luqsemburgs – franguli da germanuli, xolo kviprossa da saberZneTs – berZnuli. evrokavSiri icavs da aviTarebs enebsa da kulturul mem­­ kvidreobas, swored amitomaa misi devizi – erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi.

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bolosityvaoba evrokavSiri msoflioSi yvelaze mWidro da yovlismomcveli integraciis maga­ liTia. mas uzarmazari miziduloba aqvs, rasac SeiZleba rbili Zalis gravitacia vuwodoT. sxva mxriv, evropis kavSirs aseve normatiul Zalas uwodeben, radganac is Tavis irgvliv kanonierebasa da samarTlianobas amkvidrebs. evropis kontinentze praqtikulad ar arsebobs qveyana, romelsac evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba an masTan mWidro TanamSromloba ar surdes. dRes evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis msurvelTa Soris am mizanTan yvelaze axlos dasavleT balkaneTis qveynebi arian, romelTa­ ganac montenegro, albaneTi, makedonia da serbeTi wevrobis kandidatebia. sainte­ resoa is faqti, rom evrokavSiris mravali wevri qveynis mier kosovos serbeTisgan damoukideblobis aRiarebam ver gaanela imave serbeTis swrafva evrokavSirSi ga­ wev­­rianebisken. am mokle weriliT SeuZlebelia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb amomwuravi codnis gad­ mocema. Cveni mizania TqvenSi gavaRvivoT meti interesi am unikaluri gaerTianebis mimarT, romlis mTavari mizanic moqalaqeebis keTildReoba, sayovelTao mSvido­ ba, demokratiuli faseulobebis mxardaWera da gavrceleba, urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromloba, mSvidoba da stabilurobaa. evrokavSirSi Tanasworuflebiania didi da patara qveyana, mcire da didi eTnosi, uZvelesi da axali ena Tu kultura. misi mTavari iaraRia ganaTleba da codna. swored amitom irCevs qarTveli xalxi evrokavSirs, rogorc saboloo navsayudelsa da qolgas momavali mSvidobiani gan­ viTarebisTvis.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

Tornike SaraSeniZe

gmiris portreti me-20 saukunes imdeni borotmoqmedi da jalaTi hyavda (maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda – lenini, stalini, hitleri, mao Ze-duni, pol poti...), rom gmirebi maT fonze TiTqmis ar Canan. me-20 saukuneSi iyo ori msof­ lio omi, rusuli revolucia, Cinuri revolucia da sxva saSinelebebi, romlebmac aseul milionobiT adamiani imsxverpla da kidev mets cxov­ reba daungria. albaT saswaulia, rom yovelive amis Semdeg msoflio mainc gadarCa da dRes ukeT cxovrobs, vidre erTi saukunis win. es sas­ wauli ramdenime adamianis damsaxurebaa, romelTac namdvilad SeiZleba gmirebi vuwodoT. Sarl de goli erT-erTi maTgania.

Sarl de goli daibada 1890 wels. es erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli peri­ odi iyo misi samSoblos – safrangeTis istoriaSi. erT dros evropis uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romlis mexsierebaSi jer kidev cocxali iyo napoleonis didi gamarjvebebi, 20 wlis win sastikad da samarcxvinod patara Sarl de goli

14

generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

damarcxda prusiasTan da kontinentze pirve­ loba germanelebs gadauloca. safrangeTi ara mxolod damcirebuli, aramed izolirebulic iyo – mas ar hyavda mokavSireebi da Tuki ger­ mania isev moindomebda mis gasresas, veravin uSvelida.

Sarls bavSvobidan uambobdnen germane­ lebTan damarcxebis ambebs. aman ubiZga, rom kar­ gad Seeswavla istoria da samxedro saqme. mis sayvarel gasarTobad omobana iqca, Tumca ara ubralod omobana, aramed cnobili brZolebis dadgma da gansaxiereba. Sarls Sesabamisi ganaT­ Sarl de goli I msoflio omis wlebSi lebis miRebaSi isic daexmara, rom misi ojaxis wevrebi wignieri da sakmaod SeZlebuli adamianebi iyvnen. maTi wyalobiT momava­ li prezidenti bevrs kiTxulobda, istoriis garda kargad Seiswavla mxatvruli lite­ratura da filosofia. rac aseve mniSvnelovania, mSoblebma Caunerges rwme­ na, rom safrangeTi Tavisi tradiciebiTa da kulturiT saamayo da ganumeorebeli qveyana iyo. roca de golze vsaubrobT, Znelia vTqvaT, ra ufro metad gasaocari iyo am adamianSi – misi patriotizmi Tu codna da inteleqti. mogvianebiT man iseTi rameebi iwinaswarmetyvela, rac cotas sjeroda da rac zedmiwevniT axda – germani­ is gaerTianeba, komunizmis damarcxeba, revanSistuli ruseTi... de golis ganaTlebasa da inteleqts emate­ boda gamorCeuli fizikuri aRnagoba (igi si­ maRliT or mets aRwevda), Zala, amtanoba da saocrad udreki da mtkice xasiaTi. 1912 wels Sarlma warCinebiT daasrula sen-siri (safran­ geTis elitaruli samxedro saswavlebeli) da koloniebSi wasvlis nacvlad (rasac bevri axal­ gazrda oficeri akeTebda), safrangeTSi darCa. igi xvdeboda, rom germaniasTan omi gar­ dauvali iqneboda da samSoblos ara kolonieb­ Si, aramed frangul miwaze sWirdeboda. imasac xvdeboda, rom momavali omisaTvis misi qvey­ ana arc ise kargad iyo momzadebuli. swored ami­tom xSirad mosdioda kamaTi da uTanxmoe­ ba ufrosobasTan. misda sabednierod, jarSi misi xelmZRvaneli oficeri filip peteni iyo – pirvel msoflio omSi frangebis saukeTeso meTauri, romelic omis bolosken generaluri Stabis ufrosic gaxda. peteni, de golis darad, kritikulad uyurebda frangul jars, magram, samwuxa­rod, bevri arafris Secvla ar SeeZlo.

filip peteni (1856-1951)

15

gamoCenili adamianebi omis dawyebidan Zalian male de goli daiWra, magram gamojanmrTelebisTanave frontze dabrunda, miuxedavad imisa, rom axla kidev ufro ukeT xedavda fran­ guli sardlobis uunarobasa da ugunurebas – generlebi me-19 saukunis taqtikiT moqmedebdnen da TavianT meomrebs gauazreblad erekebodnen mtris gamagrebul xazze, saidanac maT tyviamfrqvevebi da artileria buzebiviT xocavda. de goli isev daiWra da isev daubrunda fronts. 1916 wlis martSi man monawileoba miiRo verdenis brZolaSi – pirveli msoflio omis yvelaze saSinel da sisxlismRvrel SetakebaSi. verdenTan frangebs Tavidan peteni meTaurobda, romlis wyalobiTac maT ara mxolod poziciebi SeinarCunes, aramed did msxverplsac aarides Tavi. de goli daiWra da gaziTac moiwamla, ris Semdegac igi tyved Cavarda da TiTqmis sami weli (omis dasrulebamde) germanelTa banakSi gaatara. iqidan xuTjer scada gaqce­ va da xuTivejer Seipyres. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi de goli cdilobda germanu­ li gazeTebi Caegdo xelSi da iqidan rogorme amoekiTxa simarTle omis Sesaxeb. optimizmi da gamarjvebis imedi mas arasodes daukargavs da tyveTa banakSi Taname­ mamuleebs bolomde amxnevebda. aseTi istoriebis Semdeg bevri albaT samudamod daexsneboda samxedro saqmes, magram de goli ara mxolod jarSi darCa, aramed pirveli msoflio omis das­ rulebis Semdeg sul male isev frontis xazze amohyo Tavi. 1919 wels igi poloneTs gaemgzavra, romelsac saukuneebis win dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba daebrunebi­ na. de goli polonuri jaris erT-erT instruqtorad iqca da roca 1920 wels am qveyanas bolSevikuri ruseTis e.w. wiTelma armiam Seutia, polonelebTan mxar­ damxar ibrZola da bolSevikebis urdo sastikad daamarcxa. swored polonelTa am warmatebis wyalobiT iyo, rom maSin ruseTma saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRiara – Cvens qveyanasTan brZolis unari mas ubralod aRar hqonda.

30-ian wlebSi ukve podpolkovniki de goli kargad xedavda, rom safrangeTi kidev erTi didi katastrofis winaSe idga. germania isev iaraRdeboda da SurisZie­ baze fiqrobda, safrangeTi ki (rogorc oci wlis win) isev ar iyo omisTvis saTana­ dod mzad. 1934 wels de golma wigni gamosca, sadac amtkicebda, rom frangul jars saswrafo cvlilebebi esaWiroeboda, rom konkretulad saWiro iyo tankebisa da manqanebis ufro farTod gamoyeneba, romelTa wyalobiTac jari ufro mobiluri da moq­ nili gaxdeboda. samwuxarod, wigns safrangeTSi yuradReba nak­ lebad miaqcies (samagierod, igi kargad Seiswavles germaniaSi, razec qvemoT mogiTxrobT).

Sarl de goli, profesiuli armiisaTvis, 1934

16

safrangeTSi didi adamianebisa da didi ideebis krizisi iyo. pirvel msoflio omSi nanaxi saSineli zaralis Semdeg axal omze fiqrisac ki yvelas eSinoda da simarTles Zalian cota usworebda Tvals. politikuri krizisebi da mTavrobebis xSiri cvla wesad iyo qceuli. mokled, msoflios erT-erT udides ers mZime dro edga. did erebs aseT dros gmirebi evlinebaT xolme da frangeb­ sac ukve hyavdaT aseTi gmiri. marTalia, isini am gmirs jer saTana­ dod ver afasebdnen, magram gmiri amis gamo far-xmals ar yrida.

generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

brZola verdenTan, 1916

lideri omSi roca 1940 wels germaniam safrangeTs Seutia, de goli iyo albaT er­ TaderTi, vinc mters raRac winaaRmdegoba gauwia. germanelTa elvisebu­ ri Seteva (e.w. `blickrigi~ – swrafi omi) tankebis meSveobiT xorcielde­ boda da isini manevrebisas swored de golis wignSi aRweril principebs iyenebdnen. frangebi ki, Tuki pirvel msoflio oms me-19 saukunis prin­ cipebiT awarmoebdnen, meore msoflio oms pirveli msoflio omis principebiT momza­ debuli daxvdnen – mters sangrebsa da for­ tifikaciebSi elodnen maSin, roca mteri swrafad gadaadgildeboda da frangebis fortifikaciebs ubralod gverds uvlida. rogorc de golma iwinaswarmetyvela, oms igebda is, visac ufro mobiluri da moqnili Zalebi hyavda. Tavad de goli fortifika­ ciebSi lodinis nacvlad tankebiT Seetaka mters da ukanac daaxevina, magram, cxadia, aman saerTo saqmes ver uSvela. de golma generloba miiRo da omis ministris moadgi­ lec gaxda, magram safrangeTi kidev erT­ xel sastikad damarcxda germanelebTan. de goli mTavrobis wevrebs mouwodebda Crdi­ loeT afrikaSi gadasuliyvnen da iqidan gaegrZelebinaT winaaRmdegoba, magram ama­ od. safrangeTi male danebda da, de golis samwuxarod, kolaboracionistul mTav­

Sarl de goli II msoflio omis dros Cveulebriv atarebda brigadis generlis uniformas.

17

gamoCenili adamianebi robas misi ufrosi megobari da kolega – marSali peteni Caudga saTaveSi. de goli inglisSi gadavida da iq daiwyo albaT misi cxovrebis yvelaze rTuli da mZime etapi. in­ glisidan, rogorc devnili mTav­ robis meTauri, igi frangul wi­ naaRmdegobas xelmZRvane­lobda da radios meSveobiT Ta­­vis Taname­ mamuleebs dau­mor­Ci­­­­leb­lobisken mouwodebda. Cer­­­­CilTan ­­mas rTu­ li urTierToba Camouyalibda. isini erTmaneTiT iyvnen aRtace­ filip peteni xvdeba adolf hitlers, 1940 wlis oqtomberi buli, magram TiTqmis mudmivad konfliqti hqondaT. CerCilisaTvis safrangeTi, marTalia, mokavSire, magram mainc damarcxebuli qveyana iyo, romelsac mxolod erTiRa darCenoda – ingli­ sisa da amerikisaTvis miebarebina Tavisi bedi da maT mihyoloda. frangebis axali lideri ki arafris daTmobas ar apirebda. marTalia, misi qveyana damarcxda, magram Tavad is da kidev uamravi frangi brZolas ganagrZobdnen da saerTodac, safran­ geTi safrangeTi ar iqneboda, Tuki, Tundac damarcxebuli, vinmes msaxurad yof­ nas daTanxmdeboda. aseTi damokidebulebis gamo de goli saerTod SeiZula ameri­ kis prezidentma franklin ruzveltma, romelsac ar surda ampartavani generali frangebis warmomadgenlad da, miT ufro, maTi mTavrobis xelmZRvanelad ecno. bolos saqme iqamde mivida, rom masTan de gols ara mxolod ingliselebi, aramed rusebic ki esarClebodnen. ruzveltisagan gansxvavebiT, de goliT aRtacebuli iyo amerikelTa sardali da momavali prezidenti duait eizenhaueri. roca eizenhaueris meTaurobiT 1944 wels mokavSireebma safrangeTSi jare­bi ga­ dasxes, de golma frangebs isev mimar­ Ta radioTi. 14 ivniss igi samSob­loSi gaeSura da male triumfiT Sevida parizSi. sazeimo msvlelobisas mas ko­ laboracionistebma srolac ki autex­ es, magram generalma pasuxad fexsac ki ar auCqara. mokavSireebi safrangeTSi erToblivi mmarTvelobis SemoRebas apirebdnen, magram de goli amas sasti­ kad SeewinaaRmdega da CaSala. safran­ geTi mxolod frangebs unda emarTaT da emarTaT ise, rogorc Tavad miiC­ de goli II msoflio omis dros radioTi mimarTavs xalxs nevdnen saWirod. es cxadi ukve maSin

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generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

Sarl de goli meuRlesTan erTad inglisSi gadasvlis Semdeg, II msoflio omis dros

gaxada, roca de goli 1944 wlis bolos moulodnelad sabWoTa kavSirs estumra. im droisaTvis ukve ruzveltic ki iZulebuli gaxda de golis mTavroba ecno, Tumca bolomde, rogorc SeeZlo, mainc yvelanairad aviwroebda frangebis liders. ase, magaliTad, de goli ar miiwvies ialtis konferenciaze, sadac mokavSireebma ev­ ropisa da msoflios bedi gadawyvites. aseve ar miiwvies igi potsdamis konferenci­ aze, sadac amerikas ukve hari trumeni warmoadgenda.

anri Jiro, franklin delano ruzvelti, Sarl de goli da uinston CerCili, 1943

19

gamoCenili adamianebi da mainc, yvelafris miuxedavad, safrangeTi isev Tavisufali iyo da mas Tavisi gmiri marTavda. erTaderTi, ramac maSin de gols albaT marTlac dawyvita guli, is iyo, rom mas petenis cixeSi Casma mouxda. petens sikvdili hqonda misjili, risga­ nac igi swored yofilma oficerma da Segirdma – de golma ixsna.

1945 wels safrangeTSi arCevnebi Catarda da de goli, ukve yvelanairi sakanon­ mdeblo procedurebis gavliT, iqca mTavrobis meTaurad. amis Semdeg man ukve xe­ lisuflebaSi komunistebTan gaaCaRa brZola, romlebmac arCevnebSi garkveul warmatebas miaRwies. es arc ise ioli gamodga da 1946 wlis dasawyisSi de goli ga­ dadga aSkarad imis imedad, rom eri mas dabrunebas sTxovda da kidev met Zalauf­ lebas mianiWebda. ase ar moxda – ers Tavisi gmiri mSvidobis Jams ukve didad aRar sWirdeboda. de golma, 1914 wlidan moyolebuli albaT pirvelad, wynari cxovreba daiwyo da memuarebis weras mihyo xeli. aq man ukve qaRaldze gadaitana is azri, romelsac ukve didi xania cxovrebaSi atarebda – safrangeTi ver iqneboda safrangeTi, Tuki ar iqneboda didi da diadi.

lideri mSvidobaSi 1958 wels diad ers isev dasWirda Tavisi gmiri. safrangeTs isev mZime dReebi edga. igi kargavda Tavisi imperiis ukanasknel atributebs – koloniebs. igi kargav­ da alJirsac ki, romelic iuridiulad qveynis teritoriis nawils warmoadgenda.

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prezidenti de goli manqanidan esalmeba xalxs

generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

de golic dabrunda. mas kargad esmoda realo­ ba: safrangeTi veRar iqneboda is, rac iyo Tun­ dac erTi saukunis win, qveyana aucileblad unda damSvidobeboda Tavis imperiul ambiciebs. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, safrangeTi mainc unda yofiliyo diadi. de golis iniciativiT Catarda referendumi, romlis Sedegadac safrangeTi saparlamentodan naxevrad saprezidento respublikad iqca. diad ers aucileblad sWirdeboda xalxis mier ar­ Ceuli lideri – prezidenti. igi amiTac unda yofiliyo gamorCeuli Tundac sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebisgan. ase iSva safrangeTis mexuTe respublika, romelic dRemde arsebobs. safrangeTis aw ukve prezidentma de golma ki gaakeTa is, rasac albaT mxolod is Tu gabedavda. Sarl de goli saprezidento kampaniis dros, 1958 man Tavisufleba misca koloniebs, alJirsac ki. amis gamo mas gavlenian frang oficerTa jgufi gadaemtera da ramdenjerme masze Tavdasxmac moawyves. magram ormsoflioomgamovlil generals es namdvilad ver daaSinebda. de goli dauaxlovda germanias da amgvarad Seuwyo xeli evrokavSiris Camoya­ libebas. misi xedviT evropa unda yofiliyo rac SeiZleboda Zlieri da damoukide­ beli ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris, aramed amerikis gavlenisganac. iseve, rogorc meore msoflio omis dros, de goli axlac Tanasworad mopyrobas iTxovda ameri­ kelebisa da ingliselebisgan da natoSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miReba surda. roca es ver miiRo, de golma Tavisi qveyana natos samxedro struqturidan saerTod ga­ moiyvana. misive iniciativiT safrangeTma sakuTari birT­ vuli iaraRic Seqm­ na, raTa saerTod aravisze ar yofi­ li­ yo damokidebuli. ase ub­ runebda generali Tavis ers sakuTar TavSi rwmenas da ase iqmneboda diadi safrange­ Ti xelaxla. garda amisa, de golis mecadineobiT Seqm­ nili evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegob­robis wyalobiT safrangeTSi (iseve, rogorc Sarl de goli bavSvebTan erTad, 1964 Tanamegobrobis sxva wevr

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gamoCenili adamianebi

Sarl de goli tunisSi

evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris gadanawi­ lebuli afrikis kontinenti1884 wlis berlinis konferenciis Semdeg

qveynebSi) mniSvnelovnad amaRlda cxovrebis done. inglisma, romelmac Tavidan uari Tqva am kavSirSi gawevrianebaze, mogvianebiT moindoma masSi Sesvla, magram de golma mas amis ufleba ar misca im mizeziT, rom inglisi „evropaSi amerikelTa trois cxenad“ miaCnda. amerikasTan mTeli am uTanxmoe­ bebis miuxedavad, roca saqme saqmeze midgeboda da arCevani amerikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris iyo gasakeTe­ beli, de goli yovelTvis erTmniSv­ nelovnad amerikis mxares idga. ase dauWira man mxari Tavis Zvel mego­ bars, eizenhauers, xruSCovTan da­ pirispirebaSi da aseve bolomde daudga gverdiT prezident kenedis kubis krizisis dros. igi SeiZlebo­ da yofiliyo ampartavani da Tavisi saxelmwifos gulisaTvis yvelas­ Jaklin kenedi da Sarl de goli

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generali de goli – mxsneli, lideri, gmiri

Tan hqonoda konfliqti, magram umaduri arasodes yofila. CerCilisadmi Tavis madlierebas igi sicocxlis bolomde gamoxatavda da mas safrangeTis umaRlesi jildoc uboZa. Sarl de goli 1969 wels gadadga. uari Tqva rogorc prezidentis, aseve gener­ lis pensiaze. safrangeTis udides liders yvelaferi Tavisi samSoblosaTvis un­ doda. igi SeZlebisdagvarad naklebad sargeblobda miniWebuli privilegiebiT da bevri ramis fuls sakuTari jibidan ixdida.

Sarl de gols napoleons adareben. rTuli saTqmelia, romelia ufro didi. cxa­ dia, gamarjvebebisa da dapyrobebis masStabiT napoleons veravin Seedreba, magram napoleonma bolos yvelaferi dakarga, rac ki dapyrobiT moipova. mas erTiani ev­ ropis Seqmnis idea hqonda, magram amas ZaliT axorcielebda, rac evropisaTvis mi­ uRebeli iyo. de golma ki safrangeTi gadaarCina rogorc saxelmwifo da rogorc didi eri. man erTiani evropis SeqmnaSic didi roli iTamaSa. orive gmiri safrangeTs rTul dros moevlina, magram de golis dro albaT kidev ufro rTuli iyo. Tundac amitom gmiri ufro, albaT, swored mas unda vuwodoT.

Sarl de goli meuRlesTan erTad

23

istoria

– m u t a t r e b i a L i t a t r ar q a i C d i a d n s g i eb l Ma f u Tavis giorgi badriZe Tu dRevandel msoflioSi arsebul qveynebs mo­ saxleobis keTildReobis doniT da saxelmwifos siZ­ lieris mixedviT erTmaneTs SevadarebT, aRmovaCenT, rom maT Soris yvelaze warmatebuli, TiTqmis uk­ lebliv, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebia. am warmatebul demokratiebs Soris ki gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva erTi jgufi qveynebisa, romlebsac inglisTan saerTo poli­ tikuri da kulturuli fesvebi akavSirebT. arcTu Soreul warsulSi britaneTi msoflios yve­ la drois yvelaze didi imperia iyo. XX saukunis SuaSi msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifos roli britaneTis­ gan misma yofilma koloniam – amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma gadaibara. britaneTis sxva yofili kolo­ niebic, romlebic britanel monarqs dResac aRiareben sakuTari saxelmwifoebis simbolur meTaurad, aseve msoflios umdidres da yvelaze warmatebul qveynebs Soris arian, esenia: kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia da sxvebi. isic faqtia, rom inglisuri dRes msoflios yvelaze gavrcelebuli enaa – is didi xania saerTaSori­ so politikis, biznesis da kulturis enad iqca, romel­ zec msoflios yvela kontinentze laparakoben.

Tavisuflebis didi qartia

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Tavisuflebis didi qartia

mefe joni beWeds asvams `magna kartas~

Cemi azriT, arsebobs erTi mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc zemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi sxvebze metad warmatebuli sazogadoeba cxovrobs. es mizezi am qveynebSi arsebuli politikuri sistema gaxlavT, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT. wels, 2015 wlis 15 ivniss, erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani iubile sruldeba. 800 wlis win inglisSi Seiqmna dokumenti, romelmac momdevno istoriis msvlelobaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina jer am qveyanaSi, xolo mogvianebiT – mTel msoflioSi. am dokuments Tavisuflebis didi qartia ewoda, laTinurad – Magna Carta Libertatum (evropaSi xom im drois oficialuri dokumentebi laTinur enaze iwereboda). sainteresoa, rom mefe riCard „lomgulis“ umcrosi Zma da memkvidre, joni, swored „magna kartas“ wyalobiT Sevida istoriaSi ise, rom arc raime gmiroba Caudenia odesme da am dokumentis miRebasac iZulebiT daTanxmda. Tumca, didi al­ baTobiT, mefe jonis Sesaxeb, rogorc borot da usamarTlo mefeze, BEbevr adamians ufro robin hudTan dakavSirebuli legendebidan smenia. maS, ras warmoadgens „magna karta“ da ratom mimaCnia, rom am dokumentma istoria Secvala? yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom mefe joni iseve, rogorc am drois monarqebis umete­ si nawili, sakuTar Zalauflebas RmerTisgan boZebulad Tvlida da, Sesaba­misad, sa­ kuTar qveSevrdomebs Tavisi neba-survilis mixedviT epyroboda. Tu fuli Semoakl­ deboda – axal begaras daawesebda, Tu sxvisi qoneba moewoneboda – waarTmev­da, xolo Tu vinme win aRudgeboda – an sapyrobileSi Caagdebda, an moakvlevinebda.

