saqarTvelo

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

oTar janeliZe

zustad asi weli – erTi saukune gvaSorebs im ambebsa da tragikul istorias, romlebzec es werili mogviTxrobs. masSi saubaria saqarTvelosa da mis irgvliv asi wlis win ganviTarebul movlenebze, imaze, Tu ra xdeboda saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi, ra ganwyobiT, ra SemarTebiT cxovrobdnen misi moqalaqeni, Cveni arcTu Soreuli winaprebi 1918-1921 wlebSi da rogor daamsxvria sabWoTa ruseTis agresiam maTi didi nawilis imedebi da molodini. asi wlis win axali dasrulebuli iyo pirveli msoflio omi (am oms pirveli mas Semdeg uwodes, rac kacobriobas 1939-1945 wlebSi Tavs momdevno – meore msoflio omi daatyda), romelmac bevri xalxisa da qveynis, maT Soris saqarTvelos, cxovreba kardinalurad Secvala.

1918 wlis 26 maiss Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da saqarTvelos saxeli xangrZlivi wyvetis Semdeg kvlav aRibeWda msoflio politikur rukaze. evropisa da aziis gzaSesayarze, saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifo, romelsac demokratiuli ganviTarebis arc tradicia hqonia da arc gamocdileba, magram hyavda soliduri politikuri elita, romelmac jer kidev 1917 wlis noemberSi Seqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo da misi aRmasrulebeli komiteti, noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, 1918 wlis 26 maisi

erovnul sabWoSi Semavali politikuri partiebis liderTa SeTanxmebiT, axlad warmoSobili respublikis xelmZRvaneloba koaliciur mTavrobas miendo. mTavrobis Tavmjdomared da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad social-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi lideri – noe ramiSvili dainiSna. amave partiis wevrebi Caudgnen saTaveSi oTx sxva saministrosac. ori ministri socialist-federalistTa partiidan iyo, xolo TiTo-TiTo – erovnul-demokratiuli da eserTa partiebidan.

am faqtma da aseve, saqarTveloSi evropuli codna-ganaTlebiT aRWurvili inteleqtualuri elitis arsebobamac, romelic dasavlur Rirebulebebsa da principebs erTgulebda, ganapiroba qveyanaSi mravalpartiuli politikuri sistemis formireba, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis, eTnikuri umciresobebis, qalTa uflebebis dacva da aRiareba. uzrunvelyofili iyo sayovelTao arCevnebi,

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

20 wlis asaks miRweuli orive sqesis mosaxleoba saarCevno xmiT Tanabrad sargeblobda. qalebs hqondaT rogorc aqtiuri, ise pasiuri saarCevno ufleba, rac bevr dawinaurebul saxelmwifoSi jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli.

saqarTvelos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSi arCeuli iyo 5 qali: elisabed nakaSiZe, minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe, ana soloRaSvili, eleonora ter-farsegovamaxvilaZe da qristine SaraSiZe. damfuZnebeli kreba, rogorc mas uwodebdnen – „saqarTvelos cnobierebis gvirgvini “ , respublikis mTeli mosaxleobis interesebs asaxavda. qarTvelTa garda, deputatebad arCeuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis yvela eris warmomadgenlebi, kerZod: somxebi (5 deputati), rusebi (3), osebi (3), ebraelebi (3), germaneli (1), azerbaijaneli (1), berZeni (1). saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam (Tavmjdomare nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe) 1919 wlis 21 marts daamtkica respublikis axali mTavroba, romelic amjerad erTpartiuli iyo da mxolod gamarjvebuli politikuri Zalis – social-demokratebisagan Sedgeboda. mTavrobas saTaveSi noe Jordania edga.

noe ramiSvili (1881-1930) noe Jordania (1868-1953)

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi gamijnuli iyo sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. dawesebuli iyo kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva demokratiuli Tavisuflebani. rigiT moqalaqeebs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi garkveuli monawileoba SeeZloT. yovelive es mkafiod aisaxa saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, romelic damfuZnebelma krebam 1921 wlis TebervalSi daamtkica.

