My World 32 by Rondeli Foundation

2021 32

saxelmwifo politikuri klasi

politika

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politika 1783-1795 wlebSi

civi omis dasrulebis xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi

diplomatia

teqnologiebi

ganaTleba Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis istoria

zubalaSvilebi

istoria

aRmoCenebi qristefore kolumbi – axali samyaros aRmomCeni

didi qarTvelebi

saqarTvelo guriis respublika

sulxan-saba

ilon maskis gza samxreT afrikidan wiTel planetamde

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss.

32 2021

tuacia, romelic raime moqmedebis, saqcielis gamomwvevad saxeldeba. 69. eklesiis msaxuri, mRvdlis damxmare RvTismsaxurebis dros. 76. droebiTi qaRaldis fulis niSani. 77. risame procesSi, raime saqmianobaSi ganviTarebis umaRlesi wertili an moklevadiani mkveTri aRmavloba. 78. saerTo warmoSobis xalxi. modgma, STamomavloba. 79. dasatyami sakravi, daira eJvnebisa da monetebis gareSe. 80. moqmedi piri, romelsac msaxiobi ganasaxierebs. 81. X saukunis umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli samonastro centri istoriul taoSi, amJamindel TurqeTis provincia erzerumSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

irakli maxaraZe oTar janeliZe daviT darCiaSvili arCil qiqoZe apolon TabuaSvili vasil kaWarava ana margvelaSvili sulxan salaZe mixeil WabukaSvili

5. gayalbeba. 6. rwmena, msoflmxedveloba. 7. gmiroba. 11. mravaldargovani umaRlesi saswavlo da samecniero dawesebuleba. 12. umaRlesi xelisuflebis dadgenileba, romelsac kanonis Zala aqvs. 14. rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebis miReba ufro martivi elementebis saSualebiT. 18. xelovnebis udidesi muzeumi msoflioSi, mdebareobs parizSi. 20. mxatvruli xerxi, romelic damyarebulia metismet gazviadebaze, mkveTri kontrastebis Sexamebaze. 22. saqonlis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatuleba. 23. visime ufleba an SesaZlebloba iyos dasaxelebuli, navaraudevi raime Tanamdebobaze asarCevad, dasaniSnad, sadme misaRebad da sxv. 26. ubeduri SemTxvevis an Zaladobis Sedegad daRupuli an dazaralebuli. 27. sazogadoebis, klasis, politikuri partiis, socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel SexedulebaTa, ideaTa sistema. 28. religiuri Sinaarsis musikaluri nawarmoebi, romelsac mRerian RvTismsaxurebisas. 32. atmosferuli movlena, eleqtrobis swrafi ganmuxtva haerSi, rac gamoixateba Zlieri, klaknili naTebiT. 33. faruli molaparakeba vinmes winaarmdeg samoqmedod. 34. igivea, rac magniti. 36. musikosTa krebuli, romlis wevrebic erTdroulad asruleben nawarmoebebs sxvadasxva sakravze. 38. siyvarulis gamoxatva vinmes an raimes mimarT sityviT an moqmedebiT. 40. msxvili sakredito dawesebuleba. 42. teqstis sityvasityviTi Targmani. 44. dokumenti, romelic garkveul wesebs, normebsa da kanonebs moicavs. 45. risame Tanabari monacvleoba; mowesrigebuli mimdinareoba, procesi. 47. sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba ganaTlebis, teqnikis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi. 48. xalxuri sityvieri xelovneba, romelic zepirad vrceldeba da gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. 50. damsjelobiTi zomebi, romelsac iyeneben saxelmwifo organoebi. 51. igivea, rac cixe. 53. didi saerTaSoriso Sejibreba sportis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi. 55. piris an dawesebulebis arsebobis romelime wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi zeimi. 58. Tanmimdevrulad gatarebuli meTodi, wesebi, romelTa mixedviTac xorcieldeba raime. 59. winaswar dasaxuli gza, gasaCerebeli punqtebisa da drois aRniSvniT. 62. musikaluri nawarmoebi an mTavari partia, romelic gankuTvnilia erTi SemsruleblisTvis. 63. vinmes piradobis, vinaobis, moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli oficialuri sabuTi. 64.raime moqmedebisaTvis xalisis aRmZvreli mizezi; biZgi. 67. orguloba, megobris, axloblis sxvaze gacvla. 70. aTaswleuli; erTmaneTis momdevno aTaswleulebis mijna. 71. politikuri reJimis an xelisuflebis cvlileba Zaladobrivi an mSvidobiani gziT. 72. agdebuli, Tavxeduri damokidebuleba. 73. usiamovno SemTxveva, gaugebroba, Sexla-Semoxla. 74. sivrce, zedapiri, specialurad an bunebrivad gamoyofili raime miznisaTvis. 75. patara restorani estradiTurT, sadac imarTeba sxvadasxvagvari warmodgenebi. 79. Canawerebis nakrebi, romelSic aRwerilia yoveldRiuri movlenebi, faqtebi. 81. raime sazogadoebis, organizaciis, partiis SigniT umravlesobis sawinaaRmdego politikis gamtarebel adamianTa jgufi. 82. qali, romelsac monasterSi asketurad cxovrebis aRTqma aqvs dadebuli. 83. politikuri mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac umaRlesi xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs. 84. SeiaraRebuli da sabrZolod momzadebuli adamianebis organizebuli gaerTianeba. 85. moqmedebis, saqmianobis winaswar gansazRvruli Sedegi, romelsac unda miaRwion. 86. pirebis an sagnebis werilobiTi CamonaTvali. 87. ama Tu im situaciaSi mizanSewonili qmedebis Tandayolili, gaucnobierebeli Cveva.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `civi omis dasrulebis xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi ~

2. oqmi 4. meqa 5. bariti 6. motivi 7. faqti 8. fereidani 9. violino 11. fakulteti 12. askeri 15. procesia 16. legenda 18. islami 21. diaspora 22. flangi 23. diagnozi 24. eposkoposi 25. monasteri 27. simptomi 29. naxSirorJangi 32. graviura 33. poema 38. muhajiroba 39. sveticxoveli 40. publicistika 45. avtokefalia 46. anTologia 47. monumenti 51. elita 52. toponimi 54. popularizacia 58. improvizacia 59. epoqa 60. limiti 61. degustacia 64. suzerni 67. kvarteti 69. taZari 70. kera 72. eparqia 73. organo 74. gerbi 77. Tema 83. Wa

1. toni 3. yma 10. mefe 12. arqeologia 13. autsaideri 14. Teirani 17. audiencia 19. virtuozi 20. medali 22. filetizmi 26. idea 28. limonaTi 30. Cixtikopi 31. ingredienti 34. foni 35. zardaxSa 36. teqnologia 37. komplimenti 41. veli 42. fronti 43. iurisdiqcia 44.seansi 48. odisea 49. galavani 50. krediti 53. paranoia 55. kompozicia 56. konstantinopoli 57. patimari 62. poligloti 63. grafiki 65. tembri 66. etiketi 68. avtoriteti 70. kataklizmi 71. bediswera 73. omi 75. sanqcia 76. STabeWdileba 78. farmacevti 79. wmindani 80. brendi 81. piesa 82. mola 83. Waobi

32 / 2021

saqarTvelo

irakli maxaraZe guriis respublika

didi qarTvelebi

oTar janeliZe zubalaSvilebi

saxelmwifo daviT darCiaSvili politikuri klasi aRmoCenebi arCil qiqoZe qristefore kolumbi – axali samyaros aRmomCeni

istoria

apolon TabuaSvili qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politika 1783-1795 wlebSi politika vasil kaWarava civi omis dasrulebis xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi ganaTleba ana margvelaSvili Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis istoria

diplomatia sulxan salaZe

sulxan-saba teqnologiebi mixeil WabukaSvili ilon maskis gza samxreT afrikidan 70 wiTel planetamde

saqarTvelo

guriis respublika

irakli maxaraZe

Cveni qveynis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze gurulebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen qveynis sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT gamoixata XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ruseTis imperias revoluciurma grigalma gadauara da iseve, rogorc faqtobrivad yvelgan, saqarTveloSic gaCaRda revoluciuri kerebi. am periodSi ruseTis imperiaSi Seiqmna krasnoiarskis, liubotinis, novorosiiskis, Citas, soWis, xolo saqarTveloSi – naZaladevis, goris, WiaTuris, yvirilis, zugdidis da sxva e.w. „respublikebi“, romelTac sul mcire xniT iarsebes. magram arc erT respublikas ar Rirsebia iseTi sayovelTao yuradReba, rogorc guriis respublikas. 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi pirveli gamosvla, romelic Semdeg rusuli mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego SeiaraRebul moZraobaSi gadaizarda, daiwyo 1902 wlis maisSi guriis sofel nigoiTSi, memamule maWutaZeebisa da adgilobriv glexTa didi Setakebis Semdeg. glexebi stiqiurad gamovidnen saZovrebze davis gamo. nigoiTeli glexebis gamosvlis ambavi swrafad moedo mTel gurias da maT sxva soflebic SeuerTda. amiT isargebla iqaurma axalgazrda maswavlebelma, socialdemokratiuli partiis wevrma grigol urataZem. glexebma, urataZis xelmZRvanelobiT, SeimuSaves ramdenime moTxovna, romelTa mTavari punqtebi iyo e. w. drama-fulis (es iyo komlze/ojaxze Sewerili savaldebulo gadasaxadi – ori maneTi, garda imisa, rasac ixdidnen jvrisweris, naTlobis, dasaflavebis da sxva samsaxurisTvis), begris da miwebze Ralis Semcireba.

guriis respublika

boikoti – protestis es forma pirvelad gamoiyenes irlandiaSi, memamuleebsa da glexebs Soris dapirispirebis dros. boikots ucxadebdnen policias, memamuleebs, sasamarTlos, samRvdeloebas, calkeul pirovnebebs. boikoti Zalze farTod gavrcelda revoluciur guriaSi. „umaRlesi dasja boikotiT aseTi iyo: damnaSaves ekrZaleboda ezodgan gadmosvla da misas Casvlis ufleba aravis ar hqonda, Tu gind misas cecxli gasCenoda saxls; iyo SemTxvevebi, ojaxis wevrebsac ar eZleoda dasjilze galaparakebis ufleba. maxsovs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom gamousworebeli piri tyviiT swordeboda. yvela es sasjeli xalxs gamohqonda masiur krebebze“, – werda ucnobi avtori.

grigol urataZe (1880-1959)

rodesac moTxovnebi sabolood SeimuSaves da Seajeres, xalxma ficis dadeba moiTxova, rom gaagrZelebdnen brZolas saboloo gamarjvebamde da erTmaneTs ar uRalatebdnen. ficis dasadebad SeTqmulebi meore dRes Seikribnen. urataZes naTxovari Coxa ecva, romelic bevrad didi zomis iyo da is garegnulad mRvdels waagavda. fici erTxmad miiRes da meore dRes elvis siswrafiT moedo iqaurobas, rom viRac mRvdelma xalxi daumorCileblobasa da brZolaze daaficao. adgilobrivi xelisufleba didxans eZebda am „mRvdels“, bolos ki mivida daskvnamde, rom sasuliero piri am saqmeSi ar eria. samiode welSi guriaSi glexTa revoluciuri moZraoba sabolood e. w. `guriis respublikad~ Camoyalibda. glexTa farTo masebSi revoluciurma Segnebam gaiRviZa da guriam revolucias Seasxa xorci – faqtobrivad, gaTavisuflda mefis mTavrobis zegavlenisgan. Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda mTavroba „respublikas“, naTlad Cans podpolkovnik roJanovis Sedgenil Sida moxmarebis CanawerebSi, sadac „guriis moZraobas“ mTeli Tavi aqvs daTmobili. iq miTiTebulia, rom „guruli“ etimologiurad niSnavs „mudmiv yaCaRs“ (! – i.m.) da rom qarTvelTa Soris gurulebi yvelaze ganviTarebuli da mebrZoli xalxia. „guruls iaraRi xelSi da

win – mteri. ai, misi saqme“, – werda roJa-novamde karga xniT adre sazogado moRvawe giorgi wereTeli. maleve glexTa moZraobis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba saqarTvelos social-demokratiulma partiam iTava. daarsda `glexTa komitetebi~, romlebic Tavidan mTavrobas mxolod boikots ucxadebdnen, SemdgomSi ki qmnidnen sakuTar administraciebs, SeiaraRebul razmebs, romelsac wiTeli razmi ewodeboda, sasamarTloebs (mefisnacvalma ilarion voroncov-daSkovma cnobil italiel politikossa da mogzaur luiji vilarisTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom guruli sasamarTlo „marTlmsajulebas bevrad ufro patiosnad da efeqtianad axorcielebs, vidre saxelmwifo sasamarTloebi“), iaraRis saxelosnoebs, stambebs, ganagebdnen saskolo ganaTlebas, awesebdnen gadasaxadebs, fasebs da sxva. komitetebi auqmebdnen mefis ruseTis administraciul erTeulebs da TviTon iRebdnen xelSi Zalauflebas. Tu rogor muSaobda gurulebis sasamarTlo, magaliTisTvis aseT faqts moviyvan: sofel akeTSi ori ebraeli gaZarcves. damnaSaveebis gamosarkvevad dauyovnebliv „gamoiyo qurdebis momnaxveli komisia daTiko SevardnaZis xelmZRvanelobiT“ (SevardnaZe cnobili firali da teroristi iyo, prezident eduard SevardnaZis babuis Zma). sul male gairkva, rom mZarcvelebi wiTelrazmelebi yofilan. nagomarSi mravalricxovan krebas warudgines qurdebi, mamxilebeli sabuTebiT – fuliTa da gatacebuli nivTebiT. sabolood, krebam TiToeul maTgans Seufarda boikoti erTi wlis vadiT, rac mkacrad Sesrulebula. uamravi TviTmxilvelisa da mowmis CvenebiT, guriis TviTmmarTvelobis periodSi Zarcva-gleja da avazakoba lamis mTlianad amoiZirkva, damyarda sruli wesrigi.

saqarTvelo ozurgeTSi Catarda TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT. arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRes orive sqesis, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobisa da erovnebis zrdasrulma adamianebma (cnobisaTvis: ruseTSi arCevnebSi qalTa monawileoba mxolod 1917 wels dauSves, xolo aSS-Si – 1920 wels. ase rom, gurulebma am sakiTxSic daaswres bevr civilizebul qveyanas). arCeul pirebs miecaT davalebebi da instruqciebi meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis mosagvareblad. axali revoluciuri xelisufleba wyvetda agrarul sakiTxs: calkeuli soflis krebis dadgenilebis mixedviT xdeboda memamuleebis sakuTrebis – miwis konfiskacia da glexebi ufasod sargeblobdnen miwiT, saZovriTa da tyiT. xelisufleba awyobda mazris sameurneo cxovrebas, ganagebda sarkinigzo transportsa da kavSirgabmulobas, produqtebiT amaragebda mosaxleobas, kontrols uwevda da xelmZRvanelobda axali wiTeli razmebisa da sabrZolo jgufebis Camoyalibebas, sabrZolo iaraRis SeZena-ganawilebas. gzebis, xidebis da Senobebis Sesa-

ilarion voroncov-daSkovi (1837-1916)

keTeblad airCies komisia. samuSaod gamodioda yvela wodebis adamiani – Tavadi, aznauri da mRvdeli, anu isini, vinc mZime samuSaos ar iyvnen miCveuli. magram maT sxva gza ar hqondaT da uars ver ambobdnen – kargi biWi iyavi da ar gasuliyavi samuSaod! erT aseT samuSao dRes aRwers „cnobis furceli“ (2 # 767, 1905), roca sofel juruyveTis sazogadoeba, mTeli SemadgenlobiT, gzis SesakeTeblad SequCda:

„iseTi aznaurebi, romelTac Tavis dReSi Toxi ara sWeriaT xelSi da mTel or saaTs marto piris banas andomebdnen, dRes glexebs amosdgomian gverdSi da bariT miwas sTxrian. aq mRvdeli anafora SakalTebuli muSaobs, iq – maswavlebeli, vaWari... yvelgan saerTo mxiarulobaa. xan-da-xan gaismis... guruli naduri simRerebi: „gurianTulai“, „qobuleTurai“, „sajaoxurai“, „baileTurai“ da sxva... yvela gzebi, romelnic ramdeni xania vemudarebodiT mTavrobas da ver veRirseT, am kvireSi gakeTdeba“.

msgavs daumorCileblobas mTavroba ver aitanda da 1905 wlis TebervalSi meamboxe da urC glexebTan mosalaparakeblad da dasaSoSmineblad cnobili liberali sulTan krim-girei gagzavnes (maSin ruseTs omi hqonda iaponiasTan da guriisTvis ar ecala, Torem sxva SemTxvevaSi jars gagzavnida). krim-gireim ozurgeTis mazris 25 sasoflo sazogadoebidan 12 moiara, yvelgan masobrivi krebebi da mitingebi ewyoboda, romlebsac daaxloebiT 20 aTasi kaci daeswro. glexoba krim-gireis yvelgan TiTqmis erTi da imave moTxovnebs uyenebda, es moTxovnebi pirvelad gaJRerda sofel baxvSi da mas „baxvis manifesti“ uwodes. glexebi moiTxovdnen sabatono, saeklesio da saxelmwifo begaris gauqmebas, dramis gadasaxadis gauqmebas, wodebaTa gauqmebas, saufliswulo, saeklesio-samonastro da sanadelo miwebis usasyidlod gadacemas glexobisT-

guriis respublika

mokled, molaparakeba uSedego aRmoCnda. guriis Sesaxeb ki mTeli rusuli revoluciuri moZraoba alaparakda. mweralma lev tolstoim gurulebs `rusuli revoluciis avangardi“ uwoda. ai, ras swerda is cnobil publicistsa da sazogado moRvawe ilia nakaSiZes: „gasakviri cnobebia guriidan, rogor gaauqmes mTavroba da gaTavisufldnen, amavdroulad daiwyes ukeTesad cxovreba da bevrad ufro Tavisufalni gaxdnen...“ am werils nakaSiZe gurulebis samiaTasian Sekrebas ukiTxavda da roca tolstois sityvebi waikiTxa, rom albaT gurulebs Cemi arsebobis Sesaxeb warmodgena ara aqvTo, atyda erTi ambavi: rava gekadrebaT batono, tolstois didi xania vicnobTo, gansakuTrebiT mis zRaprebso da romans „aRdgomao“.

krim-gireisTan mosalaparakeblad gagzavnili delegacia

vis, sityvis, krebis, kavSirebis da gaficvis Tavisuflebas, pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobas, politpatimrebis gaTavisuflebas, daxuruli samkiTxveloebis gaxsnas, 16 wlamde orive sqesisTvis ufaso sayovelTao swavlebis da skolebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis SemoRebas, saRvTo sjulis swavlebas, cenzuris gauqmebas da sxva. krim-girei Tavis mogonebaSi Semdeg ambobda, rom „imaT aramc Tu konstitucia, safrangeTis respublikac ki ver daakmayofilebso“. aqve unda davamatoT, rom glexebi ar moiTxovdnen arc sakuTar mefes da arc „calke saxelmwifod“ gamoyofas, maT surdaT cxovreba erTian, magram demokratiul ruseTSi.

sulTan krim-gireiA

daTiko SevardnaZe (1875-1909)A

saqarTveloSi ozurgeTis mazra erT-erTi ganaTlebuli da ganviTarebuli kuTxe iyo, „saqarTvelos safrangeTi“ – rogorc mas Jurnal „mogzauris“ Jurnalistma konstantine gvaramaZem uwoda. swavlas iqauri glexebi Zalian etanebodnen, miuxedavad ukiduresi gaWirvebisa, araviTar Zalas ar zogavdnen skolebis, biblioTekebis, samkiTxveloebis gaxsnisaTvis, radgan mixvdnen, rom uswavleli kaci „mWadis fasad ar Rirs“. gurulebidan werakiTxvis ucodinari mxolod xuT procentze naklebi iyo, danarCenebi qarTulTan erTad, rusul enasac flobdnen.

saqarTvelo

nestor erqomaiSvili nasakiralis brZola

rogorc yvelgan da yovelTvis, gurulebi aqac gamoirCeodnen originalurobiT da maT sakuTari prezidentic ki hyavdaT – 24 wlis benia CxikviSvili. mas sxvanairad guriis mefesac eZaxdnen. CxikviSvilis TaosnobiT 1905 wels daSales ozurgeTis saqalaqo sabWo da moiwvies „guriis droebiTi parlamenti“. Tavmjdomaris arCevnebSi CxikviSvilma 970 xmidan 958 xma miiRo, mas xSirad uwodebdnen „droebiTi parlamentis prezidentsac“. 1905 wlis 20 oqtombers ozurgeTidan 14 kilometris moSorebiT, sofel nasakiralTan, gurulma wiTelrazmelebma kazak-plastunebs (plastunebi kazakebis specrazmi iyo) brZola gaumarTes, daamarcxes da ukuagdes. dokumentebis mixedviT, nasakiralis brZolas xelmZRvanelobda guriis komiteti, kerZod ki, benia CxikviSvili, nestor erqomaiSvili da sxvebi... Turme, usargeblo msxverplis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, benia CxikviSvili uarze yofila, nasakiralis uReltexilze Tavdasxma ar movawyoTo, magram umravlesobis gadawyvetilebas mainc daemorCila, Tavad wavida nasa-

parizis komuna – TviTgamocxadebuli socialisturi mTavroba, romelic parizs marTavda 1871 wlis 18 martidan 28 maisamde. 21 maisidan safrangeTis regularulma armiam komunas mouwyo e.w. `sisxliani kvira” da maTi gamosvla CaaxSo.

wiTelrazmelebi

benia CxikviSvili (1881-1924)

guriis respublika

kiralSi da iq Sekrebil razmelebs davaleba misca, vin sad unda yofiliyo da rogor emoqmeda... sabolood, gurulma meamboxeebma ver SeZles uzarmazar policiur saxelmwifosTan marto gamklaveba da damarcxdnen, Tumca guriis respublika iyo unikaluri movlena glexTa moZraobis istoriaSi, rogorc ruseTis imperiaSi, ise mTeli msoflios masStabiT. guriis respublikas parizis 1871 wlis komunas adarebdnen. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom parizis komunam daaxloebiT aTi kvira iarseba, guriis respublikam ki – bevrad meti. imis gamo, rom parizi evropis SuagulSi mdebareobda, es ambavi farTo sazogadoebisaTvis kargad aris cnobili, guriis respublika ki – umTavresad specialistebis viwro wrisaTvis.

benia CxikviSvilis politikuri gadasaxlebis cnoba

benia CxikviSvili cixeSi

saqarTvelo guriis respublikis ganadgurebis Semdeg misi bevri moTave, maT Soris CxikviSvilic, daapatimres da gadaasaxles. 1917 wels, Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli CxikviSvili SavizRvispireTis rkinigzis muSaTa rwmunebulad gagzavnes, soxumis demokratiulma TviTmmarTvelobam ki igi qalaqis Tavad airCia. CxikviSvili saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis erT-erT gavlenian pirad iqca: muSaobda sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze, iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevri da Tbilisis pirveli da ukanaskneli saxalxod arCeuli meri. rogorc aRniSnaven, mis dros dedaqalaqi „sagrZnoblad gaerovnulda da win wavida“.

benia CxikviSvili ojaxTan erTad

merad yofnisas CxikviSvilma didi wvlili Seitana niko firosmanis suraTebis SegrovebaSi. roca cnobili mxatvari da sazogado moRvawe dimitri SevardnaZe Tbilisis duqnebsa da samikitnoebSi firosmanis tiloebs agrovebda, Turme Sexvda erT mikitans, romelsac firosmanis naxatebis Zvirfasi koleqcia aRmoaCnda, magram gayidva ar surda. SevardnaZem saSuamdgomlod benia CxikviSvils mimarTa, is ki daemuqra mikitans – duqans dagixuravo. mikitansac sxva gza ar hqonda, firosmanis namuSevrebi gayida. Tumca, mogvianebiT, roca duqnebs gadasaxadebi daades, is mikitani mivida CxikviSvilTan da gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba moiTxova, suraTebi xom gamayidineo, da miaRwia kidevac mizans. benia CxikviSvili, rogorc quTaisis sagubernio komisari, bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg quTaisis guberniasa da afxazeTSi gamarTul SetakebebSic ibrZoda. man gamoiCina administratoris Cinebuli Tvisebebi da 1920 wels baTumis olqis SemoerTebisas general-gubernatorad dainiSna.