25

istoria

* inglisSi arsebuli tra­­diciis Tanaxmad, me­­ fed an dedoflad ku­ rTxevisas momavali mo­ nar­ qi xSirad (Tumca ara yovelTvis) Tavad irCevs sakuTari mefobis saxels. es tradicia unda momdinareobdes romis papebis mier danergili praqtikidan.

amgvarma saqcielma rom mas popularoba ar moutana iqidanac Cans, rom inglisis istoriaSi is erTaderTi mefea, saxelad joni, romlis arc erTma STamomavalma ar isurva misi saxelis tareba (inglisis mefeebis istoriaSi rva henria, rva edvardi, eqvsi jorji da mxo­ lod erTi joni*). amis kidev erTi mizezi albaT isic iyo, rom joni, usa­marTlobasTan da sxva uaryofiT TvisebebTan erTad, inglisis erT-erTi yvelaze susti mefec iyo. am sisustem Tavisi roli iTamaSa, roca misi ZaladobiT da usa­ marTlobiT aRSfoTebulma baronebma da eklesiis mesveurebma (joni eklesiasac arTmevda qonebas) masTan dapirispireba gabedes da ai­ Zules daedo werilobiTi fici, rom is aRar SebRalavda Tavisi qve­ Sevrdomebis uflebebs. swored am dokuments ewoda „magna karta“. es niSnavda, rom amieridan mefe da misi warmomadgenlebi veravis waarTmevdnen qonebas da sasamarTlos gareSe verc erT adamians ver SeuzRudavdnen Tavisuflebas, anu sasamarTlo mosmenis da samxilis wardgenis gareSe cixeSi veRaravis Caagdebdnen. qartia ukrZalavda mefes axali gadasaxadebis SemoRebas misi qve­ Sevrdomebis sabWos Tanxmobis gareSe. am sabWos safuZvelze sul cota xanSi Seiqmna inglisis parlamenti. magram mTavari, rac am qartiiT dadginda, iyo is, rom yvela adami­ ani da Tavad mefec Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe. Sesabamisad – daibada kanonis uzenaesobis cneba.

mefe joni (1166-1216)

qartiidan, aseve pirvelad evropis istoriaSi, gamomdinareobda, rom saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebis wyaros warmoadgens ara RmerTis­ gan xeldasxmuli mefe, aramed xalxi, xolo misi ganxorcieleba xdeba xalxis warmomadgeneli organos, momavalSi parlamentad wodebu­ li sabWos mier. sityva „parlamenti“ sxvas arafers niSnavs, garda „sabWosi“ – adgilisa, sadac mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze bWoben. maS ase, `magna kartam~ ingliss da msoflios misca is cnebebi da institutebi, romlebsac momavalSi demokratia daefuZna – is, rom saxelmwifo Zalaufleba xalxis nebazea damyarebuli; is, rom

britaneTis parlamentis Senoba

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Magna Carta Libertatum

inglisis mefe Carlz I-is Tavis kveTa, mxatvari – TviTmxilveli jon vizovi

es neba maTi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier xorcieldeba; is, rom adamianis Tavisufleba da qoneba xelSeuxebelia; rac mTavaria, is, rom kanonis winaSe yvela, maT Soris mefe, Tanasworia da am yvelafris zedamxedvelis rols asrulebs damoukidebeli da samarTliani sasamarTlo. „magna kartas“ miRebam, bunebrivia, inglisi demokratiad maSinve ar aqcia – amas saukuneebi da didi brZola dasWirda. Tavisi SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis aRdgena Ta­ vad mefe jonmac scada, magram baronebTan brZolaSi damarcxda. amis Semdeg yoveli axali mefe axlidan adasturebda `magna kartas~ principebs, Tumca araerTma scada misi ugulebelyofa. XVII saukuneSi mefe Carlzma daiTxova parlamenti da TviTne­ burad SemoiRo axali gadasaxadebi. is amtkicebda, rom RvTaebrivi uflebebiT aR­ Wurvil mefes xalxis warmomadgenlebis Tanxmoba sakuTar gadawyvetilebebze ar sWirdeboda. es didi Secdoma aRmoCnda. parlamentTan mefis dapirispirebas samo­ qalaqo omi, mefis marcxi da misi gasamarTleba mohyva, romlis Sedegad 1649 wels Carlzs Tavi mohkveTes. Carlzis STamomavlebma gakveTili aiTvises da sakuTari Zalauflebis kidev ufro mkveTr Sekvecas daTanxmdnen. am periodSi, 1667 wels, miRebul iqna Habeas Corpus-is axali redaqcia – sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic moqalaqeebs garantias aZlevda, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe adamianis dapatimreba ver mox­ deboda. 1689 wels ki miiRes adamianis uflebaTa bili, romelic dResac ZalaSia: es sakanonmdeblo aqti, `magna kartas~ principebze dayrdnobiT, adasturebs monarqis uflebebis kidev ufro SezRudvas, awesebs parlamentis regularul Sekrebas, par­ lamentis wevrTa regularul Tavisufal arCevnebs, parlamentSi sityvis Tavisuf­ lebas, sastiki da arahumanuri sasjelebis akrZalvas da adamianis farTo ufle­ bebs.

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istoria

adamianis uflebebis bilSi Tavmoyrili principebi asaxavda didi britaneli moazrovnis jon lokis politikur ideebs. am droidan britaneTis gezi demokrati­ isken Seuqcevadi xdeba – xelisuflebas legitimacias aZlevs xalxi, mis mier ar­ Ceuli parlamentis saxiT. marTalia, XVII saukunis bolos arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba mxolod SeZlebul fenas hqonda, magram momdevno ori saukunis ganmav­ lobaSi saarCevno xmis uflebis mqone adamianebis ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeboda da bolos sayovelTao gaxda. maS ase, 1215 wels miRebulma `magna kartam~ biZgi misca iseTi politikuri sistemis evolucias, romlis safuZvelzec inglisi da mis mier Seqmnili britanu­ li saxelmwifo ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflios yvela drois yvelaze didi imperia iyo da am imperi­ is daSlis Semdegac erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul qveynad darCa.

britaneTis parlamentis TemTa palata – yovel oTxSabaTs premier-ministri valdebulia upasuxos parlamentis wevrTa kiTxvebs.

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is, rom britaneTis warmateba SemTx­ veviTi ar iyo da rom `magna kartaze~ dafuZnebul politikur sistemas, anu kanonis uzenaesobas, Tavisufle­ bas da demokratias pirdapiri kavSi­ ri aqvs sazogadoebis keTildReobas­ Tan, iqidanac naTlad dasturdeba, rom yvelgan, sadac es principebi dam­

Tavisuflebis didi qartia

kvidrda, xalxi bevrad ukeT cxovrobs, vidre araTavisu­ fal sazogadoebebSi. amis saukeTeso magaliTebia kanada, avstralia, axali zelandia da sxva yofili britanuli koloniebi, romleb­ Sic dResac inglisuri parlamentarizmi da samarTali moq­medebs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi erT-erTi pirveli gamoe­ yo britanul imperias, rac sisxlismRvreli omis Sedegad moxda. magram aqac `magna kartam~ moaxdina udidesi gavle­ na britaneTis 13 amerikuli koloniis mier damoukidebe­ li kavSiris Seqmnaze da maT SemuSavebul konstituciaze, romelic amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dResac moqmedebs. momavalSi aSS msoflios umdidresi da uZlieresi super­ saxelmwifo gaxdeba da Tavad britaneTs Caanacvlebs, ro­ gorc msoflios nomer pirveli qveyana.

jon loki (1632-1704)

„inglisi“ da „britaneTi“ istoriulad inglisis samefo britaneTis kunZu­ lebze arsebul saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze Zlieri iyo da mis garSemo gaerTianda saxelmwifo, romelsac dRes „didi britaneTis da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaer­ Tianebuli samefo“ hqvia. mas SemoklebiT „did brita­ neTs“, „gaerTianebul samefos“ an ubralod „brita­ neTsac“ vuwodebT xolme. Tumca, dRevandeli inglisi am saxelmwifos mxolod erTi nawilia. inglisis garda masSi farTo avtonomiiT Sedian Sotlandia, uelsi da CrdiloeT irlandia, romlebsac sakuTari parlamen­ tebi aqvT da mraval saSinao sakiTxs londonis gareSe wyveten. yovel maTgans sakuTari fexburTis da ragbis erovnuli nakrebebic hyavT. amis mizezi isaa, rom CamoTvlili oTxi qveyana didi xnis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs war­

moadgendnen da etapobrivad gaerTiandnen. jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi inglisma SemoierTa uelsi, xolo ing­ lisis da Sotlandiis kavSiris aqti gaformda 1707 wels. swored maT kavSirs ewoda „didi britaneTi“. xolo 1800 wels didma britaneTma gaaforma kavSiri irlandiasTan (am aqtebamde irlandiac da Sotlandiac formalurad damoukidebel qveynebad iTvlebodnen, Tumca inglisis gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen). 1800 wlidan am saxelmwi­ fos ewoda „didi britaneTis da irlandiis gerTianebu­ li samefo“. XIX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT indoeTis dapyrobis Semdeg, mas „britaneTis imperiadac“ moix­ senebdnen. 1922 wels gaerTianebul samefos gamoeyo irlandiis samxreTi nawili da Sesabamisad Seicvala saxelmwifos saxelic da gaxda „didi britaneTis da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo“.

maS ase, britaneTis imperiis warmoSobam samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, kanonis uzenaesobis da saboloo jamSi demokratiis principebi msoflios yvelaze So­ reul kuTxeebamdec miitana da imperiis daSlis Semdegac moaqvs keTildReoba am qveynebis xalxebisaTvis.

Tavisufalma mewarmeobam britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi xeli Seuwyo industri­ uli revoluciis ganviTarebas – britanelma inJinrebma gamoigones orTqlis manqa­ na, romelmac Secvala praqtikulad yvela industria, rkinigza da uamravi sxva; XX saukuneSi – televizori, reaqtiuli Zrava, kompiuteri da a.S. es yvelaferi swored pirovnebis, misi qonebisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis Tavisuflebis da saxelmwifos mxridan daculobis gamo gaxda SesaZlebeli. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom mas Semdegac, rac britaneTis imperias misi yofili koloniebi gamoeyo, didi britaneTi kvlav rCeboda da rCeba msoflios umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur da kulturul centrad. marTalia, 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac britaneTma koloniebis umetesobas Tavisufleba

29

istoria mianiWa, am ukve SedarebiT patara qveyanam axlidan daiwyo msof­ lios dapyroba, oRond amjerad „biTlzebiT“, „roling stoun­ ziT“, „pink floidiT“ da „led ze­ peliniT“. isic unda iTqvas, rom demokra­ tiul models Tavisi Zlieri konkurentic hyavda. XX saukune­ Si bolSevikuri ruseTis da Sem­ deg sabWoTa kavSiris meSveobiT msoflioSi sruliad sxvagvari politikuri sistemac gavrcel­ da. meore msoflio omSi gamar­ jvebam ssrk-s saSualeba misca britaneTis dedofali elisabed moere 1960-iani wlebis dasavleT socializ­ mi da komunisturi germanul mersedes 600-Si. mmarTveloba Tavze moexvia ev­ ropis „ganTavisuflebuli“ erebisTvis. civi omis dros komunizmis sacecebi So­ reul kontinentebsac gadaswvda. msoflio or did banakad daiyo, romelTa Soris, geopolitikuris garda, ideologiuri brZolac mimdinareobda.

1989 wels civi omi komunisturi blokis daSliT dasrulda, rasac male Tavad ssrk-is CamoSlac mohyva. ara, sabWoTa kavSirs ar gauTavda tankebi Tu birTvuli raketebi – ubralod am droisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom socialisturi politikuri da ekonomikuri modeli ar muSaobda – is ubralod gakotrda. politikuri mecnierebis amerikelma mkvlevarma frensis fukuiamam Tavis gax­ maurebul statiaSi maSin ganacxada, rom Cven istoriis dasasrulis momswre vi­ yaviT. is, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobda samyaros dasasruls, piriqiT, misi azriT,

kedliT gayofili berlini

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Tavisuflebis didi qartia

msoflio Tavisi evoluciis umaRles mwvervals miuaxlovda da male mTel msoflioSi liberaluri demokratia da Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika gaimarjvebda. amis safuZvels mas aZlevda is faqti, rom civi omi dasavluri demokratiebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda da yofi­ li komunisturi blokis qveynebi Tavad eswrafodnen demokratiisa da kapitalisturi ekonomikis damkvidrebas.

aRmosevleT germaniis warmoebis „vartburgi“

amis mizezi martivi iyo – aTwleulebis manZilze centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris mier Tavs moxveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. Sede­ gi uufleboba da siRaribe iyo. vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom yvelaferi politikuri sistemis brali araa – yvela eri erTnairad warmatebuli ver iqneba, gasaTva­ liswinebelia kulturuli da sxva Taviseburebebi. marTalia, kul­ tura, tradiciebi da uamravi sxva faqtori gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qveynis warmatebaze, magram istoriam aCvena, rom rogorc wesi, is qveynebi, sadac Tavisufleba garantirebulia, ufro warmatebuli arian.

„trabanti“

amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi orad gayofili germania gaxl­ daT. dasavleTi germania, romelSic omis Semdeg demokratiuli wyo­ bileba damyarda, 80-iani wlebisTvis msoflios erT-erT umdidres qveyanas warmoadgenda, xolo aRmosavleTi germania, romelsac sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari sistema moaxvia Tavs, iseTive Raribi iyo, rogorc yvela socialisturi qveyana. mxolod maT mier gamoSvebuli manqanebis Sedareba rad Rirs! dasavleT germania awarmoebda „mersedes bencs“, „be-em-ves“, „au­ dis“ da“ porSes“, xolo aRmosavleTi – „trabants“ da „vartburgs“. franc bekenbaueri, 1974 wlis msloflios Cempioni dasavleT germaniis kapitani

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istoria meeWveba, dRes bevrs axsovdes es ori avtomobili – ubralod mendeT, rom orive saSineli iyo. dasavleT germaniis fexburTelebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg orgzis msof­ lios Cempionebi iyvnen (da 1990-Si mesamejer gaxdnen), xolo gdr-is sportuli miR­ wevebi im saxeobebiT iyo Semofargluli, romlebSic warmatebas dopingis miReba gansazRvravda (gdr-is mesveurebi TavianT sportsmenebs aiZulebdnen akrZaluli preparatebis miRebas). dabolos, berlinis kedeli, civi omis simbolo, komunistur germaniaSi imi­ tom ki ar aSenda, rom vinmesgan Tavi daecvaT, aramed imisTvis, rom sakuTari mo­ qalaqeebisTvis sanukvari ocnebis asrulebis – dasavleT berlinSi gaqcevis sa­ Sualeba ar miecaT. bunebrivia, germaniis SemTxvevaSi kulturul faqtorebze laparaks azri ar aqvs – erTi da imave eris warmomadgenlebi Tavisuflebis da demokratiis pirobeb­ Si msoflios yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qmnian da dasavleT germania amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia, xolo amave eris nawili, Tavisuflebis gareSe imad iqceva, rac 1990 wlamde gdr-i iyo. amaze ufro kontrastulia koreis magaliTi, romelic, samwuxarod, dResac oradaa gayofili. mTel msoflioSi saxelganTqmulia samxreTkoreuli gemT­ mSeneb­loba, avtomobilebi da eleqtronika. yvelam icis iseTi brendebi, rogori­ caa „samsungi“, „kia“ da „hiundai“. am dros CrdiloeT koreas icnoben mxolod imiT, rom misi mosaxleoba koleqtiur monobaSia da kimebis ojaxis morig warmo­ madgenel diqtators iZulebiT eTayvaneba. unda vaRiaro, rom istoriis ganmavlobaSi totalitarizmic araerTxel yofila Zlieri sa­xelm­wifos sayrdeni. sabWoTa kavSiri swored amis magaliTi iyo, magram istoriam aseve aCvena, rom araTavisufal qveynebSi saxelmwifos siZ­ liere sazogadoebis keTildReobas sulac ar niSnavs da meore – rogorc ki xelisuflebis Zala mcirdeba, amgvari saxelmwifo ssrk-is msgavsad iSleba.

koreis naxevarkunZuli RamiT – satelituri foto. ipoveT gansxvaveba komunistur tiranias da Tavisufal sazogadoebas Soris.

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aseve vaRiareb, rom demokratiasTan Sedare­ biT totalitarul sistemaSi gadawyvetile­ bebis miReba bevrad ufro swrafad xdeba – araa saWiro xangrZlivi procedurebi parlamentSi, molaparakeba da kompromisi opoziciasTan, ar arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas vinme gaasaCivrebs da sasamarT­ lo mas dablokavs. oRond amas erTi didi prob­ lema mohyveba – istorias jer ar axsovs iseTi

Tavisuflebis didi qartia

diqtatori, romelic erTdroulad Wkvianicaa da keTilic, amitom amgvari adamia­ nebis mmarTveloba an tiraniiT da sastiki represiebiT mTavrdeba, an arakompeten­ turobiT gamowveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri kolafsiT. demokratia, totalitarizmTan SedarebiT tlanqi da SedarebiT, neli meqa­ nizmia, sadac gadawyvetilebebis miReba Segnebuladaa garTulebuli. amas gada­ mowmebis da dabalansebis principi hqvia: xelisufleba dayofilia erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel sam Stod – sakanonmdeblo (parlamenti), aRmasrulebeli (mTavroba) da sasamarTlo. am rTuli sistemis mizania, rom yoveli mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetileba da kanoni Seesabamebodes sazogadoebis interess da maqsimalurad efeqturi iyos. amgvar sistemaSi mTavroba angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe, parlamenti ki xalxis farTo fenas warmoadgens. sasamarTlo yvelasgan damou­ kidebelia da arbitris rols asrulebs moqalaqeTa Soris davis dros, aseve dava­ Si saxelwifosa da moqalaqes Soris da saxelmwifo Zalauflebis sxvadasxva Stos Sorisac. vinme ikiTxavs: – Tu demokratias da Tavisuflebas amdeni upiratesoba aqvs, ra­ tom ar aris igi gabatonebuli mTel msoflioSi? ratom arsebobs amdeni totali­ taruli reJimi, romelic sakuTar xalxs damonebul mdgomareobasa da siRatakeSi amyofebs? saqme isaa, rom Tavisufleba, romelsac demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba emya­ reba, seriozuli tvirTia – is mxolod maSin aqvs adamians da sazogadoebas, roca seriozul pasuxismgeblobas itvirTavs, pirvel rigSi – sakuTar qcevaze. Tanac Tavisufleba TavisiT arasdros mosula, misTvis brZolaa saWiro da xSirad – didi msxverpli.

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istoria CvenTvis, qarTvelebis­ Tvis, TavisuflebisTvis brZola ucxo araa. ase rom ar iyos, Cveni, rogorc TviTmyofadi eris, kva­ li didi xnis win gamqrali iqneboda. marTalia, Cve­ ni sazogadoebis nawili warmatebiT TanamSromlob­ da xolme dampy­ roblebTan, magram saboloo jamSi, Cvens ers yovelTvis Tavisufle­ ba erCivna da amisTvis xSi­ rad uTanasworo brZola­ Si ebme­ boda. rac mTavaria, TavisuflebisTvis brZo­ la mxolod mtrisgan Tavis dacvas ar niSnavda. istorias Tu gavixsenebT, saqarTvelos hqonda Sansi, rom inglisisTvis pirvelo­ ba CamoerTmia da `magna kar­ tas~ msgavsi dokumenti sa­ qarT­veloSi dabadebuliyo.

Tamar mefe da SoTa rusTaveli, mxatvari mixai ziCi meTormete saukunis oTxmo­ cian wlebSi, `magna kartamde~ ocdaaTi wliT adre, qarTvelma didebulebma da moqalaqeebma moiTxo­ves parlamentis daarseba, romelic sazogadoebis in­ qarTuli parlamentis teresebidan gamomdinare da mefisgan damoukideb­ daarsebis mcdeloba lad miiRebda gadawyvetilebebs, xolo Tavad mefes 1184 wels, giorgi mesamis gar­ dacvalebisa da Tamaris gamefebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris rols dau­ Semdeg, didebulebis da moqalaqee­ tovebda. bis jgufma, romelsac samefo karis meWurWleTuxucesi (anu saxelm­ wifo xazinis ufrosi - finansTa ministris ekvivalenti), saxelad yuTlu-arslani xelmZRvanelob­ da, moiTxova parlamentis msgavsi sakanonmdeblo organos – „karvis“ Seqmna. mas xSirad „isnis karvad“ moixsenieben, radgan is isanSi unda mowyobiliyo samefo sasaxlesTan axlos. yuTlu-arslani da misi momx­ reebi (dasi) meamboxeebad gamoacxa­ des da isnis karvis ideac ganuxor­ cielebeli darCa.

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samwuxarod, qarTuli parlamentis idea maSin da­ marcxda da demokratiis safuZvlebis Casaxva mravali saukuniT gadaido. vin icis, rogor gan­ viTardeboda Cveni istoria, inglisis msgavsi gza rom agverCia?! patara inglisma Tavisi politikuri sistemis moqnilobis gamo msoflio imperiis sta­ tuss miaRwia, ase rom SesaZ­loa, qarTuli saxelmwi­ fos oqros xanis dasruleba XIII saukunis dasawyisSi sulac ar iyo gardauvali.

Tavisuflebis didi qartia

istoria, romelic zemoT mogaxseneT, sulac ar ambobs, rom Tavisufleba an demokratia ingliselebma gamoigones. Tavisufleba adamianebis maradiuli moTxov­nilebaa da demokratiis pirveli cdebi jer kidev Zvel saberZneTsa da rom­ Si iyo. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom berZnuli da romauli demokratia didi xnis daviwyebuli iyo, rodesac msoflios `magna karta~ moevlina. am ukanasknelis Sede­ gad daibada kanonis uzenaesobis idea. manve ganapiroba Tanamedrove parlamentebs Soris uZvelesis – britanuli parlamentis Seqmna. dRevandel msoflioSi yvelaze warmatebuli swored is qveynebia, romlebmac mravali saukunis win inglisSi evolu­ ciuri gziT warmoqmnili politikuri sistema gaiziares da adamianis Tavisufleba da keTildReoba Tavis umTavres Rirebulebad daamkvidres, romlebSic saxelm­ wifo adamians emsaxureba da mTavroba adamianebis nebis Sesabamisad moqmedebs. darwmunebuli var, rom qarTveli xalxi naxevar gzaze ar gaCerdeba da Cveni qveya­na WeSmaritad Tavisufal da demokratiul saxelmwifod Sedgeba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom ruseTis erT-erTi mTavari mizania mis samezobloSi, maT Soris saqarT­ veloSi, ar dauSvas dasavluri tipis demokratiis gamarjveba, radgan kargad icis, rom avtoritarul da Rarib qveynebs ufro advilad daimorCilebs, vidre Tavisu­ falsa da warmatebuls.

britaneTis parlamentis lordTa palata - parlaments xsnis dedofali

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sekularizacia

sazogadoeba

zaal andronikaSvili

sityva sekularizacia pirvelad XVI saukuneSi gaCnda da Tavidan sa­ suliero piris erSi dabrunebas, mogvianebiT ki saeklesio qonebis saero sakuTrebaSi gadacemas niS­ navda. laTinuri sityva saeculum „dros“ an „xanas“ aRniSnavs da Ta­ visi mniSvnelobiT maradiuls upiris­ pirdeba, rogorc miwieri, amqveyniuri. amitomac, ufro farTo (dRevandeli) gagebiT, sekulari­ zaciis cneba „gaamqveyniurebas“, saero sivrcis religiuri mTliano­ bidan gamoTavisuflebis process niSnavs.

