My World 30 by Rondeli Foundation

2020 30

literatura amerikuli literatura

oTxi ambavi Zvel baTumze

musika

didi qarTvelebi mitrofane laRiZe

1937-1938 wlebis masobrivi represiebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelo

muhajiroba

sabWoTa warsuli

maro mayaSvili

kavkasia

istoria qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobebis istoriidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; aleqsandre batoniSvili

qarTveli qalebi

eklesia saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia

volfgang amadeus mocarti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; legendebs miRma

30 2020

xarisxisa, romelSic unda aviyvanoT ricxvi (fuZed wodebuli), rom miviRoT mocemuli ricxvi. 76. dazianeba (fizikuri, sulieri) raime garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegad. 77. zRvis didi mtacebeli Tevzi. 78. juzepe verdis opera. 80. maxvili sityvaSi; xazgasma. 82. sabuTi, romelic adasturebs gamomgoneblis gansakuTrebul uflebas gamogonebaze. 83. mZime, damTrgunveli fsiqikuri mdgomareoba. 84. bunebrivi, cocxali nimuSi, romelsac xataven an aqandakeben. 85. azri, gadmocemuli xelnaweri an beWdviTi niSnebiT. 89. erTgvari niSnebis mqone sagnebis, movlenebis, cnebebis jgufi, rigi. 93. uwesrigod, araorganizebulad Sekrebili adamianebis didi jgufi. 94. Tavisufali formis narkvevi, romelSic ganxilulia literaturuli, filosofiuri, socialuri da sxva problemebi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

eldar bubulaSvili qeTevan qanTaria daviT jiSkariani levan asaTiani vaxtang guruli oTar janeliZe sulxan salaZe rusudan margiSvili levan berZeniSvili maia sigua

9. igivea, rac Wleqi. 11. naxazi, romelic grafikulad gamoxatavs garkveuli sidideebis Sefardebas. 14. adamiani, romelic ama Tu im sferoSi xangrZlivad moRvaweobda. 15. udidesi SemoqmedebiTi niWi, talanti. 16. saxelmwifoSi Sesvlis, mis teritoriaze yofnisa da iqidan gamgzavrebis ufleba, romelsac iZleva am qveynis xelisufleba. 18. cecxlmodebuli sagnis Tavze gaCenili mnaTi nawili. 19. samecniero da specialur saswavlo dawesebulebaTa saxelwodeba. 20. anZaze damagrebuli specialuri gamZle qsovili, romelic xomalds an navs qaris energiiT gadaaadgilebs. 21. moqmedebis, moRvaweobis are; asparezi. 22. samgzavro transportis Zveleburi saxeoba, romelSic cxenebs abamen. 24. raimes erToblioba, maragi. 26. mwvave infeqciuri daavadeba, axasiaTebs cxviris, xorxisa da xaxis lorwovani garsebis anTeba da organizmis saerTo mowamvla. 27. winaswar momzadebuli qmedeba samxedro da saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis dasangrevad, mwyobridan gamosayvanad. 29. saporto qalaqi iemenSi. 30. saxelmwifo evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi, skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze. 34. espaneli da portugalieli dampyroblebi, romlebmac amerikis kontinenti espanelTa batonobis qveS moaqcies. 35. ekonomikuri saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis misaRebad. 37. daumuSavebeli masala, romelic saWiroa raimes dasamzadeblad, produqciis Sesaqmnelad. 38. rkinis kaviani joxi Tevzis saWerad. 40. raime samuSaos Sesasrulebeli iaraRi. 41. istoriul-geografiuli mxare aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. 42. mdinare afrikaSi. miCneulia msoflios ugrZes mdinared. 44. dramatuli nawarmoebebis scenaze gansaxiereba. 47. eleqtruli mowyobiloba, romelic cvalebadi denis Zabvas zrdis an amcirebs. 49. oficialuri dokumenti, romelic iZleva raimes gakeTebis, raimeTi sargeblobis uflebas. 51. mzis RmerTi Zvel egviptur miTologiaSi. 52. Tavisuflebas moklebuli, uuflebo, Cagruli adamiani, romelic vinmes srul sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. 56. specialistebis mier raime sakiTxis ganxilva an gamokvleva daskvnis gamosatanad. 58. saerTo mdgomareobis, interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufi, garemo, sazogadoeba. 59. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dedaqalaqi. 60. fulis erTeuli amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da zog sxva qveyanaSi. 65. sabuTi, romlis mflobels aqvs gansazRvruli vadiT raimeTi sargeblobis ufleba. 66. qristianuli religiis mixedviT, adgili, sadac gardacvalebis Semdeg ganisvenebs monanie adamianis suli. 67. manqanis an xelsawyos Sinagani mowyobiloba, romelsac moZraobaSi mohyavs igi. 68. adamianis Tandayolili (fizikuri da fsiqikuri) SesaZlebloba, potenciali. 72. juzepe verdis opera, romlis premiera Sedga kairos operis TeatrSi. 73. klaviSebiani sasule musikaluri sakravi. 74. teqnikuri mowyobiloba, romelic energiis maRali koncentraciis mqone sinaTlis Zalze wvrili konis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. 75. yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba. 78. mcire simZlavris mimReb-gadamcemi radiosadguri, Cveulebriv, gadasatani an moZravi. 79. gamosaxuleba SuqmgrZnobiare firfitaze an firze, romelzec naTeli adgilebi Savadaa aRbeWdili, xolo bneli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TeTrad. 81. dasavleTis samyaroSi XX saukunis meore naxevridan axalgazrdebi, romelTac miaCniaT, rom adamianma sakuTari neba-surviliT unda icxovros. 83. siriis dedaqalaqi. 85. erTimeoreze miwyobiT Sekruli xis morebisgan damzadebuli wylis transportis saxeoba. 86. raimes uzrunvelyofis piroba. 87. moqmedebis, raimes keTebis unari, Zal-Rone. 88. Teatraluri warmodgena. 90. umaRlesi saswavleblis moswavle. 91. planeta iupiteris Tanamgzavri, romelic 1610 wels aRmoaCina galileo galileim. 92. ekonomikurad (politikurad) Zlieri struqturebis warmomadgenelTa jgufi, romelic zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifo politikaze. 95. literaturuli, filosofiuri, mecnieruli an musikaluri Txzuleba. 96. skola, romelic mxatvrebs an msaxiobebs amzadebs. 97. samkurnalo dawesebuleba, saavadmyofo umetesad samxedro pirTaTvis. 98. qristianuli dResaswauli.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `oTxi ambavi Zvel baTumze~

1. mze 2. sofizmi 4. eskalacia 5. ironia 6. samarTali 7. TaRliToba 8. medicina 9. wiaRi 10. pedagogi 11. sqesi 14. beduini 15. deduqcia 20. principi 22. sufraJizmi 25. inspiracia 26. romantizmi 28. banketi 29. Tavgadasavali 31. palimfsesti 32. astronavti 34.beladi 35. zalpi 36. kompania 43. vefxistyaosani 44. analogia 45. kartografia 46. horizonti 47. epizodi 48. suravandi 49. lingvistika 53. iunga 55. misia 58. vitamini 60. ianiCari 62. problema 67. israeli 68. niadagi 69. nimuSi 70. arqivi 72. raindi 73. katarRa 76. disko 80. tipi 82. roli

1. marsi 3. Selfi 10. personaJi 12. fragmenti 13. metafizika 16. gangsteri 17. eWvi 18. coli 19. rekomendacia 21. gnoseologia 23. baza 24. direqtoria 27. afra 28. bairoiTi 30. opera 33. operacia 34. borcvi 37. piTagora 38. impresario 39. diasaxlisi 40. Stormi 41. administracia 42. marSi 43. vada 50. laitmotivi 51. platoni 52. Jurnalisti 54. xibli 56. gazeTi 57.holivudi 59. sviringi 61. Stabi 63. avantiura 64. mazra 65. mdabio 66. katalogi 69. naTlia 71. lursmani 72. riski 74. raketa 75. wnexi 77. uvertiura 78. leqsikoni 79. auditoria 81. presa 83. indoeTi 84. bagiri 85. ojaxi

30 / 2020

eklesia eldar bubulaSvili saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalia

qarTveli qalebi

qeTevan qanTaria maro mayaSvili

sabWoTa warsuli daviT jiSkariani 1937-1938 wlebis masobrivi represiebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi

istoria levan asaTiani

34 qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobebis istoriidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; aleqsandre batoniSvili kavkasia

oTar janeliZe muhajiroba

saqarTvelo

sulxan salaZe oTxi ambavi Zvel baTumze

didi qarTvelebi rusudan margiSvili mitrofane laRiZe

literatura levan berZeniSvili

amerikuli literatura musika maia sigua volfgang amadeus mocarti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; legendebs miRma

eklesia

saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis avtokefalia

eldar bubulaSvili

saqarTvelos eklesia uZvelesi avtokefaliuri eklesiaa. sityva avtokefalia berZnulia da niSnavs TavisTavads, anu damoukidebels (αὐτός – TviT, κεφαλή – Tavi). avtokefalia aqvT mxolod marTlmadidebel eklesiebs, romlebsac adgilobriv eklesiebadac moixsenieben. amJamad msoflioSi arsebobs 15 marTlmadidebeli adgilobrivi eklesia. yoveli adgilobrivi, anu avtokefaliuri eklesia da maTi mwyemsmTavrebi Tanasworni arian – ar arsebobs ierarqiuli damokidebuleba erTmaneTze. TiToeuli avtokefaliuri eklesia, gare Carevis gareSe, saeklesio kanonikaze dayrdnobiT warmarTavs Tavis saqmianobas: irCevs mwyemsmTavrebs, episkoposebs, wyvets sxvadasxva saeklesio sakiTxs da a. S. marTalia, konstantinopolis patriarqi msoflio patriarqad iwodeba, magram misi es tituli nominaluria, radgan mas ar aqvs ufleba Caerios sxva avtokefaliuri eklesiebis saqmianobaSi. miuxedavad damoukideblobisa, avtokefaliuri eklesiebi, maT Soris, saqarTvelos eklesia, erTi wmida, kaTolike, anu sayovelTao da samociqulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiaa. avtokefaliur eklesiebs Soris arsebobs evqaristiuli, anu locviTi kavSiri. wirva-locvis dros yvela marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi xdeba adgilobrivi eklesiis meTaurTa moxsenieba rigiTobis mixedviT, rac diptiqis saxeliTaa cnobili. avtokefaliur eklesiebs ar SeiZleba vuwodoT erovnuli eklesiebi, vinaidan maT avtokefalia eniWebaT ara erovnuli, aramed teritoriuli niSniT. aqedan momdinareobs maTi saxelwodeba. mag.: saqarTvelos, ruseTis, saberZneTis eklesiebi da ara qarTvelTa, rusTa, berZenTa da sxva. eklesia, rogorc morwmuneTa krebuli, erTmaneTisagan ar ganarCevs adamianebs erovnebis

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

mixedviT, radgan isini „qristeSi imyofebian ara qarTvelebad, ara rusebad, aramed qristianebad“ (z. kiknaZe). martivad rom vTqvaT, eklesiisaTvis qristiani aris erovnebis gareSe. saeklesio kanonikidan gamomdinare, erovnuli niSnis mixedviT avtokefaliis Camoyalibeba dagmobilia 1872 wlis konstantinopolis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT da amas filetizms (berZ. φυλή – tomi) uwodeben. marTalia, saeklesio kanonikiT ar aris dadgenili avtokefaliis miniWebis wesebi, magram cnobilia, rom avtokefalias iRebs eklesia deda eklesiis TanxmobiTa da surviliT. avtokefaliuri eklesiisaTvis saWiroa teritoriuli suvereniteti, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, aRmsareblobis SenarCuneba da kanonikis farglebSi damoukidebeli saqmianobis warmarTva. aRiarebulia, rom adreul etapze yvela eklesia avtokefaliuri iyo, Semdgom ki sxvadasxva politikuri procesis gamo, maT dakarges damoukidebloba da msxvili eklesiebis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen. saqarTvelos eklesiam avtokefaliis miRebamde didi gza gaiara. saqarTveloSi qristianobas pirvelive saukunidan moci-

wminda ninos bareliefi oSkidan, amJamad dakargulia

qulebi avrcelebdnen da amitom iTvleba da iwodeba samociqulo eklesiad. mociqulTa Semdeg, II-III saukuneebSi, qristianuli Temebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arsebobda, rac arqeologiuradac dasturdeba. IV s-is pirvel naxevarSi, wm. ninos dros, mefe mirianma xalxi gaagzavna saberZneTSi, samRvdeloebis mosawvevad. imperatorma konstantinem antioqiis sapatriarqodan qarTlis moqcevisa da sasuliero pirTa dadgenisaTvis gamogzavna samRvdeloeba. antioqiis sapatriarqos xeldasxmiT samefo kari da qarTlis mosaxleoba 326 wels mcxeTaSi moinaTla da qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadda. am gziT, IV s-dan saqarTvelos eklesia antioqiis patriarqis daqvemdebarebaSia. zogierTi wyaros mixedviT, pirveli mRvdelmTavris kurTxevisaTvis mcxeTaSi Camosula antioqiis patriarqi estate. aRsaniSnavia, rom antioqiis patriarqis titulaturaSi iveriis eklesia dRemde moixsenieba nominalurad, rac adasturebs, rom qarTlis eklesia antioqiis sapatriarqoze iyo damokidebuli. maTi xeldasxmiT mcxeTaSi ikurTxebodnen episkoposebi da mwyemsmTavari, romelic mTavarepiskoposis xarisxs atarebda.

imperatori konstantine I didi (272-337)

V s-is meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesio reformiT, antioqiis sapatriarqosgan saqarTvelos eklesiam miiRo avtokefalia, mis mwyemsmTavars ki kaTolikosis (berZn. sayovelTao) wodeba mieniWa. qar-

eklesia Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, sparseTis uRelqveS myofi vaxtang gorgasali bizantiis winaaRmdeg gamarTul erT-erT brZolaSi daaxloebia datyvevebul berebs – petres da samoels. maTi rCeviTa da RvTis gamocxadebiT mefes Seucvlia politikuri orientacia da bizantiisaken gadaxrila. vaxtang gorgaslis TxovniT, antioqiis patriarqs petre kaTolikosad ukurTxebia, samoeli – mTavarepiskoposad, xolo saqarTvelodan gagzavnili 12 sasuliero piri episkoposebad daudgenia. am gadawyvetilebas gaunawyenebia qarTlis maSindeli mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli, romelsac mefisaTvis fizikuri Seuracxyofac miuyenebia, ris gamoc igi saberZneTSi gauwveviaT da dasasjelad monasterSi gaumwesebiaT. sagulisxmoa, rom daadgines 12 episkoposi, rac qristes 12 mowafis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. amasTan, miCneulia, rom minimum 12 episkoposi aucilebeli pirobaa damoukidebeli, avtokefaliuri eklesiis dafuZnebisTvis. vaxtang gorgasalma avtokefaliuri eklesia daafuZna teritoriuli principiT, romlis iurisdiqcia saxelmwifos sazRvrebs emTxveoda da mas eqvemdebareboda am teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveli da araqarTveli marTlmadidebeli mrevli. avtokefaliis mopovebasTan erTad, saqarTvelos eklesias, wesiT, unda mieRo mironis kurTxevis uflebac, radgan mironis kurTxeva yoveli damoukidebeli eklesiis aucilebeli pirobaa. Tumca, avtokefaliis miRebasTan erTad mironis kurTxevis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar gvaqvs, sxva wyaroebiT (grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, efrem mcire) ki, es ufleba saqarTvelos eklesias IX s-dan aqvs. vaxtang gorgaslis saeklesio reformas, religiuris garda, politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. am nabijiT mefem zurgi aqcia mazdeanur sparseTs da politikuri orientacia bizantiis imperiisken gadaitana. avtokefaliis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurebad Tavdapirvelad berZen ierarqebs akurTxebdnen, xolo VI s-is 40-iani wlebidan – qarTvelebs. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis SemoRebiT RvTismsaxurebaSi damkvidrda ierusalimuri wesgangeba, romelic qarTul enaze sruldeboda. V-VI ss.-Si qarTul enaze ukve arsebobs saRvTismsaxuro literatura; eklesias gauCnda pirveli wmindanebic: raJden pirvelmowame (V s-is mirian III

antioqiis patriarqi estate

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

II naxevari), SuSaniki. daiwera hagiografiuli Txzulebani. RvTismsaxurebaSi damkvidrda mravalxmiani saeklesio sagalobeli, aSenda taZrebi, ganviTarda saeklesio xelovneba da kultura, eklesia-monastrebi iqca ganaTlebis kerebad. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTTan keTilganwyobili urTierToba hqondaT. eklesia ar ereoda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi, magram mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. feodaluri daqucmacebis dros mas xSirad ukisria gamaerTianeblis misia. Tavis mxriv, arc saxelmwifo ereoda eklesiis saqmeebSi. igi iyo garegani mfarveli da xelSemwyobi saeklesio cxovrebisa, exmareboda eklesiis organizaciis srulyofas, saerTaSoriso poziciebis ganmtkicebas, eklesias swiravda yma-glexebs mamulebiT, exmareboda ucxoeTSi qarTuli qristianuli kerebis dafuZnebaSi da sxva. saeklesio kanonikiT, eklesiis mwyemsmTavris rezidencia qveynis dedaqalaqSi – mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis taZarSi iyo. VI s-Si, roca dedaqalaqi TbilisSi gadavida, mwyemsmTavris rezidenciisTvis aSenda anCisxatis eklesia. Tumca, tradiciulad, mcxeTis sveticxoveli darCa mis saydrad, sadac uZvelesi droidan xdeboda da dResac xdeba episkoposebisa da kaTolikosebis xeldasxma. aqve akurTxebdnen qarTvel mefeebs.

`SuSanikis wamebis~ ilustracia

saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavari avtokefaliis dafuZnebamde mTavarepiskoposis (berZn. arqiepiskoposi) xarisxs atarebda, avtokefaliis miRebis Semdeg – kaTolikosis (sayovelTao) tituls, xolo X s-dan – patriarqisas (berZn. mamamTavari). patriarqis saxelTan erTad saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavari kaTolikosis tituliTac moixsenieboda, zogjer – mxolod erTiT, zogjer – orive wodebiT. misi rezidencia wyaroebSi dasaxelebulia „mcxeTis sakaTalikosod“ an „mcxeTis sapatriarqod.“ unda aRiniSnos, rom „kaTolikosis“ tituli Se-

vaxtang gorgasali kaTolikosi petre

episkoposi samoeli

eklesia moiRes bizantiis imperiis gareT mdebare qveynebSi, romlebic sparseTis gavlenis qveS iyvnen moqceuli. aseTi wodeba saqarTvelos garda damkvidrda somxeTsa da siriaSic. msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesiebs Soris mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavari moixsenieba kaTolikos-patriarqis tituliT.

anCisxatis eklesia Zvel TbilisSi

saqarTvelos eklesias XII-XIII ss.-Si eqvemdebareboda CrdiloeT kavkasiasa (xunZaxi, anwuxi, waxuri) da somxeTSi (valaSkerti, anisi, kari) arsebuli marTlmadidebeli eparqiebic. qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebiT, saqarTvelos eklesias me-6 adgili ekava romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis sapatriarqoebis Semdeg. roca romi, sqizmis (gayofa) Sedegad (1054), CamoSorda erTian kaTolike eklesias, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos eklesias me-5 adgilze unda gadaenacvla, magram XVI s-Si (1589) konstantinopolis patriarqma ruseTis eklesias mianiWa avtokefalia da me-5 adgili â&#x20AC;&#x201C; romis eklesiis nacvlad. saqarTvelos eklesiam isev istoriuli me-6 adgili SeinarCuna. XV s-Si, feodaluri daqucmacebis dros, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias safrTxe daemuqra. mcxeTis sakaTalikoso kvlav cdilobda gamaerTianebeli rolis Sesrulebas, magram samefo-samTavroebi da zogierTi maRali ierarqic xels uwyobdnen religiur separatizms. TiToeul samefos surda Tavis teritoriaze hyoloda morCili samRvdeloeba, romelic mcxeTis sakaTalikososgan damoukidebel politikas gaatarebda. XV s-is 70-ian wlebSi, imereTis mefis bagrat VI-is (1466-1478) surviliT, saqarTveloSi Camosulma ierusalimisa da an-

tioqiis patriarqma miqaelma, mcxeTis sapatriarqosTan SeuTanxmeblad, lixT-imereTis, anu afxazeTis kaTolikosad akurTxa ioakime, romlis rezidencia jer biWvinTaSi iyo, xolo XVI s-is 60-ian wlebSi quTaisSi, bagratis taZarSi gadavida. mcxeTis sapatriarqosagan afxazeTis sakaTalikosos gamoyofa dogmaturi uTanxmoebis gamo ar momxdara. es mxolod politikurma motivma ganapiroba, maT Soris evqaristiuli kavSiri arasodes gawyvetila da xSirad isini saerTo sakiTxebs erToblivad wyvetdnen. XVI-XVIII ss.-Si, iran-osmaleTis Semosevebis gamo, sagrZnoblad SeizRuda saqarTvelos avtokefaliuri eklesiis sazRvrebi. osmaleTis mier mitacebul samxreT saqarT-

sveticxoveli

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis Semdeg, roca caristuli ruseTi aramarTlmadidebel qarTvelebs im erovnebis warmomadgenlebad miiCnevda, romelTa sarwmunoebasac isini aRiarebdnen.

1054 wlis didi sqizma

veloSi arsebuli 13 eparqia gauqmda, darCenili mosaxleoba gamahmadianda, eklesia-monastrebi ganadgurda, nawili – meCeTebad gadaakeTes. saxelmwifos mzrunvelobas moklebuli eklesia TandaTan Sesustda. gareSe mterTa Semosevebisa da qveynis SigniT arsebuli politikuri situaciis gamo XVI-XVIII ss.-Si Camoyalibda qarTvelTa religiur-konfesiuri jgufebi: samxreT saqarTvelosa da saingiloSi mosaxleoba gamahmadianda, mrevlis nawili kaTolike gaxda, nawili somxur-grigorianul sarwmunoebas miemxro. sarwmunoebrivma sxvadasxvaobam qarTvelTa erovnul identobas safrTxe Seuqmna, gansakuTrebiT,

bagrat IV (1018-1072)

erTmorwmune mezobel ruseTTan daaxloebam saqarTvelos sikeTe ver moutana – ruseTma XIX s-is dasawyisSi gaauqma qarTlkaxeTisa (1801) da imereTis (1810) samefoebi. kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-is saqarTvelodan gawvevis Semdeg ki, 1811 wlis 30 ivniss, ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia saeklesio kanonebis uxeSi darRveviT gaauqma. igive bedi gaiziara dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebulma sakaTalikosom – 1814 wels manac Sewyvita arseboba. caristulma xelisuflebam avtokefaliagauqmebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizacia ise moaxdina, rom maqsimalurad daaxloeboda ruseTSi arsebul saeklesio mmarTvelobas (ruseTSi jer kidev petre I-is (1689-1725) droidan iyo patriarqoba gauqmebuli da eklesias marTavda ruseTis sinodi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda saero piri – ober-prokurori). kaTolikos-patriarqis nacvlad dawesda egzarqosis Tanamdeboba, romelsac ruseTis sinodSi mudmivi, meoTxe, adgili ekava. pirvel egzarqosad dainiSna qarTveli mitropoliti varlam erisTavi (1811-1817). 18171917 wlebSi saqarTvelos egzarqosebad iniSnebodnen qarTuli enis ucodinari rusi ierarqebi, romelTac warmodgena ar hqondaT TavianTi samwysos kulturasa da istoriaze. egzarqosi, rogorc ruseTis sasuliero biurokratiuli xelisuflebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare atarebda im politikas, rac carizmisaTvis iyo misaRebi. egzarqos-

bagratis taZari

eklesia Ta umravlesoba, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, eklesia-monastrebis ZarcviTa da simdidris dagrovebiT iyo dakavebuli da mrevlSi avtoriteti ar hqonda. mZime iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebiT gamowveuli Sedegebi: sagrZnoblad Semcirda eparqiebis, eklesiamonastrebisa da qarTveli samRvdeloebis ricxvi. saqarTvelos eklesiis qoneba xazinis sakuTrebad gamocxadda. agebdnen mravalgumbaTian, e.w. „xaxvisebrgumbaTian“ rusuli stilis eklesiebs, romlebsac, ZiriTadad, rusi wmindanebis saxelze akurTxebdnen. sasuliero pirebi jamagirs saxelmwifos biujetidan iRebdnen da, bunebrivia, xelisuflebis politikas atarebdnen. wirvalocva saeklesio slavur enaze sruldeboda. eklesia-monastrebis winamZRvrebad rusi erovnebis samRvdeloeba iniSneboda. umoqmedod darCenili eklesiebi nadgurdeboda an sxva aRmsareblobis sasuliero pirebi isakuTrebdnen. sasuliero pirebis momzadeba xdeboda 1817 wels TbilisSi da 1894 wels quaTaisSi daarsebul rusul sasuliero seminariebSi.

aleqsandre I (1777-1825)

kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II (1762-1827)

qarTveli xalxis erovnuli erTianobis daSlis mizniT, ruseTis carizmma megrelebi da svanebi araqarTvelebad gamoacxada. maTi survili iyo wirva-locvis megrulad da svanurad SemoReba. amisaTvis megrulad da svanurad iTargmna „mamao Cveno“ da sxva locvebi, magram am politikis winaaRmdeg xma aRimaRla qarTvelma sazogadoebam da, rac mTavaria, Targmnili locvebi ar miiRo adgilobrivma mosaxleobam. XIX s-is meore naxevarSi carizmma antiqarTuli politika gaaZliera afxazeTSi. am mxaris rusifikaciisa da qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-istoriuli erTianobis darRvevis mizniT ruseTma sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTa: 1875 wels daarsda svimon kananelis saxelobis rusuli monasteri; 1885 wels aRdga soxumis eparqia, romlis mmarTvelebad rusi mRvdelmTavrebi iniSnebodnen. afxazeTis saqarTvelodan CamoSorebis mizniT SeimuSaves proeqti, romlis mixedviTac, afxazeTis olqi da soxumis eparqia unda SeerTeboda yubanis olqs. afxazeTis mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis gamo ruseTma es ganzraxva ver Seisrula. qarTveli sazogadoeba da samRvdeloeba arasodes Serigebia avtokefaliis dakargvas da rusi biurokrati moxeleebis Tavnebobas. saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas mniSvnelovani adgili

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

mitropoliti varlam erisTavi (1763-1830)

ekava erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi. araerTi sasuliero piri Seewira carizmis Zalmomreobas, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia dosiTeos quTaTeli (1820) da eqvTime gaenaTeli (1822), mRvdeli filadelfos kiknaZe (1833) da sxvebi. XIX s-is meore naxevarSi Tergdaleulebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili da sxvebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe mdgari saWirboroto sakiTxebis gaSuqebas, amxeldnen carizmis antiqarTul saeklesio politikas, moiTxovdnen sasuliero saswavleblebSi qarTuli enisa da erovnuli sagnebis swavlebas.

svimon kananelis saxelobis rusuli monasteri

petre I (1672-1725)

carizmis saeklesio politikis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad ibrZodnen qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi: episkoposebi gabriel qiqoZe, aleqsandre oqropiriZe, kirion saZagliSvili, leonide oqropiriZe, arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia, dekanozi kalistrate da sxvebi. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena qarTvelma sasuliero pirebma da sazogado moRvaweebma 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros moiTxoves. qarTvelTa kanonier moTxovnas mefis xelisufleba uaryofiTad Sexvda. daiwyo avtokefaliis momxreTa devna, episkoposi kirion saZagliSvili da arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia saqarTvelodan ruseTis Soreul eparqiebSi gadaasaxles.â&#x20AC;Ś..

eklesia 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas eklesia didi sixaruliT Sexvda da yovelmxriv gverdSi edga axali saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis saqmes. ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena erovnuli niSnis mixedviT da amis Sesabamisad, 1917 wlis 11 ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT, TbilisSi kavkasiis saegzarqosos Seqmnas Seudga, romelsac rusi da survilisamebr sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi daemorCilebodnen. imave wlis 25 ivlisis debulebiT, qarTuli eklesiis mwyemsmTavars mxolod qarTuli erovnebis mrevli daemorCileboda. orive eklesiis mwyemsmTavris rezidenciad Tbilisi cxaddeboda, rac saeklesio kanonikiT akrZalulia da filetizmis gaeqvTime gaenaTeli movlinebaa. qarTvelma sasuliero pirebma dosiTeos quTaTeli mkveTrad uaryofiTi pozicia gamoxates am gadawyvetilebis mimarT. Tavis mxriv, rusecarizmis damxobis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 25 Tis sinodi ar cnobda saqarTvelos eklesi(12) marts, qarTvelma samRvdeloebam, mrais avtokefalias da amierkavkasiis rus valricxovan saero pirTa TandaswrebiT, mrevls mouwoda, monawileoba ar mieRo qarmcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarTvel sasuliero pirTa mRvdelmsaxurebaSi. Si, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia aRdgenilad gamoacxada. es iyo udidesi mniSvne1917 wlis 8-17 seqtebers TbilisSi galobis kulturul-politikuri aqti qarmarTulma pirvelma saeklesio krebam ar gaTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis gzaze. iTvaliswina ruseTis saero da sasuliero qarTveli sasuliero pirebi avtokefaliis xelisufalTa moTxovnebi da saeklesio kagamocxadebisTanave dauyovnebliv moiTnonikis sruli dacviT eklesiis mmarTveloxovdnen ruseTidan gamoyofas da saxelmwiba daafuZna ara erovnuli, aramed teritofoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas, radriuli niSniT da airCia mwyemsmTavrad kirigan damoukidebel eklesias „uZlevel zRuon II (saZagliSvili), romelmac momxdari ded da galavnad unda Semovleboda politifaqtis Sesaxeb mimarTvebi gaugzavna aRmokurad Tavisufali saqarTvelo“. 1918 wlis savleTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTaurebs (konstantinopoli, antioqia, ierusalimi, aleqsandria), romis paps da somxeTis kaTolikoss.

gabriel episkoposi, eriskacobaSi gerasime maqsimes Ze qiqoZe (1825-1896) – qarTveli sasuliero moRvawe, mecnieri da pedagogi, imereTis episkoposi 1860-1896 wlebSi. iyo „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da sapatio wevri. sakuTari saxsrebiT gaxsna ramdenime saxalxo da samrevlo skola. quTaisSi daaarsa qalTa eparqiuli saswavlebeli da sasuliero seminaria. aRadgina mravali dangreuli taZari, zrunavda qristianobis ganmtkicebaze. ibrZoda carizmis rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, qarTuli enis dasacavad da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad. gabriel episkoposs ekuTvnis araerTi naSromi saqarTveloSi qristianobis istoriisa da saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebze, kapitaluri naSromi „cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi“, cnobilia misi sityvebi da qadagebani, Semdgom wignad gamoceuli. misi piradi arqivi daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi. gaGrdaicvala 1896 wlis 26 dekembers da dakrZalulia gelaTis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi. 1995 wels saqarTvelos eklesiam gabriel episkoposi wmindanad Seracxa.