benia CxikviSvili (SuaSi)

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg benia CxikviSvili emigraciaSi wavida, magram 1924 wels ajanyebaSi monawileobis misaRebad farulad dabrunda ukan. CxikviSvili, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, ojaxis sanaxavad ver mivida. amitom misi umcrosi, oTxi wlis Svili miiyvanes konspiraciul binaSi. ufros Svilebs ar gaagebines, raTa SemTxveviT sadme ar eTqvaT. bavSvi rom wamoizarda, Turme ixsenebda – bundovnad maxsovs, viRac wverebiani kaci mefereboda, mkocnidao da ganuwyvetliv iZaxdao – Cemo Svilo, Sviloo...

guriis respublika

male CxikviSvili daapatimres. man moaxerxa da cixidan perangis naWerze qimiuri fanqriT dawerili werili gaugzavna cols, sadac iuwyeboda, rom sadRac ruseTSi mivyavarTo da awynarebda. sxva qarTvelebTan erTad is suzdalis cixeSi Casves. 1924 wlis 30 agvistos amierkavkasiis sfsr mTavrobis moTxovniT, ssrk gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo politikuri sammarTvelos Tavmjdomarem feliqs ZerJinskim gadasaxlebaSi myofi saqarTvelos winaaRmdegobis liderebis benia CxikviSvilis, noe xomerikis, gogita faRavas, giorgi winamZRvriSvilis da vaso nodias daxvretis sanqcia gasca. qarTvelebi suzdalis politizolatoridan etapiT gadayvanisas sadRac ruseTis teritoriaze daxvrites... isini, rogorc amboben, „vaJkacurad Sexvdnen sikvdils“. maTi saflavebis adgili ucnobia...

didi qarTvelebi

zubalaSvilebi

oTar janeliZe

zubalaSvili gamorCeuli gvaria saqarTveloSi. gviani Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli, sul mcire, xuT aTeulamde zubalaSvili maincaa cnobili, romlebic komerciiT, mewarmeobiT, qvelmoqmedebiTa da mecenatobiT iyvnen dakavebuli da TavianTi Rirseuli cxovrebiT, namusiani SromiTa Tu garjiT waruSleli kvali datoves Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. niko nikolaZe SeniSnavda: „saqarTveloSi bevria mdidari, magram zubalaSvilTa msgavsi qvelmoqmedi aravinaa“. zaqaria WiWinaZis sityviT ki, zubalaSvilebs „yovelTvis medidurad moixseniebs mTeli qarTveli eri da saqarTvelo“. gadmocemiT, zubalaSvilebi mesxeT-javaxeTidan arian, saidanac XVI saukuneSi qarTlSi gadasulan, magram ufro sarwmunoa cnoba, rom pirveli zubalaSvilebi liaxvis xeobis sofel xeTSi mkvidrobdnen. zubalaSvilebi ZiriTadad samefo-saxaso glexebi iyvnen, maTi mxolod zogierTi warmomadgeneli miekuTvneboda aznaurTa kategorias, xolo ramdenime zubalaSvili sapatio moqalaqis wodebasac flobda. XVII saukunidan zubalaSvilebs kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba miuRiaT, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra maTi sazogadoebrivi aqtiuroba, aseve, mizanswrafuloba da Tanmimdevruloba iseT sferoSi, rogoric aReb-micemobaa. saistorio wyaroebi mowmoben, rom zubalaSvilebi iyvnen rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis, ise imereTis mefeTa da samegrelos samTavros karis komersantebi. Tu Tavdapirvelad maTi savaWro orbita mxolod sparseTiTa da osmaleTiT Semoifargleboda, XVIII saukunis bolodan am qveynebs indoeTi da ruseTic daemata. SemohqondaT Saqari, yava, qaRaldi, sarke, farCeuloba da sxva saqoneli, romelzec ki saqarTveloSi moTxovna arsebobda. am periodis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul komersantad ivane giorgis Ze zubalaSvili (17471817) ixsenieba. ivanes saxeliTa da simdidriT aRemata misive Svili iakobi, romelic novatori iyo ara mxolod vaWrobaSi, aramed warmoebaSic. man saTave daudo adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan

zubalaSvilebi

xorblisa da fqvilis Sesyidvas, ramac qarTlisa da kaxeTis glexobas motivacia gauCina, SeZlebisdagvarad gaefarToebinaT xorblis, qerisa Tu Svriis naTesebi. iakob zubalaSvili pirveli iyo, vinc quTaisSi aryis saxdeli qarxana gaxsna da spirtiani sasmelis warmoebas Seudga. igi quTaisis mimdebare soflebis glexebisgan yurZnis WaWas iZenda, „vodkas“ amzadebda da biTumad rusul samxedro qvedanayofebs awvdida. mewarmem 1838 wels TbilisSi, didubeSi, aryis ufro mozrdili qarxana daafuZna. mis saxels ukavSirdeba samxreT kavkasiaSi Saqris warmoebis dawyebac (produqcias „qarTuli Saqari“ erqva) da savaWro-samrewvelo amxanagobis Camoyalibeba, romelic mTel saqarTveloSi erT-erTi pirveli da samagaliTo gaerTianeba yofila. iakobma wamoiwyo saqarTveloSi kidev erTi axali saqme – sastumros biznesi. man TbilisSi, dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moednisa da puSkinis quCis mimdebared, xuroTmoZRvar juzepe bernardarcis proeqtiT mSvenieri sastumro aago. 1837 wels saqarTveloSi Camosul ruseTis imperators, nikoloz I-s, wveuleba swored am sastumroSi gaumarTes (Senoba Semdeg sasuliero seminarias daeTmo, mere – kvlav sastumros, xolo 1950 wlidan masSi xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumia ganTavsebuli). zubalaSvilebis sakuTreba iyo aseve sastumro „londoni“ TbilisSi, romelic oto simonsonis proeqtiTaa agebuli. 1842 wels iakob zubalaSvilma TbilisSi qarvasla aaSena, romelic 10 savaWro obieqts, sawyobebs, Rvinis sardafebsa da 71 sastumro nomers aerTianebda. mrewveli da komersanti qvelmoqmedebasac eweoda. iakob zubalaSvili 1864 wels gardaicvala. dakrZalulia TbilisSi, kaTolikeTa sasaflaoze. iakobis umcrosi vaJi konstantine zubalaSvili (1828-1901), winaprebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavidan samxedro samsaxurSi Sevida,

iakob zubalaSvili (1792-1864)

Stabis kapitnis wodebac daimsaxura, magram 33 wlis asakSi, avadmyofobis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda am saqmes CamoSoreboda. 1856 wels igi TbilisSi dabrunda, xeli komerciul saqmianobas mihyo da paralelurad, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSic CaerTo. qonebis nawili konstantine zubalaSvils memkvidreobiT ergo, vaWrobiTac sakmao Tanxa daagrova da bedi sruliad axal sferoSi – navTobis mopovebaSi scada. konstantines SesaniSnavi alRo aRmoaCnda da baqos maxloblad, sanagve adgilze, 10 desetina miwa sajaro vaWrobiT, SedarebiT iafad SeiZina. man Tavis naTesav jayelebTan erTad Camoayaliba amxanagoba „k.zubalaSvilisa da s. jayelis kompania“ da baqoSi navTis qarxanac gaxsna. zubalaSvils bedmac gauRima da misi WaburRilebidan navTobma amoxeTqa.

didi qarTvelebi Tanamedroveni konstantine zubalaSvils axasiaTebdnen, rogorc erT-erT warmatebul komersants, romelmac „gamoiCina TvalsaCino niWi vaWrobisa da SeiZina TiTqmis sul araridan milionebi“, da rom igi iyo: „kaci mtkice xasiaTisa, gamWriaxi da Sromismoyvare, mosiyvarule Tavisi erisa“. konstantine zubalaSvilma SvilebTan erTad baqoSi moxdenili Senoba aago, romlis erTi nawili administraciasa da qimiur laboratorias ekava, meore nawilSi ki sastumro iyo mowyobili (dRes am SenobaSi azerbaijanSi saqarTvelos saelCo funqcionirebs). ar moiZebneba im drois arc erTi mniSvnelovani erovnuli saqme, romlis aqtiuri monawile konstantine zubalaSvili ar yofiliyo. zubalaSvilebis saqveynod ganTqmuli gvaridan yvelaze cnobili konstantines Svilebi – levani, petre, stefane da iakobi arian. isini istoriaSi Sevidnen ara mxolod rogorc didi qvelmoqmedebi, aramed rogorc „gaevropielebuli qarTvelebi“. maT TavianTi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daarwmunes, rom „qarTvels SeuZlevan zubalaSvili (1851-1914) lia gamdidrdes, moixveWos Zal-Rone, Seqmnas Tavisi burJuazia da ganZi, rom miT Tavisi kapitalisturi didi momavlisken winsvla ganamtkicos da uzrunvelyos“. levan zubalaSvili 1853 wels TbilisSi daibada, aqve miiRo pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba, xolo klasikuri gimnazia odesaSi daasrula. erTxans TbilisSi, general-gubernatoris kancelariaSi imsaxura, 1880-iani wlebis damdegs ki sacxovreblad moskovSi gadavida da ojaxsac moekida. levani CarTuli iyo baqos navTobis ojaxur biznesSi, Zmis, stefane zubalaSvilis, gardacvalebis Semdeg ki saTaveSi Caudga kompanias „k. i. zubalaSvilis memkvidreebi“. Tavis ZmebTan erTad agrZelebda sagvareulo tradicias da eweoda did saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas: sakuTari qonebis mniSvnelovan nawils uSurvelad axmarda eklesiebis, saavadmyofoebis, TavSesafrebis mSeneblobas, afinansebda kulturuli Tu saganmanaTleblo profilis araerT sazogadoebriv organizacias, wignebis, Jurnalebisa da gazeTebis konstantine zubalaSvili (1828-1901)

sastumro `londoni~

zubalaSvilebi

gamocemas. gansakuTrebiT mfarvelobda ruseTis umaRles saswavleblebSi moswavle qarTvel studentebs, romelTa dasaxmareblad moskovis qarTvelTa sazogadoeba daafuZna. cnobilia, rom 1914 wels levanma am sazogadoebas naxevari milioni maneTi Seswira moskovSi Senobis SesaZenad. levan zubalaSvilma moskovis maxloblad, sofel usovoSi, romelic Semdeg „zubalovod“ iwodeboda, mamuli moawyo da ori didi saxli aaSena (erTi – ojaxis sacxovreblad, meore – stumrebisaTvis). manve uaxloesi rkinigzis sadguridan Tavis mamulamde Cinebuli Sosec gaiyvana. 1919 wels levan zubalaSvilis kar-midamo personalur agarakad gamoeyo ioseb stalins. iqve moewyo agreTve cnobili bolSeviki liderebis anastas miqoianis, kliment voroSilovisa da sxvaTa agarakebic. levan zubalaSvili mTeli cxovreba agrovebda xelovnebis nimuSebs da im droisaTvis erT-erTi saukeTeso kerZo koleqcia Seqmna, romelic frangi, holandieli, flandrieli da italieli mxatvrebis 200-mde tilosa da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis mraval nimuSs Seicavda. levan zubalaSvili 1914 wlis dekemberSi gardaicvala. dakrZales moskovSi, erTerTi monastris sasaflaoze (sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros monasteri gaanadgures da daikarga qarTveli mrewvelisa da qvelmoqmedis saflavic). 1917 wels, jer kidev droebiTi mTavrobis dros, levan zubalaSvilis meuRlem da Svilma koleqcioneris mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi nagrovebi mxatvruli saganZuri rumiancevis muzeums ufasod gadasces. maTve momdevno wels muzeums moskovSi mdebare TavianTi mamulic dauTmes.

saxli zubalovoSi

TvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi da finansuri TanadgomiT aZlierebda qveynis sakeTildReo maT yovel Zalisxmevas. mxarSi edga qarTul gamocemebs „iverias“, „kvals“, „jejils“, „mogzaurs“ da sxv. finansurad uzrunvelyofda mixeil TamaraSvilis, zaqaria WiWinaZis, ivane gvaramaZis („vinme mesxis“) wignebis gamocemas. stefanes dafinansebiT beWdavda ivane rostomaSvili „saxalxo-samecniero“ wignebs. mraval sxva saqmesTan erTad, stefane zubalaSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba baTumis didebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis ageba, romelic man dedis xsovnas miuZRvna. rodesac stefanes ama Tu im saqvelmoqmedo nabijs Jurnal-gazeTebi saqveynod mohfendnen, igi

stefane zubalaSvili 1860 wels daibada. daamTavra Tbilisis klasikuri gimnazia, magram swavlis gagrZeleba aRar ucdia, radgan mamam baqoSi navTobis mopovebis saqmeSi CarTo da male mTeli am biznesis marTvac mas daekisra. stefane nakiTxi, ganaTlebuli adamiani iyo, icoda ramdenime evropuli ena, gamowerili hqonda da ecnoboda mraval Jurnalsa da gazeTs qarTul, rusul da evropul enebze. igi Cinebulad gauZRva bizness da soliduri qonebac daagrova, romlis mniSvnelovan nawils qvelmoqmedebaSi xarjavda. iyo baqos qarTuli koloniis erT-erTi burji da am qalaqSi mcxovrebi yvela Tanamemamulis uangarod gverdSi mdgomi. mouclelobis miuxedavad, stefane uSualod iyo CarTuli qarTuli sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis, gansakuTrebiT, qar-

stefane zubalaSvili (1860-?)

didi qarTvelebi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda da acxadebda: „me sikeTes imitom ki ar vSvrebi, rom gazeTebSi maqon, aramed imitom, rom movaled mimaCnia Cemi Tavi“. stefane zubalaSvils coli ar SeurTavs da Svilic ar hyolia. mZime seniT Sepyrobili saxelovani mrewveli da qvelmoqmedi 1904 wels, 44 wlis asakSi, parizSi gardaicvala. dakrZales TbilisSi, sololakSi, zubalaSvilebis sagvareulo samarxSi. stefanes miniWebuli hqonda Tbilisis sapatio moqalaqis wodeba. 1912 wels misi saxeli Tbilisis erT-erT quCasac ewoda (dRevandeli Zmebi zubalaSvilebis quCa). petre zubalaSvili 1862 wels daibada. daamTavra Tbilisis klasikuri gimnazia, xolo Semdeg – novorosiis (odesis) universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakulteti. inJinris kvalifikaciiTa da universitetis diplomiT petre samSobloSi dabrunda da ZmebTan erTad navTobis biznesSi CaerTo. cxovrobda TbilisSi da „iricxeboda erTs uwarCinebules evropiulad ganaTlebul pirad“.

petresa da mis meuRle mariams xuTi Svili SeeZinaT – dimitri, konstantine, elisabedi, ana da maria. mariami 1903 wels naadrevad gardaicvala da Svilebis aRzrdis simZime mxrebze petres daawva. radgan vaJebi im droisaTvis evropaSi swavlobdnen, petrec qaliSvilebTan erTad maTTan Cavida da karga xans Sveicariasa da safrangeTSi cxovrobda. ucxoeTSi yofnas petre zubalaSvilisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia yofiliyo saqarTveloSi wamowyebuli yoveli saqveyno saqmis gulSematkivari da Tanamdgomi, uSualo monawileoba mieRo an finansurad daxmareboda qarTul sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebs. msgavsad zubalaSvilebis mTeli gvarisa, petrec qarTuli enisa da mwignobrobis ganviTarebis WeSmariti moamage iyo. isic uSurvelad umarTavda xels umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis msurvel araerT axalgazrdas. 1913 wels petrem piradad da Tavisi Zmebis saxeliT Tbiliss 120 aTasi maneTi Seswira. am TanxiT unda gaSenebuliyo sazafxulo baRi TeatriT da gadaekeTebinaT saxalxo saxlSi arsebuli sazamTro Teatric. pirveli msoflio omis dros, kerZod, 1914 wels petre zubalaSvilma Tbilisis qalaqis gamgeobas lazareTisaTvis ufasod dauTmo Tavisi kuTvnili sastumro „londoni“, xolo misi saTanadod aRWurvis mizniT damatebiT 20 aTasi maneTic gaiRo. petre zubalaSvili 1916 wels gardaicvala. dakrZales TbilisSi, sololakis sagvareulo sasaflaoze, meuRlis gverdiT.

zubalaSvilebi

2018 wels petre zubalaSvilis SvilTaSvilebma saqarTveloSi Camoitanes da erovnul muzeums gadasces zubalaSvilebis saojaxo arqivi. arqivi sxvadasxva dokumenturi masalisa da fotoalbomebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris cnobili fotografis dimitri ermakovis unikaluri fotokadrebicaa daculi. konstantine zubalaSvilis umcrosi Svili iakobi 1876 wels daibada. wera-kiTxva ojaxSi iswavla, xolo Tbilisis klasikuri gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg evropaSi gaemgzavra. xelovnebiT gatacebul Wabuks jer ucxo enebi Seuswavlia da mere am mSvenieri samyaros karic SeuRia. iakob zubalaSvilma didi roli Seasrula wignierebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi XX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi. misi iniciativiT Camoyalibda qarTuli saxalxo wignebis gamomcemeli amxanagoba „ciskari“, romlis iafi gamocemebi xelmisawvdomi iyo farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. iakobs ganzraxuli hqonda brokhauzisa da efronis enciklopediis msgavsi, 10 tomisagan Semdgari „saqarTvelos mecnieruli enciklopediis“ gamocema jer rusul, Semdeg ki qarTul da frangul enebze. gaCaRda kidec mosamzadebeli samuSao, romelSic CarTuli iyo im drois TiTqmis yvela qarTveli inteleqtuali, magram 1905 wels dawyebulma revoluciam enciklopediaze muSaoba Seaferxa, iakob zubalaSvilis sacxovreblad ucxoeTSi gadasvlis Semdeg ki saqme saerTod Sewyda.

iakob zubalaSvili (1862-?)

iakob zubalaSvili iyo damfuZnebeli yoveldRiuri politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da literaturuli rusulenovani gazeTisa „zakavkazie“, romelic 1906-1914 wlebSi TbilisSi gamodioda. 1907 wlidan iakobi parizSi damkvidrda da mogvianebiT safrangeTis moqalaqeobac miiRo. igi, rogorc baqos navTobsabadoebis mewile, am ojaxuri biznesidan miRebuli dividendebiT cxovrobda. cnobilia, rom 1905 wels saqarTvelos socialist-federalisturi partiis erTerTma liderma giorgi dekanoziSvilma, im dros ruseTTan omSi myofi iaponiis sadazvervo samsaxuris dafinansebiT, sazRvargareT 8 aTasi Tofi da milionze meti tyvia SeiZina. manve holandiuri gemi „siriusi“ daiqirava da mTeli es arsenali aralegalurad samSobloSi gamogzavna. am gabedul revoluciur saqmes iakob zubalaSvili 25 aTasi frankiT Seewia. iakobi gatacebuli iyo mxatvrobiT, werda musikalur nawarmoebebsac da agrovebda XIX-XX saukuneebis frangi mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebis ferwerul tiloebs, qandakebebsa da graviurebs, aseve, oqros, vercxlis, brinjaosa Tu marmarilos nakeTobebsa da xelovnebis sxva nimuSebs.

petre zubalaSvili (1862-?)

iakob zubalaSvili Tavis SeZenil artefaqtebs xSirad sCuqnida parizis siZveleTsacavebs – luvrs, orses muzeums, peti palesa da dekoratiuli xelovnebis muzeums, nawils ki auqcionebze yidda. iakobs marto luvrisTvis 581 naxati gadaucia, risTvisac igi, rogorc „xelovnebis mfarveli“, 1920

didi qarTvelebi wels sapatio legionis medliT daajildoves, Semdeg ki luvris megobarTa sazogadoebis sabWos wevrad airCies. franguli samyaro qarTvel mrewvels, komersantsa da qvelmoqmeds Jak miSel zubalovis saxeliT icnobs. luvrSi, erT-erTi saeqspozicio darbazis kedelze mikrul marmarilos dafaze, amotvifrulia muzeumis SemomwirvelTa saxelebi, romelTa Soris iakob zubalaSvilsac amoikiTxavT. peti pales erT-erTi darbazi ki sulac „zubalaSvilis darbazad“ iwodeba. 1930-ian wlebSi, didi depresiis periodSi, iakob zubalaSvils cxovreba gauWirda, luvris muzeumis erTjeradi daxmareba 1938 wels sakmarisi ver iqneboda da es umdidresi kaci da guluxvi mecenati 1941 wels siRaribeSi gardaicvala. dakrZalulia safrangeTSi, nei-siur-senis sasaflaoze. zubalaSvilebis gvaris mier nakeTebi saqveyno saqmeebi, maT Soris, milioneri Zmebis didi qvelmoqmedebac, sabWoTa periodSi dasaviwyeblad gaimetes, arada, saWiroa sazogadoebam es yvelaferi icodes. yvelaze didi wvlili zubalaSvilebma CvenSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebaSi Seitanes, risi dasturicaa dasavleT Tu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi maT mier agebuli an ganaxlebuli taZrebis simravle. maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT baTumis, goris, quTaisis, Tbilisis, soflebis udesa da xizabavris kaTolikuri eklesiebi, romlebic arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiTac gamoirCeoda. zubalaSvilebis qvelmoqmedebis erTi gamorCeuli sfero qarTveli eris ganaTlebasa da momavali Taobebis swavla-aRzrdaze zrunva iyo. gazeT „iveriis“ Tanaxmad, Zmebma stefane, levan, petre da iakob zubalaSvilebma „mefuri Semowiruloba“ gaiRes Tbilisis qarTuli gimnaziisTvis Senobis asagebad, romelSic, rogorc Cafiqrebuli iyo, SemdegSi bina erovnulma universitetma daido. zubalaSvilTa gvaris araerTi warmomadgeneli iyo qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTx-

iakob zubalaSvili e iakob da stefan i eb il Sv la zuba

petre zubalaSvil i

zubalaSvilebi

vis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli, namdvili Tu sapatio wevri. isini mudam mxarSi edgnen sazogadoebasa da mis gamgeobas skolebis gaxsnis, studentebisaTvis stipendiebis daniSvnis, qarTul enaze saxelmZRvaneloTa gamocemis dafinansebaSi da a. S. sxvadasxva wlebSi zubalaSvilebis stipendiatebi iyvnen: Salva amirejibi, ia ekalaZe, sargis kakabaZe, pavle ingoroyva, qristefore raWveliSvili, geronti qiqoZe, giorgi Citaia, akaki faRava, mixeil javaxiSvili, aleqsandre janeliZe, arCil jajanaSvili da mravali sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli klasikuri musikis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma zaqaria faliaSvilma roiali Zmebi zubalaSvilebis daxmarebiT SeiZina. Zmebi zubalaSvilebis erTi gamorCeuli saCuqari TbilisisaTvis maT mier agebuli saxalxo saxlia. es Senoba dRevandeli kote marjaniSvilisa da dimitri uznaZis quCaTa gadakveTaze dgas da masSi kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo dramatuli Teatria ganTavsebuli. zubalaSvilebis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli TbilisSi pirveli bavSvTa saavadmyofos gaxsnac, samadlo saxlisa Tu upovarTa TavSesafris daarseba da sxva mravali. qvelmoqmedi zubalaSvilebi mxarSi edgnen qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebs da xels umarTavdnen sagamomcemlo saqmeSi. didia maTi Rvawli „kvalisa“ da „iveriis“, sabavSvo Jurnalebis „jejilisa“ Tu „nakadulis“ dafinansebaSi. rac Seexeba zubalaSvilebis mier gaRebul erTjerad Sewirulobebs, arnaxuli simravlis gamo maTi zusti aRricxva ubralod SeuZlebelia. gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu saxelovan qarTvel mewarmeebsa da qvelmoqmedebze saubars zaqaria WiWinaZis sityvebiT davasrulebT: zubalaSvilTa „gvaris wevrni dganan Sromis, mxneobis, mrewvelobis da warmatebis svetad da igini anaTeben mcired, sxvebs magaliTs aZleven da TavianT momaval Taobasac awinaureben“.