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Sua saukuneebis adamianis cxovrebasa da yofas evropaSi Tavidan bolomde gansazRvravda religia. Teologia, anu moZRvreba RmerTis Sesaxeb, iyo is saerTo safuZveli, rom­ liTac xdeboda nebismieri movlenisa Tu gamocdilebis aR­ wera. samyaros aRqmisadmi aseTma damokidebulebam rRveva daiwyo XVI saukuneSi ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: erTi – Tanamedrove mecnierebis dabadeba, xolo meore – reli­ giuri omebi. erTiani religiuri samyaros rRvevas seku­ larizaciis cnebiT moixsenieben. Tanamedrove samyaro – nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, Cveni warmodgenebi adamiansa da samyaroze – es yvelaferi sekularizaciis procesis Sedegia.

sekularizacia

sekularuli saxelmwifos dabadeba Sua saukuneebis warmodgenis mixedviT, saxelmwifo unda yofiliyo qristianuli da myarad unda mdgariyo religiur safuZvelze. religia iyo saxelmwifos legitimaciis, anu misi gamarTlebis, kanonierebis safuZveli. saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis gamijvna evropuli kul­ turis Taviseburebaa, romelic saTaves romis papebsa da evro­ pel monarqebs Soris konfliqtidan iRebs. V saukunis bolos papma gelasiusma (492-496) Camoayaliba swavleba ori maxvilis Sesaxeb. gelasiusi swerda (aRmosavleT) romis imperator anas­ tasios I-s (491-518), rom RmerTs qveynis samarTavad xeldasx­ muli (anu `daniSnuli~) hyavda saero xelisufleba (laT. regalis potestas) da sasuliero avtoriteti (laT. sacrata auctoritas pontificum). amiT gelasiosi manamde gaugonar rames akeTebda: imperators xelisuflebas edaveboda da saero xelisuflebas da sasuliero avtoritets erT safexurze ayenebda.

romis papi gelasiusi (gard. 496)

sekularuli saxelmwifo iseTi saxelmwifoa, romelSic religia a(Ra)r aris saval­ debulo safuZveli. saxelm­ wifos, rogorc aseTs, ar aqvs religia da arc erT religias ar warmoadgens. sekularu­ li saxelmwifo mxolod sae­ ro miznebs isaxavs, sulieri da religiuri miznebi ki mis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. misi legitimaciis safuZvelia ara religia, aramed xalxis, ro­ gorc suverenis, uzenaesi xe­ lisufalisa da kanonmdeblis neba.

romis papi gregorius VII (1020-1085) romis imperatori anastasios I (daaxl. 430-518)

konfliqti saero (imperatorsa) da sasuliero xelisufle­ bas (romis paps) Soris XI saukuneSi episkoposebis xeldasxmis gamo ganaxlda. franki mefeebi, Semdeg ki saRvTo romis imperi­ is imperatorebi ara marto saero, aramed sasuliero pirebis „daniSvnis“ privilegiiT sargeblobdnen. episkoposebs, rom­ lebic imperatorebis vaslebi iyvnen, imperatori kurTxevi­ sas gadascemda moRunul kverTxs (mwyemsobis simbolos) da beWeds (e.w. anulus pontificalis), rogorc mRvdelmTavris eparqi­ asTan SeuRlebis simbolos. kverTxi da beWedi, episkoposis sa­ moselTan erTad, misi xelisuflebis simbolos warmoadgenda, amitomac es konfliqti cnobilia, rogorc dava investituris (investitura pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT xom Semosvas niSnavs) Taobaze. konfliqti gamZafrda, rodesac 1075 wels papma gre­ gorius VII-m (1073-1085) gamoaqveyna traqtati Dictatus Papae

gregorius VII-is traqtati Dictatus Papae

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sazogadoeba (papis brZaneba). papma ara marto sasuliero pirebis xeldasx­ ma gamoacxada sakuTar privilegiad, aramed papi imperatorze maRla daayena (mag., imperatoris gadayenebis ufleba mianiWa). dava 1122 wels vormsis konkordatiT dasrulda, romelSic imperatorma aRiara papis privilegia sasuliero pirebis xel­ dasxmis Sesaxeb (imperiis teritoriaze imperatorTan SeTanx­ mebis pirobiT).

vormsis konkordati, 1122

orasiode wlis Semdeg, 1302 wels, papma bonifacius VIII-m (pa­ pobda 1294-1303) gamoaqveyna (safrangeTis mefis filipe IV-is (mefobda 1284-1314) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli bula, saxelwodeb­ iT Unam sanctam (erTi wminda), sadac amtkicebda, rom erT wminda kaTolikur da WeSmaritad samociqulo eklesias, ro­ melic warmoadgenda mistikur sxeuls (corpus mysticum), mxo­ lod erTi Tavi (anu erTi meTauri) unda hqonoda da ara ori, rogorc urCxuls. es saqristianos upirobo meTaurad mxo­ lod papis gamocxadebas niSnavda, radganac eklesiis meTauri qriste iyo, xolo misi moadgile – wminda petre da misi adgil­ monacvleebi (romis episkoposebi, anu papebi).

safrangeTis mefe filipe IV (1268-1314)

konkordati ewodeba Se­ Tanxmebas eklesias da saxelm­ wifos Soris. am sityvis mkacri mniSvnelobiT konkor­ dati aris xelSekruleba romis samociqulo kaToli­ kur eklesiasa da kaTolikuri saxelmwifos meTaurs Soris. am cnebas dRes zogadad ekle­ siasa da saxelmwifos Soris SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobiTac iyeneben xolme.

bonifacius VIII-is bula Unam Sanctam

saero xelisufleba Zalauflebas iolad ar Tmobda da imave Teologiur argumentebs, romliTac sasuliero xelisufleba sakuTari upiratesobis damtkicebas cdilobda, sakuTari in­ teresebisaTvis iyenebda. magaliTad, mistikuri sxeulis cneba (corpus mysticum), romelic Tavdapirvelad jer qristes evqa­ ristiul sxeuls (qristes xorcs, romelsac ziarebis dros se­ fiskveri aRniSnavs), Semdeg ki eklesias, rogorc korporacias, aRniSnavda da jer kidev bonifacius VIII-is bulaSi Unam sanc-

38

sekularizacia

netari avgustine (354-430)

safrangeTis mefe filipe IV Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad

tam eklesiis maradiulobis da universalobis legitimaciis erT-erTi mTavari instrumenti iyo, XIV saukunidan saero xe­ lisuflebis aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneboda. amis mizani iyo mis­ Tvis imave maradiulobis miniWeba, romelic hqonda eklesias. saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisaTvis aranaklebad mniSvnelo­ vani procesi „mamulis“ cnebis cvlileba iyo (qarTuli mamu­li, cneba, romelic ilia WavWavaZem daamkvidra, dasabams swored evropuli patria-dan iRebs). antikurobaSi samSoblosTvis an, ufro sworad, mSobliuri qalaqisaTvis daRupul meomrebs gmirebad acxadebdnen. qristianobam es idea gaiTavisa. ka­ Tolikuri eklesiis erT-erTma mamam – netarma avgustinem (354-450) – Semoitana „maradiuli“ (zeciuri) samSoblos (laT. patria aeterna) cneba, romlisTvisac sicocxlis Sewirva qris­ tianisaTvis bevrad ufro advili da sapatio unda yofiliyo, vidre miwieri saxelmwifosaTvis. XIII saukunidan moyolebuli ki cneba patria, romelic viwro mniSvnelobiT mamuls niSnav­ da, isev saero sferoSi dabrunda da safrangeTsa da inglisSi farTod gavrcelda. Patria erovnuli da teritoriuli erTo­ bis xilul simbolod gadaiqca. gaCnda idea, rom Tavis mamulSi (laT. in patria sua) yvela baton-patroni da mbrZanebelia. emo­ ciuri da eTikuri muxti, romelic zeciuri samSoblos dacvas hqonda, miwier samSoblozec gadmovida. axali nacionaluri patriotizmi safrangeTis mefe filipe IV-m swored romis pap bonifacius VIII-is winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoiyena. yove­ li frangi, maT Soris frangi mRvdelic, samSoblos dasacavad valdebuli iyo mxolod safrangeTis mefes damorCileboda (da ara mag., romis paps); frangisaTvis mefisa da mamulisaTvis sikvdili (pro rege et patria) iseTive sapatiod cxaddeboda, ro­

bula aris romis papis mier gamocemuli dadgenileba, epistole, beWdiani doku­ menti. sityva Bulla laTinu­ rad burTs, beWeds, mrgvali formis nivTs niSnavs da Sua saukunebSi aseve aRniSnavda mrgval beWeds, dasmuls an darTuls eklesiis ediqtebsa Tu aqtebze.

papi bonifacius VIII (1235-1303)

39

sazogadoeba gorc qristesTvis martviloba. amiT mamulis cneba pirvelad daupirispirda eklesias. konfliqti, romelic papsa da imperators Soris daiwyo, religiur omebSi gadaizarda. religiuri omebi XVI saukuneSi kaTolikuri eklesiis ganaxlebis moZraobiT daiwyo, romelic reformaciis saxeliT aris cnobili. reformacias SveicariaSi huldrih cvingli (1484-1531) da iohanes kalvini (1509-1564), ger­ maniaSi ki martin luTeri (1483-1546) edgnen saTaveSi. reforma­ torebs sakuTari warmodgena hqondaT saeklesio doqt­rinebze (protestantizmi Svidi saidumlodan mxolod sams – naTlobas, aRsarebas da ziarebas – aRiarebs), ritualze (mag., liturgiis cvlileba da TandaTanobiT laTinuris, rogorc liturgiis enis erovnuli enebiT Secvla), praqtikaze (mag., protestantebi ar cnobdnen mdidrulad mowyobil eklesiebs) da struqturaze (protestantebi ar cnobdnen erTian eklesias).…

huldrih cvingli (1484-1531)

Tavdapirvelad erTiani dasavlur-qristianuli religiu­ ri samyaro orad gaixliCa. kaTolikuri eklesiis monopolia WeSmaritebaze, romelic mas manamde hqonda, dairRva. WeS­ maritebisaTvis polemika omSi gadaizarda (mag., hugenotebis omebi safrangeTSi (1562-1589) da ocdaaTwliani omi (1618-1648)). reformaciis dros daiwyo kaTolikuri eklesiis sakuTrebis „saxelmwifosaTvis“ masobrivi gadacema. bulaSi Unam sanctam gamoxatuli kaTolikuri samyaros erTianobis idea sabolood damarcxda. daiwyo nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis epoqa. iohanes kalvini (1509-1564)

ingliseli filosofosi Tomas hobsi (1588-1679), itali­ el filosofos nikolo makiavelisTan erTad, miiCneva Tanam­ edrove saxelmwifosa da politikuri filosofiis fu­Ze­m­deblad. Tomas hobsi RmerTs, rogorc saxelmwifos le­ gitimurobis wyaros, anacvlebs adamianebis SeTanxmebiT.

martin luTeri (1483-1546)

40

barTlomes Rame, mxatvari fransua diubua

sekularizacia

ocdaaTwliani omis erT-erTi brZola, ucnobi mxatvari

sisxlismRvreli religiuri omebis qaosi da anarqia hobss permanentul, amosaval mdgomareobad warmoedgina, romelsac man daarqva `yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. rogor unda gamo­ suliyo adamiani am mudmivi omis mdgomareobidan (romelsac hobsi bunebrivs uwodebs)? hobsisaTvis es gamosavali saxel­ mwifos – garkveul wesebze da maT dacvaze dafuZnebuli adami­ anebis gaerTianebis – Seqmna iyo, romelic, hobsis azriT, SiSis daZlevis moTxovnilebidan ibadeboda. saxelmwifo ara RvTis nebis, aramed adamianebs Soris Se­ Tanxmebis produqtia. imisaTvis, rom es SeTanxmeba mtkice da xangrZlivi yofiliyo, sxva raRac iyo saWiro – erToblivi Zala, romelic adamianebs SeuzRudavda Tavisuflebas da maT moqmedebas saerTo sargeblobisaken mimarTavda. es erToblivi Zala swored saxelmwifoa – mokvdavi RmerTi, romelsac hobsi leviaTans uwodebs. ingliseli filosofosi Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) Tana­ medrove politikuri Teoriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia `leviaTani, anu saero da sasulie­ ro saxelmwifos materia, forma da Zalaufleba“ (1651). wignis Tavfurcelze gamosaxulia bevri patara adamianisagan Semd­ gari goliaTi, romelsac erT xelSi xmali da meoreSi episko­ posis kverTxi uWiravs (saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis niSnad). Tavfurcels darTuli aqvs citata bibliidan „ara ars miwaze misi msgavsi, uSiSradaa gaCenili“. es citata iobis wigni­ danaa (41:25) da wylis urCxul leviaTanzea naTqvami, swored am saSineli da daumarcxebeli urCxulis saxeli daarqva hobsma

tomas hobsi (1588-1679)

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)

41

sazogadoeba

nikolaus kopernikusi (1473-1543)

Tavis wignsa da masSi aRweril saxelmwifos. misi Zala momdina­ reobs iqidan, rom erTobis yoveli wevri Tavisi damoukideb­ lobis nawils saxelmwifos gadascems da amiT saxelmwifos xdis ufro Zliers, vidre TiToeuli maTgani iqneboda.

Tavisufali adamianis dabadeba jordano bruno (1548-1600)

axalma warmodgenebma samyaros Sesaxeb Secvala Sua sauku­ neebis evropeli adamianis damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT. Sua saukuneebis adamians samyaro warmodgenili hqonda, ro­ gorc maradiuli, erTmaneTTan ierarqiul safexurebad dakav­ Sirebuli wesrigi, romelsac hqonda Tavisi safuZveli da pir­ velwyaro. es safuZveli RmerTi iyo. nikolaus kopernikusis (1473-1543), jordano brunos (15481600), galileo galileis (1564-1642) da iohanes kepleris (1571-1630) mier dawyebulma dakvirvebebma safuZveli Cauyares dRevandel warmodgenas iseTi samyaros Sesaxeb, romelic, saboloo jamSi, SemTxveviT, magram dakvirvebad da aRwerad kavSirebs emyareba. aqedan gamomdinareobs adamianze warmod­ genac: Sua saukuneebis adamiani ganisazRvreboda misi damoki­ debulebiT kosmosur wesrigTan, xolo Tanamedrove adamiani TviTgamorkvevis Sedegia.

iohanes kepleri (1571-1630)

42

sekularizacia

Tuki samecniero revolucias, romelic safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove warmodgenas samyaros Sesaxeb, pirobiTad ko­ pernikiseul revolucias uwodeben filosofiis istoriaSi es revolucia germaneli filosofosis, imanuel kantis (17241804) saxels ukavSirdeba. moraluri Tavisuflebis cnebas imanuel kanti asabuTebs Tavis naSromSi „praqtikuli gonebis kritika“ (1790). mis mixed­ viT, adamiani Tavisufalia, rodesac misi nebis TviTgamorkve­ va avtonomiurad xdeba. es niSnavs, rom kantisaTvis subieqtis moraluri Tavisufleba misi sakuTari nebidan da ara gareSe wyarodan unda gamomdinareobdes. nebismieri sxva gareSe faqtori, midrekileba, survili an avtoriteti, romelmac adamianis neba SeiZleba gansazRvros, adamians Tavisuflebas arTmevs. aseT avtoritetTa Soris yvelaze Zlieri aris Rmer­ Tis avtoriteti (moraluri Tavisuflebis adamianis gonebaze da ara RmerTze damyareba ar aris aTeizmi: kanti werda, rom is RmerTis gonebiT Semecnebis SeuZleblobas imitom asabuTebda, rom rwmenisaTvis gza gaexsna). adamianis Tavisufleba ar aris SeuzRudavi: adamiani maSinaa Tavisufali, rodesac is kate­ goriuli (upirobod savaldebulo) imperativis (mowodebis) mixedviT moqmedebs („imoqmede ise, rom Seni nebis principi saerTo kanonmdeblobis principic iyos“).

galileo galilei (1564-1642)

dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom sekularizaciis procesi, rome­ lic XVI saukuneSi daiwyo, jer ar dasrulebula. reaqcia, ro­ melic sekularizaciis process sxvadasxva fundamentalizmis an religiis aRorZinebis saxiT mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sdevs, am dausrulebeli procesis gamoxatu­ lebad SeiZleba davinaxoT. imanuel kanti (1724-1804)

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didi qarTvelebi

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe `moqalaqeoba aris msxverplis gaReba. moqalaqeoba aris brZola Tavis wresTan, drosTan, Tavis TavTan.… moqalaqeoba mo­iT­xovs Segnebas, patiosnebas, moiT­ xovs azrovnebas, fiqrs, mxneobas, Wkuas; moqalaqeoba moiTxovs naTlian TvaliT sagnebis danaxvas, windaxedulebas, auCqa­ reblobas, simdables, romelic araa monis maCvenebeli, aramed ganaTlebul adamia­ nis, sxvisi azris gagonebas da adamianSi ada­mianis Zebnas da dafasebas. esaa Sinaar­ si Cveni sityvisa – moqalaqeoba. moqa­ laqeoba aris msxverplis gaReba. Tavisi sakuTari Tavis dawva sxvisTvis gasanaT­ leblad“. grigol feraZe daviT yolbaia grigol feraZe daibada 1899 wlis 31 (13 seqtembers) agvistos siRnaRis mazris sofel bakurcixeSi, mRvdel romanoz feraZisa da mariam samadaSvilis ojaxSi. igi 1899 wlis 16 noembers mounaTlavT bakurcixis wm. gior­ gis eklesiaSi. 1905 wels gardaicvala grigolis mama ro­ manozi da deda darCa sami mcirewlovani vaJiT: arCil­ iT, grigoliTa da vasiliT. ojaxi male sacxovreblad TbilisSi gadavida.

Svidi wlis grigoli biZam, yvarelis eklesiis moZRvar­ ma giorgi feraZem, TavisTan waiyvana. man biZasTan daax­ loebiT xuTi weli icxovra, saskolo asaks mitanebuli ki dedam wamoiyvana da Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabara. grigol feraZis dabadebis mowmoba

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wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg grigolma sasuliero semina­ riaSi ganagrZo swavla. sasuliero seminariis reqtori im dros iyo cnobili mecnieri, dekanozi korneli kekeliZe, romlis yurad­ Reba da mzrunvelobac maleve daimsaxura niWierma studentma. swored korneli kekeliZis SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa sakaTaliko­ so sabWom general fon kress TxovniT, rom grigol feraZe gaeg­ zavnaT germaniaSi, Teologiur fakultetze saswavleblad. fon kress daxmareba aRuTqvams, razec metyvelebs mis mier 1918 wlis 4 seqtembers sakaTalikoso sabWos saxelze gagzavnili sapasuxo werili, magram germaniis revoluciis gamo es gegma CaiSala. seminariaSi swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg grigol feraZe cota xans maswavleblad muSaobda goris mazris sofel zemo xandakSi; dekanozi korneli kekeliZe (1879-1962) 1919-1921 wlebSi msaxurobda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos res­ publikis jarSi; bolSevikebis mier Tbilisis dakavebis Semdeg ki, 1921 wlis martSi, igi sofel manavSi (garekaxeTSi) wavida maswav­ leblad.

1921 wlis Semodgomaze grigol feraZe Cairicxa Tbilisis axlad gaxsnili uni­ versitetis sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze.

1921 wlis dekemberSi gelaTSi, mesame saeklesio krebaze, grigol feraZe gareka­ xe­Tis samRvdeloebam sakuTar warmomadgenlad gagzavna. am krebaze xelmeored daisva sxva axalgazrdebTan erTad grigol feraZis germaniaSi saswavleblad gag­ zavnis sakiTxi. mas amjeradac Suamdgomlobda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi­ tetis reqtori korneli kekeliZe da aseve, mitropoliti nazari (eriskacobaSi – ioseb leJava (1872-1924), daxvrites bolSevikuri represiebis dros 1924 wlis 27 agvistos quTaisis maxloblad, safiCxias tyeSi). grigolis bediT dainteresdnen kaTalikos-patriarqi ambrosi (xelaia) da cnobili germaneli mwerali da sazoga­ do moRvawe artur laistic. am krebaze gadawyda grigolis evropaSi saswavleblad gagzavna. kaTalikos-patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam maSinve dawera werili germaniis sael­ CosaTvis TbilisSi:

saqarTvelos eklesia amJamad kritikul mdgomareobaSia, rac axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli sa­ suliero pirebis didi naklebobis gamo ufro uaresdeba. winaT qarTveli axalgazrdebi umaRles Teologiur ganaTlebas iRebdnen rusul sasuliero akademiebSi, sadac Teologia „oficialur“ sagnad iyo miCneuli da dRevandeli mecnierebisagan Zalian Sors idga. axla, drois Sesabamisad, SegviZlia uari vTqvaT rusul Teologiaze da rogorc somxur da berZnul eklesiebSia miRebuli, gavgzavnoT axalgazrda Teologebi germaniaSi, sadac Teologia, rogorc mecniereba, Zalian maRal donezea. grigol feraZe am qarTvelTagan pirvelia, romelsac ganzraxuli aqvs momavalSi Tavisi codna da energia qarTul eklesias moaxmaros. me, saqrTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, am RvTis mo­ sawon saqmeSi mas kurTxevas vaZlev da mesame saeklesio krebamac erTxmad daadgina, SesaZleblo­ bis farglebSi materialurad daexmaros niWier axalgazdras. feraZe pirveli Teologia, romelic germaniaSi midis, Semdeg ki sxvebic gahyvebian mis kvals. gelaTis monasteri ,1921 wlis 6 dekemberi ambrosi, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi

45

didi qarTvelebi `sionis sakaTedro taZarSi, saqarTvelos erT-erT uZveles eklesiaSi, romelSic inaxeba RvTismSoblis ramdenime saucxoo xati da saqarTvelos uwmindesi reliqvia wm. ninos jvari, im dRes morwmuneTa simcire igrZnoboda. TviT kaTalikos-patriarqi leonide wiravda ram­ denime mRvdelTan erTad. SesasvlelTan SevCerdi – verafers vxedavdi, TiTqos gavqvavdi, verc patriarqTan mive­ di, rodesac morwmuneni miuaxlovdnen. RvTismsaxurebis damTavrebis Semdeg, eklesiidan gamosvlisas, patriarqma SemamCnia da momesalma – `qriste aRsdga“. avtomaturad vupasuxe, rogorc wesi iyo da Tan gamovyevi. axali dRe iwyeboda. patriarqis sasaxlisaken mimavali, aRdgomis dReebSi yovelTvis xalxmravali quCa axla sruliad dacarielebuliyo, fanjris darabebic miexuraT. etyoboda, rom qalaqi ver aRiqvamda udidesi dResaswauliT moniWebul sixaruls. patriarqi marto midioda, arc erTi mRvdeli ar acilebda. me Soriaxlos mivyve­ bodi. quCis kuTxeSi ori wiTelarmieli gamoCnda, zizRiT Sexedes patriarqs da gza ganagr­ Zes. Tumca erT-erTi saxlis karebTan mjdari zedamxedveli misi uwmindesobis danaxvisas fexze wamodga. sasaxleSi Sesvlisas patriarqi SeCerda, TiTqos igrZno, rom ukan mivyvebodi. orive xeli Camavlo da tkiviliTa da dardiT savse mamobrivi xmiT miTxra: `sulierad dacemuli var. wadi aqedan, gadaarCine Seni axalgazrdoba“. grigol feraZe, `gza gamarjvebisaken~

1921 wels grigol feraZes TxovniT miumarTavs saqvel­ moqmedo sazoga­ doebisTvis, rom daxmarebodnen germaniaSi gasamg­ zavreblad: „maqvs didi survili ger­ maniaSi gamgzavre­ bisa swavlis gasagrZeleblad. exla es survili micxoveldeba. germaniis misiam, sakaTalikoso sabWos SuamdgomlobiT, mimiRo transport­ zed ufasod da yovelgvari xarjebi ikisra berlinamde. mTavrobidan saWiro sabuTebi ukve maqvs miRebuli. erTdrouli daxmareba momces sazogadoeba „mwyemsma“ da sakaTaliko­ so sabWom, magram vinaidan stipendiis Sovnamde me momixdeba germaniaSi oTx-xuT Tves darCena mainc Cemi sakuTari fuliT, romelic Cemi si­ Raribis gamo ara maqvs [...] amis gamo umorCile­ sad gTxovT gamiwioT erTdrouli daxmareba da momceT saSualeba Cemi wminda miswrafebis Ses­ rulebisa momavalSi Cvens sayvarel samSoblos samsaxureb­lad“.

