My World #25 by Rondeli Foundation

2019

didi qarTvelebi akaki xoStaria – dReisTvisac ki misabaZi biznesmeni

qarTveli qalebi

mario vargas liosa – Zvirfasi stumari

qarTveli moWadrake qalebi

bazris saxeobebi

sporti

ekonomika

istoria konstantine didi da mulvios brZola – `am niSniT gaimarjveb!~

duait eizenhaueri – aSS-is 34-e prezidenti

literatura

samezoblo CeCneTi da CeCnebi

didi adamianebi

demokratia estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

mTamsvleloba

25 2019

Si, romelmac II msoflio omis dros ganicada birTvuli Seteva. 62. vismesTvis raime rwmunebis anda garkveuli uflebamosilebis miniWeba. 63. istoriuli cixe-qalaqi Savi zRvis piras. 67. sxvadasxva kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis manera. 68. filosofiuri moZRvreba xelovnebis, mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. 69. qveyanaSi gansazRvruli saxis saqonlis Setana-gamotanaze saxelmwifos an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier dawesebuli akrZalva. 73. didi moculobis prozauli nawarmoebi, romelsac axasiaTebs rTuli siuJeti. 74. TavdaviwyebiT gataceba rameTi (mag., fulze TamaSiT, nadirobiT da sxv.). 75. safexuri, stadia raime movlenis ganviTarebaSi. 81. mosalodneli safrTxe, saSiSroeba. 82. garkveuli mxaris ufleba, erTpirovnulad SeaCeros esa Tu is gadawyvetileba.

TinaTin evdoSvili

zurab batiaSvili vasil kaWarava giorgi lobJaniZe aleqsandre kvaxaZe arCil qiqoZe revaz gewaZe arCil CaCxiani lado papava levan RambaSiZe

5. ZiriTadi sacecxle-saartilerio qveganayofi. 8. erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi Zebnili braldebulis an msjavrdebulis gadacemis formaluri procesi. 9. specialurad mowyobili adgili cxenosnobaSi Sesajibreblad, cxenebis gamosacdelad. 12. sruli uwesrigoba, areul-dareuloba. 13. adamianTa jgufi an saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organo, romelic garkveul funqciebs asrulebs. 14. or saxelmwifos Soris damokidebulebis forma, roca ufro susti, formalurad inarCunebs ra saxelmwifoebriobas, faqtobrivad eqvemdebareba Zliers. 16. didad ganswavluloba, Rrma, mravalmxrivi codna mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi. 17. xmis gamaZlierebeli xelsawyo, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT uwodeben sxvis SexedulebaTa, azrTa gamavrcelebels. 20. TviTnebobasa da Zaladobaze damyarebuli mmarTveloba. 21. prizmaSi sinaTlis sxivis gavlis dros miRebuli sxvadasxva feris zoli, aseve aRniSnavs risame mravalgvarobas, mravalsaxeobas. 22. kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi q. goris aRmosavleTiT. 23. swrafi Tavdasxma, Seteva mowinaaRmdegeze. 25. qcevis an moqmedebis Taviseburebani, manera. 27. rasobrivi diskriminaciis erT-erTi forma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; feradkanianTa iZulebiTi gamoyofa TeTrkanianebisgan. 29. dramatuli nawarmoebis gegma, sqema. 32. sxvadasxva xarisxisa da saxelwodebis niSani, romliTac xelisufleba ajildoebs samxedro an samoqalaqo damsaxurebisaTvis. 34. mxatvruli, grafikuli an skulpturuli samkauli, romelic sxvadasxva xazebisa da figurebis kombinacias warmoadgens. 35. risame ganviTarebis mimarTuleba; miswrafeba, midrekileba raimesadmi. 36. raime saqmianobis, miswrafebis umaRlesi mizani, srulyofileba. 37. qveynis msxvili administraciul-politikuri erTeuli. 40. mamakacis samosi, farTod gavrcelebuli kavkasiaSi. 41. mogzauroba garkveuli marSrutiT. 43. mili, romlis kedlebi sarkis firfitebisganaa moWiquli, ZirSi ki feradi minis natexebi yria; qmnis simetriuli, swrafadcvladi gamosaxulebis efeqts. 45. monarqiuli saxelmwifos tipi. 47. saubari or an ramdenime pirs Soris. 48. radioaqtiuri elementi, romelsac saxeli aRmomCenma maria kiurim Tavisi samSoblos pativsacemad uwoda. 49. cekvis xelovnebis specialisti. 52. saswavlo masalis an raime sakiTxis, Temis sistematuri, Tanmimdevruli, metwilad zepiri gadmocema. 55. gaxmaurebuli samarcxvino SemTxveva, aurzauri, Cxubi. 56. raime ekonomikuri an politikuri miznis misaRwevad wamowyebuli moqmedeba. 57. sofeli ruseTSi, sadac 1940 wels moxda poloneli samxedro tyveebis masobrivi daxvreta. 58. treningi, varjiSi. 59. dramatuli saxe (scenaze, kinofilmSi)â&#x20AC;Ś; gadat. raime saqmianobaSi visime monawileobis xvedriTi wona, mniSvneloba. 64. mbrZaneblobis, zegavlenis sferos gafarToeba. 65. samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri dawesebuleba, sadac mkurnaloba Sexamebulia organizebul dasvenebasTan. 66. saxelmwifoTa Soris raime specialur sakiTxze dadebuli xelSekruleba. 70. radioaqtiuri qimiuri elementi, romlisganac iReben samrewvelo atomur energias. 71. samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. 72. Zveli keltebis religia. 76. mZime da xangrZlivi saerTaSoriso molaparakebis calkeuli etapi. 77. omis an raime Tavdasxmis dros mtris mier Sepyrobili mebrZoli an mSvidobiani mosaxle. 78. mdinari wylis mier miwis zedapiris ngreva da Camorecxva. 79. sisxlis mimoqcevis didi wris mTavari arteria. 80. warmoebis, vaWrobis da a.S. Seneleba, Seferxeba, uZraoba. 83. mecniereba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis zogadi kanonebis Sesaxeb. 84. ama Tu im dargis specialist-konsultanti diplomatiur misiasTan. 85. mecniereba saartilerio Wurvebis, tyviebis, raketebis (da sxv.) frenis kanonTa Sesaxeb. 86. dedamiwis zedapiris an misi romelime nawilis Semcirebuli, simboluri gamosaxuleba, naxazi.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

25 2019

garekanze: fotokolaJi statiisTvis `mTamsvleloba~

1. kafka 2. gemo 4. tito 5. arve 7. Wleqi 8. qandakeba 9. prerogativa 10. dezertiri 11. kariera 12. ekleqtizmi 14. versi 17. ileTi 19. orientiri 20. nihilizmi 23. tribunali 24. birJa 28. sesia 29. fauna 32. precedenti 34. unari 35. paeqroba 36. diskreditacia 37. stepi 39. termini 42. garnizoni 43. alazani 44. mesopotamia 45. federacia 46. upiratesoba 48. eSeloni 53. ilustracia 55. roulingi 58. grafika 60. brakonieri 61. evakuacia 63. modernizmi 66. qvemexi 68. bohemia 69. pepsini 70. kraxi 73. piki 75. faza 76. asli 77. niri

3. agitacia 6. WaWa 9. ploteri 10. dinamika 13. avtoriteti 15. bilbordi 16. intendanti 18. slogani 21. primati 22. anklavi 25. reJisori 26. tresti 27. xvadi 29. forti 30. diskusia 31. depresia 33. Zu 38. taqtika 40. reitingi 41. likvidacia 42. garanti 45. ferma 47. zedaSe 49. protestantizmi 50. vazi 51. pensia 52. poliomieliti 54. radio 56. inauguracia 57. saingilo 59. cneba 62. joisi 64. fuTi 65. kulminacia 67. hibridi 70. komendanti 71. egoizmi 72. alya 74. desanti 78. kaSxali 79. sawnaxeli 80. separatizmi 81. umi 82. diapazoni

25 / 2019

demokratia

zurab batiaSvili estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

didi adamianebi

vasil kaWarava duait eizenhaueri – aSS-is 34-e prezidenti

didi qarTvelebi giorgi lobJaniZe 22 akaki xoStaria – dReisTvisac ki misabaZi biznesmeni samezoblo

aleqsandre kvaxaZe CeCneTi da CeCnebi literatura arCil qiqoZe mario vargas liosa – Zvirfasi stumari

qarTveli qalebi

revaz gewaZe qarTveli moWadrake qalebi

istoria arCil CaCxiani konstantine didi da mulvios 54 brZola – `am niSniT gaimarjveb!~ ekonomika lado papava bazris saxeobebi

sporti

levan RambaSiZe mTamsvleloba

demokratia

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

zurab batiaSvili

marTalia, 1,3-milioniani estoneTi mosaxleobis raodenobiT sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze patara respublika iyo da sxvebTan SedarebiT cxovrebis ukeTesi donec hqonda, magram igi erTerTi pirveli iyo, romelmac damoukideblobis aRsadgenad erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola daiwyo. es iyo principuli da, imavdroulad, mSvidobiani moZraoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; estoneTi iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erTaderTi respublika, romelmac XX saukunis bolos ukompromiso brZoliT, magram msxverplis gareSe, SeZlo gasabWoebiT dakarguli damoukideblobis aRdgena. manamde iyo estonelTa SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis, masobrivi represiebis, deportaciebis, daxvretebisa da Seviwroebis xangrZlivi periodi, romelic erma Rirseulad gadaitana. am brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda estonelTa ganaTlebisa da kulturis maRal dones, maRal sazogadoebriv Segnebas, rasac efuZneboda da riTac sazrdoobda kidec winaaRmdegobis moZraoba aTwleulebis manZilze. sabolood, estonelebma ara mxolod damoukidebloba moipoves, aramed natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevrianebiT maleve SeZles samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis miRweva, riTac patara da warmatebuli qveynis samagaliTo nimuSad iqcnen.

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

fineTi fineTis yure

baltiis zRva muuga talini hiiumaa

narva kunda kohtla-iarve

paide

haafsalu

estoneTi piarnu

saaremaa

viliandi

peipusis tba

tartu

r u s e T i

virtsiarvis tba fskovis tba valga

rigis yure

estoneTis gerbi latvia estoneTis respublikis ruka

Zveli periodi estonelebis winaprebi, finurenovani tomebi, dRevandeli estoneTis teritoriaze Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi gamoCndnen. isini didxans cxovrobdnen Tavisufal Temebad, centralizebuli xelisuflebis gareSe. maT qristianoba sakmaod gvian, XIII saukuneSi miiRes germaneli jvarosnebisgan (kerZod, tevtonTa ordenisgan), romlebmac 20-wliani winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, gatexes daqsaqsuli estonelebi, daipyres dRevandeli estoneTis teritoria da SemdgomSi am qveynis Tavadaznaurobad iqcnen. aq saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs pirvelobas ecilebodnen dania, SvedeTi, ruseTi da poloneT-lietuvas Tanamegobroba. talinis msxvil savaWro qalaqad Camoyalibebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani iyo XIII saukunis bolos hanzasTan (CrdiloeT germaniis qalaqebis savaWro kavSiri) mierTeba. Tumca, estoneTis istoriaSi gadamwyveti XVI saukunis movlenebi aRmoCnda. am dros qveynis teritoriis didi nawili SvedeTis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, ris Semdegac daiwyo reformacia da gavrcelda luTeranoba (protestantizmi). luTeranobis gavrcelebas ki bunebrivad mohyva ganaTlebis donis aweva, radgan protestantebi ganaTlebas, tradiciulad, did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. am

luTeranoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qristianuli sarwmunoebis erTerTi umTavresi protestantuli mimdinareoba, romelic aRmocenda germaniaSi XVI saukuneSi. misi fuZemdebeli iyo germaneli reformatori mRvdeli martin luTeri (aqedanaa mimdinareobis dasaxelebac). protestantizmi uaryofs kaTolicizmis bevr dogmas, maT Soris miiCnevs, rom eklesia da samRvdeloeba ar arian Suamavlebi adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. protestantuli rwmeniT, adamiani am qveyanaze erTxel ibadeba da igi Rirseul cxovrebas imsaxurebs. amis misaRwevad ki saWiroa bevri Sroma da Sesabamisi ganaTleba. amitom aniWebs protestantizmi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ganaTlebasa da Sromas. swavleba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelda evropis centralur da, gansakuTrebiT, CrdiloeT nawilSi. miiCneven, rom protesantuli Sromis eTika Tanamedrove dasavluri samyaros erT-erTi mTavari safuZvelia.

demokratia procesebs SvedeTis xelisuflebac uwyobda xels. 1632 wels gaixsna tartus cnobili universiteti, aseve – skolebi glexebisTvis, daiwyo wignebis beWdva estonur enaze. dadebiTma Sedegmac ar daayovna – safuZveli Caeyara estonur ganmanaTleblobas, rac Tavisufali azrovnebis, Zmobisa da Tanasworobis ideebis gavrcelebaSi gamoixata. aman ki, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. ruseTis imperatorma petre I-ma 1710 wels SeZlo estoneTis teritoriis dapyroba. Tumca, estonelebi kulturulad da religiurad ukve imdenad `gaevropelebulebi~ iyvnen, rom ruseTma maTi asimilacia veRar moaxerxa. Sesabamisad, estonelebi da, zogadad, estoneTi erTgvar `ucxo sxeulad~ darCa ruseTis imperiisTvis.

wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenobis amsaxveli ruka caristuli ruseTis evropul nawilSi, 1897

reveli sanqt-peterburgi mitava riga moskovi vilniusi minski tula

samara tambovi

kurski

ruseTis imperiam estoneTis marTva baltiur-germanuli TavadaznaurobisTvis privilegiebis miniWebiT gadawyvita. Tumca, industrializaciis fonze qalaqebSi gaizarda estonelebis da, Sesabamisad, Semcirda germanelebis raodenoba. XIX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi iwyeba estonelTa kulturuli `gamoRviZeba~, amitom 1880-ian wlebSi iq dawyebuli rusifikaciis mcdelobebi uSedego aRmoCnda. ruseTis sazRvrebSi moqcevis miuxedavad, estoneTSi SenarCunda ganaTlebis maRali done. 1897 wels estoneTis mosaxleobis 96% wera-kiTxvis mcodne iyo, maSin, rodesac imperiis dedaqalaq peterburgSi mosaxleobis naxevarze mets wera-kiTxva ar SeeZlo. estoneTis mezobel fskovis guberniaSi ki mxolod 20-ma procentma icoda werakiTxva (SedarebisTvis, kavkasiaSi es maCvenebeli 12-15%-is farglebSi meryeobda).

simferopoli

Tbilisi yarsi

10%-mde

30-40%

10-20%

40-50%

60-75%

20-30%

50-60%

75%-is zviT

kartogramis sazRvari

ruseTis 1905 wlis revoluciis fonze estonelebma politikuri avtonomia moiTxoves, rasac caristuli ruseTis mxridan mZime represiebi mohyva – daxvrites 500 kaci, xolo aseulobiT estoneli cimbiris gzas gauyenes. miuxedavad amisa, winaaRmdegoba mainc ver gatexes.

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

estoneTi

germaniis 1918-1919 wlebis revolucia – aseve cnobilia noembris revoluciis (germ. Novemberrevolution) saxeliT, romlis Sedegadac dasrulda I msoflio omi, bolo moeRo germaniis imperias da Seiqmna saparlamento respublika, cnobili rogorc vaimaris respublika. revoluciis dasawyisad iTvleba 1918 wlis 4 noemberi – kilSi mezRvaurebis ajanyeba, kulminaciur momentad – 9 noemberi – respublikis warmoqmna, xolo formalur dasasrulad – 1919 wlis 11 agvisto, rodesac respublikis prezidentma fridrix ebertma xeli moawera vaimaris konstitucias.

ruseTi

latvia

estonelTa mier warmoebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebis areali estoneTis sazRvrebs gareT 15-Tviani omis dros

pirveli damoukidebloba estonelebma isargebles 1917 wels ruseTSi momxdari revoluciebiT da 1918 wlis 24 Tebervals damoukidebloba gamoacxades. meore dRes talini germanulma nawilebma daikaves, romlebic ar cnobdnen damoukideblobis uflebas. saboloo jamSi, germaniaSi momxdari revoluciis gamo germanelTa samxedro nawilebs qveynis teritoriis datoveba mouxdaT da 14 noembers xelisufleba estoneTis droebiT mTavrobas gadaabares. bolSevikebi, cdilobdnen ra sakuTari Zalauflebis gavrcelebas ruseTis imperiis mTel teritoriaze, germanelTa gasvlidan zustad 2 kviraSi Tavs daesxnen axladSeqmnil saxelmwifos, riTac daiwyo estoneTis 15-Tviani omi TavisuflebisTvis. wiTeli armia, estoneTis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupaciis Semdeg, 1918 wlis dekemberSi 34 km.-ze miuaxlovda dedaqalaq talins, magram mcirericxovanma estonelebma finelebisa da britanelebis daxmarebiT ara marto Tavdasxma moigeries, aramed kontrSetevazec gadavidnen da peterburgamde sdies gaqceul wiTelarmielebs. estonelebma daikaves TiTqmis estoneTis zomis teritoria ruseTSi (maT Soris, aiRes q. fskovic).

pirveli damoukideblobis gamocxadeba estoneTSi, 1918

amis garda, estonelebma wiTlebsa da germanelebs latviis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili gamostaces, miadgnen dedaqalaq rigas da iq devnilobaSi myofi damoukidebeli latviis mTavroba aRadgines. bolSevikebi damarcxebas ver eguebodnen da ganagrZobdnen Setevebs. estonelma moxaliseebma 1919 wels kidev orjer daamarcxes sastikad wiTlebi. bolo, gadamwyveti brZola gaimarTa narvasTan, sadac estonelebma 120 000-kaciani rusuli armiis SeCereba SeZles. ase iqca estoneTi pirvel qveynad, romelmac wiTeli armiis damarcxeba SeZlo. bolSevikebi mxolod am damarcxebis Semdeg gaxdnen iZulebuli, rom 1920 wels, tartus samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT, estoneTis damoukidebloba eRiarebinaT. am 15-Tvian oms 3 600 estonelis sicocxle Seewira, daaxloebiT 15 000 kaci ki daiWra.

demokratia sabWoeTi mainc ver egueboda estoneTis damoukideblobas da moskovma 1924 wlis 1 dekembers talinSi samxedro gadatrialebis mowyoba scada. estonelebma warmatebiT moigeries sabWoeTidan Segzavnili agentebis mier organizebuli Tavdasxmebi talinis quCebSi. am brZolebs 125 komunistisa da 26 estoneli kadetisa da jariskacis sicocxle Seewira. damoukidebelma estoneTma daCqarebuli tempebiT daiwyo saxelmwifos mSenebloba (qveyana male `erTa ligaSic~ gawevrianda) da gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad swraf ekonomikur zrdasac miaRwia. magram im periodSi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba patara qveynebisTvis Zalze rTuli amocana iyo.… mravaljeradi okupacia estoneTisa da aRmosavleT evropis sxva patara qveynebis damoukidebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga 1939 wels, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirma da nacisturma germaniam 23 agvistos xeli moaweres Tavdausxmelobis SeTanxmebas, romelic istoriaSi Sevida „ribentrop-molotovis paqtis“ saxeliT. am paqtis saidumlo muxlebiT ori qveyana erTmaneTSi aRmosavleT evropas inawilebda. estoneTis xelmZRvanelobam neitralitetis gamocxadebiT safrTxis Tavidan acileba scada, magram es nabiji kontrproduqtiuli aRmoCnda: estoneTi marto darCa sabWoTa monstris winaSe da iZulebuli gaxda Seesrulebina moskovis mier dayenebuli yvela moTxovna. maT Soris gaformda SeTanxmeba estoneTSi sabWoTa samxedro bazebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb. swored am nawilebma moaxdines estoneTis okupacia da 1940 wlis ivnisSi Camoagdes kanonieri xelisufleba.

aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis dagegmva molotov-ribentropis paqtis mixedviT sabWoTa kavSiri

faqtobrivi teritoriuli cvlilebebi 1939-1940 wlebSi

germania

sxva qveynebi da teritoriebi

sala

SvedeTi

SvedeTi kareliafineTis ssr

fineTi

estoneTSi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, daCqarebuli gasabWoebis procesSi, mTeli ZaliT mZvinvarebda `wiTeli terori~: daiwyo kerZo sakuTrebis CamorTmeva, iZulebiTi koleqtivizacia, masobrivi dapatimreba, represiebi da daxvreta. daaxloebiT 10 000 estoneli gadaasaxles ruseTis sxvadasxva mxares. gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyo respublikis pirveli prezidenti konstantin piatsi, romelic gadasaxlebaSive gardaicvala 1956 wels. estoneTSi mniSvnelovnad daeca cxovrebis donec.

karelia

estoneTis ssr

estoneTi ruseTis ssr latvia Tavisufali qalaqi dancigi

germania

suvalkiis samkuTxedi

belarusis ssr

aRmosavleTi prusia

poloneTi ukrainis ssr

lietuvas ssr

ia an rm ge aRmosavleTi prusia bo da hem pr mo iis ot ra eq vii to s ra ti

belarusis ssr

ukrainis ssr

keTi slova

Cexoslovakia

ungreTi

latviis ssr

vilniusis regioni

lietuva

ruseTis ssr

besarabia

ungreTi rumineTi

rumineTi iugoslavia

sabWoTa gavlenis sfero germaniis gavlenis sfero 1939 wlis sazRvrebi

iugoslavia

moldaveTis ssr

sabWoTa kavSiris mier aneqsirebuli teritoriebi germaniis mier aneqsirenuli teritoriebi germaniis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi 1940 wlis sazRvrebi

dagegmili sazRvrebi 1939 wlis sabWoTa respublikebis sazRvrebi

1938 wlis sazRvrebi 1940 wlis sabWoTa respublikebis sazRvrebi

ribentrop-molotovis paqtis xelmowera, 1939 wlis 23 agvisto

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

1941 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa okupantebi germanelebma Caanacvles, romlebmac sabWoTa kavSirTan omis dawyebidan 2 TveSi SeZles estoneTis dakaveba. maT ar dauSves estoneTis damoukideblobis aRdgena. Tumca estonelebma germanelebis ukan daxevisas, 1944 wlis 21 seqtembers, erTi dRiT mainc SeZles talinSi Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. estonelebis es mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda – estoneTis teritoria kvlav sabWoTa jarebma daikaves. axsovdaT ra sabWoTa represiebi, xelaxali okupaciis win daaxloebiT 80 000 estoneli wavida emigraciaSi. saerTo jamSi, estoneTma meore msoflio omis brZolebSi, deportaciebisa da evakuaciisas mosaxleobis 25 procenti dakarga. dasavleTis qveynebi `civi omis~ periodSi ar aRiarebdnen baltiis qveynebis (maT Soris, estoneTis) sabWoTa kavSirTan mierTebis kanonierebas (dasavleTSi didxans funqcionirebda baltiis qveynebis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi, xolo bankebSi maTi oqro inaxeboda), Tumca moskovs es naklebad aRelvebda da Cveuli meTodebiT ganagrZobda kolonizacias.

estoneli `tyis Zmebi~ 1944-1953 wlebSi iyvnen gansakuTrebiT aqtiurebi. maT mxolod 3 weliwadSi, 1944-dan 1947 wlamde, 773 operacia Caatares, rasac 1000-ze meti sabWoeli Seewira. organizacia Tavisi siZlieris pikSi, 1947 wels, aTeulobiT qalaqsa da sofels akontrolebda. sabWoTa imperiam estoneli `tyis Zmebis~ ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis gatexva masobrivi represiebisa da mosaxleobis cimbirSi deportaciis Semdeg SeZlo. erTeulebi mainc bolomde ganagrZobdnen brZolas. erT-erTi bolo `tyis Zma~ – avgust sabe 1978 wlamde, sicocxlis bolo wuTamde, uwevda winaaRmdegobas.

estonelebi mainc ar tydebodnen. maTTvis absoluturad ucxo iyo bolSevizmi da monuri morCileba. amitom daaxloebiT 15 000 kaci partizanul moZraoba „tyis Zmebs“ SeuerTda (SedarebisTvis, msgavsi partizanuli meTodebiT saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolma qaquca ColoyaSvilma gadamwyvet momentSi mxolod 600mde kacis Sekreba SeZlo), romlebic mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen sabWoTa jarebsa da xelisuflebas.

wiTeli armiis Sesvla estoneTSi, 1940

konstantin piatsi (1874-1956)

demokratia kremlma gautexeli estoneTis samagaliTod dasja gadawyvita: estoneTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikas CamoaWra da uSualod ruseTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikas miuerTa estoneTis teritoriis 5 procenti (es teritoriebi dResac ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSia). aTiaTasobiT estoneli cimbiris sakoncentracio banakebSi gadaasaxla. gansakuTrebuli represiebi Seexo im pirebsa da maTi ojaxis wevrebs, romlebic estoneTis damoukideblobis periodSi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi iyvnen. bevrma maTganma veRarasodes ixila samSoblo. estoneTSi rusulenovani mosaxleobis masobrivi CasaxlebiT daiwyo rusifikaciisa da demografiuli suraTis Secvlis grZeli da mtkivneuli procesi. Tu 1945 wels respublikis mosaxleobis 94% estoneli iyo, 1989 wlisTvis maTi xvedriTi wili 61,5%-mde Semcirda. kremlma kargad icoda, rom winaaRmdegobis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi estonelTa ganaTlebis maRali done iyo. amitom gasabWoebis Semdeg cenzorTa specialurma danayofma 26 milioni wigni gaanadgura. ganadgurebas gadaurCa beWduri masalis mxolod 15 procenti, oRond cenzuris mier daWril-daCexili. aikrZala samecniero sazogadoebebis saqmianoba, samecniero gamocemebi da Tavisufali presa. xels uwyobdnen mxolod bolSevikuri da rusuli literaturis beWdvas.

estoneTis ssr-is droSa da gerbi

sabWoeTi `civi omis~ periodSi mkacrad akontrolebda estoneTs. SezRudvebi iyo baltiis zRvaSi gasvlaze. meTevzeebsac ki specialuri saSviT, mxolod drois SezRudul monakveTSi SeeZloT Tevzis mosapoveblad zRvaSi gasvla. mravali sirTulis miuxedavad, estonelebi srulad mainc ar iyvnen mowyvetili Tavisufal samyaros. es ZiriTadad xdeboda mezobeli fineTis televiziebis saSualebiT, romelTa signalis daWeras, akrZalvis miuxedavad, estonelebi yovelTvis axerxebdnen. saqme isaa, rom estonuri da finuri enebi erTmaneTis monaTesavea da erT-erTis codniT advilia meoris gageba da swavla. dResac ki estonelebis didma nawilma icis finuri, romelic umetesobam televiziiT is-

cimbirSi deportirebuli estonelebi

wavla. SemdgomSi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas hqonda fineTis sruteze erTgvari mavTulxlarTiani Robis aSenebis gegmac, romelsac telesignalebi unda CaexSo. sabWoTa kavSirs es aRar dascalda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rogorc yvela xelovnurad Sekowiwebulma imperiam, manac rRveva daiwyo.