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

1917 wlis saeklesio krebis monawileebi

ruseTis eklesia uaryofiTad Sexvda patriarqis dadginebas. axladarCeulma ruseTis patriarqma tixonma 1917 wlis 29 dkembers qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs muqaris epistole gamougzavna, saeklesio kanonebis darRvevasa da sqizmaSi daadanaSaula. patriarq leonides (oqropiriZe) saxeliT, 1919 wlis 5 agvistos, ruseTis patriarq tixons saeklesio kanonikur samarTalze dafuZnebuli sapasuxo epistole gaegzavna. epistoles ruseTis patriarqi ar gamoxmaurebia, amis Semdeg am or eklesias Soris Sewyda evqaristiuli kavSiri. maleve, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1919 wlis Tebervlis gadawyvetilebiT, gauqmda kavkasiis saegzarqoso – qarTuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saqmianobis gamo. ruseTisgan saqarTvelos eklesiis Seviwroeba amiT ar dasrulebula. saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis (1921 wlis Tebervali) Semdeg eklesia kanongareSed gamocxadda, daixura eklesia-monastrebi, daiwyo samRvdeloebis devna, saeklesio siwmindeebis Zarcva-ganadgureba. ruseTis eklesia yovelgvari meTodebiT uSlida xels saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso aRiarebas. misi „damsaxurebiT“ saqarTvelos eklesia ar miiwvies marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa msoflio krebaze, romelic, marTalia, ar Catarebula, magram armiwvevis gamo saqarTvelos eklesiam 1926 wels sayveduris epistole gaugzavna konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqs. ruseTis eklesiis qmedebiT, saqarTvelos eklesia izolaciaSi moeqca, ramac arasasurveli Sedegebi gamoiRo. 1920 wels konstantinopolis patriarqma avtokefalia mianiWa serbeTis eklesias da diptiqSi me-6 adgili miuCina, 1925

episkoposi aleqsandre, eriskacobaSi aleqsi daviTis Ze oqropiriZe (1824-1907) – qarTveli saeklesio da sazogado moRvawe. goris sasuliero saswavleblisa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis Semdeg daamTavra yazanis sasuliero akademia. samSobloSi dabrunebuli, jer iyo maswavlebeli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, Semdeg – afxazeTis arqimandriti, afxazeTis episkoposi, goris episkoposi, qarTl-kaxeTis eparqiis qorepiskoposi, guriis episkoposi, guria-samegrelos episkoposi. iRvwoda qarTuli enisa da kulturis dasacavad. dasva sakiTxi saqarTvelos sasuliero skolebSi qarTuli enis savaldebulo sagnad SemoRebis Sesaxeb. 1903 wels gadaayenes Tanamdebobidan. aleqsandrem sakuTari saxsrebiT dabeWda ramdenime qarTuli saero da saeklesio Zegli, Seagrovebina da gamoacemina xalxSi gabneuli qarTuli sagaloblebi. SeakeTa da ganaaxla SiomRvime, zedazeni, jvari da daviTgareja. didZali fuli Seswira `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ da saeklesio muzeums, Rarib mowafeTa dasaxmareblad daawesa stipendiebi. dakrZalulia SiomRvimis monastris RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi.

eklesia wels rumineTis eklesias mieniWa avtokefalia da me-7 adgilze dadginda, xolo 1953 wels – bulgareTis eklesias da man me-8 adgili daikava. am garemebaTa gamo, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos diptiqiT, saqarTvelos eklesia dRemde me-9 adgilzea, maSin, roca sxva yvela sapatriarqo saqarTvelos eklesias me-6 adgilze moixseniebs. meore msoflio omis dros, 1943 wlis 19 noembers, moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq sergis TavmjdomareobiT gamarTuli saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTisa da saqarTvelos eklesiebs Soris aRdga evqaristiuli, anu locviTi kavSiri. saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli rusuli samrevloebi daeqvemdebarnen saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqcias. saqarTvelos eklesias samwysod gadmoeca somxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebeli mrevli. rac Seexeba saingilos qarTul eklesiebs da qarTvel mrevls, igi dRemde oficialurad ruseTis eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia da mxolod sityvieri SeTanxmebiT xdeba iq qarTveli moZRvris gagzavna.

leonide oqropiriZe da kirion II

kirion II, eriskacobaSi giorgi saZagliSvili (1855-1918) – avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli kaTolikos-patriarqi (1917-1918), sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe, istorikosi. ganaTlebis miRebisa da kievis sasuliero akademiis RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis xarisxiT dasrulebis Semdeg jer odesis sasuliero seminariis inspeqtoris TanaSemwed muSaobda, Semdeg, 1883-1897 wlebSi – pedagogad gorSi, TelavSi, quTaisSi, TbilisSi. 1886 wels dainiSna saqarTvelos monastrebis blagoCinad da kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis skolebis inspeqtosabWoTa reJimis dros saqarTvelos ekrad; daaarsa samrevlo skolebi, wignsacavebi da lesias aqtiuri urTierToba ar hqonia sxva biblioTekebi, amave dros qarTul da rusul Jurnal-gazeTebSi fsevdonimebiT (iverieli, saZageqveynebis marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan. lovi, liaxveli) aqveynebda werilebs saqarTvelos konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqi saeklesiis istoriis, xalxuri zepirsityvierebis, qarTvelos eklesias ar moixseniebda avqarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb. 1897 w. aRikveca betokefaliur eklesiad, gaurkveveli iyo rad, ewoda kirioni. RvTismsaxurebis paralelurad krebda xalxuri sityvierebis nimuSebs, swavlobda xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, muSaobda eklesiamonastrebis siZveleebze. Tbilisis saeklesio muzeumsa da qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis siZveleTa sacavs Seswira eklesia-monastrebSi mikvleuli da saojaxo koleqciebidan mopovebuli xelnawerebi. kirioni iyo udidesi qvelmoqmedi, misi materialuri daxmarebiT uamravma axalgazrdam miiRo ganaTleba sazRvargareT. 1898 wlis agvistoSi arqimandriti kirioni akurTxes alaverdis episkoposad. 1901 wlidan iyo goris episkoposi. im droisaTvis saqarTvelos saegzarqosom SeniSna, rom kirionis irgvliv Tavs iyrida ganaTlebuli samRvdeloeba, romelic aSkarad gamoxatavda ukmayofilebas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis gamo. mas Semdeg mTavroba kirions ruseTis sxvadasxva eparqiaSi agzavnida, 1906 wels – soxumSi msaxurobda, Semdeg – kvlav ruseTSi. 1907 wlis seqtemberSi kirions ufleba ar misces saqarTveloSi Camosuliyo da ukanaskneli pativi miego ilia WavWavaZis cxedrisTvis. man mxolod depeSis gamogzavna moaxerxa. 1908 wels kirions mTavrobis dadgenilebiT CamoarTves episkoposis wodeba da daapatimres, savaraudod, mTavrobis simkacris mizezi iyo kirionis daucxromeli brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis. kirionis devna mTavrobam mxolod 1915 wels Sewyvita, daniSnes polockisa da vitebskis episkoposad, magram samSobloSi Camosvlis neba ar misces. 1917 wels aRdga saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia da qarTveli sazogadoebis daJinebuli moTxovniT 1917 wlis zafxulSi episkoposi kirioni samSoblosken gamoemgzavra. seqtemberSi sruliad saqarTvelos saeklesio krebaze, romelic TbilisSi Catarda, episkoposi kirioni kaTolikos-patriarqad airCies da sazeimod akurTxes imave wlis 1 oqtombers. 1918 wlis 26 ivniss kirion kaTolikosi mokluli ipoves martyofis monastris sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi. 2002 wlis 17 oqtombris wmida sinodis sxdomaze mowameobrivad aRsrulebuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II wmidanad Seiracxa.

ambrosi, eriskacobaSi besarion zosimes Ze xelaia (1861-1927) – sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi 1921-1927 wlebSi, qarTveli sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe, mecnieri, saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri. ibrZoda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad. 1995 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam igi wmindanad Seracxa wmida mRvdelmTavar ambrosi aRmsareblis saxeliT (ambrosi xelaias Sesaxeb ix. „Cemi samyaro“ 4 # ).

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia

leonide, eriskacobaSi longinoz solomonis Ze oqropiriZe (1861-1921) – qarTveli sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi 1919-1921 wlebSi. episkopos aleqsandre oqropiriZis ZmisSvili. iyo aRiarebuli mqadagebeli. aqtiurad ibrZoda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad. 1898-1918 ww.-Si iyo goris, imereTisa da guria-samegrelos episkoposi, Tbilisis mitropoliti. 1917 wlis 12 martidan 1917 wlis 17 seqtembramde – saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveli. 1917 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos eklesiis I krebaze kenWs iyrida kaTolikos-patriarqad, Tumca 12 xmiT damarcxda kirion II-sTan. kirion II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1920 wels, saqarTvelos eklesiis II krebaze arCevnebis gareSe daamtkices saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad. gardaicvala 1921 wels, qoleriT, TbilisSi, sapatriarqo rezidenciaSi. dakrZalulia Tbilisis sionis sakaTedro taZarSi. ilia II

mwyemsmTavris titulaturac. kaTolikos-patriarq ilia II-is aRsaydrebis Semdeg (1978) es sakiTxebi aqtualuri gaxda. konstantinopolis sapatriarqosTan urTierTobam da vizitebma saTanado Sedegi gamoiRo. maT waredginaT saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriulad arsebuli avtokefaliis damadasturebeli ucxouri da qarTuli wyaroebi, romlebic qarTvelma mkvlevrebma moiZies. xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg, 1990 wlis 4 marts, konstantinopolis patriarqma dimitrios I-ma sagangebo tomosiT (sigeli) daadastura saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriuli avtokefalia. manve, meore tomosiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis mwemsmTavars mianiWa titulatura iseTive formiT, rogoriTac igi manamde iwodeboda – „sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi“. diptiqis sakiTxi dRemde sadavo rCeba – rogorc iTqva, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos diptiqis mixedviT saqarTvelos eklesia me-9 adgilze moixsenieba. kalistrate, eriskacobaSi kalistrate (biWiko) mixeilis Ze cincaZe (1866-1952) – qarTveli sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe, mecnieri, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposi 1932-1952 wlebSi. siyrmidanve iyo CarTuli saqarTvelos cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebSi: 1886 wlis 24 maiss misma Tanakurselma Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla reqtori Cudecki, rasac mohyva cnobili movlenebi – saqarTvelos egzarqosma pavlem Cudecki ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi da religiuri interesebisaTvis wamebulad warmoaCina da Tbilisis wm. aleqsandre nevelis sax. eklesiaSi qarTveli eri sajarod dawyevla, rasac mohyva dimitri yifianis protesti da tragikuli istoria. es ambebi iqca ruseTis reaqciuli politikis winaaRmdeg brZolis dasawyisad da seminarieli kalistrate cincaZec monawileobda am movlenebSi – samSoblos interesebisTvis brZola mis samoqmedo gegmad iqca. saqarTvelos politikur Tu saeklesio cxovrebaSi ar momxdara raime mniSvnelovani, sadac kalistrate cincaZes monawileoba ar mieRos. igi aqtiurad ibrZoda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad. avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg ki, dekanozi kalistrate jer saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobaSi airCies, xolo Semdeg – saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mmarTvelobis umaRles organoSi, sakaTalikoso sabWoSi. igi monawileobda yvela im molaparakebaSi, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis problemebs exeboda. 1923 wlis ianvarSi dekanozi kalistrate, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebTan erTad, antisabWoTa saqmianobis braldebiT daapatimres. cixeSi 3 weli gaatara. mas devnidnen da aviwroebdnen. 1932 wlis 21 ivniss saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis me-6 krebaze kalistrate cincaZe arCeul iqna sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad. 24 ivniss sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi moxda misi aRsaydreba. kalistrate cincaZe qaSueTis wmida giorgis eklesiis aSenebis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo. aqvs istoriuli da literaturuli Sinaarsis mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi da werilebi. misi Sedgenili iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendrebi 1930-1952 wlebSi. patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe aResrula 1952 wlis 3 Tebervals, 86 wlis asakSi. misi neSti dakrZalulia sionis taZarSi.

qarTveli qalebi

maro mayaSvili qeTevan qanTaria „...geamborebiT, Zmebo, Svilebo, SviliSvilebo, imedno awmyos da momavlisano, bebia kato gabaSvili“, – ase awerda xels ekaterine gabaSvili amaRelvebel werils, romliTac saqarTvelos xelaxla mopovebul damoukideblobas egebeboda gazeT `xma qarTveli qalisas“ erT-erT gverdze, daujerebeli bednierebisagan Tavbrudaxveuli, rogorc mTeli saqarTvelo 1918 wlis maisis bolo dReebSi. 1921 wlis 20 maiss `qarTvel qalTa kreba~ ufros SviliSvilze, maro mayaSvilze, mgloviare kato gabaSvils am sityvebiT Seegeba: `Zvirfaso bebia kato!.. bebia kato-meTqi, vinaidan istoriuli mniSvnelobis bebioba gxvdaT wilad dReidan Tqveni usayvarlesi SviliSvilis – maros daRupvisa samSoblos TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi... iq, sadac Tqveni dauRalavi kalmiTaa gafantuli Tesli, sadac maro mayaSvilis msgavsTa spetaki sisxliTaa gapoxierebuli niadagi, RvarZli ver ixeirebs... idRegrZeleT, ZaZaSi gaxveulo, magram bedniero bebia kato!~ Cven gvyavs erovnuli gmiri – pirveli qali, romelsac es wodeba damoukideblobis mopovebidan ocdaxuTiode wlis Semdeg mivakuTvneT, romelzec standartuli, lamis `yviTeli“ informaciis garda, TiTqmis araferi viciT. amas axsnac aqvs da am mxriv, samwuxarod, albaT bevri veRaraferi Seicvleba. mis saxels daRupvis Semdgomi dReebidanve ebrZoda bolSevikuri okupaciuri reJimi: safiqrebelia, rom am mizeziT, teroris wlebSi reJimi anadgurebda maro mayaSvilTan dakavSirebul nebismier masalas. isRa dagvrCenia, rom SeZlebisdagvarad aRvidginoT garemo, viTareba da atmosfero, sadac yalibdeboda, Semdeg ki daiRupa maro mayaSvili – 19 wlis studenti mowyalebis da.

maro mayaSvili

ekaterine da aleqsandre gabaSvilebi SviliSvilebTan – maro da Salva mayaSvilebTan erTad

maro mayaSvili 1901 wlis 25 agvistos daibada Tamar gabaSvilisa da kote (konstantine) mayaSvilis ojaxSi. hyavda oTxi da-Zma, TviTon yvelaze ufrosi iyo. swavlobda tfilisis (rogorc Cvens dedaqalaqs 1935 wlamde erqva) wminda ninos qalTa gimnaziaSi – es dRevandeli 47-e skolaa. skola 1919 wels daamTavra da imave wels axalgaxsnil qarTul universitetSi (dRevandel Tsu-Si) Cairicxa, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze.

maro mayaSvili da-ZmebTan erTad

TbilisSi, s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumSi ganTavsebuli okupaciis muzeumis eqspozicia Sinaarsobrivad isea mowyobili, TiTqos mxolod Tavadaznauroba evno am periodSi, TiTqos mxolod iunkrebma iomes. arasworia maros warmoCena aristokrat „kote mayaSvilis dedofaliviT gazrdil“ qaliSvilad. maro ar iyo dedofaliviT gazrdili. arc mamamisi, arc dedamisi, arc bebia ekaterine gabaSvili – am ojaxSi aravis ucxovria udardelad da uzrunvelad, saamisod qveynis mdgomareobisadmi gulgrilni unda yofiliyvnen, ukanasknel Taobebs ki gasaWiric bevri unaxavT – qarTveli Tavadaznauroba sakmaod puritanulad cxovrob-

kote mayaSvilis daweril maros mokle biografiaSi vkiTxulobT: „maro mayaSvili daibada 1901 wlis 25 agvistos. swavlobda Tbilisis qalTa qarTul gimnaziaSi, romelic daasrula 1919 wels. Semdeg Sevida qarTul universitetSi sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetze. bunebiT uxvad dajildoebuli, cocxali da gamWriaxi maro amasTanave iyo metad morcxvi, kdemamosili da gulkeTili. qarTuli literatura zedmiwevniT icoda. werda mSvenieris qarTuliT da imeds iZleoda, rom Cinebuli mwerali gamovidoda momavalSi. sikvdilis Semdgom mas darCa ori didi rveuli dRiurisa da patara moTxrobebi. samSoblos aRdgenis da qarTveli eris keTildReobis ideiT iyo mTlad ganmsWvaluli. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am ideisken iyo mimarTuli misi goneba da guli. igi iyo misi ocneba da cxovrebis mizanic. am ideam imsxverpla kidec“.

maro mayaSvilis mSoblebi – kote da Tamari

qarTveli qalebi da. vinc maro mayaSvilis dRiurebis Cvenamde Semonaxul or rveuls waikiTxavs, amaSi Tavadve darwmundeba. dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli imasac dainaxavs, rom es aris Tanamedrove, swavlas, damoukidebel cxovrebasa da muSaobas mowyurebuli adamianis naweri. dRiuri savsea ocnebiT, fiqrebiT, gegmebiT – sqesTa da grZnobaTa bunebaze gansjiT. misi Canawerebi erTgvarad imis „bednier“ kompensacias warmoadgens, rac okupaciis 70-ma weliwadma da drom wagvarTva. „es dRe istoriulia qarTul cxovrebaSi, – wers maro mayaSvili 1919 wlis TiTqmis miwuruls, – am dRes Sesrulda naxevari weliwadi, rac saqarTvelos Tavisufleba aRiares. mTelma qarTvelobam Tbilisisa Tavi Seiyara sasaxlis win. aq moxda „paradi“. yoveli qarTveli grZnobda Tavs Tavisuflad. aRtacebis Rimili ukrToda yovels da TiTqos es eweraT – „oh, Zlivs gveRirsa, gveRirsa! gveRirsa!“. ara, nu vCqarobT, mteri garSemo gvyavs da gviTvalTvalebs!“ asec iyo. praqtikulad im dReebSive, saqarTvelos axalgazrda saxelmwifos mravali problemisa da ori mcire omis gadatana mouwevs, sanam ruseTis agresiis meore da saSineli talRa daiwyeba. me-11 armia TbilisSi

giorgi kvinitaZe (1874-1970)

1921 wlis 12 Tebervals me-11 armiam samxedro operacia sami mxridan daiwyo da tfilisis dacvac sam frontad dayo generalma kvinitaZem: a) mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze – soRanluRTan; b) marcxena sanapiroze, orxevTan da g) kojrisa da tabaxmelis arealSi. 1921 wlis 11 Tebervali: „samxedro skola midis frontzed, samxedro skola! – elvis siswrafiT gavarda xma qalaqSi da mTeli qalaqi mixailovis da rusTavelis quCazed gamoifina. qali Tu kaci, didi Tu patara, yvela gareT gamosuliyo da mwyobrad mimavalT taSis cemiTa da vaSaTi egebeboda. iunkerTa saswavlebeli ki midioda mTeli Tavisi sidarbaisliT, warbSeuxrelad da dinjad, veris aRmarTze xalxma imata, aRtacebisa da misalmebis yiJina dedaTa mier Svilebis ukanasknel locvasa da alersSi airia: `Svilo! Sen ici, rogor ibrZoleb samSoblosaTvis! Svilebo! Svilo!~ ealersebodnen xan Svils, xan mis amxanagebs. Svilebi da amxanagebi ki, isev medgrad ganagrZobdnen winsvivane javaxiSvili las“. (nikoloz maTikaSvilisa da mixeil kvaliaSvi(1876-1940) lis mogonebebidan (maT Semdeg poloneTis armiaSi imsaxures)). qarTuli universiteti (dRevandeli Tsu)

„Svilebo! Cemi movaleobaa Tqven wignisa da kalmisken mogiwodoT, magram eris cxovrebaSi aris iseTi momentebi, roca saWiroa yvelaferi ganze gadasdo da iaraRiT xelSi mters miegebo. da ai, mec Tqven dRes iaraRisken mogiwodebT“. ivane javaxiSvili, 1921 wlis 16 Tebervali

maro mayaSvili

16 Tebervals tfilisis qarTuli universitetis ezoSi ivane javaxiSvili studentebis winaSe gamova da Tavis cnobil sityvas warmoTqvams. meore dResve maro mayaSvili megobars, qeTo jafariZes, moxaliseTa siaSi adgilis daTmobas sTxovs, im qeTo jafariZes, romelic zrdasrulobaSi cnobili momRerali gaxdeba, ufro gvian ki ioseb griSaSvils gahyveba colad. 17 Tebervals Caewera maro „wiTel jvarSi“ mowyalebis dad, iseve, rogorc bevri studenti, da sanitarul razmTan erTad Tbilisis Tavdacvis marjvena seqtorisken gaeSura. masTan erTad moxaliseebad wavidnen susana RambaSiZe, sofio WrelaSvili, naTela erisTavi da sxvebi, zogi mogonebis Tanaxmad – qeTo jafariZec. „...sayvarelo mama! me jerjerobiT kargad var. sul erTi poziciisgan 112 versze varT, meorisgan 5 Tu 7-ze. mteri jer Sors aris, Zalian scxeben Cvenebi. Zalian aRfrTovanebulebi arian. cota Txili da, Tu SesaZlebelia, rame tkbileuli gamogzavneT... Tavs gaufrTxildiT. gkocniT bevrs. ise ara civa. mokiTxva yvela Cvenebs. nu geSinianT. gavimarjvebT saxelovnad. Seni maro“. – pirveli werili ioseb imedaSvils Camoutaioseb griSaSvili da qeTo jafariZe nia ojaxisTvis frontidan. meore werili rom miiRo kote mayaSvilma, misi qaliSvili ukve cocxali aRar iyo. „veraviTarma mudaram, rCevam ver gasWra maroze. me iq unda viyve, sadac iRvreba sisxli da cremli TanamemamuleTao. 17 Tebervals igi Caewera „wiTel jvarSi“ mowyalebis dad. imave dRes sanitarul razmTan erTad wavida kojris frontze, – amas wers misi mama, kote mayaSvili, – 19 Tebervals, saRamos, mis gverdiT gamskdarma yumbaram arc ki daacada, ukanaskneli salami eTqva samSoblosa da mSoblebisTvis“. konstantine gamsaxurdias maro mayaSvilis daRupva epizodurad aqvs naxsenebi erT patara moTxrobaSi „didi iosebi“: „manqanebi ibrZodnen TxuTmeti dRe. Cems Tvalwin sanitarul etls daeca yumbara da Tvrameti wlis qalwuli, SroSaniviT nazi arseba, WianWvelasac rom ar gasresda fexiT, aitaca aseTma yumbaram da im adgilze mxolod adamianis sxeulis namusrevebi vipovneT merme“. qaSveTis qveda sarTulze, wm. marines eklesiaSi dasvenebul maro mayaSvils Tavi dolbandiT hqonda Sexveuli: yumbaris namsxvrevebma igi kefaSi daWra – gamsaxurdias fraza, ra Tqma unda, momxdars sizustiT ar aRwers. iunkeri mixeil dadiani am ambavs Semdegnairad ixsenebda: „swored am dRes amovida tabaxmelaze mowyalebis da, maro mayaSvili, romelic iqve, Stabis aivanze idga da sruliad damSvidebuli usmenda artileriis yumbarebis afeTqebas, romlebic sul axlos ecemodnen StabTan. sCanda, rom maT swored is duqani hqondaT mizanSi amoRebuli, sadac general andronikaSvilis Stabi iyo. polkovniki CxeiZe gamovida Stabidan da dainaxa maro, romelsac me velaparakebodi; uTxra mas axlave dabrunebuliyo TbilisSi. maro Cajda sasanitaro orTvalaSi da Tbilisisa-

qarTveli qalebi ken daeSva, sul naxevari kilometri ar hqonda gavlili, rom mtris yumbara orTvalas moxvda da maro imsxverpla“. „tiflisi stiroda erTxmad mis dakrZalvaze“ – tician tabiZe, 23 Tebervali, gazeTi „saqarTvelo“. iqmneboda miTebi, romlebic erTnairad xels aZlevda bolSevikebsa Tu pirveli respublikis sxva, Sinaur mowinaaRmdegeebs – TiTqos mxolod iunkrebma iomes, TiTqos qarTul mxares TiTqmis ar uomia – aTobiT aTasi mebrZolis: studentebis, moxaliseebis, gvardielebis Tavganwiruli suliskveTeba istoriidan didi xniT amoSales. „im dros, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTis me11 armia Tbiliss moadga, iunkerTa samxedro skolaSi siiT mxolod 183 iunkeri iricxeboda. maTgan 166 Tbilisis Tavdacvis marjvena seqtorSi ibrZoda, xolo nawili hospitalSi iwva, nawili ki gamwvev punqtebze ganawilda. mTlianobaSi ki Tbiliss regularuli armiisa da saxalxo gvardiis 10 000-mde jariskaci da oficeri icavda da maT Soris iunkerTa samxedro skolis kursanti mxolod 166 iyo...“ (d. SilakaZe, 7 miTi ruseT-saqarTvelos 1921 wlis omze, netgazeTi, 25.02.2019) sinamdvileSi, brZolis velze daiRupa mxolod 9 iunkeri: aleqsandre axvlediani, platon doliZe, Salva erisTavi, pavle iakobaSvili, levan kandelaki, oTar lorTqifaniZe, mixeil lolua, ioseb da ilia jandierebi.

iunkrebi nevelis saxelobis samxedro taZris `soboros~ ezoSi

qarTuli armia Tbilisis dacemidan kidev sami kviris ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda da winaaRmdegobas uwevda mters. didi brZola gaimarTa 4-6 marts xaSuris raionsa da lixis qedze, 3 marts – axali aTonis poziciebze, 9 marts daeca quTaisi. 16 marts valodia goguaZe noe Jordanias Semdegi Sinaarsis depeSas ugzavnida: „javSnosani matareblebiT mogesalmebiT. razmi ficsa sdebs Tqvens winaSe, rom ibrZolebs samSoblos dasacavad ukanasknel sisxlis wveTamdis“. „mTavrobaca da damfuZnebeli krebac Cavardeboda mowinaaRmdegis xelSi. isini ZaliT gamoacxadebinebdnen maT gadadgomas da Zalauflebas saqarTvelos revkomisaTvis gadaaceminebdnen. amiT erTgvar legiti-

maro mayaSvili

valodia goguaZe (1880-1954) patriarqi leonide (1861-1920)

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

macias miscemdnen okupacias da xelisuflebis ubralo cvlilebad gamoacxadebdnen“ (d. SilakaZe, dasax. naSromi). 19 Tebervlis brZolebis Sedegebze patriarqi leonide werda: „kulturosan saqarTvelos rCeulma Svilebma – qarTvelma jariskacebma – igrZnes savsebiT sabediswero dRis simwvave, gaafTrebuli lomebiviT TavganwirviT ekveTnen mosul kalia mtris jars da samare gauTxares mas Sexlis gzaze. 19 Tebervlis gamarjvebiT Cvenma jarma samaradiso gvirgvini daidga ganaTlebuli kacobriobis TvalSi“. 19 Tebervali swored is dRea, romelmac maro mayaSvili Seiwira. „Tavisufal samSoblosaTvis brZolis velze daRupul gmirTa dakrZalva moxdeba 23 Tebervals dilis 12 saaTze samxedro taZris galavanSi, Zmur saflavSi. tfilisis komendanti sTxovs yvela saxelmwifo da sazogado dawesebulebaTa mosamsaxureT scen pativi daswrebiT dedaqalaqis dacvis msxverplebs. gamosveneba micvalebulTa mixeilis saavaTmyofodan dilis 10 saaTzed mixeilis prospeqtiT. kiroCni quCa veris aRmarTiT rusTavelis prospeqtiT samxedro taZarSi“. 23 Tebervali, gazeTi „respublika“

qarTveli qalebi samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis pirveli msxverpli qalis daRupva mZimed ganicada qarTvelma sazogadoebam, es aisaxa kidec imdroindel presaSi. maro mayaSvili TbilisisTvis brZolaSi daRupul iunkrebTan, jariskacebTan da moxaliseebTan erTad, TbilisSi 23 Tebervals, samxedro taZris ezoSi dakrZales, sadac dRes, rusTavelis gamzirze, saqarTvelos parlamentis Senoba dgas. maro mayaSvilis pativsacemad kompozitorma zaqaria faliaSvilma opera „daisis“ mTavar gmir qals maro daarqva. tician tabiZe im dReebSi maro mayaSvilis daRupvaze werda: „warmoudgenelia meti mwuxareba, rasac ganicdis qarTveli sazogadoeba am tragikuli sikvdilis gamo. bevri mebrZoli mxedari imsxverpla am brZolam, bevrs kidev imsxverplebs, magram aseTi ucabedi sikvdili ufro mtanjvelia mainc. TiTqos siwmindem akurTxa pirvel umanko sisxliT qarTuli fronti“. sevdiani da tragikulia is faqti, rom swored am dReebSi gamoiRo Sedegi qarTuli diplomatiis Tavdadebulma muSaobam. Cveni damoukidebloba didi da gamousworebeli dagvianebiT iqna aRiarebuli. britaneli istorikosi erik li Cveni damoukideblobis wlebisadmi miZRvnil araCveulebriv wignSi – „eqsperimenti: saqarTvelos miviwyebuli revolucia, 1918-1921“ – aRwers mtkivneul moments: `saqarTvelo bevri qveynis mieraa ukve aRiarebuli, 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos elCs safrangeTSi rwmunebulebis sigels gadascems qveynis prezidenti – aRsrulda, risTvisac qarTuli diplomatia ori weli ibrZoda, magram iq myof qarTvelebs aRaraferi axarebdaT, radgan ukve icodnen, rom Tbilisis daTovlili Semogareni aTasobiT qarTvelis gvamebiT iyo mimofenili da rom qalaqis dacva dasrulebuli iyo“. 24 Tebervals generalma kvinitaZem Tbilisidan jaris gayvanis gadawyvetileba miiRo. 26-Si ki rusTavelis gamzirze kidev erTi procesia gaimarTa. TavCaqindruli, garindebuli xalxi tfilisis dacvis sxva gmirebis dasakrZalad miemarTeboda. „es sanaxaoba imdenad tragikuli iyo, – werda geronti qiqoZe, – rom gaocebasTan SeerTebuli mokrZalebis grZnobas iwvevda komunistebisa da wiTelarmielebis rigebSi da axal administracias azradac ar mosvlia, am procesiisaTvis xeli SeeSala“.

maro mayaSvili

bevri gamorCeuli adamianis biografias erTi saerTo niSani aqvs: maTi dedebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mudam ukmarisobis SegrZnebas tovebs. Tamar gabaSvilzec cota ram viciT. fotosuraTebiT Tu vimsjelebT, sruliad naTelia, rom Tamar gabaSvili gansakuTrebulad lamazi iyo. weren, TiTqos akaki wereTels kato gabaSvilisTvis uTqvams, Tqveni saukeTeso qmnileba Tqveni qaliSviliao. Tamari 1880 wels iyo dabadebuli, rogorc misi Zma, patrioti da mwerali revaz gabaSvili (1882-1969) aRniSnavs, „dedis idealisturi samarTlianobis principebsa da patiosani, simarTlis moyvaruli mamis ojaxSi“. kote mayaSvilze man ociode wlisam iqorwina. mxolod Salva mayaSvilis, maros Zmis, erTi (SesaZloa, erTaderTi) interviudan vigebT dedis pirovnuli mxarisa da prioritetebis Sesaxeb: „maxsovs bavSvobaSi, 7-8 wlis viyavi, dedas vyavdi parizSi. maSin man wamiyvana impresionistebis gamofenaze, davyavdi luvrSi, samxatvro salonebSi, maSin gavicani franguli mxatvroba (delakrua, sezani da sxvebi). ise Semiyvarda, ise momewona mxatvroba, rom iqve vixatavdi. maSin Semayvara dedam xelovneba, undoda, rom mexata, CemTvis saRebavebs yidulobda“. kidev is viciT, rom Tamari maswavleblobda – Tbilisis qalTa gimnazia rom daamTvra, dedis mier daarsebul skolaSi daiwyo muSaoba da xelmokle bavSvebs qarTuls, rusuls da ariTmetikas aswavlida, misdevda wignierebis gavrcelebas, tradicias, romelsac misi damsaxurebuli ojaxis araerTi wevri erTgulobda. jer kidev Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziis moswavle Salva mayaSvili 1921 wlis TebervalSi frontze moxalised wasula, dis dakrZalvis Semdeg gorSi daswevia leitenant lado qarumiZis saartilerio nawils da brZola iq gaugrZelebia. Salva mayaSvili daibada 1903 wels TbilisSi, swavlobda saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi, Semdeg axlad gaxsnil samxatvro akademiaSi gaugrZelebia swavla. misi pedagogebi yofilan evgeni lansere, ioseb Sarlemani, henrix hrinevski, iakob nikolaZe da gigo gabaSvili. Turme misi da, q-ni nugeSa, ambobda (irina abesaZis gadmocemiT), Salva TavisTvis xSirad imeorebs striqonebs anas leqsidan – „aseTi dari Tu iyo maSin, odes Tbilisi aikles sparsTa“… – daujerebeli iqneboda, es fraza im sazareli dReebis xsovnas ar aReZra, roca „wiTeli droSiT, moReril yeliT/TeTr cxenze mjdomi, nabijiT neliT/ Semodioda sikvdili celiT“.

revaz gabaSvili (1882-1969) Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnazia

geronti qiqoZe (1885-1960)

qarTveli qalebi „adamianTa cxovrebis usazRvro okeaneSi ibadebian, izrdebian da qrebian individebi, romelTa saxelebi da moqmedebani rCebian xsovnaSi imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sulieri energia gamoiCines maT Tavisi yofnis sarbielze“, – amas ukve maros mama, kote mayaSvili werda. am suliskveTebidan warmodga maro mayaSvili, rogorc pirovneba da patrioti. maro mayaSvilis mama (1876-1927) ki im dros Zalian cnobili moRvawe iyo – poeti, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sxdomis komisiis wevri, qarTvel mweralTa 1917 wels daarsebuli kavSiris, Semdeg – xelovanTa kulturuli komitetisa da xelovanTa sasaxlis pirveli Tavmjdomare, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis wevri. axal TaobaTaTvis albaT Zneli warmosadgenia, magram kote mayaSvils siyrmeSi imave gzis gavla mouwia, rogorisac araerT qarTvels, maT Soris, qarTuli aRzrdisa da cnobierebis adamians – mis cxovrebaSi iyo wlebi, rodesac mas qarTuli daviwyebuli hqonda. oTxiode wlisas mama gardaecvala da Zmebs, yarsis olqSi momsaxure samxedro pirebs, 1880 wels ramdenime wliT maTTan, sariyamiSSi gadauyvaniaT. Sin dabrunebuls dedamisis qarTuli aRar esmoda [„ar damaviwydeba dedaCemTan Sexvedris wuTi, rodesac iyalToSi Camiyvanes, win momegeba deda mTrTolvare, gaxarebuli… magrad, magrad Camikra gulSi, me gulgrilad davxvdi am ambavs. Sevcqerodi dedakacs, romelic deda-

„ispanka“, anu „espanuri gripi“ – kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze momakvdinebeli gripis pandemia, daiwyo 1918 wlis ianvarSi da 1920 wlamde gagrZelda, moicva mTeli msoflio. daavadda 550 milioni adamiani – maSindeli msoflios mosaxleobis mesamedi, daRupulTa raodenoba, sxvadasxva monacemiT, 17-dan 100 milionamde meryeobs. gripis gavrcelebis wyaro sakamaToa, bevri miiCnevs, rom virusis gavrceleba franguli samxedro banakidan daiwyo. saxelwodeba „espanuri gripi“ imis gamo daarqves, rom evropis qveynebi mediaSi informaciis gavrcelebas omis dros mkacrad akontrolebdnen, espaneTi ki, rogorc neitraluri qveyana, neitraluri mediiT, ar moerida da sasikvdilo daavadebis Sesaxeb pirveli cnobebi gaavrcela.