46

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

artur laistma grigol feraZes berlinSi gaatana sarekomenda­ cio baraTi im drois germaniaSi erT-erT gamoCenil figurasTan, cnobil Teologsa da mweralTan, doqtor iohanes lefsiusTan. Rrmad pativcemulo batono, am werilis momtani, batoni grigol feraZe, qar­ T­vel­i axalgazrda, apirebs berlinSi evangelisturi Teologiis Seswavlas, raTa Semdeg Tavis samSobloSi qarTuli samRvdeloebis sulieri da moraluri aRmav­ lobisaTvis izrunos. batoni feraZe Zalian mondomebulia da me igi Zalian Tbi­ lad warmomidgina qarTuli eklesiis mwyemsmTavarma. Tumca axlagazrda kacis fuladi saxsrebis simwirisa da qarTuli eklesiis mmarTvelobis amJamindeli gaWirvebis gamo sakmarisi finansuri Sesatanis imedi ar unda gvqondes, magram germaniis kulturuli politikisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba saqarTvelos ekle­ siis CarTva germaneli mecnierebis gavlenis sferoSi da amitom kargi iqnebo­ da, Tu axalagazrda kacs berlinSi finansur daxmarebas gauwevdnen. [...] amitom saqarT­velos eklesiis mwyemsmTavarma aqauri germanelebisaTvis gadmomca.

iohanes lefsiusi (1858-1926)

Rrma pativiscemiT, artur laisti, mwerali, Tbilisi, 1921 w. 10 oqtomberi

lefsiusma didi mzrunvelobiT miiRo qarTveli Teologi, dauniSna stipendia da xeli Seuwyo gamxdariyo berlinis universitetis Teologiis fakultetis stu­ denti. amgvarad, grigol feraZis bedi samudamod daukavSirda evropas. Semdeg, mravalgzis cdis miuxedavad, man veRar SeZlo samSobloSi dabruneba... amrigad, 1922 wlis 12 maiss grigol feraZe xdeba berlinis universitetis Teo­ logiis fakultetis studenti da im drois saukeTeso specialistebi aswavlian Teologias, Zvel ebraul, Zvel berZnul, siriul, arabul, koptur, laTinur, Zvel slavur da Zvel somxur enebs. igi aseve swavlobs germanul, inglisur, frangul, daniur da polonur enebsac. amasTan, berlinis universitetis qarTuli enis leq­ toris, profesor ri­ Card mekelainis rCe­ viT grigol feraZe ukavSirdeba cnobil orientalists, bonis universitetis profe­ sors hainrix gusens, romelsac Zalian kargi biblioTeka hqonda da SesaniSnavad erkveoda qarTul literaturasa da istoriaSi. 1925 wlis 29 aprili­ dan grigol feraZe, doq­tor lefsiusis rCeviT, saswavleblad bonis universitetis filosofiis fakultet­

grigol feraZisaTvis filosofiis doqtoris xarisxis miniWebis Sesaxeb cnoba

47

didi qarTvelebi grigol feraZe werda:

`is, rac me doqtorma lefsiusma Camagona, kidev ufro gaaZliera profesorma gusenma. ukve dro iyo damewyo qarTul Tematikaze muSaoba. man didsulovnad damiTmo mTeli Ta­ visi biblioTeka, aseve uSurvelad mexmareboda Tavisi mdidari codna-gamocdilebiTac. misi meoxebiT gavicani cnobili mecnieri, orientalistTa mefed miCneuli paul peeter­ sic. swored am nacnobobas, romelic SemdgoSi pirad megobrobaSi gadaizarda, vumadli Zalze bevr SemoqmedebiT impulss“.

bolandistebi – mecniere­ bis, filologebisa da is­ torikosebis gaerTianeba, ro­ melic swavlobs da gamoscems (XVII saukunis dasawyisidan) wmindanTa cxovrebasa da kults. saxelwodeba momdina­ reobs Jan bolandis – cnobi­ li iezuiti mRvdelmsaxurisa da wmindanebis cxovrebaTa kritikuli gamocemis fuZem­ deblis saxelidan.

sainteresoa grigol feraZis moRvaweobis kidev erTi as­ peqti – 1931 wlis agvistoSi misi redaqtorobiT parizSi gamoicema Jurnali „jvari va­ zisa“, romelmac, miuxedavad xanmokle arsebobisa (19311934), didi da mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTuli emi­ grantuli Jurnalistikis is­ toriaSi.

bonis universiteti

48

ze gadadis, sadac mas profesori guseni mfarvelobs. gr. feraZem bonSi miiRo filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi naSromisaTvis `qar­ Tuli bermonazvnobis istoria misi dasawyisidan 1065 wlamde“. swavlis dasrulebisa da doqtoris xarisxis mopovebis Semdeg grigol feraZes surda samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo. amisaTvis gancxadebiT mimarTa sabWoTa saelCos, magram pasuxma daagviana da igi samecniero mivlinebiT gaemgzavra belgiaSi, raTa garkveu­ li droiT emuSava gamoCenil qarTvelologTan paul peetersTan. grigol feraZes undoda luvenis universitetSi kaTolikuri Teologia Seeswavla – 1926-1927 wlebSi luvenis universitet­ Si eswreboda leqciebs, swavlobda Zvel qarTul wignebs bolan­ distebis biblioTekaSi, paul peetersTan saubrobda qarTuli hagiografiisa da qarTuli eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebze.

1927 wlidan grigol feraZe samecniero muSaobas eweoda in­ glisSi, sadac gaecno britaneTis muzeumisa da oqsfordis uni­ versitetis biblioTekebSi dacul eklesiis mamaTa Txzulebebis uZveles xelnawerebs. muSaobda aRmosavluri xelnawerebis fon­ diT ganTqmul wignTsacavebSi. 1927 wels bonSi gardaicvala profesori guseni da grigol fe­ raZes misi adgili SesTavazes.

„vfiqrob, mTel germaniaSi ver moiZebneboda erTi mecnieric ki, romelic mas Tundac nawilobriv mainc Secvlida. peetersis garda ar meguleboda sxva vinme, vinc masaviT iqneboda daufle­ buli yvela aRmosavlur qristianul enas. me leqciebi unda wame­ kiTxa mxolod Zveli somxuri da Zveli qarTuli enebis Sesaxeb“, – werda am ambebTan dakavSirebiT gr. feraZe.

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

bonSi grigol feraZes samuSaod xelsayreli pirobebi hqonda. profesor gusenis biblioTeka, romelic man koloniis kardinals uanderZa, ocdaaTi wliT gadaeca bonis universitets da iq yovel­ Tvis iyo qarTuli da somxuri enebiT dainteresebuli ramdenime adamiani.

1927 wlis ivlisSi grigol feraZe daniSnes bonis universitetis privat-docentis Tanamdebobaze.

1927 wels grigol feraZem q. lozanaSi Catarebul meore msof­ lio konferenciaSi „rwmena da saeklesio wyoba“ miiRo monawileo­ ba, sadac gaicno sruliad poloneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTauri mitropoliti dionise (valedinski), romlis miwveviTac cota mogvianebiT igi varSavaSi gadadis samuSaod da sacxovreblad.

dionise (eriskacobaSi konstantine valedinski, 1876-1960) – sruliad polo­ neTisa da varSavis mitro­ politi 1923 wlidan. 1924 wels konstantinopolis pat­ riarqma ruseTis ekle­ siis gverdis avliT ofi­ cialurad cno poloneTis marTlmadidebluri ekle­ siis damoukidebloba. 1948 wels mitropoliti di­ oni­ se komunistebma eklesiis mmarTvelobas CamoaSores.

1931 wlis 18 aprils grigol feraZe parizis berZnul sakaTedro taZarSi berad aRikveca, 19 aprils igi diakvnad akurTxes, xolo amave wlis 25 maiss – mRvdlad.

1931 wlis 31 maiss mama grigoli iniSneba parizis wm. ninos marTlmadidebeli ekle­ siis mrevlis mRvdelmsaxurad. grigol feraZe 1933 wlamde parizSi cxovrobda da sasuliero moRvaweobasTan erTad aqtiur samecniero saqmianobasac eweoda; oqsfordis, sorbonis, dublinis da krakovis universitetebSi kiTxulobda leqciebsa da moxsenebebs Zveli qarTu­ li kulturis, adreuli qristianobisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebis Sesaxeb, eZieb­ da da ikvlevda qarTul xelnawerebs, monawileobda sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan kon­ ferenciasa da samecniero yrilobaSi.

49

didi qarTvelebi 1933 wels grigol feraZe poloneTis mitropolit dionises miwveviT gadadis varSavis universitetSi, marTlmadidebluri Teologiis fakultetze patrologi­ is profesorad. iwyeba axali etapi mis sasuliero da samecniero cxovrebaSi. mas we­ liwadSi orjer ufleba aqvs gaemgzavros parizSi wm. ninos eklesiis marTlmadide­ bel mrevlTan Sesaxvedrad, xolo sazafxulo da saSobao ardadegebis dros SeeZlo samecniero mizniT xangrZlivad emogzaura sazRvargareT. 1934 wels londonis wm. sofias berZnul sakaTedro taZarSi grigol feraZe ar­ qimandritad akurTxes. imave wlis maisSi ki, poloneTis mitropolit dionises davalebiT, lublinis episkoposma sabam is mitriT Seamko.

mitra aris mRvdelmsaxuris Sesa­ moseli, patara xatebiTa da fera­ di qvebiT Semkuli Tavsaburavi, romelic simbolurad gamoxatavs qristes eklis gvirgvins. mitriT mRvdelmTavari ajildovebs mRvdelmsaxurebs xangrZlivi da erTguli samsaxurisaTvis.

samecniero mogzaurobis Sesax­ eb grigol feraZe werda: „eklesias aqvs ori movaleoba: 1) sulier-religiuri da 2) dac­ va Cveni eklesiis tradiciis, e.i. mecnieruli. unda gamovtyde, rom ukanaskneli ufro mainteresebs Tundac im mizeziT, rom am dargSi Cems sakuTar Tavs vemyarebi. ekle­ siur muSaobaSi ki iZulebuli var sxvebsac daveyrdno da xandaxan es ndoba ar mimarTlebda. [...] yvelam icis, rom mixdeba xSirad parizis datoveba xan miwveven sxvaganac leqciebis wasakiTxad (rogorc iyo es gasul wels oqsfordSi) an samecniero muSaobis gamo, radgan arsad mTel evropaSi arc erT wignsacavs qarTuli wignebi sru­ lad ara aqvs an kidev TviT, Cveni mrevlis siRaribis gamo mivdivar sxvagan (rogorc magaliTad polo­ neTSi) Cveni eklesiisTvis raimes saSovnelad“.

1934 wels grigol feraZe germaniaSi gaemgzavra da aR­ wera laifcigis, berlinisa da getingenis biblioTekebSi daculi qarTuli xelnawerebi. laifcigis universitetSi aRmoaCina ierusalimis jvris monastris aRapebis e.w. tiSen­ dorfiseuli nusxa (lobegot fridrix konstantin freiher tiSendorfi (1815-1874) iyo cnobili germaneli Teologi da paleografi). 1935 wels man rumineTSi, bulgareTsa da saberZneTSi imogzaura, ramdenime Tve darCa saberZneTSi, aTonis mTis monasterSi. aseve moinaxula petriwonis monas­ teri bulgareTSi, sofiis saxelmwifo biblioTekaSi aRmo­ aCina petriwonis qarTuli monastris tipikonis manamde ucnobi xelnaweri.

1936 wels grigolma imogzaura ierusalimsa da siria­ Si, sadac araerT qarTul warweras miakvlia, wminda mi­ waze yofnisas gansakuTrebiT dainteresda piligrimebis Canawe­rebiT. varSavaSi dabrunebis Semdeg dawera dRiurebi „ieriqonis vardebi, wminda miwasa da siriaSi mogzaurobis dRiuri“.

1937 wels avstriaSi, venaSi, gaemgzavra gracis univer­ sitetSi daculi Suhardtis (germaneli enaTmecnieri, baskologi) qarTuli koleqciis gasacnobad. 1937 wels varSavaSi Catarda SoTa rusTavelis iubile. grigol fera­ Zis moxseneba daibeWda varSavis qarTuli komitetis mier gamocemul wignSi. lublinSi grigol feraZisa da gior­ gi nakaSiZis daxmarebiT iuzef lobodovskim polonurad Targmna „vefxistyaosani“.

grigol feraZis Sromebis didi nawili dawerilia ger­ manul, inglisur, frangul da polonur enebze. mas icnob­ dnen da imowmebdnen iv. javaxiSvili da k. kekeliZe. misi gamokvlevebi recenzirebuli da Sefasebulia cnobili mecnierebis a. baumStarkis, m. TarxniSvilis, g. deetersis, r. Janenis da sxvaTa mier, magram misi samecniero memkvidreoba saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar aris saTanadod dafasebuli.

50

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

grigol feraZe iyo poeti. misi ena gamoirCeva arqauli formebiTa da xalxuri leqsikiT. igi iyenebda eklesiis sagaloblebs, qarTuli simRerebis leqsikas. saku­ Tar leqsebs aqveynebda Jurnal „qarTlosSi~ „gan-faris“ xelmoweriT. grigol feraZe, araerTi polonuri da saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisa da organizciis wevri, TanamSromlobda mraval samecniero JurnalTan. sagulisxmoa, rom 1939 wlis maisis bolos grigol feraZe miiwvies bizantinoLOlog­ Ta saerTaSoriso kongresze, romelic unda gamarTuliyo 1939 wlis Semodgoma­ze alJirSi. man profesor gabriel miles gasacnobad gaugzavna kidec frangul enaze momzadebuli referati baCkovos (petriwonis) monastris Sinaganawesis Sesaxeb, magram poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi Sexvedris Semdeg gamgzavrebaze uari ganacxada...

„uari vTqvi mogzaurobaze, radgan varSavaSi maqvs sakmaod didi biblioTeka, daaxloebiT ori aTasi tomi, maT Soris iSviaTi qarTuli patristikuli wignebi. vfiqrobdi, rom ar SemeZlo bedis anabara mimetovebina evropaSi mTeli Cemi cxovre­ bis namoRvawari, mTeli es simdidre, amitom varSavaSi davrCi, iq viyavi misi aRebis drosac, miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoelebs qalaqis datovebis neba darTes. RmerTs madlobas vwirav, radgan rogorc Cemi biblioTeka, aseve mokrZalebuli bina xe­ luxleblad gadarCa. RvTis wyalobis imediTa da rwmeniT savse, kvlavac sasoebiT Sevyureb momavals“. mama grigols poloneTSi cxovreba umZimes periodSi mouxda – am dros qveya­ na germanel faSistebs hqondaT okupirebuli. misi cxovrebis bolo wlebisa da

varSavis universiteti

51

didi qarTvelebi mowameobrivi sikvdilis Sesaxeb cnobebi mwiria. vi­ ciT, rom 1942 wlis maisSi grigol feraZe varSavaSi gestapom daapatimra. uSualo mizezad dasaxelda faSistebis mier devnili ebraelebis daxmareba da mfarveloba. grigol feraZis binis Cxrekis Sedegad gaqra mogzaurobebis dros mis mier saqarTvelos­ Tvis SeZenili Zvirfasi Zveli xelnawerebi da saekle­ sio nivTebi. grigol feraZe varSavis paviakis cixeSi Casves. man Tavisi bina mindobilobiT gadasca varSavis samit­ ropolitos diakvans eJi berkman-karenins. mas aseve miando Tavisi qonebis gamgeblobac:

„Cemi bina avejiTurT gTxovT gadasceT vinme kancelariis muSaks. Cemi ardabrunebis SemTxveva­ Si Cems biblioTekas samitropolitos vuanderZeb. nivTebi (tansacmeli, TeTreuli, fexsacmlebi, yvela sxva nivTi) gayideT, xolo miRebuli Tanxa gadaeciT Cveni samrevlos obol bavSTa saxls. Cemi qarTuli wignebi da sabuTebi (agreTve xatebi) omis Semdeg unda gadaeces qarTul eklesias“.

ai ras ixsenebs qarTuli emigraciis TvalsaCi­ no warmomadgeneli, publicisti da mTargmne­ li vitali (Taliko) ugrexeliZe Tavis gamou­ qveynebel xelnawerSi gr. feraZis qonebis bedis Sesaxeb:

`... beris amanaTi moitanes klubSi da erTi didi oTaxi aavses. me, rodesac es gavige, iq mivir­ bine, mindoda ori Zveli qarTuli saeklesio galobis wigni gadamerCina gestapos xelidan. im oTaxSi Sevedi. damxvda iq polkovniki C. da miTxra, rom ukve gestapom qoneba aRwerao. wignebis xelis xleba aRar SeiZleboda. magi­ dazec ewyo wignebi. davinaxe wablisferydiani patara saxareba da daviwye magidis irgvliv seirnoba da polkovnik C.-Tan baasi. erT wamSi, odes igi mibrunda, me vixelTe dro da saxareba vitace jibeSi. ramdenime wamis Semdeg gamovedi da saxareba dRemde maqvs Senaxuli. danarCeni yvelaferi gestapom waiRo da daikarga samu­ damod. saxareba eZebes Turme meore Tu mesame dRes. polk. C. SemekiTxa saxarebaze Tu rame vicodi, magram sityva banze avugde. miTxra ki, rom didi aurzauri iyoo“.

52

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

poloneTis marTlmadidebeli ek­­­ le­ sia, miuxedavad urTulesi viTa­ rebisa, yvelafers akeTebda gri­gol fera­ Zis gasaTavisufleblad. uSe­ dego gamodga giorgi nakaSiZisa da mitro­ polit dionises yvelanairi mcdeloba.

1942 wlis 18 noembers grigol fe­ raZe osvencimis tyveTa banakSi gadai­ yvanes.

1942 wlis 11 dekembers osvencimis sakoncentracio banakis komendant­ ma rudof hosma varSavis samitropo­ litos diakvans eJi berkman-kare­nins oficialuri cnoba gaugzavna gri­ gol feraZis gardacvalebis Sesa­xeb. varSavis marTlmadidebluri mit­ ropoliis arqivSi daculia Svidi do­ kumenti, romelTa mixedviTac SesaZ­ lebelia aRvadginoT mama grigolis paviakis cixeSi yofnis suraTi:

cnoba grigol feraZis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb

1) 1942 wlis 5 maiss polonur enaze Sedgenili grigol feraZis sacxov­rebeli binis daluqvis protokoli.

2) 1942 wlis 28 maiss rusul enaze Sedgenili grigol feraZis sacxov­ rebeli binis Cxrekis protokoli.

3) 1942 wlis 10 ivnisiT daTariRebuli mindobiloba grigol feraZis xelmoweriT varSavis samitropolito diakvnis eJi berkman-kareninis saxelze.

4) 1942 wlis 10 ivnisiT polonur enaze Sedgenili grigol feraZis pi­ radi nivTebis aRweris protokoli dapatimrebulisTvis gadasacemad.

5) 1942 wlis 20 ivnisiT germanul enaze dawerili grigol feraZis weri­ li eJi berkman-kareninis saxelze.

6) 1942 wlis 11 dekembris oficialuri cnoba germanul enaze grigol feraZis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb.

7) 1942 wlis 15 dekembris germanul enaze dawerili varSavis marTl­ madidebluri mitropoliis werili osvencimis sakoncentracio banakis komendantis saxelze.

53

didi qarTvelebi henrik paprocki, romelmac udidesi wvlili Seitana gr. feraZis cxovreba-moR­ vaweobis Seswavlisa da misi wmindanad Seracxvis saqmeSi, ga­nixilavs grigol fe­ raZis sikvdilis Sesaxeb polonur presaSi gamoqveynebul sam sxvadasxva versias. aqedan erTs, rom grigol feraZe mokles mauThauzenis sakoncentracio banakSi, imTaviTve uaryofs da gaugebrobad miiCnevs. danarCeni ori versiiT ki mama grigo­ li gardaicvala 1942 wlis 6 dekembers, erTis mixedviT – sakuTari surviliT ga­ zis kameraSi Sevida mravalSviliani patimris nacvlad, meoresi ki – osvencimis sakoncentracio banakSi mouklavT germaneli oficeri, banakis administracias mkvleli ver upovia da amitom mTeli banaki saSinel yinvaSi SiSveli gamouyvani­ aT moedanze da damuqrebian, ase dediSobila idgebiT yinulze, sanam mkvlels ar CagvabarebTo. maSin mkvleloba Tavis Tavze auRia grigol feraZes. igi Turme jer ZaRlebs daaglejines da mere benzini gadaasxes da tyveebis Tvalwin dawves. arsebobs mama grigolis gardacvalebis sxva versiac: 1945 wels osvencimis sa­ koncentracio banakis orma yofilma patimarma varSavis marTlmadideblur mi­ tropolias acnoba, rom mama grigolma Tavisi nebiT aRiara arCadenili danaSauli, TiTqos man moipara puri da amiT mTeli tyveTa banaki gadaarCina. igi jer ZaRlebs daaglejines, xolo Semdeg benzini gadaasxes da banakis Tvalwin dawves. samwuxa­ rod, es gancxadeba aravis Cauweria – an daikarga, an aRmoCenas elodeba. aqve unda iTqvas, rom mitropoliti dionise 1946 wlis 1 Tebervals ruseTis pat­ riarq aleqsi I-s werda: „Cveni marTlmadidebeli Teologiis seqciis profesori, arqimandriti grigol feraZe, qarTveli, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis kursdam­ Tavrebuli, bonisa da oqsfordis profesori, enebis mcodne, rusuli da qarTuli enebis garda flobda frangul, germanul da inglisur enebs, dapatimrebul iqna da gadayvanili osvencimis tyveTa banakSi, iq – daxvretili“. savaraudod, es in­

54

wminda mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe

formacia zemoaRniSnuli ori yofili patimris monayolTan aris dakavSirebuli. amrigad, grigol feraZis gardacvaleba dRemde bundovanebiT aris mo­culi, ar aris cnobili marTla Sevida igi Tu ara nebayoflobiT gazis kameraSi mravalSvi­ liani patimris nacvlad an marTla mis mier arCadenili danaSaulis aRiarebas mohyva patimrebis Tvalwin misi dawva an daxvreta? rasakvirvelia, sruli utyu­ arobiT „istoriuli simarTlis aRdgena albaT SeuZlebelia, magram ase iyo Tu ise, dRes dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grigol feraZem Tavi gaswira da mTel qveyanas moyvasisaTvis Tavganwirvis iSviaTi magaliTi uCvena...“ (T. Wumbu­ riZe, qarTuli xelnawerebis Seswavla ucxoeTSi – grigol feraZis arqeografi­ uli Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2006.)