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

estonelebi iTxoven Tavisuflebas, 1980-iani wlebis bolo

simReris revolucia

1988 wlis aprilSi dafuZnda zomieri mimarTulebis estoneTis saxalxo fronti (SedarebisTvis, saqarTvelos saxalxo fronti 1989 wlis ivnisSi daarsda), romelic respublikis suverenitetis sakiTxs ayenebda. frontma male moipova sagrZnobi popularoba.

sabWoTa jariskacebi talinis satelevizo anZasTan, 1991 wlis 20 agvisto

damoukideblobis aRdgena 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi ssrk-is maSindeli xelmZRvanelis mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT e.w. `perestroikis~ (`gardaqmnis~) periodi daiwyo. sabWoTa moqalaqeebs sakuTari poziciebis SedarebiT Tavisuflad dafiqsirebis saSualeba miecaT. 1987 wels estonelTa pirveli saprotesto aqciebi garemos dacvisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeboda. es mogvianebiT politikur moZraobaSi gadaizarda. im periodSi estoneTSi, latviasa da lietuvaSi dawyebuli mSvidobiani saprotesto aqciebi istoriaSi Sevida `simReris revoluciis~ saxeliT, radgan Sekrebebisa da mitingebis dros erovnul simRerebs mRerodnen. iatakqveSeTidan gamovida disidenturi moZraoba. axalgazrda estonelebma bebiababuebisagan icodnen, ra iyo saxelmwifo damoukidebloba da masTan dakavSirebuli sikeTeebi. mravali sirTulis miuxedavad, xalxSi yovelTvis cocxlobda Tavisuflebis idea da misken swrafva.

1989 wlis 23 agvistos, `ribentrop-molotovis paqtis~ dadebidan zustad 50 wlis Tavze, estoneTma, latviam da lietuvam msoflioSi manamade arnaxuli aqcia moawyves â&#x20AC;&#x17E;baltiuri gzis~ saxiT. 2 milioni adamiani (am respublikebis mosaxleobis 25 procenti) Cadga 680 km.-ian cocxal jaWvSi, romelic sami respublikis dedaqalaqebs (talini-riga-vilniusi) Soris gadaiWima. isini erTad aprotestebdnen `ribentrop-molotovis paqts~ da mTeli msoflios gasagonad erTad moiTxovdnen dakarguli damoukideblobis aRdgenas (SedarebisTvis, im periodSi kavkasiis respublikebSi ukve dawyebuli iyo erTmaneTs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba). magram arc moskovSi isxdnen gulxeldakrefilebi. kremlma estonelTa sapirispirod, ZiriTadad adgilobrivi rusulenovani mosaxleobis monawileobiT Seqmna e.w. `interfronti~, romelic jer ssrk-is SenarCunebas, SemdgomSi ki estoneTis rusuli regionebis avtonomias moiTxovda. isini 1990 wlis 15 maiss estoneTis parlamentSic ki SeiWrnen. Tumca iq misulma aTiaTasobiT estonelma isini mSvidobianad gamoiyvana da saxlebSi gauSva. zogadad, baltiis respublikebSi kremlis yvela wamowyeba uSedego aRmoCnda, radgan baltielebi civi gonebiT da principulad umklavdebodnen sabWoTa provokaciebs. maT hqondaT ideuri gansxvavebebi, mag-

rubrika demokratia ram kargad icodnen, rom mTavari amocanaa Tavisuflebis mopoveba da amas mxolod erTianobis SenarCunebiT SeZlebdnen. amitom, estoneTis ori paraleluri arCeviTi organo, SedarebiT zomieri uzenaesi sabWo da kongresi, mSvidobianad axerxebda qveynis TavisuflebisTvis brZolis saqmeSi TanamSromlobas (SedarebisTvis, saqarTveloSi swored uzenaes sabWosa da kongress Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobam iTamaSa didi roli samoqalaqo dapirispirebis dawyebaSi). 1991 wlis 3 marts estonelebma saerTo-saxalxo referendumi Caatares, sadac mosaxleobis 78,4%-ma respublikis damoukideblobas dauWira mxari (mowinaaRmdegeTa umetesoba rusulenovani mosaxleoba iyo). moskovi ar Cqarobda am Sedegebis aRiarebas. aseT viTarebaSi, 1991 wlis 18 agvistos, moskovSi daiwyo samxedro gadatrialeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; e.w. `agvistos putCi~, risi mizanic sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCuneba iyo. am movlenam daaCqara procesebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20 agvistos estoneTma damoukideblobis aRdgena gamoacxada. meore dRes talinSi sabWoTa tankebi SeiWrnen. maT satelevizio anZa daikaves da gadacemebis translacia SeaCeres. mosalodneli iyo parlamentis Sturmic, magram estonelebma parlamentis garSemo barikadebi aages da SiSveli xelebiT gadawyvites misi dacva. `agvistos putCi~ ramdenime dReSi CaiSala. moralurad da ekonomikurad dasustebuli sabWoTa saxelmwifo suls Rafavda. kremlma veRar gabeda did sisxlisRvraze wasvla da ukan daixia. sabWoTa jarebi maleve gavidnen talinis teleanZidan. estonelebma realuri damoukidebloba miiRes. maT kidev erTxel aCvenes mTel msoflios, rom brZolas yovelTvis aqvs azri. dasavleTic aqtiurad uWerda mxars axladwarmoqmnil respublikebs (gansakuTrebiT, baltiis qveynebs). amitom, maleve daiwyo estoneTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis procesi. estoneTi xelaxla Seudga reformebis ganxorcielebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis mSeneblobis Znel, magram aucilebel gzas.

baltiis gza

estoneTis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

1994 wlis 31 agvistos bolo rusulma samxedro nawilebma datoves estoneTis teritoria. warmatebuli reformebis Sedegad estoneTma maleve SeZlo cxovrebis donis saSualo evropul standartze aweva da daiwyo dasavlur organizaciebSi integraciis procesi: 2004 wels gawevrianda natosa da evrokavSirSi, ramac qveyanas usafrTxoeba (iq arsebuli natos samxedro baza da TviTmfrinavebi 24-saaTian reJimSi icaven estoneTs ruseTisgan momdinare safrTxisgan) da ekonomikuri warmatetebi moutana. 2011 wels ki estoneTi pirveli postsabWoTa qveyana gaxda, romelmac evrozonaSi gawevrianeba SeZlo. dRes estonelebi kvlav erT-erTi yvelaze ganaTlebuli xalxia. bolo wlebSi qveyanaSi mravali novatoruli ideac (Skype, eleqtronuli mmarTveloba, eleqtronuli arCevnebi, startapebi da a.S.) dainerga. am yvelaferma, saboloo jamSi, estoneTis mosaxleoba warmatebul, Tanamedrove sazogadoebad aqcia, rac bevri patara qveynisTvis (maT Soris, saqarTvelosTvisac) kargi magaliTia. 1884 wlis 4 ivniss estonelma studentebma Seqmnes estoneTis samferovani droSa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qveynis mTavari simbolo 1918-1940 ww.-Si da 1990 w.-dan dRemde. sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi ara mxolod es droSa, aramed am droSis ferebis kombinaciiT tanisamosis tarebac ki ikrZaleboda. bevr estonels cimbirSi mxolod imitom ukres Tavi, rom yvelafris miuxedavad, saxlSi am droSas inaxavda. droSis ferebi estonelTa ideebisa da estoneTis bunebis sinTezia: cisferi aRniSnavs erovnuli ideebis erTgulebas, aseve estoneTis zRvas, tbebsa da cas; Savi mSobliuri miwisa da gadatanili siZneleebis feria; TeTri ki asaxavs Tovls, adamianur bednierebas, TavisuflebisTvis brZolas da naTeli momavlis imeds. dRes estonelebi am droSas, rogorc Tavisuflebis simbolos, yovel diliT erovnuli himnis TanxlebiT aRmarTaven talinSi, parlamentis kompleqsSi Semaval hermanis koSkze.

hermanis koSki

wm. olafis taZari

didi adamianebi

duait eizenhaueri

aSS-is 34-e prezidenti

vasil kaWarava

duait eizenhaueri daibada 1890 wlis 14 oqtombers texasis qalaq denisonSi. cnobili vest pointis samxedro akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg igi profesionali samxedro gaxda. aSkarad niWieri oficris arafriT gamorCeuli kariera II msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad sruliad Tavbrudamxvevad, albaT ufro napoleonis armiis oficrisTvis Sesaferis stilSi warimarTa. 1941 wlis zafxulSi eizenhaueri ukve brigadis generali gaxda, 1942 wlis ivnisSi ki amerikis generaluri Stabis ufrosis, general jorj marSalis gadawyvetilebiT da, bunebrivia, prezidentis TanxmobiT, dainiSna evropaSi mokavSireTa gaerTianebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelad. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom es gadawyvetileba britanelebmac moiwones. mravalerovnul armiaSi, sadac amerikelebis, britanelebisa da kanadelebis gverdiT germaniis mier dapyrobili safrangeTisa da poloneTis qvedanayofebic ibrZodnen, samxedro profesionalizmis garda, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda eizenhaueris diplomatiur niWsa da adamianur Tvisebebs. eizenhaueris xelmZRvanelobiT amerikelebma 1943 wels didi desanti gadasxes CrdiloeT afrikaSi da britanel mokavSireebTan erTad daamarcxes saxelganTqmuli germaneli feldmarSlis – ernst romelis – afrikuli korpusi. imave wels daikaves kunZuli sicilia da samxreT italiaSic SeiWrnen. 1944 wlis 6 ivniss eizenhaueri omis erT-erT umTavres operacias – `overlords~ xelmZRvanelobda da warmatebuladac gadasxa uzarmazari desanti germaniis mier okupirebuli safrangeTis sanapiroze. mokavSireebma swored misi sardlobiT gaaTavisufles da-

duait eizenhaueri

ernst romeli (1891-1944) samxedro operacia „overlordi“ (ingl.Operation Overlord), romelsac aseve normandiis brZolasac uwodeben, aris dasavleli mokavSireebis mier Catarebuli yvelaze farTomasStabiani sadesanto operacia, romelic miznad isaxavda germanelTa gandevnas CrdiloeT safrangeTidan da iq momdevno operaciebisaTvis myari niadagis Seqmnas. „overlordis“ operacia moicavda jarebis gadasxmas normandiaSi (operacia `neptuni~) da Semdgom samxedro operaciebs. „overlordi“ daiwyo 1944 wlis 6 ivniss (operaciiT `neptuni~, romelsac aseve di-deis (D-Day) uwodeben) da 1944 wlis 25 agvistomde (mokavSireTa jarebis mier parizis aReba) gagrZelda.

savleTi evropa da germaniaSi, mdinare elbaze, sabWoTa jarebs Sexvdnen. bunebrivia, rom yovelive amis Semoqmedi damsaxurebulad gaxda II msoflio omis erT-erTi mTavari triumfatori. duait eizenhaueri iyo pirveli ucxoeli, visac stalinis gankargulebiT gamarjvebis ordeni mianiWes. aRarafers vityviT im pativsa da didebaze, rac mas dasavleli demokratiebisgan ergo, gansakuTrebiT ki – sakuTar samSobloSi. eizenhaueri Zalian popularuli gaxda amerikaSi da, Sesabamisad, sul ufro meti adamiani xedavda masSi potenciur da yvelaze sasurvel prezidents. 1948 wels aSS-is maSindeli prezidenti hari trumeni eizenhauers jer viceprezidentobas sTavazobda, mere ki, saerTodac, prezidentobas uTmobda da Tavad viceprezidentobas sjerdeboda. maSin eizenhauerma uari Tqva saprezidento ambiciebze. igi 1948 wlis ivnisidan 1950 wlis oqtombramde kolumbiis universitetis prezidenti iyo. imave periodSi eizenhauerma daasrula Tavisi samxedro mogonebebi da gamosca metad Rirebuli wigni `jvarosnuli laSqroba evropaSi~ (1948). samxedro disciplinas da swraf gadawyvetilebebs miCveul generals uWirda akademiur wresTan gauTavebeli diskusiebi. profesorebze gabrazebul eizenhauers isic ki uTqvams, rom inteleqtuali `aris kaci, romelic imaze met sityvas iyenebs, vidre saWiroa, raTa Tqvas imaze meti, rac icis~. rogorc uzarmazari armiis yofilma sardalma, man swrafad daawesa kontroli universitetis sakmaod qaosur biujetze da Tavis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi gacilebiT meti gaakeTa universitetisTvis, vidre misma mravalma winamorbedma prezidentma aTwleulebis manZilze. magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, eizenhaueri ara marto amerikas, aramed mTel Tavisufal samyaros sWirdeboda da 1951 wlidan man natos jarebis mTavarsardlis Tanamdeboba daikava. igi 15 Tvis manZilze warmatebiT asrulebda am sapatio da urTules movaleobas. magram, rogorc ityvian, mTavari movlenebi win iyo. erTxel Tavdacvis ministrma jeims forestolma eizenhauers aseTi ram uTxra: `aik (rogorc mas SemoklebiT uwodebdaxalgazrda eizenhaueri

didi adamianebi nen), Seni sifaTis patrons, ginda Tu ara, mainc mogiwevs prezidentoba~. da marTlac, TiTqmis yvela RirsebiT Semkuli es adamiani gaxda kidec respublikuri partiis prezidentobis kandidati. respublikelebma viceprezidentobis kandidatad airCies 39 wlis senatori kaliforniidan – riCard niqsoni, cnobili Tavisi antikomunisturi ganwyobebiTa da antiamerikuli qmedebebis Semswavlel komisiaSi uaRresad aqtiuri saqmianobiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, arCevnebi eizenhauerisTvis warmatebulad mimdinareobda da respublikelTa lozungi – `korufcia, korea, komunizmi~, rac niSnavda, rom respublikelebi demokratTa damsaxurebiT warmoqmnil am sam problemas moagvarebdnen, sakmaod efeqtianad muSaobda. unda iTqvas, rom demokratTa kandidati, harvardis universitetis samarTlis skolis kursdamTavrebuli adlai stivensoni Tavisi oratoruli niWis, keTilsindisierebisa da garemomcveli brwyinvale inteleqtualebis saqmianobis wyalobiT sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvaSi TandaTan daewia kidec eizenhauers, magram koreis omiT gadaRlilma amerikam stivensonis gundSi ver dainaxa is Zala, romelic oms daasrulebda, eizenhaueris gancxadebam ki, rom Tavad wavidoda koreaSi da SeaCerebda oms, amerikelTa aRtaceba gamoiwvia. sabolood, 1952 wlis 4 noembers Catarebul saprezidento arCevnebSi eizenhaurma 39 Stati moigo, demokratebma ki – mxolod 9.

hari trumeni da duait eizenhaueri

amerikeli da rusi jariskacebis Sexvedra mdinare elbaze

ioseb stalins miaweren sityvebs, rom `yvelafers kadrebi wyveten~ da albaT, Znelia ar daeTanxmo am aqsiomas. axali prezidentis winaSec swored es `ubralo amocana~ dadga, rodesac Tavisi kabinetis Camoyalibebas Seudga. rogorc ganaTlebuli da keTilsindisieri adamiani, eizenhaueri Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas gamoricxavda piradi urTierTobebis faqtors da arc erTi Zveli megobari ar Seuyvania kabinetisa Tu aparatis struqturebSi. prezidenti gansakuTrebiT ver egueboda patronaJis tradiciebs, rac jer kidev arsebobda – `patronaJi TiTqmis uzneobis gamomxatveli sityvaa… mas demokratiis dangreva SeuZlia~, ambobda igi. eizenhauers Tavis gundSi ar sWirdeboda TanamdebobisTvis mebrZoli adamiani. imasac ki werda: `mimaCnia, rom is adamiani, romelic didi piradi msxverplis gareSe wamova vaSingtonSi, ar unda aviyvanoT samsaxurSi~. prezidents esaWiroeboda ukve isedac warmatebuli kaci, romelic saxelmwifo samsaxurisgan araviTar pirad gamorCenas ar eloda, romelsac es samsaxuri pirad biznesSi drosa da mogebasac ki daakargvinebda, magram moqalaqeobrivi da patriotuli mosazrebebiT mzad iqneboda gaeRo es msxverpli. Tavdacvis ministrad amerikisa da msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi kompaniis – `jeneral moeizenhaueris wigni `jvarosnuli laSqroba evropaSi~

duait eizenhaueri

riCard niqsoni da duait eizenhaueri meuRleebTan erTad

adlai stivensoni da duait eizenhaueri

torsis~ prezidenti Carlz uilsoni SearCies. swored uilsons ukavSireben cnobil frazas – `rac kargi iyo Cveni qveynisaTvis, is kargi iyo `jeneral motorsisTvis~ da piriqiT~. finansTa ministrad miiwvies aseve didi kompaniis – `mark e. hanas kompanis~ prezidenti jorj hemfri, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad – aseve yofili biznesmeni, oregonis gubernatori duglas makkei; vaWrobis ministrad – konservatiuli msoflmxedvelobis biznesmeni masaCusetsidan – sinkler uiqsi. axladarCeuli prezidentis programa tradiciuli konservatiuli receptebiT iyo daxunZluli, magram, realurad, naTlad gamoikveTa, rom igi franklin ruzveltis mier Camoyalibebuli etatisturi (saxelmwifos wamyvani roli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvvetis saqmeSi) `axali kursis~ memkvidreobisa da respublikelTa konservatiuli midgomebis erTmaneTTan misadagebas cdilobda. marTlac, man aramc Tu Seamcira, aramed kidev ufro ganavrco `axali kursis~ udidesi miRweva – socialuri dazRvevis sistema da ufro meti adamiani moaqcia misi moqmedebis arealSi. 1953 wels prezidentis iniciativiT Seiqmna janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis saministro, romelic federalur socialur programebs aregulirebda. tradiciulad, urTulesi iyo umuSevrebis sakiTxi, magram eizenhauerma am sferoSic sakmao moqniloba gamoamJRavna. 1954 wlis ekonomikuri vardnis SedarebiT xanmokle periodSi, rodesac umuSevrobam 6 procents miaRwia, man uari Tqva ekonomikuri aRmavlo-

jeims forestoli da duait eizenhaueri

bis respublikelTaTvis Cveul pasiur molodinze da aqtiuri nabijebi gadadga viTarebis gamosasworeblad – `arafris keTebisagan gamomdinare safrTxe gacilebiT metia, vidre metismetis keTebisagan~. amasTan erTad prezidents uari arc saxelmwifo xarjebis dazogviT biujetis deficitis Semcirebaze uTqvams. umuSevrobis problemis gadaswyvetad administracia sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis gafarToebis politikas daadga da mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba kidec `axali kursis~ masStabebs. nawilobriv es gamoikveTa metad vrceli da uxvad dafinansebuli federaluri avtomagistralebis mSeneblobis programaSic. amave periodSi dawesda Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri Tanxa – 1 dolari saaTSi.

didi adamianebi kosmosSi pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavris, sabWoTa `sputnikis~ gaSvebiT SeSfoTebulma eizenhaurma 1958 wels mxari dauWira erovnuli aeronavtikisa da kosmosis administraciis Seqmnas. federaluri xarjebiT daafinanses samecniero kvlevebis 90 procenti aviaciis, kosmosis, avtomobilebisa da eleqtronikis sferoSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom eizenhauerma navTobis sanapiro sarewebze kontroli ara federalur mTavrobas, aramed uSualod Statebis xelisuflebas gadasca. igi, skolebis mSeneblobis garda, yvela sxva aspeqtSi, kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda federaluri xelisuflebis aqtiurobas ganaTlebis sferoSi, gamodioda janmrTelobis savaldebulo dazRvevis winaaRmdegac, vinaidan es `medicinis socializaciad~ miaCnda. prezidenti xSirad imeorebda abraam linkolnis sityvebs, rom saxelmwifos funqciaa adamianebisTvis is gaakeTos, risi gakeTebac maT individualurad an sul ar SeuZliaT, an kargad ver akeTeben. xolo yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi maT cxovrebaSi ar unda Caerios. 1949 wels, amerikaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, britaneli istorikosi robert feini aRfrTovanebuli werda: `jer ar yofila amerikaze zRapruli qveyana. igi kolosiviTaa. jer arc erT qveyanas ar hqonia aseTi mravalmxrivi da udidesi gavlena sxva qveynebze.… msoflios simdidris naxevari, warmoebis naxevarze meti, msoflioSi arsebuli manqanebis ori mesamedi amerikelTa xelSia, mTeli msoflio amerikis mrewvelobis Carlz uilsoni (1890–1961)