Cemi unda yofiliyo da romelic raRacas meubneboda CemTvis gaugebars enazed, dedaCemma igrZno esa, SekrTa da cremlebi wamoscvivda TvalTagan, vaime, Svili gamiruseso – wamoiZaxa sawyalma]. kote mayaSvili swavlobda meore klasikur gimnaziaSi, Semdeg – peterburgSi, iuridiul da aRmosavluri enebis fakultetebze. weren, rom swored iq aRidgina mSobliuri enis codna mayaSvilma, ivane javaxiSvilis daxmarebiTac. qveyanaSi dabrunebuli muSaobda qarTuli gimnaziis maswavleblad, Semdeg – saTavadaznauro bankSi Semfaseblad, 1915 wels ki mis direqtorad dainiSna („parlamentis wevri, bankis direqtori da saxlSi mzareuli“ – dawera marom Tavis dRiurSi, rodesac e. w. „ispankam“ is, misi patara da da dedamisi, Tamari, mZimed daasneula da kote mayaSvils Tavisi mzrunveli bunebis gamovlena mouxda). iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevri, asocirebuli „upartioTa kavSirTan“, romelic Semdeg, sxva memarjvene ZalebTan, mag., edp-sTan erTad, demokratiul partiad gaerTianda. 1918 wels kote mayaSvilic monawileobda qveynis himnis, droSisa da gerbis damtkicebaSi.

maro mayaSvili

kote mayaSvili (1876-1927)

abel mayaSvili (1860 –1920)

maro rom daiRupa, kote mayaSvilma is cnobili leqsi dawera, romelsac CvenSi axlaRa swavloben, maSin ki TviT ojaxis wevrebic saidumlod inaxavdnen mexsierebaSi. „dedaCemma samive Svils cal-calke gvaswavla es leqsi“, – ixsenebda Tamar erisTavi, maros dis, nunus qaliSvili, cnobili mTargmneli. „saqarTvelo gaiJRinTa mayaSvilTa godebiT. daviRale, daviCagre da Seni var mxmobeli, Cemo gmiro da wmindano, gamamxneve mSobeli, samSoblo Tu Sen, romeli, ax, vitiro romeli?“ „mayaSvilTa godeba“ TiTqos ganmartebasac ar moiTxovs, magram saqme gacilebiT mZimed iyo: mayaSvilebidan mxolod maro ar daRupula bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiis im bolo or weliwads: jer 1920 weli iyo, roca azerbaijanis samxedro skolis meTauri, 60 wlis generali abel mayaSvili, isic iyalToeli, bolSevikebma Seipyres da kaspiis zRvaSi xelfexSekruli CaaxrCves. „misi piradi mamacobis wyalobiT SevinarCuneT Cven mesxeTis nawili“, – werda masze qristine SaraSiZe. ori Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rom 1920 wlis 11 agvistos, sacdeli gafrenisas, daiRupa misi vaJi, saaviacio gundis meTauris movaleobis Semsrulebeli, maiori nikoloz mayaSvili. misi axalafrenili aeroplani ramdenime aTeuli metris simaRlidan daenarcxa miwas. ramdenime TviT adre bolSevikebma mokles mixeil (miSo) mayaSvili – general-maior solomon mayaSvilis vaJi, swavlobda iunkerTa saswavlebelSi, 19 wlisa mamacobisTvis umaRlesi jildoTi – wminda giorgis jvriT daajildoves. miSo mayaSvili damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mfrinavTa pirvel „gamoSvebas“ miekuTvneboda da 1921 wels amTavrebda iunkerTa skolas oficris CiniT.… 1920 wlis 2 maiss, RamiT, iunkerTa saswavlebels aTamde SeiaraRebuli bolSeviki daesxa Tavs. iunkrebma maTi nawili gandevnes, nawili daxoces. Setakebas erTaderTi msxverpli hyavda – mixeil mayaSvili. miSo mayaSvilis dakrZalvis procesias Turme win TviTmfrinavi miuZRoda, romelsac misi biZaSvili nikoloz mayaSvili marTavda.

mixeil (miSo) mayaSvili (1899-1920)

qarTveli qalebi tician tabiZe 23 Tebervals werda: „aris raRac sabediswero mayaSvilebis gvarSi, ukanasknel wlebSi yvela fronti saqarTveloSi pirvelad mayaSvilis sikvdiliT ixsneba, am SemTxvevaSic bedisweram Tavisi gaitana“. miSos Zma, revaz (rezo) mayaSvili, wiTel xidTan, xramze daiRupa, rusul armiasTan adrindel brZolaSi, 1920 wels. maro mayaSvilis dRiurma es ambavic Semoinaxa: gazeTidan amoWrili mixeil da revaz mayaSvilebis nekrologi Turme masSi Caedo. „kaxeTs SeuZlia iamayos, rom pirvelad man gaiRo msxverpli samSoblos mTlianobis da Tavisuflebis dasacavad. miSa da rezo mayaSvilebi. tfilisSi, saiunkero saswavlebelze qurdulad Tavdasxmis dros mokluli miSo mayaSvili, xolo wiTel xidTan xramze gmirulad daRupuli revaz mayaSvili TelavSi, 1920 wlis 9 maiss daasvenes“.

maro mayaSvilis dis, nunus, Svili elizbar erisTavi ixsenebs, rom maroze bevri araferi icodnen: „am Temas Cvens bavSvobaSi tabu edo. mec da Cemma da-Zmamac vicodiT, rom iyo aseTi dedaCvenis da, maro, magram meti informacia mis Sesaxeb ar gvqonda. mxolod misi suraTi ekida Cveni bebiis sawolTan, ai, is suraTi, maro maqmanebian kabaSi“. maros meore disSvilis – Tamar erisTavis erT-erTi interviudan vigebT, rom maros das, romelic misi daRupvis Semdeg dabadebula da romlisTvisac mariami (da Tan nugeSa) daurqmeviaT, ujraSi upovia maros Tmis kululi da dRiuri.

grigol robaqiZe (1882-1962)

„mSoblebi da naTesavebi xSirad ambobdnen Turme, es bavSvi nugeSad daibadao da amitom saxelad nugeSa SerCa. deidaCemi nugeSa 86 wlisa gaxlavT. igi igonebs: „maros saxeli Cvens ojaxSi idumalebiT iyo moculi. amitom igi CemTvis axlobelic iyo da Soreulic... zRapruli. dedaCemis (Tamar gabaSvili) sawolTan ekida maros suraTi misive xeliT naqarg CarCoSi. sawer magidaze, zardaxSaSi, maros dRiurebi da misi moWrili Tma inaxeboda. es iyo Cveni ojaxis wmidaTawmida relikvia. dedisgan anderZad mqonda – Tma misTvis Cameyolebina saflavSi. zardaxSa pirvelad dedaCemis gardacvalebis Semdeg gavxseni. maSin wavikiTxe maros dRiurebi...“ (Tamar erisTavi)

maro mayaSvili

erTxel maros biZaSvilebs, deb mayaSvilebs, maros dRiurebi moukiTxavT (1950-iani wlebis bolos), maros dedas, Tamars, upasuxia, rom dRiuri grigol robaqiZem waiRo dasabeWdad da misi ucxoeTSi wasvlis Semdeg maros Canawerebic daikarga. es iyo sikvdilisa da tanjvis SiSiT, saSineli cenzuriTa da propagandiT miCqmaluli nawili namdvili cxovrebisa, romelic Sewyda da maxinji versiiT Seicvala. Sewyvetili nawili iseTi saxifaTo samxili iyo, zogma adamianma Zalian gvian gaigo, rom esa Tu is daRupuli samxedro piri misi ojaxis wevri iyo. yvelanairi kvali imaleboda – adamianebs represiebis, gadasaxlebis, gamogonili braldebisa da wamebis eSinodaT. eSinodaT ojaxis wevrebis, metadre, axalgazrdebis gamo. leqsSi, romelic maro mayaSvils uZRvna, raJden gvetaZe werda: „maqvs sananeblad Tqveni saxis unaxveloba/magram amboben: rafaelis unda xeloba Tqvens namdvil portrets („tirili prospeqtze mTvarian RameSi“). is TiTqos erTaderTi (SesaZloa, sxvebic arsebobs, magram jer ar Cans) portreti, romlis naxvac internetSic SeiZleba da romelic vinmes fotosuraTi SeiZleba egonos, rafaelis naxelavs namdvilad ar hgavs. aq mis saxes dakarguli aqvs eSxic, sinatifec, Sefaruli eSmakunebic. esec im saerTo procesis nawilia, romlis gansaxierebacaa es 19 wlis gogona – Cveni qveynis moparuli, waSlili, damaxinjebuli istoriisa. „nu geSinia, gavimarjvebT saxelovnad!“ (maro mayaSvili) – Svebas, albaT, maSin vigrZnobT, roca Cveni xeliT gamovasworebT yvelafers, imas davamgvanebT, rac unda yofiliyo Cveni qveyana, mis istoriaSi momxdari es mounelebeli wyveta rom ara – ise an ukeTesad. 2015 wlis 24 dekembers prezidentma margvelaSvilma maro mayaSvils saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiris wodeba mianiWa. 2016 wlis dekemberSi gorSi sazogadoeba „maros“ ramdenime aqtivistma stalinis gamzirs „saxeli Seucvala“. zogierT saxls maT saxeldaxelo abrebi miakres: „maro mayaSvilis quCa“. movlenebis Semdgomi Tanmimdevroba ucnobia, magram axla 2020 welia da quCas isev stalinis saxeli aqvs. okupaciasTan brZolaSi daRupuli gogona okupaciis moTavem daamarcxa. axalgazrda mkiTxvelo, Sen mainc „guSagob ers?“ maros daRupvis asi wlisTavamde sul ramdenime Tvea darCenili. gamoaswore es samarcxvino mdgomareoba!

sabWoTa warsuli

1937-1938 wlebis masobrivi represiebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi daviT jiSkariani `istoriaSi, sazogadoebaSi ufro meti sisxli iRvreba arafrisTvis, vidre ramisTvis~. merab mamardaSvili sabWoTa kavSirSi 1936-1938 wlebSi masobrivi represiebi mimdinareobda. es iyo saxelmwifos mxridan sakuTar moqalaqeebze Zaladoba, romlis umTavresi mizani iyo sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela socialuri fenis gardaqmna da totaluri SiSis danergva. represiebi qarxanasaviT, meqanikurad, muSaobda. teroris didsa da biurokratiul meqanizmSi funqciebi met-naklebad gansazRvruli iyo, xolo TiToeuli rgoli – aucilebeli da saWiro. masSi monawileobas aqtiurad iRebdnen rogorc moskovSi momuSave umaRlesi politikuri organos – politbiuros wevrebi, ise ama Tu im respublikis, soflisa Tu Temis xelmZRvanelebi. bevri adamiani sakuTari surviliT, Tumca sxvadasxva motivaciiT, asmenda xalxs da ase xdeboda masobrivi Zaladobis monawile. terori ar yofila damaluli da uxilavi, mis Sesaxeb icoda sazogadoebam. imdroindeli media represiebs did dros uTmobda. sainformacio veli imgvarad iyo Seqmnili, rom moqalaqeebisTvis represiebi „Cveulebriv“ movlenad warmoeCinaT. iqmneboda gancda, rom saxelmwifosTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo „xalxis mtrebis“ aRmoCena da ganadgureba. moskovSi gamomavali gazeTebis garda, represiebze werda regionaluri media, mSobliur enaze, da lokaluri konteqsti Sehqonda sakavSiro represiebSi. 1936-1938 wlebis qarTulenovan gazeT „komunistSi“ xSirad amoikiTxavdiT frazebs: sikvdili xalxis mosisxle mtrebs, daundoblad gavsrisoT faSizmis pirsisxliani agentebi, gavanadguroT gvelis wiwilebi, mosyiduli agentebi daundoblad isrisebian, rogorc qvewarmavlebi.

represiebi saqarTveloSi

xelisuflebisaTvis mxolod mowodebebi da lozungebi sakmarisi ar iyo. represiebis procesSi unda gaegoT „xalxis xma“. sazogadoebis monawileoba represiebSi mniSvnelovani iyo – Zaladoba ar unda gamoCeniliyo, rogorc xelisuflebis proeqti. am mizniT mediaSi Cndeboda rigiTi qarxnis muSebis, mSromelebis, inteligenciis warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebi, rom „usastikesad“ dasjiliyvnen xalxis mtrebi. sasjeli ki saerTo sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis, mSromelTa nebis aRsrulebad warmoCindeboda. ramdenime aseuli aTasi adamianis represias marto erTi organo ver SeZlebda. amitom, iqmneboda iseTi sasamarTlo da arasasamarTlo organoebi, romelTac ganaCeni daCqarebuli wesiT unda gamoetanaT. xSirad saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi imarTeboda, maT Sesaxeb media werda da radio gadmoscemda. 1937-1938 wlebis saCvenebeli procesebidan, magaliTad, erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli iyo „memarjveneTa siRnaRis kontrrevolucioner mavnebelTa organizaciis procesi“. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoZieba dapatimrebul adamianebs soflis meurneobaSi „ZirgamomTxrel“ saqmianobas edaveboda.

represiebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli sabWoTa umaRlesi xelisufleba. kremlSi momuSave politbiuros wevrebi regionebidan miRebul siebs ecnobodnen. adamianTa saxelebisa da gvarebis gaswvriv xSirad ioseb stalini da politbiuros sxva wevrebi akeTebdnen aRniSvnebs. aRniSvna gulisxmobda, rom politbiuro nebas rTavda Sinsaxkomis TanamSromlebs daepatimrebinaT adamiani. iSviaTad, magram iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac regionidan gagzavnil siaSi Seyvanil pirs represirebi ar Sexebia – politbiurom ubralod ar miiCnia mizanSewonilad. ioseb stalini Tavadac Zalian aqtiurobda represirebulTa siebis damuSavebaSi. is namdvilad ar icnobda siebSi Seyvanil yvela adamians, sabWoTa kavSiris yvela regionidan. gamonaklisi iyo saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, romlis siebSic mravlad iyo stalinisaTvis kargad nacnobi adamiani, im droidan, rodesac axalgazrda ioseb juRaSvili, kobas metsaxeliT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi politikurad aqtiurobda, ibrZoda monarqiuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. bevri maTganis saxelisa da gvaris gaswvriv represiebze Tanxmobas swored stalini awerda xels.

sabWoTa warsuli politbiuros wevrebis xelmoweril siebs mecnierebi „stalinuri (stalinis) siebis“ saxeliT icnoben. am siiT represirebulebi arian e.w. elitis wevrebi, partiuli nomenklatura, Zveli bolSevikebi, biurokratiisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. maT saqmeebs daCqarebuli wesiT ganixilavda ssrk-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos samxedro kolegiis gamsvleli sesia, romelic represiebSi aqtiurad CarTuli erT-erTi organo iyo. mis garda arsebobda arasasamarTlo organoebi, romlebic adamianTa beds ufro „moqnili meqanizmiT“ daCqarebulad wyvetdnen. am ukanaskneli organos muSaobisTvis aRar iyo saWiro kremlSi ganxilvebi da samxedro kolegiis gamsvleli sesia. sami Tanamdebobis pirisgan Seqminili organo, e.w `troika~ (rus. Тройка – sameuli) ufro swrafi da mkacri iyo. samxedro kolegias didi dro exarjeboda erTi adgilidan meoreSi wasasvlelad. isini yvelgan igvianebdnen. cixeebi ki patimarebiT iyo gadatvirTuli. 1937 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos ck-is pirvelma mdivanma lavrenti beriam werili gaugzavna ioseb stalins. am dokumentiT irkveva, rom im droisTvis saqarTvelos cixeebSi 5 000 adamianze meti imyofeboda, aqedan 2 000 – TbilisSi. cixeebis gadatvirTva da samxedro kolegiis gamsvleli sesiis dagvianeba lavrenti berias aZlevda safuZvels, rom stalinisaTvis eTxova nebarTva,

axalgazrda stalini

samxedro kolegiisaTvis gansaxilvelad gamzadebuli kontingenti gadaecaT gansakuTrebuli sameulisaTvis, romelic saqmeebs „swrafad ganixilavda“. gansakuTrebuli sameulis Seqmnam represiebs axali, masobrivi xasiaTi SesZina. yvelaferi ki berias zemoT aRniSnul werilamde 4 TviT adre moxda: 1937 wlis 3 ivliss ioseb stalinma, sakavSiro komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirvelma

`miliciis sameulis~ oqmi

represiebi saqarTveloSi

mdivanma, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisar nikolai eJovsa da partiis regionalur xelmZRvanelebs misca brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac, represiebi unda dawyebuliyo yofili kulakebisa da sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg. Semdeg brZanebis Tavdapirveli Sinaarsi Seicvala da ufro farTo masStabi miiRo. radikalurad Seicvala represiebis socialuri klasi da samizne auditoria – moicva yvela kategoria, romelic miuRebeli iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi 1937 wlis 7 ivliss lavrenti berias brZanebiT Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli sameuli, romlis wevrebic iyvnen: saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile aqvsenti rafava, saqarTvelos respublikis prokurori ilarion talaxaZe da muSaTa da glexTa miliciis ufrosi Salva wereTeli. gansakuTrebulma sameulma 1938 wlis oqtombris CaTvliT imuSava. misi Semadgenloba ramdenjerme Seicvala. aqvsenti rafava misma Sefma, saqarTvelos ssr-is

adamianebis dapatimrebis, zedamxedvelobis, gamoZiebis, sasjelis sisruleSi moyvanis uzarmazari samuSao ki Sinsaxkomma Seasrula. axalgazrda „Cekistebi“, romlebsac muSaobis gamocdileba jer ar hqondaT, limitebis Sesasruleblad Sinsaxkomis kartoTekis masalebs iyenebdnen, rom dasapatimreblad sasurveli adamianebi epovaT. Tavdapirvelad umTavresi kontingenti kulakebi iyvnen da TanamSromlebic maT kartoTekis furclebze eZebdnen. ase daerqva brZaneba N 00447-is egidiT mimdinare operacias „kulakuri“ operacia (rus. Кулацкая операция). sameulis mizani iyo gansakuTrebuli wesiT, sasamarTlos gareSe, momxdariyo adamianebis represireba ori kategoriis mixedviT: pirveli kategoria sasjelis umaRles zomas – daxvretas gulisxmobda, xolo meore – sxvadasxva vadiT Sroma-gasworebiT koloniaSi gadasaxlebas.

berias 1937 wlis 8 ivlisis daSifruli depeSa stalins – aRricxvaze ayvanili kulakebisa da sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb.

berias 1937 wlis 8 ivlisis daSifruli depeSa stalins – represirebulebis limitebis gazrdisa da sameulebis muSaobis Sesaxeb.

sabWoTa warsuli Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma sergo gogliZem Caanacvla. xSirad, rodesac gogliZe ver axerxebda sameulis sxdomaSi monawileobas, mas anacvlebda Sinsaxkomis meoTxe ganyofilebis ufrosi bogdan qobulovi. sameulis muSaobaSi, misi Seqmnis pirveli dRidan bolo dRemde, srulad monawileobda sameulis sxdomis mdivani, Sinsaxkomis me-8 ganyofilebis ufrosi aleqsandre konstantines Ze morozovi. 1937 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos ck-is pirvelma mdivanma lavrenti beriam moskovSi gagzavna represirebulTa limitebis Txovna – es niSnavda, rom man moiZia pirveli kategoriiT dasasjeli 1 419 adamiani, xolo meore kategoriiT – 1 562 adamaini. beriam werilSi daamata, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebic saSiSni arian da sasurvelia maTgan sazogadoebis gawmenda; rom aseTebis raodenoba 2 000-s aRwevda da rom mas SeeZlo maTi represirebac. am werilis mTavari mizani iyo moskovs gaezarda saqarTvelosaTvis represirebulTa limiti. msgavsi suraTi iyo sxva sabWoTa respublikebSic. adgilobrivi elita moskovis winaSe Tavis mowonebas gazrdili limitebiT da mkacri represiebiT cdilobda. 1937 wlis agvistodan dekembramde limitebis raodenoba 5 000-dan 17 500-mde gaizarda, maT Soris, pirveli kategoriisTvis – 2 000-dan 7 500-mde. am dros saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sul 3 376 946 adamians Seadgenda.

aqvsenti rafava Salva wereTeli

1937-1938 wlebSi represirebulebi

sameuli aqtiurad muSaobda. oqmebi rusul enaze iwereboda da moculobiT erT gverds ar aRemateboda. adamianis pirad informaciasTan erTad aucileblad iwereboda braldeba. sasjelis zomis qveviT ki sameulis wevrebi awerdnen xels. 1937 wlis 21 dekembers sameulma 350 adamiani gaasamarTla, aqedan pirveli kategoriiT – 102, xolo meore kategoriiT – 248 adamiani. am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom sameulis wevrebma 24-saaTiani muSaobis SemTxvevaSi (rac, rasakvrivelia, SeuZlebeli iyo) adamianis bedis gadawyvetaze saSualod 4 wuTi da 11 wami daxarjes. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom sameulis muSaoba xSir SemTxvevaSi konveieruli principiT xdeboda. sergo gogliZe

represiebi saqarTveloSi

am represiebs ar hqonia individualuri xasiaTi da xSirad koleqtiuri gageba hqonda. gasamarTlebuli adamiani kargavda sakuTrebis uflebas, misi sakuTreba konfiskacias eqvemdebareboda. CamorTmeul saxlebsa da binebSi sxva adamianebs asaxlebdnen. pirad nivTebs xSirad specialur adgilas yiddnen, sadac maTi SeZenis ufleba mxolod Sinsaxkomis TanamSromlebis ojaxebis wevrebs (ZiriTadad, maT colebs) hqondaT. meTvalyureobis qveS iyvnen gasamarTlebulTa ojaxis wevrebic, colebs, qmris danaSaulis Seutyobineblobis gamo, aseve asaxlebdnen Sroma-gasworebiT koloniebSi. Svilebic meTvalyureobis qveS iyvnen.

adamians, sanam mis saqmes sameuli ganixilavda, xangrZlivi da Zalian usiamovno procedurebi unda gaevlo. TiToeul dapatimrebulze iqmneboda sisxlis samarTlis saqme. gamoZieba eniT aRuwereli sisastikiT mimdinareobda. aRiarebiTi Cvenebis mosapoveblad gamomZieblebi wamebis sxvadasxva meTodebs igonebdnen. Sinsaxkomis TanamSromlebis gavlena da warmatebuli muSaoba imiT fasobda, Tu ramdenad swrafad da xSirad moipovebda dapatimrebulisgan aRiarebiT Cvenebas. fizikur zemoqmedebaze sanqcias uSualod Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari gogliZe gascemda zepirsityvierad.

miuxedavad arnaxuli Zaladobisa, sabWoTa xelisuflebas arasdros uRiarebia, rom es iyo sistemis, saxelmwifos danaSauli Tavisi moqalaqeebis mimarT. ufro metic, bevr postsabWoTa qveyanaSi Cekistebis reputaciis dacvas ufro meti resursi xmardeba, vidre msxverplTa uflebebs. imisaTvis, rom represiebi vigrZnoT, srulebiT araa saWiro aTasobiT wignis wakiTxva da Zaladobis meqanizmis detaluri codna. martivad rom warmovidginoT, TiToeuli cifris ukan dgas adamianis sicocxle, dangreuli cxovreba da wlobiT gagrZelebuli tanjva.

sameulis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi dauyovnebliv unda aRsrulebuliyo. kulakurma sameulma Tavisi muSaobis dros 21 107 saqme ganixila, saidanac 10 563 adamians miesaja sasjelis umaRlesi zoma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sikvdili, xolo darCenil 10 544-s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sxvadasxva vadiT Sroma-gasworebiT koloniebSi gadasaxleba.

istoria

qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobebis istoriidan

aleqsandre batoniSvili

levan asaTiani

TeiranSi saqarTvelos saelCo axali gaxsnili gvqonda (es ki Soreuli 1994 welia – SarSan am TariRidan 25 weli Sesrulda!), roca, rogorc ityvian, „erT mSvenier dRes“, saelCos pirvel ofiss (maSin jer kidev ar hqonda saqarTvelos saelCos Tavisi Senoba da iranis islamuri respublikisgan droebiT gamoyofili farTiT sargeblobda), Teiranis CrdiloeT raionSi, maleqis quCaze, moulodneli stumari ewvia. Cveni iraneli daraji aRaie jouSayani mowiwebiT SemouZRva saelCoSi maRal, axovan, Warmag kacs, mkveTrad aRmosavluri, amayi (odnav mediduri) ieriT. ucnobi gagvecno, rogorc abdi xodadadi, amerikeli iraneli, parkis universitetis profesori. CvenTan stumroba batonma xodadadma Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis kvlevis surviliT axsna – ojaxuri legendiT, maTi gvari da wodeba, xodadad-gorji, yajarTa karze moRvawe qarTvel batoniSvilebTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. TeiranSi Cvens saelCos gaxsnis pirvelive dReebidan stumrobdnen bedis ukuRmarTobiT sparseTSi gadaxvewili, warmoSobiT qarTvelTa STamomavalebi, fereidnelebi Tu sxvadasxva mizeziT samSoblos garidebuli saqarTvelos mravali moqalaqe. Cemi maswavlebeli da saqarTvelos pirveli elCi iranSi, batoni jemSid giunaSvili, sparseTSi (oficialurad sparseTs reza Sahis dros, 1936 wels daerqva irani, uZvelesi indoevropelebis „arielebis qveyanasTan“ kavSiris xazgasasmelad) dabadebuli da Teiranis prestiJuli „al-borzis“ gimnaziadamTavrebuli, gamorCeuli biografiis pirovneba iyo. misi mama, Salva giunaSvili, wina saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sparseTSi emigrantad darCenili maRali kvalifikaciis rkinigzis inJineri, 1947 wels ojaxianad dabrunda samSobloSi da 1951 wels, morigi represiuli kampaniis dros, rogorc emigraciaSi namyofi da arasando pirovneba, sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinsaxkomma ojaxianadve gadaasaxla yazaxeTSi. batonma jemSidma gadasaxlebaSi daamTavra taS-

aleqsandre batoniSvili

Cven rom fereidnel qarTvels vuwodebT, iranulad „qarTulad molaparake iraneli“ hqvia. islamuri respublikis kanonmdeblobaSi ar aris erovnuli umciresobis cneba. irani ar yofs Tavis muslim mosaxleobas eTnikuri niSniT, Tumca qristianebi, iudevelebi da zoroastrebi (qarTul literaturaSi – mazdianebi) kanoniT aRiarebuli arian religiur umciresobebad da iranis parlamentSi, mejlisSi, TavTavianTi kvotiT warmomadgenlebic hyavT.

jemSid giunaSvili (1931-2017)

kentis universitetis iranuli filologiis fakulteti. 1958 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi da Seudga samecniero da pedagogiur saqmianobas. batoni jemSidi kargad icnobda iranSi emigraciaSi darCenil qarTvelobas, maT STamomavlebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi mWidro urTierToba hqonda fereidnelebTan... imdRevandeli stumari ki, batoni xodadadi, gansakuTrebuli iyo, radgan, rogorc ambobda, igi SeiZleboda yofiliyo erekle IIis Svilis, sparseTSi gadaxvewili da iq usaxelod dakrZaluli, bagrationebis dinastiis aRdgenisaTvis dauRalavad mebrZoli aleqsandre batoniSvilis STamomavali. „saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefed“ wodebul aleqsandre batoniSvilze, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-isa da darejan dedoflis (dadianis) Zeze, uamravi kvleva da samecniero Tu popularuli naSromi dawerila. qarTvel, somex Tu sparsel istorikosebs sxvadasxva warmodgena aqvT mis sparseTSi moRvaweobaze. calkea Seswavlili batoniSvilis mimowera iranis Sahebsa Tu rus imperatorebTan, saidanac mkafiod Cans misi dauokebeli survili – rogorme aRadginos saqarTveloSi bagrationebis dinastia, Tundac ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi, rac mamamisis, erekle II-is mier ruseTTan dadebuli „georgievskis traqtatiT“ unda SeenarCunebinaT qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs. aleqsandre wlebis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda ruseTs – xan qarTvelebis, kavkasielebisa Tu ganjelebis gaerTianebul razmebs meTaurobda, xan ki iran-ruseTis omebis dros – sparsul razmebs. iyo misi mefed mowvevis mcdelobac – 1832 wlis ajanyebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, mefed swored aleqsandre batoniSvilis kurTxeva undodaT qarTvel mamuliSvilebs.