1995 wlis 19 seqtembers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam grigol fe­ raZe wmindanad Seracxa. ukanasknel aTwleulSi grigol feraZis Sesaxeb literaturul da samecniero periodikaSi qveyndeba misi narkvevebi da qadagebebi. mis Sesaxeb biografiulsa da bibliografiul masalas gvawvdian avtoritetuli samecniero da religiuri cnobarebi, enciklopediebi. qarTulad iTargmna gr. feraZis ramdenime statia, xelaxla daibeWda zogierTi misi qadageba. mis moRvaweobas xuTi dokumenturi filmi mieZRvna, maT Soris sami poloneTSia gadaRebuli (`TeTri angelozis ZiebaSi“, 1996; „wminda profesori“, 2002 da „ucnobi daviwyebuli, wm. grigol feraZe – dideba RmerTs yvelafrisTvis“, 2007). poloneTSi daarsda wm. grigol feraZis saxelobis samlocvelo da Sendeba misi saxelobis eklesia. daarsda wm. grigol feraZis sazogadoebac.

2002 wlidan varSavis universitetSi tardeba grigol feraZis saxelobis kavka­ siologTa yovelwliuri saerTaSoriso konferencia. daarsda agreTve wm. grigol feraZis saxelobis premia. misi saxe xatebzea aRbeWdili da misdami savedreblebia dawerili: „romelman RmerTi dausabamo marTlmadideblobiT isibrZnismetyvele, da msxverplad sunad sunnelad Tavi Tvisi Seswiren qristesa da gvirgvini uxrwneli moige grigol, mas evedre CvenTvis RvawliT Semosilo“. grigol feraZis saxeli amotvifrulia varSavis universitetis meore msoflio omSi daRupul profesorTa memorialur dafaze, agreTve omSi daRupul marTlma­ didebluri eklesiis moRvaweTa memorialur dafaze varSavis wm. ioane klemaqsis saxelobis eklesiis kedelze.

55

civilizacia

antikuri saCuqari levan berZeniSvili

ra moutana antikurobam Tanamedrove samyaros? erTi SexedviT, pasuxi ioli da mravalmxrivia: pirovnebis dabadeba (Zv.w. VII s.), didi literatura, pirveli evropuli eposi, pirveli lirika, melika, Teatri, tra足 gedia, komedia, drama, filosofia, istoriografia, fantastikuri arqiteqtura, taZrebi, qandakebebi, stadionebi, sportis saxeobebi, olimpiuri TamaSebi, piTago足 ras Teorema, oqros kveTi, evropuli enebis anbanTa sistemebi (berZnulis safuZ足 velze Seqmnili laTinuri, qarTuli, somxuri, slavuri anbani; laTinuris safuZ足 velze Seqmnili evropuli enebis anbanebi) da kidev uamravi ram...

da politikis sferoSi? pasuxi kidev ufro martivia: demokratia da samarTali. ufro zustad da ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, berZnuli demokratia da romauli samarTali.

56

antikuri saCuqari

berZnuli demokratia Tanamedrove warmodgeniT, demokratia aris mmarTvelobis forma, romelsac oTxi mTavari niSani aqvs:

1. moqalaqeebi irCeven da cvlian xelisuflebas Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebiT;

2. moqalaqeebi aqtiurad monawileoben politikasa da samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi; 3.

daculia yvela moqalaqis adamianis uflebebi da

4. saxezea kanonis uzenaesoba, romlis mixedviTac kanonebi da procedurebi yve­ la moqalaqes Tanabrad exeba. moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT: a) xma miscen an ar miscen kanonebs an kenWi iyaron ama Tu im poziciaze, b) Sevidnen politikur partieb­ Si, monawileoba miiRon ama Tu im komitetSi; gaakritikon, gamoxaton protes­ ti, g) igrZnon, rom maTi uflebebi daculia da d) isargeblon samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebiT, rodesac brali edebaT qveynis kanonebis darRvevaSi. am niSnebidan pirvel ors safuZveli Caeyara antikurobaSi. rac Seexeba danarCen ors, isini sul sxva epoqis damsaxurebaa. Sesabamisad, rodesac vambobT, rom saberZ­ neTma gvaCuqa demokratia, igulisxmeba TviTon es sityva, igulisxmeba samarTliani da Tavisufali arCevnebis praqtika da igulisxmeba moqalaqeTa aqtiuri monawile­ oba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram, bunebrivia, ar igulisxmeba „mTeli“ demokratia adamianis uflebebiTa da kanonis uzenaesobiT. termini „demokratia“ (berZnuli δημοκρατία) Seicavs or nawils: demos (δημος, „xalxi“) da kratos (κράτος, „Zala“, „Zalaufleba“) da aRniSnavs „xalxis Zalaufle­ bas“. es termini pirvelad gaCnda berZnul politikur da filosofiur naazrevSi, qalaq-saxelmwifo aTenSi, klasikuri antikurobis xanaSi. kleisTenesis (klisTenes) meTaurobiT aTenelebma Camoayalibes pirveli demokratia Zv.w. 508-507 wlebSi. Sesa­bamisad, kleisTenesi moixsenieba, rogorc „aTenuri demokratiis mama“. aTeni ar iyo erTaderTi polisi (qalaq-saxelmwifo) Zvel saberZneTSi, sadac iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. aris­ totele mraval sxva qalaqsac asaxelebs, Tumca, ZiriTadad, demokratia swored aTenSi Camoyalibda. am sistemis Camoya­ libebamde aTens marTavdnen arCeuli arqontebi, anu uzena­ esi xelisufalni da areopagosi – yofil arqontTa sabWo. am institutebis wevrebi ZiriTadad iyvnen aristokrate­ bi, warCinebuli gvarebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic qa­ laq-saxelmwifos marTavdnen Tavisi interesebis gaTvalis­ winebiT. Zv.w. 621 wels drakonma mogvca saqveynod cnobili sastiki kanonebi („drakonis kanonebi“), romlebSic mkafio iyo aristokratiis Zalaufleba yvelaferze. am kanonebs xeli ar SeuSlia warCinebuli ojaxebisTvis, ebrZolaT kidev ufro meti Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. sabolood kleisTenesi – „aTenuri demokratiis mama“

57

civilizacia aristokratiam finansurad gasrisa sxva fenebi da gaWirvebulma xalxma pirvel ar­ qontad aTenSi soloni airCia, rom mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris samoqalaqo omamde misuli dapirispireba moegvarebina. solonma mospo valis vergadaxdisTvis monad qcevis instituti, gamoricxa aTenelTa monoba, Caatara qonebis cenzi, romlis mixedviTac oTx klasad dahyo mosaxleoba da TiToeul klass Tavisi politiku­ ri SesaZleblobebi ganusazRvra, Camoayaliba 400 kaciani sabWo da, rac mTavaria, yvela moqalaqes misca axaldaarsebul saerTo-saxalxo krebaze daswrebis, monawi­ leobisa da xmis micemis ufleba. areopagosi darCa, magram mis funqciad mxolod kanonebis aRsrulebis kontroli ganisazRvra. sul cota xanSi axaldabadebuli demokratia daamxo tiranma peisistratosma, mag­ram igi kvlav aRdga 510 wels peisistratoris Zis gaZevebis Semdeg. kleisTenesis reformebma daasrula aristokratiuli ojaxebis mmarTveloba da qalaqis marTvis sadaveebi xelSi Caugdo yvela aTenels. reformaTa mesame talRa modis efialtesze (462/1 ww.), romelmac daarwmuna saxalxo kreba, rom unda SeemcirebinaT areopagosis Za­ laufleba.

soloni (daaxl. Zv. w. 640-559)

58

aTenuri demokratia iyo pirdapiri demokratia, ro­ melsac ori urTierTgansxvavebuli elementi Seadgenda: Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis wilisyriT SerCeva (SemTxvevi­ Ti SerCeva) arsebuli saxelmwifo, administraciuli da iuridiuli samsaxurebisTvis da sakanonmdeblo saxalxo kreba, romelSic monawileobda aTenis yvela moqalaqe. yvela moqalaqes ufleba hqonda elaparaka da xma mieca saxalxo krebaze, romelic qalaq-saxelmwifos kanonebs adgenda. aTenel moqalaqeebSi ar igulisxmebodnen qale­ bi, monebi, ucxoelebi (ucxoqalaqelebi), e.w. metoikosebi, umiwoebi da Tvramet wlamde Wabukebi. aTenis mosaxleoba orasidan oTxasamde aTas kacs Seadgenda; amaTgan mxolod ocdaaTidan samoc aTasamde iyo moqalaqe. mosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis moqalaqeobis uflebis arminiWeba ukav­ Sirdeboda moqalaqeobis Zvel gagebas. antikurobis Tval­

antikuri saCuqari

sazrisiT, moqalaqeobis sikeTe mWidrod iyo dakavSirebu­ li saomar kampaniebSi aucilebel monawileobasTan. aTenis demokratia pirdapiri iyo ara mxolod im gage­ biT, rom masSi monawileobda erTad Tavmoyrili xalxi, aramed imiTac, rom saxalxo krebis, sabWosa da sasamarT­ loebis meSveobiT mosaxleobis didi nawili mudmivad CarTuli iyo sazogado saqmeebSi da akontrolebda mTel politikur process. miuxedavad imisa, rom individuu­ mis uflebebi ar iyo daculi aTenis konstituciiT, Ta­ namedrove gagebiT (Zvel berZnebs arc hqondaT sityva „ufleba“), aTenelebi sargeblobdnen samoqalaqo Tavi­ suflebiT, ar emorCilebodnen sxvis Zalauflebas da ar warmoadgendnen romelime pirovnebis marTvis obieqtebs. sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoebSic iyo demokratiuli gamoc­ dileba. magaliTad, ranJirebuli xmis micema spartaSi jer kidev Zv.w. 700 wlisTvis SemoiRes. „apela“ iyo yvela moqalaqis kreba, rac TveSi erTxel imarTeboda, romel­ Sic 30 wels miRweul yvela mamakacs SeeZlo monawileo­ ba mieRo. apelaze spartelebi irCevdnen liderebs da perikle xmas aZlevdnen kenWisyriTa da daZaxebiT. aristotele (daaxl. Zv. w. 494-429) amas „bavSvurs“ uwodebs, roca adarebs aTenelTa kenWebiT arCevnebs, sakuTriv „kenWisyras“. spartelebs ki Tavisi sistema moswondaT, radgan is, maTi azriT, gamoricxavda gayalbebas, mosyidvas, maqinaciebs adreul demokra­ tiul arCevnebSi. samwuxarod, spartaSi demokratiuli cxovreba sul sxva mimar­ TulebiT ganviTarda da sabolood gadagvarda. demokratiis qvakuTxedad ki isev aTeni rCeboda. aTenurma demokratiam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia Zv.w. V saukuneSi, araformalu­ ri lideris, perikles, epoqaSi. perikle iyo udidesi politikuri moRvawe, aTenis demokratiuli partiis warmomadgeneli, cnobili oratori da sardali. Zv. w. 444 wels, Tukidides damxobis Semdeg, ganagebda qveyanas. Zv. w. 445 wels daimorCila

59

civilizacia kunZuli evbeia, xolo 440 wels — samosi. periklem Tavis garSemo Semoikriba sa­ berZneTis wamyvani kulturis moRvaweni da araerT did saqmes daadga Tavi, swored misi mmarTvelobis xanaSi miaRwia aTenma ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis piks (perikles xana). perikle miekuTvneboda alkmeonidTa aristokratiul gvars, magram izrdeboda demokratTa garemocvaSi. miiRo didebuli ganaTleba. Tavisi aTleturi aRnago­ bis, aristokratobisa da mSvidi, gawonasworebuli xasiaTis gamo perikles „olim­ piels“ uwodebdnen. igi 15 weli (Zv. w. 444-429 ww.) ucvlelad iyo aTenis strategosi, marTav­da principiT: „Cven vqmniT drois mcire monakveTSi, magram ara drois mcire monakveTisaTvis“. perikles saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli mravali reforma, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo aTenis saxelmwifos wyobilebis demokratizacias. gaauqma qonebrivi cen­ zi saxelmwifo samsaxurisTvis, daawesa jamagiri (dieta) da amiT saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobaSi uRaribesi fenebic Caaba. gaafarTova saxelmwifo krebis (ekle­ sia) umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo uflebani. manamde arsebuli Ria xmis micemis para­ lelurad saarCevno formad SemoiRo kenWisyra. Teatralur sanaxaobebze dasas­ wrebad RaribTaTvis daawesa saxelmwifo xazinidan fulis gacema (Teorikoni). sanaxaobebisa da misteri­ ebis xarjebi daakisra mdidar moqalaqeebs (litur­ gia). umiwawylo glexobas asaxlebda sagangebod gamoyofil miwebze (kleruqia). perikles drois aTens uwodebdnen „saberZneTs saberZneTSi“. xelaxla aSenda ak­ ropolisi, parTenoni, navsadgurebi pireosi da faleroni. aTeni da pireosi mTlia­ nad gaerTianda. perikles ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo: arc erT aTenels Cemi mizeziT samgloviaro Talxi ar Caucvamso.

60

antikuri saCuqari

moqalaqeoba aTenSi aTenis moqalaqe SeiZleba yofiliyo mamrobiTi sqesis pirovneba, romelic, rogorc efebosi (17-18 wlisa), mzad iyo moexada samxedro valdebuleba. saxelmwifos marTva­ Si CarTuli moqalaqeebi saerTo mosaxleobis 10-dan 20 procents Seadgendnen, rac icvleboda Zv.w. V-IV sauku­ neebSi. mosaxleobis didi nawili – monebi, gaTavisufle­ buli (gaazatebuli) monebi, qalebi, metoikosebi (aTenSi mcxov­rebi ucxoqalaqelebi anu ucxoelebi) – am saqmeebSi ver monawileobda. qalebis uflebebi da privilegiebi me­ tad SezRuduli iyo, maTi moqalaqeebad CaTvla Zneli iyo, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, monebTan maTi Sedareba ar SeiZle­ boda. sajaro sferoSi isini Zlier SezRuduli iyvnen da sakmaod iyvnen gamijnuli kacebisgan. xmis micemis ufle­ ba aseve SezRuduli an CamorTmeuli hqondaT calkeul Tormeti dafis kanonTa krebuli pirebs, maga­ liTad, saxelmwifo valis gadauxdelobis gamo. zogierTi aTenelisaTvis amas mohyveboda samudamo diskvalifikacia. Tumca, sxva qalaqebis oligarqiisa da aristokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, aTensa da radi­ kaluri demokratiis ramdenime sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoSi mdgomareoba bevrad ufro ukeTesi iyo. calkeuli moqalaqeebi aTenSi ufro aqtiurebi iyvnen, vidre sxvebi, magram saxelmwifo da sazogado saqmeebSi CarTulebis ricxvi ufro maRali iyo, vidre dRevandel demokratiebSia. aTenis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeTa STamomavlebi unda yofiliyvnen, periklesa da kimonis reformebis Sedegad, romelic Zv.w. 450 w. ganxorcielda, maT orive mSobeli aTeneli unda hyolodaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kanons ukuqceviTi Zala ar hqonda da kanonis miRebamde ukve moqalaqed aRiare­ buli pirebi am statuss inarCunebdnen, rodesac egviptis faraonisgan saCuqrad marcvleuli miiRes, „mravali ukanonoba gamovlinda“ da bevri moqalaqe amoweres samoqalaqo reestridan. moqalaqeobis miniWeba SeeZlo saxalxo krebas da xandaxan igi didi jgufebis­Tvis miuniWebiaT, magaliTad, plateelebs – Zv.w. 427 wels da samoselebs – 405 wels, magram Zv.w. IV saukunidan igi mxo­ lod individualurad eniWeboda da saWiro iyo 6000-kaciani kvorumi; ase rom, moqalaqeoba axla eniWeboda asobiT da ara aTasobiT pretendents.

fidiasis (Zv. w. V s.) qandakeba parTenonis frontonidan

61

civilizacia

romauli samarTali pirveli miniSnebebi damkvidrebuli romauli samarTlis Sesaxeb SeiZleba moviZioT sasamarTlo saqmeTa im gadawyvetilebebSi, romlebmac Cvenam­ de moaRwia. rac Seexeba romauli samarTlis weri­ lobiT wyaroebs — es romael mefeTa kanonebia. erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania Tormeti dafis kanonTa krebuli (laT. Leges duodecim tabularum), romelmac gaiTvaliswina solonis kanonebis bevri debuleba da miekuTvneba Zv.w. V saukunes. Zv.w.

III saukunisTvis romauli samarTali ukve mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli religiuri normebisgan.

iustinianusi, mozaika ravenis wm. vitalis bazilikidan (527-528)

62

Zv.w. 367 wels civilius ceqsusis (romaelebis wakiTxviT, kivilius keqsusis) kanoniT SemoiRes pretoris Tanamdeboba. pretorobis kandidate­ bi iyvnen pretoris ediqtebi. arCevnebis dros aucileblad iTvaliswinebdnen maT damokidebule­ bas samarTlis gamoyenebasTan da misi principebis

antikuri saCuqari

gagebasTan. pretors, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZ­ lo samarTlis safuZvlebSi arsebuli xarvezis Sevseba; aseve mas ufleba hqonda Zveli kanonebi axali realiebi­ saTvis Seufereblad mieCnia da gaeuqmebina. pretoris samarTalma didi wvlili Seitana romauli samarTlis sistemis ganviTarebaSi. Zveli romauli samarTlis samecniero sistemis er­ TaderT Zeglad iTvleba gaiusis instituciebi (Zv.w. II s.). mogvianebiT, ax.w. 426 w., imperatorma valentinianus mesamem es Zegli papinianusis, ulpianusis, modestinu­ sisa da pavles mosazrebebTan erTad miiCnia samarTlis wyaroebad, romliTac unda esargeblaT mosamarTleebs ganaCenis gamotanisas. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iustinianusis digestebi iTv­ leboda romauli samarTlis ZiriTad werilobiT wyarod. samarTlis instituti sakmaod konservatiuli aRmoCnda, masSi cvlilebebis Setana Zalian Zneli iyo; ulpianusi swored amis gamo romis imperiis periodSi ganviTarda (170-228) kargad gaazrebuli iuridiuli teqnika, moxda samarT­ lis wyaroebis dawvrilebiTi sistematizacia, ramac dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina samarTlis mecnierebis ganviTarebaze. SemdgomSi moxda romis kerZo samarTlis ga­ datana romanul-germanul samyaroSi da ase Camoyalibda evropuli samarTali.

63

civilizacia

romauli samarTlis ZiriTadi principia mtkicebuleba, rom saxelmwifo aris saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs Soris molaparakebis Sedegi da misi mizania yvela samarTlebrivi sakiTxis gadawyveta yvelas mier saerTo konsensusiT winaswar miRebuli wesebis mixedviT. romauli samarTlis es principi safuZvlad daedo xe­ lisuflebis iseT formas, rogoricaa respublika, romelic dRes mTel msoflio­ Si xelisuflebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. romaul TviTSegnebas samarTlianoba gamohyavs Tanasworobidan, rogorc samarTlis realizaciis ZiriTadi principi. “Ius est ars boni et aequi” — ambobs cel­ sus (kelsus) umcrosis gamonaTqvami da igi iTargmneba, rogorc „samarTali aris keTilisa da Tanasworis xelovneba“. mniSvnelovania, rom aq gamoyenebulia ter­ mini „Tanaswori“ (aequus) da ara „samarTliani“. romauli samarTali efuZneba sa­ samarTlo xelisuflebis uzenaesi rolis gaazrebas; „maqvs sarCeli: ese igi, maqvs ufleba“, — ase asaxavs mdgomareobas erT-erTi cnobili romauli iuridiuli ga­ monaTqvami. utilitarizms uwodeben sargeblis (utilitas) ganxilvas samarTlis az­ rad, romelic axasiaTebs romaul damokidebulebas samarTlis mimarT: „sargebeli — keTilisa da samarTlianis dedaa“. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba kerZo (ius privatum) da sajaro samarTali (ius publicum). am gansxvavebas pirvelad xazi gausva iuristma ulpianusma: „sajaro samarTa­ li aris samarTali, romelic miekuTvneba romauli saxelmwifos sargebels, xolo kerZo samarTali miekuTvneba calkeul pirTa sargebels“.

romauli sajaro samarTali Ius publicum – sajaro samarTali samarTlis normebia, romelic icavs mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs, gansazRvravs saxelmwifosa da misi organoebis samarT­ lebriv mdgomareobas. mas axasiaTebs principi, rom romauli sajaro samarTlis normebi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos kerZo pirebis SeTanxmebiT, amitom sajaro samarT­ lis normebi imperatiulia (savaldebuloa). romaul sajaro samarTals sami ganyofileba hqonda: 1. moxeleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi, 2. qurumebisa da sxva religiuri Tanamdebobis pirebis ufleba-mova­ leobebi da 3. sisxlis samarTali. kerZo samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, romaul sa­ jaro samarTals dasavleT evropis samarTlebrivi sistemis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia. romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg swrafad daiviwyes misi sa­ jaro samarTali, xolo kerZo samarTali isesxes sxva saxelmwifoebma. am sesxebis process tradiciulad gadaRebas, anu „recefcias~ uwodeben.

64

antikuri saCuqari

gaiusis instituciebis erT-erTi uZvelesi xelnaweri papirusi

romauli kerZo samarTali Ius privatum – kerZo samarTali efuZneba kerZo sakuTrebis ur­TierTobebs. evropelma libertaristebma romauli damo­ki­ debuleba sakuTrebisadmi aRiares, rogorc pirovnebis Ta­vis­ uflebisa da pativiscemis mniSvnelovani niSani. romaulma kerZo samarTalma Tavisi sabazo institutebi da principebi aTaswlo­ van istoriaSi gamoatara da sabolood gaxda Tanamedrove kerZo samarTlis safuZ­ veli. es didad ganapiroba imanac, rom Corpus Iuris Civilis (kerZo samarTlis korpusi) iswavleboda evropis universitetebSi. romis kerZo samarTals dResac udidesi roli aqvs samarTlis mecnierebaSi da igi warmoadgens Tanamedrove saxelmwifoe­ bis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi dargebis Seswavlis ConCxs. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli saberZneTisa da romis imperiis zeobidan Zalian didi dro gavida, antikuri saCuqari Tavis mniSvnelobas ar kargavs. bevri saCuqrisgan gansxvavebiT, igi aRmoCnda universaluri da kargi sasmeliviT, Rvino iqneba es, koniaki Tu viski, rac ufro Zveldeba, miT ufro Zvirfasi xdeba.