CrdilqveSaa moqceuli~. marTlac, 1950-dan 1962 wlamde amerikuli ekonomikis wliuri zrda daxloebiT 2,5-3 procenti iyo, es yvelaferi ki milionobiT axali saxlisa Tu qarxnis mSeneblobas gulisxmobda, Tavisi infrastruqturiT, iqneboda es gzebi, wyalgayvaniloba, savaWro centrebi Tu sxva. Tanac yvelaferi fasebis metad umniSvnelo zrdis fonze mimdinareobda. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda TiToeuli adamianis realuri Semosavali. eizenhaueris mmarTvelobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo axali avtomagistralebis grandiozuli qselis mSenebloba. 1956 wlis 29 ivniss prezidentis mier xelmowerili StatebsSorisi da TavdacviTi avtomagistralebis erovnuli kanonis mixedviT, 42 aTasi milis (67 aTasi kilometri) sigrZis avtomagistralebis qselis Sesaqmnelad 10 wlis manZilze 26 miliardi dolari unda daxarjuliyo. im udidesi RvawlisaTvis, romelic eizenhauers miuZRoda am ideis ganxorcielebaSi, prezident jorj buSis gadawyvetilebiT, am gzebis sistemas `duait eizenhaueris saxelobis StatebsSorisi da Tavdacvis avtostradebis erovnuli sistema~ ewoda. da marTlac, am sistemam uzarmazari roli Seasrula amerikis istoriasa da misi ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi: siCqaris zrdisa da gasasvlelebis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebis wyalobiT Semcirda gadazidvis Rirebuleba; saocrad damoklda manZilebic. saSualo maCveneblebs Tu

duglas makkei (1893 –1959) sinkler uiqsi (1893 –1972)

jorj hemfri (1890 –1970)

duait eizenhaueri

aviRebT, am gzebma daaxloebiT 20 procentiT Seamcira qalaqebs Soris manZili; amasTan, komerciisaTvis gaixsna Sua dasavleTis SedarebiT izolirebuli qalaqebi. avtostradebma xeli Seuwyo erovnuli bazris ganviTarebas, radgan amerikul kompaniebs qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi produqciis ufro iafad miwodeba gauadvildaT, ramac dadebiTad imoqmeda fasebis Semcirebaze; avtostradebis sistemam samuSao adgilebic gaaCina, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT TviT gzis mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis raodenobaze. avtostradebma gzasTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqtura ganaviTara, iqneboda es benzingasamarTi sadgurebi, gzispira restornebi, sastumroebi Tu sxva. avtostradebis wyalobiT gazrdilma mobilurobam meti SesaZlebloba misca amerikelebs rogorc samuSaos, ise sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevisas. ufro met adamians mieca saSualeba didi qalaqebisagan moSorebul adgilebSi iafad SeeZina kar-midamo, rac e.w. amerikuli ocnebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawili iyo; am avtostradebma mravali amerikeli ufro mWidrod daakavSira did kulturul centrebTanac, rac dadebiTad

sabWoTa `sputniki~ orbitaze

aisaxa mosaxleobis sulier cxovrebaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am avtostradebma kidev ufro Seamcira gansxvaveba qalaqsa da sofels Soris; avtostradebma mravalgzis aanazRaura maT mSeneblobaSi dabandebuli Tanxebi. gamoTvlilia, rom Tavisi arsebobis daaxlebiT 40 wlis manZilze, 1957-dan 1996 wlamde, am gzebma amerikul ekonomikas jamSi 1 trilionze meti dolari dauzoga. ekonomikur zrdaze ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom calmxrivi moZraobis wyalobiT, am avtomagistralebze mniSvnelovnad gaizarda usafrTxoebis standarti, ramac fataluri Sedegebi 60 procentiT Seamcira. eizenhaueris erT-erTi mTavari dapireba, romelmac saprezidento arCevnebSi misi gamarjveba ganapiroba, iyo koreis omis saswrafo, dauyovnebliv dasruleba. prezidentma es piroba pirnaTlad Seasrula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1953 wlis 27 ivliss zavi gaformda. am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze verc erTma mxarem ver miaRwia gamarjvebas da viTareba omis wina mdgomareobas daubrunda, rodesac korea 38-e paralelis gagrZelebaze iyo gayofili. rogorc viciT, es qveyana dResac or nawiladaa gayofili da axlo momavalSi mis gaerTianebas piri ar uCans. am omSi daiRupa 54 aTasi amerikeli da TiTqmis milioni Cineli da koreeli, rogorc CrdiloeTidan, ise samxreTidan.

avtomagistralis mSenebloba

didi adamianebi rodesac eizenhaueri prezidenti gaxda, mTavar amocanad qveynis usafrTxoebis dacva daisaxa. saerTod, mas erCia ufro sagareo saqmeebiT yofiliyo dakavebuli. es mis sainauguracio gamosvlaSic aisaxa – tradiciis sapirispirod, prezidentma saerTaSoriso problemebze metad gaamaxvila yuradReba. axali administraciis mier SemuSavebuli `axali xedvis~ mixedviT, atomuri iaraRi ufro iafi da ufro efeqtianic iyo da mis xarjze SeiZleboda ZviradRirebuli Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebisa da armiis Semcireba. eizenhauers miaCnda, rom nato iyo amerikis Tavdacvis mTavari zRude da rom swored Zlieri evropa iyo umniSvnelovansi komponeneti yvela, maT Soris, aziis problemis gadasawyvetad. natos gaZlierebisTvis ki udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda am blokSi germaniis srulfasovan da aqtiur CarTvas. amdenad, 1955 wels germaniis federaciuli respublika natos srulfasovani wevri gaxda. am movlenebis sapasuxod sabWoTa kavSirma maSinve Seqmna varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia, romelSic sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gaerTiandnen. kerZod ki, es iyo bulgareTis, poloneTis, rumineTis, germaniis demokratiuli respublikis, albaneTis, Cexoslovakiis, ungreTisa da, raskvirvelia, sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro kavSiri.

50-iani wlebis gzispira kinoTeatri

amerikam sabolood Tqva uari tradiciuli amerikuli izolacionizmis yovelgvar gamovlinebaze da sakuTar Tavze aiRo Tavisufali samyaros dacva komunisturi safrTxisagan. eizenhaueris mipatiJebiT sabWoTa lideri nikita xruSCovi 1959 wlis 15 seqtembers aSS-Si Cavida. vizitis dasrulebisas gamoqveynebul komunikeSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom prezidentebs Soris gaimarTa gulaxdili saubari, gamoiTqva imedi, rom azrTa gacvla xels Seuwyobda erTmaneTis poziciebis ukeT gagebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, xangrZlivi mSvidobis miRwevas. iqve iyo xazgasmuli, rom orive lideris azriT, ganiaraRebis problema umTavresi iyo Tanamedrove samyaroSi da orive mxare ecdeboda konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebis miRwevas. Semcirda agreTve imis saSiSroebac, rom berlinis gamo omi daiwyeboda da problemuri

50-iani wlebis makdonaldsis gzispira restorani

1960 wlis 1 maiss sabWoTa sahaero Tavdacvam dRevandel ekaterinburgTan Camoagdo amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavi, romelic Rrmad SeiWra sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. piloti – fransis gari pauersi – daiWires da jaSuSobis braldebiT miusajes 10 weli, Tumca 1962 wels gacvales sabWoTa oficerze, rudolf abelze. es incidenti xruSCovsa da eizenhauers Soris parizSi dagegmil Sexvedramde ori kviriT adre moxda, ramac amerikis mxare uxerxul situaciaSi Caayena da or qveyanas Soris arsebuli isedac rTuli urTierToba kidev ufro daZaba.

duait eizenhaueri

icva da mravali adamianis sicocxlec Seiwira iranSi, gvatemalaSi, ungreTSi, kubaze Tu sxvagan.

amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavi U-2

sakiTxebis ganxilva 1960 wlisTvis, parizSi dagegmili didi oTxeulis molaparakebebisTvis, gadaido. magram 1960 wlis 1 maiss sabWoTa kavSiris Tavze amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavis U-2 Camogdebam yvelaferi yiraze daayena. xruSCovma, piradad eizenhauerTan sabolood rom ar gaefuWebina urTierToba, isic ki ganacxada, rom albaT amerikis prezidentma ar icoda amis Sesaxeb da es samxedroebis damoukidebeli qmedeba iyo. magram eizenhauerma simarTle ar damala da sakuTar Tavze aiRo sruli pasuxismgebloba. zogierTi eqsperti miiCnevs, rom am movlenam Seaferxa civi omis dasruleba. eizenhaueric nanobda, ori weli mivdiodi amisaken da am TviTmfrinavis sulelurma istoriam CaSala es dazavebao. marTlac, Zalze dasanani ambavi moxda, vinaidan civi omis dros sabWoTa kavSirsa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris arsebulma dapirispirebam planetis TiTqmis yvela kuTxe mo-

arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miuxedavad mTeli rigi xarvezebisa, amerikis erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare, albaT, eizenhaueris sagareo politika, saboloo jamSi, mainc ufro dadebiTad SeiZleba Sefasdes: upirvels yovlisa, misi didi damsaxurebaa, rom `civi omi~ `cxel omSi~ ar gadaizarda. amerikis usafrTxoeba daculi iyo da es daculoba, im etapze mainc, verc sabWoTa `sputnikma~ Searyia. marTalia, eizenhauerma aRmosavleT evropas ver daubruna Tavisufleba da es 1956 wels ungreTSic kargad gamoCnda, magram metic aRar dauTmia sabWoeTisTvis. trumenis administraciisagan gansxvavebiT, eizenhaueris dros planetaze arc erTi axali komunisturi saxelmwifo ar Seqmnila. Tumca misma administraciam ver gaTvala kubaSi warmoqmnili memarcxene radikalizmis safrTxe. miuxedavad pauersis mzveravi TviTmfrinavis skandalisa, swored eizenahuerma Seqmna met-naklebad normaluri urTierTobebis safuZveli sabWoTa kavSirTan, ramac, Tavis mxriv, atomuri omis SesaZlebloba Seamcira. 2009 wels amerikel istorikosTa gamokiTxviT, eizenhaueri, Tavisi miRwevebiT, prezidentebs Soris me-8 adgils ikavebda. eizenhauerma TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo da minimaluri danakargiT daubruna amerikas politikuri stabiluroba, SeinarCuna `axali kursis~ saukeTeso monapovari da, amave dros, qveynis konservatiuli ideologiac aaRorZina. 1956 wlis ajanyeba ungreTSi

ungreTSi 1956 wels momxdari ajanyeba mimarTuli iyo sabWoTa kontrolis winaaRmdeg. oqtomber-noemberSi mimdinare antisabWoTa gamosvlebi sabWoTa jarebma didi sisastikiT CaaxSes. ungreTis mxridan daiRupa 2500-ze meti adamiani, sabWoTa jariskacebs Soris â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 700-mde. 200 000 ungreli iZulebuli gaxda qveyana daetovebina.

didi qarTvelebi

akaki xoStaria dReisTvisac ki misabaZi biznesmeni giorgi lobJaniZe Teiranis samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs uZvelesi qristianuli sasaflao `dulabi~, romelic dRes rusuli eklesiis teritorias warmoadgens. 1998 wels, Teiranis universitetSi swavlisas, pirvelad movxvdi am sasaflaoze da davaTvaliere iq dakrZaluli qarTvelebis samareebi. es qarTvelebi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelodan 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciasa da ruseTis mier 1921 wlis aneqsias gaqceuli adamianebi arian, romelTac Tavi irans Seafares da am qveyanaSi hpoves jer droebiTi da mere ki – samudamo gansasvenebelic. TiToeuli saflavi calke istoriaa, dramatizmiT aRsavse istoria, romelic specialur kvlevasa da aRweras saWiroebs, radgan aq dakrZaluli gansvenebulebi, yvela, Tavis saqmeSi gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo, romelTa sicocxlesac ukvalod namdvilad ar Cauvlia da maT Tavis droze garkveuli roli iTamaSes an imJamindeli iranis, an kidev iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis uaxles istoriaSi. Cemi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maSin sasaflaos SesasvlelSi agebulma patara saydarma miiqcia, romelic qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebis nimuSad momeCvena da es pirveli STabeWdileba mogvianebiT sruli simarTlec gamodga. TeTri, Tlili qviT agebuli patara saydari maSin Zalze savalalo mdgomareobaSi iyo – nagviTa da RorRiT savse, gverdze gadaxriliyo da SesasvlelSi sparsulad da inglisurad ewera: „saxifaToa!“

akaki xoStaria

minadora Turqia-xoStaria

minadora Turqia-xoStarias gansasvenebeli TeiranSi

taZris SigniT Sesvla vera, magram misi daTvaliereba kargad momixerxda da gavarkvie, rom iq mxolod erTi qalis saflavi unda yofiliyo. saydari, romelic sionis taZris zust makets warmoadgens, 1924-1926 wlebiT TariRdeba da SigniT 43 wlis minadora Turqia-xoStaria (1881-1924) ganisvenebs. cnobilia, rom es patara samlocvelo qarTuli sasuliero tradiciuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erTaderTi nimuSia iranis islamuri respublikis mTel teritoriaze. saydar-samlocvelo meuRlis saflavze, misi sulis saoxad, augia maSindeli qarTuli biznesis erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; akaki xoStarias. gamorCeuli Tvisebebisa da bedisweris kaci iyo akaki xoStaria, romlis saxelsac saqarTveloSi TiTqmis tabu hqonda dadebuli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi da albaT, misi STamomavlebisa da memkvidreebis garda, arc aravin axsenebda. sabWoTa xelisufleba akaki xoStarias saxelis xsenebas imdenad gaurboda, rom Tavis droze, mis mier auqcionze SeZenili da Semdeg, emigraciaSi wasvlis win, sxva uZrav-moZrav qonebasTan erTad anderZiT qarTveli xalxisaTvis gadacemuli daviT sarajiSviliseuli sasaxle, dRevandeli mweralTa saxli maCablis quCaze, daviT sarajiSvilis Semowirulobad cxaddeboda. amas Tavisi mizezi hqonda: saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde ramdenime wliT adre (1911) gardacvlili daviT sarajiSvilis saxelis xseneba sabWoTa xelisuflebas SedarebiT nakleb uxerxulobas uqmnida, vidre akaki xoStarias saxelisa, romelic 1932 wlamde (gardacvalebamde) aqtiur moRvaweobas eweoda da Tanac, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa kavSiris mTavari ideuri mowinaaRmdege qveynebis teritoriaze. xandaxan marTla bediswera amoirCevs xolme adamianebs da daatarebs mTel qveyanaze Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. imisi Tqma, Tu ra mizani aqvs bedisweras ama Tu im konkretuli adamianis SemTxvevaSi, misi gardacvalebis Semdegac ki Wirs, magram rCeulis damRa Tu tvifari

didi qarTvelebi

mweralTa saxli

savsebiT aSkaraa da â&#x20AC;&#x17E;rCeulis damRasâ&#x20AC;&#x153; xSirad swored am adamianis xasiaTi warmoadgens, riTac misi interesebi da cxovrebiseuli principebia Sepirobebuli. sxvagvarad Zneli asaxsnelia is pativ-dideba, rac 1873 wels abaSis raionis sofel sujunaSi dabadebul akaki xoStarias arguna bedisweram. xoStariebi taxtis aznaurebi iyvnen. akaki xoStarias mama meTode (meTo) xoStaria ki dadianebis mouravi gaxldaT, mTeli sadadianos meurneobas ganagebda da cnobili iyo Tavisi sidinjiTa da gonierebiT. zogi cnobiT, mas evaleboda samegrelos saeklesio miwebis gamgebloba da sujunis wminda giorgis xatis dacva. akakis deda iyo vardiko avaliani, didad wignieri da Tavis droze sakmaod ganaTlebuli qalbatoni. col-qmars sami Svili hyavda da akaki ufrosi Zmis, giorgisa da umcrosi dis, anas, SuaTana Zma iyo. ufros Zmas, giorgis, peterburgis universiteti hqonda damTavrebuli, specialobiT maTematikosi iyo da wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva gimnaziaSi aswavlida. umcrosi da, ana, gaTxovda giorgi Wyoniaze, romelic maswavleblad msaxurobda ozurgeTis gimnaziaSi, 1928 wlidan ki ojaxTan erTad TbilisSi gadmovida sacxovreblad. akaki xoStariam sanqt-peterburgSi daamTavra sasoflo-sameurneo koleji da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, gagraSi princ oldenburgTan msaxurobda superintendantad. intendanti finansebis marTvaze an zedamxedvelobaze uflebamosili oficialuri piri iyo. intendantis Tanamdeboba caristul ruseTSi arsebobda ruseTis samxedro-savele StabSic da 1818-1868 ww.-Si igi pasuxismgebeli iyo savaWro momaragebaze, finansebze, medicinaze, armiis veterinaruli da sxva nivTebiT uzrunvelyofaze.

akaki xoStarias movaleobas, ZiriTadad, sameurneo saqmianobis dagegmva da zedamxedveloba warmoadgenda. swored man dagegma da meTvalyureobas uwevda yvela bulvarisa da baRis mowyobas mTeli SavizRvispireTis teritoriaze, SemdgomSi ki mudmivad zrunavda am adgilebis gamwvanebasa da ganaSenianebaze. misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiTa da dafinansebiT gaSenda axali aTonis centraluri parki, ialtis mTavari baRi, baTumis mTavari zRvispira bulvari da maxinjauris botanikuri baRi.

ili (1848 -1911) daviT sarajiSv

am saqmianobas akaki xoStariam 10 weli Sealia, vidre erT dResac SemTxveviTobis an, Tundac, zemoT naxsenebi bedisweris wyalobiT, misTvisve savsebiT moulodnelad savaWro da samewarmeo saqmianobaSi ar Caeba. erT-erT mogonebaSi, qalbatoni T. kvaWaZe ixsenebs, rom axalgazrdobaSi akaki xoStaria megobrobda foTel mewvrilmanesTan, vinme zodelavasTan. erTxel maT gadauwyvetiaT, rom savaWro gemiT navTi waeRoT odesaSi gasayidad. tuafsesTan gemi saSinel qa-

akaki xoStaria

riSxalSi moxvedrila da odesis nacvlad, TurqeTSi aRmoCenila. saswaulebrivad gadarCenilma xoStariam da zodelavam navTi TurqeTSi oqros fasad gayides, maSin am qveyanaSi navTze didi moTxovnileba yofila, da Semdgomi saqmianobisaTvis kargi kapitalic daagroves. TurqeTidan akaki xoStaria azerbaijanSi gaemgzavra, iqauri navTobmrewvelis musa nagievisagan navTobsarewi danadgarebi iyida, mere baTumSi dabrunda, savaWro aqciebi SeiZina da mTlianad navTobsamrewvelo saqmianobaze gadaerTo. pirveli msoflio omis wina periodSi akaki xoStariam baqoSi Camoayaliba msxvili navTobsamrewvelo kompania, romelic samxreT kavkasiasa da iranSi warmarTavda operaciebs. kompaniaSi gaerTiandnen navTobis industriis cnobili mrewveli kapitalistebi. didi britaneTis kontrdazvervis qarTveli polkovnikis, merab kvitaSvilis memuarebSi vkiTxulobT: „baqoSi mamaCemi daukavSirda qarTvelebis did jgufs, romlebic navTobis warmoebis sistemaSi muSaobdnen. am jgufs saTaveSi edga akaki xoStaria, im dros saqarTveloSi erTaderTi namdvili milioneri, romelmac navTobis koncesiebi SeiZina sparseTSi da Camoayaliba firma, saxelad „repento“ (Русско-персидское нефтеяное товарищество). es iyo yvelaze didi da finansurad yvelaze Zlieri firma, romlis msgavsic ki qarTvelebs odesme SeuqmniaT da misi prezidenti iyo akaki xoStaria“. firma „repentos“ garda, akaki xoStariam baqoSi daaarsa komerciuli organizacia xoStarias Turqul-sparsuli banki, romelic finansur operaciebs awarmoebda msoflios wamyvan organizaciebTan. 1913 wels ki man 99-wliani kontraqti dado iranis CrdiloeTis miwaTmflobelebTan da daaarsa kompania „perslesi“, romlis kapitalic ramdenime milion oqros rubls Seadgenda. aaSena sakuTari saamqroebi, eleqtronze momuSave qarxnebi da specialuri sarkinigzo xazi – „Talrudi“, romelsac xis morebis gadasazidad iyenebda. es iyo pirveli rkinigza iranSi, riTac akaki xoStariam iranis Sahis karze warmoudgeneli gavlena moipova. akaki xoStarias sparseTSi (iranSi) moRvaweoba ZiriTadad daemTxva yajarTa dinastiis ukanaskneli Sahis – ahmad Sah yajaris (18981930) zeobis xanas (1909-1923/25). ahmad Sah yajaris mmarTveloba, rogorc cnobilia, Zalian susti iyo da misi periodis irans, gansakuTrebiT am Sahis mmarTvelobis pirvel xanebSi, faqtobrivad, baxTiarebis gvaris regentebi marTavdnen. cnobilia, rom akaki xoStarias didi konstantine oldenburgi (1850-1906) gavlena hqonda Tavisi periodis sparseTis formalur da araformalur mmarTvelTa Soris. 1914 wels akaki xoStariam Teiransa da fehlevs Soris daaarsa satransporto kompania. is iyo pirveli, vinc sparseTSi Seiyvana avtomobili „fordi“, romelsac oqros frTebi `amSvenebda~ da es manqana saCuqrad gadasca ymawvil ahmad Sahs. im droisaTvis akaki xoStarias gavlena da mniSvneloba sparseTis politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi imdenad didi iyo, rom 1924 wels berlinSi gamomavali rusulenovani gazeTi „rulis“ korespondenti vladimer nenginsi erT-erT statiaSi „iranis ugvirgvino Sahsa“ da „saqarTvelosa da iranis mniSvnelovani nawilis faqtobriv mflobels“ uwodebda. saqme isaa, rom akaki xoStariam 1916 wels miiRo koncesiebi miwisqveSa sakuTrebis eqspluataciaze, romelic gulisxmobda mineralebis, navTobisa da sxva wiaRiseulis mopovebas CrdiloeT iranSi, azerbaijanis CaTvliT. man aseve dado xelSekruleba braiton f. f. linCTan, romelsac londonSi unda daearsebina kompania 2 milioni funti sterlingis ZiriTadi kapitaliT.

didi qarTvelebi am droisaTvis akaki xoStarias TbilisSi ekuTvnoda meqanikuri qarxana, samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis fabrika, sapnis qarxana, metalurgiuli qarxana da sxva sawarmoebi. igi iyo `amierkavkasiis bankis~ gamgeobis wevri, daaarsa `transkavkasiuri banki~ da satransporto kompania; afinansebda erovnul-demokratebis gazeT „saqarTvelos“; finansur daxmarebas uwevda noe Jordanias mTavrobas jer saqarTveloSi da Semdeg – emigraciaSic... sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdgom akaki xoStaria emigraciaSi wavida, jer – TurqeTSi, Semdeg – safrangeTSi, 1923 wels ki isev sparseTSi dabruneba amjobina. amave wels man miiRo koncesiebi navTobis eqspluataciisaTvis sparseTis qalaq semnanSi da daaarsa kompania „qavire hurian“. am kompaniis didi nawili TviTon akakis, xolo nawili sxva pirebs, maT Soris iranelebsac, ekuTvnodaT; raRac nawili ki sabWoTa mTavrobisa iyo, radgan maSindeli sabWoeTi Tavis qveSevrdomebs ar aZlevda uflebas ise mieRo monawileoba iranis koncesiebSi, rom iqidan garkveuli wili TviTon ar darCenoda. daiwyo kvleviTi samuSaoebi semnanSi, magram akaki xoStarias gardacvalebis Semdgom, 1932 wels, misi wili avtomaturad iranis mTavrobis sakuTrebaSi gadavida.

ahmad Sahis sparseTidan gaZevebisa da fehlevebis dinastiis pirveli Sahis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdgomac ar Sesustebula akaki xoStarias zegavlena sparseTis ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaze. piriqiT, xoStarias moqnili diplomatiuri gonebisa da qonebis sworad gadanawilebis saocari niWis wyalobiT, es zegavlena kidev ufro gaizarda. garda zemoT CamoTvlili qonebisa, akaki xoStarias sparseTSi hqonda sakuTari rkinigza matareblebiT, monopolia xe-tyis, sapnis, brinjis warmoebaze, Tevzis sarewebi, vaWrobda matyliT ingliselebTan da, rac mTavaria, iyo iranis CrdiloeT nawilis navTobis koncesiebisa da mTeli am teritoriebis miwebis kerZo mflobeli, romelic man mohamad-ali Sahis premier-ministrisa da spasalaris, gilanis provinciis gamgeblis, mohamad vali xanisagan Seisyida. mis xelSi iyo kaspiis zRvispira qalaq enzelis eleqtrofikaciac da am saqmeSi seriozul konkurencias uwevda amerikelebsa da ingliselebs. akaki xoStarias biznesis myari dasayrdeni, finansuri sawyisebis garda, da egeb am sawyisebze metadac ki, iyo urTierTobebis awyobis is iSviaTi unari, rac xoStarias Tavisi drois areul politikur situaciaSi erTgul megobrebs uCenda yvela mimarTulebis politikosebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebSi. cxadia, am megobrobaSi fuli arcTu ukanasknel rols asrulebda, magram xoStarias SeeZlo mieRo isic ki, rasac fuliT ver iyidi da fulze ar iyideba.