„vis ar daupyria saqarTvelo, magram samefo aravis gauuqmebia, taxtis CamorTmeva ar gvsmenia. es Seuferebelia imperatoris RirsebisaTvis...“ – swerda aleqsandre kavkasiis guberniis mTavarsardals, pavle cicianovs (warmoSobiT qarTvel Tavad ciciSvils), swored imas, romelmac ruseTSi gaasaxla qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ojaxi. mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseTSi gadasaxlebulTa Soris moxvda sparseTSi daavadebuli irakli bagration-gruzinski – aleqsandre batoniSvilis erTaderTi vaJi. „Tuki maT surT, rom movide maTTan, dasvan Cveni ojaxis erTi romelime piri mefed da maSin Cven movalT da vemsaxurebiT xelmwifes...“ – swerda aleqsandre batoniSvili petre bagrations. „Cvens sacodav mefeebs egonaT, ruseTs babaias Tu dauZaxeben, eSvelebodaT maTac da saqarTvelosac. motyuvdnen. babaiam saqarTveloc SeWama da maTi dinastiac. bagrationTa gvari samad dahyo – gruzinskebad, muxranskebad da imeretinskebad da saerTod gaaqro istoriis asparezidan“ (akaki baqraZe).

mohamed reza fehlevi (1919-1980)

„yovlad mowyaleo xelmwifev, nacvlad keTilad dacvisa, iseTi dacva miiRo saxlman bagratovanTaman, rom erTi Zec bagratovanTa arRara ipovebis saqarTvelosa Sina ara Tu uflad, aramed aRarca Tu saxiTa erTisa keTilSobilisaTa... aRvifxrveniT qveyniTa CveniT, romelsa Sina ganvlo STamomavlobam Cvenma welni mefobisa Sina...“ – swerda aleqsandre batoniSvili ruseTis imperators.

istoria ruseTis imperias ki saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi miznebi hqonda – imdroindeli saxelmwifo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, qarTuli samefo gvaris yvela warmomadgeneli, romelsac SeiZleba pretenzia hqonoda saqarTveloSi bagrationTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis aRdgenisa, ruseTSi gadaasaxles. maT Soris aRmoCnda aleqsandre batoniSvilis vaJi ereklec, romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg bagrationTa am Stom Sewyvita arseboba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, faqtobrivad, sabolood gauqmda qarTuli samefo mmarTveloba, jer – qarTlkaxeTSi, Semdeg – imereTsa da danarCen saqarTveloSi. samagierod, qarTveli Tavadaznauroba rusul saimperatoro wodebriv ierarqiaSi Caewera da yvela im privilegiiT sargeblobis saSualeba mieca, rasac saimperatoro kari uwyalobebda. ruseTis imperatoris, aleqsandre I-is titulebs ki damata kidev erTi – „Царь Грузинский!“.

irakli bagration-gruzinski (1827-1882)

mefe erekle xels awers georgievskis traqtats

faqti ki erTia – erT dros sparseTs didi pativiT Sexiznuli „gurjistanis vali“ (ereklesaTvis miniWebuli tituli sparseTSi Sahma aleqsandre batoniSvilsac uboZa) – aleqsandre batoniSvili, iranis mmarTvelis faT ali Sahis Svilis – abas-mirzas (abas-mirzam, yajarTa taxtis memkvidrem da azer-baijanis velaiaTis beglarbegma mWidro kavSiri daamyara saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebiT ukmayofilo qarTvel feodalebTan, romelTa erTi nawili TavrizSi, abas mirzas karze, aleqsandre batoniSvils axlda) uaxloesi TanamebrZoli da megobari, am ukanasknelis sikvdilis Semdeg, sicocxlis bolos karis intrigebSi gaxveuli da sparseTis axali Sahis (muhamed-Sah-yajaris) pirveli veziris – haji mirza aRasis mier aTvalwunebuli, usaxsrod da umiwawylod darCenili, 1844 wels gardaicvala da radgan qarTulad epitafiis damweri TeiranSi imxanad veravin moinaxa, dResac sadavoa misi uwarwero saflavis savaraudo adgilmdebareoba.

1990-ian wlebSi qarTul presaSi farTod ganixileboda aleqsandre batoniSvilis saqarTveloSi gadmosvenebis sakiTxi – mkvlevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom arsebobda misi anderZi, romlis mixedviTac, batoniSvili iTxovda, gardacvalebis Semdeg misi neSti saqarTveloSi gadmoesvenebinaT. samwuxarod, es anderZi ver Sesrulda, ufro imitom, rom misi saflavis zusti adgilmdebareoba jerac ucnobia. samagierod, es pativi aleqsandre batoniSvilis Svils, erakles, ergo – ruseTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli qarTvel bagrationTa pirdapiri STamomavali sveticxovlis ezoSi, eklesiis marjvena mxares, didi papis saflavTan axlos, aris dakrZaluli. zogi mkvlevris azriT, aleqsandre batoniSvili TeiranSi dakrZales. savaraudod, misi sada, uwarwero saflavi Teiranis bazris teritoriaze arsebuli, im dros erTaderTi qristianuli – somxuri eklesiis samxreT karibWesTan unda yofiliyo. samwuxarod, verc batonma jemSidma da verc me, romelsac 2004-2009 wlebSi TeiranSi saqarTvelos elCoba mxvda pativad, somxuri eklesiis ezoSi mis saflavs ver mivakvlieT. arc eklesiis davTarSi aRmoCnda raime Canaweri an miniSneba batoniSvilis saflavis ad-

aleqsandre batoniSvili

davubrundeT batoniSvilisa da xodadad-gorjis (gorji – sparsulad „qarTveli“) SesaZlo naTesaur kavSirs. igi Cveni Tvalsawieridan sakmao xniT gaqra, ramdenjerme baton jemSidsac vkiTxe, ra icoda mis Sesaxeb – karga xania aRar gamoCenila, albaT amerikaSi dabrundao. 2005 wels, Cvens saelCoSi pirvelad gamoCenidan aTi wlis Semdeg, ukve Cemi TeiranSi meore mivlinebis dros, batoni xodadadgorji kvlav gvestumra. simarTle giTxraT, amas raRacnairad sul velodi...

faT ali Sahi (1772-1834)

abas-mirza (1789-1833)

gilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. wminda TaTevosis samociqulo eklesiis ezoSi mravali qristianis saflavia – etyoba, iranSi XIX saukuneSi gardacvlil evropelTa umravlesoba, sxva qristianuli eklesiebis ararsebobis gamo, swored aq aris dakrZaluli. yvela saflavi aRricxuli da movlilia. maT Soris aris aleqsandre batoniSvilis qaliSvilis saflavis qvac, rusuli da somxuri warwerebiT, rom aq aris damarxuli (an dakrZaluli) qarTveli ufliswulis aleqsandres asuli elisabedi.

Cvens kiTxvze, raime sabuTi xom ar hqonda, rac dagvexmareboda misi qarTuli warmomavlobis garkvevaSi, batonma xodadadma gviTxra, rom raRac sabuTebi misi winaprebis Sahis karze saqmianobis Sesaxeb, sadac isini „xodadad-gorjis“ saxeliT iyvnen, amerikaSi mis Zmebs hqondaT da dagvpirda, rom mogvawvdida. karga xnis Semdeg man Tavis gvarTan dakavSirebuli Zveli, XIX saukunis, yajarTa mmarTvelobis droindeli dokumentebi mogvitana, sadac veranairi miniSneba misi winaprebis qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb ver aRmovaCineT.

qarTveli diplomatebi da aRmosavleTmcodneebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi eZebdnen batoniSvilis saflavis SesaZlo adgilsamyofels. zogi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom misi saflavi SesaZloa iyos an iranis azerbaijanSi, sadac man sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara, an mazandaranSi, sadac mas Sahis naCuqari patara mamuliRa hqonoda SerCenili. erTi periodi vfiqrobdiT somxuri eklesiis ezos kedelTan, Tavisi qaliSvilis saflavTan axlos, memorialuri dafa gagvekeTebina warweriT – aq dakrZalulia qarTveli ufliswuli aleqsandre batoniSvili (bagrationi). am saqmeSi daxmarebas dagvpirda Teiranis somxuri samociqulo eklesiis xelmZRvaneli, meufe sebo sarqisiani (rom am sakiTxs iranis Sesabamis samsaxurebTan SeaTanxmebda), romlis xelSewyobiTac am sakiTxs somxur sacavebSi vikvlevdiT. sabolood misi daxmareba aRar dagvWirvebia, radgan eklesiis ezoSi batoniSvilis saflavs ver mivakvlieT.

aleqsandre batoniSvilis asul elisabedis saflavi TeiranSi, somxuri eklesiis ezoSi

erTaderTi, risi amokiTxvac am sabuTebSi moxerxda, is iyo, rom batoni xodadadis erT-erTi winapari, „mahrum (cxonebuli) xodadad-xan-gorjis“ tituliT, maRali Tanamdebobis piri iyo Sahis karze da jer stambolSi sparseTis elCis, Semdeg ki Sahis karze veziris („sagareo“ mimarTulebis?) Tanamdeboba eWira.

istoria

freska, sadac gamosaxulia aleqsandre batoniSvilic

bagrationTa genealogiis mklevarTan, baton soso biWikaSvilTan konsultaciebis Sedegad im daskvnamde mivediT, rom batoni xodadadis winapari aleqsandre batoniSvili ver iqneboda. Teoriulad, SesaZloa misi winapari TavrizSi XIX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi batoniSvilTan namyofi romelime qarTveli TavadiSvilis STamomavli yofiliyo, Tumca aseTi qarTul-sparsuli ojaxebis arseboba istoriul wyaroebSi ar dasturdeba. ukve wlebi datyoboda baton xodadads, Tumca isev mxned gamoiyureboda. iranSi davbrundi, karga xani aq viqnebi da Tqvenken gamomiwia gulmao, – gviTxra, batoni jemSidic moikiTxa. ramdenjerme gvestumra, aRmosavluri wesiT, tkbileuliT xeldamSvenebuli. saintereso saubrebi gvqonda – gaixsena iranis bolo SahTan, muhamed reza fehlevisTan, Tavisi urTierToba, rogor miiRo amerikuli ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdam Sahis wamowyebul „TeTr revoluciaSi“ monawileoba, mere – iranidan gadaxvewa ZmebTan da ojaxTan erTad... miuxedavad imisa, rom verafriT davadgineT da davadastureT aleqsandre batoniSvilTan misi genetikuri kavSiri, riTac odnav guldawyvetilic iyo, Cemi TeiranSi yofnis dros ramdenime saRamo gavatareT erTad Wiqa RviniT xelSi. bevri ram ainteresebda saqarTveloze da Cvenc am Temebze xSirad vsaubrobdiT. mere me, garkveuli garemoebebis gamo, saswrafod momiwia TbilisSi dabruneba da rogorc gavige, batoni xodadadic male gamgzavrebula amerikaSi. ase damTavrda urTierToba Zalze saintereso adamianTan, romelic gulwrfelad iyo mowadinebuli Tavisi gvari saqarTvelos samefo dinastiasTan daekavSirebina.

aleqsandre batoniSvili

yajaris mier Tbilisis gadawvisa da miwasTan gasworebis xsenebisas inteleqtuali iranelebi aucileblad gvpasuxobnden, rom aRa-mahmad-xanma kidev ufro uaresi „sxva sparsul provinciebs“ damarTa. magaliTad, qermanSi, sadac zendebis belujuri dinastia Tavnebobda, 20 000 kacs Tvalebi dasTxara da 600 moWrili Tavisagan piramida aago.

abdi xodadad gorji

sparselisagan survili, rom Tavisi gvaris warmoSobis geografiaSi garkveuliyo, bunebrivad mogveCvena. TeiranSi oficialuri an araoficialuri Sexvedrebisas, roca romelime maRalCinosan, xelovan an biznesmen iranels gavecnobodi, rogorc saqarTvelos elCi, pativiscemis gamoxatvis Semdeg xSirad xazgasmiT uTqvamT, rom winaprebi „gorjestanidan“ hyavdaT. mgoni, es karg tonad iTvleboda da marto zrdilobis gamo ar usvamdnen xazs TavianTi winaprebis saqarTvelosTan kavSirs. cnobilia, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sparseTis SahinSahebis karze dawinaurebuli qarTvelebi, xSirad sarwmunoebiT Siiti muslimebi (sxvanairad verc dawinaurdebodnen), did rols asrulebdnen sparseTis politikur cxovrebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT erTi uxerxuli SemTxveva maxsendeba: 2004 wels, iranSi vizitisas, saqaTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma iranis „mizanSewonilobis sabWos“ xelmZRvanelTan, qveynis yofil prezident da momavali prezidentobis realur kandidatTan, haSemi rafsanjanisTan (sxvaTa Soris, igi Tbilisis saxelmwofo universitetis sapatio doqtoria) saubrisas Zmebi undilaZeebi axsena da maT mier sparseTis istoriaSi Setanil wvlilze ikiTxa, razec rafsanjanis reaqcia myisieri iyo – maSin Cven xom erTi qveyana viyaviTo...

sparseTisa da osmaleTis mzakvrobiTa da cbierebiT ganTqmul imperiebs kavkasiaSi iseTi konkurenti gamouCndaT jer ruseTis imperiis da mere sabWoTa kavSiris (igive ruseTis) saxiT, romelmac kidev ufro „daxvewili“ politikiT saqarTvelos orive mezobeli erTad „Caanacvla“ da 200 wliT gadaavada saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos ganviTareba. rogorc ki xelsayreli istoriuli da politikuri foni Seiqmna, 1991 wels, erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis periodSi, saqarTvlom aRidgina dakarguli damoukidebloba. isic unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos geopolitika kvlav iranis, TurqeTisa da ruseTis mezoblobaze gadis.

aRa-mahmad-xani (1742-1797)

dResac ki ganaTlebul iranels saqarTvelos mimarT istoriuli nostalgia aqvs – miaCniaT, rom „gorjestani“ yajarTa uniaTo politikis gamo aRmoCnda ruseTis imperiis galenis qveS. Cveni mxridan aRa-mahmad-xan

istoria

aleqsandre batoniSvili (1770-1844) vaxtang guruli aleqsandre batoniSvili (bagrationi) qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-isa da darejan dedoflis Svili iyo. man mTeli Tavisi sicocxle saqarTvelos ruseTis batonobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Seswira da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis, mterTan Seurigeblobis simbolod iqca. aleqsandre batoniSvilma ganaTleba samefo karze miiRo. erekle II energiuli da mtkice xasiaTis aleqsandres axalgazrdobidanve mniSvnelovan saxelmwifo saqmeebs andobda. XVIII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi aleqsandre batoniSvili qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze ukve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqari erevnisa da SuSis saxanoebs Seesia. 1795 wlis ivnisSi qarTvelTa jarma, aleqsandre bato-

erekle II (1720-1798)

niSvilis meTaurobiT, qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebs moaxloebuli iranelebi daamarcxa. krwanisis brZolaSi aleqsandrem monawileoba ver miiRo. igi saxadiT iyo avad, imdenad mZimed, rom Tbilisidan sakaciT gaiyvanes. aleqsandre batoniSvili

aleqsandre batoniSvili dedasTan, darejan dedofalTan erTad ukmayofilo iyo, rom ruseTis imperia georgievskis traqtats (1783) ar asrulebda. darejan dedofali da aleqsandre batoniSvili, ramdenime TavadTan erTad, erekle II-s prorusuli orientaciis Secvlas, georgievskis traqtatis gauqmebas da osmaleTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas urCevdnen. miuxedavad antirusuli ganwyobilebisa, aleqsandre batoniSvili mamas ar dapirispirebia, Tumca saqarTveloSi myofi ruseTis rezidentebi aleqsandres ruseTisaTvis saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareoba kidev ufro savalalo gaxda erekle II-is gardacvalebis (1798) Semdeg. samefo taxtze erekle II-is ufrosi vaJi, giorgi XII, avida. giorgi XII-isa da aleqsandre batoniSvilis urTierToba TandaTan iZabeboda. aleqsandre damRupvelad miiCnevda giorgi XII-is proru-

aleqsandre batoniSvili

darejan dedofali (1738-1807)

giorgi XII (1746-1800)

sul orientacias da imas, rom mefe ruseTTan sul ufro da ufro met daTmobaze midioda da suverenitets Tavisi nebiT izRudavda. Zmebs Soris urTierToba imdenad daiZaba, rom giorgi XII-m aleqsandre batoniSvils saufliswulo mamulebis didi nawili CamoarTva. Seuracxyofili aleqsandre Tbilisidan saufliswulo mamul SulaverSi gadavida da 1800 wlis ivnisSi iranSi gaemgzavra. iranSi aleqsandre batoniSvili iranis ufliswulma, taxtis memkvidre abas-mirzam didi pativiT miiRo. aleqsandre abas-mirzas uaxloesi mrCeveli gaxda. batoniSvilis iranSi gadaxvewis mizezad samefo karze misi Selaxuli uflebebis aRdgenas asaxeleben. sinamdvileSi, misi samSoblodan gadaxvewis mizezi giorgi XII-is prorusuli orientacia iyo, romelsac samefo daRupvisaken mihyavda. giorgi XII mZimed iyo avad da praqtikulad samefos marTva-gamgeobaSi veRar monawileobda, qveyanas rusi samxedroebi da diplomatebi marTavdnen. aleqsandre batoniSvili mixvda, rom rusebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gasauqmeblad emzadebodnen da samefo karze arsebul dapirispirebas marjved iyenebdnen. qarTl-kaxeTs SorsmWvreteli da energiuli mefe esaWiroeboda. giorgi XII-s arc erTi es Tviseba ar gaaCnda. igi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebas win ver aRudgeboda, piriqiT, mefe Tavisi uniaTobiT moaxloebul katastrofas aCqarebda.

Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846)

krwanisis omis amsaxveli sparsuli miniatura

istoria

bagrat batoniSvili (1776-1841)

iulon batoniSvili (1760-1827)

1800 wlis noemberSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos omar-xani Semoesia. gadamwyveti brZola 8 noembers ivrispireTSi, niaxuras velze moxda. omar-xanis laSqarSi iyo aleqsandre batoniSvili. omar-xans niaxuras velze sul 10 000 kaci hyavda, maT Soris iyo aleqsandre batoniSvilis 1 500-kaciani razmi 6 qvemexiT. batoniSvilis razmSi, garda misi erTguli qarTvelebisa, kavkasieli mTielebi da yazax-borCaloeli TaTrebic iricxebodnen. aleqsandre batoniSvili giorgi XII-is taxtidan gadasayeneblad ki ibrZoda, magram samSoblosaTvis saziano da uRirsi qmedebisagan yovelTvis ikavebda Tavs. ase moxda niaxuras velzec. aleqsandre eloda, rom qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebul laSqars mefe usardlebda. giorgi XII-is damarcxeba, Sepyroba da misi taxtidan gadayeneba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ai, es iyo aleqsandres mizani! magram giorgi XII-s brZolaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. jars bagrat batoniSvili sardlobda. aleqsandre batoniSvilisaTvis niaxuras brZolam azri dakarga. aleqsandrem omar-xansa da sxva xanebs urCia generaluri brZolisaTvis Tavi aeridebinaT, Tavad ki Tavisi razmi zurgSi gaiyvana. niaxuras velze omar-xanis damarcxebis erT-erTi mizezi aleqsandre batoniSvilis pasiuroba iyo.

Cailuris (niaxuras) cixe

aleqsandre batoniSvili

1801 wlis 12 seqtembers ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaauqma, 1802 wlis 8 maisidan TbilisSi rusuli mmarTveloba amoqmedda. moxda is, rasac aleqsandre batoniSvili winaswarmetyvelebda. 1802 wels kaxeTis Tavadebma da aznaurebma politikuri gamosvla moawyves. isini gauqmebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenas da mefed iulon erekles Zis gamocxadebas iTxovdnen. daiwyo Tu ara politikuri gamosvla, aleqsandre batoniSvili Tavisi razmiT imxanad iranis mier dapyrobil WarbelaqanSi Sevida da kaxeTSi dawyebuli gamosvlis mxardaWeras iqidan cdilobda. ru-

aleqsandre I (1777-1825)

sebma politikuri gamosvla CaaxSves, damarcxebuli kaxeli Tavadebisa da aznaurebis nawili aleqsandre batoniSvilTan gaiqca. 1803 wels rusebi, aleqsandre batoniSvilis Sepyrobis mizniT, War-belaqanSi SeiWrnen. amas ruseTsa da irans Soris urTierTobis daZabva mohyva, rac 1804 wels iran-ruseTis omSi gadaizarda. omi 1813 wlamde gagrZelda. iranis jars taxtis memkvidre abas-mirza sardlobda. abas-mirzas uaxloesi mrCevlebi aleqsandre da Teimuraz batoniSvilebi iyvnen. aleqsandre batoniSvilma mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ibrZola, magram samSoblos ganTavisufleba ver SeZlo, radgan irani ruseTTan omSi damarcxda. ruseT-iranis omis periodSi aleqsandre da Teimuraz batoniSvilebma scades kavSiri daemyarebinaT napoleonTan, raTa ruseTis winaimperator aleqsandre I-is titulebi

istoria aRmdeg safrangeTTan erTad ebrZolaT. miuxedavad mravali mcdelobisa, qarTvelma batoniSvilebma sawadels ver miaRwies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; safrangeTis mxardaWera ver moipoves. 1812 wlis ianvarSi kaxeTSi ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg didi ajanyeba daiwyo. 6 seqtembers aleqsandre batoniSvilma Tavisi razmiT (1 000 mebrZoliT) mtkvari gadalaxa da sofel kavTisxevSi SeCerda. aq mas bevri Tanamoazre SeuerTda. kavTisxevidan aleqsandre TianeTisken gaemarTa, sadac mravali TanamebrZoli eloda. 1812 wlis Semodgomaze aleqsandre batoniSvilis laSqarsa da ruseTis regularul jarebs Soris sastiki brZolebi gaimarTa. qarTvelebTan erTad rusebs aleqsandres jarSi myofi Crdilokavkasielebic ebrZodnen. sisxlismRvreli brZolebi iyo sofel SildasTan (1812 wlis 10 oqtombers) da sofel eniselTan (1812 wlis 12 oqtombers). ajanyebulebi regularul armiasTan brZolaSi damarcxdnen. amis Semdeg, 1812 wlis 20 noembers, aleqsandre batoniSvilma alya Semoartya siRnaRs, magram damarcxda, ukan daixia da sofel Calaubnis gavliT, sofel kakabeTSi mivida. kakabeTidan aleqsandre batoniSvili sofel manavisken gaemarTa. am droisaTvis mis laSqarSi 8 000 mebrZoli iyo. 1812 wlis 26 noembers manavTan uTanasworo brZolaSi aleqsandre batoniSvili damarcxda. yajarebis gerbi

aleqsandre batoniSvilis meuRle mariami

aleqsandre batoniSvili

kaxeTSi damarcxebulma aleqsandre batoniSvilma Tavi mTebs Seafara. 1812 wlis dekemberSi igi ukana fSavSi iyo, saidanac SatilSi gadavida. SatilSi batoniSvili bobRia WinWaraulis koSkSi cxovrobda. rusebi cdilobdnen aleqsandre batoniSvili tyved aeyvanaT an moeklaT. 1813 wlis gazafxulze rusebis regularuli armiis kolona xevsureTisaken daiZra. 30 maiss rusebi ukve xevsureTSi iyvnen. maT artileriis gamoyenebiT miwasTan gaaswores mravali sofeli, maT Soris Satilic. bolo brZolebi swored SatilTan gaimarTa. xevsurebma aleqsandre batoniSvils bolomde uerTgules da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadaiyvanes. 1813 wlis ivnisis damdegs aleqsandre batoniSvili ukve CeCneTSi iyo. ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebda, rom aleqsndre batoniSvili iranSi ar dabrunebuliyo. didoelebi ruseTis muqaras ar SeuSindnen da batoniSvili ar gasces. 1818 wels aleqsandre batoniSvilma iranSi, erevnis saxanos teritoriaze, dabruneba SeZlo da iqve dasaxlda. 1820 wels aleqsandre batoniSvili erevomar-xani maspinZlobs aleqsandre banis meliqis, saak (isak) aRamalianis asul matoniSvils riamze daqorwinda, romelTanac vaJi, irakli, SeeZina. mas Semdeg, rac 1827 wels ruseTis jarma erevani aiRo, aleqsandre ojaxTan erTad TeiranSi gadavida. aleqsandre ruseTis xelisuflebasTan Serigebas ar daTanxmda da brZolis gagrZelebisaTvis emzadeboda. 1826 wels, ruseT-iranis omi daiwyo, aleqsandres imedis naperwkali gauCnda. 1826 wels igi TavrizSi abas-mirzas Sexvda. Sexvedris Semdeg batoniSvili saqarTvelos sazRvrebisken gamoemarTa. 1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-iranis omi isev ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aleqsandre batoniSvilis gegmebi kvlav ganuxorcielebeli darCa. ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg brZoliT aleqsandre batoniSvilma mTel saqarTveloSi gaiTqva saxeli. amaze isic metyvelebs, rom 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis organizatorebi aleqsandres ganixilavdnen rusTagan ganTavisuflebuli saqarTvelos mefed. aleqsandre batoniSvili 1844 wels, samSoblodan Sors, iranSi gardaicvala. politikur asparezze marcxis miuxedavad, aleqsandre batoniSvili saqarTvelos istoriaSi rCeba, rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli ufliswuli.

1826 wlis ruseT-sparseTis omi

kavkasia

muhajiroba

oTar janeliZe

masStabur adamianur tragediaTa Soris gamorCeulia tragedia, romelic XIX saukuneSi Tavs daatyda kavkasiel muslim mosaxleobas. am movlenas muhajiroba ewodeba. termini arabulenovania da istoriografiaSi kavkasiis mkvidrTa masobriv, mizanmimarTul ayrasa da osmaleTis imperiaSi gadasaxlebas aRniSnavs. muhajiroba, ZiriTadad, Seexo CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebs: abazebs, abaZexebs, bJeduRebs, yubanispirel noRaelebs, Cerqezebs, ubixebs, CeCnebs, yaraCaelebs, yabardoelebsa da osebs, magram igi mtkivneulad aisaxa agreTve afxazebisa da samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimi qarTvelebis bedzec. xalxTa migraciebi istoriulad dakavSirebuli iyo bunebriv-katastroful movlenebTan, omebTan, konfliqtebTan, SimSilobebTan, ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan, sarwmunoebrivi Tu politikuri Sexedulebebis safuZvelze adamianebis devnasTan da sxva. cxadia, Tavisi wanamZRvrebi hqonda muhajirobasac. bunebrivi kataklizmebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac stiqiuri xasiaTi aqvT, muhajiroba marTvadi procesi iyo. igi politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, religiuri da eTnofsiqologiuri faqtorebis erTobliobam ganapiroba. muhajiroba ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis umaRles eSelonebSi daigegma. mmarTvel wreebSi miiCnevdnen, rom kavkasiaSi srulad gabatoneba ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebis usafrTxoebasac uzrunvelyofda da axlo aRmosavleTSi dasavleTis qveynebis gavlenasac Seakavebda. e.w. aRmosavleTis sakiTxi im droisaTvis ruseTis geopolitikur gegmebSi prioritetul proeqtad miiCneoda. daumorCilebeli kavkasieli mTielebis osmaleTSi gadasaxlebiT mefis mTavroba, erTi mxriv, mxaris politikur damSvidebas cdilobda, meore mxriv ki, xelSi igdebda vrcel teritorias, romelic gamiznuli iyo qveynis Sida guberniebidan migrirebulTa da kazakobis dasasaxleblad. xelisufleba Tavidan iSorebda regionSi miwis, finansuri da samxedro problemebis gadawyvetis siZneles da, amasTan, araloialur mosaxleobaze kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli saxsrebis dazogvis imedic hqonda.

muhajiroba

ruseTis imperia, XIX saukune

muhajirobiT dainteresebuli iyo osmaleTic. misTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda gadasaxlebulTa xarjze muslimi mosaxleobis gazrdas balkaneTsa da mcire aziaSi da amiT imperiis ganapira teritoriebze demografiuli Tu geopolitikuri viTarebis gaumjobesebas. muslimi sasuliero pirebi (axundebi, molebi Tu xojebi) kavkasiel mTielebs STaagonebdnen, rom rusebi maT religiur grZnobebs Selaxavdnen, sarwmunoebas ZaliT Seucvlidnen, gaaqristianebdnen, axalgazrdebs jarSi gaiwvevdnen da amitom, Tavis gadasarCenad, osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas urCevdnen. Turqi emisrebi adgilobriv mcxovrebT muhajirobis sargeblianobas usabuTebdnen da maT, osmaleTSi gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi, aTasgvar sikeTes hpirdebodnen. sulTani abdul azizi kavkasiel erTmorwmuneebs mouwodebda daetovebinaT TavianTi sacxovrisi da eCqaraT osmaleTSi gadasvla, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT yovlisSemZle alahisa da Zlevamosili sulTnis risxva. aseTi mowodebebi da agitacia gavlenas axdenda mTielTa masobriv cnobierebaze, aZlierebda maTSi ruseTis mimarT undoblobasa da siZulvils. Tavisi Sedegi mohqonda osmaleTis teritoriaze ukve migrirebuli mTielebis werilebsa da mimarTvebs, gagzavnils jer kidev kavkasiaSi darCenili naTesavebisa Tu axloblebisaTvis. osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebis warmodgeniT, gadasaxlebis organizeba Zviri ar iqneboda, imperia ki, mamaci mTielebis saxiT, Tavisi saomari Zalis Sesavsebad damatebiT resurss SeiZenda. kavkasiidan gadasaxlebulebs sulTnis xelisufleba farTod uRebda kars policiasa Tu JandarmeriaSi da im Zaladac iyenebda, romelsac qveynis SigniT warmoqmnili konfliqtebi da ajanyebebi unda CaexSo. kavkasiidan muhajirTa miRebisagan osmaleTi oficialurad Tavs ikavebda, magram Cumi TanagrZnobiT, TiTqosda muslimebs xels uwyobda meqaSi gamgzavrebasa da muhamedis saflavis TayvaniscemaSi, migraciis process axalisebda. 1862 wels stambolSi specialuri komitetic Seiqmna, romelsac muhajirTa miReba-dabinaveba da maTTvis materialuri daxmarebis gaweva evaleboda (imave wels, imperator aleqsandre II-is gadawyvetilebiT, „mTielTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis saqmeTa komisia“ ruseTSic Camoyalibda). aRmosavleTis sakiTxi – osmaleTis imperiaze zegavlenis mosapoveblad XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan warmoSobili saerTaSoriso winaaRmdegobebis pirobiTi saxelwodeba.