65

kultura

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria naxatebidan naxatebamde

maia RambaSiZe

azris werilobiT gadmocemis idea, ra Tqma unda, erT dRes ar Camoyali­ bebula. dRes Cven gvaqvs anbanuri damwerloba da SegviZlia TiToeul fonemas TiTo niSan-simbolo SevusabamoT, magram Tavdapirvelad es ase ar iyo. damwerlobam warmoqmnis Semdgom ganviTarebis ramdenime mniSv­ nelovani etapi gaiara, raTa sabolood mieRwia anbanamde. ra da rogor Caiwera adamianma pirvelad? rogor gamoiyureboda yvelaze Zveli nawerebi? ram gamoiwvia weris sistemis gamartiveba? winamdebare statiaSi SevecdebiT swored am sakiTxebs gavceT pasuxi.

ra aris damwerloba fonema aris ling­ visturi termini da aRniSnavs ama Tu im enis fonetikuri sis­ temis Semadgenel bge­riT erTeuls, bgeras.

anbani aris asoTa an simboloTa erTob­ lioba, sadac es sim­ boloebi calkeul bgeriT erTeuls war­ moadgens.

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damwerloba aris simboloebis, anu grafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebis saSualeba, raTa vizualurad, kiTxviTi formiT gadmoices azri, idea. mecnierebi misi ganviTarebis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen, imisda mixed­ viT, Tu metyvelebis rogori grZlivoba gadmoicema niSnebiT – fraza, sityva, marcvali Tu bgera. aRsaniSnavia, rom damwerloba warmoadgens kacobriobis udides kulturul miRwevas, vinaidan mis gareSe adamiani verc erT mniSvnelovan movlenas ver aRnusxavda. rogor gaCnda damwerlobis Seqmnis idea? ratom ar dakmayofilda adamiani sametyvelo eniT? metyvelebisgan damwerloba swored imiT gansxvavdeba, rom erTi uxi­ lavia, meore ki – xiluli. Tu dRes arsebobs audio-video Camweri, rom­ liTac msoflios nebismier adgils vukavSirdebiT, Zvel droSi uxilavi enis manZilsa da droSi gadacema SeuZlebeli iyo. anu unda vivaraudoT,

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

rom rodesac garkveul movlenaTa CaniSvna da maTi manZilsa Tu droSi gadacema gaxda aucilebeli, swored maSin gaCnda damwerlobac. magram amasTanave warmoudgenelia damwerlobis sruli saxiT Camoyalibeba gan­ viTarebis im etapebis gauvlelad, romlebic azrisa da ideis gadmocemas martivi­ dan rTul formamde miiyvanen. amis magaliTi gvxvdeba Zvel mesopotamiaSi, sadac is erTaderTi damwerloba aRmoCnda, romelmac ganviTarebis yvela etapi gviCve­ na – dawyebuli martivi naxatebidan, damTavrebuli rTuli Sinaarsis mqone Tixis firfitebiT, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, safuZveli Cauyares anbanuri damwerlobis warmoSobas. am damwerlobis pirvelobas isic adasturebs, rom igi arc erTi adrin­ deli weris sistemis gavlenas ar amJRavnebs.

protodamwerloba yvelaze Zveli naxatebi, rasac Cvenamde mouRwevia, aris gamoqvabulebsa da mRvi­ meebSi, kedlebze gamosaxuli cxovelebi (mag., bizoni, cxeni da sxva). cxadia, aseT naxatebs damwerlobas ver vuwodebT, vinaidan warmoadgenen mxolod gamosaxule­ bebs, romlebsac verasdros wavikiTxavT. mecnierTa azriT, es ar iyo mxolod saxvi­ Ti xelovnebis nimuSebi da maTi gamosaxviT adamiani gadmoscemda raRac Sinaarss,

gamoqvabulSi gamosaxuli cxeni, safrangeTi, zeda paleoliTis xana

67

kultura magaliTad, rom man mokla es cxove­ li, mokla amdeni da amdeni da a.S. ga­ mosaxul cxovelTan erTad umetesad Camosmulia xazebi, rac swored ricx­ vebis aRmniSvnel upirveles niSnebad miiCneva. gamoqvabulebSi Sesrulebul nax­ atebTan erTad arqeologebi waawyd­ arwivis Zvalze Caxatuli mTvaris fazebis kalendari nen sxvadasxva saxisa da Sinaarsis mqone Cxirebs, saWdeebsa Tu iarliyebsac. dasavleT safrangeTSi aRmoCnda, maga­ liTad, arwivis Zvalze gamosaxuli aRniSvnebi, rac mTvaris fazebis Canawerebs gadmogvcems. Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom es xazebi sxvadasxva periods gane­ kuTvneba.

sabeWdavebi damwerlobis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba sul ufro da ufro kompleqsurad ganvi­ Tarebul sameurneo saqmianobas. am dros Cndeba sxvadasxvanairi formisa da ga­ mosaxulebis mqone mcire zomis Tixis cilindruli sabeWdavebi, romlebic svel Tixaze gadatarebis Sedegad sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone kompoziciur naxatebs toveben.

Tixis dasaTvleli figurebi

Tixis `konverti~ da masSi moTavsebuli figurebi

68

cilindruli sabeWdavi da misi anabeWdi Tixaze

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

Tixis saTvleli figurebi da `konvertebi~ me-20 saukunis miwuruls, SuamdinareTSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad, mecnierebma sruliad ucnauri arqefaqtebi (anu arqeologiuri nivTmtki­ cebebi) aRmoaCines – es iyo sxvadasxva formis Tixis patara figurebi, romlebic sakmaod didi periodis manZilze gvxvdeba da Zv. w. 8000-1500 ww.-iT TariRdeba.

Tavdapirvelad es figurebi SeumCneveli darCaT, maTTvis didi mniSvneloba ar miuniWebiaT, vinaidan ar egonaT, rom raime ideis matarebeli iqnebodnen. magram arqeologebi TandaTan darwmundnen, rom maTi uyuradRebod datoveba ar SeiZle­ boda, vinaidan aseTi figurebi mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi aRmoaCines. sainte­ resoa, rom egvipteSi arc erTi amgvari figura ar aris napovni. am Tixis figuraTa ganviTareba SeiZleba or eta­ pad davyoT: adreuli figurebi sadaa da geometri­ uli forma aqvT – sfero, wre, diski, konusi da a.S., mogviano xanisa ki aris daserili, amokveTili da formamicemuli. gamoiTqva varaudi, rom es figurebi gamoiyene­ boda angariSsworebisaTvis erTgvar sazom erTeulad. sxvadasxva tipis forma sxvadasxva simbolos ganasaxierebda – mag., romelime cxovels, sakvebsa Tu nivTs. fiqroben aseve, rom arsebobda am figurebis daTvlis sistema, romelic gamoixa­ teboda maTze Camosmuli xazebiTa da wreebiT, rac saSualebas iZleoda, rom didi rao­denobiT daeTvalaT esa Tu is saqoneli. am dasaTvlel figuraTa ZiriTadi funqciis Sesaxeb varaudi kidev ufro mas Sem­ deg gamyarda, rac Zveli mesopotamiis erT-erT yvelaze Zvel qalaq uruqSi Tixis

69

kultura mrgvali formis saintereso WurWlebi aRmoaCines, romlebic zemodan sabeWdavebiT iyo dabeWdili. rogori iyo mecnier­ Ta gaoceba, rodesac am WurWlis gaxsnis Sedegad SigniT ukve nacnobi formis Tixis dasaTvleli figurebi ipo­ ves! aRmoCnda, rom es iyo mrgvali formis Tixis `kon­ vertebi~, romelTa erTi nawili gauxsneli, zogi ki ukve damtvreuli iyo. maTi Seqmnis mizani unda yo­ filiyo Tavdeboba, garantia sizustisa da utyua­ roba Cadebuli figurebisa, romlebic TavisTavad sxvadasxva nivTis simbolos warmoadgendnen. Ta­ namedrove enaze rom vTqvaT, es iyo imdroindeli e.w. `Ceki~, romelsac Cven viRebT saqonlis SeZenis dros. rogorc Cans, adamiani fiqrobda, rom Tu es niSnebi jibeSi edeboda an Zafze aacvamda, SeiZle­ ba dakargvoda an advili iqneboda maTi gayalbeba. am gziT ki piri, romelic meores nivTebs ucvlida (im dros gavrcelebuli iyo aReb-micemoba, saqonlis e.w. `barteru­ li~ gacvla), gamoZerwavda misTvis saWiro Tixis dasaTvlel figurebs, gamosaxavda maTze saganTa raodenobas, Caawyobda Tixisave `konvertSi~, daaxatavda zemodan figurebs, ris gacvlasac apirebda, Sekravda `konverts~ da gadascemda meore adamians. amiT angari­

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damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

Sis uzustobisgan orive mxare iyo dazRveuli. Tu es savaWro SeTanxmeba sakamaTo gaxdeboda, `garige­ bis~ monawileT SeeZloT sxvaTa TandaswrebiT gaetexaT `konverti~ da daeTvalaT saqoneli. rogorc Cans, saqonlis gacvlis dasadas­ tureblad mogonili aseTi xerxi imdenad mo­ saxerxebeli iyo maSindeli mosaxleobisTvis, rom es figurebi lursmuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli mniSvnelovani teqstebis para­ leluradac ganagrZobdnen arsebobas mas Sem­ degac, rac Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruls gaCn­ da damwerloba.

pirveli Tixis firfitebi qalaq uruqSi, Tixis martivi dasaTvleli figurebis garda, aRmoCenilia aseve Tixaze Sesrulebuli pirveli naxatebi, e.w. `piqtogramebi~. isini gamoxatavdnen mTel Txro­ biT kompozicias, sadac naxatebi erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebu­ li. Semdgom periodSi es naxatebi gadaiqcnen lursmuli damwerlobis Semadgenel nawilad.

Zvel mesopotamiaSi aRmoCenili yvelaze Zveli Tixis firfitebi daaxl. Zv. w.

3300-iT TariRdeba. es firfitebi Sumerebma Seqmnes da maTze cifrebia gamosaxuli, vinaidan es firfitebi mxolod ricxvebsa da piqtografiul niSnebs asaxaven, maT Camoyalibebul damwerlobas ver vuwodebT.

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kultura

ideogramulia dam­ werloba, rodesac erTi niSani, simbolo gamoxatavs mTli­an sity­vas an ideas.

marcvlovania dam­ werloba, rodesac erTi niSani, simbo­ lo gadmoscems erT marcvals (mag., ba, ab, bab).

Tuki qvis xanis adamiani mniSvnelovani movlenis dasafiqsireblad ga­ moqvabulis kedlebsa da Zvlebs iyenebda, Zveli SuamdinareTis adamianma sawerad is masala gamoiyena, riTac mdidari iyo misi qveynis buneba da rac iq bevrad meti iyo, vidre xe da qva – mesopotamiaSi uxvad moipove­ boda Tixa, romelsac iqauri macxovreblebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen mSeneb­ lobaSi. Tixa saweradac kargi masala aRmoCnda. wyaluxv SuamdinareTSi aseve didad gavrcelebuli iyo lerwami, igive seli, romelic, sxva mniS­ vnelovan funqciebTan erTad (zeTi, samosi da a.S.), saucxood gamod­ ga Tixaze sawer saSualebad. Tixas zeldnen da lerwmisgan gamoTlili grZe­li samkuTxa kalmiT martivad gamosaxavdnen masze niSnebs.

am damwerlobis magaliT­ ad mogvyavs e.w. `ludis firf­ ita~ – es aris rebusis msgavsi gamosaxu­leba, romelic gviyve­ ba qeris gacvlis ambavs: 135 000 litri (1) qeris (2) gacvlis pe­ riodi: 37 Tve (3), am saqmis pa­ suxismgebeli piri: quSimi (4), sabuTis mizani: saboloo an­ gariSi (5), qeris gacvla – xeli­ dan xelSi (6).

nel-nela es rTulad misaxvedri rebusuli damwer­ loba gadaiqca nawilobriv ideogramul, nawilobriv ki – marcvlovan damwerlobad. Zv. w. III aTaswleu­ lis miwurulidan vxvdebiT ukve iseT niSnebs, rom­ lebic erT marcvals gamoxataven. Sumerebma daiwyes lursmuli/solisebri niSnebis kombinaciebis Sedge­ na. Tavdapirvelad es simboloebi Tavis aRsaniSn sag­ nebs gamosaxulebiT emsgavsebodnen, Semdgom ki ukve marcvlis aRmniSvneli gaxdnen. aseTi ideografi­ ul-marcvlovani, lursmuli/solisebri damwerloba

gadamwerebi Tel barsifidan, siria

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sainteresoa, rom Sumerebs werasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi terminebi hqondaT: SAR/ŠAR – `wera~; DUB.ŠAR – `firfita~; ŠID – `kiTxva, daTvla, xmamaRla warmoTqma~; DIŠ SANTAG – `samkuTxedi~. cnobilia aseve gadamwerTa sko­ lis e.w. `gamocdis teqsti~, sadac moswavlis Segonebas vxvde­biT: SAĜ.NAM.DUB.ŠAR SANTAG – `weris xelovnebis dasawyisi aris soli~.

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

mTel Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi gavrcelda (elamuri, aqaduri, xeTuri, xurituli, ugarituli, urartuli, Zv. sparsuli) da sabolood gadaiqca anbanur damwerlobad, romlis pirveli magaliTia finikiuri anbani. damTxvevad ar unda miviCnioT, rom swored am epoqidan mogvepoveba damwerlobis nimuSebi babilonis gareTac: aRmosavleTiT – xuzestanSi (irani) da dasavleTiT – egvipteSi. xuzestanis centrSi, suzaSi napovni Tixis firfitebi aseve dafarulia damwerlobis niSnebiT. es ar aris gasakviri. adreul epoqebSi xuzestansa da babilonSi kulturuli gan­ viTareba TavTavisi gziT midioda, magram im periodSi, romelzec Cven vlaparakobT, es ori regioni kulturulad da ekonomikurad erTnairad viTardeboda da erTnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba erTnair saWiroe­ bebs moiTxovda. aq aRmoCenili Tixis firfitebi Tanadroulia babilonSi aRmoCenili pirveli Tixis firfitebisa, anu ver vxvdebiT damwerlobis Casaxvis niSnebs da amitom ar gamoricxaven, rom xuzestanSi damwerlo­ bis idea swored babilonidan Sesuliyo.

finikiuri damwerlo­ ba – CvenTvis cnobi­ li uZvelesi anbanu­ri damwerloba, ro­­me­­lic Sedgeba 22 Tanxmovnis­ gan.

rac Seexeba egviptes, damwerloba aqac da babilonSic erTsa da imave epoqaSi Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lursmuli/solisebri damwerloba da egvipturi ieroglifebi metad gansxvavebulad gamoiyurebian, mainc saubaria maT kavSirze. arqeologiuri wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom es ori regioni erTmaneTs ucvlida Zvirfas qvebs, liTonsa da sxva Zvir­ faseulobas. mag., cnobilia, rom laJvardis qva, romelsac egvipteSi ux­ vad iyenebdnen, swored avRaneTidan Seitanes.

lursmuli damwerlobis nimuSi – `Sumeris mefeTa sia~

73

kultura da mainc, sad Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad damwerloba? mecnierebi upiratesobas mainc SuamdinareTs aniWeben. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iq dastur­ deba damwerlobis ganviTarebis yvela etapi, daw­ yebuli naxatebiT, damTavrebuli marcvlovani lursmuli damwerlobiT. egvipteSi Casaxul damwerlobas ki winapiroba ar aqvs, igi meso­ potamiuri damwerlobis ganviTarebis mxo­ lod meore fazidan dasturdeba. rac Seexeba sxva adrindel damwer­ lobebs, rogoricaa induri da Cinuri damwerlobebi, isini mogviano periodSi yalibdeba ise, rom maT ZvelaRmosavlur damwerlobasTan ver vakavSirebT. Zveli mesopotamiuri damwerlobisgan mogvi­ anebiT warmoiSva finikiuri – pirveli an­ banuri damwerloba, romelsac bevr sxva an­ banTan erTad qarTuli anbanis warmoSobac ukavSirdeba. weris sistemis gamartiveba gamoiwvia im saWiroebam, rom adamians saweri da dasamaxsovrebeli Zalian didi ma­ sala gauCnda. damwerlobis warmoSoba ki ukavSirdeba im dros, rodesac adamianma SeZlo metyvelebis manZilsa da droSi gacocxleba.

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damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria – naxatidan naxatamde

ukan naxatebisken? Tanamedrove piqtogramebi dRes Znelad Tu moiZebneba adamiani, romelsac Sexeba ar hqondes Tanamedrove `piqtogramebTan~. esenia: sagzao niSnebi, aeroportSi gamosaxuli simboloebi da mravali sxva. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad viyenebT kompiuterul simboloebs. teqnikis ganvi­ TarebasTan erTad damwerlobis ganviTarebac sxvadasxva etaps gadis – Tu erT dros werils vwerdiT, dRevandel dRes `CaTSi~ drois simwiris gamo gamovsaxavT ama Tu im simbolos, romelic emociasa Tu guneba-ganwyobilebas, aseve Cven mier dagegmil qmedebebsac ki gamoxatavs. amisaTvis Sedgenilia simboloTa leqsikone­ bi, romlebic zustad imave mniSvnelobas atareben, rasac erT dros Seqmnili Sume­ ruli niSnebi. cxadia, dRes bevrad mosaxerxebelia videogamosaxulebis meSveo­ biT urTierToba, vidre safosto werilis gagzavna. da Tuki qristes Sobamde III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi adamianma manZilsa da droSi metyvelebis gadacemisTvis damwerloba Seqmna, qristes Sobidan III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, teqnikuri prog­ resis wyalobiT, igi manZilze komunikacias damwerlobis gareSec axerxebs.

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mxatvroba

niko firosmanaSvili giorgi xoStaria

saocaria, rogor axerxebs saqarTvelo mciredi amosunTqvis pirobebSic ki alRo auRos mowinave qveynebSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs. am TvalsazrisiT uaRre­ sad nayofier, saintereso da garkveulwilad gasaocar procesebs vxedavT CvenTan XIX s-is II naxevarsa da XX s-is pirvel aTwleulebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom istori­ uli avbediTobiT saqarTvelo kargavs Tavis saxelmwifoebriobas da aRmoCndeba naxevrad aziur-monRoluri imperiis ganapira provincia, vxedavT uaRresad prog­ resuli msoflxedvis mqone sazogado moRvaweTa mTel pleadas, Zalze saintereso movlenebs literaturisa Tu saxviTi xelovnebis sferoSi. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia davasaxeloT Tundac mxolod vaJa-fSavela da niko firosmanaSvili. erTi SexedviT, firosamanaSvili TiTqos gancalkevebiT mdgomi figuraa. garkveulad es asec aris misi Semoqmedeb­ iTi potenciis, mxatvruli msoflxedvis, unikaluri mxatv­ ruli samyaros Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, Tu davukvirdebiT, sakmaod naTlad Cans misi warmoCenis sruli logikuroba. niko firosmanaSvili daibada qiziySi (ubatono mxareSi, rogorc vaJa), didi alba­ TobiT, 1862 wels (zogierTi mkvlevris az­ riT – 1864-Si). adre daoblda. axalgazrdo­ saxli mirzaanSi, sadac daibada niko firosmanaSvili

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niko firosmanaSvili

bidan imyofeba TbilisSi, vinme qalanTarovebis ojaxSi. mas axasiaTebdnen, rogorc uaRresad sufTa, uangaro da cotaTi ucnaur pirovnebas. misi ucnauroba logiku­ rad gamoiyureba rigiTi moqalaqeebis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare. misi potenci­ is pirovneba ubralod ver Cajdeboda rigiT moqalaqeTa logikaSi, Tumca amasTan igi Tavisianic iyo, uyvardaT kidec. xatvisadmi interesi axalgazrdobaSive gamouvlenia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, viciT, rom meore TviTnaswavl mxatvarTan, gigo zaziaSvilTan erTad, XIX s-is 80-ian wleb­ Si ucdia abrebis saxelosnos gaxsna. komerciulad maTi wamowyeba ver gamarTl­ da, magram CvenTvis es cnoba Zalze sainteresoa – daaxloebiT am dros, XIX s-is miwurulisTvis, unda momxdariyo misi mxatvruli samyaros Camoyalibeba, rasac SesaZloa garkveulad xeli Seuwyo rkinigzaze gamyolad muSaobam – aman saSuale­ ba misca gaemdidrebina Tavisi vizualuri STabeWdilebebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeze. Semdeg erTxans rZis nawarmiT vaWrobs kompanionTan erTad, xatavs abras duqnisTvis, magram, cxadia, rom komerciul saqmianobas igi didxans ver gahyveboda. igi Tavs anebebs am saqmianobas da mTlianad kavdeba mxatvrobiT. xdeba moxetiale mxatvari, romelic gadadioda duqnidan duqanSi da maT Sesamkoblad suraTebs as­ rulebda. gadmocemiT, kedlebze da SuSazec ki xatavda. nikos Semoqmedebis es mxa­ re (kedeli, SuSa), samwuxarod, ar SemogvrCa, daikarga, magram isic, rac Semogvr­ Ca, marTlac saocaria Tavisi gamorCeulobiT da, rac mTavaria, uaRresad maRali mxatv­ruli doniT, gaazrebiTa Tu mxatvruli `logikis~ siRrmiT.

77

mxatvroba imisTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT niko firos­ manaSvilis logikurobaca da alogikurobac saWi­roa: 1. mkafiod davinaxoT im epoqis Tavise­ bureba, romelSic igi cxovrobda da moRvaweob­ da da 2. SeZlebisdagvarad gavaanalizoT misi konkretuli namuSevrebi – mxolod ramdenime ti­ puri nimuSis mxatvruli wyobis ganxilvis safuZ­ velze. yovelgvari movlena, fenomeni, maT Soris, Semoqmedeba, mxatvroba xdeba drosa da sivrce­ Si. am mxriv Zalze saintereso, koloritul su­ raTs vxedavT – niko firosmanaSvilis mxatv­ robis Camoyalibeba xdeba ormagi gardamavali omis pirobebSi. istoriulad saqarTvelo, misi kultura, rogorc sulieri, ise socialuri Tu ekonomikuri, misi msoflxedva, misi faseuloba­ Ta sistema, SemecnebiTi, eTikuri Tu esTetikuri, yalibdeba ori didi megakulturuli samyaros qali kaTxa ludiYT mijnaze – erTi mxriv, Zveli aRmosavleTi (rom­ lis pirdapir kvals axlac vxedavT: erT magaliTad kmara Tundac `iav-nana~ – ia da vardi tradiciuli komplimenti qalisTvis, nana, igive iSTari uZvelesi nayofiere­ bis qalRmerTi Sumeridan da mTlianad SuamdinareTidan da meore mxriv – antikuri (berZnuli, elinisturi, romauli). maTma sinTezma (aleqsandre makedonelis Semd­ gom) mogvca kacobriobis kulturuli evoluciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi eta­ pi – elinizmi. aRmosavluri elinisturi samyaro, mTeli regionebi da qveynebi gaqra jer islamuri da mere seljukuri eqspansiis Sedegad, magram misi zogadsakacobrio monapovrebi dResac arsebobs. sakmarisia davasaxeloT erT-erTi umniSvnelova­ nesi msoflio religia – qristianoba, is aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT evropuli sam­ yaroebi, romelTac erTad saqristiano hqvia. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom saqarTve­ orTaWalis turfebi

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niko firosmanaSvili

naturmorti doqiTa da boTlebiT

loSi dominantur religiad damkvidrda (gansxvavebiT maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebisgan, mag., somxeTisgan) qristianobis diofizituri varianti, romelic macxovarSi adamianur sawyiss arsobrivad miiCnevs. es, cxadia, aisaxeba am samyaroSi damkvidrebul zogad faseulobaTa sistemaSi da, kerZod, im faqtSi, rom saxviT xe­ lovnebas, maT Soris, kedlis monumentur mxatvrobas, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia eris sulier cxovrebaSi, iseve, rogorc qvasa Tu metalSi warmodgenil reliefur skulpturas. es uzarmazari kulturuli tradicia, cxadia, Zalian Tavisebur transformirebas ganicdis XIX s-dan. saqarTvelo kargavs saxelmwifoebriobas (rac dResac mtkivneulad aisaxeba eris socialur-politikur kulturaSi), magram ar wyvets sulieri kulturis sferoSi moRvaweobas, romlis paradigmac zogadad ganisazRvreba Semosuli, CvenTvis ukve axali evropuli mxatvruli msoflxedvi­ sa da ufro tradiciuli tendenciebis sinTeziT, SejaxebiTa Tu SexamebiT. XIX s-Si kidev ixateba eklesiebi (cxadia, rusuli saeklesio mxatvrobis Zlieri gavleniT) – bodbe –1827 w., muxrani – 60-ian wlebSi.