mmarTveli social-demokratiuli Zalis garda, saxelmwifoSi mimdinare politikur procesSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda opoziciac. politikuri opozicia umTavresad parlamentSi (jer erovnul sabWoSi, 1919 wlis martidan – damfuZnebel krebaSi) iyo warmodgenili da loialur xasiaTs atarebda. memarcxene opoziciur speqtrs socialist-federalistTa da socialist-revolucionerTa partiebi, xolo memarjvenes – erovnul-demokratiuli partia da misgan gamoyofili organizaciebi Seadgendnen, romlebic 1921 wlis ianvarSi erT – demokratiul partiad gaerTiandnen. gamonaklisi iyvnen bolSevikebi. isini ar cnobdnen saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, upirispirdebodnen ara xelisuflebas, aramed suverenul qarTul saxelmwifos da mis damxobas eSurebodnen. amis miuxedavad, 1920 wlis maisSi, sabWoTa ruseTTan gaformebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTveloSi bolSevikuri organizaciebis legaluri saqmianobac ki dauSves.

qristine SaraSiZe (1889-1973) minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe eleonora (1879-1967) ter-farsegova-maxvilaZe (1875-193?)

ana soloRaSvili (1882-1937) elisabed nakaSiZe (1885-1937)

fari-xanum sofieva (1884-1953)

opoziciuri partiebi Tavisuflad gamoscemdnen Jurnal-gazeTebs, saparlamento tribunis garda, Seuferxeblad iyenebdnen sajaro sivrces Sekrebebis, mitingebisa Tu sxva politikuri RonisZiebebisaTvis.

centraluri xelisuflebis paralelurad, funqcionirebda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, romelic mmarTvelobis uflebiTac iyo aRWurvili. demokratiuli arCevnebis gziT Seiqmna saerobo municipaluri organoebi – mravalpartiuli saerobo krebebi da maTi gamgeobebi, aseve, qalaqebis TviTmmarTveli saTaTbiroebi, romelTa

nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe (1864-1926)

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

saqmianobas sabWoebi da qalaqis Tavebi uZRvebodnen. erobebisa da saTaTbiroebis gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmeba mxolod sasamarTlos SeeZlo. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebs erTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqtic ukavSirdeba. arCevnebSi Tbilisis mazris yaraiazis saarCevno olqSi gaimarjva da Tbilisis samazro erobis damoukidebeli xmosani (deputati) gaxda fari-xanum sofieva. xmosanTa Soris sxva qalebic iyvnen, magram sofievas imitom gamovyofT, rom is iyo muslimi, eTnikurad azerbaijaneli. muslim qalebs ki im dros TiTqmis arsad politikuri uflebebi ar gaaCndaT. amdenad, miCneulia, rom fari-xanum sofieva msoflioSi demokratiulad arCeuli pirveli muslimi qalia. misi saxelis ukvdavsayofad dRes sofel yarajalaSi sofievas memorialia gaxsnili. sakuTari fulad-safinanso sistemis SemoRebamde saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi mimoqcevaSi darCa amierkavkasiis komisariatis bonebi, romlebic TbilisSi ibeWdeboda. 1919 wlis ivlisSi ki, damfuZnebeli krebis dekretiT, respublikis bonebis

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis bonebi

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo banki

iason lorTqifaniZe (1866-1949)

emisia daiwyo. eskizebi mxatvrebma ioseb Sarlemanma, henrik hrinevskim da dimitri SevardnaZem SeimuSaves. qarTuli boni suverenuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi atributi iyo. ganixileboda erovnuli valutis SemoRebac, romelsac unda rqmeoda „marCili“ – vercxlis fulis qarTuli saxelwodeba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, magram masze muSaobis damTavreba veRar moeswro. 1919 wlis dekemberSi dafuZnda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo banki (Tavmjdomare iason lorTqifaniZe). axladSeqmnili saqarTvelos respublika biujetis deficitis pirobebSi cxovrobda, magram saxelmwifo mainc zrunavda Tavis moqalaqeTa Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis. im adamianebisaTvis, romlebmac samuSao adgilze dakarges Sromis unari da miiRes sawarmoo travma, SemoRebuli iyo pensia. umuSevrobis dasaZlevad Sromis birJebi da Sromis komisiebi yalibdeboda. 1921 wlis konstitucia krZalavda mozardTa da sazogadod qalebisaTvis RamiT muSaobas; saxelmwifos umuSevarTa daxmarebis pasuxismgeblobac ekisreboda maTTvis „samuSaos aRmoCeniT an dazRvevis saxiT “ . saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi qarTvelebis gverdiT sxva araerTi eTnosis warmomadgenlebic cxovrobdnen. am eTnikuri umciresobebis, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen, „natexi erebis“ , uflebaTa damkvidrebis problema qarTuli saxelmwifos mudmivi zrunvis saga-