abazi qali

kavkasia kazakoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; warmodgeba terminisagan kazaki (Tavisufali adamiani) da aRniSnavs gasamxedroebul socialur erTobas, romelsac ruseTis xelisufleba sazRvrebis gansamtkiceblad, axali teritoriebis dasapyrobad da gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi iyenebda.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobis paralelurad, carizmma bolo mouRo aqaur nominalur samflobeloTa (ramdenime saxano, saSamxlo) arsebobas da maTi mmarTvelebi xelisuflebas CamoaSora. Tavisi imperiuli marTva-gamgeobiT ruseTi Zireulad arRvevda mTielTa tradiciul yofas. adgilobriv xalxTa cxovrebaSi safuZvlian cvlilebebs iwvevda ymaTa yidva-gayidvis akrZalva da aseve, saglexo da agraruli reformebisagan gamomdinare Sedegebic. kavkasiel mTielTa mSobliuri sacxovrisidan ayras maTSi xangrZlivi omiT gamowveuli arnaxuli zarali, aulebis gadawva, ngreva, gapartaxeba da saarsebo wyaros mospobac ganapirobebda. omisagan Seviwroebul mTielebs gadasaxadebi da begara-valdebulebanic daumZimes. adgilobriv mosaxleobas yovelgvari adamianuri ufleba ayrili hqonda. maT iaraRis tarebasac ki ukrZalavdnen, rac mTielTaTvis metad Seuracxmyofeli iyo da sxv. mTielTa zedafenebi undoblad uyurebdnen ruseTis agrarul cxovrebaSi mimdinare gardaqmnebs, SiSobdnen, rom amiT TavianT tradiciul socialur-politikur privi-

sulTani abdul azizi (1830-1876)

legiebs dakargavdnen, osmaleTis imperiaSi ki titulebisa da damokidebul glexTa SenarCuneba ufro realisturi Canda. adgilobrivi feodalebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom damokidebuli mosaxleoba maT ar miatovebda da Tan gahyveboda. amasTan, imedovnebdnen, rom osmaleTSi isini icxovrebdnen iseve Tavisuflad, rogorc adre samSobloSi cxovrobdnen usaxelmwifod, mxolod mTaSi damkvidrebuli adaT-wesebis Sesabamisad. muhajiroba garkveulwilad dakavSirebuli iyo kavkasiel mTielTa eTnofsiqologiasa da erovnul xasiaTTanac. am mxriv xazi unda gaesvas maTSi Tavisuflebis dauTmoblobis gansakuTrebul Jins, moudreklobasa da tradiciebis erTgulebas. mTa erTgvarad Caketil sazogadoebas warmoadgenda. mis mkvidrTa erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli iyo garemo da cxovrebis pirobebis mimarT naklebi pretenziuloba. Camoyalibebuli qcevis modusi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; damokidebuli adamianebis mijaWvuloba siuzerenze, mTielebSi mtkiced damkvidrebuli ufrosisadmi umcrosis usityvo morCilebis tradicia, ojaxis ufrosis sityvis Zala, gadamwyveti xdeboda nebismieri arCevnis, maT Soris, samSoblos mitovebisa da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebis SemTxvevaSic. yuradReba unda mieqces kavkasieli mTielebisa da osmalTa erTmorwmuneobasac, imas, rom yuranis mixedviT, yvela muslimi erT ers Seadgens, muslimuri Temis wevrebi miiCnevian debad da Zmebad, romlebic saerTo sarwmunoebas iziareben. aranaklebi faqtori iyo isic, rom sulTani, rogorc xalifa, muslimuri Temis meTaurs warmoadgenda. religias kavkasiel mTielTa cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava da didwilad gansazRvravda adamianTa azrovnebasa da

muhajiroba

auli – CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebis (agreTve, Sua aziis zogi xalxis) sofeli. siuzereni – Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi: msxvili feodali, romelsac mefis uflebebi hqonda masze damokidebuli vasalebis mimarT. aq: yma-glexebis feodaluri mesakuTre.

qcevas. kavkasiis mTielTa umetesobisaTvis identobasa da masTan dakavSirebul cxovrebis wess ayalibebda ara imdenad eTnikuroba, ena an kultura, ramdenadac religiuri kuTvnileba – islami. marTalia, rogorc mTis aristokratias, ise soflebis meTemeebs TavianTi tradiciuli adaTebi hqondaT, magram gviani Sua saukuneebidan CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTel rig xalxebSi adaTs muslimuri samarTali – SariaTi Caenacvla, romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo muslimTa moraluri da zneobrivi Rirebulebebi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom ruseTis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg kavkasiel mTielTa brZola, arcTu iSviaTad, religias efuZneboda, xolo am brZolis meTaurebad xSir SemTxvevaSi muslimi sulieri liderebi gvevlinebodnen (yazi-muhamedi, yazi-mola, Seixi mansuri, Samili). kavkasiis mTieli mosaxleobis muhajiroba ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda: pirvelma etapma moicva 1857-1862 wlebi, xolo meorem – 1863-1864 wlebi. osmaleTisaken pirvelebi centraluri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis xalxebi – CeCnebi, daRestnelebi da muslimi osebi daiZrnen. 1859 wels os muhajirTa ramdenime privilegirebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli TavianT ymebTan erTad gadasaxlda. momdevno wels osmaleTis gzas osTa 300-350 ojaxi daadga. osebis mesame da yvelaze masStaburi muhajiroba 1865 wels moxda. amjerad osmaleTSi 5 aTasamde ojaxis migracias ruseTis armiis general-maiori, Tagaureli musa kunduxovi meTaurobda (kunduxovi osmaleTSi darCa, sulTnis wyaloba da faSis tituli, xolo cota mogvianebiT – osmaleTis armiis diviziis generlis Cini miiRo). 1861 wels osmaleTSi gadaasaxles beslenelebi, Semdeg – yubanispira yabardoelebi da abazebi. yabardoel muhajirTa ricxvi 10

aleqsandre II (1818-1881)

aTass aRemateboda (941 ojaxi). male maT kvals miayoles anapis raionSi mcxovrebi natuxaelebi, xolo 1863-1864 wlebSi muhajirobis procesma mravalricxovani adiReelebi (Cerqezebi), ubixebi, abazebi, abaZexebi, noRaelebi da sxva xalxebi moicva. ruseTis saimperio mmarTvelobis oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, kavkasiidan 418 aTasi Cerqezi gadausaxlebiaT (zogierT wyaroSi gandevnilad samjer meti adamiania dasaxelebuli. yabardo-balyareTis umaRlesma sabWom da adiRes respublikis parlamentma es movlena CerqezTa genocidad Seafases). Tergis olqidan migrirebul mosaxleobas Soris iyvnen vainaxebi (5 aTas ojaxamde), yarabulayebi (TiTqmis mTlianad, 1500 ojaxi), CeCenTa nawili (3500 ojaxi) da inguS-nazranelebi (100 ojaxamde). CrdiloeT kavkasiis erT-erTi mravalricxovani eTnosi, ubixebi, 1864 wlamde kavkasiis Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mdinareebis Saxesa da xostas Soris da maT mimdebare xeobebSi cxovrobdnen. misdevdnen mecxoveleobas, miwaTmoqmedebas, mebaReobas, meTevze-

kavkasia obas. nawili ki osmaleTTan vaWrobiT iyo dakavebuli. kavkasiisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi am mamaci, mcirericxovani xalxis warmomadgenlebi TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis wina rigebSi idgnen. kavkasiisaTvis omis dasrulebidan maleve ubixTa TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba (zogierTi monacemiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50 aTasamde, sxva cnobiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 74 567 adamiani) osmaleTSi gadasaxlda. am droidan ubixebi gaqrnen kavkasiis rukidan. osmaleTSi gamgzavrebis win muhajirebi ukanasknelad moinaxulebdnen mama-papaTa salocavebs, axlobelTa saflavebs, saxlebs gamoketavdnen da samSoblos guldamZimebulni eTxovebodnen. vidre osmaleTSi CaaRwevdnen, gadasaxlebulebs uamravi siZnelisa da gaWirvebis gadalaxva uxdebodaT. maT umravlesobas mgzavroba sastik siviwroveSi, daqiravebuli rusuli an osmaluri patara ialqniani gemebiTa da niCbiani navebiT uwevdaT. gadatvirTuli navebi, mgzavrebTan erTad, xSirad zRvaSi iZireboda. bevri mZime mgzavrobas ver uZlebda an sxvadasxva sneulebis gamo iRupeboda, maT Soris, bavSvebic. Turqi askerebi (anu osmalo jariskacebi) micvalebulebs zRvaSi yridnen. SimSilisagan daosebul ltolvilebs kargi dRe arc napirze elodaT, sadac sakarantino banakebSi aTasobiT maTgans musrs

avlebda tifi, qolera da sxva gadamdebi daavadebebi. 1863-1864 wlebSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan gadasaxlebuli aranakleb 10 aTasi qali da bavSvi monad gaiyida. erTi evropeli TviTmxilvelis cnobiT, silamaziT ganTqmuli Cerqezi qalebic ki, bazarze maTi arnaxuli simravlis gamo, saocrad iafad iyidebodnen. masobrivad iRupebodnen muhajirebi osmaleTis teritoriazec. 1871 wlis monacemebiT, gadasaxlebulTa ori mesamedi erTi wlis Semdeg sicivis, SimSilisa Tu epidemiebis gamo eTxoveboda sicocxles. amis paralelurad, muhajir kavkasiel mTielTa zedafenis mraval warmomadgenels sulTnis xelisuflebam sasaTbure pirobebi Seuqmna: uxvad gamouyo dapirebuli miwis nakveTebi, daniSna sxvadasxva administraciul Tanamdebobebze, mianiWa maRali samxedro wodebebi da a.S. muhajirobis procesma afxazeTic moicva. 1867 wels moxda afxazTa pirveli masobrivi gadasaxleba osmaleTSi, romlis mizezebic iyo ruseTis mier dasavleT kavkasiis dapyroba da kavkasiis omis damTavreba, aseve, afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba da aq rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoReba, mxaris axali administraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba, afxazeTSi saglexo reformis gatarebisa-

yazi-muhamedi (1795-1832) Samili (1797-1871)

Seixi mansuri (1760 -1794)

muhajiroba

Cerqezebi toveben mTebs da osmaleTisken miemarTebian

musa kunduxovi (1818 -1889)

Tvis mzadeba da 1866 wlis lixnis ajanyeba. maSin samSoblo daaxloebiT 20 aTasma afxazma datova. es iyvnen ZiriTadad mTis – webeldisa da dalis raionebis mcxovrebni, romelTa muhajirobis gamo kodoris xeoba mosaxleobisagan faqtobrivad daicala. gazeTis korespondentis sityviT, wamsvlelebi ise ganicdidnen TavianT saxl-karTan ganSorebas, rom „mravalma moxucebulma kacebma da qalebma Tavis Tavi Tu xes Tu kedels miatexes“. aRsaniSnavia, rom osmaleTSi gadasaxlebul afxaz Tavad-aznaurebsac, msgavsad Crdilokavkasieli zedafenebis warmomadgenlebisa, Tan TavianTi ymebi ojaxebiT mihyavdaT.

TviTmxilvelis gadmocemiT, „sacodaoba iyo xomaldze gadayvanili afxazebis naxva... isini cxare cremliT stirodnen, zRvis napirisaken xelebs iSverdnen da gaiZaxodnen: Cven Cvenis nebiT ar mivdivarT, Zalad mivyevarTo“. bevr gadasaxlebul afxazs Tan mihqonda TiTo muWa mSobliuri miwa, saflavSi Casayoleblad. ltolvili afxazebi osmaleTis Sida provinciebSi saxldebodnen, bevrma sacxovrisi samSoblosTan axlos, aWaraSi airCia, romelic im dros jer kidev osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo (baTumsa da mis SemogarenSi dResac cxovroben afxaz muhajirTa STamomavlebi). muhajirobis Sedegad afxazeTis jiqeTSi, sadac 20 aTasze meti adamiani mkvidrobda, mxolod 500-Ra (80 ojaxi) darCa da isinic

lixnis 1866 wlis ajanyeba, romelSic afxazeTis mosaxleobis yvela fenis warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen, adgilobrivi samTavros gauqmebam (1864), afxazeTSi koloniuri reJimis damkvidrebam da saglexo reformisaTvis mzadebis dawyebam ganapiroba. ajanyebulebma ieriSi miitanes soxumze, afxazeTis samTavro aRdgenilad gamoacxades da mTavrad ukanaskneli mTavris, mixeil SarvaSiZis vaJi – giorgi SarvaSiZe moiwvies. mTavrobis jarma, quTaisis general-gubernator d. sviatopolk-mirskis sardlobiT, amboxebulebi aiZula SeewyvitaT brZola da iaraRi xelisuflebisaTvis CaebarebinaT. savele sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, ajanyebis aqtiur monawileTagan sami kaci daxvrites, xolo 30 cimbirSi gadasaxlebiT dasajes. kavkasiaSi dabrunebis uflebis gareSe orenburgSi gadaasaxles giorgi SarvaSiZec. ajanyebis marcxi afxazeTSi muhajirobis winapirobad iqca.

vainaxebi

kavkasia gagrifSis dablobSi Caasaxles. afxazeTSic gamoTavisuflebuli miwebi imperiis xelisuflebam kolonizaciisaTvis gamoiyena. afxazTa gadasaxlebis procesSi, dgeboda muhajirTa siebi soflebis mixedviT, ojaxis TavkacTa saxelisa da gvaris miTiTebiT, aseve, ojaxis wevrTa raodenobis (qalTa, kacTa) CvenebiT. am siebis originali saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivis saqmeebSi inaxeba. 1877-1878 ww.-Si, ruseT-osmaleTis omis msvlelobisas, ganxorcielda afxazTa meore masobrivi ZaldatanebiTi gadasaxleba osmaleTSi. es iyo araorganizebuli, stiqiuri procesi. im dros muhajirTa siebi arc SeudgeniaT, Tumca cnobilia gadasaxlebul afxazTa raodenoba – 30 aTasi adamiani (giorgi wereTlis cnobiT, afxazeTidan deportacia 48 aTas adamians Seexo, sergi mesxis Tanaxmad, muhajirTa ricxvi 50 aTasi iyo, xolo „Кавказский календарь“-is gamoangariSebiT, soxumis olqis mosaxleoba muhajirobis Sedegad 77 977 sulidan 45 812 sulamde Semcirebula, anu gadasaxlebulTa raodenoba 22 165 adamians Seadgenda). afxazTa muhajiroba ZiriTadad iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebda (wyaroebidan mkafiod Cans, rom biWvinTis olqis mcxovrebT ar surdaT osmaleTSi wasvla). afxazTa garkveulma nawilma nebayoflobiT qristianobac miiRo, rom samSobloSi darCena moexerxebina. xsenebuli omis periodSi kavkasiis xalxTa samSoblodan gasaxlebis kidev erTi talRa aRiniSna. omis dros CeCneTSi, daRestansa da afxazeTSi ajanyebebma ifeTqa. maTi CaxSobis Semdeg amboxebaTa monawileni da TanamgrZnobni cimbirsa da volgispireTSi gadaasaxles, garkveulma nawilma ki osmaleTis imperiaSi gaaswro. gadasaxlebis procesi arc omis dasrulebis Semdeg SeCerebula. 1878 wlis 19 Tebervals gaformebuli san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis XXI muxli ruseTis imperias SeerTebul raionebSi mcxovreb muslim mosaxleobas uflebas aZlevda, xelSekrulebis ratifikaciidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeyida Tavisi qoneba da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuliyo. osmaleTis qristian mosaxleobas ki ruseTSi gadasaxlebis neba eZleoda. rusulma mxarem afxazebis nawilobrivi repatriacia dauSva. 1881 wlisaTvis ukan 15 aTasamde afxazi muhajiri dabrunda. emigrirebuli muslimebis nacvlad, mefis mTavrobam yarsis olqSi sacxovrebeli molaknebs, duxoborebs, aseve, imperiis Sida guberniebidan gadmoyvanil berZen da somex mosaxleobas miuCina.

yabardoelebi osebi

Cerqezebi

CeCeni

muhajiroba

afxazi muhajirebi

arTvinsa da ardaganze rom ara iTqvas, aTasobiT qarTveli muslimi qedidan, xulodan, Suaxevidan, qobuleTidan, baTumidanac aiyara da ukeTesi cxovrebis saZieblad osmaleTis imperias miaSura. marto aWaris teritoriidan 1878 wlidan 80-iani wlebis CaTvliT gadasaxlebulTa ricxvi 22-dan 25 aTasamde meryeobs (arsebobs sxva monacemebic – 28-30 aTasi; saxeldeba 38 aTasic). saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi SemorCenilia dokumenturi masala, romelic gviCvenebs muhajirobis dinamikas aWaris regionidan. magaliTad, baTumis, kintriSisa da gonios ubnebidan 1878-1880 wlebSi muhajirad iqca ori aTasamde adamiani (897 kaci da 916 qali). zemo da qvemo aWaris, aseve, maWaxelis ubnebidan ki – 12 351 suli (6197 kaci, 6154 qali), e.i. sul 14 254 kaci (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan osmaleTSi muhajirobis axali nakadi pirveli msoflio omis periodSi Woroxis auzSi mimdinare sabrZolo moqmedebebma gamoiwvia). 1884-1887 wlebSi ganxorcielda osmaleTis imperiaSi yaraCaelTa da balyarelebis muhajiroba. 1882-1883 wlebSi yubanis olqidan osmaleTSi adiReelTa 1381 komli gadaasaxles. 1888 wels maT kidev regionidan ayrili 3 333 mcxovrebi daemata. 1889-1890 wlebSi aseve osmaleTSi gadasaxlda adiRes 13 aulis mosaxleoba. CrdiloeT kavkasiidan osmaleTSi gadasaxlebulTa saerTo raodenoba 700-750 aTass aRwevda. vinc gadarCa, TandaTan adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifa, mxolod mcire nawilma SeinarCuna eTnikuri TavisTavadoba. muhajirTa STamomavlebi diasporebis saxiT amJamad, garda TurqeTisa, cxovroben bulgareTSi, egvipteSi, siriaSi, palestinaSi, eraysa da iordaniaSi. afxazeTidan Tu „osmalos saqarTvelodan“ muhajirebad qceul adamianebs TanagrZnobas ucxadebda mowinave qarTveli sazogadoeba. muhajirebis tragikul yofaze qarTul Tu saqarTvelos rusulenovan periodul presaSi xSirad werdnen ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, sergi mesxi, Tedo saxokia, zaqaria WiWinaZe da sxvebi. TavianTi publikaciebiT isini cdilobdnen aTiaTasobiT TanamemamulisTvis SeemsubuqebinaT mZime xvedri, Tumca es maT SesaZleblobas aRemateboda. muhajiroba, rogorc didi dramatuli movlena da warsulis travmuli gamocdileba, dRemde kavkasieli xalxebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis nawilia.

diaspora – sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi mosaxleobis, eTnikuri jgufis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic inarCunebs TviTidentifikacias istoriul samSoblosTan. repatriacia – im pirTa samSobloSi dabruneba, romlebic sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo ucxo qveynis teritoriaze aRmoCndnen.

saqarTvelo

oTxi ambavi Zvel baTumze sulxan salaZe droSi mogzauroba rom SeiZlebodes, erT-erTi pirveli, sadac wavidodi, Zveli baTumia. ufro zustad, Wreli, mravlismnaxveli da naklebad cnobili baTumi. cxadia, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT droSi mogzauroba SeuZlebelia, Tumca Zveli rukebi, Canawerebi da sxva wyaroebi am survilis dakmayofilebas met-naklebad SesaZlebels xdis. erTi SexedviT, Sen mxolod Zvel ambebs ecnobi, danarCeni yvelaferi kadrebad cocxldeba da droSi mogzauroba iwyeba. es ambavi im baTumis naxvis mcdelobaa, romlis Sesaxebac cota ram Tu viciT. qalaqis Zveli saxelwodebebi; cnobili evropeli kartografebi da maTi rukebi; nacnobi da ucnobi mogzaurebis Canawerebi da Canaxatebi. gadavwyvite, Zvel baTumze Txrobisas araerTi adamiani davimgzavro warsulidan. marto veras gavxdebi, rom ara isini, arc mogzauroba gamovidoda da verc am ambebs mogiyvebodiT... ambavi pirveli – „ars baTomi“ baTumze saubrisas, Tavdapirvelad, vaxuSti batoniSvilze minda vTqva oriode sityva. marTalia, gasageb mizezTa gamo, baTumis Sesaxeb vaxuSti vrclad arafers ambobs, Tumca misi Canaweri sagulisxmo da mniSvnelovania:

Zveli baTumi

vaxuSti batoniSvilis ruka, saqarTvelos samefo, 1735

vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)

„zRvis SesarTavzed da Woroxis CdiloT kidurze ars baTomi, mcire qalaqi da cixe kargi“. baTumTan erTad vaxuSti iqve axsenebs gonias (gonio), romelic Woroxis gadaRma mxares, samxreTiT mdebare patara qalaqi da cixe iyo. xolo Woroxis CrdiloeTiT – sofel erges. swored baTumis, gonios da erges Sesaxeb werda:

qarTveli kartografis da istorikosis vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier baTumis nacvlad naxseneb toponim baTomis gamoyeneba gavrcelebuli iyo. qalaqs baTomis saxeliT gansakuTrebiT xSirad moixseniebdnen XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, manam, sanam 1936 wlis 17 agvistos oficialurad ar ewoda baTumi. ambavi meore – „LOVATI“; „LONATI“... rac ar unda ucnauri iyos, baTomi ar aris erTaderTi toponimi, romliTac Zvel droSi baTums moixseniebdnen. saqme isaa, rom XVI-XVIII saukuneebis evropeli kartografebi baTumis aRmniSvnel toponimad rukebze xSirad iyenebdnen saxelebs: „LOVATI“; „LONATI“; „VATHI“; `VATI~ da `VARTLUI~. yvela im

„da baToms, gonias da erges narinji, Turinji, limo, zeTisxili, broweuli mravali da zRvis kidesaca. venaxi maRlarni, Rvino keTili, msubuqi da Semrgo, gemoian suniani mravlad“. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mecadineobiT, baTumis naxva frangi astronomis da kartografis Jozef nikola delilis mier vaxuStis gardacvalebidan cxra wlis Semdeg, 1766 wels – parizSi da italieli kartografis paulo santinis mier 1775 wels – veneciaSi gamocemul “CARTE DE LA GEORGIE”-is rukebzec SeiZleba. meti sizustisaTvis, marTalia, rukis avtori Jozef nikola delilia, Tumca yvelam icis, rom sinamdvileSi, parizsa da veneciaSi gamocemuli rukebi vaxuSti batoniSvilis „saqarTvelos samefos“ rukis daxvewili franguli versiaa.

Jozef nikola delili (1688-1768)

saqarTvelo rukis aq moxmoba, sadac baTumis aRmniSvnel am saxelwodebebs vxvdebiT, Sors wagviyvanda, Tumca ramdenime mniSvnelovani ruka da kartografi mainc unda vaxsenoT. am mxriv, erT-erTi pirveli udavod aris XVI saukunis gamoCenili italieli kartografi jakomo gastaldi, vinc 1548 wels veneciaSi gamosca „ptolemaiosis geografia“ (PTOLEMEO LA GEOGRAFIA). gastaldis rukebidan CvenTvis sainteresoa cnobili „sparseTis axali ruka” (PERSIA NOVA TABULA). rukis marjvena zeda nawilSi, Savi zRvis sanapirosTan, mTavruli asoebiT warwerilia: `LAL OVATI~ da iqve qalaqis/cixis aRmniSvneli niSania datanili . … baTumis saxelad toponim „LONATI“-s iyenebs franguli kartografiis mamad wodebuli XVII saukunis frangi kartografi nikola sansoni. 1652-1656 wlebSi misi gamocemuli oTxtomiani atlasi moicavs cnobil rukas, saxelwodebiT, „TURKOMANIA, GEORGIA, COMMANIA“. nikola sansonis msgavsad, amave saxelwodebiT moixseniebs baTums nikola sansonis moswavle da siZe – kidev erTi frangi kartografi – pier diu vali, 1670 wels gamocemul frangulenovan „GEORGIE~E-is rukaze.

nikola sansoni (1660-1667)

paulo santinis mier 1775 wels veneciaSi gamocemuli „Carte de la Georgie et Des Pays Situes Entre La Mer Noire et La Mer Caspienne“

baTumis aRmniSvnelad sityva „VARTLUI“-s iyenebs frangi kartografi alen manson male, vinc 1683 wels parizSi gamocemul „samyaros aRweraSi“ („Description de L’Univers“) saqarTvelosa da somxeTs calke ruka miuZRvna. sxvaTa Soris, es ruka imiTac aris saintereso, rom, savaraudod, alen male swored saqarTvelosa da somxeTs miiCnevda evropis ukidures aRmosavleTSi mdebare qristianul qveynebad, romlebzec gadioda sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris. amis dasturad, males cnobili rukis dekoratiuli CarCos zemoT, marcxniv da marjvniv gakeTebuli minawerebi SeiZleba moviSvelioT: `EVROPE~ – `TARTARIE~. Zvel evropul rukebze saubris dasasruls da XIX saukunis baTumze saubris dawyebamde isic unda iTqvas, rom baTumTan da mTlianad saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis evropuli kartografiis mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, arcTu iSviaTad, geografiuli erTeulebi saTanado adgilas ar aris datanili. cxadia, am mxriv gamonaklisi arc baTumis mdebareobaa, rac baTumTan mimarTebiT am rukebis mniSvnelobas sulac ar akninebs.

Zveli baTumi

ambavi mesame – frangebi da belgieli

alen manson males ruka, saqarTvelo da somxeTi, 1683

XIX saukunis baTumis Sesaxeb Txroba trapizonSi safrangeTis konsulis pier diupres CanawerebiT unda daviwyoT. man baTumi 1807 wels moixila. diupres droindel qalaqSi ori aTasamde mcxovrebi yofila. baTumi Turme did sofels ufro hgavda, vidre qalaqs. miuxedavad baTumis moxerxebuli mdebareobisa, vaWroba umniSvnelo hqoniaT. bazarSi duqnebis raodenoba 50-s aRwevda.

bis ruseT-osmaleTis omamde bevrad adre xdeboda da im droisaTvis baTumi jer isev osmaleTs eWira.

alen manson male (1630-1706)

gemebi da xomaldebi, romlebic baTumSi dacuravdnen, qalaqSi, ZiriTadad, rkinas, marils, sapons da mosaxleobisaTvis saWiro farTleuls ezidebodnen. diupres mogzaurobidan male baTums ruseTis armiis oficeri, belgiuri warmoSobis bernar eJen antuan rotie stumrobda da, kacma rom Tqvas, TiTqmis igive unaxavs, rac diupres. roties droindeli qalaqi erT grZeli xis daxlebian bazars warmoadgenda, romelsac ganieri quCa kveTda. xalxi Turme mxolod dRis ganmavlobaSi Canda, radganac mosaxleoba gafantulad cxovrobda baTumis midamoebSi arsebul mTis ferdobebsa da bziT daburul tyeebSi. roties mogzaurobis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos, baTumi frangma eqimma Jiul-Sarl teiulma moinaxula. is im iSviaT gamonaklisTa Sorisaa, visTvisac baTumi saqarTvelos pirveli qalaqi iyo, romlis naxvac trapizonidan saqarTveloSi gemiT mosulma SeZlo. Tanac, es 1877-1878 wle-

teiulis Tanaxmad, baTumi mcire resursebis da mniSvnelobis adgils warmoadgenda da nebismier sxva qveyanaSi mxolod soflis statusi eqneboda. Tumca, frang eqims eWvi ar epareboda baTumis momavalSi da amis upirvels mizezad qalaqis navsadguris siRrmes da sandoobas usvamda xazs. Jiul-Sarl teiuli ar cdeboda. misi mogzaurobidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1853 wels, yirimis omi daiwyo. am droidan moyolebuli, baTumis, rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqis roli kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda. paralelurad, evropul ilustrirebul presaSi baTumis panoramuli xedebi gamoCnda, yvelaze xSirad – frangul „l'illustration journal universel“sa da inglisur „The Illustrated London News“Si. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom baTumis pirveli evropuli graviurebi, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis sxva qalaqebis Canaxatebi, ilustrirebul evropul presas ukavSirdeba. ambavi meoTxe – 1873 wlis 4-10 agvisto miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunis pirveli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi baTums araerTi mogzauri Tu sxva mxriv dainteresebuli piri stumrobda, maTi Canawerebis umravlesoba mainc fragmentulia. maTgan gansxvavebiT,

saqarTvelo

L'illustration Journal Universel – pirveli yovelkvireuli franguli ilustrirebuli gazeTi, gamoicemoda 1843-1944 wlebSi

osmaleTis mmarTvelobis droindeli baTumis Sesaxeb yvelaze vrceli da guluxvi cnobebi qarTveli istorikosis, arqeologisa da eTnografis – dimitri baqraZis CanawerebSia. Sesabamisad, Zvel baTumSi mogzaurobis yvelaze saintereso nawilic mas ukavSirdeba. dimitri baqraZe baTumSi 1873 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi Cavida. im dros baTumSi Coloqs gaRmidan moxvedra arc ise martivi iyo, Tumca didi wvalebisa da mondomebis Sedegad, baqraZem mainc SeZlo baTumSi Casvla. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom dimitri baqraZe baTumSi didi xniT gaCerebas ar apirebda. mis upirveles mizans aWaris monaxuleba warmoadgenda. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda, molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, baTumSi sakmaod didxans – 4-dan 10 agvistomde mouwia gaCereba. amis erTi mizezi agvistos wvimiani amindebi yofila, meore – faSasTan audiencia da aWaraSi mogzaurobis dawyebis gaWianureba. marTalia, arqeologi wuxda, rom zemo da qvemo aWaris monaxuleba ugviandeboda, magram, kidev kargi, rom ase moxda – baTumSi „CarCenis“ wyalobiT, qalaqis Sesaxeb saintereso, mravlismTqmeli da erTmaneTze ukeTesi Canawerebi datova. dimitri baqraZis droindeli baTumi, ZiriTadad, dRevandel sanapiroze gadioda da sul TiTo-orola quCas moicavda. Sesabami-

dimitri baqraZe (1826-1890)

sad, ar aris gasakviri, rom qobuleTidan baTumSi Casuli arqeologi navmisadgomTan, axalcixeli somxis – stefane dadebovis maRaziis zeda sarTulze dabinavda. rogorc Cans, maRaziis pirvel sarTulze stefane vaWrobda xolo meore sarTulze Tavad cxovrobda da Tan oTaxebs aqiravebda. dimitris monaTxrobis mixedviT, stefane dadebovis savaWro gamocdileba baTumSi ukve 15 welze mets iTvlida. igi osmaluri mmarTvelobis qveS myof qalaqSi nair-nairi evropuli sasmelebiT vaWrobda. baqraZe arafers ambobs, Tu ramdenad sarfiani iyo maSindel baTumSi evropuli sasmelebiT vaWroba, magram faqti TavisTavad sainteresoa. dimitri baqraZem Tadarigi baTumSi misvlamde bevrad adre daiWira da Sesabamisad, qalaqSi Casvlidan meore dRes, dilis 9 saaTze, warmoSobiT lazma baTumis mudirma, romelic Tavisuflad laparakobda qarTulad, arqeologi faSas warudgina. faSa 70 wlis konstantinopoleli Turqi iyo da XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan ganagebda mTeli lazistanis safaSos. faSasTan gamarTuli pirveli Sexvedra saintereso gamodga, maspinZelma stumari alersianad miiRo da yaviT gaumaspinZlda. saubrisas konstantinopolelma faSam baq-

baTumis panoramuli xedi – XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebi, The Illustrated London News