79

mxatvroba

muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. ucnobi avtori. inaxeba saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax. muzeumSi

CvenTvis sainteresoa is iSviaTi, magram mainc arsebuli nimuSebi, sadac tradi­ ciuli niadagis saxiT kargad Cans monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobis kvali. am mxriv­istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovania `muxranbatonebis ojaxu­ ri portreti~, sadac mkafiod moCans gviani Suasaukuneebis kedlis mxatvrobisa­ Tvis damaxasiaTebeli qtitoruli (damkveTebis) jgufuri portretebis kvali. aR­

giorgoba bolnisSi

80

niko firosmanaSvili

saniSnavia albaT isic, rom garkveul niSas ikavebs abra – reklama, anu mxatvrobis swored is Zalze Taviseburi mimarTuleba, romelSic scada Tavi niko firosman­ aSvilma. Cven viciT, rom vinme qarTvel mxatvars XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi mouxatavs taZari muxranSi da amave dros muxranbatonebis dakveTiT dauxatavs zeTis saRe­ bavebiT jgufuri portreti – muxranbatonebis ojaxuri portreti. am portretSi vxedavT rigs niSnebisa, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba niko firosmanaSvilis namu­ SevrebSi, es aris: e. w. negatiuri modelireba, anu formis `amoyvana~, modelireba `muqze RiiT~, gamosaxulebis warmodgena reprezentaciul kompoziciaSi – TaviT fexebamde, statuaruli dayenebiT da saxis nakvTebis ufro tipologiuri, vidre konkre­tul-individualuri warmodgeniT – yvela es niSani mniSvnelovnad warmoCn­ deba niko firosmanis mxatvrul meTodSi. mis e. w. portrettipebSi (meTevzeebis mTeli seria, meezove, mzareuli Salva da sxva). zogadad, niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrul meTodSi arsebiTi aris tradiciuli da axali evropuli zeTis dazguri mxatvrobis struqturuli niSnebis sinTezi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom im dros ewyoboda evropel mxatvarTa gamofene­ bi. pirveli qarTveli mxatvris gigo gabaSvilis gamofena ukve 1891 wels gaimar­ Ta. sainte­ resoa erTi faqtic – saeklesio-saxalxo dResaswaulebis warmoCenas vxedavT gigo gabaSvilTanac – `alaverdoba~, mose ToiZesTanac – `mcxeToba~ da n. firosmanaSvil­Tanac – ramdenime pano: `alaznis eposi~, `dReoba bolnis-xaCinSi~, `giorgoba~ da sxva. gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom Tavisi unikaluri mxatvruli meTo­ diT, mxatvrobis ontologiuri gagebiT (misi arsis wvdomiT), niko firosmanaSvili ganuzomlad maRla dgas rogorc profesiuli, ise xalxuri mxatvrobis sxva gamov­ linebebze, iqneba es e. w. `Tfilisuri skolis~ nimuSebi – aSkara dekoratiul-mini­ aturuli gadaxriT, e. w. `eTnografiuli tipaJi~ – arcTu ise maRali esTetikuri RirsebebiT Tu saflavis qvebis reliefebi – momxibvleli Tavisi `uSualobiTa da Tan Taviseburi monumenturobiT.~…

81

mxatvroba

sxva rom araferi gaekeTebina (moeazrebina) niko firosmanaSvils, Savi muSambis (dermatinis?) SesaZleblobebis sasuraTo wyobaSi CarTvis gamo igi ukve didi mxatv­ ruli intuiciis mqone pirovnebad unda CagveTvala. kerZod, Savi muSamba potenci­ urad matarebelia e. w. binaruli opiziciis ormagi kodisa, anu ormagi aRniSvnisa. visac erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrobasTan, ar SeiZle­ ba ar damaxsovreboda misi Savi (iSviaTad – muqi monacrisfro – Tunuqze) fonebi. magaliTad, igive `wiTelperanga meTevze~, `qali kaTxa ludiT~, `didi naturmorti doqiTa da loqoTi~, `doqiTa da boTlebiT~, romelic Tunuqze, muq monacris­fromoSavo fonzea Sesrulebuli, da mravali sxva nimuSi (xSirad muyaosac ki Savad Re­ bavda). rogor unda aRviqvaT niko firosmana­ Svi­ lis sasuraTo wyobis es Tavisebure­ ba? ro­gor unda Sefasdes igi? erTi SexedviT, mar­tivia, primitiuli, magram Tu davukvirde­biT, mxatvari fantastikurad iyenebs materialur safuZvels, masalas – Savi muSamba yovelgvari damuSavebis gareSe Semodis suraTis struqturaSi, rogorc saxviTi niSani – sivrce, Crdili, muqi laqa saganze da rogorc sasuraTo sibrtyec. es ki ukve iZleva gardasaxvis gancdas – sad dgas axalgazrda Savgvremani meTevze?

Tu Ramea, ra anaTebs mas? Tu dRea, ratom dgas igi ukuneT sibneleSi?

82

niko firosmanaSvili

amrigad, ubralo gadawyveta iZleva harmoniul dapirispirebas – harmonia sxva araferia, Tu ara dapirispirebul nawilTa Soris winaaaRmdegobis moxsna mTelSi. garda amisa, firosmani muSambas iyenebs sagnobrivi formis modelirebisTvis, anu formis gamosaZerwad. magaliTad, perangze, sadRac wiTeli saRebavis fena odnav ufro sqelia, sadRac – Txeli, viRebT msubuq, magram zust gradacias, rac gviqmnis msubuqi perangis faqturis, misi zedapiris gancdas. garda amisa, Savi feri kargad `iWers~ nebismieri intensivobis qromatul fers, anu Zlier wiTel laqas Tavisi JReradobiT. aseTi modelireba, sxvaTa Soris, did ostatobas moiTxovs da sulac ar aris martivi, rogorc erTi SexedviT moCans. amitom aris niko firosmanaSvilis kopi­reba Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebeli Tu ara. aseTi ostaturi lakonuri Zerwva sabo­ loo jamSi gvaZlevs mxatvruli saxis mdidar daxasiaTebas. mayureblis winaSe dgas, erTi mxriv, Zalian zustad mocemul xasiaTSi meTevze, meezove, orTaWalis turfa, ZiZa, an doSi, loqo, boTli, tiki da a. S., anu ubralo, adamianuri da saxasiaTo piri Tu sagani da amasTan am lakonizmis Sedegad viRebT did, ganzogadebul formebs, ganzogadeba ki mniSvnelobas sZens mxatvrul saxeebs. saboloo jamSi ubralo ada­ miani, sagani, garemo-sivrce, inarCunebs ra Tavis damaxasiaTeblobas, adamianuro­ bas Tu ubraloebas, amave dros warmogvidgeba monumenturad, anu mniSvnelovnad, warmosadegad. viRebT Zalze metyvel harmoniul mTlianobas, sadac aRniSvnaTa da­ pirispireba Zalze mZafria, metyveli, efeqturi. firosmanis midgoma amdenad gamomdinareobs TviT suraTis bunebidan: nebis­ mieri suraTi aris suraTgareSe realobidan SerCeuli asaxvis sagnebis integri­

meezove

wiTelperanga meTevze

83

mxatvroba reba mxat­vrul enaSi, enas ki qmnis materialuri safuZveli da misi organizaciis wesebi. anu enis safuZvelia sasuraTo organzomilebiani sibrtye da es moiT­ xovs gamovlena-gamoyenebas, magram am organzomilebian masalaSi unda aRiniSnos samganzomilebiani asaxvis sagnis moculoba, wona, faqtura, agebuleba, individu­ aluroba da a. S. Tan aRniSvna unda moxdes garkveul formatSi, anu sasuraTo zedapirs aqvs Tavisi centri, zeda da qveda, marcxena da marjvena kideebi, aTensa da radikaluri demokratiis ramdenime sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoSi cxadia, es did ostatobas moiTxovs, miT umetes, rodesac asaxvis saganTa dia­ pazoni didia, anu rodesac saxezea Janruli mravalferovneba. niko firosmana­ Svili am mxrivac gamorCeulia – igi xatavs naturmortsac da portrettipsac, cxovrebiseul scenas – magaliTad, qeifis scenebs, soflis cxovrebis amsaxvel scenebs, cxovelebs, istoriul pirovnebebs da yovelTvis misi saxeebi arian dama­ jereblad saxasiaTo da Tan gardasaxulni, warmosadegni, didebulni, e. i. firos­ mani mSvenivrad grZnobs imasac, rasac xatavs da imasac, ra enaSic muSaobs, anu formats, funjs, monasms, tonTa Tu ferTa kontrasts Tu erTianobas – e. i. suraTi Tavisi arsiT aris gansxvavebul niSanTa erTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli erTi didi niSani. igi aerTianebs asaxvis sagnis, masalis, maorganizaciebeli prin­ cipebis (taqti, ritmi, simetriis da wonasworobis mravali saxe, harmonia) niSnebs – erTaderT da ganumeorebel niSnebs da amaSi aRniSnavs Tavis Tavsac. maga­liTad,

aqtrisa margarita

84

kaci kasriT

niko firosmanaSvili

Cven winaSea moqeife kintoebis scenac, saocrad organizebuli sasuraTo zedapiric da TviT mxat­ varic, am SemTxvevaSi – firosmanaSvili – misi ganzoga­ deba, misi gama, misi monasmi, misi kompozicia da a. S.

Jirafi

rogorc yvela didi Semoqme­ disa, firosmanis produqciac, misi memkvidreobac araerTg­ varovania – gvaqvs srulyofili, genialuri qmnilebanic, saSualo (misTvis) donisac da garkveuli raodenoba nakleb warmatebuli (aseve misTvis) suraTebic. ase, maga­liTad, pirovnuli gamosaxu­ lebebidan gamoirCeva: `wiTelpe­ ranga meTevze~, `meezove~, `aqt­ risa margarita~, `qali kaTxa ludiT~, `qarTveli qali~, natur­ mortebSi – `didi naturmorti~ da `naturmorti doqiTa da boT­ lebiT~. cxovrebiseuli scenebi suraTebidan – `qeifi mearRne daTiko zemelTan~, `ma­la­k­­­nebis qeifi~, `xuTi Tavadis qeifi~,

xuTi Tavadis qeifi, 1906

85

mxatvroba `glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis~, calke unda gamoirCes mravalsceniani kompoziciebi, rodesac erT did suraT­ Si gaerTianebulia ramdenime scena: `Ra­ mis qeifi~, `viris xili~ da gansakuTre­ biT misi panoebi, sadac, rogorc wesi, did formatSi mocemulia Taviseburi samyaros modeli, magaliTad, kaxeTis eposi, `giorgoba~ da sxva. erT suraTSi Tavs iyrian sikeTec da borotebac, maga­ liTad, Zarcva da locva, yaCaRebi da Ta­ vadebi, kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi da a. S. animalisturi suraTebidan me calke Janrad gamovyofdi nimuSebs, sadac cxo­ veli, mTeli Tavisi damaxasiaTeblobiT, warmodgenilia adamianTan, patronTan erTad – magaliTad, `soflis eqimi~, sa­ dac erTnairad simpaTiuri da adamianu­ ria eqimica da saxedaric.

glexis qali SvilebiT wyaroze midis

qeiFfi daTiko zemelTan

86

gamomdinare sasuraTo harmoniis specifikidan, niko firosmans ufro exerxeba asaxvis im sagnis gadmocema, romelsac icnobs – adamianis, sagnis,

niko firosmanaSvili

bunebis, cxovelis. am Tvalsaz­ risiT misi konkretuli tipaJi – ubralo kintoebi, yaraCoxelebi, `orTaWalis turfebi~ – ufro warmatebulad aris Sesrule­ buli, vidre istoriuli perso­ naJebi Tu wmindanebi, Tumca mis SedarebiT `sust~ namuSevrebSic aris didi xibli. xSirad momismenia kiTxva: ki, firosmani uSualoa, gulsac agiCuyebs, magram icis ki man `swori~ xatva, ukeTesi iqneboda Tu ara firosmanaSvils akademi­ aSi rom eswavla? yvela am kiTxvaze SemiZlia soflis eqimi kategoriulad ganvacxado: niko firosmanma icis yvelaferi is, rac sWirdeba, rom miaRwios umaRlesi donis mxat­ vrul mTlianobas. mravali SemTxvevis moyvana SegviZlia, rodesac firosmanaSvili SegnebiT midis pirobiT gadawyvetaze. magaliTad, qeifSi daTiko zemelTan ori xe­ lis mtevani Savad aris warmodgenili. ra Tqma unda, firosmanma icis, rom sxeuli Savi araa, magram saWiro iyo am ori aqcentis `Caqroba~ da isic amisTvis Sav muSambas tovebs; anda `viris xilSi~ vxedavT aweul xelebs, romelTac xelis mtevnebi ar aqvT – aqac, cxadia, Segnebul lakonizmTan gvaqvs saqme. mravali aseTi magaliTis moyva­ na SeiZleba, rac migviTiTebs erT rameze – Cven gvyavs didi mxatvari, romelsac, rogorc yvela did mxatvars, asaxvis sagnebSi aqvs Tavisi diapazoni (e. i. ar xatavs yvelas da yvelafers) da aqvs Tavisi mxatvruli meTodi, anu xerxebis is erToblio­ ba, romelic aucileblobiTi xarisxiT gulisxmobs erTmaneTs.

kaxeTis matarebeli

87

mogonebebi

Tbiliseli gulSematkivris Canaxatebi aleqsandre rondeli saqarTvelo fexburTis gareSe ver warmogvedgina, Tumca dRes es samwuxaro sinamdvilea, romelic, rogorc Cans, didxans gagrZeldeba. 40-50-60-70- da 80-ian wlebSi fexburTs Cvens cxovrebaSi Zalian didi adgili ekava. rodesac vigoneb gar­ dasul wlebs, sinanulis grZnoba mipyrobs, radgan dRevandeli axalgazrdoba ver warmoidgens im vnebaTaRelvas, romelic qarTul fexburTs axlda. me cudad maxsovs 40-iani wlebis miwuru­ lis fexburTi, radgan Zalian patara viyavi da maSindeli ambebi umTavresad ufrosebis­ gan vici, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi megobrebis, umTavresad ki, Tbilisis `dinamosa~ da qar­ Tuli fexburTis didi gulSematkivrebis – vladimer (vova) ivanovisa da gogi demetra­ Zis monaTxrobidan. ar damaviwydeba, rogor igonebda universitetis baRSi an `kirovis baRSi~ es ori bumberazi gulSematkivari

88

Tbiliseli gulSematkivris Canaxatebi

adrindel TamaSebs, erTmaneTs gamocdas rogor uwyobda da yovlad warmoudgenel kiTxvebs usvamda. es paeqroba CemSi da Cems megobrebSi did gakvirvebasa da aRtacebas iwvevda. erTxel, magaliTad, vova ivanovi ekiTxeba gogi demetraZes: `aba, miTxari, ra TamaSi iyo 1947 wels, `di­ namos~ samxreT tribunasTan stumrebis kari iyo, marc­ xe­na ZelTan `profesora~ (ase eZaxdnen im drois cnobil sportul fotografs!) idga da im marcxena zeda kuTxeSi goli vin gaitana?~. yvelam gogis SevxedeT da vifiqreT, axla ki moeReboda bolo gogis trabaxs. demetraZem vo­ vas damcinavad Sexeda da uTxra vin TamaSobda, romel taimSi moxda am golis gatana, vin gaitana, vis karSi da rogor axta `profesora~! amgvari paeqrobis momswre xSi­ rad vyofilvar da ar maxsovs, rom am goliaTTagan (orive dabali iyo!) romelimes dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi ver gae­ ca. zogjer mcire detalebi ar axsovdaT, magram pasuxi yovelTvis iyo. Cven maT unikalur pirovnebebad miviCnevdiT da maT avtoritets veraferi Searyevda. vovac da gogic profesiiT istorikosebi iyvnen. fexburTis uzomo siyvarulTan erTad maT sportul mexsierebas profesiac amagrebda. radga­ nac am or saocrad koloritul adamianze Camovarda saubari, yvela, visac isini axsovs, dameTanxmebian, rom am saocar codnasTan erTad orive Zalian kargi da sa­ siamovno adamiani iyo….

40-50-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi fexburTis moednebze brwyinavdnen boris paiWaZe, gogi anTaZe, viqtor paniukovi, spartak da gaioz jejelavebi, mixeil pi­

Tbilisis dinamo 1951 wels, a. RoRoberiZe, b. paiWaZe, vl. marRania, d. rusaZe, v. paniukovi, a. Wkuaseli, g. anTaZe, v. eloSvili, a. kilaZe

89

mogonebebi raevi. romeli erTi gavixseno! imdeni kargi da brwyinvale fexburTeli gvyavda, rom yvelas CamoTvla gamiWirdeba….

Cvens fexburTSi erTi Taoba meores cvlida da brwyi­ navdnen vova marRania, ando zazroevi, niazbei ZiafSipa, SoTa iamaniZe, avTandil RoRoberiZe (zedmetsaxelad `basa~)...

Tbilisis `dinamos~ kapitnis, SoTa iamaniZis (igi tragikulad daiRupa avtokatastrofaSi!) mama, daviTi, buRaltrad muSaobda Tbilisis kinostudiaSi. mas xSirad uwevda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Casvla da filme­ bis gadamRebi jgufebisTvis xelfasis Catana. maSin xalxi xelmokled cxovrobda, xelfasidan xelfasamde. amitom daTiko (ase uwodebda yvela) iamaniZis Camosvlas yovel­ Tvis mouTmenlad elodebodnen. Tu `dinamo~ TbilisSi TamaSobda, daTiko, ra Tqma unda, arsad midioda da sta­ dionze iyo. amis gamo xelfasi igvianebda, zogi buzRuneb­ da, magram daTiko rom Camovidoda, xelfasis darigebamde pres-konferencias awyobda bolo TamaSis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, daTiko Tavisi dagvianebis sakompensaciod bevr `ku­ luarul~ da `eqskluziur~ ambavsac yveboda da xelfasis dagvianebac yvelas aviwydeboda.

SoTa iamaniZe (1937-1971)

90

1964 weli didi movlena iyo qarTuli fexburTis is­ toriaSi. Tbilisis `dinamo~ pirvelad gaxda ssrk-­is Cempioni. Cveni gundi 30-ian, 40-ian da 50-ian wlebSi ramdenjerme iyo axlos Cempionis titulTan, magram maSin iyo dauwereli kanoni – sabWoTa kavSiris Cempioni moskovis gundi unda

Tbiliseli gulSematkivris Canaxatebi

gamxdariyo. ra Tqma unda, es xerxdeboda msajebis TaRliTobis gamoyenebiT. 1964 wels CempionobisTvis damatebiT matCSi Tbilisis `dinamom~ taSkentSi angari­SiT 4:1 mougo moskovis `torpedos~. matCis msaji iyo ara rusi, aramed latvieli ar­

giorgi siWinava, slava mesxi, pele, anzor kavazaSvili, mixeil mesxi _ 1965 wlis amxanaguri Sexved­ ra brazilia-ssrk.

bitri rubenisi, romelsac SemdgomSi bevri problema Seeqmna. Tbilisis `dinamoSi~ maSin brwyinavdnen mekare sergo kotrikaZe, givi Coxeli, jemal zeinkliSvili, ilia daTunaSvili, slava metreveli, mixeil mesxi, sioma barqaia, zaur kaloevi. Semdeg gamoCndnen ganumeorebeli mcvelebi – murTaz xurcilava da SoTa xinCagaSvili. mixeil mesxi da slava metreveli msoflio klasis garemarbebi iyvnen. maT msof­ lios nebismieri gundi inatrebda. Cvens mayurebels Zalian moswonda mixeil mes­xis TamaSi. `mesxis finti~ istoriaSi Sevida. `dinamo~ TbilisSi `qariSxalas~ stadionze (maSin `dinamos~ stadionze rekonstruqcia mimdinareobda) braziliur klubs `baias~ xvdeboda da mesxma Zalian dajabna mis winaaRmdeg moTamaSe mcveli dos san­ tosi. mesxma mas ramdenjerme ostaturad auara gverdi Tavisi safirmo fintis gamo­ yenebiT da brazilieli Savkaniani goliaTi momcro mesxs moexvia da aRtacebulma haerSi aitaca. amgvari ram arasodes menaxa. roca mesxi TamaSobda, mayurebelTa mniSvnelovani nawili swored im tribunaze gadadioda, romlis gaswvrivac mesxi iyo. slava metreveli ufro klasikuri stiliT gamoirCeoda. misi SeCereba yvelas uWir­ da. centraluri Tavdamsxmeli zaur kaloevi SesaniSnavad TamaSobda TaviT da bevr gols swored TaviT agdebda. xumrobac ki iyo gavrcelebuli – `saqarT­velos ori Tavi hyavs – musxeliSvili da kaloevi!~. niko musxeliSvili, msoflioSi ganTqmuli maTematikosi, maSin saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti iyo.