damfuZnebeli kreba

ni iyo, magram Tanacxovrebas mainc seriozuli siZneleebi axlda, araqarTvelTa samoqalaqo integraciis procesi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi winaaRmdegobrivad viTardeboda. umciresobaTa nawili saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifos Seqmnas eswrafoda. magaliTad, afxazTa erovnuli sabWo damoukideblobis, xolo e. w. samxreT oseTis erovnuli sabWo avtonomiis moTxovniT gamodioda. amasTan, afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul soflebSi saqarTvelosagan CamoSorebisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis lozungebiT separatistuli moZraobac gaRvivda. moZraobas adgilobrivi (maT Soris – qarTveli) bolSevikebi meTaurobdnen, romlebic sabWoTa ruseTis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen.

saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam ar dauSva separatizmi da daicva qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba. afxazebs, romlebsac sxva samSoblo arsad aqvT da

dimitri uznaZe (1886-1950)

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

mTlianad soxumis olqs, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi konstituciurad politikuri avtonomia daukanonda, osebs, romelTac samSoblo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi hqondaT, avtonomia ar ekuTvnodaT da arc miuRiaT. qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi prioritetuli amocana ganaTlebis axali, erovnuli sistemis Camoyalibeba iyo. saxalxo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos skola demokratiul safuZvels unda dayrdnoboda da adamianis harmoniuli ganviTareba uzrunveleyo. saskolo sistema sami safexurisagan Sedgeboda. skolis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda mozardi Taobis aRzrda, misTvis dasrulebuli saSualo ganaTlebis micema da umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis momzadeba. skolis maswavleblebis gadasamzadeblad Seiqmna specialuri kursebi. pedagogiur saswavleblebsa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan Camoyalibebul pedagogiur institutSi (direqtori – profesori dimitri uznaZe) gafarTovda pedagogebis momzadebis procesi.

SemuSavda axali saswavlo gegmebi, programebi da swavlebis meTodika. daiwyo qarTul enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba da gamocema, romlebic winaswar recenzirebasa da SerCevas eqvemdebareboda. bevr saganSi saxelmZRvaneloebi rusulidan iTargmna. gaizarda skolebis ricxvi. zogierTi SeZlebuli moqalaqe, gansakuTrebiT soflad, skolas sakuTari xarjiT aarsebda. skolaTa saerTo ricxvma saqarTveloSi 2 aTass gadaaWarba, xolo moswavleTa raodenoba TiTqmis 162 aTasamde gaizarda. skolebis didi nawili erT- da orwliani iyo, romelTagan bevrs jer kidev sakuTari Senoba ar gaaCnda, bevrSic saTanadod ar iyo daculi higienuri pirobebi, akldaT saskolo inventari da Wirda TvalsaCinoeba. miuxedavad amisa, skola qveynis yvela kuTxeSi mainc izidavda moswavleebs, azrians, SemoqmedebiTsa da xalisians xdida maT cxovrebas.

qarTulis garda, arsebobda eTnikur umciresobaTa 300-ze meti saswavlebeli, romelTa umravlesoba saxelmwifos biujetidan finansdeboda, swavleba ki umciresobebis mSobliur enebze mimdinareobda. 1921 wlis konstituciam daakanona, rom „pirveldawyebiTi swavla sayovelTao, usasyidlo da savaldebuloa “ .