ahmad Sah yajari (1898-1930)

akaki xoStaria

TanamedroveTa mogonebebidan kargad Cans, rom xoStaria iyo farTo ganaTlebis, iSviaTi Semwynarebluri bunebisa da mosiyvarule, lmobieri gulis adamiani. igi cdilobda yvelasTvis gaewia daxmareba da uSurvelad amosdgomoda mxarSi yvela sasikeTo iniciativas. mis cxovrebaze dakvirveba ki imasac cxadyofs, rom miuxedavad misi saqmianobis vrceli geografiuli arealisa da imisa, rom, bedis ukuRmarTobiT, samSobloSi yofna iSviaTadRa uwevda, akaki xoStarias moRvaweobis ZiriTadi interesi saqarTvelosa da mis momavalze zrunviT iyo Sepirobebuli. is Tavis drozec samagaliTo iyo da dResac SeiZleba magaliTad gamoadges Tanamedrove biznesmenebs, romelTa gonebrivi Tvalsawieri, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari soflisa Tu quCis sazRvrebs veRarafriT scdeba da „qvelmoqmedebasac“ imis mixedviT ewevian, ra an vin gamoadgebaT sakuTari biznespoziciebis gamyarebaSi. akaki xoStaria ki saqarTveloze zrunvas arc samSoblodan gandevnili wyvetda da yovelTvis imas fiqrobda, ra SeiZleboda gaekeTebina dauZlurebuli, mtrisagan damonebuli saqarTvelosaTvis. swored am mizniT igi erideboda piradi urTierTobebis gamwvavebas sabWoTa kavSirTan da 20-iani wlebis SimSilobis dros, komunistebis moTxovniT, man daaarsa kompania „sabWoTa kavSiri da xoStaria“. piradi saxsrebiT yidulobda purs iranSi da baqoSi agzavnida, saidanac „xoStarias purs“ ukve sxvadasxva qveyanaSi anawilebdnen. komunis-

dedasTan erTad

tebma am saqmeSi piroba ar Seasrules, dapirebuli fuli akaki xoStarias ar gadauricxes da saerTaSoriso skandalis Tavidan asacileblad misive dapatimreba gadawyvites. akaki xoStaria am viTarebidan swored megobrulma kavSirebma ixsna. cnobilma da gavlenianma komunistma, im droisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr-is revkomis Tavmjdomarem, budu mdivanma (1877-1937), saidumlo depeSiT acnoba akakis mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb da xoStariamac baqodan gemiT sazRvargareT gaqceva moaswro. aqve SevecdebiT akaki xoStarias danatovari saqmeebi CamovTvaloT: 1907 wels man baqodan 8 aTasi maneTi gamougzavna axalSeqmnil saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebas. 1915 wels abaSis sofel sujunaSi, dedis saxelze, evropeli arqiteqtorebis daxmarebiT saxli aaSena, romelic mogvianebiT saCuqrad gadasca sofels saganmanaTleblo saqmianobisaTvis. rac mTavaria – dRevandeli mweralTa saxlis, sarajiSviliseuli sasaxlis ambavi, romelsac aqamde daviT sarajiSvilis naCuqrobad vicnobdiT. sinamdvileSi, 1918 wels sarajiSvilis sasaxle sajaro auqcionze TbiliselTa TxovniT SeiZina akaki xoStariam. man saxli gadaakeTa: moawyo zamTrisa da zafxulis baRebi, italiidan Camoatanina lomis figurebi da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebi, romelTa nawilic „mweralTa saxlSi“ dRemde inaxeba.1919 wels akaki xoStariam am sa-

akaki xoStaria sparseTSi

didi qarTvelebi saxleSi, maSindeli sergeevis (axlandeli maCablis 13) quCaze, didi wveuleba gamarTa da mTeli regionis warCinebul sazogadoebas mouyara Tavi. cota xnis Semdeg ki, roca xoStariam safrangeTSi sacxovreblad gadasvla gadawyvita, Tavisi axlo naTesavis, dutu megrelis meSveobiT, qarTvel mwerlebs amcno, rom maT saxls usasyidlod, saCuqrad gadascemda. akaki xoStaria amoudga mxarSi finansurad niko nikolaZis iniciativas da 1914 wels gaiyvana rkinigza foTidan abaSaSi. 1920 wels, saqarTvelos samxedro-sazRvao flotis Sesaqmnelad, man SeiZina 4 samxedro gemi da TviTonve Camoiyvana saqarTveloSi. safrangeTSi Seisyida lado gudiaSvilisa da cnobili kubistis andre lotis naxatebi da saCuqrad gamougzavna saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeums. misi xarjiT ucxoeTSi ganaTleba miiRo uamravma niWierma qarTvelma studentma, romelTagan bevri SemdgomSi cnobili mecnieri da Tavisi dargis wamyvani specialisti gaxda. garda amisa, man konstantinopolSi, Tavis Seqmnil Turqul-sparsul bankSi, daasaqma qarTveli specialistebi, romelTaTvisac yuradReba da mzrunveloba arasdros mouklia.â&#x20AC;Ś rac Seexeba im patara saydars, riTac es statia daviwyeT:â&#x20AC;Ś momavali meuRle, minadora egnates asuli Turqia, romelmac akaki xoStarias mTeli sicocxlis manZilze Rirseuli megobroba gauwia da didi rolic iTamaSa mis finansur warmatebebSi, xoStariam foTSi samsaxurisas gaicno. minadora iyo didi mrewvelis, foTis saxalxo bankis

akaki xoStaria ojaxTan erTad

akaki xoStaria

mmarTvelis qaliSvili. mamamiss ekuTvnoda mTeli SavizRvispireTis yvela sakonditro maRazia Tu sawarmo, aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda ucxoeTis qveynebTanac. minadora Turqia-xoStaria 1924 wels TeiranSi gardaicvala infarqtiT. misi sxeuli egviptelma specialistebma mumiad aqcies da dulabis sasaflaoze samlocvelos agebamde da iq dakrZalvamde karga xans inaxeboda akaki xoStarias kerZo mamulebSi. 1993 wels iranis islamur respublikaSi saqarTvelos saelCos gaxsnisTanave daiwyo molaparakebebi iranis mTavrobasTan am samlocvelos sareabilitaciod. am periodSi saqarTvelos oTxive elCma iranSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, profesorma jemSid giunaSvilma, yvela Rone ixmara, rom es unikaluri Senoba gadaerCinaT da momavali TaobebisaTvis SeenarCunebinaT. bolo cnobebis mixedviT, nageboba ukve reabilitirebuli da gamagrebulia. gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroebs aseve Teiranis dulabis sasaflaoze dakrZaluli sxva qarTvelebis samareebic. akakis da minadoras Svili ar hyoliaT. maT iSviles gogona â&#x20AC;&#x201C; musinka, romelic parizSi mixeil bagration-muxranelze gaTxovda da qaliSvili â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tamari SeeZina. amJamad Tamari mamasTan erTad cxovrobs safrangeTSi. TviTon akaki xoStariac safrangeTSi gardaicvala 59 wlisa, sruliad banaluri mizeziT. sastumroSi sadilobisas Romis qerqma yeli (sasule) gaukawra. diabetiT daavadebuls SeSupeba daewyo da eqimebma misi gadarCena veRar SeZles. akaki xoStaria dakrZalulia parizSi, perlaSezis sasaflaoze.

xoStariebis saxli sujunaSi

akaki xoStaria da oliver uordropi

samezoblo

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

aleqsandre kvaxaZe

CeCnebis xsenebisas pirveli, rac albaT kacs axsendeba, aris brZola, Seupovroba, gautexloba da mtrisTvis medgari winaaRmdegobis gaweva. ruseTTan mravalsaukunovani brZoliT CeCnebis saxeli kavkasiis farglebs gascda, Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom am Cveni Crdiloeli mezoblebis Sesaxeb bevri ram CvenTan, saqarTveloSic ki, ar viciT.… CeCnebi sakuTar Tavs noxCuos uwodeben. maTi umravlesoba CeCneTis respublikaSi saxlobs, Tumca cxovroben agreTve daRestanSi, saqarTveloSi – pankisis xeobaSi, iordaniaSi, siriasa da TurqeTSi. omebis Semdeg CeCnuri diaspora gaCnda evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSic. CeCenTa saerTo raodenoba erT milions aRemateba. CeCnuri ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxur jgufSi da misi uaxloesi monaTesave enebia inguSuri da wova-TuSuri, igi-

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

CeCneTis droSa da gerbi

ve bacburi ena. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CeCnuri da inguSuri erTi enis ori dialeqtia, magram istoriul-politikuri winapirobebidan gamomdinare, cal-calke enebad moixsenieba. CeCneTis istoria sxva kavkasieli xalxebis msgavsad, CeCeni eris istoria uZvelesi droidan iwyeba. araerTi enaTmecnieris varaudiT, CeCnuri ena Zveli aRmosavleTis iseT enebs enaTesaveboda, rogoricaa xurituli da urartuli enebi. CeCneTis teritoriaze napovnia araerTi uZvelesi artefaqti. qarTul wyaroebSi CeCnebs, inguSebTan erTad, jer durZukebad, Semdeg ki qistebad moixseniebdnen. saqarTvelos samefo cdilobda CeCnebSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, Tumca es mxolod zedapirulad moxda, radgan CeCnebi TavianTi winaprebis uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis erTgulni darCnen. erTiani saqarTvelos dasustebis Semdeg CeCneTze gabatoneba monRolebma scades, Tumca uSedegod â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CeCnebma maT medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies. miuxedavad imisa, rom CeCnebs ar hqoniaT saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba, maTSi gavrcelebu-

li iyo Temur-gvarovnuli wyobileba da Sesabamisi mmarTveloba. CeCnebs arc feodalebi da arc dawinaurebuli sazogadoebrivi fenebi hyoliaT. amgvari wyoba dampyrobels garkveulwilad xels uSlida CeCneTSi damkvidrebaSi. magram viTareba Seicvala kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCeniT. rusebi pirvelad CeCneTSi XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, eqspediciebis dros gamoCndnen. 1818 wels ki kazakebma mdinare sunJas piras aaSenes cixe-simagre, saxelad grozni, romelic mrisxanes niSnavs. am cixe-simagris saxelwodebac ki CeCnebis mimarT ruseTis politikaze metyvelebs. im dros CeCnebiT dasaxlebul xeobebSi rusebis sadamsjelo eqspediciebi Cveul movlenad iqca, gansakuTrebuli sisastike ki general aleqsei ermolovis dros xdeboda. ermolovis erT-erTi nacadi taqtika iyo dakavebuli soflebis gadawva da misi mosaxleobis ayra. CeCenTa mxridan ruseTis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen Seix mansuri, baisanguri da sxvebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis kavkasiaSi gamoCenasTan erTad iwyeba CeCnebSi islamis gavrceleba. ruseTis winaaRmdeg mSvidobiani saprotesto msvlelobis erT-erTi lideri iyo Seix

samezoblo

aleqsei ermolovi – rusi generali, romelsac XIX saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis damorCileba ebara. ermolovi Tvlida, rom Crdilokavkasieli xalxebi ganviTarebis dabal safexurze dganan da maTTan diplomatiuri molaparakeba uSedego iqneboda. ermolovi emxroboda kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg xist politikas, maT Soris, iseT arahumanur meTodebs, rogoricaa soflebis gadawva, eTnikuri wmenda da xalxis deportacia.

kunta haji. saboloo jamSi, ruseTis xelisuflebam igi daapatimra da cimbirSi gadaasaxla. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg CeCneTma mcire xniT moipova ruseTisagan damoukidebloba da mTielTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. Tavad mTielTa respublikas CeCeni politikosi tapa Cermoevi xelmZRvanelobda. samwuxarod, CeCneTis Tavisufleba 1920 wels gasabWoebiT dasrulda. Tavdapirvelad CeCneTi mTielTa avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis (assr) SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, Semdeg ki Seiqmna CeCneTis assr. mogvianebiT, 1936 wels, ori respublikis gaerTianebis gziT Camoyalibda CeCneT-inguSeTis assr. rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris yvela sxva subieqtSi, CeCneTSic daiwyo koleqtivizaciis procesi, rasac CeCnebi, gansakuTrebiT, mTaSi mcxovrebni, rTulad eguebodnen. CeCenTa namdvili tragediis dasabami iyo 1944 wlis 23 Tebervals, rodesac mTeli CeCeni eri Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. meore msoflio omis dros sabWoTa xelisuflebam gadawyvita, rom CeCnebi da ramdenime sxva Crdilokavkasieli xalxi SesaZloa faSistur germanias mimxroboda da amis Tavidan asacileblad am xalxebis Sua aziaSi gadasaxleba miiCnies `sa-

Wirod~. gasaxlebis gegmas grifiT saidumlo daedo, radgan informaciis gaJonvis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, CeCnebi manamde gaxiznuliyvnen tyeebSi da masStaburi partizanuli omi gaeCaRebinaT. CeCnebs eWvi rom ar gasCenodaT, deportaciis TariRi sabWoTa armiis dRes, 23 Tebervals, daamTxvies. am dRis viTom pompezurad aRniSvnis mizniT CeCneTSi didi raodenobiT sabWoTa sajariso nawilebi da НКВД-is piradi Semadgenloba ramdenime dRiT adre Se-

Seix mansuri (1760-1794) – CeCeni muslimi mqadagebeli da XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg antikoloniuri moZraobis lideri. xangrZlivi winaaRmdegobis Semdeg igi Seipyro ruseTis jarma. gardaicvala peterburgis maxloblad, Sliselburgis cixeSi.

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

iyvanes. operacia 23 Tebervals daiwyo – sabWoTa jarebi CeCnur soflebSi Sevidnen, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uaxloes rkinigzis sadguramde miiyvanes da Sua aziisken mimaval matareblebSi Casxes. erT-erTi miuvali maRalmTiani soflis – haibaxis – mosaxleoba win aRudga deportacias, ris gamoc ramdenime aseuli mSvidobiani moqalaqe TavlaSi Seyares da cocxlad dawves. Sua aziisken mimaval gzaze matareblis vagonebSi uamravi CeCeni daixoca. yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi Casaxlebuli CeCnebidanac bevri ver Seegua adgilobriv mkacr klimats da sxvadasxva infeqciurma daavadebam Seiwira. miuxedavad deportaciisa, ramdenime aseulma CeCenma mamakacma gaqceva moaxerxa, CeCneTis

mTebSi gaixizna da sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZola gaaCaRa. aRsaniSnavia, rom deportaciis dros aTasobiT CeCeni ukve gawveuli iyo II msoflio omSi da sxvadasxva frontze aqtiurad ibrZoda faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, CeCnebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes belarusis qalaq brestis dacvaSi. CeCnebs samSobloSi dabrunebis ufleba mxolod stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg miecaT. CeCenTa dabrunebis Semdeg kvlav aRdga CeCneT-inguSeTis assr. Tumca CeCenTa Soris sabWoTa sistemiT ukmayofileba kvlavac Zalian didi iyo. CeCnebs imdenad ar endoboda xelisufleba, rom adgilobriv partiul maRal Tanamdebobebze eTni-

Seixi kunta haji (1829-1867) – CeCeni muslimi mqadagebeli, romelic sufiuri islamis yadiriuli tarikatis mimdevari iyo. igi ruseTis kolonializmis winaaRmdeg mSvidobiani brZolis momxre iyo.

baisangur benoeli (1794-1861) – gamoCenili CeCeni sardali da imam Samilis TanamebrZoli. cnobilia, rom mas cali xel-fexi ar hqonda da cxenze Sejdomisas TanamebrZolebi sagangebod abamdnen unagirze. baisanguri Runibis cixis aRebisas Seipyro rusulma jarma. mis CamosaxrCobad rusebs mzakvruli gegma dauwyviaT – moundomebiaT, rom baisanguris jalaTi eTnikurad daRestneli yofiliyo, radgan CeCnebs SemdgomSi sisxlis aReba moundebodaT da amgvarad daRestnel xalxebsa da CeCnebs Soris SuRli Camovardeboda. am Canafiqrs miuxvda baisanguri rusebs da daaswro jalaTs – TviTonve gauyara Tavi saxrCobelis yulfSi da amiT CeCeni da daRestneli xalxebi gadamterebisagan ixsna.

samezoblo

magasi Crd.oseTi

mahaCyala

kur CeCnebs ar niSnavdnen. amis gamo CeCenTa Soris ar arsebobda arc partelita da arc e.w. „wiTeli inteligencia“. 1980-iani wlebisa da perestroikis dros gaZlierda CeCneTis erovnuli moZraoba, romelic CeCneTis sabWoTa kavSirisagan gamoyofas moiTxovda. yovelive es 1994 wels CeCneTis respublika iCqeriis damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT dagvirgvinda. respublikas saTaveSi sabWoTa armiis yofili mfrinavi johar dudaevi Caudga. johar dudaevi yvelanairad cdilobda CeCneTs saerTaSoriso aRiareba mieRo da CeCnuri navTobis mopovebisa da damuSavebis mizniT respublikaSi cnobil saerTaSoriso navTobkompaniebs iwvevda. samwuxarod, am gegmas Sesruleba ar ewera – 1994 wlis dekembris bolos ruseTis xelisuflebam CeCneTSi „sakonstitucio wesrigis aRdgenis“ mizniT sajariso nawilebi Seiyvana. ruseTis imdroindeli Tavdacvis ministri pavel graCovi imedovnebda, rom CeCneTis

johar dudaevi (1944-1996) – CeCneTis respublika iCqeriis pirveli prezidenti. ruseT-CeCneTis pirveli omis dros iyo CeCnuri jaris mTavarsardali, daiRupa saraketo ieriSisas.

boris elcini (1936-2007) da pavel graCovi (1948-2012)

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

CeCneTis pirveli omi, 1994

dakavebas ruseTis jari ramdenime dReSi ubrZolvelad moaxerxebda. im dros, ekonomikuri krizisis gamo, ruseTis prezident boris elcinis xelisufleba arnaxulad iyo Seryeuli da reitingis gasazrdelad mas mcire da gamarjvebis momtani omi sWirdeboda. groznoSi triumfaluri Sesvlis nacvlad, ruseTis jarebma CeCnebisgan gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba miiRes. ruseTis danakargebi aTasebs scildeboda. amavdroulad, rusi samxedroebi, gansakuTrebiT, generali Samanovi, xrulovi da sxvebi, CeCnebis winaaRmdeg araadamianur meTodebs iyenebdnen. qalaqi grozno aRigava pirisagan miwisa, bevr sofelSi masobrivad xoces qalebi, bavSvebi da moxucebi. omis dros rusebma SeZles moeklaT johar dudaevic da CeCneTis pirveli omi 1996 wels groznos aRebiTa da xasaviurtis SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT dasrulda.

rusi samxedroebi dangreul groznoSi, 1994

CeCeni mebrZolebi dangreul groznoSi fortepianoze ukraven, 1994

samezoblo omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg CeCneTSi arCevnebi Catarda, romelSic didi upiratesobiT aslan masxadovma gaimarjva. man ver moaxerxa respublikaSi stabilurobis damyareba. CeCneTi gadaiqca organizebuli danaSaulisa da adamianebiT vaWrobis regionul centrad. CeCneTSi gaCnda araerTi SeiaraRebuli jgufi, romelic centralur xelisuflebas ar emorCileboda. ra Tqma unda, am yvelaferSi aqtiur monawileobas ruseTis specsamsaxurebi iRebdnen. amavdroulad, gamwvavda urTierToba aslan masxadovsa da Samil basaevs Soris. Samil basaevi emxroboda Crdilokavkasiis erTian SariaTul saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebas, masxadovi ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CeCneTis damoukidebeli respublikis saxiT darCenas. 1999 wels ruseTis prezidenti gaxda vladimer putini. reitingis gasamyareblad axal prezidentsac sWirdeboda swra-

Samil basaevi (1965-2006)

rusi jariskacebis Tavdasxma, CeCneTi, 1999

fi da warmatebuli omi. omis dawyebamde ramdenime TviT adre ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi aafeTqes sacxovrebeli mravalsarTuliani korpusebi da es CeCen mebrZolebs dabralda. imavdroulad, 1999 wels, Samil basaevis jgufi Sevida mezobel daRestanSi, sofel yaramahisa da CabanmahiSi, adgilobrivi muslimi Temis dasaxmareblad. yovelive aman putins CeCneTSi SeWris legitimuri sababi misca. 1999 wlis Semodgomaze putinma CeCneTSi jarebi Seiyvana, rasac mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi arnaxuli msxverpli mohyva. sa-

aslan masxadovi (1951-2005)

Samil basaevi (1965-2006) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani CeCeni savele meTauri. mis saxels ukavSirdeba uamravi samxedro-diversiuli operacia, maT Soris ruseTis qalaq budionovskSi mZevlebis ayvana. basaevis Sesaxeb araerTgvarovani Sexedulebebi arsebobs. erTi mxriv, udavoa misi wvlili ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, meore mxriv, misi monawileoba afxazeTis omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da 1999 wlis laSqroba daRestanze bevr kiTxvas aCens. basaevma brZolis dros dakarga fexi. sabolood Samil basaevi 2006 wels danaRmuli satvirTo manqanis afeTqebis Sedegad daiRupa.

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

rusi samxedroebi dangreul groznoSi, 1999

groznos dabombva, 1999

boloo jamSi, putinma 2000 wlis TebervalSi CeCneTze sruli kontroli daamyara. ramdenime wlis samxedro mmarTvelobis Semdeg respublikis meTaurad kremlma ahmad kadirovi daniSna. Tavdapirvelad ahmad kadirovi CeCneTis muslimTa lideri iyo da CeCneTis damoukideblobas emxroboda. metic, man pirvelma gamoacxada saRvTo omi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, Tumca Semdgom ruseTs miemxro. 2004 wlis 9 maiss ahmad kadirovi groznos stadionze aafeTqes. misi sikvdilis Semdeg CeCneTis lideris funqcias alu alxanovi asrulebda manam, sanam ahmad kadirovis Svili ramzani 35 wlis gaxdeboda, rac mas am Tanamdebobis dakavebis uflebas miscemda. ramzan kadirovma, romelsac, gavrcelebuli informaciiT, sruli saSualo ganaTlebac ki ar aqvs, moaxerxa CeCneTSi mkacri avtoritaruli reJimis damyareba, sadac yvela gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamiani mkacrad isjeba.

ramzan kadirovi

ahmad kadirovi (1951-2004)

samezoblo CeCnuri kultura CeCnuri xaliCa da deCig fondari

saqarTveloSi CeCnuri kulturis Sesaxeb albaT bevri araferi viciT... CeCnuri kulturis gamorCeuli dargia xuroTmoZRvreba. mTian CeCneTSi saocar koSkebs aSenebdnen, iyo es TerTa, meSi Tu niqaroi. samwuxarod, bevrma CeCnurma koSkma dRemde ver moaRwia. maTi nawili ruseTis mefis armiam daangria. magaliTad, groznos cixesimagris mSeneblobisas rusuli armia daSlili koSkebidan gazidul sip qvebs iyenebda. uamravi CeCnuri koSki aafeTqes CeCenTa deportaciisas, bevri koSki ki ruseT-CeCneTis omis droindel intensiur aviaieriSebs Seewira. CeCneTis teritoriaze napovnia neoliTis epoqis araerTi arqeologiuri artefaqti. maTi didi nawili inaxeboda groznos saxelmwifo muzeumSi. samwuxarod, CeCneTis omis dros muzeumi daibomba da masSi daculi artefaqtebis udidesi nawili ganadgurda. calke unda aRiniSnos CeCnuri samzareulo. CeCnuri kerZebidan gamovyofdiT JiJig galaniSis – mWadis fqvilisgan damzadebul, moxarSul mcire naWrebs, moxarSuli saqonlis xorciTa da nivris sousiT. CeCnebs TavianTi xaWapuric aqvT, ro-

melsac WepalgSs eZaxian. WepalgSi, xaWapurisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro Txeli comisgan keTdeba. yvelis garda, WepalgSis gulsarTi SeiZleba iyos WinWaric. CeCnur racionSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs yvels. CeCnebi, TuSebis msgavsad, gudis yvels amzadeben. erT-erTi legendis mixedviT, CeCenTa TviTsaxelwodeba noxCuo momdinareobs yvelis aRmniSvneli CeCnuri sityvidan `naxC~. CeCnebs Zalian mdidari musikaluri kultura aqvT. maTi simRerebi xevsurul, fSaur da TuSur simRerebs hgavs. CeCnuri sakravebidan aRsaniSnavia deCig fondar – liTonis simebiani fanduri. mravalferovania CeCnuri xalxuri cekvac. sabWoTa kavSiris dros didi popularobiT sargeb-

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

CeCnebi asruleben ziqrs

lobda CeCeni mocekvave da qoreografi mahmud esambaevi, romelic CeCnuri xalxuri cekvebis ubadlo Semsruleblad iTvleboda. garda xalxuri cekvisa, esambaevi msoflios masStabiT sxvadasxva cnobil TeatrSi sabaleto nomrebsac asrulebda. CeCnebs aqvT sakmaod mdidari folkloric. sxva kavkasiis xalxebis msgavsad, CeCnebSic gvxvdeba narTebis eposi, Tumca sakmaod gansxvavebuli misi Cerqezuli, afxazuri da osuri versiebisgan. aRsaniSnavia CeCnuri sagmiro eposic, sadac asaxulia rogorc ruseT-kavkasiis omi, ise

WepalgSi

mahmud esambaevi (1924-2000)

mezobel regionebSi laSqrobebi. Tavad CeCneTis respublika iCqeriis himni „oJala ia marSo“ (an gamarjveba, an sikvdili) aris CeCnuri xalxuri patriotuli simRera. CeCnebs, maTi mezobeli inguSebisa da qarTveli mTielebis msgavsad, sakmaod rTuli gvarovnuli dayofa aqvT. CeCeni eri iyofa Tuxumebad, xolo Tuxumebi, Tavis mxriv, Teipebad. TiToeul Teips hyavs uxucesTa sabWo, romelic sagvareulos