91

mogonebebi

erosi manjgalaZe (1925-1988)

92

Tbilisis `dinamos~ yoveli TamaSi didi movlena iyo. Tu Tama­ Si TbilisSi iyo, cieb-cxeleba ramdenime dRiT adre iwyeboda: bileTi iyo saSovneli, garda amisa, mTeli saqarTvelodan Ca­ modiodnen gulSematkivrebi – quTaisidan, soxumidan, gagri­ dan, Telavidan... Camodiodnen Crdilokavkasielebic. yvelani Tbiliselebs sTxovdnen bileTis Sovnas. es ki namdvilad Zneli iyo. zogjer TamaSze imdenad bevr xalxs undoda daswreba, rom uamravi milicielis, maT Soris cxenebze amxedrebulis miuxeda­ vad, isini stadionis rkinis wvetebian Robeze Zvrebodnen, rom ubileTod SeeRwiaT stadionze. am wvetebze bevri Sarvali gaxe­

Tbiliseli gulSematkivris Canaxatebi

ula, xolo Robeze mZromelebs umeteswilad iWerdnen da `Corni varoniT~ (manqana tusaRebis­Tvis) mcxeTis mimarTulebiT mihyav­ daT, sadme Suagzaze tovebdnen da sanam TbilisSi fexiT dabrun­ debodnen, TamaSic didi xnis dam­ Tavrebuli iyo. mec momiwia erT­ xel amgvari gaseirneba… maSin televizia ar iyo da vinc stadionze ver moxvdeboda an Cveni gundi Tu sxva qalaq­Si Ta­ maSobda, radios unda dasjere­ boda. rogor SeiZleba fexburTis radioreportaJebis daviwyeba?! qalaqSi ramdenime adgilas iyo Camokidebuli didi reproduq­ marcxnidan pirveli – qarTlos svaniZe torebi da iqidan ismoda yvela­ saTvis sayvareli msaxiobisa da sportuli komentatoris erosi manjgalaZis xma. uamravi xalxi videqiT xolme am reproduqtorebis qveS da gulis fancqaliT ve­ lodiT am xmas. xSirad mxolod meore taimis gadmocema iyo da maSin vcdilobdiT erosi manjgalaZis laparakis toniT gamogvecno pirveli taimis Sedegi – Cvene­ bi igebdnen Tu agebdnen. Tu batoni erosi ayovnebda pirveli naxevris angariSis Tqmas, vxvdebodiT, rom Cvens `dinamos~ saqme kargad ar hqonda. dauviwyaria es radioreportaJebi, erosis gamonaTqvamebi da is niuansebi, razec igi yuradRebas

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mogonebebi amaxvilebda da rac misdami uzomo siyvaruls aRvivebda. Cveni Zveli fexburTi erosi manjgalaZis xmis gareSe ver warmomidgenia. igi Tavis erovnul saqmes umkacresi sabWoTa cenzuris pirobebSic ki Zalian kar­ gad uZRveboda. masze popularuli kaci CvenSi aravin iyo! ar SeiZleba imis daviwyeba, Tu ra xdeboda TbilisSi fexburTis dRes, `dinamos~ stadionisken mimaval quCebze. uamravi xalxi erTi mimar­ TulebiT miedineboda. tramvaize imdeni xalxi iyo Camokidebuli, rom TviTon tramvai aRar moCanda. rodesac Tbiliss da qarTul fexburTs ixseneb, Tvalwin dgeba gulSematkivarTa legendaruli `beladi~ – qarTlos svaniZe. gadmocemiT, beladobas man `bunebrivad~ miaRwia – lideris Tvisebebi gamoamJRavna da `baRelebis~ (kirovis saxelobis park­ Si damkvidrebuli gulSematkivarTa `klubi~) beladad iqca. mas zogierTi metoqe uzurpatorad miiCnevda – beladoba miiTvisao. `beladi~, roca 50-iani wlebis mi­ wuruls `baRelebis~ beladis taxtze askupda, iyo SesaniSnavi qarTuli garegnobis axalgazrda kaci, lamazad SeWrili ulvaSebiT, sasiamovno pirovneba, kargi iumo­ riT. bolo sityva yovelTvis misi iyo da mis `diqtaturas~ yvela aRiarebda. es Sesa­ niSnavi klubi `muSaobas~ saRamos iwyebda da `sxdoma~ yovel­Tvis Ramis 2-3 saaTam­ de, xSirad ki gaTenebamdec grZeldeboda. kirovis parkis mimdebare nikolaZis quCis binadarni zogjer veRar uZlebdnen `baRelebis~ Ramis xmaurs da protests gamoTqvamdnen, magram zogierTi maTgani Tavad iyo Ramis am Tavyrilobis monawi­

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Tbiliseli gulSematkivris Canaxatebi

aleqsandre CivaZe, vladimer gucaevi da daviT yifiani

le (magaliTad, kote gabaSvili, kote ebanoiZe da petre mRebrovi) da protestic sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo. `baRelebis~ `sxdomaTa~ mTavari Tema yovelTvis Tbilisis `dinamo~ iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris Cempionati, bunebrivia, metad kritikulad irCeoda. fexburTSi evropisa Tu msoflio Cempionatebis dros `baRis~ aqtualuroba umaRles mwvervals aRwev­ da. `beladis~ da, maSasadame, danarCenebis kerpi braziliuri fexburTi iyo. SesaZ­ loa, am Sexedulebas yvela ar iziarebda, magram `belads~ da mis `politbiuros~ urCobas rogor gaubedavdnen?! `beladTan~ paeqrobas cota vinme Tu SeZlebda, maT Soris gamoirCeodnen gogi demetraZe da kote gabaSvili. baRSi saocari scene­ bi imarTeboda. xSirad Zalian bevri xalxi grovdeboda – asze metic yofila. zogi midioda am saocrebis sanaxavad da Semdeg TbilisSi `baRis~ Sesaxeb legendebi vrceldeboda.

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mogonebebi ra Tqma unda, `baRi~ qarTuli fex­ burTis erTaderTi da umaRlesi gamgeb­lis rols iCemebda. aq afasebd­ nen ara mxolod `dinamos~ ZiriTadi da `dublis~ yovel moTamaSes da, gansa­ kuTrebiT, `dinamos~ mwvrTnels, vinc ar unda yofiliyo, aramed mis mier dayenebuli gundis Semadgenlobas, taqtikas da Secvlebs. yvelafers kri­ tikis qar-cecxlSi atarebdnen. `baRis~ azrebi da Sexedulebebi, ra Tqma unda, icoda `dinamosa~ da respublikis sportis xelmZRvanelobam. aq yvelaze Sedegiani mwvrTnelebic ki fexbur­ Tis armcodneebad cxaddebodnen da am Sexedulebebs qalaqis sazogadoebaSi didi rezonansi hqonda. beladisa da `baRelebis~ azri kritikas ver itanda. urCebi WeSmariti fexburTis uvice­ bad cxaddebodnen. es xdeboda maSi­ nac, roca vinme britanuli, brazili­ `mesxis finti~ uri, argentinuli Tu zogjer espanuri an italiuri fexburTis garda sxva fexburTs Seaqebda. 70-iani wlebis brwyinvale germanuli nakrebic ki ver akmayofilebda `baRis~ natif safexburTo gemovnebas da standartebs. ucxour gunds mxolod maSin iwonebdnen, roca masTan sabWoTa nakre­ bi marcxdeboda! iyo erTi quTaiseli, gvarad xaJalia, romelic saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs umaR­ lesebSi gamocdebis win da gamocdebis dros akiTxavda. mTeli dRis jafis Semdeg,

96

Tbiliseli gulSematkivrebis Canaxatebi

Ramisken, es gadaRlili, msuqani kaci baRSi midioda, raTa bolo inteleqtualu­ ri miRwevebi gaeziarebina da Semdeg quTaisis gulSematkivrebi `gaemdidrebina~. erTxel, 1981 wlis maisi-ivnisi iqneboda, `xaJo~, rogorc mas eZaxdnen, qoSiniT SeuerTda baRis morig Tavyrilobas da did skamze wamowva dasasveneblad da mo­ sasmenad. daRlilma male xvrinva amouSva. am dros `beladi~ mgznebare sityvas am­ bobda laTinoamerikuli fexburTis niuansebis Sesaxeb da xaJos amgvari saqcieli sakuTari avtoritetis Selaxvad miiCnia. im dros argentinasa da did britaneTs So­ ris omi mimdinareobda folklendis kunZulebisTvis da beladma xaJos dasasjelad xmamaRla daiZaxa: `xaJo, aba vin aris marTali, argentina Tu inglisi?~. xaJom Tvale­ bi gaaxila, wamojda da daiwyo fiqri, Sublze oflmac ki daasxa. aqeT-iqiT iyure­ boda daxmarebis imediT, magram Svela arsaidan Canda. yvela mixvda, rom `beladis~ CamWrel kiTxvas xaJosTvis unda Seexsenebina, vin iyo baRSi mTavari. xaJos saxeze asaxuli tanjva sibneleSic (mxolod erTi naTura ekida xeze) ki kargad Canda. mas am omis Sesaxeb etyoba araferi gaegona, magram quTaisurma niWma da qarTulma xal­ xur­ma sibrZnem ar umtyuna, TiTi cisken gaiSvira da mzakvrulad ikiTxa: `eseni vis mxarze arian, kremli?~. `argentinis, argentinis!~ – upasuxes. xaJom gamarjvebuli saxiT Sexeda `belads~ da uTxra: `ese igi, inglisi marTalia!~ `belads~ es ar moe­ wona, araferi Tqva. xaJo ki isev skamze gagorda da daiZina. politikurma sibrZnem da simarTlem aqac iCina Tavi – moskovi da kremli yovelTvis mtyuania. es sakiTxi sabolood gadaiWra. gulSematkivarTa kidev erTi cnobili Tavyriloba `dinamos~ stadionis gver­ diT, muStaidis baRSi imarTeboda. iqac didi vnebaTaRelva iyo xolme, magram iq

97

mogonebebi beladi ar hyavdaT. `baRelebi~ muStaidelebs Tavis konkurentebad ar cnobdnen da muStaidSi misvlas `baRels~ `beladi~ ar apatiebda. universitetSi swavlis dros da Semdegac, roca iq vmuSaobdi, Cveni fexburTis haidparki umeteswilad Tsu biblioTekis direqtoris, SoTa afaqiZis kabineti iyo. iq rom ar Segvevlo, ar iqneboda. zogjer masTan imdeni xalxi ikribeboda, rom teva ar iyo. fexburTis cxel-cxeli ambebi, Worebi iq iyrida Tavs. iqaurobis yvelaze damsaxurebuli wevrebi ukve naxsenebi vova ivanovi da gogi demetraZe iyvnen, iqve iyo durmiSxan cincaZec. SoTa afaqiZis oTaxi ufro hgavda haidparks, vidre kiro­ vis baRi, sadac qarTlos svaniZe batonobda. aq, rogorc universitets Seeferebo­ da, ufro demokratiuli atmosfero iyo. am `klubis~ Sesaxeb mTelma universitetma icoda. Cveni `dinamos~ yvelaze mniSvnelovani TamaSebis win zogjer universitetis proreqtori samecniero dargSi, iuristi, profesori sergo jorbenaZe Semogvir­ benda xuTi wuTiT da ikiTxavda: `dRes ras vizamT? movigebT?~ meore proreqtori, saswavlo dargSi, fizikosi, profesori guram WilaSvili iyo. swored TamaSis dRes moundeboda xolme saRamos leqciebis Semowmeba da vai mas, vinc leqcias gaacdenda! erTxelac londonis `totenhemTan~ gvaqvs TamaSi, me ki saRamos maRliv korpus­ Si maqvs leqcia ekonomikis fakultetze 125 studentTan. me rom im TamaSs ar ga­ vacdendi, dResaviT naTeli iyo, magram WilaSvilisTvis ra meqna?! rom Camoiaros sarTulebi da ar viyo leqciaze?! Zalian mZime viTareba Seiqmna, magram Cems erT megobars, romelic politeqnikur institutSi teqnologias aswavlida, vTxove Cem magivrad Sesuliyo da rame saintereso moeyola. vzivar `totenhemis~ da `di­ namos~ TamaSze da mainc maxsovs WilaSvili – ar Sevmcdarvar. Sua leqciaze Turme kari gaiRo da Semovida guram WilaSvili. universitetis maswavleblebs ki icnobda, magram ekonomikurze mowveuli leqtorebic

`kirovis baRi~, Wadrakis sasaxle

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Tbiliseli Tbiliseli gulSematkivrebis gulSematkivris Canaxatebi

iyvnen xolme da amitom hkiTxa Cems `Semcvlels~, ra gvari brZandebiTo. imanac aiRo da uTxra: aleqsandre var rondelio. `marTla?~ – ukiTxavs WilaSvils damcinavad da gasula. meore dRes dilidan meZaxian WilaSvilTan. Savi dRe damadga. oTaxidan gamosvlisas WilaSvilma sarkastulad mkiTxa: `vinme ratom ver monaxeT cotaTi rom ggvanebodaT?~ – yovelTvis TqvenobiT mogvmarTavda da es Zalian damTrgunve­ lad moqmedebda `damnaSaveebze~. radganac baton guramze Camovarda saubari, isic unda iTqvas, rom is iyo Zalian kargi proreqtori, man daamyara disciplina univer­ sitetSi da usamarTlo arasdros yofila. minda aRvniSno, rom sofeli pantiani saerTaSoriso fex­ burTsa da Tbilisur safexburTo cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs. rogorc maxsovs, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi zogierTma gulSematkivarma Seityo, rom Tbilisis Semoga­ renSi aris adgilebi, sadac TurqeTis satelevizio gadace­ mebis daWera SeiZleboda. bevri iCemebda am aRmoCenis avto­ robas. Cemi megobrebi, Zmebi nugzar da goderZi peroniZeebi amboben, rom saukeTeso adgili pantianTan erT-erT ferdob­ ze swored maT ipoves. pantianSi siaruli da iq saerTaSori­ so matCebis (pirvel yovlisa, evropis CempionTa Tasis gaTa­ maSebis) yureba Tavidan mxolod rCeulTa xvedri iyo, magram Zalian male pantianSi gvian saRamos fexburTis sayureblad masobrivi svla daiwyo. saqme iqamde mivida, rom asobiT avto­ manqana gvian saRa­mos Tbilisidan wyneTis gavliT pantianisken

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mogonebebi

marjvnidan pirveli – boris paiWaZe, meore – nodar axalkaci

midioda da iq Casulebs Soris saukeTeso adgilebisTvis Sejibri iwyeboda. ubedu­ reba is iyo, rom umeteswilad Canda gamosaxuleba, magram xma ar modioda. zogjer kargad dacdili adgili ar amarTlebda da iwyeboda axali adgilebis Zebna, sadac TurqeTis televiziis signali wvdeboda. manqanebidan gadmoRebuli didi da patara televizorebi, Zlieri akumulatori, Tavze dasafarebeli brezentis Tu celofnis naWrebi (wvima pantianSi iSviaToba ar iyo!), gauTavebeli komentarebi da SeZaxile­ bi, sasiamovno sasmel-saWmeli... aranakleb STambeWdavi sanaxaoba iyo, roca mTeli am xalxiT gaWedili manqanebi gzaze Tavs iyrida da naSuaRamevs TbilisSi brundeboda. es Zalian hgavda RamiT samxedro kolonebis gadaadgilebas. roca saqarTvelom da­ moukidebloba moipova da natos oficrebi Cveni megobrebi gaxdnen, maSin gavigeT, rom Tanamgzavrebidan gadaRebuli es msvleloba dasavleTisaTvis samxedro kolonebis TurqeTis sazRvrisken gadaadgilebas hgavda da garkveuli SeSfoTebac gamouwvevia, mxolod mogvianebiT daudgeniaT pantianisken masobrivi avtogadaadgilebis WeS­ mariti mizezebi da natosTan moaxloebuli safrTxis SegrZnebac gamqrala.

Cveni safexburTo cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze amaRelvebeli momenti dgeboda msoflio Cempionatebis win. gogi demetraZe yovelTvis axerxebda sagzuris Sovnas, radgan kompartiis cekaSi bevri megobari hyavda. `beladi~ da rCeulTa Soris rCeulebic irazmebodnen da ramdenime manqanisgan Semdgari avtokolona, romelsac didi feradi televizoriT manqanaSi saxeze mxedarTmTavris gamometyvelebiT `be­ ladi~ miuZRoda, Cven, TbilisSi darCenilebs, xels dagviqnevdnen da bednieri saxe­

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ebiT dasavleT ukrainas, uJgorods, miaSurebdnen, sadac ungreTis televizias iWerdnen.

WabukTa fexburTic Cveni interesTa sfero iyo. xSirad davdiodiT `norCi dinamoelis~, `fSm~-is (axal­gazrda safexburTo skola), 35-e skolis da bevri sxva gundis matCebze, romlebic skas, kam­ vol-maudis kombinatis da sxva naklebad cnobil moednebze imarTeboda. am gundebSi iCekebodnen da fexburTelebad yalibdebodnen qarTuli fexbur­ Tis momavali varskvlavebi. ra Tqma unda, iq iyvnen vova ivanovi, levan WaWiaSvili, gogi demetraZe, qarT­ los svaniZe, kote gabaSvili, baxva jayeli, guram qav­ TaraZe da sxva `baRelebi~ da TavianT azrs xmamaRla gamoTqvamdnen. bevri amgvari Tama­ Si marTlac Zalian kargi sayurebeli iyo da gvian RamiT kirovis parkSi didi debatebic imarTeboda WabukTa fexburTis problemebze. WabukTa gun­ debis zogi mwvrTneli baRSi Semoivlida da mas, ra Tqma unda, `beladi~ da misi `amfsonebi~ Wkuasac arigebdnen.

aleqsandre CivaZe `Tasis mflobelTa TasiT~ xelSi Tbilisis stadionze

Tbilisuri fexburTis samyaros Sesaxeb bevri ram maxsovs. bevri ram aris dasaweri! jer mxolod gadaWedili stadionis atmosferos gadmocema rad Rirs! swored amaze ityvian – rac ginaxavs veRar naxavo, magram ar minda es davijero…... isedac bevri momivida, mkiTxveli unda davindo da aq unda gavCerde.

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Sveulad 1. saxelmwifos sruli damoukidebloba saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi. 2. vrceli geografiuli regioni evra­ ziis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic XVII saukunis Sua xanebidan ruseTis kuTvnileba gaxda. 3. egvip­ tis sulTani (1171-1293), romelsac armiaSi qarTveli da Cerqezi mamluqebi hyavda. 4. saerTo fuladi erTeu­ li evrokavSiris 19 qveyanaSi. 6. qveyana, romelmac 1951 wels evrointegraciis Sesaxeb pirvel xelSekrulebas (`parizis xelSekrulebas~) moawera xeli. 7. erTi saxelmwifos mudmivmoqmedi diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba meore saxelmwifoSi. 9. XIX saukunis cnobili ingliseli politikosi da diplomati, avtori cnobili sityvebi­ sa: „ingliss ar hyavs mudmivi mtrebi da megobrebi. ingliss aqvs mudmivi interesebi“. 12. karibis zRvis patara kunZulovani qveyana, romelic 1983 wels ronald reiganis brZanebiT gaaTavisufles prokomunisturi Zalebi­ sagan. 13. raime saerTo miznebisaTvis saxelmwifoTa, sazogadoebriv jgufTa an sxvaTa kavSiri an gaerTianeba.

15. mixeil javaxiSvilis namdvili gvari. 17. ruseTis pirveli politikuri policia, romelic moskovis didma mTavarma ivane mrisxanem Seqmna 1565 wels. 19. florencieli moazrovne (1469-1527), romlis TxzulebaSi „mTa­ vari“ pirvelad warmoCnda evropis raoba religiuri konteqstis gareSe, wminda politikuri TvalsazrisiT. 20. samxedro saswavleblis kursanti, romelsac oficris CinisTvis amzadeben. 23. medicinis mamad wodebuli Zvel­ berZeni eqimi da mkurnali. 24. mixeil javaxiSvilis moTxroba. 26. sofeli kaxeTSi, romelic XIX saukunis bolos qiziyis savaWro centrad Camoyalibda. 28. saqarTvelos mefe, romelmac Seqmna pirveli sadazvervo samsaxuri

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saqarTveloSi. 29. britaneTis premier-ministri 1937-1940 wlebSi, romlis gadadgomis Semdeg 1940 wlis maisSi premier-ministris posti uinston CerCilma daikava. 30. kunZulovani saxelmwifo karibis zRvis auzSi, romel­ mac1898 wlis espaneTi-amerikis omis Sedegad SezRuduli, magram mainc damoukidebloba miiRo. 35. demokrati­ uli qalaqi-saxelmwifo antikur saberZneTSi. 36. arabuli sityva, rac niSnavs monas, adamians, romelic vinmes mflobelobaSia. 38. romelime saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis droebiT da­ kaveba. 39. politikurad, ekonomikurad da samxedro saqmeSi evropis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis proeqti, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara evropis gamTlianebas. 40. Zveli sasaflao kairoSi. 44. frangi mwerali, romelic aqtiurad uWerda mxars evropis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmnas. 45. meore msoflio omis dros amerikis mTavari mowinaaRmdege nacistur germaniasTan erTad. 49. mdinare yazaxeTSi, romelsac evropis aRmosavleTi sazR­ vari gasdevs. 50. umaRlesi samoqalaqo da samxedro moxeleebis tituli osmalTa imperiaSi. Tarazulad 5. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 33-e prezidenti, natos Seqmnis erT-erTi iniciatori. 8. frangi mwerali (1694-1778), romelic qristianul evropas saxelmwifoebis did Tanamegobrobad miiCnevda. 10. piri, romelic uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva informaciis swrafad gadacemas. 11. `froilain doqtoris~ namdvili gvari. 12. XVII saukuneSi humanizmis nakvalevze aRmocenebuli axali inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba. 14. Crdiloatlanti­ kuri xelSekrulebis organizacia. 16. igivea, rac jaSuSi, mzveravi. 18. pirveli Tanamedrove, mudmivmoqmedi sadazvervo samsaxuris damaarsebeli meore msoflio omis dros. 21. istoriuli Zegli kaxeTSi. 22. qveyana in­ doCineTis naxevarkunZulze, sadac 1960-ian wlebSi mimdinareobda e.w. `amerikis omi~. 24. britaneli saxelm­ wifo moRvawe, oratori da mwerali, gaerTianebuli samefos premier-ministri 1940-1945 da 1951-1955 wlebSi, `didi sameulis~ erT-erTi wevri. 25. ucxoeTidan importirebuli saqonlis dabegvra sakuTari mwarmoeblebis­ Tvis upiratesobis Seqmnis mizniT. 27. sawvavi, romelzec uinston CerCilma britaneTis sazRvao flotis minis­ trobisas britanuli floti gadaiyvana. 31. saxeli, romliTac moixsenieboda mowinaaRmdegis maRalCinosan­ Ta Soris Canergili agenti. 32. igivea, rac moadgile, rangiT meore piri egvipteSi dislocirebul ianiCarTa korpusSi. 33. gaazrebuli an gauazrebeli rwmena erTi rasis aRmatebulobis Sesaxeb meoris mimarT. 34. mixeil javaxiSvilis romanis mTavari moqmedi gmiri. 37. safrangeTis samxedro da politikuri lideri, romelsac hqonda „evropis asociaciis“ Seqmnis idea, sadac iqneboda saerTo evropuli kodeqsi, saerTo evropuli sa­ samarTlo, saerTo fuli. 41. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis 28-e prezidenti, romlis wyalobiTac realur politikaSi damkvidrda erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi. 42. istoriuli qvemo qarTli, teritoria Tbilisis samxreTiT, romelic mdinareebis algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavs. 43. sofeli saqarTveloSi, sadac 1880 wlis 8 noembers daibada mixeil javaxiSvili. 46. visime xelqveiTi, damokidebuli piri, damokidebuli saxelm­ wifo. 47. oto fon bismarkis dazvervis Sefi, man pirvelma gamoiyena masobrivi SpionaJis meTodi. 48. `mamluq­ Ta dedad~ wodebuli cnobili qalbatoni XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedis egviptis istoriaSi. 51. or nawilad gayofili qveyana aRmosavleT aziaSi, romlis CrdiloeTi komunisturi nawili militaristuli da Ratakia, xolo samxreTi nawili, amerikis damsaxurebiT, msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ayvavebul saxelmwifod iqca. 52. privilegirebuli qveiTi jari osmaleTSi (XIV-XIX ss.), romelsac sadamsjelo da policiis saqmec evaleboda.

53. qarTuli gazeTi XIX saukuneSi.

wina nomris pasuxebi Sveulad: 1. dialeqti 2. polidevkesi 3. bokasa 5. azimuti 7. xasanbegura 8. qemalizmi 9. akihito 11. lile 15. tuberku­ lozi 18. kafka 20. revoluciuroba 21. pigmalioni 22. orienti 25. leonini 26. agamemnoni 29. lindgreni 31. roulingi 32. nadeli 34. Telurokratia 40. zemcovski 41. animizmi 42. gudiaSvili 43. bekenbaueri 45.polifo­ nia 46. muruvvaTi 50. variani 55. elita 56. lelo Tarazulad: 4. iaponia 6. kuxi 8. qimerioni 10. folkloristika 12. kakabaZe 13. ibseni 14. svifti 16. hijazi 17. feinoordi 19. diuseldorfi 23. afrodite 24. imperia 27. ulise 28. daraselia 30. Cakrulo 33. hamleti 35. stamboli 36. pales­tina 37. petriwi 38. pike 39. konstantinopoli 44. erisi 47. dostoevski 48. kabadokia 49. unisoni 51. moam­ be 52. filonovi 53. fovizmi 54. baxi 56. lenci 57. gogebaSvili 58. aTaTurqi 59. saloniki 90. WoxoneliZe

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