marjaniSvilis Teatri

saxelmwifo

politikuri klasi

daviT darCiaSvili

termin klass socialur kvlevebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT xmaroben. gansakuTrebiT didi jafa am sakiTxis garkvevas marqsma da marqsistebma Sealies: maT istoria klasTa dausrulebel brZolad miaCndaT, oRond Tan elodnen, rom komunizmi dadgeboda, anu klasebi gauqmdeboda da, erTgvarad, istoriac dasruldeboda. Sesabamisad, marqsistebs unda aexsnaT, Tu ra aris klasi da axsnes – klasi da misi wevroba Sromis da qonebis dagrovebis saSualebebTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvra. Tu flob simdidris wyaros – miwebs, qarxnebs (dRes rame virtualursac davamatebdiT), kapitals – an miwaTmflobelebs ekuTvni, an kapitalisti xar, andac – orive erTad. Tu mxolod sakuTar fizikur Zalas flob, xar proletari. danarCeni Sualeduri mdgomareobebia. klass Tavisi mrwamsi Tu ideologiebi aqvs – interesebis dasabuTebis meqanizmebi, formulebi. sxvebi am sakiTxs sxvanairad uyureben da dRes maTi Sexedulebebi ufro Sesaferisia rogorc cxovrebisTvis, ise politikis analizisaTvis, vidre marqsis Sav-TeTri, mwvave konfliqtebis wamqezebeli xedva. im dros, rodesac marqsizmi evropas moedo, misi oponenti Teoretikosebi liberaluri da konservatiuli banakebidan, erTi mxriv, ama Tu im klasis wevrobas ara marto qonebiT, aramed ganaTlebiTa da profesiiTac gansazRvravdnen, meore mxriv ki, calke gamoyofdnen e.w. mmarTvel klass. sainteresoa isic, rom sociologebi adamianebs ajgufebdnen (dResac ajgufeben) saubrisa Tu kvebis maneris mixedviT. magaliTad, safrangeTSi burJuaziis zeda fenas „mokumuli piriT molaparakeebs“ eZaxdnen, fizikuri SromiT dakavebulTa ojaxebSi gazrdilebs ki – „Ria piriT molaparakeebs“. garkveulwilad esec klasobrivi dayofis kriteriumebia. cnobili amerikuli sakonsultacio firma `gelapi~, romelmac saxeli msoflio masStabis sociologiuri gamokiTxvebiT gaiTqva, aSS-Si klasebis xuT kategorias gamoyofs da respondentebs sTavazobs, Tavad gansazRvron, Tu romel maTgans miekuTvnebian. Sedegad, daTvlilia, rom dRevandel amerikaSi xuTi klasi – maRali, maRali-saSualo, saSualo, mSromeli da dabali – daaxloebiT Semdegi proporciiT nawildeba: pirvels Tavs mosaxleobis 3% miakuTvnebs, meores – 15%, mesames – 43%, meoTxes – 30% da bolos – 8%. monacemebi `gelapis~ saitidanaa aRe-

politikuri klasi

buli, sadac aRiniSneba, rom procentebi wlidan wlamde meryeobs. klasobrivi kuTvnilebis mTavari ganmsazRvreli amerikelebisaTvis Semosavlis raodenobaa, magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa ganaTleba, sacxovrebeli ubani Tu gemovneba. saboloo jamSi, amerikuli midgomis xibli isaa, rom adamiani Tavad irCevs, vis da ras miekuTvneba igi. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli garemoeba subieqtivizmis niadags qmnis: zogs ar aqvs bevri fuli, Tumca Tavi maRali klasis warmomadgenlad miaCnia, zogsac – piriqiT. magram sxvagvari midgoma aranakleb problemuria da, iqneb, sazianoc – Tu Cven adamians ukiTxavad gamovacxadebT glexad, profesionalTa erTobis Tu saSualo klasis wevrad, mis individualizms daviviwyebT, WanWikad warmovidgenT, oden statistikur erTeulad. es ki araa kargi da im dros gvaxsenebs, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod qonebrivad ganirCeodnen, aramed uflebrivadac. es iyo ara imdenad klasebis, ramdenadac e.w. wodebebis dro: aznaurs Tavisi unda mieRo, glexs ki mravali dabrkoleba eRobeboda. jer liberalurma, Semdeg ki socialisturma ideologiebma wodebriobas omi gamoucxada. marTalia, am ukanasknelma niadagi Cagvra-eqspluataciis axal, e.w. totalitarul models Seuqmna, magram es calke istoriaa.

43% 3% maRali

15% maRali-saSualo

30% 8%

saSualo

mSromeli

dabali

wodebriobis gavlena klasobriobaze da piriqiT – saintereso Temaa. egeb misi gamoZaxilicaa, rom zogierTi finansurad SeWirvebuli Tavs mainc maRali klasebis wevrad miiCnevs da amiT kldiaSvilis Semodgomis aznaurebs gvaxsenebs. magram Cveni saubris Tema mainc sxvaa da es yovelive Sesavalia. me mainteresebs avxsna, Tu ra wili aqvs sazogadoebis am nawilebs marTvaSi, anu politikaSi, vinaa zemoxsenebuli „mmarTveli klasi“. rogorc yvela kompleqsur sakiTxze, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi socialur mecnierebebs am kiTxvazec ar aqvs. ukve naxsenebi marqsizmi yvelafers martivad axarisxebda da Tanamdebobis pirebi ekonomikurad gabatonebuli klasis/klasebis agentebad miaCnda. Sesabamisad, mmarTveli klasi, romelsac xSirad politikur elitas uwodeben, an miwaTmflobelebis nebis Semsruleblebisagan Sedgeboda, an kapitalistebis, anda orivesgan erTad. magram Cndeba kiTxva: romelime mmarTveli, romelTa raodenobac civilizaciis ganviTarebis kvalobaze izrdeboda, raime klasobriv Tavyrilobebs awyobda regularulad, angariSis Cabarebisa an/da axali davalebebis misaRebad? magaliTad, napoleoni, romelsac sabWoTa/komunisturi istoriografia xalisiT uwodebda franguli burJuaziis agents, ase marTavda Tavis imperias? mokle pasuxia – ara. Tanamedrove Teoriebi ar uaryofs, rom maRali rangis biurokratze, arCeul deputatze, ministrze da a.S. gavlenas axdens misi warmomavloba, magram es faqtori gadamwyvetad araa miCneuli. Tu romelime mmarTvels, demokratia igi Tu avtoritari, mezoblebis an megobrebis gverdSi dgoma dasWirdeba, umal isini xdebian misi agentebi, vidre piriqiT. amis saintereso magaliTia vladimer putini da misi axalgazrdobis droindeli saZmakaco leningradidan (dRevandeli sanqt-peterburgidan). ar vici, gsmeniaT Tu ara Zmebi rotenbergebi an, magaliTad, zolotovi. pirvelebi putinis ruseTis wamyvani biznesmenebi arian, gansakuTrebiT erT-erTi, romelsac aneqsirebul yirimSi xidi aaSenebines da romelmac e.w. putinis sasaxlis mesakuTreoba daibrala. zolotovi ruseTis gvardiis sardalia. pirvelebi putinTan erTad Widaobis skolaSi dadiodnen, meore peterburgis meriis xelmZRvanelobis mcveli iyo putinis iq muSaobisas. sia SeiZleba gagrZeldes, magram putini maT agentad veranairad CaiTvleba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer mmarTveli Ta-

saxelmwifo

vis kariskacTa gavlenis qveS eqceva. igi SeiZleba maT ganzraxvebsac Seewiros. magram es „mmarTvel klasze“ romelime socialurekonomikuri klasis batonobas ki ar aCvenebs, aramed – „sasaxlis karis TamaSebis“ mniSvnelobas. da mainc, sad iwyeba da mTavrdeba mmarTveli klasi? masSi ramdeni adamiani SeiZleba moiazrebodes? ra Tqma unda, visac istoria uyvars, man icis, rom patara da didi qveynebi an demokratiebi da diqtaturebi am mxriv erTian suraTs ver Seqmnian. Tumca, Tu elitebis Teoriebs davujerebT, maT Soris msgavsebac aris. magram, albaT, jer unda vikiTxoT, ramdenad Rirs amis gasarkvevad didi energiis daxarjva? pasuxi martivia: Tu gvainteresebs (politikiT, istoriiT an, Tundac, ekonomikiT dainteresebul adamians ainteresebs), ra wyobasa Tu sistemaSi vcxovrobT, ranairad virCevT mTavrobas da ra konstituciur CarCoSi gvyavs igi, maSin isic unda gavarkvioT, Tu vis virCevT an gviniSnaven; SemTxveviTia maTi gamoCena politikur olimpoze Tu aq raRac kanonzomiereba muSaobs – arsebiTad, es xalxi erTi wridan xom ar aris? rogorc, magaliTad, xelovnebis forma da Sinaarsi ver ganiyofa, isevea SeuZlebeli msjeloba konstituciaze, Tu iqve ar ganvixilavT mis „mcvelTa“ koleqtiur Tu individualur profils. elitaTa Teoriis fuZemdebeli, italieli iuristi da politikosi gaetano moska ambobda, xelisuflebaTa gayofa aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo Stoebad butaforiaa, Tu samives erTi da igive socialuri Zala, anu klasi avsebso. moskas Semoaqvs termini „mmarTveli klasi“. misi Tanamemamule vilfredo pareto „mmarTvel elitaze“ laparakobs. elitebis Teoriis mesame fuZemdebeli – robert

mixelsi, romelic aseve italiaSi moRvaweobda, imave fenomens oligarqias eZaxis da mas ganuxrelad xedavs yvelgan – TviT demokratiebSic ki. dResac araa Tanxmoba, Tu ra saxeli davarqvaT mmarTvelTa erTobliobas, magram me politikur klass an politikur elitas virCev da am arCevanis dasabuTebasac Sevecdebi. oligarqia, rogorc Cveni interesis sagnis iarliyi, miuRebelia, radgan igi ufro elitis erT-erTi saxeobaa, vidre elita yvela drosa da sivrceSi. mas, aristoteledan moyolebuli, mcireTa batonobad aRiqvamen da am mcire jgufSi, ZiriTadad, Zalian mdidrebs gulisxmoben. cxadia, rom saxelmwifoTa didi nawili ase ar imarTeba, Tundac rom simdidre garkveul privilegiebs yvelgan da yovelTvis iZleodes. mmarTvel klassa Tu mmarTvel elitas me, rogorc termins, politikur klass/elitas vamjobineb imitom, rom moska-paretosagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic XIX-XX saukuneTa zRvarze moRvaweobdnen, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro am terminebs xmaroben. xolo cneba „klasi“

vladimer putini da arkadi rotenbergi

politikuri klasi

litikaze. ase rom, Tu konkretul sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Teatris direqtors, eklesiis meTaurs, romelime gamorCeuli arasamTavrobo organizaciis xelmZRvanels an mafiis boss usmenen, isinic klasis/elitis wevrebi gamodian. rac Seexeba raodenobas, varaudoben, rom ruseTis zoma-wonis qveyanaSi elitaSi/klasSi ramdenime aTasi adamiania, Cvens, qarTul, masStabebSi ki – ramdenime aseuli.

„elitas“ sjobs, radgan eliturobas raRac sxva, zeaRmatebul mniSvnelobebTanac aqvs kavSiri, politikosebi ki, zogierT qveyanaSi mainc, zogjer velosipediTac dadian. qveynebSi, sadac arCevnebi samarTlianad tardeba da xmis ufleba yvelas aqvs, xelisuflebaSi nairferi socialuri warmomavlobis Tu qonebrivi mdgomareobis adamianebi xvdebian. amitom politikuri klasi arasodesaa erTferovani. vilfredo pareto ambobda, rom igi garkveuli unarebis mqone adamianTa erTobaa da, rogorc wesi, „meliebisa“ da „lomebisagan“ Sedgeba. pirvelni angariSianebi arian, meoreni – Seupovrebi TavianT rwmenaSi. pareto miiCnevda, rom qveynis marTvas maTi kombinacia sWirdeba, moska ki amatebda, rom visac xelisuflebaSi marto gmirebi surs, aucileblad cudad daamTavrebs. erTi-ori Strixic politikuri klasis Sinaarsis gansasazRvrad: raxan politikiT mudmivad dakavebul adamianTa ricxvi mainc umciresobaa, rigiTi moqalaqe ki mxolod arCevnebisas Tu iwuxebs saqveyno saqmiT Tavs, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebisaTvis politikuri klasi/elita mudmiv konkurenciaSi myofi aqtivistebisagan Sedgeba. aris kidev erTi garemoeba, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mgonia: politikur klasSi (Tumca egeb am SemTxvevaSi sityva „elita“ ufro upriani iyos) marto politikuri TanamdebobebisaTvis mebrZolebi ar SehyavT. rogorc jon higli ganmartavs, aseT elitaSia yvela, vinc mniSvnelovani organizaciebis saTaveSia da visi gadawyvetilebebic regularulad axdens gavlenas erovnul po-

politikur klasSi mudmivi Tanxmoba da harmonia gamoricxulia. naxseneb jon higlis masSi SeiaraRebul meamboxeTa liderebic Sehyavs, Tuki aseTebi arseboben da maTi gavlena sagrZnobia. marqsis kvalobaze miiCneoda, rom ganxeTqilebis ZiriTadi mizezi SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli warmomavloba. es gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram aRaraa damajerebeli Tanamedrove mkvlevrebisaTvis. rogorc zemoT iTqva, imave putinis siaxlove peterburgul Crdilovan biznesTan ar niSnavs, rom igi mxolod maTi warmomadgenelia da sxva wreebisaTvis – ucxo. elitebis TeoriebiT, xelisuflebaSi myofs Tu gavlenis mqones ufro sakuTari poziciebis SenarCuneba adardebs, vidre warmomavloba. saamisod igi nairfer kavSir-urTierTobebs amyarebs, momxreebs imravlebs da guSin visac ebrZoda, dRes SeiZleba mokavSireobas sTavazobdes. politika brZolaa da morali iq ise ar/ver muSaobs, rogorc megobrebTan Tu Cveulebriv adamianebTan. magram Tu brZola zRvargadasulia, aranairi moraluri farglebi ar gaaCnia, politikuri klasi garda-

Y robert mixelsi (1876-1936)

saxelmwifo

vilfredo pareto (1848-1923)

uvlad Sedis krizisSi. aseTi krizisebi istoriis manZilze ufro wesad moCans, vidre gamonaklisad. pareto ambobda: kacobriobis istoria aristokratiebis sasaflaoao da am terminSi, ra Tqma unda, mmarTvel elitebs gulisxmobda. garda politikuri (Zalauflebisa Tu meti ZalauflebisaTvis) brZolis meTodebSi ganurCevlobisa, politikuri klasis kriziss sxva mizezebic iwvevs. moskas TqmiT, nebismieri elita memkvidreobiTobisken xdeba midrekili, rac mis Caketilobas, Semdeg ki unarebis daqveiTebas iwvevs. sazogadoeba ar dgas uZravad arc materialurad da arc azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT. Cndeba moTxovna axal unarebsa Tu ideebze da Tu izolirebulma, sakuTari memkvidreebis dasaqmebadabinavebiT dakavebulma elitam amas ver upasuxa, igi ganwiruli xdeba. sxvaTa Soris, egeb amitomac sjobs vilaparakoT politikur klasze da ara elitaze, radgan es ukanaskneli termini ukeT ergeba mmarTvelTa fenebs Soris politikuri opoziciis moazrebis amocanasac. opozicia-xelisuflebis urTierTobis wesi da forma gadamwyvetia rogorc politikuri klasis, ise mTeli politikuri sistemis – saxelmwifos stabilurobisaTvis. yvela ganmartebiT, opozicia politikuri klasis nawilia, Tu, ra Tqma unda, mas sazogadoebaSi sagrZnobi mxardaWera aqvs. cota rom gavamartivoT, detalebi gamovtovoT, politikuri klasis Sida urTierTobebis wesebi da praqtika sam modelze daiyvaneba: 1. iq, sadac xisti ierarqiaa, sadac politikuri cenzura moqmedebs, elita ideologi-

urad gaerTianebulia. 2. Tu azrTa sxvadasxvaoba daSvebulia, magram elitis dapirispirebuli fraqciebi arc urTierTobis formebze Tanxmdebian da arc procedurebisa Tu institutebis kanoniereba/legitimurobaze, viRebT daSlil elitas. 3. SesaZloa elita konsensusiT iyos gaerTianebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobis mqone partiebi Tu pirovnebebi Sejibris wesebze Tanxmdebian da institutebsac Tanabrad scemen pativs. es dayofa SemogvTavazes jon higlim da misma kolegebma. isini miiCneven, rom politikuri klasis/elitis TiToeuli modeli gansazRvravs imas, iqneba Tu ara saxelmwifo 1) stabiluri, magram arademokratiuli, 2) demokratiuli, magram arastabiluri da bolos – 3) stabilur-demokratiuli. ra Tqma unda, es dayofa sqematuria da realobas bevri niuansi axlavs. SeiZleba am sam models Soris sazRvrebi yovelTvis mkafio ar iyos. magram msgavsi sqematizacia gvexmareba konkretuli magaliTebis SefasebaSi, ama Tu im qveynis stabilurobis gazomvaSi. aviRoT saqarTvelos SemTxveva: axla, roca am striqons vwer (galaktioni gamaxsenda), 2021 wlis 9 aprilia. prezidenti gamodis parlamentSi da qveyanaSi Seqmnil politikur krizisze saubrobs. didi xania amaves amboben saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi, ucxo qveynebis elCebi Tu politikosebi. mizezi erTia: qarTuli politikuri klasi ver Tanxmdeba ori umniSvnelovanesi institutis kanonierebaze, esenia: parlamenti da sisxlis samarTlis sistema (prokuratura da sasamarT-

politikuri klasi

₃₇ ! ₉!

lo). politikuri klasis gaxleCa gadaecema sazogadoebas da isic dayofilia. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi viTareba saqarTveloSi pirvelad ar aris: 1991-1992 wlebSi Cven samoqalaqo omis momswrenic gavxdiT. albaT, dameTanxmebiT, rom saqarTvelo met-naklebad ergeba higlisa da misi kolegebis meore models. Tumca, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso SefasebiT, saqarTvelo ara demokratiul, aramed e.w. Sereul politikur sistemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. aristokrati moska, romelmac 1919 wels italiis samefos mudmivi senatoris wodeba daimsaxura, mmarTveli klasis regularuli ganaxlebis momxre ki iyo, magram qveda fenebis kulturuli zrdis da ara – zedafenebis degradirebis formiT. mas aSinebda sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba, radgan amaSi moumzadebeli masebis emociebze populisti politikosebis TamaSisTvis niadags xedavda. Tumca, rodesac saqme saqmeze midga da italiaSi sworedac populisti musolini parlamentarizms daemuqra, moskam demokratiis principebi daicva cnobili manifestiT, aseve Zalian cnobil italiel istorikosTan – benedeto kroCesTan erTad. moskas sjeroda mravalferovani politikuri klasis (misTvis – mmarTveli klasis) mudmivobis da saboloo jamSi, irCevda liberalur, anu warmomadgenlobiT demokratias, sadac umciresobas Tavisi uflebebi da garantiebi aqvs. mas yovelTvis aSinebda umravlesobis mier individTa daCagvris perspeqtiva da aqedan modioda misi skefsisi

xelisuflebis mxolod saarCevno umravlesobiT dakompleqtebis mimarT. politikuri klasis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma kidev ufro daaaxloves demokratiisa da elitebis Teoriebi. diax, politikaSi, anu qveynebis marTvaSi, niWiers, gamocdils, aqtiurs da, zogjer, meti resursebis mqones gardauvalad eqneba upiratesoba danarCenebTan SedarebiT. isic gardauvalia, rom adre Tu gvian amdagvarad formirebuli mmarTveli/politikuri klasebi gamoavlenen Caketilobis da/Tu korufciis tendenciebs. rigiTi amomrCeveli umetes SemTxvevebSi SezRuduli arCevanis winaSe rCeba – mas uwevs xma misces ama Tu im kargad damkvidrebul politikur dajgufebas/partias. menejmenti arsSive gamoricxavs srul Tanasworobas mmarTvelTa da marTulTa Soris. magram aseve cxadia, rom Tu politikuri klasi pluralisturia, anu masSi aris adgili nairferi sazogadoebrivi interesebis warmodgenisa da konkurenciisaTvis, demokratia ar darCeba ubralo fiqciad. jon higli, Tavis kolegebTan erTad, usvams xazs, rom politikuri klasi/elita ara mxolod sakuTar nebasa da energiaze, aramed kidev or cvladze – mTel sazogadoebasa da saerTaSoriso Zalebzea damokidebuli. es iZleva imgvari wonasworobis Sanss, rom rigiTi amomrCevlis xma ar rCebodes xmad „mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina“. Tu es Sansi ama Tu im mmarTvelma ratomRac gaaqro, mospo, politikuri krizisi da axal liderTa gaCena mxolod drois ambavi xdeba.