JiJig galaniSi

samezoblo farglebSi mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. CeCnebSi mkacrad aris SezRuduli naTesavebisa da mogvareebis qorwineba. dasaSvebia mxolod qorwineba Svidi an meti Taobis naTesavebs Soris. unikaluria CeCnuri islamuri kultura. CeCneTSi gavrcelebulia sufiuri islamis naqSbandiuri da yadiriuli mimdinareoba. CeCnebis nawili asrulebs xmamaRal ziqrs, romelic moiazrebs locvasa da wreze riTmul siaruls. Tumca dRes CeCen muslimTa nawili am rituals aRar asrulebs da mas islamTan Seusabamod miiCnevs. CeCnur-qarTuli urTierTobebi qarTvelebsa da CeCnebs saukuneebis manZilze hqondaT urTierToba. CeCenTa uSualo mezoblebi iyvnen TuSebi da xevsurebi. CeCnebi, qarTvel mTielTa msgavsad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi misdevdnen tradiciul religiur wesebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; xatis Tayvaniscemasa da xatis dReobas. cnobilia, rom xevsurebsa da CeCnebs araerTi saziaro xati hqondaT, sadac erToblivad aRniSnavdnen dReobas. es praqtika CeCneTSi inerciiT grZeldeboda islamis miRebis Semdegac ki. mTaSi sakvebisa da resursebis naklebobis gamo CeCnebi da qarTveli mTielebi xSirad esxmodnen Tavs erTmaneTs, itacebdnen erTmaneTis saqonels, Tumca amas eTnikuri konfliqtis saxe arasdros hqonia. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi mTiani CeCneTidan qistebi gadmosaxldnen da pankisis xeobaSi dasaxldnen. im dros pankisis xeoba lekianobisa da Sah-abasis laSqrobebis Sedegad mosaxleobisgan daclili iyo da lekebs saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas uadvilebda. pankisSi Casaxlebis Semdeg qistebma lekebs saTareSo bilikebi saimedod gadauketes. qistebma mezobeli qarTvelebisagan iswavles bostneulis moyvana da soflis meurneobis

zviad gamsaxurdia (1939-1993)

johar dudaevi (1944-1996)

CeCneTi da CeCnebi

sxva dargebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom qistebi CeCenTa erTaderTi subeTnikuri jgufi aRmoCnda, romelic gadaurCa Sua aziaSi deportacias, rac didwilad qarTveli mecnierebisa da sazogadoebis damsaxureba iyo. sxva Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis msgavsad, CeCnebic TbilisSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas. maT Soris iyvnen CeCeni enaTmecnierebi iunus deSerievi da afTi Timaevi, romlebic arnold Ciqobavas xelmZRvanelobiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi moRvaweobdnen. TviT CeCneTis respublika iCqeriis yofili prezidenti aslan masxadovic Tbilisis saartilerio saswavlebelSi swavlobda. calke unda gamoiyos saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias urTierToba johar dudaevTan. 1992 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis Semdeg swored dudaevma Seifara saqarTvelos devnili prezidenti CeCneTSi. Tumca, imave wlebSi ruseTis specsamsaxurebma CeCenTa da qarTvelTa Soris SuRlis Camogdeba scades. afxazeTis omSi CeCnuri danayofi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. amas CeCnur sazogadoebaSi aranairi mxardaWera ar hqonia, xolo johar dudaevi mkacrad gaemijna saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmed jgufebs. dRes aRdgenis gzazea qarTul-CeCnuri urTierTobebi. uamravi CeCeni Camodis saqarTveloSi savaWrod. imarTeba festivalebi da sxvadasxva kulturuli RonisZiebebi. vfiqrobT, aucilebelia es urTierTobebi ufro Rrma da intensiuri gaxdes, radgan CeCnebi qarTvelTa erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxovani Crdiloeli mezoblebi arian da Cvens xalxebs erTmaneTTan uamravi uxilavi Zafi akavSirebs, risi gawyvetac ver SeZlo gareSe mterma. amasTan, regionSi mSvidobisaTvis aucilebelia CeCnebsa da qarTvelebs ufro mWidro urTierTobebi hqondeT, rac momavali Taobebis saqmea.

literatura

Zvirfasi stumari

arCil qiqoZe

seqtembris TveSi Cvens dedaqalaqs nobelis premiis laureati mwerali mario vargas liosa ewveva. es marTlac RirsSesaniSnavi movlenaa. Cvens qveyanas iSviaTad umaspinZlia aseTi mniSvnelovani adamianisTvis. vfiqrob, arc XXI da, SesaZloa, arc XX saukuneSi am donis mwerali saqarTveloSi ar Camosula. amas mxolod imitom ar vambob, rom liosa msoflioSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani literaturuli jildos mflobelia. piradad CemTvis is sruliad gansakuTrebuli adamiania da Zalian minda, rom Cvens mkiTxvels gavacno. 80 wels gadacilebuli vargas liosa samxreT amerikeli mwerlebis im Taobis ukanaskneli warmomadgenelia, romlebmac XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mTel msoflios gaacnes sakuTari qveynebi da kontinenti, Seqmnes movlena, romelsac ewoda laTinur-amerikuli literaturis bumi. mainc ra aris laTinuri amerika da ratom gaxda misi literatura aseTi warmatebuli? yvelaferi, albaT, 1492 wels daiwyo, rodesac qristefore kolumbma axali kontinenti aRmoaCina, oRond, radgan Tavi indoeTSi egona, iqaurobasac indoeTi uwoda, xolo iq mcxovreb xalxebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; indielebi. ori samyaro erTmaneTs Sexvda da erTma, evropam, romelic ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze imyofeboda, ulmoblad daimorCila da daimona meore, miT ufro, rom samxreTi amerika oqroTi da vercxliT iyo mdidari.

mario vargas liosa

xuan rulfo (1917-1986) – meqsikeli mwerali da fotografi, avtori cnobili romanisa „pedro paramo“.

karlos fuentesi (1928-2012) – meqsikeli mwerali, diplomati da kinoscenaristi.

samxreTi da centraluri amerika, aseve CrdiloeT amerikis nawili (dRevandeli meqsika) espanelebma daipyres, xolo dRevandeli brazilia portugalielebs ergoT wilad. radgan espanuri da portugaliuri laTinuri warmoSobis enebia, am qveynebs laTinuri amerika ewoda, rac ar aris geografiuli termini, magram kulturuli termini namdvilad aris. diax, es samyaros Zalian Taviseburi adgilia, sadac erTmaneTs Seerwya espanel da portugaliel dampyorobelTa, adgilobriv indielTa da afrikidan Camoyvanil Savkanian monaTa kulturebi, kaTolikuri religia, indielTa crurwmenebi da afrikuli jadoqrobebi. am yvelaferma laTinur amerikaSi moiyara Tavi, danarCeni msofliosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad iduRa, iduRa da Sva bevri saintereso ram, maT Soris – didi fexburTelebi: pele da maradona, garinCa da mesi... da kidev – didi mwerlebi, romelTac wilad xvdaT danarCeni msofliosTvis sakuTari qveynebi sul axleburad waredginaT. wignebis kiTxva xom saukeTeso gzaa gaicno da Seiyvaro sxva adamiani, sxva kultura, sxva qveyana. es marTlac mwerlebis unikaluri Taoba iyo: meqsikeli xuan rulfo da fuentesi, gvatemaleli asturiasi, venesueleli otero silva, kolumbieli gabriel garsia markesi, argentineli borxesi da kortasari, pe-

migel anxel asturiasi (1899-1974) – gvatemaleli mwerali da diplomati. mis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili ukavia centraluri amerikis indielebis wes-Cveulebebis aRweras. nobelis premiis laureati literaturis dargSi.

rueli liosa – isini Zveli samyaros literaturaSi axali sisxliviT SemoiWrnen, gaaoces da pirRia datoves yvela, visac literatura uyvarda da, rac mTavaria, maT bevri hqondaT mosayoli...

literatura

migel otero silva (1908-1985) – venesueleli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe. memarcxene politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo idevneboda venesuelis mTavrobis mier.

laTinurma amerikam portugaliuri da espanuri batonobisgan XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daixsna Tavi. msoflio rukaze warmoiSva axali saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac arsebobis dasawyisSi mravali teritoriuli omi gadaitanes erTmaneTTan, mere ki, XX saukunis pirveli naxevari TiTqmis mTlianad samoqalaqo omebSi gaatares. am qveynebs araerTi sisxliani diqtatori marTavda, gadatrialeba gadatrialebas mosdevda, sisxli – sisxls, martivad rom vTqvaT, srulfasovani saxelmwifoebis aSeneba vera da ver xerxdeboda. iq mudmivad iyo sxvadasxva ideis Widili da iaraRis JRaruni, iyo Cagvra, usamarTloba da yvelaferi amisgan gaCenili uamravi ambavi, romelic sakuTar, karg mTxrobelebs eloda.

gabriel garsia markesi (1927-2014) – kolumbieli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe. nobelis premiis laureati literaturis dargSi. misi romani „martoobis asi weli“ laTinur-amerikuli magiuri realizmis erT-erT mwvervalad iTvleba.

me ki vargas liosas davubrundebi, kacs romlis pirvelsave romans „qalaqi da ZaRlebi“ aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda msoflio kritika. erTma kritikosma isic ki Tqva: es axalgazrda perueli kbilebis RrWialiT werso, raSic gulisxmobda, rom liosa „braziani“ mwerali iyo, aravis hpatiobda usamarTlobas. brazi ki Zalian uxdeba axalgazrdobas da mwerlobasac.

da ai, axalgazrda mwerlebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT Seqmnes msoflio literaturis Sedevrebi da TavianTi kontinenti sul sxva saxiT gaacnes msoflios, gaxdnen cnobilebi da, metic, gaxdnen sakuTari qveynebis yvelaze saxelganTqmuli moqalaqeebi. evropelma mkiTxvelebma da kritikosebma maT nawerebs „magiuri realizmi“ Searqves, rac imas niSnavda, rom maTi moTxrobili ambebi Tan magiuri, jadosnuri iyo da Tan realuri – namdvili...

mario vargas liosa dedasTan erTad

mario vargas liosa

xorxe luis borxesi (1899-1986) – argentineli mwerali da publicisti. misi SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokle, xSirad deteqtivis msgavsi filosofiuri teqstebi.

xulio kortasari (1914-1984) – argentineli mwerali, romelsac politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo samSoblos datoveba da safrangeTSi gadasaxleba mouwia. mis SemoqmedebaSi harmoniulad Seerwya evropuli da laTinoamerikuli literaturis tradiciebi.

ra Tqma unda, es romani mwerlma sakuTar, pirad gamocdilebaze aago. saqme isaa, rom axalgazrda liosa, im asakisa, axla „Tineijerobas“ rom uwodeben, mamam limis samxedro saswavlebelSi miabara, rom iq misgan „namdvili kaci“ daeyenebinaT. swored saswavlebelSi gamefebuli Zaladobis samyaro da fizikuri Tu sulieri gadarCenisTvis brZola aRwera mogvianebiT mweralma Tavis pirvel sqeltanian romanSi. aRwera is, Tu rogor umaxinjeben suls axalgazrdebs cru patriotizmiT da sqelkaniani samxedro oficrebis xeliT rogor cdilobs saxelmwifo axalgazrda meocnebeni erT Targze moWril masad aqcios. bevris da, maT Soris, Cemi azriT, liosas Semdegi romani – „mwvane saxli“ misi Semoqmedebis zenitia. 2010 wels, rodesac mwerali daajildoves nobelis premiiT, romelic, vfiqrob, didi xniT adrec ekuTvnoda, masze da mis Semoqmedebaze bevri daiwera. maSin erT-erT statiaSi aseT frazas gadavawydi, rom morbenali sportsmenis msgavsad, perueli mwerali mTeli cxovreba cdilobs gaaumjobesos is Sedegi, romelic axalgazrdobaSi „mwvane saxlis“ daweriT dado, mas mere garbis, garbis, magram sakuTar rekords ver aumjobesebso.

literatura Tavad mwerali am azrs ar eTanxmeba. me mosmenili maqvs interviu, sadac Tavis saukeTeso nawarmoebad sxva romans, „taZarSi saubars“, asaxelebs, ambobs, rom am wignis dawerisas yvelaze meti iwvala da Sig yvelaze meti Cado. erTi ram faqtia, rom am orive wignSi mweralma erTi ambavi ki ara, mTeli epoqebi aRwera, mravalpersonaJiani feradi tiloebi Seqmna da msoflio literaturas namdvili ganZi aCuqa. liosa ar aris advili sakiTxavi mwerali. arsebobs wignebi, romlebic erTi amosunTqviT ikiTxeba. peruelis arc erTi wigni aseTi ar aris. man gamoimuSava mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli stili – mwerali moulodnelad wyvets erTi ambis Txrobas da gadadis sxva epizodze, romelic SeiZleba ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre an gvian xdebodes, mere – kidev sxva epizodze, kidev sxvaze, sabolood pirvels ubrundeba da mkiTxvels mTeli wignis kiTxvisas fazliviT uwevs siuJetis awyoba. mravali weli liosa mxolod mSobliur peruze werda, mere gabeda da sxva laTinur-amerikul qveynebs Seexo, dawera kidev ori Sedevri: „bolo Jamis omi“, sadac XX saukunis dasawyisSi braziliaSi, kanudosSi, momxdari glexTa ajanyeba da mTavrobis mier misi CaxSoba asaxa. es msoflio literaturaSi erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani wignia, sadac pirveli gverdidan bolomde ar wydeba omi da kaciskvla da wignis bolo gverdamde, sanam braziliis jari ukanasknel ajanyebuls ar gamoasalmebs sicocxles, am romans ver mowydebiT, radgan masSi gasaocari ostatobiT aris naCvenebi Zaladobis da fanatizmis arsi. meore romanSi „vacis nadimi“ liosam XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani diqtatoris, dominikis respublikis prezidentis – truxilios mmarTvelobis ukanaskneli periodi da misi mkvleloba aRwera. laTinuri amerikis literatura mdidaria diqtatorebis saxeebiT, magram liosas Seqmnilma diqtatorma yvelas ajoba, yvela sxva saxe daCrdila... aqve davZen, rom es orive wigni naTargmnia qarTulad da maTi wakiTxva SesaZlebelia. saerTodac, visurvebdi, rom seqtemberSi liosas Camosvlamde Cveni Jurnalis mkiTxvelebma moindomon da didi mwerlis TiTo wigni mainc waikiTxon, raTa Tavad darwmundnen, raoden Zvirfasi stumari Camodis Cvens qveyanaSi...

Arraial Dos Canudos

mario vargas liosa

kidev, liosa politikosia... marTalia, yofili, magram politikosi. 1990 wels man perus prezidentad iyara kenWi da damarcxda. saerTod, laTinuri amerikis mwerlebi politikiT gatacebuli xalxia. iqaur inteleqtualebSi yovelTvis Zlieri iyo komunisturi ideebi, amas Tavisi istoriuli mizezebi aqvs, romelTac axla ar CavuRrmavdebi, magram „magiuri realizmis“ fuZemdeblebi pativad Tvlidnen iseT adamianebTan megobrobas, rogoric, magaliTad, komunisturi kubis lideri fidel kastroa. axalgazrda liosac gatacebuli iyo komunizmiT, magram mas mere, rac kubelma diqtatorma Tavisi mravali mowinaaRmdege cixeSi Casva, igi CamoSorda yofil megobrebs da politikaSi memarjvene demokratiuli frontis liderad movida. rogorc ukve vTqvi, mweralma arCevnebi waago da dRes veravin ityvis, gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari qveynisTvis rogori prezidenti iqneboda. me mainc vfiqrob, rom mwerali liosa bevrad didia politikos liosaze, romelic dRes, faqtobrivad, msoflio moqalaqea. is evropaSi gatarebuli wlebis mere amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrobs, kvlavac wers, misi wignebi ukve

gascda laTinuri amerikis sazRvrebs, romanebis gmirebi ki mTel msoflioSi mogzauroben. magram, mgoni, liosas saukeTeso wignebi mainc laTinuri amerikis ambebs mogviTxrobs – msoflios im ucnauri adgilisas, romelmac amdeni magari mwerali gvaCuqa. da kidev, mario vargas liosa bevrs mogzaurobs. ai, sadacaa Cvenamde unda CamoaRwios... rodesac daaxloebiT oci wlis win es mwerali CemTvis aRmovaCine da erTi meoris miyolebiT „gadavylape“ misi wignebi, amas verafriT warmovidgendi, dRes ki es realobaa. es raRacas niSnavs – mgoni, sasikeTos, Cveni qveynisTvis es pativia, CemTvis ki – sixaruli, romlis gaziareba TqvenTvisac mominda. dabolos, mario vargas liosas wignebis arasruli CamonaTvalia: `qalaqi da ZaRlebi~, `mwvane saxli~, `lekvebi~, `vin mokla palomino molero~, `saubari taZarSi~, `deida xulia da mwerali~, `bolo Jamis omi~, `saqebari sityva dedinacvals~, `vacis nadimi~, `lituma mTaSi~, `cudi gogos oinebi~, `keltis sizmari~, `don rigobertos rveulebi~.

demokratiuli fronti (espanurad: Frente Democrático, aseve uwodeben FR-OMEDs) – memarjvene-centristebisa da social-konservatorebis politikuri aliansi peruSi, romelic 1988 wels daaarses perus Tavisuflebis moZraobam, saxalxo moZraobam da qristianulma saxalxo partiam. frontma monawileoba miiRo 1989 wlis municipalur da 1990 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi, rodesac saprezidento kandidatad waradgines mario vargas liosa (liosa arCevnebis meore turSi daamarcxa alberto fuximorma).

qarTveli qalebi

qalTa Wadraki saqarTveloSi

revaz gewaZe

Wadraks saqarTveloSi mravalsaukunovani warsuli aqvs. istorikosebis rwmunebiT, ukve VII-VIII saukuneebSi qarTvelebi Wadraks – msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze inteleqtualur TamaSs – kargad iyvnen dauflebuli. Wadrakis arsi bunebrivad esadageboda qarTveli eris brZoliTa da sibrZniT savse cxovrebas. moWadrakeTa brZolaSi xom mudam gonieri, marjve da mamaci mebZoli imarjvebs da swored amitom Seiyvara igi qarTvelma erma da Tavisi sulieri cxovrebis nawilad aqcia. XII saukunis TxzulebaSi „visramiani~ kargad Cans sazogadoebis damokidebuleba Zlieri moWadrakis mimarT. poemis erT-erT gmirs Rirsebad uTvlian, rom igi aris „moWadrake mxiaruli“. amave periodis „amirandarejanianis“ mecxre karSi aRwerilia didebulTa lxini, sadac „zogni WadrakTa imRerdian“.

qalTa Wadraki saqarTveloSi

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi tradiciad damkvidrda mziTvad Wadrakis gataneba. am mefuri TamaSis mimarT gansakuTrebul interess qalebi iCendnen. cnobili italieli misioneri arqanjelo lamberti, romelmac 1630-1649 wlebi dahyo saqarTveloSi, Tavis wignSi `samegrelos aRwera~ (1654) wers: `Wadraksa da nards ufro qalebi etanebian, vidre kacebi da ise mardad da xelovnurad TamaSoben, rom saucxoo sanaxavia~. XIX saukunemde ar aris SemorCenili cnobebi qarTvel moWadrakeTa Sesaxeb, Tumca napovnia XII, XV, XVII saukuneebis Wadrakis qarTuli kompleqtebi. 1877 wlis seqtemberSi TbilisSi daarsda Wadrakis moyvarulTa wre. XIX saukunis uZlieresi qarTveli moWadrake iyo andria dadiani, romlis Semoqmedebasac 1892 wels TiTqmis mTeli nomeri miuZRvna inglisurma saWadrako Jurnalma "Chess Monthly"-m. amave drois uZlieres qarTvel moWadrakeTa Soris iyo qalbatoni fotine Ciqovani-asaTianisa. Wadrakis moyvarulebi iyvnen didi qarTvelebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vano maCabeli, niko nikolaZe, kote mesxi da sxvebi.

andria dadiani (1850-1910)

XX saukunidan Wadrakis popularoba etapobrvad izrdeba. Tbilisis qalTa pirveli Cempionati gaimarTa 1927 wels, xolo saqarTvelos pirveli Cempionati – rostom wereTeli

WadrakTan dakavSirebuli sakmaod saxaliso istoria aqvs aRwerili akaki wereTels `Cems TavgadasavalSi~, rodesac mamis xasiaTze laparakobs. akaki aRniSnavs, rom mamamisi, rostom wereTeli, `ganTqmuli moWadrake iyo, veravin ugebda~, da mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor miiwvia generalgubernatorma erisTavma igi TavisTan rus moWadrake polkovnikTan Wadrakis saTamaSod. `aba Sen ici, Tu Seneburad gvasaxeleb qarTvelebso~, – uTqvams general-gubernators. akaki gadmoscems rusi polkovnikisa da rostom wereTlis TamaSsa da maT Soris gamarTul saintereso dialogs, wagebuli polkovnikis ganawyenebasa da amaze qarTveli Tavadis pasuxs – `nardi, Wadraki da saTamaSoebi sasiamovnod da dros gasatareblad gamigonia CvenSio. xumrobac SeSvenis da mec Cemi qveynis Cveulebaze vdgavaro. da TqvenSi Tu sawyeni da gasajavrebeli yofila, CemTan ra ginda, isev TqvenebTan geTamaSnao~.

qarTveli qalebi 1935 wels. bavSvTa sportskolebSi 1939 wels pirvelad gaixsna Wadrakis SemswavlelTa jgufebi. didi winsvla daiwyo 1950 wlidan, roca niWier gogonaTa swavleba maSindeli pionerTa da moswavleTa sasaxlis Wadrakis kabinetis Tavgamodebulma mwvrTnelma vaxtang qarselaZem iTava. aq aRizardnen: eliso kakabaZe, manana togoniZe, nona gafrindaSvili, nana aleqsandria... swored nona gafrindaSvili gaxda qarTuli Wadrakis simbolo. man arnaxuli popularoba moipova msoflios qalTa Wadrakis istoriaSi. igi daibada 1941 wlis 3 maiss zugdidSi. 13 wlisa, vaxtang qarselaZis daJinebuli Txovnis Semdeg, TbilisSi gadmovida sacxovreblad. swored maSin daiwyo misi auracxeli warmatebebis aTvla. 1956 wels moigo Tbilisis Cempionati da imave wels saqarTvelos Cempionic gaxda, fantastikuri SedegiT – 16-dan 15,5 qula! 1961 wels nonam didi upiratesobiT moigo msoflio Cempionatis pretendentTa turniri da ufleba moipova Sexvedro-

ilia WavWavaZe da ivane maCabeli Wadrakis TamaSisas

vaxtang qarselaZe da nona gafrindaSvili

vaxtang qarselaZe (1919-1966) – qarTveli moWadrake, mwvrTneli, saqarTveloSi qalTa saWadrako skolis fuZemdebeli. ssrk-is (1956) da saqarTvelos damsaxurebuli mwvrTneli (1957), saqarTvelos damsaxurebuli maswavlebeli. iyo pionerTa da moswavleTa respublikuri sasaxlis Wadrakis kabinetis maswavlebeli 1947-1966 wlebSi. misi mowafeebi iyvnen nona gafrindaSvili, nana aleqsandria, e. kakabaZe, m. togoniZe, r. jinjixaSvili, T. giorgaZe, i. Ciqovani, d. janoevi, a. bokuCava da sxva. nona gafrindaSvili (daibada 1941 wlis 3 maiss q. zugdidSi) – qarTveli moWadrake, didostati (1978). msoflios xuTgzis Cempioni (1962-1978). 11 gunduri da 9 piradi olimpiuri oqros mflobeli. fides qalTa komisiis Tavmjdomare (19801986). saqarTvelos erovnuli olimpiuri komitetis pirveli prezidenti 1989-1996 wlebSi, 1996 wlidan misi sapatio prezidenti. saqarTvelos Wadrakis federaciis prezidenti (2000-2002). Tavisi Taobis msoflios uZlieresi moWadrake qali. 1978 wels nona gafrindaSvili gaxda pirveli qali moWadrake, visac didostatis wodeba mieniWa. 1997 wels fides 68-e kongresis gadawyvetilebiT dawesda nona gafrindaSvilis saxelobis Tasi, saWadrako olimpiadebze, romelic gadaecema qveynis vaJTa da qalTa gundebs saukeTeso jamuri SedegisaTvis. 2001 wels misi saxeli mieniWa Tbilisis Wadrakis sasaxles.