Zveli baTumi

azizies meCeTi baTumSi

baTumis berZnuli eklesia

raZes baTumSi stumrobis mizezi hkiTxa, razec arqeologma upasuxa, rom ruseTis mTavrobam Curuq-sus (qobuleTi), aWaris da Woroxis xeobis Zveli Zeglebis Sesaswavlad gamogzavna da mogzaurobis dasawyebad faSis dasturi sWirdeboda. eWvgareSea, didi gamocdilebis mqone faSisTvis es pasuxi damajerebeli ar unda yofiliyo. miT umetes, imdroindel osmaleTSi bevrma icoda, rom ruseTs didi xania Tvali hqonda dadgmuli baTumze da saTanado dros eloda, rom qalaqi osmaleTisTvis waerTmia. arqeologis pasuxiT gakvirvebulma faSam stumars Semdegi kiTxva miageba: „mere, maqedan ra sargebloba geqnebaT?“ faSaze naklebi gamocdileba arc dimitri baqraZes hqonda da upasuxa, rom ruseTis mTavrobas surda gaego, aWaraSi arsebul Zvel Zeglebze SemorCa Tu ara warwerebi da SeiZleboda Tu ara imis gageba, rodis da vin aaSena an raime mniSvnelovan ambavs xom ar inaxavda es Zeglebi. cxadia, dimitri baqraZisgan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis mTavrobas didad ar anaRvlebda is mizezi,

rac arqeologma uTxra faSas, magram oficialurad, qaRaldze, baqraZis mogzaurobas peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademia uWerda mxars. sabolood, ise gamovida, rom faSam arqeologs pirvelive Sexvedraze uari uTxra, Tumca dahpirda, rom sakiTxs baTumSi ruseTis vice-konsul judiCTan ganixilavda da Semdeg, saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, saqmes qalaqis mejliss gadascemda. sanam faSa dimitri baqraZes saboloo pasuxs etyoda, manamde am ukanasknels dro uqmad ar daukargavs da baTumis cxovrebas gascnobia. misi Canawerebidan yvelaze sainteresoc swored qalaqis aRweraa. 1873 wlisaTvis baTumi lazistanis safaSos mTavari qalaqi iyo. qalaqs muTasarifi, anu gubernatori marTavda, romelic osmaleTis mTavrobas da trapizonis generalgubernators emorCileboda. safaSo 11 kazas, anu olqs aerTianebda, maT Soris, baTums, Curuq-sus (qobuleTi), qvemo aWaras, zemo aWaras, maWaxels, livans, xofas... TiToeul olqs kaimakami (olqis ufrosi) ganagebda, romelTac xelqveiTebad, marTvaSi damxmareebad, saSualod 2-3 mudiri (ubnis ufrosi) hyavdaT. baTumSi iyo mejlisi, anu sagubernio sabWo, sasamarTlo da sabaJos sammarTvelo. amrigad, yvela kaza da yvela kazis saqme sabolood baTumSi iyrida Tavs.

baTumi, graviura 1854 wlis franguli LL K ’illustration Journal Universel-dan

saqarTvelo dimitri baqraZis baTumSi stumrobis dros qalaqSi erTi Turquli da erTi berZnuli skola moqmedebda. funqcionirebda sami meCeTi – azizies, axmedies da mufTies, aseve – erTi berZnuli eklesia, romelic 1865-1871 wlebSi, baTumeli berZnebis mondomebiT da sulTan abdul azizis nebarTviT aSenda. sulTnis gadawyvetilebiT, mrevls da eklesias zaris darekvis ufleba ar hqoniaT. qalaqis saukeTeso nawili yofila navmisadgomi, sadac, ZiriTadad, berZnebis da somxebis maRaziebi mdgara. gamorCeulad kargi Senoba hqonia laz maxmuds, sadac gawyobili yofila evropul-Turquli yaidis sastumro, SadrevniT, abanoTi, yavaxaniT da sabiliardoTi. qalaqis sanapiros Turme Zveli quCebi ekvroda, sadac adgilobrivi vrceli bazrebi iyo ganTavsebuli. dimitri baqraZis Canawerebis Tanxmad, imdroindeli baTumi 800-ze met duqans iTvlida. duqnebis gadaRma qalaqis gareubani iwyeboda, romelic iseTive kantikuntad dasaxlebuli adgili yofila, rogoric XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, diupres mogzaurobis dros.

baqraZis droindel baTumSi, rogroc Tavad ambobda, hava SedarebiT mosaTmeni iyo, qalaqis SemogarenSi ki – arc ise bevri Waobi. adamiani Tu Tavs gaufrTxildeboda, SeeZlo cxelebis SiSis gareSe ecxovra. karg havasTan erTad, qalaqs Wis kargi wyalic hqonia. imdroindeli baTumi gasayid nakveTebad yofila dayofili da miwis yidvis ufleba yvelas eZleoda. maT ricxvSi iyvnen ucxoelebic, magram miwebis didi nawili lazebs ukve SeesyidaT da zed duqnebi da saxlebi gaemarTaT. baqraZis interesis miRma arc qalaqis mosaxleoba darCenila. yvelaze xSirad baTums Turme lazebi, qobuleTelebi, aseve zemo da qvemo aWarlebi etanebodnen. Cacmulobis mxriv yvelas erTnairad scmia. yabalaxi, mokle kurtaki (zeda tansacmeli), adgilobrivi warmoebis maudis viwro Sarvali da welze Semoxveuli farTo sartyeli. qalaqis mcxovrebi mamakacebis aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda iaraRi. am mxriv ZiriTadad adgilobrivi warmoebis Tofebi sargeblobda mowonebiT. welze Semoxveul sartyelSi gaCrili hqondaT orlesuli xanjlebi da inglisuri warmoebis pistoletebi, rogorc uwindel baTumSi ityodnen – fiStoebi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli salaparako ena qarTuli yofila. qalaqSi aseve ismoda berZnuli da Turquli enebic. vaWroba, romelsac qalaqi eweoda, arc ise didi, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobisa yofila. bambis nawarmi inglisidan da Sveicariidan Semodioda, abreSumis qsovilebi – ale-

baTumis kaTolikuri eklesia

baTumeli lazebi

Zveli baTumi

podan da damaskodan, rkina – ruseTidan, xolo matyli – yirimidan da Coloqis gadaRma saqarTvelodan. sxvadasxva mxaridan Semodioda baTumSi Saqari, yava da pilpili, aseve – kala, niSaduri da nair-nairi sasmelebi.

baTumi, zRvis qviSis gadamtani urikebi

vaWrobis meore mxare iyo saqonlis eqsporti baTumidan. gansakuTrebiT gadioda simindi, brinji, yviTeli cvili, Tevzis qoni, Tafli da xe-tye. baqraZis Tanaxmad, yvelaze gamorCeuli, rac maSindeli baTumis Sori-axlos xarobda, limoni iyo. didi mowonebiT sargeblobda baTumuri, qobuleTuri da arTvinuli abreSumi. kargi fasi hqonia aqaur cvils, romelic odesasa da konstantinopolSi gadioda gasayidad. sayovelTaod yofila cnobili qobuleTuri muxa da aWaris bza. dimitri baqraZes baTumSi yofnisas gverdiT hyolian baTumis mejlisis uxucesi wevri – xasan-aRa muradoRli, romelic ambobda, rom misi winaprebi warmoSobiT saqarTvelodan iyvnen, oRond didi xnis win gadasaxlebulan lazeTSi da orTaxofeli lazi xasan-aRa, romelic baTumis mejlisis wevrobamde osmaleTis vice-konsuli iyo foTSi, xolo konsuli – TbilisSi. yirimis omis dros igi Turme moxalise lazebs meTaurobda yarsSi da rogorc ambobda, misi Zveli gvari mouraviSvili yofila. dimitri baqraZis da xasan-aRas urTierToba 1860 wlidan dawyebula da Tavs erTmaneTis megobrebad miiCnevdnen. baTumSi ruseTis vice-konsul judiCTan erTad, swored xasan-aRas damsaxureba iyo, rom dimitri baqraZem aWaraSi mogzaurobis nebarTva miiRo.

baTumi, sastumro `francia~

dimitri baqraZem baTumi 1873 wlis 10 agvistos, mziani dilis 7 saaTze datova da aWaris soflebsa da xeobebSi TiTqmis ori kviris manZilze imogzaura. zemo da qvemo aWaris monaxulebis Semdeg, mogzauroba Wvanis xeobis gavliT qobuleTSi daasrulda. am mogzaurobis dRiurebis kiTxva erTi didi Tavgadasavali da siamovnebaa. Tumca es ukve sul sxva ambavi da istoriaa...…

baTumis porti

didi qarTvelebi

mitrofane laRiZe

rusudan margiSvili

„1900 wlidan saqarTveloSi me SemoviRe saukeTeso naturaluri wylebis, wvenebisa da sirofebis damzadebis axali meTodebi, wesebi da recepturebi, romlis wesiT damzadebuli wylebi xarisxis mxriv mowonebuli da Rirseulad Sefasebul iqna farTo sazogadoebis mier. am recepturiT damzadebuli wylebi, rogorc gemoTi, ise surnelovnebiT, saamuria da janmrTelobisTvis sasargebloa imitom, rom Cemi meTodiT damzadebul sasmelebSi ar ixmareba araviTari sinTetiuri esenciebi da qimikatebi“. mitrofane laRiZe, 1900 weli

amboben, 1952 wels aSS-is prezident hari trumens sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanel ioseb stalinisTvis saCuqrad 1000 boTli „koka-kola“ gaugzavnia. stalins mondomebia trumenisTvis sapasuxod kidev ufro STambeWdavi saCuqris gakeTeba, kremlSi 83 wlis mitrofane laRiZe daubarebia da saeqsporto limonaTis damzadeba uTxovia, romelic trumenisTvis gaugzavniaT. mere TiTqos TeTri saxlidan werili mosula da amerikelebs laRiZis limonaTis eqsporti uTxoviaT, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am ambavs gagrZeleba aRar mohyolia...

mitrofane laRiZe

ioseb stalini, hari trumeni da uinston CerCili

imasac amboben, rom 1943 wlis Teiranisa da 1945 wlis ialtis konferenciebze mowyobil vaxSmebze stumrebs laRiZis wylebiT umaspinZldebodnen da uinston CerCils es gamagrilebeli sasmeli gansakuTrebiT moswonebia... mitrofane laRiZe – qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, qvelmoqmedi, saqarTveloSi ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebis fuZemdebeli, cnobili „laRiZis wylebis“ damaarsebeli, „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ wevri da quTaisis „sagamomcemlo amxanagobis“ damfuZnebeli. man pirvelma gamoiyena warmoebaSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionis xili naturaluri, ualkoholo, originaluri sasmelebis dasamzadeblad da safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebis ganviTarebas. Seqmna gansakuTrebuli brendi, romelic dResac arsebobs, gamoirCeva naturaluri SemadgenlobiT da SeuZlia konkurencia gauwios saqveynod cnobil ualkoholo sasmelebs. yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom wyaltuboSi, sofel WolevSi, Raribi aznauris ojaxSi 1869 wels dabadebuli mitrofane laRiZe, 14 wlis asakSi, mSobliuri soflidan quTaisSi aRmoCnda da petre kokoCaSvilisa da cezar ivanovskis afTiaqSi daiwyo muSaoba.

cezar ivanovski cnobili poloneli farmacevti yofila, romelic garda wamlebisa, quTaisSi limonaTsac amzadebda. saafTiaqo saqme mitrofanes Turme didad ar itacebda, samagierod, xileulis wylebis damzadebiT dainteresebula, es saqme ivanovskisgan Seuswavlia da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1887 wlidan, ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebas Tavad Casdgomia saTaveSi. ivanovskis meTodisa da mis mier sxvadasxva bunebriv xilsa Tu nedleulze Catarebuli eqsperimentebis bazaze, laRiZem gansakuTrebuli aromatisa da gemos mqone qarTuli limonaTis recepti SeimuSava. 1900 wels quTaisSi damoukideblad aaSena limonaTis qarxana da daiwyo naturaluri limonaTis warmoeba, romelmac mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaiTqva saxeli. amave periodSi quTaisSive daaarsa xileulis sasmelebis amxanagobac, romlis mizanic, finansur warmatebaze metad, qarTuli sasmelebis warmoebis ganviTareba da popularizacia iyo, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed saerTaSoriso asparezzec. mitrofane gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda nedleulis xarisxs, sasmelebis warmoebis teqnologiebis dacvas da maT dasamzadeblad naturaluri wvenebis gamoyenebas. 1900 wels man quTaisSi ualkoholo sasmelebis maRaziac gaxsna. laRiZis wyali Turme quTaisis cnobil bulvarTan axlos iyideboda.…

didi qarTvelebi

„qalaqis baRis pirdapir, TumaniSvilis axal SenobaSi, batonma mitrofane laRiZem gaxsna madneulisa (igulisxmeba mineraluri wylebis) da xelovnurad Semzadebuli wylebis qarxana. es axlad daarsebuli qarxana Tavisi sifaqiziT da kargi surnelovani wylebiT ganirCeva sxva qarxnebisgan“. gazeTi „kvali“ (## 17), 1900

1902 wels mitrofane laRiZe germaniasa da safrangeTSi gaemgzavra, raTa Seeswavla da Tavis warmoebaSi daenerga imdroindeli saerTaSoriso standartebi da amiT pirveli qarTuli limonaTis xarisxi gaeumjobesebina. parizSi man Seiswavla xileulis wylis warmoebis meTodi da teqnologia da Semdeg Tavis warmoebaSi danerga. mitrofane iyo pirveli, vinc Zalian farTod gamoiyena xileulis wylebis ualkoholo sasmelis dasayeneblad saqarTveloSi arsebuli adgilobrivi xil-kenkris nedleuli. SeimuSava xilis sirofis damzadebis originaluri meTodi, xilis esenciebis receptura da miRebis teqnologia. amasTan, is zedmiwevniT frTxilad ekideboda xilis nedleulis SerCevas mikroraionebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Jolos sirofs amzadebda mxolod borjomis xeobaSi, umTavresad ki, bakurianSi gavrcelebuli kenkriT, romelic Zalian surnelovani da gemrieli iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Semotanili nedleuli ufro iafi jdeboda. igi did dros atarebda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, saukeTeso nedleulisa da xilis ZiebaSi. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom vaSls mxolod gorSi yidulobda, marwyvualkoholo sasmelebis sa da Jolos, rogorc aRiniSna – bakurianSi, maRazia quTaisis citruss – afxazeTSi, alubals – kaspSi, bulvarTan vards ki – lagodexis nakrZalSi. mitrofanes Tan degustatoris gansakuTrebuli niWi hqonia. rogorc amboben, sul mciredi niuansebis mixedviT ingredients ise SearCevda, rom produqti gansakuTrebul momxiblav da gemur, surnelovan Tvisebebs iZenda da amrigad qmnida iseT kompoziciebs, romelic yvelas moswonda. xSirad Cndeboda eWvi, TiTqos mitrofane wylis dayenebis raRac gansakuTrebul saidumlos inaxavda, magram swored misi bunebrivi degustaciuri niWi da saqmis mimarT keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba iyo „laRiZis wylebis“ mTavari „saidumlo“.

mitrofane laRiZe

limonaTis Camosasxmelad mitrofane laRiZes saqarTveloSi SuSis boTlebi da specialuri sifonebi Semoutania. brendis etiketi da sasaqonlo niSani gamoCenili qarTveli mxatvrisTvis – gigo zaziaSvilisTvis daukveTia. „wylebis“ etiketze gamosaxes Cixtikopiani qali, romlis prototipic mitrofanes deda – gulCina ugrexeliZe iyo (laRiZis limonaTebs dRemde es etiketi amSvenebs). etikets saintereso warwerac axlda: saamugan. gemo da suni `moiTxoveT yvel s“. xildiT siyalbe ri aqvs. gaufrT laRiZis wylis gamyidvelebi ki ase uxmobdnen klientebs, gagrilebis msurvelebs:

„ginda iyo lamazi? dalie laRiZis wyali!“ anda `Tu ginda iyo lamazi qali, unda dalio laRiZis wyali!“

mitrofane laRiZe farTo masStabis adamiani iyo. misTvis arsebiTi ara piradi mogeba, aramed qveynis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da ekonomikis gaZliereba iyo. mis saxels ukavSirdeba qalaq quTaisSi pirveli eleqtrosadguris aSeneba da qalaqis eleqtroenergiiT ganaTeba: quTaisis bankis mmarTvelis, cnobili sazogado moRvawe kirile lorTqifaniZis daxmarebiTa da xelSewyobiT mitrofanes safrangeTidan, saTanado kompaniisgan, didi krediti miuRia eleqtrosadgurisTvis saWiro danadgarebis SesaZenad. 1904 wels auSenebiaT eleqtrosadguri, romelmac pirvelad misca eleqtroganaTeba quTaiss. am istoriuli faqtiT quTaisis sazogadoeba aRfrTovanebuli darCenila.

quTaisis eleqtrosadguri

„ukve daiwyo sicxe, dgeba buRi da ali, ra gveSveleba, Tuki ar vsviT laRiZis wyali“. iumoristuli Jurnali „tartarozi“

didi qarTvelebi

„baton mitrofane laRiZis qarxanam kargi saqme gaakeTa, jer iyo da quTaisis Teatri gaanaTa eleqtroniT da axla ki qalaqis quCebsac anaTebs. es ager erTi kviraa, rac mTavari quCa soborisa da bulvaris garSemo eleqtronis farnebiTaa ganaTebuli“. gazeTi „iveria“, 1904

mitrofane laRiZis saxels ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi xelovnuri yinulis warmoebis dawyeba: mas safrangeTidan Camoutania macivar-danadgarebi xelovnuri yinulis sawarmoeblad da quTaisis eleqtrosadguris maxloblad daumontaJebia, rom axlos yofiliyo eleqtroenergiis wyarosTan. es iyo didi simZlavris qarxana, romlis produqciiT, quTaisis garda, maragdeboda foTis navsadguris samacivro meurneobac. mitrofane imiTac pirveli iyo, rom TanamSromlebisTvis 8-saaTiani samuSao grafiki daawesa da maT sakmaod uwyobda xels samuSao pirobebiT. mitrofane laRiZe, rogorc aRvniSneT, mudam siaxles eZebda da cdilobda axalaxali wamowyebebiT qveynisa da sakuTari saqmisaTvis sargebeli moetana. man Cauyara safuZveli qimiuri mrewvelobis mniSvnelovani obieqtis – baritis (bariumis sulfatis mineralis, romelic warmoebaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda) mopovebas. bariti Camohqonda quTaisis axlomdebare sofel JoneTis sabadodan da winaswari damuSavebisa da gamdidrebis Semdeg peterburgsa da ruseTis sxva qalaqebSi gzavnida. garda komerciuli saqmianobisa, mitrofane laRiZe iyo sxvadasxva kulturuli da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis aqtiuri monawile da xelSemwyobi. man quTaisSi daaarsa sagamomcemlo amxanagoba, qarTvel mweralTa Txzulebebisa da saganmanaTleblo wig-

nebis gamosacemad. misi xelSewyobiT Camoyalibda saqarTvelos meomarTa damxmare komiteti. iyo „wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisa“ da „dramatuli sazogadoebis“ wevri, materialurad exmareboda mwerlebsa da sazogado moRvaweebs, iyo bevri erovnuli saqmis xelSemwyobi da ganmaxorcielebeli. axlo urTierToba hqonda iliasTan, akakisTan, cisferyanwelebTan da qarTuli kulturis sxva saxelovan warmomadgenlebTan. mitrofane laRiZem 1898 wels gamosca ilias „aCrdili“, akakis „momakvdavis Cveneba“, vaxtang orbelianis „imedi“ da sxva. 1908 wels akakis literaturuli moRvaweobis 50 wlisTavisaTvis quTaisSi dabeWda saiubileo krebuli, romlis ydas aweria: „mTeli am gamocemis Semosavals, niSnad Rrma pativiscemisa, vuZRvni iubilars akakis 50 wlis moRvaweobis saxsovrad“. mitrofane laRiZe Tavadac beWdavda werilebs „iveriaSi“, „kvalSi“, „saxalxo gazeTSi“, „droebaSi“.

mitrofane laRiZe

rogorc amboben, laRiZis xileulis wvenebi Zalian moswonda did qvelmoqmedsa da mewarmes, qarTuli saqmis did moamages – daviT sarajiSvils. igi Turme xSirad aZlevda komerciul rCevebs mitrofanes da kategoriulad sTxovda kidec, rom TbilisSic gaexsna „laRiZis wylebis“ warmoeba da amisTvis rogorc amboben, xelic gaumarTavs. marTlac, 1906 wlis miwuruls, akaki wereTlis rCeviTa da ilia WavWavaZis daxmarebiT, mitrofane laRiZem TbilisSic daaarsa ualkoholo sasmelebis qarxana. amave wels golovinis (axlandeli SoTa rusTavelis) prospeqtze gaxsna ualkoholo sasmelebis maRazia. erTi detali: mitrofanem Tavis maRazias qarTulad, didi asoebiT, daawera „laRiZis wylebi“, xolo qvemoT – rusulad da patara asoebiT. es mefis ruseTis droindel saqarTveloSi danaSauli iyo da rom ara ilia WavWavaZe, mitrofanes dapatimreba ar ascdeboda. ilia WavWavaZem Turme mitrofane manamdec ixsna patimrobidan: 1906 wels mitrofane laRiZe quTaisSi, politikuri aqtiurobis gamo, daapatimra gubernatorma alixanov-avarskim da misi administraciuli wesiT cimbirSi gadasaxleba daapira. mitrofanes meuRle, olimpiada, TbilisSi Casula, piradad unaxavs ilia WavWavaZe da misTvis uTxovia qmris gadasaxlebidan daxsna, xolo Tu amas ver SeZlebda, cimbirSi gagzavna mainc rom aecilebina misTvis. ilia WavWavaZes maSinac rogorRac mouxerxebia mitrofane laRiZis ganTavisufleba.

1910 wlisTvis TbilisSi Turme xilis wylebis 3 qarxana yofila: mitrofane laRiZis, e. zemelis da v. mamulovis. maT Soris ki saukeTeso xarisxis limonaTi mitrofane laRiZis qarxnisa iyo.

mitrofane laRiZe meuRlesTan erTad

laRiZis sasmelebi moswonda yvelas – ruseTis saimperatoro karze Tu iranis didebulebis sasaxleebSi. am sasmelebma sasmelTa sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso gamofenaze mravaljer daimsaxura oqrosa da vercxlis medlebi.

daviT sarajiSvili (1848-1911)

didi qarTvelebi i veli Senoba TbilisS laRiZis wylebis pir

1921 wels laRiZis qarxanas cecxli gasCenia da mTlianad damwvara. TviTmxilvelebi yvebodnen, rogor cdilobda xalxi almodebuli Senobis gadarCenas da maT Soris, rogori SemarTebiT ebrZodnen cecxls tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrindaSvili da valerian gunia. paolo Turme xSirad igonebda, rogor auRelveblad Segebebia mitrofane am ambavs :

„ra kacia es mitrofane, rogori dinji da auRelvebeli! Cven, yvelani, gamuruli viyaviT kvamliT, is ki auforiaqebeli iyo. TumcaRa, mis mSvid da wynar saxes sevda da dardi gadakravda momxdari SemTxvevis gamo“.

tician tabiZ e, paolo ia Sv valerian ga frindaSvil ili da i

dimitri erisTavis naxati `laRiZis wylebi~

amis Semdeg mitrofanem sirofebis damzadeba-Camosxma sakuTari saxlis pirvel sarTulze (1916 wels mitrofanem griboedovis quCaze sacxovrebeli saxli iyida, sadac dResac cxovroben misi STamomavlebi) gaagrZela. 1922 wels bolSevikebs misTvis sacxovrebeli farTis gayofa mouTxoviaT da mis sardafSi xalxi SeusaxlebiaT. mitrofanem icoda, rom bolSevikebi sardafs ar dasjerdebodnen da 1926 wels maTTvis sakuTrebaSi Tavadve gadaucia safirmo maRazia. Tumca, bolSevikebs qarxnis marTva mitrofanesTvisve dauvalebiaT da amrigad, „laRiZis wylebma“ Cveul reJimSi ganagrZo arseboba. etyoba, maSindelma xelisuflebam moiwona mitrofanes „morCileba“ da 1927 wels maSindeli klara cetkinis quCaze (dRevandeli winamZRvriSvilis quCa) mdebare Senoba gadasces qarxnis gasamarTad. „laRiZis wylebi“ dResac am qarxanaSi iwarmoeba. maSin ki mitrofanes qarxana teqnikurad gaumarTavs da mowinave teqnologiebiT aRuWurvavs. swored iq aiTvises pirvelad, 1934 wels, naxSirorJangis gazis warmoeba da misi iniciativiT iqve aSenda naxSirmJava gazis qarxanac, axali progresuli teqnologiiT. es qarxana, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi obieqti iyo, romlis tipuri danadgarebisa da mowyobilobis Sesaswavlad praqtikas gadiodnen politeqnikuri institutis qimiuri teqnologiis fakultetis studentebic.

mitrofane laRiZe

daviT sarajiSvilis dakrZalvis ceremonia

mitrofane laRiZis warmoebuli sasmelebi sayovelTao mowonebas imsaxurebda, moswondaT da uyvardaT mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, mitrofanes ki iwvevdnen sxvadasxva respublikaSi da iq warmoebis daarsebas sTxovdnen. vfiqrob, Zalian mniSvnelovania, roca didi saqmeebis mkeTebel adamianebs gverdSi Rirseuli meore naxevari hyavT. mitrofa-

nesac edga gverdiT Sromismoyvare da gamWriaxi meuRle â&#x20AC;&#x201C; olimpiada andrias asuli vaxania, romelsac ganaTleba quTaisis wminda ninos saswavlebelSi hqonda miRebuli, kargad erkveoda xileulis wylebis damzadebis teqnologiaSi, hqonda kargi gemovneba da xelmZRvanelobda meuRlis sxvadasxva sameurneo saqmes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mitrofane sazRvargareT imyofeboda. olimpiadasa da mitrofanes xuTi Svili hyavdaT: Tina, Tornike, juanSeri, vaxtangi da ramazi. Tornike da juanSeri 1924 wels saswavleblad germaniaSi gaemgzavrnen da

mitrofane laRiZe ojaxTan erTad

didi qarTvelebi

gasageb mizezTa gamo samSobloSi ukan aRar dabrunebulan, emigraciaSi darCnen. maT Turme mitrofane „Cems parizel Svilebs“ eZaxda. vaxtangi, romelmac moskovSi miiRo iuridiuli ganaTleba, 1937 wels sruliad umizezod daapatimres megobrebTan erTad da cimbirSi gadaasaxles, saidanac daavadebuli dabrunebula da male gardacvlila. Svilis sikvdils gadahyolia dedac, qalbatoni olimpiada. mitrofanes warmoebaSi gverdiT edga Zma mixako. 1960 wlidan ki „laRiZis wylebis“ saqme mitrofanes qaliSvilma, Tinam, gadaibara, romelic warmatebuli eqimi iyo da mxolod sagvareulo saqmis gasagrZeleblad mouwia „eRalata“ sayvareli profesiisaTvis. umcrosi vaJi, ramazi, qimikosi iyo, qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, akademikosi. mitrofane laRiZis dawyebul saqmes dRes misi SviliSvilebi da maTi STamomavlebi agrZeleben... did adamianebze fiqrisas yovelTvis sainteresoa maTi xasiaTi, pirovnuli Rirsebebi da Tvisebebi, rac xSirad TvalSisacemi arc aris da rasac mxolod maTi saqcieli Tu yofa avlens. albaT, gansakuTrebuli, Cumi mowiwebis, madlierebisa da pativiscemis niSani iyo mitrofane laRiZisgan erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic mis didsulovnebazec metyvelebs: roca 1911 wlis 20 ivniss daviT sarajiSvili gardaicvala, dakrZalvis dRes sarajiSvilis saxlidan (dRevandeli maCablis quCa) didubis eklesiamde, mTel gayolebaze, mas civi „laRiZis wyliT“ savse kasrebi daudgams, rom samgloviaro procesiis monawileebs zafxulis papanaqebaSi, sruliad ufasod, yeli gaegrilebinaT. is, razec zemoT vilaparakeT, mitrofane laRiZes, rogorc samSoblos, saqmisa da adamianebis moyvarul did adamians warmoaCens, magram yovelive amis miRma iyo didi Sromismoyvareoba, natvirTi saqmis mimarT didi pasuxismgebloba, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania didi saqmeebis sakeTeblad. pirovnulad mitrofanes, albaT, bevri sazrunav-sadardebelic hqonda – iliasa da akakis epoqaSi macxovrebeli, XIX saukuneSi dabadebuli adamianisTvis, romelmac Tavisi codna da saqme qveynis ekonomikur da kulturul gaZlierebas miuZRvna, romelic megobrobda XX saukunis qarTuli azrisa da kulturis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebTan da romelsac awuxebda samSob-

mitrofane laRiZe

los bedi, romelic axalgazrdobaSi politikurad aqtiuric iyo da cdilobda win wamoewia saqarTvelos interesebi, Zalian rTuli iqneboda ecxovra sabWoTa epoqaSi da im xelisuflebis davalebebi Seesrulebina. miT umetes, rom ori vaJi (Tornike da juanSeri) parizSi, emigraciaSi, hyavda „dakarguli“, erTi Svili (vaxtangi) ki, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa represiebs emsxverpla. albaT, ramdeni fiqri da dardi awuxebda da rogori monatreba tanjavda, Tumca amis Sesaxeb, savaraudod, mxolod misma uaxloesma adamianebma Tu icodnen. vfiqrob, misTvis, rogorc profesionalisTvis, romelmac TviTon Seqmna da mTeli cxovreba miuZRvna sakuTar saqmes, umTavresi iyo swored am saqmis samsaxuri, am saqmis ganviTareba; miT umetes, rom am saqmiT Sors gahqonda Tavisi samSoblos – saqarTvelos saxeli, radgan misi warmoebuli produqcia xom misi – qarTveli mwarmoeblis saxels atarebda da etiketzec Cixtikopiani qarTveli qali hyavda gamosaxuli. mitrofane laRiZe gardaicvala 1960 wlis 2 ianvars, 91 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia TbilisSi, saburTalos panTeonSi.

literature

levan berZeniSvili

American

literatura

rodesac vambobT â&#x20AC;&#x17E;amerikuli literaturaâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, ZiriTadad vgulisxmobT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis literaturas, romelic iwereboda aSS-isa da misi yofili koloniebis teritoriaze, metwilad, inglisur enaze. marTalia, misi istoria SesamCnevad ufro moklea, vidre evropuli da aziuri qveynebis literaturebisa, magram XIX saukunis meore naxevridan man mainc SeiZina TviTmyofadi mniSvneloba. amerikam msoflio literaturas aCuqa iseTi klasikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen mark tveni, edgar po, uiliam folkneri, Tomas vulfi, ernest heminguei da uamravi sxva. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si yovelwliurad gamoicema da iyideba meti wigni, vidre msoflios romelime sxva qveyanaSi. amerikuli literaturis pirveli periodi moicavs dros 1607 wlidan 1765 wlamde. esaa kolonizaciis epoqa, puritanuli idealebis, patriarqaluri, maRalzneobrivi Cveulebebis batonobis epoqa, amitom adreuli amerikuli literatura ZiriTadad RvTismetyvelebis, saeklesio himnebis, aseve, odnav mogvianebiT, istoriul da politikur naSromebamde daiyvaneba. gamoica

amerikuli literatura

ernest heminguei (1899-1961)

krebuli „fsalmunTa wigni“ (1640); iwereboda leqsebi da poemebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT, did rols asrulebda patriotul Temaze dawerili leqsebi da poemebi. im epoqis prozauli literatura eZRvneboda, upirveles yovlisa, mogzaurobebisa da kolonialuri cxovrebis aRweras. yvelaze ufro cnobili RvTismetyveli mwerlebi iyvnen hukeri, kotoni, rojer uiliamsi, beilsi, j. uaizi, jonaTan edvardsi. XVIII s-is bolos daiwyo agitacia zangebis gasaTavisufleblad. literaturaSi am ideisTvis mebrZolebi iyvnen j. vulmani, avtori Txzulebisa „zogierTi mosazreba zangebis mdgomareobaze“ (1754) da ant. benezeti, avtori wignisa „didi britaneTisa da misi koloniebis gafrTxileba zangebTan dakavSirebiT“ (1767). Semdeg epoqaSi gadasvla ganapiroba benjamin franklinis Txzulebebma: „gza siuxvisaken“, „mama abraamis sityva“ da sxva. manve daaarsa „sabralo riCardis almanaxi“ (1739). amerikuli literaturis meore periodi, 1760-1790 wlebi, moicavs revoluciis epoqas da gamoirCeva publicistikisa da politikuri literaturis ganviTarebiT. politikaze mwerali adamianebi amave dros saxelmwifo moRvaweebi iyvnen: semuel adamsi, patrik henri, Tomas jefersoni, jon kuinsi adamsi, j. matisoni, aleqsandr hamiltoni, j. strei, Tomas peini.