aRmoCenebi

qristefore kolumbi axali samyaros aRmomCeni

arCil qiqoZe msoflioSi iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba vinme, qristefore kolumbis saxeli rom ar hqondes gagonili. kolumbi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili istoriuli figuraa, misi Rvawli ki sruliad araerTgvarovnad aris Sefasebuli. zog qveyanaSi mis portrets erovnul valutaze beWdaven, zogan ki mis Zeglebs erCian da angreven kidec, radgan fiqroben, rom misma aRmoCenam orive amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas mxolod ubedureba moutana. kolumbis pirovneba dRemde gansjis sagania, magram erTi ram cxadia – is Tavisi drois gmiri iyo, aRmomCeni da avantiuristi, mezRvauri da mecnieri, italiaSi dabadebuli, espaneTis samefos samsaxurSi myofi kaci, romlis uneblie aRmoCenamac samyaros Sesaxeb codna usazRvrod gaafarTova. momavali mogzauri 1451 wels daibada genuaSi, qalaqSi, romelic, veneciasTan erTad, mravali saxelovani mezRvauris samSoblo iyo. qristefore kolumbic Cinebuli mezRvauri dadga, magram mas mxolod zRvaosnoba ar akmayofilebda. is iyo aRmoCenis JiniT Sepyrobili adamiani, romelmac axalgazrdobidanve miznad daisaxa aRmoeCina aRmosavleTSi – CineTsa da iaponiaSi mimavali sazRvao gza, romelic evropas aziasTan vaWrobas SeaZlebinebda. kolumbis miznebsa da SecdomebSi rom gaverkveT, unda vicodeT, ra warmodgena hqondaT samyaroze maSindel evropelebs. ukve cnobili iyo, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia. amaze aRaravin davobda, aravis wvavdnen kocon-

qristefore kolumbi

kolumbis portretebi espaneTis, domenikis respublikis da italiis fulis erTeulebze

kolumbis darbeuli qandakeba

ze dedamiwis simrgvalis mtkicebisTvis. kidev cnobili iyo, rom Zalian Sors, aRmosavleTiT, mdebareobdnen umdidresi qveynebi – CineTi da indoeTi. maT Sesaxeb evropelebs XIII saukunis aseve italielma mogzaurma marko polom mouTxro. es adamiani xmeleTiT Cavida CineTamde da yovelive nanaxi sakuTar naSromSi – „wignSi samyaros mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb“ aRwera. da Tumca, marko polos naSromSi Zalian bevria gamonagoni da sruliad zRapruli ambebic ki, kolumbisTvis is samagido wigni gaxda. Tavisi mogzaurobebis manZilze swored marko polos naSromiT xelmZRvanelobda da am wignis velebze akeTebda Canawerebs. marko polos msoflio aRmosavleTiT kunZul sepangaTi mTavrdeboda. ase uwodebda iaponias, sadac TviTon ar yofila, magram mis Sesaxeb CineTSi gaigo. kolumbmac CaTvala, rom Tuki dedamiwa mrgvalia, SesaZlebelia gacuro dasavleTiT da miaRwio aRmosavleTs. miT umetes, rom aziisken mimavali saxmeleTo gza ukve gadaketili hqonda osmaleTis imperias, romelsac konstantinopolic (dRevandeli stamboli) ki daepyro da walekviT emuqreboda evropas. kolumbis mTavari Secdoma Tavidanve is iyo, rom dedamiwis zomis Sesaxeb sruliad mcdari warmodgena hqonda da Cveni planeta bevrad patara egona, vidre sinamdvileSia. XV saukunis genua

aRmoCenebi ve ne ci a

oqros urdo

ak o

sa il xa no

sp ar se T is

CaRaTais urdo

didi yaenis urdo

he ra Ti

yu re

ho rm uz i

xa nb al ik i

ka Sg ar i

de li s

sa su lT no

indoeTis samTavroebi

marko polos marSruti

marko polo (1254-1324 )

jer kidev mSobliur genuaSi cxovrebisas kolumbi Seecada adgilobrivi mTavroba da msxvili vaWrebi sakuTari proeqtiT daeinteresebina, magram rom araferi gamouvida, ojaxTan erTad portugalias miaSura da iq mefe Joan II-is karze scada fexis mokideba. kolumbma portugaliaSi aTi weli dahyo. marTalia, Tavisi eqspediciisTvis saxsrebis moZieba ver SeZlo, magram im aT weliwads tyuilad ar Cauvlia. portugaliel mezRvaurebTan erTad italieli bevrs mogzaurobda da agrovebda cnobebs evropidan dasavleTiT mdebare miwebis Sesaxeb. viciT, rom 1577 wels is islandiaSic imyofeboda da adgilobrivebs bevrs esaubreboda. saidumlod rCeba, ra Seityo kolumbma Crdiloelebisagan, magram dRes ukve danamdvilebiT viciT, rom pirveli evropelebi, romlebmac amerikis kontinentze fexi dadges, skandinavieli vikingebi iyvnen. kolumbze xuTi saukuniT adre vikingma lief eriqsonma da misma razmma islandiidan gacures da CrdiloeT amerikis napirebs miaRwies, oRond maTi aRmoCena danarCeni evropisTvis ucnobi darCa. samagierod, maTi gmirobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semoinaxa islandiurma zepirma Tqmulebebma – sagebma. SeiZleba, kolumbi maT Sinaarss gaecno da sakuTari Teoriebis dasturad miiRo, oRond aravisTvis gauziarebia. es kaci ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi gulCaTxrobilobiT, ar uyvarda sakuTar gegmebsa da ideebze saubari, radgan mudmivad eSinoda, rom sxva daaswrebda maT ganxorcielebas da sxva moipovebda saxelsa da didebas.

portugaliaSi gatarebuli wlebis Semdeg kolumbi espaneTSi gadavida da iq mefe ferdinandis da dedofal izabelas karze scada bedi. sainteresoa, rom kolumbis dros saxelmwifo espaneTi sul axali Seqmnili iyo. saqme isaa, rom evropis yvelaze samxreT-dasavleTi kide – pirenes naxevarkunZuli, sadac dRes espaneTi da portugalia mdebareobs, VIII saukuneSi arabebma daipyres da iq Zalian Joan II (1455-1495)

qristefore kolumbi

didi xniT darCnen. arabebi naxevarkunZulze CrdiloeT afrikis gavliT moxvdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac didi arabuli saxalifo daiSala, dRevandeli espaneTisa da portugaliis adgilas ramdenime patara arabuli saamiro warmoiSva. adgilobrivi xalxebi arabebs pirvelive dRidan ebrZodnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi moaxerxes maTgan CrdiloeT espaneTis gaTavisufleba. aq gaCnda ramdenime patara espanuri saxelmwifo, romlis mefeebi xan meti da xan naklebi warmatebiT ebrZodnen muslim dampyroblebs. am mravalsaukunovan brZolas „rekonkista“ („dampyroblisgan gaTavisufleba“, „ukan dapyroba~) hqvia. XV saukunis bolos espanelebma da portugalielebma yvelgan imarjves, arabTa xelSi mxolod erTaderTi qalaqi granada rCeboda. ori espanuri saxelmwifos monarqebis – kastiliis dedofal izabelas da aragonis mefe ferdinandis qorwilis Sedegad, moxda ori samefos gaerTianeba da warmoiqmna espaneTi. portugalia ukve arsebobda daaxloebiT im sazRvrebSi, romelic dResac aqvs. 1492 wlis ianvarSi, ese igi im wlis dasawyisSi, rodesac kolumbi dasavleTisken gaemgzavra, daeca granadac – arabebis ukanaskneli dasayrdeni. amieridan pirenes naxevarkunZulze mTlianad gabatonda qristianuli, kerZod, kaTolikuri religia.

swored axladSeqmnili kaTolikuri saxelmwifos xelmwifeebis ferdinandis da izabelas karze scada bedi qristefore kolumbma da iq metad gaumarTla, vidre sxvagan. dedofali izabela misi proeqtiT dainteresda. samefo wyvilma kolumbs aznauroba uboZa da admiralis tituli mianiWa, aseve italieli mogzauri unda gamxdariyo im miwebis faqtobrivi mmarTveli (vice-xelmwife), romlebsac aRmoaCenda da espaneTis qveSevrdomad gamoacxadebda. mefe-dedoflis daxmareba ufro simboluri xasiaTisa iyo da politikurad umagrebda zurgs mogzaurs. finansurad ki, kolumbs gemebis mflobeli martin alonso pinseni daexmara, erTi sakuTari xomaldi misca da oris SeZenaSic daxmareba gauwia. „santa-maria“, „ninia“ da „pinta“ – am sami afriani gemis saxeli saqveynodaa cnobili, radgan maT axali samyaros aRmoCena eweraT.

mefe ferdinandi (1452-1516) da dedofali izabela (1451-1504 )

lief eriqsoni (970-1020 )

aRmoCenebi

lisaboni

azoris kunZulebi

portugalia

espaneTi

atlantis okeane

CrdiloeTi amerika madeira

kanaris kunZulebi bahamis kunZulebi

kuba

ce nt ra l ur ia me ri ka

afrika kabo-verde

wynari okeane samxreTi amerika

1492-1493 1493-1496 1498-1500 1502-1504

1492 wlis 3 agvistos am sami gemisgan Semdgarma kolumbis flotma espanuri porti palos-dela-frontera datova da dasavleTisken aiRo gezi. mezRvaurebis garda, eqspediciaSi monawileobda ramdenime sasuliero piri, romelTac „barbarosTa“ miwebze qristianoba unda eqadagaT. aseve gemebze iyvnen idalgoebi – espaneli wvrili aznaurebi, romelTa erTaderTi xeloba brZola iyo. swored isini iyvnen arabebis winaaRmdeg mravalsaukunovani brZolis mTavari monawileebi da gmirebi. swored maTze iwereboda rainduli romanebi. xSirad idalgoebis qonebas mxolod maTi abjari, xmali da cxeni Seadgenda. omi iyo maTi Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaro. damTavrda „rekonkista“ da mTeli es socialuri fena ufunqciod da Semosavlis gareSe darCa. amitomac uSiSari da avantiuristi idalgoebi daufiqreblad gahyvnen kolumbs mis pirvel da momdevno eqspediciebSi. es is xalxia, romelic momavlSi orive amerikis kontinentze pirvel koloniebs daaarsebs, daipyrobs da gaZarcvavs inkebis, actekebis da maiebis imperiebs, am brZolaSi maTgan bevri gamdidrdeba da bevric daiRupeba. indielTa winaaRmdeg maT xangrZliv brZolas – „konkista“ (dapyroba), xolo Tavad maT konkistadorebi ewodaT. kolumbis gemebma pasatebi – atlantis okeanis qarebi daiWires da swrafad icures dasavleTiT. es iRbliani mogzauroba iyo, mTavari Tavgadasavali, romelic evropelebs gzaSi gadaxdaT, iyo arnaxuli raodenobis wyalmcenareebi, romlebmac maTi gemebi Seaferxa. am wylebs evropelebma sargasos zRva Searqves.

martin alonso pinseni (1441-1493)

xomaldebi „santa-maria“, „ninia“ da „pinta“

qristefore kolumbi

indielebi (igive indoelebi), saxeli, romelic dRemde ixmareba. san-salvadorze evropelebma pirvelad naxes da gasinjes Tambaqo. erTaderTi rame iwvevda kolumbis SfoTs. marko polo indoeTs aRwerda, rogorc zRapruli simdidris qveyanas, am „indoelebs“ ki simdidrisa araferi etyobodaT. ramdenime maTgans marTlac amSvenebda oqros samkauli – es iyo da es. kolumbma gadawyvita, rom es kunZuli indoeTis yvelaze Rataki kuTxe unda yofiliyo da maSasadame, kidev ufro dasavleTiT unda gaecura namdvili simdidrisken. `santa-marias~ daRupva

12 oqtombers mezRvaurma rodrigo de trianma miwa dainaxa. es axali samyaro iyo. kunZuls, romelzec espanelebi gadasxdnen da sakuTari droSa aRmarTes, kolumbma sansalvadori uwoda. dRemde diskusiis sagania, romel kunZulze dadges pirvelad fexi evropelebma, magram cxadia, rom san-salvadori bahamis kunZulebidan erT-erTi unda yofiliyo. aq moxda ori samyaros pirveli Sexvedra. evropelebma pirvelad ixiles xalxi, romlebic sruliad SiSvlebi daiarebodnen, warmodgena ar hqondaT rkinis iaraRze da Camosulebisadmi sakmaod keTilganwyobilebi iyvnen. kolumbi darwmunebuli iyo, rom aziaSi imyofeboda, xolo adamianebi, romlebmac maspinZloba gauwies – indoelebi iyvnen. swored maSin Searqves amerikis mkvidr mosaxleebs

espanelebma erTi meoris miyolebiT aRmoaCines kunZulebi kuba, haiti da tortuga. am kunZulebze yvelaferi iyo – Tvalwarmtaci buneba, evropelTaTvis jer arnaxuli mcenareebi da cxovelebi, keTilganwyobili adgilobrivebi. oRond arsad iyo oqro da simdidre. rodesac evropelebi indielebs oqros samkaulebze ekiTxebodnen, isini mxolod dasavleTisken iSverdnen xels. kunZul haitis kolumbma „espaniola“ uwoda da CaTvala, rom miwier samoTxeSi imyofeboda. am samoTxeSi espanelebma pirveli forti aages. eqspediciis wevrebis nawilma iq darCenis survili gamoTqva. cota xniT adre „santamaria“ marjnis rifs Seejaxa da daiRupa. misi gembanidan gadmoziduli zarbaznebiT ko-

rodrigo de triani (1469-1535)

qristefore kolumbi

aRmoCenebi lumbma forti gaamagra. iq darCenil 39 espanels erTi wlis sanovage dautova da TviTon evropisaken aiRo gezi. 1493 wlis 15 marts eqspedicia espaneTSi dabrunda. espaneTis mefe-dedoflisTvis kolumbis mier mirTmeuli oqro sulac ar iyo bevri, magram misi eqspedicia mainc warmatebulad CaiTvala. italielma mogzaurma espaneTSi Caitana jer arnaxuli mcenareebi, ucxo frinvelTa bumbulebi da Caiyvana ramdenime indieli, romlebic monaTlulebi iyvnen da espanurad ramdenime sityvis Tqmac SeeZloT. eseni im miwis Svilebi iyvnen, romelsac vest indoeTi (dasavleT indoeTi) uwodes da romelic mogzaurs espaneTis sakuTrebad hqonda gamocxadebuli. iq, dasavleT indoeTSi, kidev mravali miwa iyo aRmosaCeni da espaneli monarqebic enTuziazmiT daTanxmdnen Semdegi eqspediciis dafinansebas. 1493 wlis 25 seqtembers kolumbi espanuri porti kadisidan gaemgzavra. mogzaurobis dasawyisad seqtembris arCeva ukve nacadi xerxi iyo, atlantis okeanis pasatebi zurgSi uberavda kolumbis gankargulebaSi myof 17 afrian gems. pirvelTan SedarebiT, es bevrad STambeWdavi eqspedicia iyo, evropelebi sakvlevad da aRmosaCenad ki ara, dasapyrobad da axal miwebze dasafuZneblad miemgzavrebodnen. uamrav iaraRTan da saSen instrumentTan erTad, maT Tan mihyavdaT

kolumbi haitize adgilobrivebis garemocvaSi

rqosani pirutyvic da, rac mTavaria, cxenebi. es Sinauri cxoveli male konkistas Tavisebur simbolod iqceva. saqme isaa, rom amerikel indielebs cxeni TvaliT ar hyavdaT nanaxi. maTTan momaval brZolebSi kavaleria espanelTa yvelaze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iqca. indielebs cxenebze amxedrebuli rkiniT SeWurvili evropelebi zebunebriv arsebebad warmoedginaT da maT danaxvaze panikaSi vardebodnen. kunZul espaniolaze dabrunebul kolumbs misi xalxi daxocili, xolo forti gaZarculi daxvda. aRmoCnda, rom adgilobrivebi arc ise mSvidobianebi yofilan, rogorc miwieri samoTxis mkvidrebs ekadrebodaT. sinamdvileSi, konfliqti evropelTa wamowyebuli iyo da adgilobrivi beladebi cdilobdnen kidec kolumbisTvis amis axsnas, magram admirali Seubralebeli iyo da espaniolaze daxocili espanelebisaTvis sastikad iZia Suri. amieridan mis eqspediciebs, geografiul aRmoCenebTan erTad, Tan axlda sisxlisRvra da sisastike. meore eqspediciis dros kunZul espaniolas mosaxleobis didi nawili gawyvites. kunZulis SuagulSi espanelebma oqros qviSa aRmoaCines da mis mopovebas Seudgnen. sabadoebze yovlad gausaZlis pirobebSi amuSavebdnen adgilobriv indielebs. iwyeboda msoflio is-

qristefore kolumbi

toriis kidev erTi samarcxvino furceli. momavalSi amerikis axladaRmoCenil oqros, vercxlis da spilenZis sabadoebze asiaTasobiT indieli gawydeba, mogvianebiT ki maT adgils afrikidan Camoyvanili Savkaniani monebi daikaveben.

Savi zRva portugalia

kaspiis zRva

lisaboni azoris kunZulebi

xmelTaSua zRva

kanaris kunZulebi

aleqsandria

kairo hormuzis srute

arabeTi

Tavisi meore eqspediciis dros kolumbma safuZvlianad gamoikvlia karibis zRvis auzi. aRmoaCina kunZulebi iamaika da puerto-riko. yvela es teritoria espaneTis samefos sakuTrebad gamoacxada da Tanac jiutad amtkicebda, rom aziaSi imyofeboda. kunZul kubaze eqspediciis yvela wevrs sazeimod daafica, rom indoeTSi iyvnen.

diu kabo-verde

afrika adeni

arabeTis zRva

kanuri kalkuta koCi

mogadiSo

malindi wminda elenes kunZuli

indoeTis okeane

kilva

mozambiki

sofala

rodesac kolumbi espaneTSi TiTqmis sami wlis aryofnis Semdeg dabrunda, samefo karze sakuTari poziciebi Seryeuli daxvda. misi gagzavnili oqro ar iyo sakmarisi, espaneTis mefe-dedofals axal miwebze daarsebuli koloniebis mosamarageblad da faqtobriv gamgeblad ki axali adamiani hyavdaT napovni – kidev erTi italieli, amerigo vespuCi, romelic momavalSi daamtkicebs, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili miwebi azia ki ar aris, aramed axali kontinentebia, romelTac mis pativsacemad dRemde CrdiloeTi da samxreTi amerika hqvia. kolumbi ki jiutad idga Tavisaze – man azia da indoeTi aRmoaCina. axal miwebze man espaneli kriminalebis dasaxleba gadawyvita. am ideiT eaxla mefe-dedofals da maTac

amerigo vespuCi (1454(?)-1512)

goa

magadaskari

atlantis okeane keTili imedis koncxi

vasko da gamas mogzauroba indoeTSi

mouwones Canafiqri – espaneTis cixeebidan msurvelebi pirdapir „indoeTSi“ moxvdebodnen, iq dasaxldebodnen da sasjeli gaunaxevrdebodaT. kolumbis mesame eqspedicia amgvari xalxiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. marTalia, mogzaurma mesamedac moaxerxa axali miwebis aRmoCena da pirvelad miaRwia samxreT amerikis nawilebs, magram misi xelqveiTi kriminaluri elementebi mudmivad amboxs awyobdnen. evropelebTan adgilob-

vasko da gama (1469-1524)

aRmoCenebi

fernando magelanis 1520 wlis mogzauroba

rivTa damokidebuleba ukve yvelgan mtruli iyo da espanelebic cecxliTa da maxviliT anadgurebdnen maT soflebs, tyveebs imonebdnen, maT nawils espaneTSi gzavnidnen, danarCenebs ki sabadoebsa da plantaciebSi amuSavebdnen. kolumbs Tavi indoeTis gamgebeli egona, magram ai, 1598 wels portugalielma mogzaurma vasko da gamam gars Semouara afrikas, namdvil indoeTSi zRviT Cavida da daamtkica, rom qristefore kolumbi an cdeboda, an matyuara iyo. espaneTis mefe-dedofalma kunZul haitize kolumbis dapatimreba brZana. is da misi Zmebi borkilebiT Caiyvanes espaneTSi, Tumca male moxsnes braldebebi da gaaTavisufles, magram damcirebaze mtkivneuli mogzaurisTvis is iyo, rom sakuTar Secdomas mixvda – is aziaSi arasodes yofila. amas mohyva kidev erTi, ukanaskneli, mogzauroba. kolumbma ase gansaja: Tuki mis mier aRmoCenili miwebi azia ar aris, sadme aucileblad unda arsebobdes sazRvao gza, romliTac aziaSi SeiZleba moxvedra. dedafernando miwa xom mrgvalia – mTavaria, gasaZromi ipomagelani vos da aziaSi aRmoCndeba! ra Tqma unda, ase(1480-1521) Ti gza arsebobda da is 1520 wels fernando magelanma gaiara, roca samxreT amerikis kontinents Semouara da im sruteSi gacura, romelic dRes mis saxels atarebs. 18 wliT adre ki kolumbi amgvar gasasvlels aTasobiT kilometriT CrdiloeTiT eZebda, centraluri amerikis napirebTan. ikvlevda im adgilebs, sadac dRes saxelmwifoebi nikaragua, kosta-rika da panamaa. gava aswleulebi da panamis arxiT atlantisa da wynari okeaneebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdeba. manamde espanelebi samxreTi da centraluri amerikis kolonizacias moaxdenen. aRmoaCenen da daipyroben oqroTi mdidar actekebis imperias meqsikaSi da inkebis saxelmwifos – peruSi. gaCndeba uzarmazari qalaqebi. oqroTi da vercxliT datvirTuli xomaldebi amerikidan espaneTSi ivlian, maTze ingliseli da holandieli mekobreebi inadireben. kolumbis aRmoCenili kunZuli tortuga mekobreTa buded iqceva. samyaro mTlianad Seicvleba.

qristefore kolumbi

kolumbis navi san-salvadoris sanapirosTan

yvelaferi ki qristefore kolumbis uneblie aRmoCeniT daiwyo, kacis, romelic indoeTSi micuravda da axal miwaze aRmoCnda. sakuTari ukanaskneli eqspediciidan is usaxelod dabrunda, mZimed avadmyofi. 1506 wels espaneTSi misi gardacvaleba TiTqmis aravis gaugia da mxolod mas mere, rac amerikis aRmoCenis mniSvneloba yvelam daafasa, kolumbi gaixsenes. evropaSi dadges misi uamravi Zegli. gamoqandakebuli mogzauri mudam dasavleTisken iyureba. Zeglebi auges orive amerikaSi da Semdeg maTi nawili daangries. misi neStic ki ar moasvenes. seviliaSi dakrZaluli, 1540 wels mis mier aRmoCenil haitize gadaasvenes, XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze, rodesac haiti frangebma daikaves, espanelebma kolumbi kubaSi gadaasvenes da havanis sakaTedro taZarSi dakrZales. 1898 wels ki ukan, seviliaSi, daabrunes da iqve dakrZales.

kolumbis saflavi seviliaSi

istoria

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politika 1783-1795 wlebSi apolon TabuaSvili

XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kavkasiis regionis aRmosavleT nawilSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-is (kaxeTis mefe – 1744-1762 ww.-Si; qarTl-kaxeTis mefe – 1762-1798 ww.-Si) upiratesoba aSkara iyo. am periodSi mezobeli mahmadiani xanebis umetesoba qarTvel mefes emorCileboda, xolo ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi qarTl-kaxeTis moxarke qveynebi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, qveynisaTvis did gamowvevad rCeboda osmaleTis mitacebuli istoriuli samcxe-saaTabagos dabrunebis sakiTxi. amavdroulad, kaxeTis aRmosavleT nawili – Warbelaqani – daRestnelebs hqondaT dakavebuli. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe sakuTari ZalebiT mtrisagan mitacebuli teritoriebis dabrunebas ver axerxebda. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss CrdiloeT kavkasiis cixesimagre georgievskSi ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris gaformda samxedro-samokavSireo xelSekruleba. mas xeli moaweres ruseTis mxridan generalma pavle potiomkinma, qarTl-kaxeTis mxridan – ioane muxranbatonma da garsevan WavWavaZem. georgievskis traqtatis teqsti Sedgeboda preambulis, 13 Ziri-

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

Tadi da 4 saidumlo muxlisagan. traqtatis mixedviT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. erekle II ruseTis imperator ekaterine II-is (1762-1796) uzenaesobas aRiarebda. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe saSinao saqmeebSi sruliad damoukidebeli rCeboda, Tumca ezRudeboda ruseTis garda sxva saxelmwifoebTan kavSiri. qarTuli samefos sagareo mtrisagan dacvas imperia kisrulobda, risTvisac ruseTis regularuli armiis ori batalioni igzavneboda. omisa da garTulebebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanaSi damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi unda Semosuliyo. osmaleTTan da iranTan dapirispirebis dros qarTl-kaxeTis samefos imperiis sasargeblod unda ebrZola, ruseTi ki valdebulebas iRebda, rom maT mier mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis dabrunebaSi erekles daexmareboda. peterburgis saimperatoro karze erekle II-m Tavis „ministrad“ Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe daniSna, romelic maleve ruseTSi gaemgzavra. amrigad, ruseTis imperiasTan dadebuli traqtatiT, erekle II qveynis gaZlierebas da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mitacebuli teritoriebis dabrunebas imedovnebda, Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis, samwuxarod, movlenebi sul sxvagvarad ganviTarda. erekle II-is qmedebiT aRSfoTebulma osmaleTis sulTanma daRestneli mTielebi da mezobeli muslimi xanebi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg aamxedra. amisaTvis sulTnis kari fuls da saCuqrebs ar iSurebda. maTgan waqezebuli lekebi 1784-1786 wlebSi qarTlkaxeTs gamudmebiT utevdnen. qveyanas Tavs esxmodnen War-belaqnidan da axalcixis safaSodan. erekles ganudgnen manamde damorCilebuli mezobeli xanebic. misi samxedro Zalebi da ori rusuli batalioni Tavdasxmebis mogeriebas ver audioda. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom ruseTis jaris saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Sedegad, mefe iZulebuli gaxda aRedgina sursaTis gadasaxadi, romelic manamde gauqmebuli iyo, xolo am SeRavaTis sanacvlod mosaxleoba weliwadis ganmavlobaSi erTi Tve „morige jarSi“ sakuTari xarjebiT msaxurobda. amis Semdeg „morige jari“ TandaTan moiSala, ramac Seasusta erekles samxedro Zliereba.