saqarTvelo

ganaTlebis reformis Sesabamisad, daiwyo sabavSvo baRebis mowyoba-mSenebloba. zrdasruli asakis mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebis, metwilad politikuri codnis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda saxalxo universitetebis qseli, romlebSic leqciebs ministrebi, deputatebi, mwerlebi, cnobili mecnierebi da sxvebi kiTxulobdnen. bileTebi fasiani iyo. leqciidan Semosuli Tanxa, arcTu iSviaTad, qvelmoqmedebas xmardeboda. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi safuZveli eyreboda umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas da viTardeboda mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba, romlis centri pirveli qarTuli universiteti iyo. Tbilisis universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis didi ZalisxmeviT, 1918 wlis 26 ianvars gaixsna, rogorc kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, imave wlis seqtembridan igi saxelmwifo universitetad gamocxadda, misTvis sruli Sinagani avtonomiis SenarCunebiT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika sekularul saxelmwifod yalibdeboda. deklaraciulad, eklesia gamoyofili iyo saxelmwifosagan, xolo skola – eklesiisagan. xelisufleba atarebda tolerantul politikas, ar ereoda kultis sakiTxebSi, daculi iyo rwmenisa da religiis Tavisufleba, xorcieldeboda religiaTa Tanasworobis principi. SeuzRudavi iyo religiuri konfesiebis, kulturul da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa saqmianoba.

respublikis kanonmdeblobiT, saqarTveloSi daSvebuli iyo moqalaqeTa politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis, maT Soris, profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmna da funqcionireba. saxelmwifos yovelgvari Carevisagan Tavisufali iyo beWduri sityva. 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi periodul gamocemaTa farTo speqtri arsebobda, maT Soris: partiuli, samxedro, saxelovnebo, literaturuli, samedicino, pedagogiuri, sabavSvo, sasuliero, iumoristuli da sxva. Jurnalebi da gazeTebi, qarTulis garda, rusul, somxur, inglisur, germanul da frangul enebzec gamodioda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi hqondaT qalaqebs – baTums, quTaiss, regionebsa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs.

ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940) Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

iakob nikolaZe (1876-1951)

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didma nawilma Tavisi identoba qarTul saxelmwifos – saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas daukavSira da is Rirebulebebi gaiziara, romlebsac axlad Seqmnili suverenuli respublika amkvidrebda. samSoblos cnebam, qveynis istoriulma miwa-wyalma Tu mSobliurma enam axali gancda da datvirTva SeiZina. xalxma gaiTavisa da Seiyvara saxelmwifo simboloebi: samferovani droSa, himnad qceuli sagalobeli „dideba“ da cxenze amxedrebuli TeTri giorgis gamosaxulebiani gerbi. STambeWdavi iyo damoukideblobis dRis – 26 maisis zeimebi, romlebic 1919 da 1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da soflebSi aRiniSna da WeSmaritad saxalxo xasiaTi hqonda. „me vstkbebi Cveni damoukideblobiT. damoukidebloba namdvili sazrdoa. adamiani yoveldRe Rebulobs sazrdos, magram arasdros ara swyindeba!“ – ambobda cnobili moqandake da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis droSis avtori iakob nikolaZe. axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda misi suverenitetis aRiarebas saerTaSoriso masStabiT. am mimarTebiT didi Zalisxmeva gaswies respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom da misma diplomatiurma warmomadgenlobebma sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.

1919 wlis 14 marts saqarTvelos delegaciam parizis samSvidobo konferencias warudgina memorandumi da axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRiareba iTxova. memorandumTan erTad konferencias gadaeca frangul enaze Sedgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruka. masze datanilia saqarTvelos miwa-wyali, romelzec im momentisaTvis demokratiuli respublikis iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda, aseve, zogierTi ganapira istoriuli kuTxec, romlebsac saqarTvelos xelisufleba ver akontrolebda, magram survili hqonda isini saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ecnoT.

saqarTvelos maSin evropaSi naklebad icnobdnen. igi ver moeqca didi politikis yuradRebis centrSi da misi damoukideblo-

parizis samSvidobo konferencia

saqarTvelo

bis aRiareba gaWianurda. qarTveli sazogadoeba interesiT adevnebda Tvals parizis konferenciidan miRebul yovel informacias da mouTmenlad moeloda aRiarebis nanatr cnobas. didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da italiis mTavrobebma gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de faqto aRiarebis Sesaxeb 1920 wlis 11 ianvars miiRes. mokavSireTa am gadawyvetilebas imave wlis TebervalSi iaponia, xolo agvistoSi belgia SeuerTda. ufro adre, 1919 wlis 15 seqtembers, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba oficialurad aRiara argentinis xelisuflebam.