Tomas vulfi (1900-1938)

amerikuli literaturis XIX saukune, upirveles yovlisa, esaa didi saxelebi: udidesi poetebi – edgar alan po, emili dikinsoni da uolt uitmeni da prozaikosebi – mark tveni, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavlis“ avtori, romelSic monoba sastikad gaakritika; jek londoni, realisturi saTavgadasavlo prozis saxelganTqmuli avtori. mesame periodi moicavs XIX saukunis mTel amerikul literaturas. momamzadebeli epoqa iyo saukunis pirveli meoTxedi,

rojer uiliamsi (1603-1683)

literatura

jon vulmani (1720-1772)

antoni benezeti (1713-1784)

roca Camoyalibda prozauli stili. „amerikuli literaturis mamad“ xSirad gamocxadebuli vaSington irvingis „eskizebis wignma“ (1820) saTave daudo xan iumoristuli, xan Wkuismaswavlebel-moralisturi narkvevebis naxevradfilosofiur, naxevradpublicistur literaturas. aq gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad aisaxa amerikelebis erovnuli niSnebi – maTi praqtikuloba, gamoyenebiTi morali da gulubryvilo, xalisiani iumori, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba ingliselebis sarkazmuli, pirquSi iumorisagan. filip frenom pirvelad Semoitana amerikul literaturaSi bunebis siyvaruli, gamoxata Rrma erovnuli grZnobebi patriotul poemebsa da amerikelebisa da indielebis cxovrebis aRweraSi. poetebi – Tomas dani, fic-grin haleki, jon pierponi, n.p. uilisi – sainteresoni iyvnen, rogorc winaprebi erT-erTi udidesi amerikeli poetisa, uiliam kalen braiantisa, romelmac aRmoaCina amerikuli peizaJis mSveniereba. misi poezia gvxiblavs harmoniulobiTa da stilis musikalurobiT, SeimCneva iseTi didi ingliseli poetebis gavlena, rogorebic iyvnen uiliam uordsvorTi da semuel kolriji. pirvelxarisxovani amerikeli poetebis pleadas agrZelebs henri uodsvorT longfelo, romelsac axasiaTebda msubuqi melodiuri leqsi, udidesi Txro-

საბრალო რიჩარდ ის

გზა სიუხვისკენ

ალმანახი

ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი

benjamin franklini (1713-1784)

ბენჯამინ ფრანკლ ინი

amerikuli literatura

Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826)

semuel adamsi (1722-1803)

patrik henri (1736-1799)

biTi talanti da nazi, humanuri grZnobebis gamowvevis unari. ralf uoldo emersoni â&#x20AC;&#x201C; filosofosi-moralisti da, amasTan erTad, panTeisturi ganwyobebis poeti. jon grinlif uitieri umReroda bunebas, patriarqalur wesebs, religiur ganwyobebs; gamoCenili moRvawe iyo zangebis ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. jeims rasel louelma ganaviTara namdvili iankis iumori, cxovrebaze jansaRi Sexeduleba da sulis simxneve. Tavis prozaul narkvevebSi didi seriozulobiTa da gaazrebiT udgeba cxovrebis movlenebs. oliver uendel holmsi iyo prozaikosi da poeti, keTilganwyobili da Wkuis maswavlebeli. sidnei lanie dRemde Zalian popularulia amerikaSi, gansakuTrebiT, mis mSobliur baltimorSi, miuxedavad xelovnurobisa da amaRlebuli tonisa bunebis aRwerebsa da lirikul leqsebSi. sxvebisgan sruliad gamoirCeva ori udidesi amerikeli poeti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; edgar alan po da uolt uitmeni. edgar po aris Rrma mistikosi, ufaqizesi sulieri ganwyobebis poeti, romelsac itacebda yvelaferi saidumlo da gamoucnobi, amave dros iyo amerikuli poeziis umTavresi virtuozi.

emili dikensoni (1830-1886)

mark tveni (1835-1910)

literatura bunebiT absoluturad ar hgavda amerikels, mas sruliad ar axasiaTebda amerikuli sifxizle da movlenebisadmi saqmiani damokidebuleba. mis Semoqmedebas mkveTrad individualuri xasiaTi aqvs. uolt uitmeni aris yvelaze amerikeli poeti istoriaSi – amerikuli demokratizmis poeturi ganxorcieleba. misi genialuri wigni „balaxis foTlebi“ umReris Tavisuflebasa da Zalas, sicocxlis sixarulsa da sisavses. misma Tavisufalma leqsma revolucia moaxdina Tanamedrove leqswyobaSi. amerikis prozaul literaturaSi pirvel flangze dganan romanistebi da eseistebi – vaSington irvingi, oliver holmsi, ralf emersoni, jeims loueli. romanistebi asaxavdnen rogorc Zveli kolonistebis energiul, saqmian bunebas, romlebic safrTxesa da mudmivi Sromis garemoSi cxovrobdnen, ise Tanamedrove, ufro kulturul iankebs. Zalian swrafad viTardeba saTavgadasavlo literaturis Janri; amouwurav wyarod moevlina literaturas amerikis istoria, CrdiloeTi da samedgar alan po xreTi Statebis brZola, indielebTan konfliqtebi. am mi(1809-1849) marTulebis udidesi warmomadgenlebi arian: jeims fenimor kuperi, romelmac msoflios gaacno wiTelkanianTa yofa, kolonistebis sirTuleebiTa da safrTxiT savse cxovreba; main ridi, meqsikisa da samxreT-dasavleTis cxovrebaze mZafrsiuJetiani moTxrobebis avtori; jek londoni, romelmac umRera bunebasa da kanadisa Tu aliaskis pirvelamTvisebelTa vaJkacobasa da utex suls. am epoqis amerikel mwerlebs Soris bevri iumoristi da satirikosi iyo, romlebic dascinodnen TavianTi Tanamoqalaqeebis eqscentriulobas. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura XIX saukunis amerikul literaturaSi aris mark tveni, udidesi satirikosi, rogorc realisturi („tom soieris Tavgadasavali“, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavali“), ise fantastikuri prozis („koneqtikuteli iankebi mefe arturis karze“) didostati. folkneris sityvebiT, mTeli amerikuli literatura „haklberi finidan“ daibada. imdroindeli amerikis cxovrebaze realistur romanebs werdnen hariet biCer stou, romelmac Tavisi saxelganTqmuli romaniT „biZia Tomas qoxi“, xeli Seuwyo zangebis gaTavisuflebas; bret harti, romelmac sabadoebze momuSaveTa zneCveulebani aRwera; naTaniel hoTorni, romelic XVII saukunis amerikelebze werda. am mweralTan eTnografiuli interesi da pirvelyofili cxovrebis dramatizmi mTavari ar aris, igi, upirveles yovlisa,

balaxis foTlebi

uolt uitmeni (1819-1892)

amerikuli literatura

jeims fenimor kuperi (1789-1851)

hariet biCer stou (1811-1896)

jek londoni (1876-1916)

mxatvaria, enis ostati, daxvewili fsiqologi, romelic gadmogvcems vnebian religiurobasa da misi gmirebis xasiaTis Zalas uCveulo poeturobiTa da elvarebiT. 1900 wels gamoica Teodor draizeris pirveli romani „da keri“. male gamoCndnen e.w. „dakarguli Taobis“ mwerlebi (romelTa siymawvile daemTxva msoflio omebs Soris periods – ernest heminguei, frensis skot ficjeraldi, hertruda staini, jon steinbeki), amerikaSi Semovida evropuli modernizmic, romelsac unda mivakuTvnoT Tomas eliotis poeziac (1927 wlidan elioti inglisSi wavida emigraciaSi) da uiliam folkneris prozac. ociani wlebidan dawyebuli, moTxrobas amerikeli kritikosebi sul ufro metad aRiqvamen, rogorc specifikurad amerikul Janrs; mis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules Jurnalebma. Tuki „fleiboi“, romelSic samocian wlebSi ibeWdeboda iseTi ostatebis moTxrobebi, rogorebic iyvnen vladimir nabokovi, jon apdaiki, kurt voneguti, SemdgomSi ufro naklebad inteleqtualuri gaxda, „niu-iorkeri“ dRemde yovelkvireulad aqveynebs moTxrobebs, romelTagan bevri xvdeba saukeTeso moTxrobebis anTologiebSi. msoflio aRiareba moipova sabavSvo literaturis klasikosma l. frenk baumma, romelicaa avtori wignebis ciklisa jadosnur qveyana ozze. masobrivi literaturis avtorebs Soris SegviZlia davasaxeloT mZafri deteqtivebis avtorebi: deSil hemeti, raimond Candleri, jeims keini.

frensis skot ficjeraldi (1896-1940)

XX saukunis udidesi avtori iyo uiliam folkneri. misi urTulesi romanebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva genialuri „xmauri da mZvinvareba“ da „abesalom, abesalom!“, e.w.

77 4

literatura ხმაური და მძვინვარება უილიამ ფოლკნერი

009) da iki (1932-2 jon apda guti (1922-2007) ne kurt vo

uiliam folkneri (1897-1962)

maRali modernizmis Sedevrebadaa miCneuli. aRiarebul avtorebs Soris SegviZlia movixsenioT qeTrin en porteri da udora ueltic. 1950-iani wlebis literaturaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava jerom selinjeris romanma „TamaSi Wvavis yanaSi“. 1951 wels gamocemuli es romani sakulto gaxda, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdebSi. literatura SeeWida Temebs, romelsac adre ar exeboda. sxva mwerlebs Soris unda aRiniSnos trumen kapote. dramaturgiaSi gamoirCa artur milerisa da tenesi uiliamsis piesebi. 1960-ian wlebSi cnobili gaxda edvard olbis piesebi („SemTxveva zooparkSi“, „vesi smitis sikvdili“, „vis eSinia virjinia vulfisa?“, „yvelani baRSi“). 1950-1960-ian wlebSi amerika daipyro bitnikebis moZraobam (jek keruaki, lourens ferlingeti, gregori korso, alen ginzbergi, ken kizi). amis Semdeg yvelaze ufro SesamCnevi tendencia gaxda da dRemde aris postmodernizmi (pol osteri, Tomas pinConi). bolo xanebSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda postmodernisti avtori don delilo.

l. frenk baumi (1856-1919)

aSS-Si farTod ganviTarda samecniero fantastika da saSinelebaTa literatura, xolo XX saukunis meore naxevridan – fentezi. amerikuli samecniero fantastikis pirvel talRaSi iyvnen edgar rais berouzi, miurei leinsteri, edmond hamiltoni, henri katneri, romelTa Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad gasarTob xasiaTs atarebda da warmoSva qveJanri, „kosmosuri opera“, romelic kosmosis pionerebis Tavgadasavlebs aRwerda. msoflio saxelis amerikel fantastebs Soris arian: rei bredberi, robert hainlaini, frenk herberti, aizek azimovi, andre nortoni, kliford saimaki, robert Sekli. es avtorebi mimarTavdnen rTul socialur da fsiqologiur sakiTxebs, utopiebis mxilebas, alegoriebs. aSS-Si

amerikuli literatura

tenesi uiliamsi (1911-1983)

artur mileri (1915-2005)

Camoyalibda fantastikis iseTi qveJanri, rogoricaa kiberpanki (filip k. diki, uiliam gibsoni, brius sterlingi), sadac aRwerilia maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebis gamo adamianurobisgan daclili momavali. XX saukunis saSinelebaTa Janris avtorebis umravlesoba amerikelebi arian. saukunis pirveli naxevris saSinelebaTa literaturis klasikosi iyo hovard lavkrafti, „qTulhus miTebis“ Semqmneli, romelmac ganaviTara edgar pos goTikis memkvidreoba. saukunis meore naxevarSi saSinelebaTa Janri daxvewes iseTma avtorebma, rogorebic iyvnen stiven kingi, din kunci, jon uindemi. amerikuli fentezis ayvaveba daiwyo 1930-ian wlebSi robert hovardma moTxrobebis cikliT „konani“, romelSic agrZelebda amerikuli da inglisuri saTavgadasavlo literaturis tradicias. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi fentezis Janris ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyves avtorebma: rojer Jeliaznim, pol uiliam andersonma, ursula le guinma. XXI saukuneSi fentezis yvelaze ufro popularuli avtoria jorj martini, romelic romanTa ciklis – „yinulisa da cecxlis simReris“ avtoria; esaa kvazirealisturi istoriuli romani gamogonil Sua saukuneebSi.

jerom selinjeri (1919-2010)

trumen kapote (1924-1984)

literatura

lourens ferlingeti dab.1919

gregori korso (1930-2001)

ken kizi (1935-2001)

alen ginzbergi (1926-1997)

jek keruaki (1922-1969)

XX saukunis amerikul literaturaSi didi roli Seasrules imigrantebma. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo rusi da amerikeli mwerali vladimir nabokovi. Zalian xmauriani iyo misi „lolitas“ skandali. amerikuli literaturis Zalian mniSvnelovani Senakadia amerikuli ebrauli literatura, xSirad iumoristuli: zingeri, belou, roTi, malamudi. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili Savkaniani mwerali iyo bolduini. saxeli moipoves berZenma evgenidisma da Cinelma emi tanma. xuTi yvelaze cnobili Cinel-amerikeli mwerali qalia: edit mod itoni, daiana Cangi, maksin hong kingstoni, emi tani da giS jeni. maT ar CamorCnen kacebic, gansakuTrebiT, lui Cu, avtori satiruli romanisa „miirTvi finjani Cai“ da dramaturgebi frenk Cini da devid henri hvangi. didi warmatebiT sargebloben italiuri warmoSobis amerikeli avtorebi: mario piuzo, jon fante da don delilo. axla ki gagacnobT aSS-is dRevandeli literaturis ramdenime saukeTeso warmomadgenels.

pol osteri (dab.1947)

rei bredberi (1920-2012)

aizek azimovi (1920-1992)

amerikuli literatura

jonaTan franzeni am mweralma mkiTxveli tradiciul did romans daubruna, miuxedavad imisa, rom es axla modaSi ar aris. odnav mainc rom gavicnoT franzeni, getyviT, rom mas folkneri urCevnia hemingueis, aRfrTovanebulia tolstoiT da eamayeba, rom nabokovi amerikeli mweralia. romanisaTvis „Sesworebebi“ frenzenma miiRo prestiJuli nacionaluri wignis premia. jonaTan frenzenis umTavresi romania „ucodveloba“ – axalgazrda qalis, saxelad piuritis, odisea; piuriti ar icnobs mamas da daeZebs mas. am saqmeSi mas erTdroulad xelsac uwyobs da uSlis kidec internet-libertarianeli andreas volfi, damoukidebeli Jurnalisti tom aberanti da paranoiduli deda anabeli. don delilo miCneulia Cveni drois erT-erT udides amerikel mwerlad pinConis, roTisa da makartis gverdiT. axalgazrdobaSi gatacebuli iyo folkneriTa da hemingueiT. wera daiwyo, rom ar emuSava da sabolood gaxda saxelganTqmuli mwerali-postmodernisti. didi saxeli moutana romanma „TeTri xmauri“, romelmac nacionaluri wignis premia miiRo 1985 wels. don delilos mTavari romanebia „TeTri xmauri“ da „saswori“. SevCerdeT am ukanasknelze, radgan esaa wigni „Svid wamze, romelmac xerxemalSi gadatexa amerika“ – kenedis mkvlelobaze. wignSi moTxrobilia li harvi osvaldze, centraluri sadazvervo samsaxuris agentebze, romlebic kenedize yalb Tavdasxmas gegmavdnen da arqivist nikolas brenCze, romelic swavlobs am mkvlelobas. „TeTri xmauri“ satiruli Txrobaa hitlermcodneobis profesorze, romelsac saSinlad eSinia sikvdilisa da imis, rom mas amxelen mis „samecniero“ saganSi. delilos samiznea televizia, religia, supermarketebi da a.S.

vladimir nabokovi (1899-1977)

mario piuzo (1920-1999)

jeims bolduini (1924-1987)

literatura

kormak makarti (dab.1933)

kormak makarti upirveles yovlisa, cnobilia, rogorc avtori wignisa „moxucebis adgili aq ar aris“. kacma rom Tqvas, makartis xSirad ganixilaven Tanamedroveobis mTavar amerikel mwerlad da xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc folkneris memkvidres. romanisaTvis „gza“ miiRo puliceris premia. romani „cxenebi, cxenebi“ dajildovda nacionaluri wignis premiiTa da kritikosebis nacionaluri wignis premiiT. misi mTavari wignia „sisxliani meridiani“ – im ymawvili kacis sastiki istoria, romelic aSSmeqsikis sazRvarze moqmedi TavzexelaRebuli borotmoqmedebis bandaSi moxvda. omi yvelas: indielebis, meqsikelebis, reinjerebis, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg. pirquSi romani Zaladobis bunebaze. `cxenebi, cxenebi“ – romani axalgazrda kovboize, romelic dasavleT texasidan meqsikaSi gaiqca babuis gardacvalebis Semdeg. wigni dakacebasa da sulis gamocdaze. „gza“ – sasowarkveTili wignia. mama-Svili cdilobs zRvamde misaRwevad gadakveTos yofili amerika, romelic romeliRac, mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobma, katastrofam gaacamtvera. filip roTi am mweralma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova 1959 wels dabeWdili „mSvidobiT, kolumbusiT“. es iyo ebrael amerikelTa cxovrebis iumoristuli aRwera, romelmac mas nacionaluri wignis jildo moutana. roTis mTavari wignia „portnois sindromi“. mTavari Temebia gaucxoeba da martooba. romanSi axalgazrda ebraeli mamakacis iumoristuli da seqsualurad Ria fsiqoanalitikuri monologia mocemuli. siuJeti erTi fsiqoTerapiis seansia, sadac mTavari gmiri, aleqs portnoi, monologs warmoTqvams, romelic bavSvobis mogonebebiT iwyeba. wignma amerikaSi iseTive vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia, rogoric Tavis droze vladimir nabokovis „lolitam“ da henri mileris „kirCxibis tropikma“. stiven kingi Tavis wignebSi stiven kingi Cveulebrivi adamianis, xandaxan arc ise mimzidveli personis, bunebas Rrmad Seiswavlis. SegiZliaT igi saSinelebaTa Janris mwerlad miiCnioT, magram es arc ise gonivruli stereotipis msxverplad gagxdiT. mTavari wigni „guli atlantidaSi“ gasaocari wignia, ganzraxaa akinZuli moTxroba-fragmentebisgan. gogona, romelic gmirma pirvel moTxrobaSi xulignebisgan ixsna, Camoyalibdeba daumorCilebel studentad. igi Cndeba romanis meore moTxrobaSi, yvelaze ufro „amerikulSi“, sadac kingma aRwera 1970-iani wlebis studenturi kampusi, axalgazrda amerikelebis cxovreba da protesti vietnamis omis gamo. istorias avtori ciklis xasiaTs miscems da isev Seaxvedrebs gmirebs finalSi... filip roTi (1933-2018)

amerikuli literatura

pinConis mTavari romania „Tandayolili manki“: amerika adrian 1970-ianebSi, hipis warsulis mqone deteqtivi dok sportelo eZebs yofil sayvarelsa da mis mdidar Tayvanismcemels. klasikuri dapirispireba autsaiderisa sistemasTan.

jenifer igani Tanamedrove amerikis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso mwerlad iTvleba. sadebiuto romani iyo „uxilavi cirki“. stiven kingi (dab. 1947)

tomas pinConi esaa kaci, romelmac dawera „mizidulobis cisartyela“. es wigni sakmarisia, rom misma avtorma Tavi daimkvidros maradisobaSi. „mizidulobis cisartyela“ – misi rTuli siuJeti raketa fau-2-is nomer 00000-is „Savi yuTis“ Ziebazea agebuli. „cisartyela“ XX saukunis yvelaze rTul postmodernistul romanad iTvleba. pinConis sayvareli Temebia entropia, paranoia, SeTqmulebis Teoria, sistemasTan dapirispireba. Zlierad imoqmeda postmodernizmsa da kiberpankur romanze. sxvaTa Soris, puliceris premia ar misces, „cisartyela“ kiTxvisTvis gamousadegar da uxams wignad miiCnies. rac Seexeba nacionalur wignis premias, pinConi gadacemas ar daswrebia da Tavis nacvlad estradis komikosi gagzavna.

misi mTavari romania „daundobeli avazakebis stumroba“ – gmirebis siymawvile daemTxva pank-rokis dabadebas, dRes ki isini ormocze metisa arian. warmatebuli prodiuseri da Seumdgari pank-rokeri beni salazari Tavis srbolas agrZelebs rok-musikis wreze, magram dro gmirebs arc erTi nabijiT ar CamorCeba. daiwyeb am saocar wigns da ver mowydebi, mixvdebi, rom cxovreba yvelas erTnairad ar eqceva, magram yvelani vcdilobT, gavuZloT dros da SevinarCunoT sakuTari Tavis imedi. imasac Cawvdebi, rom cxovreba raRac ufro metia, vidre keTildReoba, msoflio saxeli an amerikuli ocneba. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wigni – „citadeli“ – biZaSvilebis ambavi, romlebic erTmaneTs xvdebian oci wlis Semdeg. erT-erTi maTgani Zalian Seicvala da axla meore moiwvia nayidi da misaxedi saxlis restavraciisTvis. Zveli cixesimagre biZaSvilebs mraval siurprizs hpirdeba.

tomas pinConi (dab. 1937) jenifer igani (dab. 1962)

musika

volfgang amadeus

mocarti legendebs miRma „adamianTa modgmis gamo sasowarkveTas ver mivecemiT, Tu gavixsenebT, rom mocartic adamiani iyo~. albert ainStaini

maia sigua manqanaSi orni sxedan. erTi – daxvewili, ganaTlebuli axalgazrdaa maRali sazogadoebidan, meore – sasacilo gogona, romelsac ucnaurad Cacma uyvars da universitetSi arasodes uswavlia. isini koncertidan brundebian. pirvelisTvis es erT-erTi iseTi saRamoa, rogoric xSirad hqonia, meoresTvis aseTi ram cxovrebaSi pirvelad moxda. koncerti didi xania dasrulda, musikiT mogvrili STabeWdileba ki imdenad didia, rom Sin dabruneba arc erTs unda. musika, romelic iq Sesrulda, mocartisaa. es aris scena ramdenime wlis win gadaRebuli morigi sentimentaluri melodramidan, romelsac gamosvlis dRidan milionobiT axalgazrda mayurebeli hyavda. mocartis musika filmis avtorebs SemTxveviT ar SeurCeviaT. es musika aerTianebs sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebs da maT Soris arian ara mxolod klasikuri musikis mcodne da moyvarulebi, aramed isini, vinc es musika sadRac SemTxveviT moismina, magaliTad, romelime filmSi, satelevizio reklamaSi, mobiluris „ringtonad“ an, iqneb, koncertze... erTi sityviT – yvelgan. mocarti, albaT, pirvelia im kompozitorTa Soris, romlis saxelsac imdeni legenda axlavs, rom zogjer realoba ifareba da saTuo xdeba, romlis cxovrebac da sikvdilic mravali Semoqmedis STagonebis wyarod qceula. misi saxelis irgvliv dRemde ar ileva sensaciebis moy-

volfgang amadeus mocarti

sxvebs, rac ar unda naklebad cnobili nawarmoebi JRerdes, mocartis amocnoba rTuli mainc ar aris, Tqven mas, ubralod, igrZnobT ucnauri, eniT auwereli naTebiT, romelic yovelTvis axlavs. esaa, albaT, is, rasac RvTaebriv naperwkals, genias uwodeben. „SeuZlebelia aixsnas iseTi fenomeni, rogoric mocartia“, – dawera iohan volfgang fon goeTem, Tavad geniosma, romelic mudam swored fenomenTa axsnas cdilobda. saocari bavSvi

iohan volfgang fon goeTe (1749-1832)

varulTa jari, romlebic cdiloben samyaros morigi axali „aRmoCenis“ Sesaxeb amcnon da imaSic ki Seitanon eWvi, namdvilad imsaxurebda Tu ara mocarti geniosis wodebas. magram yvela pikanturi detali, intriga da legenda fermkrTaldeba da daviwyebas eZleva, roca mocartis musika ismis. Tu gverds avuvliT mis yvelaze cnobil Sedevrebs, 600-ze meti nawarmoebidan romelimes, SedarebiT naklebad cnobils movusmenT da mocartis Tanamedrove cnobil kompozitorTa musikas SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom isini TiTqos Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs. wamiT SeiZleba gaCndes eWvi – iqneb sxvebisgan marTlac ar gamoirCeva da usamarTlod da gadaWarbebiT aris gandidebuli, magram es eWvi maleve gaqreba. rogorc ar unda hgavdes

msoflios uyvars vunderkindebi, aRtacebiT Sescqeris maT, anebivrebs, aRmerTebs. magram dro gadis, vunderkindebi izrdebian da metwilad horizontidanac qrebian. saocari bavSvebi Cveulebriv mozrdilebad iqcevian, xSirad – fsiqologiuri problemebiT, radgan mdgomareobis aseTi mkveTri cvla rTuli gadasatania. Zalian cotaa vunderkindi, vinc didobaSic gaiyola bavSvobis saocari SesaZleblobebi, da TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi, vinc bavSvobis miRwevebs gadaaWarba da kacobriobis istoriaSi didi Semoqmedis saxeli daimkvidra. TiTqmis, radgan aseTia volfgang amadeus mocarti, romlis saswauli asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda da dRemde cocxlobs. saocari bavSvi 1756 wlis 27 ianvars avstriis qalaq zalcburgSi daibada. saxelad iohanes qrizostomus volfgang gotlibi daarqves. naTlobisas gotlibi misi berZnuli sinonimiT – TeofilusiT Seicvala, radiohanes qrizostomusi, igive ioane oqropiria (qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi didi mama) – mocarti im dRes daibada, roca ioane oqropiris konstantinopolSi gadasveneba aRiniSneba.

Salzburg

musika gan ase erqva mis naTlias, pergmaiers. berZnuli Teofilusis nacvlad, pergmaieri metwilad sakuTari saxelis laTinizebul versias – amadeuss iyenebda. aqedan SemorCa mocartis ramdenime saxelidan yvelaze cnobili: amade, amadei, amadeo an amadeusi – poligloti mocarti maT saWiroebisda mixedviT iyenebda xolme. mama, leopold mocarti, Tavis drois sakmaod cnobili musikis maswavlebeli iyo da Tan zalcburgis arqiepiskoposTan meviolined muSaobda. mocartebis mravalricxovani Svilebidan mxolod ori gadarCa – volfgangi da misi ufrosi da – maria-ana, romelsac nanerls eZaxdnen. orive bavSvi gansakuTrebuli musikaluri niWiT gamoirCeoda. amboben, rom nanerls zustad iseTive monacemebi hqonda, rogoric volfgangs; eWvic arsebobs, rom mocartis zogierTi nawarmoebi sinamdvileSi nanerlis dawerilia. Tumca misi musikaluri cxovreba bavSvobasTan erTad mxolod imitom dasrulda, rom gogona iyo. ganaTlebas Svilebs mama aZlevda. gamocdili pedagogi maleve mixvda, ra saocar niWTan hqonda saqme, amitom sakuTar Tavze aiRo ara marto bavSvebis swavleba, aramed patara volfgangis karieris dagegmvac. adreuli asakidanve biWi araerT instrumentze ukravda virtuozulad, mReroda da improvizirebda. sakuTari damokidebuleba

leopold mocarti (1719-1787)

hqonda sxvadasxva tipis musikis da sxvadasxva instrumentis mimarT. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom sayviris xmis gagonebisas fers kargavda da panikis Seteva emarTeboda, sakmao xani dasWirda mis tembrTan Sesagueblad. pirveli nawarmoebi man xuTi wlis asakSi dawera.

mocartis bavSvoba

leopold mocarti SvilebTan erTad

volfgang amadeus mocarti

aq ukve SegviZlia naTeli movfinoT pirvel legendas. roca vsaubrobT virtuozul Sesrulebaze, ar unda warmovidginoT patara biWuna, romelic ise ukravs, rogorc dRevandeli cnobili pianistebi. es ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom mocartis Semdeg virtuozobis cneba ukideganod gafarTovda da meorec, instruments, romelzec mocarti ukravda da dRes mis saxl-muzeumSi, zalcburgSia daculi, klaviSebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba hqonda, vidre Tanamedrove roials aqvs. patara mocarti namdvilad iyo saocari virtuozi, oRond – XVIII saukunis standartebiT. xolo rac Seexeba mis improvizaciis unars, misive datovebuli nawarmoebebiT Tu vimsjelebT, nebismier droSi Znelad Tu gautoldeba vinme. maria-ana mocarti (1751-1829)

es ar yofila raime metismetad rTuli, seriozuli da arabavSvuri. es aris lamazi, miamiti, swored bavSvuri musika. bolo gamokvlevebiT, mocartis pirveli nawarmoebia andante do maJorSi, magram didixans amad miCneuli iyo patara, advili, lamazi, Tumca profesionalurad srulyofili menueti sol maJorSi. mas xSirad ukraven bavSvebi swored im asakSi, ra asakSic iyo avtori misi dawerisas.

amgvari mogzaurobebis gamo da-Zma mocartebi dros umetesad gzaSi an ufrosebTan urTierTobaSi atarebdnen. TiTqmis arasodes uTamaSiaT bavSvebTan da es Taviseburad aisaxa patara volfgangis ideebzec. Semonaxulia ori saintereso cnoba: nanerlis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, volfgangma gamoigona warmosaxviTi „zurgis samefo“, ro-

eqvsi wlis roca gaxda amadeusi, mama mocartma seriozulad mohkida xeli Svilebis ganaTlebas da momaval karieras. daiwyo didi, damqancveli turneebi, romlebic wlobiT grZeldeboda da imdroindeli evropis TiTqmis yvela qveynis umniSvnelovanes qalaqs moicavda. ase rom, volfgangma da nanerlma bavSvoba umetesad etlSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, sxvadasxva scenaze dakvraSi gaatares. isini ukravdnen umaRlesi evropuli aristokratiis, mefeebis, imperatorebis, maTi ojaxebis, sxvadasxva erovnebis inteleqtualebis, moazrovneebis, musikosebis winaSe. jer kidev am gamosvlebisas daiwyo mocartis legenda – misi SeuzRudavi SesaZleblobebi mis „amqveyniurobas“ seriozul eWvqveS ayenebda. mayurebeli nair-nair triuks igonebda mis gamosacdelad, darbazidan karnaxobdnen Temebs, romlebzec biWuna iqve asrulebda improvizaciebs.