gaaswora axtalis samTamadno warmoeba, ramdenime aseuli madnis mwarmoebeli ki tyved waiyvana. omar-xani qarTul jarTan brZolas gaurboda. erekle II daRestnelebs ukan misdevda, magram artileria da yumbarebi swrafad mimaval jars droulad ver miaSveles. nela gadaadgildeboda rusuli jaris nawilebic. omar-xani ki maleve axalcixis safaSoSi gadavida. garda im uzarmazari zaralisa, rac axtalis ganadgurebas mohyva, erekle II iZulebuli gaxda mSvidobis sanacvlod omar-xanisaTvis 1000 Tumani gadaexada, yovel wels ki 500 Tumani jamagiri daeniSna. gaxSirebuli Semosevebis fonze qveyanaSi TandaTan mcirdeboda saSinao da sagareo vaWroba, ecemoda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi. erekle II ruseTis mTavrobas gamudmebiT atyobinebda Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da, georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis Sesabamisad, Tanadgomas iTxovda. magram im periodSi ruseTis saimperatoro karze qarTlkaxeTis samefosTan dadebuli xelSekruleba naCqarev nabijad Sefasda da rusebi mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili qveynis daxmarebas ar apirebdnen.

pavle potiomkini (1743-1796)

aseT viTarebaSi, 1785 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvelaze gavleniani daRestneli mflobeli, xunZaxis batoni omar-xani 20 000 kaciT Semoesia. man swrafad gaiara kaxeTi, mivida qarTlis samxreTSi da miwasTan

istoria ruseTis imperiis gulgrilobis gamo erekle II ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. radgan ruseTis imperia georgievskis traqtatiT nakisr valdebulebebs ar asrulebda da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesaferis daxmarebas ar uwevda, mefem sapasuxo nabijebi gadadga. qveynis usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare, man 1786 wlis seqtemberSi axalcixis faSasTan gaaforma samSvidobo xelSekruleba. ruseTis warmomadgenlis ukmayofilebis miuxedavad, imave wlis dekemberSi faSasTan mZevlebic gagzavna. Sedegad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdgomareoba SedarebiT gaumjobesda. imave wels mefem iranis centralur da CrdiloeT raionebSi gabatonebul aRa-mahmad-xanTan Tavisi elCi zaqaria ciciSvili gagzavna da masTanac moagvara urTierToba. 1786 welsve ereklem Tavisi warmomadgeneli miavlina egvipteSi, sadac warmoSobiT qarTvel (mamluqi) begebs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba hqondaT. isini sixaruliT Sexvdnen saxelganTqmuli qarTveli mefis elCs, magram am wamowyebas aranairi arsebiTi Sedegi ar mohyolia. amrigad, radgan ruseTis imperia traqtatiT nakisr valdebulebebs ar asrulebda, erekle II maTgan damoukidebel sagareo politikas atarebda. amave dros, mefem peterburgSi werili gagzavna da Tavisi warmomadgenlis garsevan WavWavaZis saqarTveloSi dabruneba moiTxova, ruseTis mTavroba ki qarTveli elCis samSobloSi dabrunebas aWianurebda.

lekebis Tavdasxma kaxeTze

seTTan omis dasawyebad emzadeboda. ruseTs imxanad omis samzadisi dasrulebuli ar hqonda. amitom imperatorma ekaterine II-m stambolSi myof Tavis elCs Seatyobina, rom osmaleTis dasamSvideblad mzad iyo uari eTqva qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaze. maleve, kerZod, 1787 wlis seqtemberSi, ruseTis mTavrobam traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli piroba uxeSad daarRvia da qarTl-kaxeTidan Tavisi jaris nawilebi ukan gaiwvia, xolo erekle II-sa da imereTis mefe daviTs osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwoda.

amasobaSi ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris urTierToba sul ufro uaresdeboda. 1787 wlis dasawyisidan osmaleTis mTavroba ru-

garsevan WavWavaZe (1757-1811)

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis saimperatoro kari saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda qarTl-kaxeTis interesebs. Sesabamisad, ereklemac uari ganacxada ruseTis dauxmareblad osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi monawileobaze. Crdiloeli mokavSirisgan mitovebulma mefem sagareo problemebi damoukideblad moagvara. ruseTis jaris gayvanis Semdeg peterburgidan saqarTveloSi dabrunda elCi garsevan WavWavaZe. aseT pirobebSi ereklem osmaleTTan urTierTobis gaumjobeseba advilad SeZlo. amave dros, SeuTanxmda azerbaijanSi gavlenian mmarTvel faTali-xans da maT samxreT kavkasiaSi gavlenis sferoebi gainawiles. 1790 wels erekles iniciativiT masa da dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs Soris daido samokavSireo xelSekruleba. maleve mefis brZanebiT aRdga „morige jari“ da misi daxmarebiT daRestnel mZarcvelTa Semosevebmac iklo. mefis ZalisxmeviT miRweuli garkveuli warmatebis miuxedavad, XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos axali safrTxe daemuqra. am periodSi iranSi gabatonebisaTvis brZolaSi aSkarad gamoikveTa yajarTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis – aRa-mahmad-xanis upiratesoba. aRa-mahmadxans surda, rom iranis Sahi gamxdariyo. av-

toritetis mosaxveWad da miznis misaRwevad misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis damorCilebas. am mxriv mdgomareoba dRiTi dRe uaresdeboda. 1791 wels aRa-mahmad-xanma TiTqmis mTeli azerbaijani daimorCila da mravalricxovani jaris Tavmoyra daiwyo. iranis mmarTvelma erekles mokavSire yarabaRisa (SuSis) da erevnis xanebs morCilebisaken mouwoda, Tumca uari miiRo. saqarTveloSi fiqrobdnen, rom aRa-mahmad-xanTan dapirispireba gardauvali iyo. Sesabamisad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis mTavari sazrunavi iranuli safrTxis ganeitraleba gaxda. 1791 wels ruseT-osmaleTis omi ruseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. erekle II ruseTis mTavrobas daukavSirda da georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis Sesruleba iTxova. mefis winadadebiT, osmaleTTan zavis dadebisas ruseTs erT-erT pirobad unda wamoeyenebina axalcixis safaSos qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis, xolo aWaris imereTis samefosTvis gadacema. amave dros, ereklem aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg samxedro daxmareba moiTxova. diplomatiuri aqtiurobis miuxedavad, erekles imedi ar gamarTlda. osmaleTTan dadebul iasis zavSi dapyrobili qarTuli miwebis sakiTxi saerTod ar aisaxa. amave dros, erekle II-s acnobes, rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi jaris gamogzavnas ar gegmavda.

aRa-mahmad-xani (1742-1797)

ekaterine II (1729-1796)

istoria amrigad, qarTl-kaxeTis mefisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom misi samefos usafrTxoebisTvis ruseTis imperia im etapze araviTari qmediTi RonisZiebis gatarebas ar apirebda. amitom ereklem masTan, faqtobrivad, gawyvita urTierToba. rogorc bolo dros gamoqveynebuli osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebiT irkveva, 1792 wlis dasawyisSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefem srulad uaryo traqtatis pirobebi da osmaleTTan mWidro politikuri kavSiri daamyara. erT-erTi osmaluri istoriuli sabuTis mixedviT, 1792 wlis dasawyisSi osmaleTis sulTnis karze erekles elCi iosebi misula. dokumentSi aRniSnulia: „f … adiSahis (osmaleTis sulTani) winaSe wardgenili iyo Tbilisis xanis, erekles, cnoba misi diad saxelmwifoze damokidebulebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb da misi Suamavlis, ioseb begis, meSveobiT gamogzavnili werilis Targmani da misi werilobiTi SemoTavazebebi“. amave dokumentiT vigebT, rom stambolSi mefis elCi pativiT miuRiaT, daujildoebiaT da TbilisSi gamoustumrebiaT. am mxriv kidev ufro sainteresoa meore dokumenti. 1792 wlis istoriul sabuTSi aRniSnulia:

„Tbilisis xanma, ere em, Tqveni umaRl obisagan gagzavnili maRali firmanisa da ZRvnad naboZ i siasamuris qurqisaTvis samadlob i werili gamoagzavna. ere e xani iwer a, rom regionis sazRvrispira raion Si uzrunv yofilia usafrTxo a da w rigi. iq mcxovr i mosaxleoba keTildReobasa da simSvideSi cxovrobs da misdami megobrobisa da g isxmier is gamoxat s iTxovs. acxad s, rom im gz is dangre , rom ic adre rus ma gaiy n da romlis moSlasac Cven moviTxovT, mis S aZl lob s aRemat a. Torem igi osmaleTis sax mwifos samsaxurSi yofniT siamay ganicdis da amaze u n ar daixevda. ityobin a, rom gza moskov n mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi yofnisas maTi daxmar iT gaakeT lek is winaaRmdeg. magram inana, radgan osmaleTis sax mwifos nabiji ar moewona da moskov i u n gaabruna. amas n acxad s, rom manamde stambolSi moa ina vinme iosebi, ra Tu iqn oda fadiSahis n a, xsen i gzis dangrevis sakiTx n da vSir iT, aucil i iyo specialist isTvis da l is micema da maTi gagzavna. aseT SemTxve Si am xalxs dac gauwevda daxmar as. igi acxad s, rom amayia diadi sax mwifos samsaxurSi yofniT da aravi r SemTxve Si ar gadaixr a arc iranis da arc ruseTis mxar . safrTxis warmoSobis SemTxve Si TviTon daicavs vs da ar isurv s sxvisi gamg lobis qveS S as. Tu iran i aRa-mahmad-xani mis qveyanas vs da xm a, igi daxmar isaTvis mxolod diad qveyanas mimar vs“.

ruseT-TurqeTis omi, 1791

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

dokumentidan naTeli xdeba, rom erekle II-s osmaleTTan kavSiri aRa-mahmad-xanis sawinaaRmdegod daumyarebia. vinaidan ruseTis imperia iraneli mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg mas aranair daxmarebas ar uwevda, mefe osmaleTis mfarvelobaSi Sesula. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom aseTi kavSiri ereklesaTvis srulad misaRebi iyo, radgan ruseTTan omSi damarcxebuli osmaleTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Tavis realur daqvemdebarebaSi ver moaqcevda. osmaleTs saamiso arc diplomatiuri da arc samxedro berketebi ar hqonda. Sesabamisad, maTTan SekavSirebiT erekles samefos suverenuli uflebebi TiTqmis ar izRudeboda. wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom 1792 wels erekle II-s axalcixis faSasTan da sxva osmalo moxeleebTan samxedro kavSiric daumyarebia da maT samxedro ZalebiTac exmareboda. rogorc Cans, erekle II osmaleTis sulTnisa da misi moxeleebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas cdilobda, rac iranuli safrTxis gamaneitralebeli unda yofiliyo. erekle II-is imedebi arc amjerad gamarTlda. amis Sesaxeb cnobebs erT-erT osmalur dokumentSi vxvdebiT. masSi aRniSnulia:

„sax mwifos did n ganxil iqna sakiTxi, rom Tbilisis xanma ere em, stambolSi ci gamoagzavna da iranis centraluri x mZR n obisagan damoukid lad moqmedi aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg mfarv oba iTxo . amJamad diadi sax mwifo iran n mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi imyof a. Tu period ad calke i xan i moawyoben laSqrob s erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg, Cven ars i x Sekr iT vimoqmed T da ar CavereviT maT saqmeSi. Tu aRa-mahmad-xani Tbilisis winaaRmdeg gailaSqr s da saqarTvelo osmaleTs samxedro an sx saxis daxmar as moiTxovs, Cven vi unda Sevi voT, radgan maTTvis daxmar is gawe Zv i x Sekr is darRve s, ere e xanis patronobas da iran n mSvidobis darRves gamoiwvevs. miT umet , rom aRa-mahmad-xanisagan safrTxis S ax ere e xans vis werilSi Riad ar ucnob ia da Cis mier zepirad iqna gacxad i. werilis ganxilvisas mividnen im daskvnamde, rom erekle xanisTvis gasacem pasuxSi aravi r SemTxve Si ar unda ixseni od aRa-mahmad-xani da „radgan ere e xani mudmi d gviCven s erTg as, osmaleTis sax mwifos mxridan rg mopyrobasa da keTilganwyobas miiR s“, _ msgavsi bundo ni gamonaTq m i unda iqn gamoyen i“.

erekle II (1720-1798)

istoria rogorc am dokumentidan Cans, osmaleTis sulTans ereklesaTvis aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze uari uTqvams. cxadia, qarTl-kaxeTis mefes maT bundovan pasuxSi realuri konteqstis amokiTxva ar gauWirdeboda. erTi sityviT, osmaleTTan kavSirma Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ris Semdegac qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo kursi kvlav gadaisinja. iranis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTuli samefos erTaderTi potenciuri sagareo mokavSire, Tundac arasando, ruseTi SeiZleba yofiliyo. amitom, warsulSi arsebuli ukmayofilebis miuxedavad, erekle II-m kvlav ruseTTan aRadgina urTierToba da 1793 wels peterburgSi elCi garsevan WavWavaZe xelaxla gagzavna. erekle II varaudobda, rom ruseTisaTvis miuRebeli iqneboda qarTl-kaxeTis iranis gavlenis qveS gadasvla da amis gamo mas daxmarebas gauwevdnen. Tumca Zlieri qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arseboba ruseTis imperiis interesebSi ar Sedioda. Sesabamisad, saimperatoro kari saqarTveloSi jaris gagzavnas ar Cqarobda da mefes mxolod cru dapirebebiT amxnevebda, raTa mas aRa-mahmad-xanis ultimatumi ar mieRo.

krwanisis brZola, iranuli miniatura

krwanisis brZolis memoriali

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

ruseTTan aRdgenili intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierTobis paralelurad, erekle II imperiisgan farulad kvlav inarCunebda osmaleTTan garkveul kavSirs da aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis miRebas cdilobda. erekle II-is mcdelobis miuxedavad, 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg gamarTul krwanisis brZolaSi man verc ruseTisagan da verc osmaleTisagan daxmareba ver miiRo. am brZolaSi sabolood qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. marTalia, iranis mmarTvelma qveynis damorCileba ver moaxerxa da maleve gaecala saqarTvelos, magram marcxis Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mniSvnelovnad dasustda. dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom erekle II aqtiur sagareo politikas eweoda da yvelanairad cdilobda Tavisi qveynis interesebis Sesabamisad emoqmeda. is ar xelmZRvanelobda winaswar SemuSavebuli gulubryvilo politikuri orientaciiT da ar iyo upirobod midobili ruseTis imperias. ruseTTan gaformebuli traqtatis miuxedavad, man XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi pragmatuli nabijebi gadadga da osmaleTis sulTnis uzenaesoba aRiara, raTa am gziT Tavisi qveyana iranis mmarTvelis Semosevisagan daecva. samwuxarod, imdroindeli saerTaSoriso normebi saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda patara qveynis interesebs. osmaleTic da ruseTic qarTul samefos mxolod sakuTari eqspansionisturi interesebidan gamomdinare umzerdnen da maTTvis momgebianic ki iyo aRa-mahmad-xanTan erekles damarcxeba, radgan momavalSi dasustebuli qveynis martivad dauflebis imedi hqondaT.

300 aragveli, merab abramiSvilis naxati

politika

civi omis

dasrulebis xelidan gaSvebuli Sansi

vasil kaWarava

1959 wlis 27 maiss, saxelmwifo mdivan jon foster dalesis gardacvalebis Semdeg, aSS-is prezident duait eizenahuers aRar darCa saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi am rangisa da gavlenis moRvawe. dalesis memkvidre, misi moadgile qristian a. herteri SedarebiT susti da naklebad mniSvnelovani figura iyo da eizenhauerma gadawyvita, Tavad waremarTa sagareo politika da ufro aqtiuri nabijebi gadaedga civi omis yinulis gasalRobad. sabWoTa kavSir-amerikis urTierTobis gamosworebisaken mimarTuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo 1959 wels sabWoTa gamofenis gaxsna niu-iorkSi, xolo amerikuli gamofenisa – moskovSi. moskovSi gamofenis gaxsnis ceremonias amerikis vice-prezidenti riCard niqsoni meuRlesTan erTad eswreboda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es iyo aseTi maRali donis amerikeli moxelis pirveli viziti sabWoTa kavSirSi (Tu ar CavTvliT, rom omis dros, 1945 wels, ialtis konferencias ruzvelti daeswro), rasac, savaraudod, xruSCovisa da eizenhaueris Sexvedrac unda mohyoloda. Tavis memuarebSi niqsoni ixsenebda, rom am vizitisaTvis safuZvlianad moemzada. `sabWoTa kavSirze da mis xalxze yvelaferi wavikiTxe, razec ki xeli mimiwvdeboda da rodesac 1959 wlis 22 ivliss moskovSi gavemgzavre, mzad viyavi sabWoTa kavSir-amerikis urTierTobasTan dakavSirebul as Temaze mainc mesaubra~.

civi omi

`datyvevebuli erebi~ – termini, romliTac aSS-Si zogjer moixsenieben arademokratiul reJimSi moqceul erebs. damkvidrda civi omis dros da xSirad gamoiyeneboda komunistur mmarTvelobaSi (pirvel rigSi, sabWoTa) myofi erebis aRsaniSnad.

jon foster dalesi (1888-1959)

niqsonis vizits win uZRoda kongresis tradiciuli, yovelwliuri rezolucia datyvevebuli erebis Sesaxeb, romelic, pirvel rigSi, sabWoTa kavSiris moqmedebas akritikebda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi. xruSCovma es faqti niqsonze zewolisaTvis gamoiyena da Sexvedrisas, Cveuli utaqtobiT, am gadawyvetilebas suleluri da saSiSi uwoda. `ar mesmis, ratom miiRo kongresma es gadawyvetileba aseTi mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo vizitis win!~ – xruSCovs ver warmoedgina, rom sakanonmdeblo organos SeeZlo sxvagvarad emoqmeda da yvelaferi ar SeeTanxmebina qveynis aRmasrulebel liderTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT man xalxuri andazac ki gaixsena: `iq ar unda moisaqmo, sadac Wamo~, mere esec ar ikmara da ganacxada: es rezolucia ise yars, rogorc cxenis axali funa, amaze uaresad ki araferi yarso. amis Taobaze niqsoni Tavis memuarebSi werda: `gamaxsenda, rom xruSCovi axalgazrdobaSi meRored muSaobda. isic gamaxsenda, rom mamaCemi miwis gasanoyiereblad cxenis funas iyenebda, magram erTxel mezobelma Tavisi nakveTi Roris skoriT dafara, rasac saSineli suni asdioda. amitomac Sevxede xruSCovs TvalebSi da vuTxari: `vSiSob, rom premieri cdeba. arsebobs kidev raRac, rac uaresad yars, es aris Roris skore~. roca gadauTargmnes, xruSCovs saxe daeZaba, gabrazda, magram uceb gaiRima da Tqva, rom marTali viyavi da maSinve sxva Temaze gadavida~.

nikita xruSCovi da riCard niqsoni moskovSi amerikul gamofenaze

saqveynodaa cnobili xruSCovisa da niqsonis kamaTi gamofenis gaxsnisas, rodesac isini erTmaneTs sakuTari politikuri sistemis upiratesobas umtkicebdnen. xruSCovs, Turme, aSS-is gamofenis Semxedvares, aseTi ram uTqvams: `es aris yvelaferi, rasac Tqven miaRwieT am 180 wlis manZilze. Cven mxolod 42 welia varsebobT da Semdeg 7 weliwadSi amerikis doneze viqnebiT, gaswrebisas ki xelsac dagiqnevT~. Tan sabWoTa muSebze miuTiTebia da ukiTxavs: `gana eseni arian mona mSromelebi?~ niqsons, Tavis mxriv, TanamSromlobis aucileblobaze uTqvams: rogorc amerikeli da sabWoTa muSebi TanamSromlobdnen am gamofenis mowyobisas, sxvaganac aseve warmatebiT viTanamSromlebTo. mTavaria, ideebis gacvlis ar geSinodeT, miT umetes, rom Tqven yvelaferi ar iciT Cven Sesaxebo. amaze gabrazebul xruSCovs ki sakmaod xmamaRla da uxeSad ganucxadebia: `SeiZleba me raRac ar vicode, magram Tqven saerTod araferi iciT komunizmis Sesaxeb, garda imisa, rom geSiniaT misi!~

politika

sabWoTa moqalaqeebs televizorebis zomiTa da mravalfervnebiT akvirveben

niqsonisa da xruSCovis dava sayofacxovrebo teqnikis pavilionSi gagrZelebula: xruSCovi Turme ambobda, sjobs sarecxis manqanis erTi modeli arsebobdes, vidre mravalio, razec niqsons upasuxia, rom namdvilad sjobda sxvadasxva saxis sarecx manqanebze dava, vidre raketebze. am sityvebs xruSCovi Zalian gaubrazebia da niqsonisTvis uyviria: `Tqveni generlebi amboben, raketebSi unda SevejibroT da Tqven iseTi Zlieri raketebi gaqvT, rom gagvanadgurebT, magram Cvenc SegviZlia iseTi ram gaCvenoT, rac rusuli sulis Zlierebas gamoxatavs. Cven Zlierebi varT da SegviZlia dagamarcxoT~. amaze amerikis vice-prezidents mSvidad aRuniSnavs, rom ultimatumebis ena aravis gamoadgeboda da omis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare wagebuli darCeboda. xruSCovs daTmoba ar undoda, `Tu Tqven damuqrebas apirebT, muqaraze muqariTve gipasuxebT~, – iqadneboda, Tumca, sabolood, ucdia saubris mSvidobianad dasruleba da uTqvams: `Cven mSvidoba gvinda yvelasTan da, gansakuTrebiT, amerikasTan~, rasac niqsonic daTanxmebia da aRuniSnavs, rom amerikasac igive surda. `gulaxdili~ saubrebi Semdeg dReebSic gagrZelebula. xruSCovi yveboda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri mTavar aqcents ara bombdamSenebze, aramed raketebze akeTebda, vinaidan raketebi ufro zusti iaraRi iyo, naklebi mfrinavi ewireboda da nakleb emocias iwvevda. wyalqveSa navebze ki uTqvams: imdens avagebT, ramdensac SevZlebTo.

ori qveynis liderebi saerTaSoriso politikis Temebsac Sehxebian da prokomunisturi reJimebis mxardaWerazec usaubriaT. xruSCovi miiCnevda, rom Tu kapitalistebi zogierT qveyanaSi mSvidobianad ar daTmobdnen Zalauflebas, maSin Zalis gamoyeneba iqneboda saWiro. amaze niqsons upasuxia, rom Tu sabWoeTi yvelgan daexmareboda aseT revoluciebs, viTareba SeiZleba kontrolidan gamosuliyo. `Tqven migaCniaT, rom amerika mudam mtyuania, sabWoTa kavSirs ki arasodes araferi eSleba. aseTi gziT mSvidoba ver damyardeba~, – ganucxadebia niqsons. paralelurad, niqsoni xruSCovisa da eizenhaueris momaval Sexvedrazec muSaobda da molaparakebebs awarmoebda. marTlac, 1959 wlis 15 seqtembers nikita xruSCovi amerikaSi Cavida da iq 27 seqtembramde darCa. eizenhauers undoda, rom xruSCovis viziti mxolod 2-3 dRes gagrZelebuliyo, magram xruSCovma 10-dRiani stumroba moiwyo. roca prezidents hkiTxes, ra undoda mas, rom xruSCovs enaxa amerikaSi, pirvel rigSi leviTaunebi daasaxela – `naxos, Tu rogor cxovroben muSebi. agreTve minda Cems mSobliur qalaq abelinSi Cavides, sadac mTeli axalgazrdoba TavauReblad vmuSaobdi. saerTod, naxos Tavisufali da bednieri xalxi!~ amerikis kongresSi erTi ambavi amtydara, roca warmoidgines, rom SeiZleboda `wiTeli bosi~ kongresis orive palatis gaer-

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1947 wels vinme uiliam levitma, samxedro-sazRvao flotisTvis SemuSavebuli iafi asawyobi saxlebis teqnologiis gamoyenebiT, manhetenidan 30 miliT daSorebul koni-ailendze swrafad aaSena 4 aTasi saxli da omis axalgazrda veteranebs miaqirava, romlebsac surdaT qalaqebis gadatvirTuli centraluri raionebis datoveba da mSoblebisgan gancalkevebiT cxovreba. 1951 wlisTvis es dasaxleba, romelsac sakuTari saxelis ukvdavsayofad uiliam levitma leviTauni Searqva, ukve 17 aTasi saxlisagan Sedgeboda. male levitma kidev ori aseTi qalaqi aaSena.