Tu rogor Sexvda Tbilisi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis de faqto aRiarebas, Tavis dRiurSi aRgviwers TviTmxilveli da monawile maro mayaSvili:

„mgrZnobiare dRe iyo. yvelas saxe uRimoda, erTmaneTs ulocavdnen, hkocnidnen. bednierebis cremlebi im dRes bevri daiRvara. mTlad maJrialebda tanSi yovel warmoTqmul sityvaze da musikis xmaze. Sin aravin ijda maSin da vgoneb SeuZlebelic iyo gareT ar yofna. frialebdnen droSebi, aRfrTovanebuli xalxi simReriT dadioda Sua quCaSi “ .

maro mayaSvili (1902-1921)

aranakleb sainteresoa saqarTveloSi didi britaneTis umaRlesi komisris, oliver uordropis, TvaliT danaxuli igive dResaswauli. britaneli diplomati Tavis gancdebs meuRlisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi Semdegnairad gadmoscemda:

„aRiarebam TbilisSi didi patriotuli demonstraciebi gamoiwvia. informaciis gamocxadebidan erT saaTSi qalaqi droSebiT iyo mofenili, manqanebis moZraoba SeCerda, maRaziebi da qarxnebi daixura. mTelma garnizonma, kavaleriiTa da artileriiT, Cemi saxlis win mosasalmeblad Caiara. Semdeg me da premier-ministri mTavrobis sasaxlesTan daveswariT aRlums. ...qalaqi gaanaTes da operaSi gaimarTa didi probritanuli demonstracia, romelsac Ramis 11 saaTidan dilis 4 saaTamde banketi mohyva “ .

oliver uordropi (1864-1948)

yovelive zemoTqmuliT STagonebuli konstantine gamsaxurdia SeniSnavda:

„sami weli demokratiuli respublikis arsebobisa ufro Zlieri iyo Tavisi gancdis intensiurobiT, vidre Cveni monobis asi weli “ .

konstantine gamsaxurdia (1893-1975)

de faqto – saerTaSoriso samarTalSi faqtobrivi aRiareba niSnavs saxelmwifos mier axali saxelmwifos an mTavrobis arasrul cnobas.

de iure – (iuridiulad, kanonis safuZvelze) – saxelmwifos an misi mTavrobis sruli oficialuri aRiareba.

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

aristid briani (1862-1932) evgeni gegeWkori (1881-1954)

1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi, sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTvelos suvereniteti cno rsfsr-m. metropoliis mier yofil koloniaze xelis nebiT aRebam gazarda saerTaSoriso ndoba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukideblobisadmi.

1920 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos evropel socialistTa didi delegacia estumra, romelSic II internacionalis liderebi da TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi karl kaucki, emil vandervelde, remzei makdonaldi, pier renodeli da sxvebi Sediodnen. stumrebma, romlebsac saucxoo daxvedra mouwyves, imogzaures sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, Sexvdnen qalaqebisa da soflebis mosaxleobas, gaecnen qveynis warsuls, kulturas, tradiciebs, mimdinare saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis miRwevebsa Tu siZneleebs.

samSobloSi dabrunebulma evropelma socialistebma Tavisi wili samsaxuri gauwies qarTul saxelmwifos, xma aRimaRles misi uflebebis dasacavad, TavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisa da parlamentebis winaSe daayenes saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis iuridiulad aRiarebis moTxovna.

1921 wlis 27 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoTa umaRlesma sabWom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba de iure cno. „mokavSire saxelmwifoebi bednierni arian kvlavac daadasturon is Rrma TanagrZnoba, riTac Cven Tvals vadevnebdiT qarTveli xalxis Zalisxmevas damo-

remzei makdonaldi (1866-1937) karl kaucki (1854-1938)

emil vandervelde (1866-1938)

aristid brianis werili

saqarTvelo

ukideblobis misaRwevad da ukve miRweuli warmatebebiT Cveni aRfrTovaneba “ , – werda safrangeTis premier-ministri aristid briani saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, evgeni gegeWkors, saqarTvelos aRiarebis damadasturebel da milocvis werilSi. periodulma presam saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis dRe Tavisi mniSvnelobiT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dRes gautola. erT-erTi gazeTis meTauri werilis Tanaxmad: 26 maisi da 27 ianvari ori sazeimo da sadResaswaulo TariRia, radgan isini gansazRvraven Cveni samSoblos momavals.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukidebloba msoflios 20-ze metma saxelmwifom aRiara. maT Soris: safrangeTma, didma britaneTma, italiam, iaponiam, belgiam, germaniam, poloneTma, avstriam, rumineTma, luqsemburgma, haitim, libiam, meqsikam da sxv. Cveni qveynisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasavleTis civilizebul erTa ojaxSi Sesvlasa da damkvidrebas. aseTi saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba kidevac Seiqmna 1920 wels aSS-is prezident vudro uilsonis ideis Tanaxmad. es iyo erTa liga, romlis mizansac saxelmwifoTa Soris keTilganwyobis damyareba, sayovelTao mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis ganmtkiceba, mcire erTa uflebebis dacva warmoadgenda.