mocartis saxl-muzeumi zalcburgSi

musika iohan sebastian baxi (1685-1750)

melsac orive marTavda. samefo mxolod bavSvebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da Tavisi saidumlo enac hqonda. aq mcxovrebi yvela bavSvi bednieri iyo da imas akeTebda, rac surda, ufrosebs ki iq araferi esaqmebodaT. sxva wyaroebi ki gadmogvcemen, rom adreul asakSi kompoziciaSi didi miRwevebis miuxedavad, mocarts surda misi pirveli opera, romelsac dawerda, aucileblad zalcburgSi dadgmuliyo da masSi monawileoba mxolod mis tol bavSvebs da mozardebs mieRoT. meore mxriv, aseTi mogzaurobebisas patara mocartma, rogorc musikosma, didi da seriozuli gamocdileba miiRo. londonSi yofnisas gaicno iohan sebastian baxis Svili, iohan qristiani, romelic musikaluri klasicizmis saTaveeebTan mdgar erT-erT umniSvnelovanes figuradaa miCneuli. iqve, 8 wlis asakSi, dawera Tavisi pirveli simfoniac. mogvianebiT, mocarti Tavad gaxda musikaluri klasicizmis, e.w. venis klasicizmis, mTavari warmomadgeneli iozef haidnTan da ludvig van beThovenTan erTad da simfoniis Janris CamoyalibebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana. nanerli volgfangis pirvel simfoniaze muSaobas ase igonebda: „londonSi, sadac mama Zalian avad gaxda, fortepianosTan mikareba gvekrZaleboda. amitom TavSesaqcevad, [volfgangma] gadawyvita, simfonia daewera yvela instrumentisTvis, sayvirisa da timpanebisTvisac, me ki unda gadamewera. roca werda da me asls vakeTebdi, miTxra: Semaxsene, valtornebsac mivce rame dasakravado~.

dRes miCneulia, rom 13-15 wlis mocartis musikaluri codna da gamocdileba namdvili eqspertisas utoldeboda. is ukve iyo araerTi didi nawarmoebis, maT Soris, saoperos, avtori. am JanrSi 14 wlisam moipova Tavisi erT-erTi udidesi gamarjveba: saqme isaa, rom XVIII saukunis evropul musikalur cxovrebaSi erTpirovnulad batonobdnen musikosebi operis samSoblodan – italiidan. italieli da musikosi, faqtobrivad, sinonimebi gaxda, xolo italielma musikosebma sakmaod Seaviwroves sxva evropeli kolegebi umniSvnelovanes musikalur Tanamdebobebze. ise, rom Tu romelime mefes, princs an aristokrats Tavis karze mTavari musikosi – kapelmaisteri sWirdeboda, Tundac saSualod niWier italiels bevrad meti Sansi hqonda, vidre Zalian niWier adgilobrivs. da am dros milanSi iwereba da idgmeba avstrieli Tineijeris opera „miTridate, pontos mefe“. warmateba imdenad didia, rom 14 wlis avtori romis papis „oqros dezebis“ ordenis kavaleri da boloniis filarmoniuli akademiis wevri xdeba. oriode wlis Semdeg, bavSvobis dasrulebasTan erTad, dasrulda xangrZlivi mogzaurobebis periodic, romelmac mocartebis ojaxi, yvelaferTan erTad, finansuradac moaZliera. isini qalaqis centrSi, e.w. „tancmaisteris saxlSi“ gadasaxldnen. ase rom, zalcburgSi Tu moxvdebiT, mocartis ori saxl-muzeumis monaxulebas SeZlebT.

iohan qristian baxi (1735-1782)

volfgang amadeus mocarti

Tavisufali, Cveulebrivi, genialuri, legendaruli brwyinvale ganaTlebis, uzarmazari gamocdilebisa da genialuri monacemebis Serwymam ganapiroba, rom 17-18 wlis asakidan mocartis nawarmoebebi ara marto yovelmxriv srulyofili iyo, aramed damkvidrebul standartebs scdeboda kidec. magram cxovreba ise aRar anebivrebda, rogorc bavSvobaSi. provinciuli zalcburgi mocarts ver sTavazobda misi SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis samsaxurs. amasTan, 21 wlisas 18 wlis momRerali aloizia veberi Seuyvarda. sabolood, gogonam mas ar TanaugrZno. mocarti parizSi gaemgzavra imediT, rom karg samsaxurs ipovida – mas xom yvelgan icnobdnen, maT Soris, evropis kulturul dedaqalaqSic, da Semdeg, ojaxTan erTad, sacxovrebladac gadavidoda. kargad icoda ra iqauri msmenelis gemovneba, dawera Tavisi cnobili „parizuli“ simfonia. magram parizma mocarts kargi veraferi SesTavaza, piriqiT, simfoniis warmatebis miuxedavad, misTvis ver gamoinaxa iseTi samsaxuri, rogorsac, Tavadve icoda, rom imsaxurebda. danazogi gamoilia da am dros didi ubedureba daatyda Tavs – amqveynad yvelaze Zvirfasi adamiani – deda gardaecvala. mocartma sikvdilze daiwyo fiqri. mis musikaSi gamoCnda axali, muqi tonebi da ferebi, dramatuli, qromatuli JReradobebi. sastik cxovrebas SeeCexa. gaizarda. Sesaferisi samsaxuri arc italiaSi aRmoCnda da sabolood, mocarts mosawyen zalcburgSi mouxda dabruneba. iozef haidni (1732-1809)

opera „miTridate, pontos mefe“

mSobliuri qalaqi eviwroeboda. sul cota xnis win sruliad evropis musikaluri saocreba axla patara qalaqis arqiepiskoposis karis musikosi gaxda da 23 wlisas kvlav mama akontrolebda. axali arqiepiskoposi, ieronimus koloredo, metismetad mkacri saeklesio wesebis mimdevari gamodga, yvelasgan morCilebas moiTxovda, saero musika saerTod ar ainteresebda da ar apirebda, mis samsaxurSi myofi ori musikosi didi xniT gaeSva samogzaurod. mamis survilisa da mcdelobebis miuxedavad, mocarti koloredos verafriT Seegua. guli brwyinvale, musikaluri, ganaTlebuli da liberaluri venisken miuwevda. araerTi konfliqturi situaciis Semdeg mocartma sabolood datova arqiepiskoposis kari, zalcburgi, mama; dedaqalaqis gzas daadga da erT-erTi pirveli Tavisufali kompozitori gaxda, dRes rom `frilansers~ eZaxian. es ki imas niSnavda, rom mudmivad aravisTvis muSaobda, Sesabamisad, arc mudmivi Semosavali hqonda. venaSi gadasvliT mocartma Tavisufleba moipova da sazrunavi moimata. ludvig van beThoveni (1770-1827)

musika iq bednieri iyo. vena msoflioSi saukeTeso adgilad miaCnda. maleve gaiCina megobrebi, dauaxlovda musikaluri wreebis warmomadgenlebs, maT Soris – kvartetebisa da simfoniebis mamad wodebul iozef haidns. ramdenime TveSi imperatoris keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad dawera Tavisi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebi – zingSpili „seralidan gataceba“. amave periodSi, iziarebda ra Zmobisa da urTierTgagebis ideas, mocarti frimasonebs SeuerTda. im periodSi frimasonoba ar miiCneoda raRac mistikur, sazarel, gamanadgurebel fenomenad, rogorc dRes bevri miiCnevs saqarTveloSi. es sakmaod Ria, metwilad kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dajgufebas ufro hgavda, vidre raime saidumlo religiur gaerTianebas. daaxloebiT, mecnierebaTa akademiasaviT an literaturuli, musikaluri, Teatraluri wresaviT iyo, sadac imdroindeli venis saukeTeso inteleqtualebi iyridnen Tavs. venaSi mocarts mfarveli ar hyolia. absoluturad yvela musikalur Tu yofiT saqmes TviTon agvarebda imediT, rom erT dResac moipovebda im didebas, popularobas da simdidres, romelsac, Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, imsaxurebda. kompozitorobasTan da SemsruleblobasTan erTad, sakuTari Tavis prodiuseric unda yofiliyo da piar-menejeric. rTulad warmosadgenia misi

ieronimus koloredo (1732-1812) da axalgazrda mocarti

cxovrebis saqmiani, metismetad amqveyniuri, materialisturi mxare, magram ubrwyinvalesi musikaluri ideebis patrons da avtors sxva gza ar hqonda. sxvanairad es ideebi ver gacocxldeboda, xolo maTi gacocxleba avtorisTvisve iyo mniSvnelovani. ase, umetesad pragmatuli miznebiT iwereboda absoluturi Sedevrebi, romlebic msmenels dRemde ajadoebs. ase daiwera misi araamqveyniurad mSvenieri safortepiano koncertebi (gansakuTrebiT, N21, N2 N 3), simfoniebi, operebi...

mocartis deda ana maria mocarti (1720-1778) aloizia veberi (1760-1839)

volfgang amadeus mocarti

mocarti da frimasonebi

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba kargad gaTvlili qorwineba iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase fiqrobda mama mocarti. magram Svilma siyvaruliT daqorwineba amjobina. 26 wlis asakSi aloizia veberis umcrosi da, aseve momRerali konstance veberi SeirTo colad da mamis risxva daimsaxura. wyvili zalcburgSic ki Cavida leopoldis gulis mosalbobad, magram amaod. amis Semdeg volfgangi mSobliur qalaqSi aRarasdros dabrunebula. venaSi araerTi adgilia, sadac mocarti sxvadasxva dros cxovrobda, magram yvelaze cnobili maT Soris aris „figarohausi“ – „figaros saxli“. aq kompozitorma Tavisi Semoqmedebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi Seqmna. aq modioda venis klasicizmis uxucesi warmomadgeneli, „simfoniebisa da kvartetebis mama“ iozef haidni, aq estumra misi udidesi Tayvanismcemeli, venis klasicizmis bolo, mesame, giganti – sruliad axalgazrda ludvig van beThoveni. gadmocemebis mixedviT, mocarti da beThoveni pirispir ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs, pirvelma meoris dakvras sxva oTaxidan usmina da Tqva, rom es axalgazrda kaci male mTel samyaros aalaparakebda. mocartisgan, romelmac yvelaze kargad icoda sakuTari niWis fasi da masStabi da arasodes gamoirCeoda TavmdablobiTa da mokrZalebiT, es, SesaZloa, udidesi komplimenti iyo, romelic kolegis mimarT gamouTqvams. swored ise, rogorc didma haidnma erTxel uTxra leo-

pold mocarts: RvTis winaSe, patiosani kacis sityvas gaZlevT, Tqveni Svili yvelaze didi kompozitoria maT Soris, visac piradad vicnob an viszec msmeniao. haidni, mocarti, beThoveni – es sameuli XVIII saukunis musikis umTavres stils da mimarTulebas gansazRvravs. klasicizmma musikaSi instrumentuli musikis mTavari formebis: simfoniis, instrumentuli kon-

konstance veberi (1762-1842)

musika certis, simebiani kvartetis, sonatis Janrebis da maTi Taviseburebebis saboloo dadgena da Camoyalibeba SeZlo. am sameulSi mocarti yvelaze klasikuri klasicistia. is, rac haidnma daiwyo, man srulyo, beThovenma ki axal safexurze gadaiyvana da pirveli nabijebi gadadga axal mimdinareobaSi – romantizmSi. musikaluri klasicizmi sxva stilebs Soris gansakuTrebuli gawonasworebiT, logikurobiT, simetriulobiT, samyarosadmi metwilad harmoniuli damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva. masSi dabalansebulia subieqturi emociuroba da idealurad logikurad, gonivrulad agebuli formebi. amitomac uwodes XIX saukuneSi am stilsa da mimdinareobas klasicizmi – raRac idealuri, sanimuSo da misabaZi. Tumca, es venis klasicizmis Zalian zogadi daxasiaTebaa. kompozitorTa sameulidan TiToeuls uamravi individualuri maxasiaTebeli aqvs. mocartis nawarmoebebSi idealurs miaxloebuli proporciuloba asimetriuli detalebisgan Sedgeba, sinaTles wamSi Crdili cvlis da, piriqiT, mxne qmediTobas – gulSiCamwvdomi lirika. mocarts miznad ar dausaibreto neba“ – l i w r o q s „figaro

kostiumebis eskizebi operisTvis „ase iqceva yvela qali“

xavs raimes reformireba, Zvel tradiciebs mSvenivrad egueboda da mainc, uamravi siaxle danerga, romelmac tradiciuli sruliad aratradiciulad, unikaluri gziT warmoaCina. misi SemoqmedebiTi individualobisa da gansxvavebuli talantis Sedegad warmoqmnili es Tavisebureba mocartiviT srulyofilad sxva arc erT kompozitors ar axasiaTebs. im yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebebis didi nawili, romlebmac mocarti mocartad aqcia, 1780-ian wlebSi „figarohausSi“ daiwera. maT Soris iyo e.w. „italiuri trilogia“: operebi „figaros qorwineba“, „ase iqceva yvela qali“ da „don jovani“ – operaTa opera, rogorc gustav malerma uwoda. dResdReobiT italielebs uyvarT mtkiceba, rom es sami Sedevri bevrs dakargavda, mocarts italieli libretisti – lorenco da ponte rom ar hyoloda. ar vici, ramdenad bevrs dakargavda mocartis musika, magram am mtkicebaSi simarTlis wili namdvilad aris. da ponte mocartisTvis brwyinvale partniori gamodga. am operebis cocxal, namdvil, mravalmxriv personaJebs ukve Zali-

opera `don jovani~

volfgang amadeus mocarti

lorenco da ponte (1749-1838)

joakino rosini (1792-1868)

antonio salieri (1750-1825)

an cota aqvT saerTo wina periodebis seriozuli operebis odnav „brtyel“ xasiaTebTan. aq naCvenebia adamianebi yvela nakliT da RirsebiT. mocartma da Semdeg rosinim aqcies personaJi figaro moxerxebuli, maxvilgonieri tipis sinonimad, romelic yovelTvis poulobs gamosavals; da, albaT, ar gavazviadebT, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom ara didma servantesma an molierma, ara baironma, aramed swored mocartma aqcia uzneo, garyvnili meqalTane don xuani/don Juani udidesi simpaTiis gamomwvev personaJad, miuxedavad (da pontes mier libretoSi daundoblad warmoCenili) misi naklovanebebisa. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli sami opera mocarts praRis Teatrma SeukveTa, iqve Tavad idiriJora mocartma maTi warmatebuli premierebi. dRes praRis Teatri erTaderTi gadarCenili Senobaa, sadac mocarts fexi daudgams, Tavisi nawarmoebebi Seusrulebia da romelmac drosa da omebs gauZlo. venaSi cxovreba mwvervalisken triumfalur svlas ar hgavda – dabrkolebebiT, aRmarTdaRmarTebiT iyo savse. xSirad, garemoebebTan erTad, es arastabiluroba mocartis xasiaTiTac iyo gamowveuli da ojaxuri mdgomareobiTac. bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad, man ver moipova imperatoris karze sanatreli Tanamdeboba, is „gadamTiel“ italiels, Zalian niWier da Sromismoyvare, magram ara genios kompozitors – antonio salieris ekava. es swored is salieria, romelsac gangebam dascina da sayovelTaod cnobili ara Tavisi musikiT, aramed mocartis mowamvlis legendiT gaxda: erT-erTi yvelaze Savbneli da usamarTlo legendiT, radgan kvlevebiT TiTqmis asi procentiT dasturdeba, rom araviTari mowamvla ar yofila, moaruli Worebidan erT-erTi ki legendad momdevno saukuneebSi aqcies sensaciebis moyvarulma presam, aleqsandr puSkinma, piter Seferma da miloS formanma Tavisi oskarosani „amadeusiT“.

praRis Teatri

musika antonio salierim Tavisi maRali posti mZime, Tavdauzogavi SromiT moipova da misi fasi kargad icoda. amitom niWier axalgazrdebs, visac ar SeeZloT musikis gakveTilebis safasuris gadaxda, salieri ufasod amecadinebda. aseT moswavleebs Soris iyvnen ludvig van beThoveni, franc Suberti da mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg – mocartis Svilic, romelzec salierim ganacxada, momavalSi es biWuna Tavis genialur mamas gautoldebao. mocartis Sesaxeb legendebis umetesoba mis sikvdilzea. mowamvlasTan erTad sxva aTobiT mizezi saxeldeba, misi sicocxlis ase adre Sewyvetis asaxsnelad. esaa masonebis SurisZieba (radgan miiCneva, rom „jadosnur fleitaSi“ mocartma masonebis saidumlo ritualebi scenaze gamoitana), eWviani qmrisa (romlis colTanac TiTqos mocarts sasiyvarulo urTierToba akavSirebda) Tu gabrazebuli damkveTis SurisZieba da sxva uamravi fantastikuri Tu realobasTan miaxloebuli versia. eqimebsac aqvT sakuTari varaudebi da samedicino naSromebic ki – isini mocartis sxvadasxva avadmyofobis SesaZlo simptomebs misi portretebis mixedviT da werilobiT dokumentebze dayrdnobiT ikvleven. yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, mocartis sikvdilis mizezi iyo mwvave edema, romelic streptokokurma infeqciam gamoiwvia. oRond, es romantikosebisTvis metismetad prozauli da mosawyeni mizezia araamqveyniuri geniosis udroo aRsasrulis asaxsnelad. Tanac es diagnozic, sxvaTa msgavsad, jerjerobiT mxolod varaudia, radgan jerac daudgenelia, namdvilad miagnes Tu ara mocartis saflavs. misi naTesavebis saflavebis xelSeuxebloba didi xania darRveulia da amitom zalcburgis mocarteumSi, wminda markozis sasaflaoze daculi mocartis savaraudo Tavis qalis dnm-is analiziT SeuZlebelia utyuari monacemebis miReba.

venaSi mocarts ori pirobiTi saflavi aqvs. pirveli, rogorc aRvniSneT, wminda markozis (sent-marqsis) SedarebiT momcro sasaflaozea, sadac kompozitori 1791 wlis dekemberSi dakrZales. saflavSi, mis garda, kidev xuTi ucnobi ganisvenebda. saflavis zusti adgilmdebareoba dRemde ucnobia, savaraudo adgilas ki dgas monumenti, romelic gamosaxavs gadatexil svets mgloviare, Tavdaxrili angelozebiT. meore pirobiTi saflavi – monumenti qalis mwuxare figuriT, romelsac xelSi „rekviemis“ gragnili uWiravs, venis centralur sasaflaozea da erTgvar samkuTxeds qmnis beThovenisa da Subertis saflavebTan erTad.

scena operidan `jadosnuri fleita~, Teatri la skala

volfgang amadeus mocarti

legendebi mocartis sikvdilze, maT Soris imaze, gonebis dakargvamde rogor RiRinebda da iwerda dasartyamebis partias misi ukanaskneli Sedevris – „rekviemis“ yvelaze Tavzardamcemad tragikuli nomridan Lacrimosa („Tvalcremliani“), konstance mocartis gavrcelebulia. volfgangis gardacvalebidan maleve konstance colad gahyva daniel diplomat georg nikolaus fon nisens da ukarnaxa mogonebebi, romlis mixedviTac am ukanasknelma mocartis uTvalavTagan erT-erTi pirveli biografiuli naSromi dawera. droTa ganmavlobaSi mecnierebma daadgines, rom am naSromSi moyvanili faqtebis arcTu mcire raodenoba konstancem sagangebod gaayalba, raTa kompozitoris biografiisaTvis ufro meti idumaleba da mimzidveloba, sakuTari salarosTvis ki meti Semosavali Seematebina. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos konstance mocart-nisenis is didi Sromac, rac man Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze mocartis saxelisa da Semoqmedebis popularizaciisTvis gaswia. „ra saWiroa mTeli es kvleva-Zieba?“ – Facebook-is erT-erT fan-jgufSi aseTi komentaric dawera mocartis musikis moyvarulma: „Cven gvaqvs umTavresi, rac mocartma datova – misi musika. danarCeni – ubralod xmauria“. ratom mocarti? miiCneva, rom mocarti universaluri kompozitoria. es ras niSnavs? imas, rom Tavis dros arsebul yvela JanrSi Sedevrebi aqvs dawerili da imas, rom mis musikas siamovnebiT usmens dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva asakisa da gemovnebis adamianTa didi nawili, maT Soris, iseTebic, romelTac klasikur musikaze warmodgena ara aqvT da arasodes mousmeniaT. arsebobs samecniero Teoria „mocartis efeqtze“, romelic amtkicebs, rom misi musika gonebriv SesaZleblobebs aumjobesebs. imasac amboben, rom mocartis musikis mosmenis Semdeg Sesrulebul IQ-testSi adamianebs ufro maRali maCveneblebi aqvT, vidre Cveulebriv pirobebSi Sesrulebisas. am Teorias mravali momxre hyavs da romc ar hyavdes, es musika ubralod aravis tovebs gulgrils, miuxedavad asakisa, erovnebisa, kanis ferisa, ganaTlebisa da gemovnebisa. ra dawera? rogor dawera? kidev erTi saintereso Temaa mocartis nawarmoebebis raodenoba da maT Seqmnaze daxarjuli dro. arsebobs mosazreba, rom am moculobis SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobaze ara muSaobisa da Seqmnis, aramed mxolod gadawerisTvis adamianis normaluri cxovrebis 70 weli mainc aris saWiro. arada, mocarti 35 wlis asakSi gardaicvala da 600-ze meti nawarmoebi datova. daaxloebiTi suraTis Sesaqmnelad warmovidginoT, rom mocartma dawera: dRes arsebuli monacemebiT, 22 opera, rogorc seriozuli, dramatuli opera-seriebi, ise mxiaruli, sasacilo opera-bufebi italiur enaze, komikuri operis germanuli nairsaxeoba – zingSpilebi. TiToeuli maTganis xangrZlivoba 30 wuTidan 2.5 saaTamde meryeobs. 50-ze meti simfonia. maT Soris danomrilia 41, xolo danarCenebi cnobilia, rogorc „simfoniuri nawarmoebebi“ nomris gareSe. garda amisa, arsebobs ramdenime nawarmoebi, romelTa avtori rom mocartia, bolomde dadgenili ar aris. TiToeuli simfoniis daaxloebiT xangrZlivobad 20-35 wuTi SegviZlia aviRoT. 27 safortepiano koncerti (msxvili samnawiliani cikli solo fortepianosa da orkestrisaTvis), aseve koncertebi sxvadasxva instrumentisTvis. xangrZlivoba – igive, rac simfoniebis.

musika amas mivumatoT divertismentebi (umetesad sacekvao, gasarTobi saorkestro piesebis cikli), mesebi (liturgiuli xasiaTis da daniSnulebis cikluri nawarmoebebi), mesabrevisebi (mokle mesebi) da uamravi sxvadasxva sasuliero Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis nawarmoebi, genialuri „rekviemis“ nawili, simebiani kvartetebi, sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis ansamblebi, kantatebi, sonatebi sxvadasxva instrumentisTvis, solo sakoncerto ariebi, gundebi, simRerebi – es arasruli siaa da am nawarmoebebis xangrZlivobac sxvadasxvaa. SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, ra dro dasWirdeboda am yvelafris Seqmnas, damuSavebas, daxvewas da Caweras? amas davumatoT isic, rom mocarti TviTon iyo aqtiuri Semsrulebeli da Tavisi nawarmoebebis premierebsac bavSvobidanve umetesad Tavadve diriJorobda. es niSnavs, rom repeticiebze sakmao dros atarebda, sakmaod bevrs swavlobda: kompozicias im droisTvis cnobil sxvadasxva maestrosTan eufleboda, bavSvobidanve araerT instrumentze ukravda da gardatexis asakamde vokalSic mecadineobda, mSobliuri germanulis garda, kidev sam enaze laparakobda da werda, kargad icnobda literaturas da, rogorc amboben, sakmaod Zlieri iyo maTematikaSi. amas daumateT isic, rom mozrdil asakSi hyavda araerTi moswavle, cota dros ar xarjavda drostarebaSi, daxvewil restornebSi sadilobasa da biliardis TamaSSi. plus – xSiri mogzaurobebi erTi qveynidan meoreSi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rutina, werilebi, vizitebi, audienciebis lodini didkacebis mosacdelebSi, wveulebebi... warmogidgeniaT, ra cotaa amisTvis 35 weli?

mocartis xelnaweri `rekviemi~

mecnierebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, genialuri monacemebis garda, kompoziciis ra meTodebs flobda mocarti, rom amdeni moaswro. arsebobs legenda, rom is pirdapir TeTrad werda, Canawerebs da eskizebs ar akeTebda, magram am legendas safuZveli ar aqvs, radgan arsebobs mocartis eskizebis rveulebi, sadac sxvadasxva nawarmoebis mTavari musikaluri Temebi da motivebia Camowerili. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom saidumlo cifrirebuli banis teqnikaSia, rac niSnavs imas, rom kompozitori wers melodiur xazs, xolo TanxlebaSi uTiTebs harmoniis ZiriTad tons – bans, akords ki Sesabamisi cifriT wers, romlis wakiTxvac musikalurad ganaTlebul nebismier adamians SeuZlia. cifri SesaZloa gadamwerma gaSifros an Semsrulebelma dakvrisas improvizacias mimarTos da miTiTebuli cifris qveS nagulisxmevi harmonia sul sxvadasxva gziT daukras. es teqnika barokos periodSi Zalian iyo gavrcelebuli, radgan maSin kompozitorebi imavdroulad Semsrulebel-improvizatorebic iyvnen. improvizacias, anu nawarmoebis zepir, spontanur Seqmna-Sesrulebas, barokos musikaSi uzarmazari adgili ekava. mocartic, bavSvobisa da Tineijerobis wlebSi, roca saSemsruleblo turebiT mTel evropas wlobiT uvlida, Tavisi gamosvlebis did dros umetesad swored improvizacias uTmobda.

volfgang amadeus mocarti

eniT auwereli musika aqamde ar miTqvams yvelaze mTavari: Tavad musika – rogoria igi? ratom aris gasagebi da sasiamovno adamianTaTvis msoflios nebismier wertilSi? musikis sityvebiT aRwera, zogadad, rTulia, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli. zustad Sesaferis sityvebs verasodes poulob da yvela maTganze fiqrob, „ara, es is ar aris“. mocartis musikaze saubaric rTuli da SeuZlebelia. arsebuli stereotipebis mixedviT, romelTa damkvidrebasac didwilad miloS formanis film „amadeuss“ unda „vumadlodeT“ – mocarti udardeli, Tavqariani eqscentrikosi iyo da musikasac umetesad msubuqs, naTels da mxiaruls werda. harmoniuloba, sinaTle da maJori namdvilad bevria mocartTan, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi meore mxare – Rrma sevda, gulisgamgmiravi dramatizmi da tragizmi da am yvelafergamovlili ganwmenda, kaTarzisi da gasxivosneba. kompozitori minorul tonalobebs xSirad ar mimarTavs, magram roca mimarTavs, samyaro TiTqos sunTqvas wyvets da Cerdeba. aseTia misi absoluturad genialuri operis – „don jovanis“ uvertiuris dasawyisi an rekviemis Dies Irae („risxvis dRe“), roca smeniT „xedavT“ rogor dgeba Tmebi yalyze an rogor iyineba ZarRvebSi sisxli; an 23-e safortepiano koncertis meore nawili, sadac mSvidi, magram uRrmesi kaeSniT savse Txrobaa, romlis Sinaarsic savsebiT gasagebia, magram sityvebiT verasodes moyvebiT; an yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili sol minoruli simfonia N40, romlis „Sinaarsic“ yvela Cvengans sakuTari gvaqvs, radgan mocarts masze araviTari miniSneba ar dautovebia, an moteti Ave Verum Corpus, Tavisi ucnaurad sevdiani maJoriT, romelic, vfiqrobT, uzustesad asaxavs musikaSi im mdgomareobas, rasac berZeni filosofosi aristotele uwodebda kaTarsiss – uaryofiTi emociebisagan ganwmendas. mocartis sibnele arasodesaa ubralod erTi Savi fe-

ris. is swored yvela arsebuli feris Tavmoyraa, riTac Savi feri iqmneba. da mocartis sinaTlec arasodesaa mzis sxivebiT mTlianad gakaSkaSebuli – iq yovelTvis aris Crdili. universaluri kidev amitomacaa – ra ganwyobilebaze myofmac ar unda mousminoT, yovelTvis yvelaferze gipasuxebT. da mainc, es is ar aris.… Tavad unda gamoscadoT. ra moxdeba? – pirveli mosmenis efeqts gameoreba arasodes Seasustebs. piriqiT, yoveli Semdgomi mosmenisas efeqti gaZlierdeba, sul ufro gasagebi da axlobeli da, amave dros, sul ufro Rrma da amoucnobi gaxdeba. da mixvdebiT: yvelaze mniSnvnelovani, rac misi xanmokle, saocari cxovrebidan darCa, musikaa – Cemi, Tqveni, yvelasi!

kadrebi filmidan `amadeusi~

krosvordi

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31 32

38 39 40 44

46 48

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60 63

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Sveulad 1. Zveleburi saomari iaraRi, xis grZeli tariT da wvetiani maxvili piriT, iyenebdnen satyorcnad da saZgereblad. 2. igivea, rac zneoba. 3. cixesimagris galavnis kuTxeebSi datanebuli xuTwaxnaga nageboba. 4. mowinaaRmdege, moqiSpe, mocile. 5. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli wes-Cveulebebis, yofacxovrebis normebis erToblioba, romelic Taobidan Tobas gadaecema. 6. kunZuli atlantis okeaneSi, ekuTvnis kanadas. 7. moulodneli Semowmeba specialuri saxelmwifo uwyebis mier. 8. xelovnebis raime dargis nawarmoebTa saxeoba, romelic gamoirCeva garkveuli mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebiT. 10. adamianTa erToblioba, romelic warmoadgens garkveuli TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan jgufs. 12. mdinare axlo aRmosavleTSi. iTvleba uwmides mdinared. 13. wyalqveSa klde okeaneebsa da zRvebSi. 17. daxuruli saswavlebeli, sadac moswavleebi uzrunvelyofili arian biniT da kvebiT. 22. mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis xalxTa yofa-cxovrebas, maT kulturas. 23. igivea, rac xifaTi. 24. mecnierebis dargebis erToblioba, romelic swavlobs ama Tu im xalxis enasa da literaturas. 25. daavadeba, romlis drosac mTeli sxeuli an romelime organo kargavs moqmedebis unars. 28. saubris swrafad da zustad Caweris meTodi. 31. piri an dawesebuleba, romelsac aqvs gansazRvruli pirobebiT raimeTi sargeblobis ufleba. 32. kunZuli niu-iorkis centrSi, qalaqis mTavari nawili. 33. sityvaTa Semokleba, mxolod pirveli an sawyisi asoebiT axali sityvis miReba. 36. samarTlis dargis specialisti; samarTlismcodne. 39. igivea, rac xuroTmoZRvari. 43. erTi niSnis (ZiriTadad diskriminaciuli) mixedviT gamoyofa, am gamoyofiT qmedeba an aseTi qmedebis Sedegi. 44. sisxlis Senadedi, romelic Cndeba sisxlZarRvSi. 45. wonis erTeuli, udris 1000 kilograms. 46. undobloba, daeWveba raimes sisworeSi an SesaZleblobaSi. 48. kino-, videogadaRebis specialisti. 50. molodini, rwmena, rom raime survili, mizani ganxorcieldeba. 53. satrfialo simRera, romelsac Seyvarebuls umRerian. 54. momcro klaviSiani sakravi, klavesinis nairsaxeoba. 55. vinmesTan Sinaur viTarebaSi (ojaxSi) mosuli an sagangebod mowveuli, dapatiJebuli piri. 57. TanaSemwe, damxmare zogierT dawesebulebaSi. 61. zRvis, mdinaris zedapirze wylis moZraobisas warmoqmnili, amoweuli ganivi zoli. 62. xis an buCqis qerqqveS arsebuli mkvrivi nawili. 63. samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi sacxovreblad gadasuli piri. 64. mxedvelobiTi, bgeriTi an sxva pirobiTi niSani garkveul manZilze cnobebis, Setyobinebis gadacemis mizniT. 69. risame pirveladi nimuSi, pirvelsaxe, dedani. 70. saxelmwifo organo, romelic kanoniT gansazRvruli wesis mixedviT ixilavs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs. 71. maCvenebeli