Tianebul sxdomaze gamosuliyo. warmomadgenelTa palatis umravlesobis lideri imdenad anerviulebula, rom gadadgomazec ki alaparakebula. konservatorTa axalgazrda ideologi uiliam bakli ki Turme mdinare hudsonis wiTeli saRebaviT SeRebvas – `sisxlis mdinared~ qcevas – apirebda, rom simbolurad gamoexata komunisturi danaSaulebi. xruSCovi, marTalia, ewvia kongress, magram mxolod senatorTa jgufs Sexvda da maT SekiTxvebs sabWoTa propagandis saukeTeso tradiciebisamebr upasuxa. rodesac mas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da, gansakuTrebiT ki, gdr-ze hkiTxes, uTqvams, rom mas ar exeboda, radgan mxolod sabWoTa kavSirs warmoadgenda – maT problemebze maTve hkiTxeTo. daaxloebiT aseve laparakobs putini, rodesac mas afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis okupaciaze ekiTxebian – etyoba, visi memkvidrec aris. Tavad prezidenti eizenhaueri fiqrobda, rom yvela Sansi unda gamoeyenebina samSvidobo iniciativebisTvis. `Cven dRes adamianTa modgmaze vlaparakobT, Tu ra SeiZleba mas mouvides.… omis samzadisze weliwadSi 41 miliard dolars vxarjavT, amitomac nebismieri prezidenti, romelic ar gamoiyenebs Tavisi prestiJis an energiis ukanasknel atoms, rom es uzomo xarjebi aicilos, amerikeli xalxis gakicxvis Rirsi iqneba~, – ambobda igi. saerTod, eizenhauers swamda, rom III msoflio omis mogebis erTaderTi saSualeba am omis Tavidan acileba iyo. nikita xruSCovi da duait eizenhaueri

xruSCovs amerikaSi sapatio Sexvedra mouwyes. aeroportSi Tavad eizenhaueri daxvda, maT manqanebs vaSingtonSi sapatio samxedro eskorti acilebda, mTeli dedaqalaqi quCaSi iyo gamofenili. pirvelive Sexvedraze orive lideri mSvidobaze alaparakda. aikma (ase uwodebdnen eizenhauers) xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom xruSCovs hqonda Sansi istoriaSi Sesuliyo, rogorc yvela drois udidesi saxelmwifo moRvawe, Tuki mas daexmareboda civi omis dasrulebaSi.

politika xruSCovma eizenhauers saCuqrad sabWoeTis bolodroindeli kosmosuri warmatebis – sabWoTa xelovnuri Tanamgzavris mier mTvareze datovebuli vimpelis asli aCuqa. aseTi saCuqari sabWoeTis Zalis kidev erTi demonstrireba iyo.

Sirli makleini da nikita xruSCovi

rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv Sexvedrebze xruSCovi warmoudgenlad bevrs trabaxobda da usafuZvlo gancxadebebs akeTebda. magaliTad, Camosvlis pirvelsave dRes, mis pativsacemad gamarTul wveulebaze, eizenhauers sapasuxo sadRegrZeloSi aseTi ram uTxra: `marTalia, dRes Tqven Cvenze mdidrebi xarT, magram xval Cven TqvensaviT gavmdidrdebiT, zeg ki Tqvenze mdidrebi viqnebiT!~ qalaq pitsburgSi gamarTul Sexvedraze xruSCovma ganacxada: `RmerTma uwyis, ra gansxvavebaa Tqvens partiebs Soris, Tqven TviTon gaerkvieT amaSi. Cemi azriT, maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris… Cveni erTi komunisturi partia Tqvens ors sjobs~. Tu sabWoTa Jurnalistebi xruSCovis nebismier qcevasa da gamonaTqvamSi genialobis marcvals eZiebdnen, sensaciebis moyvaruli amerikuli presa Zalze erToboda xruSCovis am ucnaurobebiT.

nikita xruSCovi hoT-dogiT

merilin monro xruSCovis pativsacemad gamarTul lanCze

vizitisas yvelaze mTavari iyo kemp-devidSi, uSualod or liders Soris gamarTuli molaparakeba. TviT eizenhaueri sasiamovnod iyo gakvirvebuli vizitis bolo dReebiT da xruSCovi kemp-devidis maxloblad mdebare Tavis fermaSic ki gadaafrina, sadac Tavisi vaJiSvilis, devidis, meuRle da Svilebi gaacno. xruSCovma eizenhaueris SviliSvilebi sabWoTa kavSirSi miiwvia, rasac maTi babuis dapatiJebac mohyva – 1960 wlis gazafxulze SeTanxmdnen. rogorc Cans, aiki marTlac raRac monstrs elodeboda da moewona xruSCovis mcdeloba, megobruli yofiliyo. igi `mSvidobiani kompromisebis momxred gamoiyureboda“, – ixsenebda eizenhaueri. kemp-devidis Sexvedrebis Semdeg gamoqveynebul komunikeSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom prezidentebs Soris gaimarTa gulaxdili saubari da imedi gamoiTqva, rom azrTa gacvla xels Seuwyobda erTmaneTis poziciebis ukeT gagebas da, Sesabamisad, xangrZlivi mSvidobis miRwevas. orive lideris azriT, Tanamedrove samyaroSi umTavresi iyo ganiaraRebis problema da orive mxare ecdeboda konstruqciuli gadawyvetilebis miRwevas. germaniis problemebs rac Seexeba, mxolod

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maTi ganxilviTa da poziciebis dafiqsirebiT Semoifarglnen. orive mxarem aRiara, rom yvela umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi ara Zalis, aramed mSvidobiani molaparakebis meSveobiT unda gadawyvetiliyo. uSualod ormxriv urTierTobebze iTqva, rom or qveyanas Soris vaWrobis ganviTarebis sakiTxi ganixiles, agreTve SeTanxmdnen gacvliT programebze. rogorc vxedavT, konkretuli SeTanxmebebi sakmaod umniSvnelo iyo da seriozuli SeTanxmeba ki vercerT sakamaTo saerTaSoriso sakiTxze ver moxerxda. samagierod, sagrZnoblad Semcirda daZabuloba or qveyanas Soris. udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda aseTi Zalauflebis mqone ori lideris mSvidobismoyvare ritorikas, TanamSromlobis survilsa da maT Soris piradi kontaqtis damyarebas. `vaSington posti~ TiTqosda maTi piradi megobrobis dasawyiszec alaparakda, rac erTi wliT adre sruliad warmoudgeneli iqneboda. aseTi gansxvavebuli adamianebis megobrobaze saubari, albaT, ga-

pauersi gafrenis win

daWarbebuli iyo, magram ori mtruli saxelmwifos lideris pirad megobrobaze saubari mainc gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqti iyo. rac mTavaria, orivem gaacnobiera da aRiara atomuri omis uperspeqtivoba, rogorc katastrofa sakuTari qveynebisa Tu mTeli planetisTvis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT or banaks Soris arsebul daZabulobas, es udavod didi miRweva iyo. Tavis mxriv, xruSCovmac dapatiJa eizenhauerebis mTeli ojaxi da prezidenti gaexumra kidec, imdeni CamovalT, veRar agvixvalT eizenhauerebso. aSSis prezidents imedi hqonda, rom am vizitidan atomuri iaraRis gamocdis akrZalvis xelSekruleba darCeboda da piradad daasrulebda civ oms, rasac Tavisi prezidentobis mTavar misiad miiCnevda. am molaparakebebs eizenhauerma araerTxel uwoda yinulis galRobis dasawyisi. da marTlac, misi popularoba, romelic `sputnikis~ Semdeg 49 procentamde iyo dacemuli, xruSCovis vizitis Semdeg kvlav gaizarda da 66 procents miaRwia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am vizits sabWoTa kavSirSic udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWes.

reportaJi pauersis sasamarTlodan

1957 wlis 4 oqtombers sabWoTa xelovnuri Tanamgzavris, e.w. `sputnikis~ gasvla dedamiwis orbitaze amerikisTvis Sokis momgvreli aRmoCnda da seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna qveynis usafrTxoebas. `sputnikis~ samecniero eqsperimentma daadastura, rom SeiZleboda sabWoTa raketis, maT Soris, wyalbadis iaraRiT aRWurvilis, planetis nebismier wertilSi gaSveba. amerikis bunebrivma strategiulma zRudeebma, wynari da atlantis okeaneebis saxiT, dakarga TavdacviTi funqcia. manamde amerikelebi darwmunebuli iyvnen TavianT usafrTxoebasa da samecniero winsvlaSi, rogorc qveyana, romelsac msoflioSi saukeTeso universitetebi da samecniero-kvleviTi centrebi hqonda. sjerodaT, rom maTi saraketo programa win uswrebda CamorCenil ruseTs. sabWoTa mecnierebisa da mrewvelobis am warmatebam ki saqme sxvadgvarad warmoaCina da or sistemas Soris gaCaRebul SejibrSi aSkarad gamoikveTa amerikis susti mxare. zogierTma am movlenas `teqnologiuri perl-harboric~ ki uwoda.

politika samwuxarod, am dadebiTi tendenciebis Semdgom ganviTarebas udidesi ziani miayena amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavis – U-2-is ambavma. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs calkeuli, zogjer SemTxveviTi, faqtebis zemoqmedebas udidesi mniSvnelobis movlenebze. jer kidev 1956 wlidan amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavebi regularulad dafrinavdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sahaero sivrceSi, magram frenis simaRle imdenad didi iyo, rom sabWoTa sazenito danadgarebi ver swvdebodnen maT da verc am faqts amtkicebdnen. parizSi dagegmil Sexvedramde 6 TviT adre eizenhauerma am frenebis Sewyveta moiTxova, magram dazvervam da Tavdacvis saministrom daarwmunes, rom ar Seewyvita es operacia, miT umetes, rom – safrTxis SemTxvevaSi TviTmfrinavica da pilotic ganadgurdebodnen, Sesabamisad, arc mowme iqneboda da arc faqti. SeTanxmdnen, rom or ukanasknel gafrenas Caatarebdnen, raTa sabWoTa kavSirSi mSenebare axali samxedro bazis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informacia mieRoT da prezidentmac piradad darTo amis neba. roca 1960 wlis 1 maiss, anu xruSCovisa da eizenhaueris `daZmobilebidan~ 8 Tvis Semdeg, sabWoTa raketam es mzveravi TviTmfrinavi Camoagdo, amerikelebma gamoacxades, rom es mxolod da mxolod amindis Semswavleli TviTmfrinavi iyo, romelsac gza aebna. amerikelebma ar icodnen, rom TviTmfrinavis piloti pauersi paraSutiT gadmoxta da gadarCa, xolo rodesac igi sabWoTa jariskacebma daakaves, yvelaferi Tqva Tavisi misiis

Jurnal TIME-is garekani, eZRvneba 1960 wlis parizis didi oTxeulis samits

Sesaxeb. sabWoTa sasamarTlom mas 10 weli miusaja, magram male igi datyvevebul sabWoTa mzveravebSi gacvales. 8 maiss xruSCovma pauersis Sesaxeb gaakeTa gancxadeba da amerikelebs sabWoTa kavSiris sahaero sivrcis darRvevasa da cru axsna-ganmartebebSi dasdo brali, rac, amerikelTaTvis samwuxarod, absoluturad Seesabameboda sinamdviles. piradad eizen-

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denti, aseve axali saxelmwifo mdivani imasac gulisxmobdnen, rom aseTi frenebi kvlavac gagrZeldeboda. zogierTi eqsperti miiCnevs, rom am movlenam SeaCera civi omis dasasruli. eizenhaueric nanobda – ori weli mivdiodi amisaken da TviTmfrinavis sulelurma istoriam CaSala es dazavebao.

nikita xruSCovi da Sarl de goli parizis samitze

hauerTan sabolood rom ar gaefuWebina urTierToba, xruSCovma isic ganacxada, rom albaT amerikis prezidentma ar icoda amis Sesaxeb da es samxedroebis damoukidebeli qmedeba iyoo. magram eizenhauerma simarTle ar damala da sakuTar Tavze aiRo mTeli pasuxismgebloba.

am viTarebaSi, 1960 wlis maisSi parizSi umaRlesi donis didi oTxeulis Sexvedra gansakuTrebuli dramatizmiT warimarTa. Sexvedraze unda gadawyvetiliyo ganiaraRebisa da berlinis problema, magram xruSCovma molaparakebebis winapirobad amerikul mxares mosTxova bodiSis moxda, am frenebis organizatorTa dasja da dapireba, rom amerika arasodes daarRvevda sabWoTa kavSiris suverenitets. rodesac es eizenhauerma gaigo, miiCnia, rom xruSCovs Sexvedris CaSla surda da Sexvedris win amerikuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi samxedro mzadyofnaSi moiyvana. Sexvedris dawyebisTanave xruSCovma sityva moiTxova da Tavisi braldebebi wamoayena, rac gascda oficialuri protokolis stils. man aRniSna, rom mas uRalata Sarl de goli (1890-1970)

1960 wlis 11 maiss gamarTul preskonferenciaze eizenhauerma daadastura saxelmwifo departamentis aRiareba momxdar faqtTan dakavSirebiT da ganacxada, rom es iyo dazvervisaTvis aucilebeli qmedeba. `aravis unda axali perl harbori. es ki niSnavs, rom Cven sruli informacia unda gvqondes msoflioSi arsebuli samxedro Zalebisa da mzadebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki, maT Sesaxeb, visganac marTlac SesaZlebelia moulodneli masirebuli dartyma. gasaidumloebis suliskveTeba sabWoTa kavSirSi imdenad didia, rom, demokratiuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, iq marTlac SesaZlebelia aseTi masirebuli dartymis saidumlod momzadeba. es ki dazvervis operaciebis gansakuTrebul gasaidumloebas moiTxovs da, bunebrivia, Cveni Cveulebrivi struqturebi ar arian informirebuli amis Sesaxeb. es arcTu lamazi, magram sasicocxlo aucileblobaa~. am gancxadebebSi rogorc prezi-

politika adamianma, romelsac igi megobrad miiCnevda da aRniSna, rom sabWoTa xalxi veRar miiwvevda mas stumrad da viziti unda gadadebuliyo. eizenhaueri WarxaliviT gawiTlda da Zlivs Seikava Tavi. man upasuxa, rom U-2-is frenebi ki Sewydeboda, magram saWiro iyo gaeros egidiT `Ria cis~ proeqtis ganxorcieleba. makmilanmac urCia xruSCovs, ufro realisti yofiliyo, miT umetes, rom dazvervas yvela qveyana awarmoebda. Sarl de goli ufro mkvaxe aRmoCnda da Seaxsena xruSCovs, rom uaxlesi sabWoTa Tanamgzavri yoveldRe da mravaljer dafrinavda safrangeTis Tavze, Tanac, Tu xruSCovi ar apirebda molaparakebebs, ratom Camoiyvana es liderebi am Sexvedraze. magram xruSCovma araviTari argumenti ar miiRo da meore dRes Semdeg sxdomas ubralod aRarc daswrebia. eizenhaueric Zalian gabrazebuli yofila da axloblebSi raRa ar uwodebia xruSCovisTvis. Tumca misi oficialuri gancxadeba, 16 maisiT daTariRebuli, bunebrivia, sruliad sxva stilisa iyo: man sinanuli gamoTqva, rom seriozuli molaparakebebis nacvlad, es umniSvnelovanesi Sexvedra propagandistuli miznebisTvis gamoiyenes – Cven gacilebiT seriozuli da mravali mizani gvaqvs am konferenciaze da sawyenia, rom xruSCovi moskovidan parizSi am konferenciis sabotaJisTvis Camovidao. samSobloSi dabrunebul eizenhauers triumfi eloda. rogorc `Cikago tribuni~ werda, mas amerikaSi, rogorc gmirs, ise daxvdnen da 1957 wlis Semdeg es iyo xalxis yvelaze didi raodenoba, romelic mis misasalmeblad gamovida. es yvelaferi dasturi iyo, rom amerikelTa mniSvnelovani nawili iwonebda konferenciaze sakuTari prezidentis qmedebas. gelapis gamokiTxvebSic misma popularobam 4 procentiT aiwia da sakmaod solidur – 58 procents miaRwia. telegamosvlaSi umaRlesi Sexvedris CaSlaSi man brali xruSCovs dasdo da sabWoeTis mier U-2-is incidentis gamZafreba TvalTmaqcobad Seafasa. isic dasZina, rom sabWoTa agentebi mudam cdilobdnen amerikis samxedro potencialis

ronald reigani da mixeil gorbaCovi moskovSi, wiTel moedanze

civi omi

dazvervas. kidev erTxel xazi gausva, rom swori gadawyvetileba iyo frenebis gagrZeleba, Tundac parizis Sexvedris win, da perl harboric gaixsena – rodesac iaponelebi amerikasTan molaparakebebis paralelurad Tavdasxmas amzadebdnen da aRniSna – ase rom, movaleni varT, mudam fxizlad viyoTo. amrigad, civi omi dasrulda ara 1960, aramed 1988 wels, wiTel moedanze ronald reiganis cnobili gancxadebis Sedegad (1988 wlis 31 maiss, rodesac Zalze karg ganwyobaze myofi reigani gorbaCovTan erTad miseirnobda wiTel moedanze da moskovelebs xvdeboda, cnobilma amerikelma Jurnalistma sam donaldsonma hkiTxa aSS-is prezidents, kidev miiCnevT sabWoTa kavSirs borotebis imperiado. reiganma upasuxa: `ara, me vlaparakobdi sxva drois Sesaxeb, sxva epoqis Sesaxeb~). Tumca, rasakvirvelia, es TariRic pirobiTi da simboluria da, realurad, civi omi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 1991 wels, dasrulda. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 1960 wels civi omis dasruleba marto am ori mTavari moqmedi piris neba-survilze ar iyo damokidebuli. maT ukan didi gavlenis politikuri Zalebi idgnen, romelTac ar undodaT daZabulobis aseTi swrafi Semcireba, danarCen msoflioSi ZalTa ganlagebac sakmaod rTuli iyo da komunizmis ideas jer kidev mravali momxre hyavda. amasTan, isic faqtia, rom urTierTobis radikaluri gaumjobeseba namdvilad iyo SesaZlebeli da iqneb arc 1962 wlis karibis saraketo krizisi momxdariyo, romelmac msoflio lamis mesame msoflio omis dawyebis winaSe daayena. sxvaTa Soris, 1964 wels xruSCovis gadayenebis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom, sabWoTa liderebis azriT, am krizisis dros man sisuste gamoamJRavna da ar unda daeTmo kenedisTvis. asea Tu ise, 1960 wels eizenhaueris viziti sabWoTa kavSirSi ar gaimarTa da aSS-is pirveli prezidenti, romelic moskovSi Cavida, sworedac rom vice-prezidentis rangSi ukve namyofi riCard niqsoni iyo, xolo civi omis dasrulebis pativi ukve, gacilebiT gvian, ronald reigans xvda wilad.

ganaTleba

Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis istoria

ana margvelaSvili

1918 wels, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada da germaniasTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebebi dado, qveyanaSi germanuli saimperatoro samxedro misia Semovida, general kres fon kresenStainis meTaurobiT. misiam saqarTveloSi sul ramdenime Tve dahyo, Tumca am mokle xanSi, uSualod kresenStainis ZalisxmeviT, araerT erTobliv, anu qarTul-germanul iniciativas Caeyara safuZveli kulturisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi. ormxriv TanamSromlobas da sxvadasxva iniciativis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi da, gansakuTrebiT, TbilisSi mcxovrebi germanuli Temis da progermanulad ganwyobili sxva sazogadoebrivi da politikuri jgufebis Tu individebis (mag., saqarTvelos germaniaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli moqalaqeebi) aqtiuroba da Zalisxmevac. am dros wamowyebul erTobliv qarTul-germanul iniciativebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili eWira TbilisSi umaRlesi safexuris germanulenovan saswavlebels, kerZod, germanul gimnazias, romelic, marTalia, 1918 wels gaixsna, magram am ideis xorcSesxmamde saqarTveloSi da TbilisSi mcxovrebma germanulma Temma xangrZlivi da dabrkolebebiT savse gza ganvlo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi, gimnaziis istoria gaxsnamde mTeli saukuniT adre, 1818 wels, TbilisSi germanuli dasaxlebis – noitiflisis (Neutiﬂis) dafuZnebiT daiwyo. germaniidan, kerZod, baden-viurtembergidan Camosulma 50-mde ojaxma, romlebic, ZiriTadad, xelosnebi da mebaReebi iyvnen, mdinare mtkvris marcxena sanapiro, amJamindeli marjaniSvilis quCis mimdebare teritoria, SearCies sacxovreblad da ramdenadac zamTari ukve kars iyo momdgari, miwuri qoxebis Senebas Seudgnen. swored aq, am qoxebSi, moewyo samlocveloc da saeklesio sakvirao skolac, romlis pirveli maswavlebeli iohanes haldneri gaxldaT. is moswavleebs kviraobiT qadagebebs ukiTxavda, Semdeg ki wera-kiTxvaSi, simRerasa da angariSSi avarjiSebda. swored am iniciativas mohyva kolonistebis Camosaxlebidan 9 TveSi, 1819 wlis ivlisSi, wminda petre-pavles skolis amoqmedeba, romelmac saukuneze met xans iarseba, ganviTarebis grZeli da rTuli gza gaiara da 1918 wels Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis gaxsnis winapirobad iqca.

germanuli gimnazia

noitiflisis baRebi da kirhe 1913 wlis Tbilisis gegmaze

petre-pavles sakvirao, saeklesio skolis gaxsnidan moyolebuli, germanuli Temis da eklesiis dRis wesrigSi mudmivad idga germanulenovani ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebisa da xarisxis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebi. am Temaze fiqrobda, msjelobda da ukeTesi sistemisTvis ibrZoda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germanelebis araerTi Taoba. mTavar sazrunavs, XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli, ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare rusifikaciis politikis fonze, germanulenovani saswavleblis SenarCunebis da 1900-iani wlebidan ki, umaRlesi germanulenovani skolis gaxsnis idea warmoadgenda, romlis damTavrebis Semdegac moswavleebs (da aq ZiriTadad germanelebi igulisxmebodnen) ara ruseTis, aramed germaniis umaRles saswavleblebSi SeeZlebodaT swavlis gagrZeleba. gimnazia swored aseTi – umaRlesi safexuris skola iyo, Tumca misi gaxsna 1918 wlamde ver moxerxda. petre-pavles skolisa da germanuli Temis dauRalavi Sromis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT waikiTxoT 2017 wels gamocemul wignSi „kalendula da lurji Rili“. amjerad ki mxolod gimnaziis istoriaze (1918-1925) da mis germanel pedagogebze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas. zemoT naxsenebi germaniis saimperatoro misiis Semosvlas mohyva TbilisSi germanuli gimnaziis gaxsnaze msjelobis ganaxleba da gadaidga praqtikuli nabijebi. is, rac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi germanuli Temis ocneba iyo da sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver xorcieldeboda, axla realobad iqca:

2017 wels gamocemuli wigni „kalendula da lurji Rili“

1918 wlis 10 ivliss Tbilisis evangelisturma saeklesio mrevlma Seqmna specialuri saskolo komisia, romelmac TbilisSi moqmed germanul erovnul sabWosTan TanxmobiT, gimnaziis dafuZneba gadawyvita. ukve 24 ivliss evangelur-luTeruli eklesiis saeklesio sabWom SuamdgomlobiT mimarTa saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros TbilisSi, eklesiis (kirhe – amJamindeli marjaniSvilis moednis mimdebare teritoria) ezoSi, germanuli realuri gimnaziis gaxsnis Taobaze. evangelur-luTeruli eklesiis winamZRoli imxanad pastori rihard maieri iyo. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam Suamdgomloba 1918 wlis 22 agvistos daakmayofila. germanuli gimnazia sazeimod gaixsna 1918 wlis 15 oqtombers. mis direqtorad maleve dainiSna germaniis qveSevrdomi, saimperatoro misi-

ganaTleba is samxedro xarjebis efreitori, diplomirebuli inJineri martin iekeli, romelsac es Tanamdeboba 1925 wlamde, anu gimnaziis daxurvamde ekava da swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba saswavleblis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis istoria. gimnaziis saqmeebi pirvel wlebSi marTlac kargad midioda, arc direqtori iekeli iSurebda Zalisxmevas, arc pastori maieri da arc germanuli Temis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sityviT, TanxiT da saqmiT edgnen gverdSi am saganmanaTleblo iniciativas. izrdeboda sxvadasxva erovnebis moswavleTa gimnaziaSi moxvedrisa da swavlis survili da sul male es Tavdapirvelad germanelebisTvis gaxsnili skola sakmaod internacionaluri gaxda. metic, gimnaziaSi mosamzadebeli klasebic ki gaixsna im moswavleTaTvis, vinc germanuli ena saTanadod ar icoda. gimnazia yalibdeboda germanuli sagareo kulturis politikis mniSvnelovan kerad amierkavkasiaSi. mag., 1920 wels Tbilisis realuri gimnazia mniSvnelovani axali iniciativiT gamovida, rasac saqarTvelos mTavrobamac dauWira mxari: ramdenadac, rogorc kavkasiis germanuli koloniebis skolebSi, ise im qarTul da rusul skolebSi, sadac germanuli ena iswavleboda, saswavlo personalis nakleboba iyo, gadawyda gaxsniliyo pedagogiuri klasi, romelic erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moamzadebda germanuli enis maswavleblebs. Sesabamisi gamocdis Cabarebis Semdeg (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi) kursdamTavrebulebs eqnebodaT germanuli enis swavlebis ufleba. rac Seexeba saswavlo personals, is Sedgeboda rogorc adgilobrivi germanuli Temis warmomadgenlebisgan, ise sagangebod germaniidan movlinebuli pedagogebisagan, romlebic germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros mxardaWeriT da martin iekelis didi mondomebiT 1922 wels ukve sabWoTa TbilisSi Camovidnen. maT Soris gamovyofT fridrix baumhauers da erih vinguTs, romlebic gimnaziaSi germanuls aswavlidnen. gimnazias, direqtorTan erTad, zedamxedvelobas luTeruli eklesiis pastori rihard maieri uwevda, romelic Tan laTinurs aswavlida skolaSi.

wm. petre-pavles elementaruli skolac, gimnaziac da germanulenovani sabavSvo baRic amJamindeli marjaniSvilis moedanze, swored germanuli eklesiis e.w. kirhes garSemo iyo Tavmoyrili da mTlianobaSi es sivrce germanuli kulturuli da saTemo cxovrebis mTavar keras warmoadgenda. Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis administracia da ideis gulSematkivrebi 1918 wels da Semdegac, gimnaziis mudmivi winsvlis fonze, albaT Znelad Tu warmoidgendnen, rom sul ramdenime weliwadSi dramatulad Seicvleboda politikuri viTareba da germanelebis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas kavkasiaSi iseTi daRmasvla eqneboda, rom aseTi warmatebuli saganmanaTleblo iniciativac ki, rogoric gimnazia iyo, mxolod 1925 wlamde iarsebebda. marTlac, gimnaziis dasasrulis dasawyisi 1921 wels saqarTvelos bolSevikuri okupaciiT daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad axal sabWoTa xelisuflebas skolisTvis TiTqos ar ecala, magram cvlilebebi saskolo cxovrebaSi ukve 1922 wlidan gaxda SesamCnevi. jer iyo da skola ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariats daeqvemdebara, saswavlo programidan religiis gakveTili amoiRes, vinaidan ideo-

germanuli gimnazia

logiurad iyo miuRebeli axali mmarTveli klasisTvis da mis nacvlad polit-ekonomiis istoria Semoitanes. Tavdapirvelad skolaSi miRebis ufleba mxolod klasobrivi niSniT dauSves da upiratesoba proletarTa ojaxebs mianiWes, rac umetesi germanuli ojaxis Svilebs skolaSi moxvedris Sanss uspobda. mogvianebiT, gimnaziis direqcias saerTod aukrZales moswavleebis axali nakadis miReba, anu saswavlebeli neli sikvdilisTvis gaiwira: „erTi ram cxadi gaxda: germanuli kulturuli muSaoba sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi mxolod im farglebSi da SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tuki igi klasobrivi brZolis konteqstSi saerTaSoriso proletariatis gaZlierebaze iqneboda mimarTuli“, – ixsenebda mogvianebiT fridrih baumhaueri. okupaciis pirvel wlebSi martin iekeli imeds ar kargavda da Cveuli gulmodginebiT ganagrZobda gimnaziis ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvas, magaliTad, sxvadasxva klasisa Tu ganayofisTvis germaniidan pedagogebis mozidvas. erT-erTi kandidatis pasuxi kidev erTxel naTlad dagvanaxebs, Tu rogor iyo gazrdili politikuri wnexi 1923 wlisaTvis da Tu ra uaryofiTi gavlena hqonda mimdinare politikur procesebs gimnaziaze da mTlianad kavkasiaSi mcxovreb germanul

pastori rihard maieri

Temze: „iZulebuli var gacnoboT, rom Cemi ganacxadi ukan unda gaviTxovo da, samwuxarod, uari unda vTqva Tbilisis realuri gimnaziis pedagogiuri ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis poziciaze. imitom, rom ar SemiZlia uarvyo Cemi politikuri Sexedulebebi da sruliad upartio pozicia davikavo. me, rogorc Tanamedrove moqalaqes, cxadia, maqvs politikuri Sexedulebebi da ver uarvyof maT da verc neitralur axsna-ganmartebebs davwer. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan ver miviReb qveyanaSi Sesvlis uflebas“. 1923 wels mTlianad germanul gimnaziasa da iq momuSave pedagogebze rom ukve mimdinareobda intensiuri TvalTvali, mxolod 1924 wels gaxda cnobili, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam germanul skolaze namdvili ieriSi miitana. marTlac, germanul gimnazias realurad 1924-1925 wlebSi Seuties, Tumca amisTvis niadagi ukve Semzadebuli iyo. garda imisa, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis zogadad miuRebeli aRmoCnda erovnuli jgufebis saqmianoba, miT umetes, mkveTrad gamoxatuli religiuri miswrafebebiT, 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis Semdeg Cans, ufro meti kontroli dawesda yvela mimarTulebiT da TvalTvalic gaZlierda: „komunisturi partiis germanulma ganyofilebam ieriSi miitana germanul institutebze. 1924 wlis dasawyisSi gauqmda germanuli erovnu-

Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis direqtori, doqtori martin iekeli (Sss arqivi; fondi #6; saqme # 24401; tomi 1; gv. 173)

ganaTleba li sabWo, mas gazeTi „Kaukasische Post“ mihyva. mis nacvlad komunisturi germanuli gazeTi gamouSves, magram mas mkiTxveli ar hyavda da male ukvalod gaqra. mxolod 1924 wels gaxda SesaZlebeli baqoSi axali, komunisturi suliskveTebis gazeTis gamocema. 1924/25 saskolo wlis dasawyisSi ki mTavari dartyma ganxorcielda“, – werda mogvianebiT pedagogi fridrih baumhaueri.

gimnaziis germanuli enis pedagogi, fridrih baumhaueri, ucxoenovani (aragermanuli) klasis moswavleebTan erTad eqskursiaze, 1924 w. (F. Baumhauer, Werden und Vergehen des Deutschen Realgymnasiums, 164-170)

gadaRebulia Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis win. marcxnidan meore: kavkasiis mkvlevari, Rvawlmosili pedagogi karl fon hani; meoTxe: direqtori martin iekeli. marjvniv, bolos: wamyvani pedagogi baumhaueri, 1923 w., alfred navraTis foto, misive wignidan `medeas samefoSi~.

Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis saxelze mosuli werilis konverti (Sss arqivi; fondi 6 # ; saqme # 24401; tomi 1; gv. 365)

mTavari dartyma gimnaziis direqtoris martin iekelisa da ori wamyvani pedagogis, 1922 wlidan saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germaniis qveSevrdomebis – erih vinguTisa da fridrih baumhaueris dapatimreba iyo 1924 wlis oqtomberSi. dapatimrebisas gaiCxrika samive eWvmitanilis bina Tu samuSao adgili, anu skola, saidanac piradi da saqmiani mimowera da sxva dokumentacia amoiRes „samarTaldamcavebma“. maTi dakavebis da dakiTxvis procesis Sesaxeb informacia Semonaxulia saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. saqmeebSi aRniSnulia, rom, magaliTad, martin iekeli aq kres fon kresenStainis datovebuli kadria, politikuri SexedulebiT monarqisti da rom is aris im germanuli dajgufebis wevri, romelic antisabWoTa saqmianobas eweva koloniebSi da germanul saswavlebelSi. gamoZiebas aseve saeWvod miaCnda martin iekelis im dRemde SemorCenili kontaqti general kres fon kresenStainTan; amis sabuTad Cxrekisas amoRebuli erTi sakmaod uwyinari Sinaarsis werili mohyavdaT. gamoZiebas aseve hqonda informacia, rom TiTqos amierkavkasiaSi moqmedebda didi germanuli organizacia, romelic kontrrevoluciur propagandas warmarTavda da, magaliTad, koloniebs Sovinisturi literaturiT amaragebda. rac Seexeba fridrih baumhauers, gamoZiebis informaciiT, is monarqistuli da nacionalisturi SexedulebebiT gamoirCeoda da moswavleebSi, romelTa Soris bevri qarTveli iyo, sakmaod maRali avtoritetiT sargeblobda, rac ideebis gavrcelebisTvis noyier niadags uqmnida. igi samecniero naSromebisa da kvlevebis TavmoyriT iyo dakavebuli da maT wignad gamocemas apirebda, romelic, didi albaTobiT, sabWoTa sinamdvilesa da rig politikur sakiTxebs Seexeboda. gamoZieba varaudobda, rom baumhaueri antisabWoTa ideebs avrcelebda axalgazrdebSi. dakavebulebs brali antisabWoTa propagandaSi da agentobaSi edebodaT da maTi ganTavisufleba (m. iekelisa – 25 dRis Semdeg, baumhaueris da vinguTis ki – 14 dReSi) mxolod germaniis konsulis – oto fon vezendonkis Carevisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli, rasac xeli arasakmaris-

germanuli gimnazia

ma mtkicebulebebmac Seuwyo. ganTavisuflebis Semdeg maT araTu skolaSi dabrunebis, qveyanaSi darCenis uflebac ki ar miecaT da 1925 wels samivem iZulebiT datova saqarTvelo da is sayvareli saqme, romelsac amdeni weli emsaxurebodnen. germaniaSi dabrunebis Semdeg gimnaziisa da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb araerTi statia gamoaqveyna fridrih baumhauerma, romelic zemoT naxseneb da gamoZiebis mier saeWvod miCneul samecniero masalas mxolod da mxolod samecniero miznebisTvis agrovebda da gamoiyena kidec Tavis statiebsa da gamocemebSi, romlebic dRes erT-erTi saintereso da mTavari wyaroa gimnaziis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis. martin iekelis skolis xelmZRvanelis poziciidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg skola „komunistur mmarTvelobaSi“ gadavida da direqtoris adgili baltiispireTidan Camosaxlebulma germanelma, vinme amxanagma nikvicma daikava, romelmac sul ramdenime kviraSi SeZlo moeryia manamde arsebuli sanimuSo saskolo disciplina da moswavleebTan da personalTan konfliqtSic Sevida. es konfliqti sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis gaxda formaluri sababi, rom gimnazia daexuraT. 1925 wlis dasawyisSi da Semdgomac Tbilisis realur gimnaziaSi ganviTarebul movlenebze araerTi masala gamoqveynda germanul presaSi da germanuli gimnaziis mimarT aseTi simkacre, zogadad, ideologiur dapirispirebas da, ufro konkretulad, 1924 wlis warumatebel ajanyebas daukavSires. marTlac, gimnaziisa da misi pedagogebis Seviwroeba mxolod dasawyisi iyo. Semdeg wlebSi etapobrivad daixura sxva germanuli dawesebulebebic, mag., Tbilisis germanuli hospitali. rac Seexeba 1930-iani wlebis represiebs, cxadia, is germanul Temsac sruli sisastikiT Seexo: 1933 wels jer evangelur-luTeruli eklesia daxures, Semdeg misi bolo pastori, wm. petre-pavles skolis xelmZRvaneli da Tbilisis germanuli gimnaziis zedamxedveli rihard maieri daapatimres da, didi albaTobiT, daxvrites. aRsaniSnavia, rom TanamedroveTa mexsierebam germanuli skola swored „maieris skolis~ saxeliT Semoinaxa. 1941 wels, ssrk Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis 7 N 44 dadgenilebis safuZvelze „saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da somxeTis sabWoTa respublikebidan germanelTa gasaxlebis Sesaxeb~, germanelebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, xolo kirhe 1946 wels germanel samxedro tyveebs daangrevines.

aleqsandersdorfi da noitiflisi ruqaze

mixeilis gamziri (noitiflisi)

TbilisSi mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze germanuli dasaxlebis perspeqtiuli gegma

diplomatia

sulxan-saba

sulxan salaZe

XVIII saukunis dasawyisis samefo-samTavroebad daSlil saqarTveloSi Znelia meore im masStabis diplomatis, mecnieris, mwerlis da politikosis gaxseneba, rogoric iyo sulxan-saba orbeliani. sulxan-sabas xsenebisas misi mwerlobidan yvelaze xSirad „sibrZne sicruisa“ axsendebaT, samecniero moRvaweobidan – „sityvis kona“, xolo diplomatiis da politikis mimarTulebidan – misi mogzauroba evropaSi. „meTxuTmete kaci“ simarTle rom iTqvas, CvenSi sulxan-saba orbelianis mier 1713-1716 wlebSi evropaSi mowyobili mogzaurobis Sesaxeb bevri araferi viciT. ufro zustad, lamis mTeli qveyana orbelianis evropaSi mogzaurobas cnobili qarTveli poetis, muxran maWavarianis leqsiT „saba“ icnobs, romelic ase iwyeba: „orbeliani ludoviko meToTxmetesTan alodines da... meTxuTmete kacad Sevida...“ es striqonebi am leqsis erT-erTi yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli adgilia. ara imitom, rom yvelaferi zustad ise iyo, rogorc leqsSia, aramed imitom, rom XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis samefos mier diplomatiuri misiiT evropaSi wamowyebuli mogzaurobis warumateblad dasrulebaSi xSirad ludoviko (lui) XIV-s adanaSauleben. im ludovikos, vinc sulxan-saba „alodina“ da „meTxuTmete“ kacad miiRo.

sulxan-saba

leT saqarTvelos kaTolikosis warmomadgeneli, qarTveli daviT beri, vinc frangul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia, rogorc daviT megreli („David Mingrelien”).

სიბრძნე სიცრუისა

სიტყვის კონა

cxadia, Cveni ambis mizani arc muxran maWavarianis leqsis garCevaa da arc safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-is, imave „mefe mzis“ moRvaweobis Sefaseba. es Canaweri qarTlis samefos mier vaxtang VI-is da sulxan-sabas mecadineobiT, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi diplomatiuri misiiT evropaSi mowyobili mogzaurobis frangul nawils da 1723 wels parizSi gamocemul unikalur rukas ukavSirdeba. rukas, romelic safrangeTis mefis samefo kartografma giom delilim sulxan-sabas daxmarebiT Seqmna. sanam sulxan-sabas frangul mogzaurobasa da Tavgadasavalze gadaval, kidev erTi sakiTxi minda davazusto. miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialurad orbeliani qarTlis samefodan iyo, mas marselSi, parizsa Tu romSi gamarTul Sexvedrebze iRebdnen, rogorc saqarTvelos warmomadgenels da ara, rogorc calke aRebuli qarTlis samefos diplomats.

Jan riSaris da sulxan-sabas urTierToba safrangeTidan ar dawyebula. maTi nacnoboba goridan iwyeboda, roca abati Jan riSari iranidan qarTlSi Cavida. swored iranSi yofnis dros unda gaecno riSars vaxtang VI, romlis mesaidumlec gaxda da sulxan-sabas gorSi mefis werili Camoutana. evropaSi diplomatiuri misiiT gamgzavrebis win sulxan-saba orbelianma da Jan riSarma ormoci dRe dasavleT saqarTveloSi dahyves, sadac, ZiriTadad, dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos grigolTan imyofebodnen. swored kaTolikos grigolis warmomadgeneli iyo daviT beri, vinc orbeliansa da riSarTan erTad 1713 wlis agvistoSi evropaSi gaemgzavra. xangrZlivi mogzaurobis, araerTi qveynisa da qalaqis gavlis Semdeg, 1714 wlis ianvarSi sulxan-saba, Jan riSari da daviT beri marselSi Cavidnen, imave wlis martSi ki – parizSi, sadac sabam sastumroSi cxovrebis nacvlad, monasterSi cxovreba airCia.

ludoviko (lui) XIV (1638-1715)

safrangeTSi sulxan-sabas diplomatiur misias sami ZiriTadi mizani hqonda: erTi, romis pap klimenti XI-is da safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-is mxardaWeris mopoveba iranSi, faqtobrivad, tyveobaSi myofi vaxtang VI dasaxsnelad; meore, kaTolikobis gavrceleba-gaZlierebis sakiTxis ganxilva da misioneruli mxardaWeris mopoveba da mesame – saqarTvelos gavliT, iran-indoeTis mimarTulebiT, safrangeTisTvis axali saintereso savaWro gzis SeTavazeba. evropaSi mogzaurobisas sulxan-saba orbelians gverdiT mudam ori adamiani axlda. frangi misioneri Jan riSari da dasav-

diplomatia safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi Casvlamde, parizTan axlos, sulxan-sabas safrangeTis mefis karis ori warmomadgeneli Sexvda. 1714 wlis martSi vaxtang VI-is diplomats lui XIV-is saxelmwifo mdivnis – graf de ponSartrenis saxeliT, mama potie miesalma. parizSi myofma sulxan-saba orbelianma Jan riSaris daxmarebiT aqtiuri diplomatiuri saqmianoba gaaCaRa. erTmaneTis miyolebiT igzavneboda werilebi safrangeTis mefis karze. 1714 wlis 23 marts igi safrangeTis saxelmwifo mdivan graf de ponSartrens swerda:

„me, s xan-saba orb iani, am wigns gwer, da amas gacnob , rom Tquenis maRlis mefis brZan i , wyalobi da niWi , aq dids qalaqs farizs mivediT, da... xtang qarTv T mefis pasux i did naca da Tquen naca mivitane: rod ac gindaT, Tquen n mo l...“ imave wlis 25 marts saxelmwifo mdivans, lui XIV-sTvis warsadgenad, memorandumis teqsti gadasces, romelic orbelianis monawileobiT jer kidev marselSi yofnis dros unda SeedginaT. memorandumis did mniSvnelobaze isic miuTiTebs, rom dokumenti sxvadasxva dros araerTma mecnierma gamoikvlia, maT Soris, mari brosem, aleqsandre Wyoniam, mixeil TamaraSvilma da ilia tabaRuam. meti sicxadisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom memorandumi sulxan-sabas diplomatiuri misiis uaRresad saintereso nawilia da erTgvar srul suraTs warmoadgens, Tu risi miRweva surdaT evropaSi wamowyebuli diplomatiuri mogzaurobiT vaxtang VI-sa da sulxan-sabas. safrangeTSi diplomatiuri misiiT myofi sulxan-saba orbeliani mefe lui XIV-s 1714 wlis april-maisSi orjer Sexvda. am Sexvedrebze, marselSi Sedgenili memorandumis teqstis, vaxtang VI-is dawerili da romis papisa da safrangeTis mefis moxeleebTan parizidan sulxan-sabas mier gagzavnili werilebis garda, versalis sasaxleSi kidev erTi sayuradRebo dokumenti ganixileboda, romlis kvalic, samwuxarod, gamqralia. es iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis mier Sedgenili saqarTvelos xelnaweri ruka, romelic mas saqarTvelodan unda Caetana da romelic jer kidev marselSi yofnis dros gadasca frangebs.

vaxtang VI (1675-1737)

klimenti XI (1649-1721)

sulxan-saba

erTi sityviT, sulxan-saba safrangeTSi mxolod mowyalebis saTxovnelad ar Casula da arc aravin ganixilavda mas lui XIV-is karze „meTxuTmete“ kacad. saba safrangeTSi didi gegmiT da ideiT iyo Casuli, romlis mimarT gulgrili arc frangebi iyvnen. am gegmis da ideis Sesaxeb Txroba, memorandumze saubriT unda daviwyoT. memorandumi safrangeTis mefis karze wardgenili memorandumis SemuSavebaSi sulxan-saba orbelianTan erTad aqtiurad unda yofiliyvnen CarTuli daviT beri, Jan riSari da pier d’arnu, vinc imxanad galerebisa da vaWrobis generaluri intendanti iyo marselSi. pier d’arnu saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli memorandumis teqstis mTavar avtorad miiCneva. imas, Tu ramdenad farTo iyo sakiTxTa wre, rasac mTlianad memorandumi exeboda, dokumentis saTauric mowmobs:

grafi de ponSartreni (1643-1727)

„memorandmumi imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTeba SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, romis kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis, vaWrobis dasamyareblad, rogorc saqarTvelosTan, aseve mis mezobel xalxebTan, meores mxriv, mefis Zalauflebisa da safrangeTis vaWrobis gaZlierebisaTvis levantsa da aRmosavleTSi, TurqebTan da sparselebTan“.

memorandumis Tanaxmad, misi praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis Sedegi ar iqneboda mxolod kaTolikuri rwmenis farTod gavrceleba saqarTvelosa da mezobel qveynebSi. pier d’arnus miaCnda, rom memorandumi, pirvel rigSi, safrangeTis gaZlierebas Seuwyobda xels, met garantiebs miscemda safrangeTis mefis qveSevrdomTa vaWrobas indoeTSi, SezRudavda iq holandielTa savaWro gavlenas, xolo portugalielebs frangebi daimorCilebdnen. ingliselebi, Turqebi da sparsebi ki met pativiscemas gamoiCendnen safrangeTis mefis mimarT. memorandumis teqstSi saqarTvelos sakiTxisTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba udavod sulxan-sabas damsaxurebaa. im droisaTvis safrangeTis rolis gaZliereba TurqeT-iranis gavlenisgan Tavis daRwevis umTavres saSualebad iyo miCneuli. safrangeTis meti interesis gamosawvevad sulxan-saba frangebs iranTan savaWrod saqarTvelos gzis gamoyenebas sTavazobda, xolo Tbilisi frangi vaWrebis mTavari sasawyobo qalaqi unda gamxdariyo.