qalTa Wadraki saqarTveloSi

elizaveta bikova (1913-1989) – sabWoTa moWadrake, qalTa Soris msoflios mesame Cempioni (1953-1956, 1958-1962), sportis damsaxurebuli ostati (1953), qalTa saerTaSoriso ostati (1950), saerTaSoriso ostati (1953) da saerTaSoriso didostati (1976), profesiiT Jurnalisti da ekonomisti.

didostati yvelaze maRali wodebaa WadrakSi. nona gafrindaSvili iyo pirveli qali moWadrake, romelsac kacebis turnirebSi miRweuli warmatebebis gamo mianiWes es tituli. pirveli iyo nona da meore – maia CiburdaniZe.

aqedan daiwyo qarTvel moWadrake qalTa 30-wliani hegemonia msoflio Wadrakis sadedofloSi, romlis ganmeoreba, albaT, SeuZlebelia. da maSindel msoflio Cempions, rus elizaveta bikovas. qarTuli WadrakisTvis istoriuli matCi 1962 wels moskovSi gaimarTa da 17 oqtombers 21 wlis qarTveli geniosis gamarjvebiT – 9:2 dasrulda!

ala kuSniri (1941-2013) – ebraeli moWadrake, 1974 wlamde gamodioda sabWoTa kavSiris saxeliT. istorikos-numizmati, ssrk-is sportis damsaxurebuli ostati (1972), qalTa Soris saerTaSoriso ostati (1962) da didostati qalTa Soris (1976). Wadrakidan wasvlis Semdeg muSaobda arqeologiaSi, iyo Telavivis universitetis profesori, israelis numizmaturi sazogadoebis samecniero mrCeveli, Jurnal „israelis numizmaturi kvlevebis“ saredaqcio kolegiis wevri. avtoria axlo aRmosavleTSi numizmatikis Sesaxeb gamocemebisa.

nona gafrindaSvilis warmatebebma uZlieresi biZgi misca qarTvel moWadrake qalTa Semdgom winsvlas. igi pirveli moWadrake qalia, romelic saerTaSoriso didostati gaxda rogorc qalebSi (1976), aseve kacebSic (1978). 1965 da 1969 wlebSi nona erTnairi angariSiT 8,5:4,5 amarcxebs pretendent ala kuSnirs da mesamed xdeba msoflio Cempioni. 1972 wels rigaSi gamarTuli matCi igive ala kuSnirTan metad daZabuli gamodga, Tumca mainc nonas gamarjvebiT – 8,5:7,5 dasrulda.

ala kuSniri da nona gafrindaSvili

qarTveli qalebi 1975 wels msoflio Cempionatis finalur matCSi, biWvinTaSi, erTmaneTis pirispir pirvelad warsdgnen qarTveli moWadrakeebi. amjerad nonas tituls nana aleqsandria Seecila, Tumca verafers gaxda da nona mexuTed gaxda msoflio Cempioni! (matCis angariSi – 8,5:3,5) 1978 wels biWvinTaSi kvlav qarTuli finali gaimarTa. amjerad nonas tituls axalgazrda vunderkindi, quTaisis saWadrako skolis 17 wlis aRzrdili maia CiburdaniZe ecileboda. daZabuli matCi maias gamarjvebiT – 8,5:6,5 – dasrulda. am sensaciuri gamarjvebiT CiburdaniZe im droisTvis yvelaze axalgazrda msoflio Cempioni gaxda. 1981 wels isev qarTuli finali! maia CiburdaniZe da nana alqsandria – 8:8. uSeRavaTo brZola fred damTavrda da maiam Cempionis tituli SeinarCuna (gaimarTa q. borjomSi). 1984 wels pretendenti iyo irina levitina, Tumca maiasTan verafers gaxda – 8,5:5,5 – CiburdaniZis sasargeblod. maiam amave wels miiRo saerTaSoriso didostatis wodeba mamakacTa Soris! 1986 wels igive bedi ewia pretendent elene axmilovskaias – 8,5:5,5 da maia kvlav msoflios Cempionia! 1988 wels kvlav qarTuli finali! amjerad erTmaneTs maia CiburdaniZe da nana ioseliani daupirispirdnen. daZabul brZolaSi gamarjveba maias darCa – 8,5:7,5. CiburdaniZe, misi didi winamorbedis msgavsad, msoflios Cempionis tituls mexuTed daeufla!

nana aleqsandria (daibada 1949 wels q. foTSi ) – qarTveli moWadrake, didostati qalTa Soris (1976), ssrk sportis damsaxurebuli ostati (1971). maia CiburdaniZe (daibada 1961 wlis 17 ianvars q. quTaisSi) – qarTveli moWadrake, didostati (1984), meSvide msoflio Cempioni. m. CiburdaniZe msoflios xuTgzis Cempionia qalTa Soris (1978-1991), Wadrakis dedoflobis xangrZlivobiT mesame iyo 14 wliT, CamorCeba pirvel qalTa Cempions vera menCiks, romelic Cempioni 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo (1927-1944) da nona gafrindaSvils (16 weli).

nana ioseliani maia CiburdaniZe da nana aleqsandria

qalTa Wadraki saqarTveloSi

samwuxarod, 1991 wels maia CiburdaniZis 14-wliani dedofloba Cinel didostat sie ZunTan matCiT dasrulda – 6,5:8,5. magram amiT qarTvel moWadrake qalTa warmatebebi ar amowurula. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris Cempionis tituls 5-jer daeufla nona gafrindaSvili, 4-jer – nana ioseliani, 3-jer – nana aleqsandria, TiTojer – maia CiburdaniZe da qeTevan araxamia. udavod calke unda aRiniSnos qarTvel moWadrake qalTa warmatebebi msoflio saWadrako olimpiadebze. 1980 da 1982 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris nakrebSi mxolod qarTvelebi TamaSobdnen da orivejer Cempionebi gaxdnen! damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac 1992, 1994, 1996, 2008 wlebis msoflio olimpiadebze oqros medlebs qarTvelebi daeuflnen. nona gafrindaSvils 11 gunduri oqros medali aqvs (10 ssrk da 1 saqarTvelos nakrebSi), maia CiburdaniZes – 9 (5 ssrk da 4 saqarTvelos nakrebSi), nana aleqsandrias – 6 (eqvsive ssrk nakrebSi), nana ioselians – 5 (2 ssrk da 3 saqarTvelos nakrebSi) nino guriels – 3 (samive saqarTvelos nakrebSi), qeTevan araxamias – 2 (orive saqarTvelos nakrebSi). TiTo-TiTo oqros medals saqarTvelos nakrebSi floben: nana ZagniZe, lela javaxiSvili, maia lomineiSvili, sofiko xuxaSvili da bela xotenaSvili. qalTa WadrakSi saqarTvelosnairi warmatebebisTvis arc erT qveyanas ar miuRwevia!

irina levitina, nona gafrindaSvili da nana aleqsandria irina levitina (daibada 1954 wels q. leningradSi) – sabWoTa warmoSobis amerikeli moWadrake qali, didostati (1976). elena axmilovskaia (1957-2012) – rusi moWadrake, saer-TaSoriso didostati (1997). saWadrako olimpiadebis orgzis gamarjvebuli (1978,1986), ssrk sportis damsaxurebuli ostati. 1981-1988 wlebSi cxovrobda TbilisSi. 1988 wlis saWadrako olimpiadis dros colad gahyva aSS-is kacTa gundis kapitans jon donaldsons da Sejibri miatova, mas Semdeg cxovrobda aSS-Si da iyo am qveynis samgzis Cempioni 1990, 1993, 1994 wlebSi.

istoria

Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus

konstantine da mulvios brZola – didi ,,am niSniT gaimarjveb!“

arCil CaCxiani

konstantine didi iyo Zlieri da maRali, didi, muqi TvalebiT. mxolod fragmentebiRa SemorCa mjdomare monumenturi qandakebidan, romelic mis pativsacemad dadges – ori terfi, marjvena wvivi, marjvena xeli, zemoT mkacrad apyrobili saCvenebeli TiTiT, marjvena mxari da mkerdis patara nawili, STambeWdavi Tavi, gamokveTili didi cxviriTa da gluvi, energiulad win wamoweuli nikapiT. qandakeba ipoves romSi 1486 wels, maqsenciusis bazilikis dasavleT afsidaSi. es aris gamosaxuleba kacisa, romelmac am eklesiis mSenebloba Tavisive sicocxleSi daasrulebina. am monumenturi qandakebis SemorCenil detalebs unda vumadlodeT, rom raRac warmodgena mainc gvaqvs adamianze, romelsac bizantielema `didi~ Searqves. keisar konstantines sruli saxeli iyo flavius valerius avrelius konstantine – konstantine I, konstantine didi (laT. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus). mas arasodes hqonia uxeSi, gauparsavi wveri, pirquSi gamoxedva, romlis gareSec manamde arc erTi keisari ar gamousaxavT. klasikuri formis qarizmatuli Tavi mis keTilSobilebasa da simkacreze mianiSnebda. didi mbrZanebluri Tvalebi ki Sinagan Zalas asxivebdnen. konstantine didi ukanono Svili iyo, Tumca udidesi, miTiuri figura gaxda da mis Sesaxeb Taobebma uamravi legendac Seqmnes. konstantines kulturulma wreebma metsaxelad „didi“ Searqves. igi daibada ax. w. 270-288 wlebs Soris qalaq naisSi, zemo meziis provinciaSi, dRevandel

konstantine didi da mulvios brZola

konstantines mamis – konstancius I qlorusis gamosaxuleba monetaze

Gaius

Aurelius

Valerius Diocletianus gaius avrelius valerius diokletiane (laT. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), dabadebiT dioklusi (laT. Dioclus) (245-313 w.w.) – romis imperatori 284-305 wlebSi. man daasrula romis imperiaSi III saukunis ekonomikuri, savaWro-finansuri da politikuri krizisi, daamyara mtkice mmarTveloba da gaauqma is fiqcia, romlis Tanaxmadac imperatori mxolod senatorTa Soris pirvel senatorad iTvleboda (e.w. princepsi). am reformebiT diokletianem daiwyo axali epoqa romis istoriaSi.

serbeTSi. dedamisi, elene, sajinibos mosamsaxure iyo, mama – romis imperatori konstancius I qlorusi, romlis Sesaxeb bevri cnobaa keisar diokletianes „tetrarqiaSi“. konstantines mSoblebi daqorwinebuli ar yofilan. saqme isaa, rom 285 wels imperatorma diokletianem imperiis marTvis gasaadvileblad axali sistema, e.w. tetrarqia, daawesa, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga ara erTi, aramed erTdroulad oTxi mmarTveli. or maTgans ewodeboda avgustusi (ufrosi imperatorebi), danarCen ors ki – keisari (umcrosi imperatorebi). gaTvla iyo, rom 20 wlis Semdeg ufrosi imperatorebi uars ityodnen taxtze, umcrosi imperatorebis sasargeblod, da es ukanasknelnic maleve moZebnidnen TavianT Semcvlelebs. imave 285 wels diokletianem TanammarTvelad maqsimiane airCia, samarTavad imperiis dasavleTi nawili gadasca, Tavis-

Marcus Flavius Valerius

Constantius Herculius Augustus

Tvis ki aRmosavleTi daitova. tetrarqiis mixedviT, 293 wels avgustusebma TavianTi memkvidreebi airCies. erT-erTi iyo galiis yofili prefeqti da konstantines mama – konstanciusi (konstancius I qlorusi). meore adgili galeriuss ergo, romelic male iqca qristianTa usastikesi devnis moTaved. 305 wels, tetrarqiis damyarebidan 20 wlis Semdeg, orive avgustusi gadadga da konstancius I qlorusi da galeriusi imperiis TanammarTvelebi gaxdnen (pirveli – dasavleTSi, meore ki – aRmosavleTSi). am droisaTvis konstanciuss janmrTeloba ukve sagrZnoblad hqonda Seryeuli da mis TanammarTvels imedi hqonda, rom konstanciusi male mokvdeboda. sikvdilis win konstanciusma, romelic britaneTSi imyofeboda, Tavisi Svilis – konstantines naxva moindoma, romelic am droisaTvis faqtobrivad mZevlad iyo aRmosavleT imperiaSi. galeriusi Tavs ikavebda konstantines mamasTan gagzavnisagan, radgan eSinoda jariskacebs igi avgustusad ar gamoecxadebinaT – es ar Sedioda mis gegmebSi. galeriuss konstanciusis adgilas Tavisi kacis – flavius severusis – dayeneba da am gziT mTeli imperiis damorCileba surda.

istoria maqsimiane samxedro tribuni (laT. Tribunus militum) – romaul legionSi sameTauro Semadgenloba. romis saxlmwifos imperiis epoqaSi TiToeul legions hyavda TiTo samxedro tribuni senatorTa Semadgenlobidan – tribunlaqtilaviusi (legatis Semdeg Tanamdebobrivad meore piri, romelic tunikaze farTo, mewamuli feris arSias atarebda).

konstantinem mainc moaxerxa mamasTan Casvla da 306 wels, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg, iorkSi armiam konstantine imperatorad gamoacxada. galeriuss am realobasTan Segueba mouwia da im sababiT, rom konstantine jer Zalian axalgazrda iyo, mxolod keisrad aRiara, avgustusad ki mainc severusi daniSna. konstantine formalurad flavius severuss eqvemdebareboda, magram realurad saqme sxvagvarad iyo. galiaSi, sadac konstantine imyofeboda, misi erTguli legionebi idgnen da mmarTvelobis liberaluri formis gamo mosaxleobac mas emxroboda. flavius severuss ki aseTi myari mdgomareoba ar hqonda.

Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus

Herculius Augustus galeriusi

Tavdapirvelad konstantine dasavleTis gamgebeli iyo, Semdeg ki, 13 weli erTpirovnulad marTavda uzarmazar imperias. Tavisi warmatebuli karieriTa da ocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis periodiT konstantinem Tavisi yvela winamorbedi daCrdila, garda keisar oqtaviane avgustusisa. Tanamedroveebi konstantines aRweren, rogorc „iRblians da yvela keisarze ufro RvTismoSiSsa da Zlevamosils“. 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmmarTvelobisTvis gaCaRebul omebSi konstantines iRbali da warmateba marTlac mudmivad Tan sdevda, rasac misi samxedro niWi da politikuri moqnilobac emateboda... qvemoT SevexebiT da gagacnobT erT moments kacobriobisa da konstantine didis istoriidan, rodesac mavanTa Secdomam sruliad moulodneli Sedegebi gamoiRo, Secdomas, romlis `damsaxurebiTac~ konstantinem didi saxeli, Zalaufleba da dideba moipova.

Gaius Galerius

Valerius

Maximianus Augustus 56

eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi romSi Zalaufleba uzurpator, avxorc maqsentiuss epyra. xalxisa da pretorianelTa gvardiis mxardaWeriT man Tavi keisrad gamoacxada. Tu mis Tanamedrove istorikos evsebi kesariels davujerebT, maqsentiusis sayvareli saqmianoba iyo pativcemuli daqorwinebuli qalebis ojaxebisgan mowyveta, maTTan garToba da isev meuRleebisTvis dabruneba. roflavius severusi

Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus

konstantine didi da mulvios brZola

legioni (laT. Legio – `Segroveba~, `Sekreba~) – Zveli romis gviandeli respublikuri periodisa da imperiis xanis armiis ZiriTadi sabrZolo organizaciuli erTeuli. romis saxelmwifos sxvadasxva periodSi igi Sedgeboda 2-10 aTasi qveiTisa da cxenosanTa ramdenime aseulisagan. yovel legions Tavisi saxeli, nomeri da samxedro Standarti hqonda. Cvenamde Semonaxuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT identificirebulia 50-mde sxvadasxva legioni, Tumca iTvleba, rom maTi raodenoba TiToeul istoriul periodSi ar aRemateboda 28-s. magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda axali legionebis Seqmna. romauli samyaros respublikis periodSi legionis saTaveSi samxedro tribuni idga, imperiis xanaSi ki – legati. legioni 10 kohortad iyofoda, romelic romaelTa jarebis mTavar taqtikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. misi piradi Semadgenloba daaxloebiT 500 legioners Seadgenda da igi Tanamedrove batalionis ekvivalentad SegviZlia ganvixiloT. Tavis mxriv ki, kohorta sxvadasxva periodebSi manipulebisa da centuriebisgan Sedgeboda. es ukanaskneli saSualod 100 legioners iTvlida da brZolebSi damoukidebeli taqtikuri erTeulis saxiT ar erTveboda. mas centurioni meTaurobda.

ca mosaxleobaSi mRelvarebam ifeTqa, pretorianelebma keisris brZanebiT xocva-Jleta moawyves da eqvsi aTasze meti romaeli mokles. arc erT keisars ar surda maqsentiusi kanonier mbrZaneblad eRiarebina, maT Soris, arc konstantines. im droisaTvis kostantines daqvemdebarebaSi mxolod dasavleTi provinciebi iyo britaneTis, espaneTisa da galiis CaTvliT, misi rezidencia mdebareobda trirSi. konstantinem 312 wlis gazafxulze Tavis patara laSqarTan erTad gadalaxa alpebi (rogorc 500 wliT adre – hanibalma). am laSqrobis mizani iyo ara religiuri omi, aramed maqsentiusis romidan gandevna. konstantines mcirericxovani jari erTguli, brZolisunariani, momzadebuli meomrebisagan, umetesad galebisa da germanelebisagan, Sedgeboda. Tumca, kargad gamagrebul romamde grZeli gza iyo da maTi marSi arc ise usafrTxo aRmoCnda. konstantinem sastiki brZolebiT moaxerxa CrdiloeT italiis damorCileba. pirveli didi brZola man turinTan gadaixada, sadac maqmaqsentiusi sentiusis mZime kavaleria daamarcxa. veronasTan gamarTul meore brZolaSic, sadac maqsentiusis jarebs ukve pretorianelTa prefeqti ruricius pompianusi sardlobda, konstantinem did warmatebas miaRwia. ruricius pompianusi brZolaSi mokles, CrdiloeTi italia ki konstantines miemxro. misi laSqari romisken daiZra da 312 wlis Semodgomaze mdinare tibrs miadga. cota xniT adre romSi avreliusis mier aSenebuli qalaqis galavani gaamagres. maqsentiusma didZali marcvleuli moimaraga, raTa xangrZlivi alyisTvis gaeZlo. man moarRvia mdinare tibrze gadebuli mulvios xidis Sua nawili da droebiTi xis konstruqciiT Secvala, romlis moSorebac swrafad SeiZleboda. faqtobrivad, romi Zlier, auRebel cixe-simagred iqca.

pretorianuli gvardia an, ubralod, pretorianelebi (laT. Praetoriani) – romis imperatorebis piradi mcvelebi. es dasaxeleba ixmareboda romis respublikis periodidan. romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasacavad oqtaviane avgustusma Seqmna pretorianelTa 9 kohorta, TiToeuli 1000 jariskacis SemadgenlobiT. aqedan sami kohorta uSualod romSi iyo ganlagebuli, danarCeni ki, qalaqTan axlos. da yvelaze mTavari – romsa da mTlianad italiaSi iaraRis tarebis ufleba mxolod pretorianelebs hqondaT da samsaxurSic mxolod italielebs iRebdnen. isini jarebis privilegirebul nawils warmoadgendnen, regularuli jarisgan gansxvavebiT, 25 wlis magivrad 16 weliwads msaxurobdnen da xelfasic meti hqondaT vidre Cveulebriv legionerebs.

Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus 57

istoria qalaqis dacvis maqsentiusis gegmas warmatebis yvela Sansi hqonda, radgan konstantines ar gaaCnda sakmarisi Zala qalaqis xangrZlivi alyisaTvis. mas arc katapultebi da arc sxva saalyo aRWurviloba hqonda, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda sqeli galavnisa Tu alayafis gangreva. konstantines strategiuli mdgomareoba dRiTi dRe uaresdeboda, legionis meTaurebi da oficrebi daJinebiT urCevdnen mas uari eTqva romis dalaSqvraze, konstantines warmatebis niSnebs verc winaswarmetyvelebi xedavdnen. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, konstantines xeli ar auRia Tavis gegmaze da Tu manamde yovelTvis cdilobda, TanamebrZolebTan SeeTanxmebina moqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT ki frankebis meTaur bonitusTan da alemanebis mefe krokusTan, amjerad aravis mosazreba ar gaiTvaliswina. 312 wlis 28 oqtombris dilas malborgetosTan dabanakebul Tavis jariskacebs konstantinem ubrZana, rom uSualod brZolis win farebze cecxlis magiuri niSani daexataT qristes simboloebis formiT. igulisxmeba qristes monograma “ΧΡ” (berZnuli anbanis asoebi – X (xi) da ρ (ro)). Ze RvTisas saxelis – ΧΡΙƩΤΌƩ–is pirveli ori aso. swored es gadajvaredinebuli asoebi daawerina konstantinem Tavis jariskacebs farebze `cecxlis niSniT~, anu wiTlad – ☧. man uambo jariskacebs, rom xilva hqonda – SuadRisas caze sakuTari TvaliT dainaxa cecxliT gamosaxuli jvari – gamarjvebis niSani, berZnuli warweriT, romelic laTinurad ase iTargmna, “In hoc signo vinces” – „am niSniT gaimarjveb!“

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus

konstantinem daifica, rom Tuki brZolaSi gaimarjvebda, qristianobas miiRebda. konstantines romze gamarjvebis Sansi Zalian mcire iyo. igi mzad ar iyo kargad gamagrebuli qalaqis xangrZlivi alyisaTvis da arc sakmarisi resursebi gaaCnda. maqsentiusi Tavis jarTan erTad sqeli kedlis miRma iyo gamagrebuli. yvelaferi iqiTken midioda, rom xanmokle alyis Semdeg konstantine iZulebuli gaxdeboda qalaqisaTvis alya moexsna da Tavisi jarebiT ukan daexia. magram moxda sruliad gauTvaliswinebeli da gasaocari ram: maqsentiusma moulodnelad datova dedaqalaqis daculi simagre da konstantines Ria velze daupirispirda. es iyo didi Secdoma, romelmac konstantines warmatebis warmoudgeneli Sansi misca.

mulvios an milvios xidi (laT. Pons Mulvius, ital. Ponte Milvio) – Zv.w. I saukuneSi romSi, mdinare tibrze gadebuli xidi, romelic roms adriatikis sanapiroze mdebare qalaq ariminumTan (dRevandeli rimini) akavSirebda.

markus avreliusi (laT. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ) (ax.w. 121-180 w.w.) – antoninusebis dinastiis romis imperatori ax.w. 161-180 wlebSi. imperator antoninus piusis Svilobili. 140, 145 da 161 wlebSi imperiis konsuli da keisari. 178 wels sardlobda romaelTa Crdilour laSqrobas germaniaSi, sadac did warmatebebs miaRwia. imperiis `oqros xanis~ mmarTveli. Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ufro ganaTlebuli da ganswavluli pirovneba, moazrovne da filosofosi, mwerali, gviandeli stoicizmis warmomadgeneli, Zveli berZeni filosofosis, epiktetis moZRvrebis mimdevari. Tavis naSromebs werda berZnul enaze. antoninusebis dinastiis romis xuTi kargi imperatoris (markus nerva, markus traiane, publius adriane, antoninus piusi, markus avreliusi) ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli. pirvel xanebSi avreliusis TanammarTveli iyo lucius verusi. maTi mmarTvelobis periodSi, romelic gamoirCeoda imperiis stabilurobiTa da represiebis ararsebobiT, romis imperiam ayvavebis mwvervals miaRwia.

konstantine didi da mulvios brZola

sainteresoa, ratom ar darCa maqsentiusi bolomde Tavisi gegmis erTguli? ram aiZula igi, TiTqmis auRebeli TavSesafari daetovebina da safrTxeSi Caegdo sakuTari sicocxle? Tanamedrove istorikosebma bevri ifiqres da imsjeles amaze, magram verc dasabuTebuli argumentebi da verc naTeli axsna-ganmartebebi ver gamoinaxa. arsebobs mxolod Sefaseba, rom maqsentiusi udidesi Secdomis msxverpli gaxda. saidumlo policiis imJamindeli situaciuri moxsenebebidan gamomdinare, im daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba, rom qalaqis mosaxleobaSi maqsentiuss mxardaWera ar hqonda. didi raodenobis jarebis Tavmoyras SesaZloa romis samoqalaqo mosaxleobasTan dapirispireba mohyoloda, Tumca, ajanyeba an Ralati romSi ar igegmeboda, radgan qalaqis macxovreblebs eqvsi aTasi romaelis sikvdiliT dasjis ambavi jerac kargad axsovdaT. am fonze romis mosaxleobis simpaTia, savaraudod, konstantinesken ixreboda. safiqrebelia, rom maqsentiuss Secdomisaken saeWvo warmarTi misnebis winaswarmetyvelebam ubiZga, romlebmac daarwmunes igi, rom qalaqisaTvis Tavidan aecilebina ubedureba da konstantines romis galavnis gareT, Ria velze SebrZoleboda...