saqarTvelom imTaviTve gamoTqva survili, Sesuliyo saxelmwifoTa am axal universalur TanamegobrobaSi, romelic Tavisi damoukideblobis ganmtkicebisTvis saimedo garantad warmoedgina, magram sawadels ver miaRwia. 1920 wlis 16 dekembers, JenevaSi gamarTul erTa ligis asambleaze, kenWisyris monawile 24 saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos sasargeblod xma mxolod 10-ma qveyanam misca. uaris motivi imiT aixsna, rom liga ver SeZlebda evropis ganapira rTul regionSi mdebare saqarTvelos dacvas moZaladeTa Tavdasxmisagan.

TbilisSi akreditebul ucxo saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs Soris, romlebmac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas saerTaSoriso aRiarebis faqti werilobiTac miuloces da sazeimo banketze saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis sadRegrZeloc warmoTqves, sabWoTa ruseTis elCi aron Seinmanic iyo. igi aSkarad tyuoda da cdilobda SecdomaSi Seeyvana sa-

1919 wels parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze wardgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruka

parizis konferenciaze wardgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis memorandumi

qarTvelos xelisufleba, rodesac acxadebda, sabWoTa ruseTi didi sixaruliT egebeba saqarTvelos de iure cnobaso. rodesac rusi diplomati am sityvebs warmoTqvamda, moskovSi ukve dawyebuli iyo mzadeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebisaTvis. 1921 wlis 11-12 Tebervlis RamiT lores olqSi, somxeTis mxridan, ruseTis wiTeli armiis nawilebi SemoiWrnen (ganxorcielebul samxedro operacias bolSevikebma „saqarTvelos mSromelTa ajanyeba“ uwodes da igi sabWoTa istoriografiaSic amgvari saxelwodebiT Sevida), 14 Tebervals ki kremlSi gankarguleba gaica Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb.

asi wlis winaT saqarTveloSi

iunkrebi giorgi mazniaSvili (1870-1937)

giorgi kvinitaZe (1874-1970)

ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma saqarTvelos azerbaijanis, soWisa da darialis mxridanac Semouties. qarTuli jaris, saxalxo gvardiisa da laSqris meomrebis mxardamxar TavdadebiT ibrZodnen Tbilisis samxedro skolis iunkrebi. iunkrebma Tavi gansakuTrebiT kojor-tabaxmelis brZolaSi gamoiCnes.

1921 wlis 24 Tebervals mTavarsardalma giorgi kvinitaZem, noe JordaniasTan SeTanxmebiT, Tbilisis datovebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. mTavrobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadainacvla. 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi me-11 wiTelma armiam daikava. baqoSi myofma sergo orjonikiZem kremls udepeSa, rom Tbilisis Tavze sabWoTa xelisuflebis droSa afrialda.

dedaqalaqis datovebis Semdeg qveynis Tavdacvis sistemas bzari gauCnda. suramTan da osiaurTan sabWoTa jarebis SeCereba veRar moxerxda. saqarTvelos gamouvali mdgomareoba Seuqmna kremlTan unisonSi myofma TurqeTmac, romlis nawilebma, saqarTvelosaTvis dapirebuli daxmarebis nacvlad, arTvin-artaani daikaves da baTumis misakuTrebac moindomes. baTumSi gamarTuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis gadawyvetilebiT, qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolis ucxoeTidan gasagrZeleblad, demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba emigraciaSi gaixizna. TurqTa jaris aWaridan gandevna general giorgi mazniaSvils brZoliT mouxda. es iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis droSiT mopovebuli ukanaskneli gamarjveba.

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1937)

baTumSi wiTeli armia Sevida. saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio reJimi damyarda.

ioseb stalini (1878-1953)

wiTeli armia TbilisSi, 1921