qristes monograma – “XP” (berZnuli anbanis asoebi – X (xi) da P (ro)). Ze RmerTis saxelis – ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ pirveli ori aso. swored es gadajvaredinebuli asoebi daawerina konstantinem Tavis jariskacebs farebze – ☧.

konstantines legionerebi uteven pretorianelTa gvardias – suraTze kargad Cans konstantines legionerebis farebze gamosaxuli qristes niSani.

brZola mulvios xidTan, julio romanos naxati

istoria karlos I didi (laT. Carolus Magnus an Karolus Magnus, germ. K K arl der Große, frang. Charlemagne) (742-814) – VIII-IX saukuneebis evropis didi saxelmwifo moRvawe da mxedarTmTavari, frankTa saxelmwifos mefe 768 wlidan, langobardebis mefe 774 wlidan, bavariis hercogi 788 wlidan, dasavleTis imperatori 800 wlidan. frankTa mefe pipin `mokles~ ufrosi Svili. man SeZlo frankTa samefos Semdgomi gaZliereba da misi teritoriebis eqspansia. karlos I imdenad cnobili mefe da mmarTveli iyo, rom pipinidebis dinastiam mis Semdgom karolingebis dinastiis saxeli miiRo. sicocxleSive iwodeboda `karlos didad~. metad mniSvnelovani da niSandoblivia is faqti, rom karlos dids Tavisi erovnuli saxelmwifos damaarseblad erTdroulad miiCneven frangebic da germanelebic.

konstantinem win waiwia flaminiis gzaze da mulvios xididan 13 kilometrSi gaCerda „saqsa rubrasTan“. male aq maqsentiusis jaris mcire nawili gamoCnda, romelic konstantinem xanmokle brZolaSi daamarcxa. damarcxebulebi mulvios xidisken ukuiqcnen. amis Semdeg maqsentiusma Tavis rCeul jarTan erTad datova qalaqi, albaT, konstantines alyaSi mosaqcevad, anda, SesaZlebelia, gamoqceuli jariskacebisTvis mdinareze gadasasvlelis Riad dasatoveblad. ori laSqari erTmaneTs romidan sami kilometriT daSorebul xidTan Sexvda. maqsentiuss zurgs ukan mdinare hqonda, misi jariskacebis gaqceva SeuZlebeli iyo. erTaderTi gza xidisaken midioda. maqsentiusi fiqrobda, rom misi brZanebiT xidze gakeTebuli da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi advilad dasaSleli droebiTi xis konstruqcia gauZlebda ukan dabrunebuli jarebis masas. igi aqac Secda – konstruqcia kolonis msvlelobisas Camoiqca. xidis garSemo brZola orive mxridan ukiduresi sisastikiT warimarTa. jariskacebi gaafTrebuli ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. farebze daxatuli wiTeli qrizma (qristes niSani) konstantines jars exmareboda areul-dareulobaSi erTmaneTisgan gaerCiaT mteri da mokeTe. maqsentiusma, roca gaafTrebul brZolaSi TiTqmis yvela jariskaci dakarga, Tavis Svelas Seecada, mdinareSi cxeniT Sevarda,

oto III (germ. da laT. Otto III) (980-1002) – `msoflios saswaulad~ wodebuli, germaniis mefe da saRvTo romis imperiis imperatori.

hlodvig I (laTin. Chlodovechus, frank. Hlōdowig, ingl. Clovis) (466-511) – merovingebis dinastiis frankTa mefe. mefobda 481-511 wlebSi. mefe hilderik I-isa da dedofal bazina tiuringielis Svili. masze Semonaxuli cnobebi Zalian mwiria, magram udavoa, rom hlodvigi Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ufro cnobili politikosi, mxedarTmTavari da mmarTveli iyo. pirveli mefe, romelmac didi brZolebisa da Zalisxmevis fasad frankTa tomebi gaaerTiana da frankTa pirveli mefe gaxda, romelmac 496 wlis 25 dekembers miiRo qristianoba. mis mier daarsebuli merovingebis dinastia Semdgomi ori saukune mefobda frankTa saxelmwifoSi.

magram cxenma tibrSi gadaagdo da imperatori daixrCo. mulvios xidze gamarTuli sisxliani brZola dasrulda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; konstantinem gaimarjva. 312 wlis 28 oqtombers konstantine didi zeimiT Sevida romSi. man brZana, maqsentiusis gvamisTvis Tavi moekveTaT, sxeuli ki daemarxaT. gamarjvebulma jariskacebma maqsentiusis Tavi Subze wamoacves da romis quCebSi didi zar-zeimiT Caatares. mulvios xidTan gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad 315 wels dedaqalaqSi, kolizeumsa da palatinis borcvs Soris, konstantines grandiozuli triumfaluri TaRi aRmarTes. yvela danarCenisgan gansxvavebiT, es aris romSi dadgmuli erTaderTi triumfaluri TaRi, romelic ara gareSe mtrebTan, aramed samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebas mieZRvna. maqsentiusze gamarjvebis Semdeg konstantines, romis garda, wilad xvda italiisa da CrdiloeT afrikis provinciebic. man sityva Seasrula da imperiis qristiani mosaxleobis mfarveloba daiwyo. sikvdilis win ki, 337 wels, qristianoba miiRo. misi naTloba misabaZi gaxda yvela momdevno keisrisa Tu evropis didi mefisTvis, romelTa Soris iyvnen hlodvig I, karlos didi da oto III. mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobiTa da romis saxelmwifos gaqristianebiT konstantinem kacobriobis istoriaSi axali epoqis dasawyiss Cauyara safuZveli. vin icis, rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi, roms rom alyisTvis gaeZlo da daucvel poziciaze myofi konstantine iZulebuli gamxdariyo ukan gabrunebuliyo. udavoa, rom sakuTari ZalebiTa da resursebiT verc qalaqis xangrZliv alyas SeZlebda da, miT umetes, verc roms aiRebda. amrigad, mulvios xidTan brZolaSi maqsentiusis arasworma strategiam da daSvebulma Secdomebma ara mxolod am brZolis bedi gadawyvita, aramed msoflio istoriasac Seucvala mimarTuleba.

konstantine didis triumfaluri TaRi

konstantine didi, aia-sofia, 1000 weli

ekonomika

bazris saxeobebi Tavisufali Tavisufali da da realuri realuri

lado papava ekonomikis mowyobis ori modeli arsebobs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sabazro da mbrZanebluri. pirveli efuZneba calkeuli individebis mier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis upiratesobas, xolo meore gulisxmobs, rom TiTqmis yvela gadawyvetilebis mimRebi saxelmwifoa da es gadawyvetilebebi rigiT adamianebamde daiyvaneba brZanebebis saxiT. mbrZanebluri ekonomikis klasikuri qveyana iyo sabWoTa kavSiri, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi iZulebiT Sedioda saqarTveloc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi mbrZanebluri ekonomikis gamorCeuli qveyana aris CrdiloeTi korea. sayuradReboa, rom dReisaTvis mbrZanebluri ekonomika sul ufro nakleb qveyanaSia realizebuli. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekonomikis mowyobis sabazro modelia gabatonebuli. 1991 wels, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRidan, saqarTveloSic daiwyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis rTuli procesi, romelic met-naklebi warmatebiTaa dasrulebuli. ekonomistebi tradiciulad ganixilaven bazris or models, romelTagan erTi aSkarad Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, meore ki ufro daaxloebulia ekonomikur realobasTan. esenia Tavisufali da realuri bazari. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

bazris saxeobebi

Tavisufali bazari da srulyofili konkurencia Tavidanve xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom Tavisufali bazari mxolod abstraqciaa. is bazris zogad kanonzomierebaTa mecnieruli kvlevis miznebisaTvis gamokveTili Teoriuli konstruqciaa. sinamdvileSi, arsebuli bazari bevrad ufro rTuli fenomenia da misi moqceva Tavisufali bazris Teoriul modelSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. yvelaze ufro mkafiod Tavisufali bazris arsebiTi niSnebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: 1. bazarze myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis absoluturad daubrkolebeli Sesvla-gamosvla, rac konkurenciaSi monawileTa SeuzRudav raodenobas uzrunvelyofs. 2. resursebis (SromiTi, materialuri, safinanso) absoluturi mobiluroba. 3. TiToeuli konkurenti sruli moculobiT flobs sabazro informacias (anu informacia moTxovna-miwodebis, fasebis Sesaxeb da sxv.). 4. erTnairi dasaxelebis produqtebi absoluturad erTgvarovani da ganurCevelia (rac gamoricxavs savaWro niSnebisa da saqonlis xarisxis nebismieri individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gamoyenebas). 5. bazris sxva monawileebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenis moxdena maT arc erT konkurents ar SeuZlia. am niSnebidan gamomdinare miCneulia, rom Tavisufal bazarze aris srulyofili konkurencia. Tavisufali bazris pirveli niSnis mixedviT, bazarze Sesvlisa da gamosvlis TvalsazrisiT, yvela myidveli da gamyidveli Tanaswor mdgomareobaSia, radgan amis gakeTeba absoluturad daubrkoleblad SeuZlia TiToeul maTgans. Tavisufali bazris agentebs Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi ayenebs resursebis absoluturi mobilurobac (anu erTi saxeobis resursis meore saxeobis resursSi Seuferxebeli da adekvaturi gacvla). TiToeuli konkurentis mier sabazro informaciis sruli moculobiT flobac aranakleb mniSvnelovania bazris agentebis Tanaswo-

ekonomika bili. am problemaTagan, uwinares yovlisa, ZiriTad sams gamoyofen, esenia: 1. gare efeqtebis (eqsternaliebis) Tavidan acileba; 2. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis, aseve kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis mniSvnelovani nawilis warmoeba; 3. ekonomikis saWiro fulis masiT uzrunvelyofa.

robis TvalsazrisiT, rac arasruli informaciis gamo maTi mcdari qmedebebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. erTnairi dasaxelebis produqtebis absoluturi erTgvarovneba da ganurCevloba yvela mwarmoebels (bazarze erTi da imave saxeobis produqciis realizebisas) da yvela momxmarebels (am produqciis SeZenis mizniT swori arCevanis gakeTebisas) aseve Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. rac Seexeba Tavisufali bazris bolo, mexuTe niSans, radgan arc erT konkurents ar aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom bazris sxva monawileebis gadawyvetilebebze iqonios zegavlena, amitom bazris yvela agenti gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT Tanasworia. iTvleba, rom Tavisufali bazris modelTan yvelaze axlos didi britaneTis ekonomika iyo XIX saukunis meore naxevris dasawyisSi, Tumca arc is bazari yofila srulad Tavisufali. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavisufali bazari mxolod da mxolod Teoriuli konstruqciaa, rac gamoiyeneba bazris zogad kanonzomierebaTa Seswavlis mizniT. realurad ki, Zalze xSirad xdeba am kanonzomierebebidan gadaxra. amitom unda iyos Tavisufali bazris, rogorc idealuri bazris modeli is pirobiTi etaloni, romliskenac unda iswrafodes bazris saxelmwifo regulireba. Tavisufali bazris Cavardna da realuri bazari Tavisufali bazris modelis mimzidvelobis miuxedavad, mas ar SeuZlia ramdenime metad mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta, rac bazris Cavardnis saxelwodebiTaa cno-

gare efeqti (mas ekonomistebi eqsternalias uwodeben), Tavisi bunebiT, erTi adamianis saqmianobis sxvaTa keTildReobaze zegavlenas niSnavs. es efeqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi. kerZod, roca adamiani Tavisi saxlis fasadis galamazebas gadawyvets, bunebrivia, amas Sedegad sxvebisTvis dadebiTi gare efeqti mohyveba, vinaidan es sxvebi lamazi Senobis xilviT esTetikur siamovnebas miiReben; am magaliTis sawinaaRmdegod, qimiuri warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebisTvis miyenebuli zianis Sedegad adamianis keTildReobaze moqmedi uaryofiTi gare efeqti iqmneba. orive SemTxvevaSi irRveva bazarze myofi agentebis sabazro Tanasworobis principi: pirvel SemTxvevaSi zaraldeba is, visi saqmianobis Sedegadac dadebiTi gare efeqti iqmneba, radganac sxvebze (gadanawilebuli) pozitiuri zegavlena maTi yovelgvari mcdelobis gareSe miiReba; meore SemTxvevaSi ki zaraldeba yvela, vinc uaryofiT gare zegavlenas ganicdis, radgan is, vinc uaryofiT gare efeqts qmnis (magaliTad, qimiuri warmoeba), saTanado

T E K R A REE M

bazris saxeobebi

ekonomikur sargeblobas maSin iRebs, roca amiT sxva danarCenis mdgomareoba uaresdeba. imisaTvis, rom gare efeqtebiT gamowveuli sabazro uTanasworoba minimumamde davides, bazris saqmianobaSi ereva saxelmwifo, radganac Tavad bazars am problemis sakuTari ZalebiT gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos SeuZlia ori meTodiT imoqmedos: administraciuliT da ekonomikuri regulirebiT. pirveli meTodiT, marTvis specialur saxelmwifo organos SeuZlia an romelime konkretuli uaryofiTi gare efeqti saerTod akrZalos (magaliTad, qimiuri narCenebis moxvedra sasmeli wylis miwodebis sistemaSi da aseTi qmedebis danaSaulis rangSi ayvana), an misi zeda zRvari daawesos (magaliTad, TiToeuli saxeobis qimiuri sawarmosaTvis qimiuri narCenisaTvis maqsimaluri zRvaris daweseba). meore meTodis mizani ki iseTi ekonomikuri berketebis amoqmedebaa, romlebic gare efeqtebis Semqmnel individebs maT Siga efeqtebad gardaqmnas aiZulebs. uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis Siga efeqtebad gadayvanisaTvis am uaryofiTi efeqtebis yovel erTeulze (magaliTad, yovel erT tona qimiur narCenze) specialuri gadasaxadi gamoiyeneba, romelic ekonomikur literaturaSi pigus gadasaxadis saxeliTaa cnobili; dabegvris am sistemis pirobebSi uaryofiTi gare efeqtis warmomqmnels am efeqtis Semcirebis Siga stimuli eqneba. rac Seexeba dadebiTi gare efeqtebis Siga efeqtad gardaqmnas, am mizniT saxelmwifos SeuZlia subsidirebis meqanizmi aamoq-

medos, rac am efeqtis warmomqmnels Siga stimuls miscems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is ar Seamciros. Tavisufal bazars, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis (es is dovlaTia, romelsac sazogadoeba koleqtiurad moixmars, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qveynis Tavdacva, marTlwesrigi da sxv.) warmoeba ar ZaluZs, radganac is arakonkurentulia (anu warmoebis mocemuli donis pirobebSi damatebiTi moxmarebis saWiro danaxarji nulis tolia) da aragamoricxvadi (anu SeuZlebelia adamianebis gamoricxva moxmarebidan). sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis bunebidan gamomdinare, adamianebs dovlaTiT SeuZliaT ise isargeblon, rom mis warmoebaze aranairi xarji ar gaswion. maSasadame, sazogadoebriv dovlaTs aqvs dadebiTi gare efeqti, rac, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tavis mxriv, adamianTa sabazro uTanasworobas iwvevs. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis buneba imas ganapirobebs, rom kerZo seqtors misi warmoebis uSualo interesi ar aqvs da amitom amis keTeba saxelmwifo seqtors uxdeba. mxolod aragamoricxvadi an mxolod arakonkurentuli dovlaTi (magaliTad, quCebi da avtomagistralebi, policia da saxanZro dacva, biblioTekebi da muzeumebi da a.S.) kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. principSi, is SeiZleba kerZo seqtoris mier iyos warmoebuli, magram es saTanado doniT dadebiTi efeqtis gareT gadadinebis gamo ar moxdeba, rac saxelmwifo seqtors kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebaSi CarTvas aiZulebs. sazogadoebrivi (da kvazisazogadoebrivi) dovlaTis warmoebisas saxelmwifos umTavresi

ekonomika principi Tanasworobaa: es dovlaTi sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis Tanasworad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis iseTi nairsaxeoba, rogoricaa egalitaruli dovlaTi, anu socialuri simSvide, romelic mosaxleobis naklebad uzrunvelyofili fenebisaTvis gaweuli daxmarebiT miiRweva. am daxmarebis safuZvels socialuri dacvis saxsrebi (Semweobebi) warmoadgens, romlebic Semosavlisa da simdidris gadanawilebis gziT iqmneba. cnobilia, rom rogorc sabazro meqanizms, ise arasabazros SeuZlia warmoSvas didi qonebrivi uTanabroba, rac Semosavlis ganawilebis meqanizmis moqmedebis Sedegia: msxvili kapitalisa da miwis farTobebis mflobelebs, maRalxelfasian daqiravebul muSakebs (maTi Sromis iSviaTobis gamo), didi odenobiT memkvidreobamiRebul xalxs Semosavlis maRali done aqvs; magram sazogadoeba iseT adamianebsac moicavs (xandazmulebs, umuSevrebsa da a.S.), romelTac sabazro sistemis farglebSi an Zalian mcire Semosavlebi aqvT, an Semosavali saerTod ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifo Semweobas aZlevs yvelas, vinc socialur dacvas saWiroebs. saxelmwifos es qmedeba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Semosavlebis uTanabrobis Semcirebis gziT sazogadoebis socialuri simSvidis uzrunvelyofisaken swrafviTaa motivirebuli. mosaxleobis naklebuzrunvelyofili fenebis mxardaWeris gziT miRweul socialur simSvides egalitarul dovlaTs vuwodebT. igi socialuri dacvis ganviTarebaze, umuSevrebisa da omis monawileTaTvis Semweobis aRmoCenaze, ufaso samedicino daxmarebis saxelmwifo programebze, saxelmwifo sabinao mSeneblobaze da a.S. aris dafuZnebuli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, egalitaruli dovlaTis warmoebis safuZvelia e.w. `vertikaluri~ socialuri Tanasworobis damyareba. mesame ZiriTadi problema, romlis gadaWrac Tavisufal bazars ar ZaluZs, ekonomikis saWiro raodenobis fuliT uzrunvelyofaa, Tumca Teoriul doneze SesaZleblad da efeqtianadac aris miCneuli am funqciis saxelmwifodan uSualod bazrisaTvis gadacema. am sami ZiriTadi problemis garda, saxelmwifos valia, Tavisufal konkurencias

y d i s b u s

`subsidia~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs saxelmwifo biujetidan gadaxdil Tanxebs ama Tu im RonisZiebis gasatareblad.

misi damabrkolebeli barierebis moSlis gziT Seuwyos xeli, raTa sabazro informaciis Tavisufali gavrceleba da kapitalis daubrkolebeli gadadineba maqsimalurad iyos SesaZlebeli. aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba saxelmwifos iseT funqciebs eniWeba, rogoricaa sabazro sistemis funqcionirebis mxardaWerisa da gaiolebisaTvis samarTlebrivi bazisa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos Seqmna da ekonomikis stabilizacia (rac, uwinares yovlisa, inflaciis dabali da dasaqmebis maRali doneebis miRwevaSi unda gamoixatos). aRniSnul problemebTan erTad, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom saxelmwifos aseve aqvs saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis daregulirebis, qveynis SigniT sxvadasxva ekonomikur subieqtebs Soris SesaZlo winaaRmdegobaTa profilaqtikis, gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi, magaliTad, omis dros ekonomikis uSualo marTvis, qveynis ganviTarebis grZelvadiani programebis ganxorcielebis funqciebi. uwinares yovlisa, gare efeqtebis, sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebis aucileblobis, monopoliuri warmonaqmnebis mxridan sabazro informaciis gavrcelebis, kapitalis gadadinebisa da, saboloo jamSi, Tavisufali konkurenciis SezRudvis gamo, bazari masSi monawile agentebis SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas praqtikulad ver uzrunvelyofs, anu sabazro Tanasworoba ir-

bazris saxeobebi

Rveva, rac Tavisufali bazris modelidan gadaxvevis tolfasia. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos funqcia (rogorc es zemoT ganvixileT) Tavisufali bazris principebidan gadaxvevis maqsimaluri Semcirebaa. aucilebelia xazi imasac gaesvas, rom es ukanaskneli problema, Tavis mxriv, ar gamoricxavs, rom, sinamdvileSi, saxelmwifos qmedeba Tavad iyos mankieri, Tavad (arcTu iSviaTad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SegnebiT) aferxebdes sajarod gacxadebuli miznebis miRwevas. saxelmwifos mxridan SegnebiT Tu Seugneblad daSvebuli mcdari gadawyvetilebebis ukan dgas sazogadoebrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis zrunva piradi sargeblobis misaRebad. ekonomistebi, uwinares yovlisa, politikuri rentis Ziebas gulisxmoben, rac politikuri procesis gziT ekonomikuri rentis moZiebasa da dacvas niSnavs. Tavis mxriv ki, ekonomikuri renta gaigeba, rogorc is damatebiTi ekonomikuri Semosavali, romelsac ama Tu im resursis faqtoris (magaliTad, miwa) mflobeli iRebs am faqtoris gansakuTrebuli iSviaTobis (rac ganapirobebs misi raodenobis Zalze did SezRudulobas) gamo. roca sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze myof adamianebs SeuZliaT miiRon iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, rac kidev ufro SezRudavs ama Tu im resurss, maSin isini amaSi iReben

politikur rentas. am adamianebis xelT umTavresad arsebul resursebs Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli finansuri resursia, romlis safuZvelzec gaicema zemoxsenebuli subsidia. swored subsidiebis gziT cdiloben sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobaze myofi adamianebi politikur (prezidentis da parlamentis) arCevnebSi im amomrCevelTa mxardaWera miiRon, romlebic am subsidiebis da maTi saSualebebiT politikuri rentis mimRebi arian, Tumca, Teoriulad, subsidiis daniSnuleba, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, dadebiTi gare efeqtis Siga efeqtad gardaqmnaa. realuri bazris pirobebSi, bazarSi saxelmwifos warumatebeli Carevis daZlevis erTaderTi gza Tavad sabazro meqanizmSia. xazgasasmelia, rom Tavisufali bazris principebis mxardaWera mxolod sabazro demokratiis damyarebisa da ganmtkicebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Carevis ganmsazRvreli funqcia saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli institutebis damkvidrebis gziT Tavisufali bazris Semaferxebeli yvela Zalis maqsimaluri Sesusteba unda iyos. es ki, Tavis mxriv, Zalze rTuli amocanaa, radgan igi ara marto ekonomikur problemebTan, aramed im erovnul, istoriul, kulturul, socialur faseulobebTanac aris dakavSirebuli, riTac esa Tu is qveyana cxovrobda da cxovrobs.

sporti

mTamsvleloba

levan RambaSiZe ra Tqma unda, yvela sportsmeni im sportis saxeobas ganadidebs, romelsac misdevs. ucnauri iqneboda sxvanairad rom yofiliyo. amitom nu gagikvirdebaT, am teqstSi iseT azrebs Tu gadaeyrebiT, romlebic mTamsvlelobis gansakuTrebulobas usvams xazs. didi xani ar gasula, rac mTaSi daviwye siaruli, magram sakmarisad `moviwamle~, rom masze Txrobisas araobieqturi viyo. rodesac rame giyvars, albaT sxvanairad SeuZlebelic aris. sanam uSualod qarTul mTamsvlelobaze visaubrebdeT, kargi iqneboda zogadad mTamsvlelobis istoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani ambavi gavixsenoT, vinaidan rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, sanam kavkasionze qarTvelebi daiwyebdnen siaruls, manamde aq ucxoelebi dadiodnen. es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom qarTvelebi manamde mTaSi ar dadiodnen, ubralod, mTamsvleloba, rogorc sportis saxeoba, ucxo iyo CvenTvis. mTas, zogadad, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia adamianebis cxovrebaSi da es kargad Cans Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSic. mxolod berZnuli miTebi rad Rirs, sadac RmerTebi caSi ki ara, olimpos mTaze cxovroben; sadac RmerTebisaTvis cecxlis momparav promeTes kavkasionis mTebze miajaWvaven an sadac erT-erTi yvelaze didi movlenis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; titanomaqiis dros, titanebisa da axali Taobis olimpos RmerTebis brZolisas, swored mTa oTrisia kronosisa da sxva titanebis samyofeli. arc aRmosavluri miTologiisTvis aris ucxo sakraluri mTebi. zoroastrizmSi, budizmsa Tu induizmSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; yvelgan arsebobs miTologiuri Tu realuri mTa, romelsac romeliRac RvTiuri ambavi ukavSirdeba.

mTamsvleloba

rainhold mesneri (dab. 1944 wlis 17 seqtembers) – erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da saxelovani italieli alpinisti, mogzauri da mwerali samxreT tiroliidan. pirvelma daipyro msoflios 14-ve rvaaTasmetriani mwvervali (zogi – martom); pirveli avida marto everestze, aseve everestze avida Jangbadis gareSe. avtoria mravali wignisa, sadac sakuTari gamocdilebisa da aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.

mTa kailaSi

amiT mxolod imis xazgasma msurda, rom mTamsvleloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, erTi mxriv, rogorc ubralo sportis saxeoba da, meore mxriv, rogorc urTierToba sakralurTan, romelsac ama Tu im kulturisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. CemTvis zemoTqmulis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia erT-erTi yvelaze titulovani italieli mTamsvlelis – rainhold mesneris monaTxrobi mTa kailaSis Sesaxeb. mesneri ukve sakmaod cnobili mTamsvleli iyo, mTa everestze ukve uJangbadod iyo asuli (rac manamde SeuZleblad iTvleboda), roca mTa kailaSze gadawyvita asvla. am mTaze asasvlelad specialuri nebarTva iyo saWiro, romelsac CineTis mTavroba gascemda da romlis mopovebis Sansic TiTqmis nulis toli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, mesnerma megobris daxmarebiT miiRo es nebarTva da 1985 wels tibetSi Cavida, kailaSis Ziras, da asasvlelad daiwyo mzadeba. tibetSi garkveuli drois gatarebis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac adgilobrivi macxovreblebi gaicno da maTgan Seityo, ra didi sakraluri mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis am mTas, mesnerma uari ganacxada asuliyo kailaSze – rogorc Tavad Tqva, ar undoda mTaze asvliT adgilobrivebis siwmindis Seuracxyofa – es mTa maTTvis wmindad unda darCeniliyo. aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba sportsmenisaTvis Zalian rTuli unda yofiliyo, magram, rogorc vTqvi, mTamsvleloba sportze metia! mTamsvlelobis istoria, Tuki CvenTvis cnobil pirvel asvlebsac CavTvliT, mraval saukunes iTvlis. jer kidev Zv. w.-is III-II saukuneSi makedoniis mefe filipe V-m moaxerxa mTa hemoze asvla. saukuneebis Semdeg am ambiT STagonebulma yvela drois erT-erTma yvelaze gamoCenilma poetma franCesko petrarkam 1336 wels SeZlo marselTan arsebul mTa vernoze asuliyo. mTe-

sporti vernos mTa

filipe V-is (Zv.w. 221-179) gamosaxuleba monetaze petrarka (1304-1374)

bis dapyrobam bevrad ufro sistemuri xasiaTi XVIII saukuneSi miiRo, e.w. ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. amis mizezi iyo adamianis miswrafeba samyaros gamokvlevisa da jerac dauZleveli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisaken. 1886 wels iyo istoriuli asvla alpebis umaRles mwvervalze – monblanze. es asvla ganaxorcieles frangma eqimma miSel pakarma da Sveicarielma gamyolma Jak balma, istoriuli ki imitom ewodeba, rom swored es asvla miiCneva Tanamedrove mTamsvlelobis dasabamad. miuxedavad ganmanaTleblobis droindeli miRwevebisa, mTamsvlelobis oqros xanad XIX saukune iTvleba. am dros Seiqmna mravali alpuri klubi, maTi wevrebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT adiodnen alpebis manamde daulaSqrav mwvervalebze. swored am periodSi Camoyalibda mTamsvleloba im formiT, romliTac dRes vicnobT. ganviTarda aRWurviloba, gamoiyo gamyolis funqcia, Seiqmna mTamsvlelobis saxelmZRvaneloebi da sxva. XIX saukuneSi iwyeba mTamsvlelobis istoria saqarTveloSi. rogorc Cans, alpebis Seswavlis Semdeg evropaSi gaCnda interesi aRmosavleTis mimarT da swored am interesma moiyvana CvenTan erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili britaneli mTamsvleli duglas freSfildi. is imavdroulad iyo samefo geografiuli sazogadoebisa da alpuri klubis wevric (raRac dros orive organizaciis prezidentic iyo) da alpuri klubis mier gamoSvebuli Alpine Journal-is redaqtoric. 1868 wels freSfildma, murma, takerma da frangma gamyolma fransua devuasum moaxerxes myinvarwverze asvla, rac CvenTvis cnobili pirveli asvlaa am mTaze. amas mohyva rusebis asvlac da sul male, 1901 wels – gamoCenili germaneli geografisa da mTamsvlelis – goTfrid mercbaxeris asvla.

monblani

miSel pakaris (1757-1827) monumenti SamonSi

mTamsvleloba

goTfrid mercbaxeri (1843-1926)

hainrih fikeri (1881-1957)

myinvarwveris paralelurad, kavkasioni evropelebis yuradRebas dRemde erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi mTiT – uSbiTac iqcevs. 1868 wels uSbaze asvla CvenTvis ukve nacnob duglas freSfildsac ucdia, Tumca – uSedegod. samagierod, 1888 wels britanelemba moaxerxes uSbis CrdiloeT wverze asvla. samxreT wverze pirvelebi iyvnen 1903 wels germanulSveicariuli eqspediciis wevrebi – o. Susteri, r. heblingi, a. veberi, f. raixerti, a. Sulce. am eqspedicias Tan axlda, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi yvelaze saxaliso ambavi, romelic Zalian kargad gadmoscems qarTvelebis xasiaTs. saqme isaa, rom am warmatebul eqspediciamde Sulces erTi mcdeloba hqonda uSbis wverze asvlisa, romelsac avstrielebTan erTad gegmavda. es avstrielebi iyvnen vili rikmer rikmersi, hainrih fikeri da misi da cenci fon fikeri. samwuxarod, ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo, Sulce da hainrih fikeri daziandnen da gundma mwvervalze asvla ver moaxerxa. amis gamo danaRvlianebuli cenci fon fikeris gunebis gamosakeTeblad adgilobrivi svani Tavadi TaTarxan dadeSqeliani amdgara da erT-erTi usaxelo mTisTvis jer am axalgazrda qalis saxeli daurqmevia, mere ki amasac ar dasjerebia da, arc meti da arc naklebi, cenci fon fikerisTvis mTa uSba uCuqebia da es ambavi iuridiuladac daumowmebia. imasac amboben, rom dadeSqelianis saqcieliT gaognebul sufris erT-erT wevrs TavadisTvis CauCurCulebia, ras sCadiT, svaneTis simbolos gaCuqeba rogor iqnebao?! razec TaTarxan dadeSqelians upasuxia: uSba iyo da marad iqneba sruliad saqarTvelos simbolo. es gogo mas avstriaSi ver waiRebs, samagierod, mis samSobloSi amieridan ecodinebaT, rom saqarTveloSi qalis cremls ulamazesi mwvervalis fasi aqvso.

myinvarwveri

duglas freSfildi (1845 – 1934)

sporti es sabuTi, iuridiulad damowmebuli Cuqebis sigeli, dResdReobiT miunxenis alpuri klubis muzeumSi inaxeba. mTa uSba oficialurad avstriel qalbaton cenci fon fikers ekuTvnis. amasobaSi, rogorc xedavT, alpinizmis istoriam XX saukunemdec moaRwia. es dro gamorCeuli iyo Cveni qveynisTvis. saqarTveloSi swored XIX saukunis meore naxevari da XX saukunis dasawyisia ganmanaTleblobis periodi da swored ganmanaTlebluri suliskveTebiT iyo STagonebuli qarTuli mTamsvlelobis dasawyisic. yvelaferi ki 1923 wels daiwyo, rodesac myinvarwverze erTdroulad, sul raRac erTi kviris intervaliT, ori qarTuli eqspedicia avida. pirveli eqspediciis sulisCamdgmeli iyo giorgi nikolaZe, aTleti, geografiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, maTematikosi, metalurgi da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori. asvlis amsaxvel dRiurSi igi werda: `maRal mTebze asvlebis sxvadasxva awerilobaTa wakiTxvis Semdeg erTi sakiTxi gvebadeboda: ratom aris, rom ingliselebi, germanelebi, rusebi axerxeben maRal mwvervalebze asvlas da Cven, qarTvelebi ki, rom-

uSba

lebsac jomardobis (sportis) sxvadasxva dargSi didi unari gamogviCenia, mTasvlaSi ki (e.i. alpinizmSi) aqamdis sruliad araferi gagvikeTebia. `Tu sxvebs SeuZliaT, Cven miT ufro SevZlebT, radgan jomardobaSi daxelovnebulebi varT~, vfiqrobdiT da amitom TviT myinvarwverze asvla ganvizraxeT~.

cenci f on (1878 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 fikeri 956)

aTarxan Tavadma T ac d ma ax an T fikers. i, romlis cenci fon qa u aC dokument a b S ianma mTa u dadeSqel

suraTis centrSi: TaTarxan dadeSqeliani da cenci fon fikeri

mTamsvleloba

rogorc Cans, nikolaZis motivacia ufro sportul-patriotuli iyo. is grZnobda, rom qarTvelebi sportulad ukve sakmarisad gawafuli iyvnen, rom mTaSi evloT da amasTan, is ukmayofiloc iyo, rom amas aqamde mxolod ucxoelebi akeTebdnen. sabednierod, nikolaZis eqspedicia, romelSic xuTi qalic monawileobda, warmatebuli aRmoCnda da dasabami daudo rogorc qarTul, ise sabWoTa mTamsvlelobas. rogorc aRvniSne, imave wels, nikolaZis eqspediciidan ramdenime dReSi, myinvarwverze meore qarTuli jgufi avida, profesor aleqsandre didebuliZis xelmZRvanelobiT. am eqspidicias miznad hqonda mwvervalis geofizikuri Seswavla da isic warmatebuli gamodga. es eqspedicia kidev imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom masSi monawileobda aleqsandra jafariZe â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qarTuli alpinizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli.

li alikaSvi iagor kaz2-1935) (188

giorgi nikolaZe (1888-1931)

aleqsandra jafariZe qarTuli mTamsvlelobis pirveli dRidan Tavisi sicocxlis bolomde mTamsvlelobiTa da sportis am saxeobis popularizaciiT iyo dakavebuli. mis saxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli asvla sam umniSvnelovanes mTaze: myinvarwverze (1923), TeTnuldsa (1930) da uSbaze (1934). samwuxarod, TeTnuldze asvlas win didi tragedia uZRoda. 1929 wels am mTaze adioda giorgi nikolaZis gundi, romlis wevrebs Soris iyo aleqsandras Zma simon jafariZec. samwuxarod, jgufis erT-erT wevrs, pimen dvals, fexi daucda da masTan dasaxmareblad misuli simonic mowyvita. oriveni napralSi gadaeSvnen. am tragikuli SemTxvevidan zustad erTi wlis Semdeg mwverval TeTnuldze oTxkaciani eqspedicia avida, romlis wevrebic iyvnen: aleqsandra jafariZe, misi Zma alioSa jafariZe, adsil avaliani da legendaruli gamyoli, myinvarwverze pirveli (nikolaZis) eqspediciis monawile iagor kazalikaSvili. da-Zma jafariZeebma amgvarad miages pativi gardacvlili Zmis xsovnas. Tuki rodesme TbilisSi

aleqsandra jafariZe (1895-1974)

sporti veris parkSi moxvdebiT, ar daizaroT, gadiT mis boloSi, saidanac Tbilisze iSleba xedi da naxavT lods â&#x20AC;&#x201C; swored am adgilas arian dakrZaluli aleqsandra, simon da alioSa jafariZeebi. mTeli im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi iyo, mTamsvlelobas yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili ekava sportis sxva saxeobebs Soris. danamdvilebiT ver vityvi, magram amboben, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo iseTi moqalaqeebis yola, romelTac saomari viTarebisas samTo pirobebSi SeeZlebodaT gadarCena. is ki namdvilad faqtia, rom im dros mTamsvlelobas masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda. universitetebSi dafuZnebuli iyo specialuri kaTedrebi, yovelwliurad ewyoboda `alpiniadebi~, saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda ramdenime Zalian mniSvnelovani samwvrTnelo banaki, Cveni mTamsvlelebi dadiodnen banakebSi kavkasiis sxva regionebSi, tianSansa da pamirSi, ewyoboda Sejibrebi, rac mTamsvlelebs mudmivi zrdis stimuls aZlevda da a.S. gamorCeuli iyo am mxriv qarTveli mTamsvlelebis Zalisxmevac da Sedegebic. titulebis, miRwevebisa da gvarebis CamoTvla rom daviwyo, aucileblad vinme gamomrCeba, amitom vaxseneb mxolod imas, visi xsenebis gareSec ar SeiZleba qarTul mTamsvlelobaze laparaki. esaa mixeil xergiani â&#x20AC;&#x201C; albaT erT-erTi yvelaze titulovani qarTveli mekldeuri da mTamsvleli, romlis warmateba gascda sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebs. gadmocemiT, erT-erT saerTaSoriso Sejibrs britaneTis dedofalic eswreboda, romelmac saubarSi xergiani kldis vefxvad moixsenia. es britanuli wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba, magram CvenSi dRes yvelam icis, Tu vin aris `kldis vefxvi~. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis moaxloebasTan erTad qarTul mTamsvlelobaSic moxda ambavi, romelmac sakmaod didi xniT gamoiwvia erTgvari `depresia~ mTamsvlelTa sazogadoebaSi. 1984 wlis TebervalSi uSbaze qarTvel mTamsvlelTa didi jgufi gavida. asvla or jgufad gadawyvites. erTi meoris miyolebiT avidnen mwvervalze. rodesac meore jgufi daeSva, misma wevrebma mxolod maSin Seityves, rom pirveli jgufi zvavSi moyoliliyo. samwuxarod, verc erTi mTamsvleli ver gadarCa. eseni iyvnen: irakli geldiaSvili, gogi zumbaZe, devi TarxniSvili, murad WiWinaZe, daTo kobaxiZe da gia tuSuri. es danaklisi imdenad didi iyo, rom rogorc aRvniSne, qarTvel mTamsvlelTa sazogadoebas didi xani dasWirda Sokidan gamosasvlelad. amas daemata saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopoveba da gaCaRebuli ome-

mixeil xergiani (1932-1969)

mTamsvleloba

bi. bunebrivia, am periodSi aravis ecala mTamsvlelobisaTvis. moiSala infrastruqtura, ganadgurda banakebi, mTamsvlelobis arqivi. faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobdnen axalgazrda mTamsvlelebi da Zvelebic inerciiT da didi problemebis daZleviT axerxebdnen mTaSi siaruls. Tumca...â&#x20AC;Ś swored damoukideblobis Semdeg SeZles qarTvelma mTamsvlelebma didi xnis ocneba aexdinaT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; asuliyvnen everestze. pirveli qarTveli, vinc msoflios am umaRles mwvervalze asvla SeZlo, iyo roman giutaSvili 1991 wels. amis Semdeg, 1999 wels, moewyo erTdroulad ori qarTuli eqspedicia everestze. CrdiloeTis mxridan avida gia TorTlaZis jgufi: merab nemsiwveriZe, irakli ugulava, irakli cixiseli da merab xabazi. xolo samxreTis mxridan beno qaSakaSvilis gundi: afi gigani, biZina gujabiZe da lev sarqisovi. am ukanasknelma everestis imdroindeli rekordic moxsna. lev sarqisovi, 60 wlisa da 162 dRis asakisa, yvelaze xnieri adamiani iyo, visac ki odesme daudgams fexi jomolungmaze. dResdReobiT SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi mTamsvlelobis aRmavlobaa. sportis es saxeoba jer, ra Tqma unda, iseTi masobrivi ar aris, rogoric adre iyo da rogorsac visurvebdiT, magram sportuli TvalsazrisiT namdvilad didi winsvlaa. ukanasknel wlebSi axalgazrda qarTvel sportsmenebs hqondaT Zalian rTuli asvlebi rogorc saqarTvelos kavkasionze, ise sazRvargareT: tian-SanSi, pamirSi, himalaebsa Tu alpebSi. sportsmenebis garda, yovelwliurad ufro da ufro meti adamiani xvdeba mTebSi turistuli miznebiT da SeuZlebeirakli geldiaSvili, gogi zumbaZe, gia tuSuri, daTo kobaxiZe, devi TarxniSvili da murad WiWinaZe

sporti

beno qaSakaSvili

gia TorTlaZe

lia erTxel namyofi adamiani kidev erTxel ar dabrundes mTaSi. me amas zemoT `mowamvla~ vuwode. es Cemi gamogonili termini ar aris. mTamsvlelebs uyvarT am sityvis xseneba. axla mivxvdi, rom bevri araferi miTqvams imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos mTaSi momwamvleli – amasac getyviT da amiT davamTavroT: yvelaze TvalsaCino, rac gamoucdel adamiansac miaxvedrebs mTis xibls, aris mwvervalze asvla da am asvliT gamowveuli siamovnebis miReba. bevrs hgonia, rom maRlidan lamazi xedi iSleba da imitom dadis xalxi mTaSi. zogisTvis mizani fizikuri gantvirTvaa, zogisTvis – bunebasTan siaxlove da zogisTvis – yoveldRiurobidan Tavis daRweva. sinamdvileSi, es yvelaferi marTlac SeiZleba iyos mTaSi siarulis mizezi, magram simarTle isaa, rom ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli, zogadi mizezi – mizezi yvelas Tavisi aqvs. garda amisa, am zogad cnebebSi SeuZlebelia gadmoices is niuansebi, romlebic mTaSi siaruls axlavs. magaliTad, monotonuri, mdumare siaruli; mewyvilesTan sinqronizaciiT gamowveuli siamovneba; mewyvilis moZuleba sinqronizaciis vermiRwevis gamo; sakuTari daRlis sazRvrebis gamocda; Sesvenebis Semdeg mozRvavebuli energia; fiqrebi, romlebic TavSi trialebs SeuCereblad da garSemo myofi adamianebis miuxedavad – sruli simartove; cvlileba, romelsac mTaSi ganicdi... amboben, rom mTaSi siaruls adamianis Secvla SeuZlia da me momwons mTamsvlelobis aseTi gageba. SesaZloa, TanamedroveobaSi bevri Tanamoazre ar myavdes, Tumca maTi povna warsulSi SevZeli. Cems fiqrebTan yvelaze axlos italieli moazrovne da mTamsvlelobis didi propagandisti iulius evola dgas. ai, ras werda is mTaSi siarulis Sesaxeb: everesti

9 76

mTamsvleloba

mamuka cixiseli, merab xabazi da irakli ugulava

afi gigani, biZina gujabiZe da lev sarqisovi

`mxolod sakuTari resursebis amara darCenis SegrZneba, uimedo situaciaSi daxmarebis gareSe aRmoCena, mxolod sakuTari ZaliTa da sisusteebiT Semosili, sakuTari Tavis garda aravin rom aris, visac SeiZleba daeyrdno; erTi kldidan meoreze, erTi samagridan meoreze, qedidan qedze gadasvla, mtkiced, saaTobiT; simaRlisa da yvela mxridan moaxloebuli xifaTis SegrZnebiT; dabolos, sakuTari TviTdisciplinis sruli mobilizaciis rTuli testis gavlis Semdeg, eniT aRuwereli gaTavisuflebis, mziuri simartovisa da siCumis SegrZneba; brZolis dasasruli, SiSis damorCileba da usazRvro horizontis gamocxadeba, kilometrobiT da kilometrobiT, maSin, rodesac yvelaferi danarCeni dablaa – am yvelaferSi Cven WeSmaritad SegviZlia ganwmendis, gamoRviZebis, raRac transcendenturis xelaxla dabadebis namdvili SesaZlebloba vnaxoT~. me msgavsi ram ganmicdia da vadastureb, rom es Zalian ucnauri da sasiamovno gancdaa, romlisTvisac namdvilad Rirs mTaSi siaruli. vfiqrob, Cven, qarTvelebs, amis erTgvari valdebulebac gvaqvs, vinaidan dedamiwaze arcTu bevri qveyanaa, romelsac sakuTari mTaTa sistema aqvs. amas kargad acnobierebda pirveli qarTveli mTamsvleli giorgi nikolaZe, rodesac myinvarwverze asvlas gegmavda da rodesac Tavis Tavgadasavals momavali TaobebisTvis werda. minda, misi teqstis – `pirveli qarTuli asvla myinvarwverze~ – ukanaskneli abzaci SemogTavazoT, rogorc am Cemi teqstis dasasrulic, vinaidan masac da mec am momentSi erTi da igive ram gvamoZravebda: `etyobaT, rom bevrs Cveni mibaZva surs. Cvenc es gvindoda. Cveni survili is iyo, rom Cvens eqspedicias CvenSi mTasvlis SemoRebis da mgzavrosnobis, anu turizmis farTo gavrcelebis saZirkveli Caeyara. marTalia, mTasvla erTgvar nebisyofas, gambedaobasa da amasTanave xarjebsac moiTxovs, magram samagieroT adamianis codnas, gamZleobas da janmrTelobas Zlier win swevs da, rac mTavaria, aRmafrenis da simSvenieris mraval axals da maRal grZnobebs unergavs. me msurs, rom am Cveni asvlis ambavma ramdenimes mainc agrZnobinos survilis is dauSreteli cecxli, romelic mraval dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvis Semdeg mas myinvaris an sxva romelime maRal mTis mwvervalzed aiyvandes. aseTebs mivmarTav da vusurveb maT, Cveni gambedaoba gamoiCinon, magram amasTan erTad – Cveni sifrTxile da windaxedulebac~.

krosvordi

1 5

22 23 24

33 34

36 37 39

38 40

46 47

49 53

58 59 60

66 67

72 73 74

80 81

82 84

83 85 86

Sveulad 1. risame Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba; agebuleba, wyoba. 2. mtkiced dadgenili wesi, romlis dacvac savaldebuloa ama Tu im koleqtivis yvela wevrisaTvis. 3. saflavidan gvamis amoReba sasamarTlo-samedicino gamokvlevis mizniT. 4. visime an risame Tanmxlebi samxedro dacva, badraga.6. calkeuli moqmedeba. 7. monacvleoba, cvla; uflebamosili organos Semadgenlobis perioduli ganaxleba. 8. evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia. 9. nawarmoebis Seqmna misi Sesrulebis procesSive. 10. msaxiobTa koleqtivi, sazogadoebrivi dajgufeba. 11. mZleosnobis olimpiuri saxeoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; garbena distanciaze 42 km. 195 m. 13. specifikuri garemoebebi, romelSic an romlis drosac xdeba moqmedeba an movlena. 15. sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis wes- CveulebaTa erToblioba. 18. pirveli samecniero xarisxi, romelic eniWeba students sabazo umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg. 19. arakeTilsindisieri saSualebebiT (motyuebiT, cru dapirebebiT) gavlenis moxdena masebze ndobis mosapoveblad. 24. saxelmwifo balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis centralur nawilSi, iugoslaviis erT-erTi memkvidre. 26. dramatul nawarmoebTa Seqmnis xelovneba. 28. bavSvebis aRmzrdeli qali (Cveulebriv, ucxoeli) Tavadaznaurul an burJuaziul ojaxebSi. 30. adamianTa sazogadoebrivi fena, romlis profesiul saqmianobasac gonebrivi, umTavresad rTuli, SemoqmedebiTi Sroma Seadgens. 31. dedamiwis yvelaze didi nawili teritoriisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT. 32. armiis, flotis, samarTaldamcavi struqturebis sameTauro Semadgenlobis warmomadgeneli. 33. ganaCeni, gadawyvetileba (Cveulebriv, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosi). 38. asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT damuxtuli Wurvi. 39. risame rTuli da mniSvnelovani istoria, didi mniSvnelobis ambebi. 42. aRgznebuli, mxiaruli ganwyobileba, kmayofilebis, keTildReobis grZnoba, romelic ar Seesabameba obieqtur mdgomareobas. 44. ori an ramdenime movlenis, procesis erTdrouli mimdinareoba. 46. raime moqmedebis, saqmianobis SeTanxmeba, urTierTSefardeba. 50. udidesi mwuxarebis gancda-gamoxatva. 51. CrdiloeT koreis dedaqalaqi. 53. aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani, meore msoflio omis Semdgomi evropis rekonstruqciis gegmis avtori. 54. danadgari, romelic iyenebs radiotalRebs obieqtebis mosaZebnad rogoricaa TviTmfrinavi, gemi an wvima. 55. saxelmwifos sruli damoukidebloba saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi. 60. astronomiuli an geofizikuri dakvirvebisaTvis specialurad mowyobili Senoba. 61. qalaqi iaponia-