rogorc pier d’arnu werda, sulxan-sabas miznad hqonda SeeTavazebina winadadeba vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, evropisken mimavali, sparseTis gilanis da Semaxis mxareebSi warmoebuli abreSumi saqarTveloze gaivlida. es rom ubralod idea ar yofila da mas seriozuli msjeloba mohyva, dasturdeba d’arnus CanaweriT, sadac is aRniSnavda, rom sakiTxis safrangeTis mefis karze ganxilvis mizniT man Sesabamisi rukis Sedgena iTxova. marTalia, sulxan-sabas mier SeTavazebuli marSruti mniSvnelovnad amcirebda manamde arsebul savaWro gzas da dros, magram aq sxva sakiTxi iyo jer gadasawyveti. orbeliani am proeqtis ganxorcielebas mxolod vaxatan VI-is sparseTidan gamoxsnis da mis qarTlis taxtze dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi miiCnevda SesaZleblad, raSic qarTvelebs lui XIV unda daxmareboda. cxadia, mxolod vaxtang VI-is, sulxan-sabas da Tundac mTeli qarTlis samefos mondomeba sakmarisi ver iqneboda imisTvis, rom savaWro gzebTan dakavSirebuli SeTavazeba

diplomatia safrangeTSi myof sulxan-sabas aqtiurad ganexila samefo karze. ar arsebobda garantia, rom samefo-samTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelos sxva mxareebi, sadac savaWro gzas unda gaevlo, am ideas SeuerTdebodnen. Tumca, aq isic unda gavixsenoT, rom evropaSi diplomatiuri misiiT mogzaurobis dawyebamde sulxan-sabam da Jan riSarma ormoci dRe dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaatares da, savaraudod, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, am Temazec hqondaT mefe-mTavrebTan saubari. kidev ufro sainteresoa, rom sulxansabas SeTavazebas frangebi sakuTari gzebiT amowmebdnen. am mizniT pier d’arnus safrangeTSi myofi sparsi vaWrisTvis miumarTavs, vinc adre smirnasa da konstantinopolSi Tavad ezideboda abreSums gilanis da Semaxis mxareebidan. vaWris daskvna martivi iyo, Tu yvelaferi gegmis mixedviT wavidoda, sulxan-sabas mier SeTavazebuli gza xmeleTze savaWro qaravnis gadaadgilebas samTve-naxevridan, saSualod, erT Tvemde Seamcirebda. amis Semdeg abreSumi zRviT unda gadaetanaT, rac samegrelodan an afxazeTidan daiwyeboda da tvirTis gadazidvis pirveli nawili konstantinopolSi dasruldeboda. es daskvna imdenad momxibvleli Canda, rom Tu safrangeTi, TurqeTTan da iranTan sakiTxis mogvarebas SeZlebda da abreSumiT

vaWrobis tradiciul marSruts Secvlida, samomavlod abreSumis, cvilis, matylis da endros ZirebiT vaWrobac SeiZleba damateboda, rac uxvad moipoveboda imxanad saqarTveloSi. memorandumSi gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom kargi iqneboda, Tu qarTvelebi bavSvebs saswavleblad safrangeTSi gauSvebdnen. ganixileboda yovelwliurad 16 wlis asaks miRweuli 15-20 axalgazrdis saswavleblad safrangeTSi wayvanis SesaZlebloba. frangul saswavleblebSi isini sxvadasxva saxis, ZiriTadad, samxedro ganaTlebas miiRebdnen. ganawildebodnen: flotSi, qveiT jarSi, artileriaSi da 12-wliani samsaxuris Semdeg saqarTveloSi dabrundebodnen. sabolood, memorandumis paralelurad, vaxtang VI-is da romis papis werilebis, aseve sulxan-sabasa da Jan riSaris werilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac Tan axlda safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-Tan gamarTuli ori Sexvedra, saqarTvelo-safrangeTis SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) proeqti momzadda. marTalia, sulxan-saba orbelianis evropaSi diplomatiuri mogzaurobis mTavari mizani vaxtang VI-is sparseTidan dabrunebis saqmeSi romis papis da safrangeTis mefis daxmarebis mopoveba iyo, magram movle-

vaxtang VI da sulxan-saba, XVIII saukunis miniatura

sulxan-saba

nebis ganviTarebam saqarTvelo jer memorandumis teqstis nawilad aqcia, xolo mogvianebiT, SeTanxmebis gaformebis winapiroba gaaCina. saqarTvelo-safrangeTis SeTanxmebis proeqti, ZiriTadad, memorandumSi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli Canawerebis suliskveTebas imeorebda, magram vaxtang VI-is Tanxmobis gareSe sulxan-saba SeTanxmebis dokuments xels ver moawerda. sabas dokumentze xelis mowerisTvis saWiro mefis sigeli ar gaaCnda. amis miuxedavad, arc frangebs da arc orbelians eWvi ar eparebodaT, rom vaxtang VI pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave moawerda dokuments xels. saqarTvelo-safrangeTis SeTanxmebis proeqtis is versia, romelic sulxan-saba orbelianma waradgina, sul eqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeboda, kerZod: vaxtang VI iRebda valdebulebas, rom safrangeTis konsuls saWiro saxls miscemda TbilisSi; vaxtang VI Tavisi xarjiT Seinaxavda konsuls da safrangeTis mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, vinc saqarTveloze gaivlida an qveyanaSi gaCerdeboda; yovelgvari safrTxisgan daicavda frangi vaWrebis mier sparseTSi gasayid saqonels, romelsac frangebi saqarTveloSi Se-

moitandnen, iseve, rogorc sparseTidan saqarTvelos gavliT safrangeTisTvis gankuTvnil saqonels; vaxtangi gaiRebda xarjs sparseTidan saqonlis Sav zRvamde misatanad da piriqiT – Savi zRvidan sparseTamde; frangebs saWiro sasawyobe Senobebi eqnebodaT rogorc qarTlSi, ise samegreloSi; qarTli daexmareboda frang vaWrebs, samegreloSi da mezobel CerqezeTSi abreSumiT, matyliT, cviliT da sxva saqonliT vaWrobis sakiTxSi. es teqsti mowmobs, rom qarTlis samefos mier aRebuli valdebulebis didi nawili ver Sesruleboda, Tu sakiTxi TurqeTTan da iranTan safrangeTis daxmarebiT ar gadawydeboda. Tumca, TurqeTTan da iranTan sakiTxis mogvareba ar iyo erTaderTi problema, romelic memorandumis da SeTanxmebis teqstebSi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli Canawerebis ganxorcielebas daabrkolebda. saWiro iyo raRac iseTi, rac Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris moqceuli, samefosamTavroebad daSlili saqarTvelos erTianad danaxvas Seuwyobda xels. aseTi ram ki regionis detaluri ruka iyo.

XVII saukuneSi gamocemuli `sityvis kona~

diplomatia

1723 wlis ruka XVIII saukunis dasawyisis evropaSi ar moipoveboda ruka, romelic axal gamowvevas saTanadod upasuxebda. am saqmisTvis franguli kartografiis mamad wodebuli nikola sansonis da misi moswavlis – pier diu valis rukebi ar gamodgeboda. maT rukebze ramdenadac zustad iyo saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro datanili, imdenad arazusti iyo saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilis gamosaxuleba. aRarafers vambob rukaze iseTi mniSvnelovani erTeulebis gamosaxvaze, rogoricaa: gzebi, xidebi, mdinareebi da, rac mTavaria, dasaxlebuli punqtebi. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom evropelbma, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris moqceuli qveynebis da xalxebis pirveli detaluri ruka, Tanadrouli saxiT, frangi kartografis – giom delilis damsaxurebiT ixiles 1723 wels, rodesac parizSi cnobili „kaspiis zRvis mezobeli qveynebis ruka“ daibeWda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom es ruka, gamocemamde rva wliT adre, 1714 wels, safrangeTSi yofnis dros sulxan-sabasgan gaziarebuli informaciis safuZvelze momzadda. rukis legendaSi aRniSnulia: „kaspiis zRvis mimdebare miwebis ruka. Sedgenili mefisTvis am zRvis rukidan, romlis Sesadgenad mefis miTiTebiT ixelmZRvaneles: sulxan-sabas, qarTveli Tavadis xelnawerebiT; sparseTis karze elCebis, batonebis – gruziusis, zurabekisa da fabriciusis CanawerebiT da im ganmartebebiT, romlebic mocemulia am qveynis mravali, saqmeSi Caxeduli adamianis mier, giom delilis, pirveli samefo geografis, samefo mecnierebaTa akademiis wevris, astronomiuli dakvirvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT“. sxva yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, marto rukis legendaSi sulxan-sabas (Sofkam Sabbas) da misi xelnaweris aRniSvna gamodgeba imis dasturad, Tu Tavis droze ramdenad didi roli Seasrula orbelianma am rukis SeqmnaSi. frangma samefo kartografma giom delilim kidev erTi siurprizi moumzada orbelians da rukis legendis paralelurad, rukaze orbelianebis mamuli gamosaxa warweriT: „Saorbela“ da teqstiT: „Damsia Maison du Prince Erest orbeli”, anu tanZia, princi orbelianis samosaxlo (mamuli). es aseTi Sinaarsis erTaderTi aRniSvnaa rukaze da safrangeTis mefis samefo kartografis mxridan sulxan-saba orbelianis Rvawlis dafasebas da misadmi gansakuTrebul pativiscemas gamoxatavs.

sulxan-saba

giom delili (1675-1726)

vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)

rukis Sesaxeb saubars aqve davasrulebdi, magram rukasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani ambavi jerac ar miTqvams. dRemde es ruka pirvel rukad rCeba, sadac saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli toponimebis mniSvnelovani nawili frangulenovan rukaze qarTuli Sesatyvisi toponimebiT aris aRniSnuli. am evropul rukaze pirvelad Cndeba bevri qarTuli dasaxlebuli adgilis Tu mxaris aRmniSvneli terminebi. mag.: „Aichara“ (aWara); „Matchikeli“ (maWaxeli); „Argoueti“ (argveTi); „Oriba“ (okriba); „Kevi“ (xevi); „Tianeti“ (TianeTi), „Pehavi“ (fSavi) da sxva araerTi kidev. rukaze mravlad SexvdebiT dasaxlebul adgilebs, cixeebs, samonastro kompleqsebs, mTebs, gzebs, mdinareebs, xidebs. CvenTvis giom delilis „kaspiis zRvis mezobeli qveynebis rukis“ ori gamocemaa cnobili. maTgan pirveli, jer kidev sulxan-saba orbelianis sicocxleSi, 1723 wels, parizSi daibeWda. Znelia imaze saubari, Tavad sulxan-sabam Tu moaswro am rukis naxva, Tumca delilis rukis meore gamocema rom arasdros unaxavs, zustad viciT. sulxan-saba orbeliani 1725 wels gardaicvala emigraciaSi, rukis meore gamocema ki 1732 wliT TariRdeba da XVIII saukuneSi amsterdamSi arsebul udides sagamomcemlo saxls ukavSirdeba. orive gamocema identuria da mxolod erTi gansxvavebaa – erTis gamocemis adgili parizia, meoris – amsterdami. 1732 wlis gamocema JOHANNES COVENS-is da CORNELIS MORTIER-is sagamomcemlo saxlma dabeWda amsterdamSi. rukas aqtualoba arc 1732 wlis Semdeg daukargavs. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi is umTavres wyarod rCeboda Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebare qveynebiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifoebis Tu kartografebisTvis. ase grZeldeboda manam, sanam 1766 wels parizSi giom delilis Zmam, Jozef nikola delilim, regionis kidev ufro zusti da daxvewili ruka ar gamosca. rukis avtori Jozef nikola delili ki iyo, magram sinamdvileSi igi vaxuSti batoniSvilis saqarTvelos samefos rukis daxvewil frangul versias warmoadgenda. axla giom delilis 1723 wlis rukas mivubrundeT isev da aseTi kiTxva davsvaT: ratom dagvianda sulxan-sabas daxmarebiT momzadebuli rukis gamocema mTeli rva wliT? jer erTi, gamarTuli da kartografiis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi ruka or-sam TveSi an Tundac erT welSi ver momzaddeboda da meorec, am saqmeSi lui XIV-is xeli eria. ufro sworad – misi aRar yofnis.

diplomatia rom ara... 1714 wlis april-maisSi safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-sTan gamarTuli ori Sexvedris da safrangeTis samefo karis warmomadgenlebTan araerTi saqmiani saubris Semdeg, imave wlis ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi, sulxan-saba orbeliani marselidan romSi gaemgzavra. mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac is romSi imyofeboda, grZeldeboda mimowera safrangeTis mefis karTan. werilebis Sinaarsi igive iyo: daxmareba vaxtang VI-is iranidan daxsnis saqmeSi, misionerebis gagzavnis sakiTxis gadawyveta da axali savaWro gzis amoqmedeba. samwuxarod, safrangeTis mefis karze gadawyvetilebebis miReba Wianurdeboda, rasac, biurokratiasTan erTad, isic emateboda, rom, rogorc Cans, safrangeTSi sulxan-sabas diplomatiuri misiiT yofnis Sesaxeb icodnen iranSic. marselsa da parizSi myofi iranis warmomadgenlebi yvelafers akeTebdnen saimisod, rom safrangeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris maT zurgs ukan araferi momxdariyo. Jozef nikola delili (1688-1768)

1715 wlis dasawyisSi sulxan-saba konstantinopolSi Cavida. mimowera safrangeTTan isev grZeldeboda. imave wels, rogorc iqna, saqme nel-nela daiZra da bneli gvirabis bolos sinaTle gamoCnda. dasturad Jan riSaris mier dawerili werili SeiZleba moviyvanoT, sadac is yvela im werils da sabuTs aRniSnavda, romelic gasamgzavreblad mas ukve xelT hqonda. eseni iyo: safrangeTis mefis lui XIV-is werili vaxtang VI-sTvis; sxva werilebi iranis SahisTvis; Jan riSaris konsulad daniSvnis rwmuneba saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel mxareebSi. Sesabamisi rwmunebis sigeli, instruqciebi da gankargulebebi, romelic mas unda Seesrulebina; sarekomendacio werili konstantinopolSi safrangeTis elC dezalorisaTvis.

axalgazrda sulxan-saba orbeliani

swored am dros, 1715 wlis agvistos bolos da seqtembris dasawyisSi ori cudi ambavi moxda. pirveli – konstantinopolSi safrangeTis elCi grafi dezalori markiz de bonakma Secvala. dezalorisgan gansxvavebiT, bonaki eWvis TvaliT uyurebda saqarTvelo-safrangeTis TanamSromlobis ambavs da Riad ambobda, rom sulTani saqarTvelo-

sulxan-saba

Si mimaval misionerebs konstantinopolSi ar gaatarebda. kidev ufro cudi ki is iyo, rom 1715 wlis 1 seqtembers safrangeTis mefe lui XIV gardaicvala. safrangeTis mefis gardacvalebidan maleve cnobili gaxda, rom safrangeTis samefo karis gegmebi Seicvala. mmarTvelobas bevri is piri CamoSorda, vinc saqarTvelo-safrangeTis TanamSromlobis ideas iziarebda da mxars uWerda. aravin icis, rom ara lui XIV-is gardacvaleba, momavalSi rogor ganviTardeboda saqarTvelo-safrangeTis urTierTobebi, magram safrangeTis mefis sikvdili rom vaxtang VI-is da sulxan-sabas yvela gegmas Tavdayira ayenebda, naTeli iyo. 1716 wlis maisis TveSi sulxan-sabam konstantinopoli datova da saqarTveloSi dabrunda. mogvianebiT amis Sesaxeb is werda: „Cvidmeti TTue konstantinepoles davyav da maisis camets wamovediT“. konstantinopolidan dawyebuli rTuli da mtanjveli gzis dasrulebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi dabrunebul sulxan-sabas win aranakleb mZime dReebi eloda. da mainc, sul imaze mefiqreba, rogor ganviTardeboda saqarTvelos evropuli momavali, 1715 wlis 1 seqtembers lui XIV rom ar gardacvliliyo.

teqnologiebi

ELON

MUSK ilon maskis gza samxreT afrikidan wiTel planetamde

mixeil WabukaSvili ilon maskis – samxreTafrikuli warmoSobis warmatebuli amerikeli mewarmisa da umdidresi adamianis cxovreba da saqmianoba TiTqos fantastikis Janris im wignebis siuJets waagavs, romelTa kiTxvac ilons Turme bavSvobidan itacebda. ilon maski – PayPal-isa (eleqtronuli gadaxdis amerikuli kompaniis) da SpaceX-is (uaxlesi kosmosuri raketebisa da kosmosuri mowyobilobebis mwarmoebeli amerikuli kompania) damfuZnebeli, eleqtromanqanebis mwarmoebeli kompania Tesla-s erT-erTi mTavari investori da yofili aRmasrulebeli direqtori, teqnologiuri kompaniebis OpenAI-isa da Neuralink-is TanadamfuZnebeli – igi erTdroulad bevr sferoSi saqmianobs, bevri mimarTulebiT ucdia bedi, Tumca ambobs, rom manam ar iqneba bednieri, sanam marsis kolonizacias ar moaxdens. ilon maski daibada samxreT afrikaSi, qalaq pretoriaSi, 1971 wlis 28 ivniss, samxreTamerikeli inJineri mamisa da kanadeli modeli da dietologi dedis ojaxSi. mas hyavs Tavisze umcrosi da-Zma – kimbali da toska. iloni 10 wlis iyo, roca mSoblebi erTmaneTs daSordnen da ilonma mamasTan cxovreba airCia. mas bavSvobaSi bevri sirTule hqonda – tanmorCil, gulCaTxrobil, wignebSi Caflul biWs skolaSi Cagravdnen, scemdnen da dascinodnen. Tavi rom daecva, kargad iswavla karate da Widaobis ileTebi.

ilon maski

ilon maskis mSoblebi

da-ZmasTan erTad

kompiuterebis mimarT interesi da komerciuli niWi ilon maskma adreul asakSi gamoavlina – 1983 wels 12 wlisam dawera kodi sakuTari kompiuteruli TamaSisaTvis, romelsac Blastar-i uwoda da kompiuterul Jurnals 500 dolarad mihyida. 1989 wels 17 wlis iloni samxreT afrikis respublikidan kanadaSi gadasaxlda da ontarios provinciaSi, kingstonSi, kuinsis universitetSi Caabara – amgvarad Tavi aarida savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurs samxreT afrikaSi, rac aparteidis mxardaWeras gulisxmobda. kanadis moqalaqeoba imave wels miiRo – amiT gza gaexsna aSS-is moqalaqeobis misaRebad – iloni eswrafoda gadasuliyo aSS-Si, raTa iq arsebuli farTo ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi gamoeyenebina. 1992 wels maskma aSS-Si, pensilvaniis universitetSi, Caabara da biznesisa da fizikis swavla daiwyo. man jer ekonomikis bakalavris xarisxi miiRo, erTi wlis Semdeg ki – fizikis. pensilvaniis Semdeg iloni kaliforniaSi, stenfordis universitetSi Sevida fizikis sadoqtoro programaze, Tumca or dReSi azri Seicvala da swavlas Tavi daaneba – guli ugrZnobda, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi interneti ufro bevr rames Secvlida, vidre fizika. 1995 wels maskma sakuTari kompania Zip2 Corporation-i daafuZna, 2002 wels ki aSS-is moqalaqec gaxda. Zma kimbalTan erTad 1995 wels Seqmnili kompania Zip2 Corporation-i iyo qalaqis gzamkvlevi onlainplatforma, romelmac sul male The New York Times-isa da Chicago Tribune-is vebsaitebisTvis daiwyo kontentis Seqmna. 1999 wels Zip2 Corporation-i Compaq Computer Corporation-ma 307 milion dolarad SeiZina – es iyo internetbiznesSi im droisaTvis erT-erTi umsxvilesi garigeba. maskma am TanxasTan erTad 22 mln dolaric miiRo – 7-procentiani wilisTvis da amgvarad, 28 wlis asakSi igi ukve milionerad iqca.

teqnologiebi

1999 wels Zip2-is gayidvidan miRebuli fulis nawiliT ilonma da kimbalma daafuZnes X.com-i – onlain safinanso/gadaxdebis kompania. 2000 wels X.com-ma kompania Conﬁnity iyida da Seqmna internetiT fulis gadaricxvis servisi PayPal-i, romelic Zalian warmatebuli da popularuli gamodga. 2002 wlis oqtomberSi PayPal-i 1,5 miliard dolarad SeiZina kompania eBay-m. im droisaTvis ilon maski PayPal-is umsxvilesi aqcioneri iyo da mis 11-procentian wils flobda.

ilon maski didi xnis Sepyrobili iyo ideiT, rom kacobriobas sxva planetebze dasaxleba gadaarCenda da amiT STagonebulma, eBay-isgan miRebuli fulis nawiliT (100 milioni dolari) 2002 wels daafuZna mesame kompania Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, igive SpaceX-i. misi mizani iyo Seeqmna SedarebiT xelmisawvdomi kosmosuri raketebi, rac kosmosSi mogzaurobas gaaadvilebda. pirveli raketa – Falcon 1 2006 wels gauSves. 2008 wels SpaceX-s ukve NASA-m gauforma kontraqti – unda Seqmniliyo saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadguramde tvirTebis asatani, momavalSi ki iq astronavtTa asayvani transporti. amiT NASA kosmosuri Satlebis Canacvlebas gegmavda. 2012 wlis 22 maiss maskma da SpaceX-ma istoriuli nabiji gadadges – kompaniam sakuTari raketa Falcon 9 kosmosSi upiloto kafsulasTan erTad gauSva. xomalds saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadgurze myofi astronavtebisTvis gankuTvnili 450 kg tvirTi mihqonda. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadgurTan xomaldi kerZo kompaniam gagzavna. gaSvebis Semdeg maskma Tqva: „Zalian iRbliani var,… CvenTvis es superTasis mogebis tolfasia“.

Falcon 1

2013 wlis dekemberSi Falcon 9-m xelovnuri Tanamgzavri geosinqronul orbitaze gaitana, iseT manZilze, sadac is erT adgilas CaiWedeboda, iseT orbitul moZraobaze, romelic dedamiwis brunvas emTxveva da planetasTan mimarTebiT mudam erT adgilasaa. 2015 wels SpaceX-ma kidev erTi Falcon 9 gauSva, romelmac orbitaze Tanamgzavri DSCOVR-i gaitana; misi mizani iyo mzis gamosxivebaze dakvirveba, rac gavlenas axdens dedamiwaze eleqtrosistemebisa da komunikaciebis muSaobaze. 2017 wlis martSi SpaceX-ma warmatebiT Caatara Falcon 9-is sacdeli frena – raketa gaSvebis Semdeg kvlav dedamiwaze dabrunda da dajda, rac imas niSnavda, rom misi gamoyeneba araerTgzis SeiZleboda – kosmosur frenebSi sruliad axali epoqa daiwyo. 2018 wlis TebervalSi kompaniam kidev erTi didi warmateba aRniSna – gamoscada umZlavresi raketa Falcon Heavy, romlis mizani iyo orbitaze Zalian mZime tvirTis gatana da Soreul kosmosur misiebSi monawileoba. sacdeli gaSvebisas raketam kosmosSi waiRo maskis kuTvnili piradi avtomobili – wiTeli Tesla Roadster-i, mzis garSemo orbitaze gaitana, sadac dausruleblad ifrens mis garSemo. kamerebma, romlebiTac aRWurvili iyo manqana, dedamiwis gasaocari xedebi gadaiRo da dedamiwazec „gamogvigzavna“.

ilon maski

2018 wlis ivlisSi, Space X-ma gaSvebidan 9 wuTSi, specialur gem-platformaze dasva axali raketa Block 5 Falcon-i. 2020 wlis maisSi Space X-ma raketa Falcon 9-ze mimagrebuli kafsula Crew Dragon-iT saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadgurze NASA-s ori astronavti aiyvana. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva kosmosuri Satlis programis daxurvis Semdeg (2011 wlis ivlisi), rodesac NASA-s astronavtebi saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadgurze amerikis miwidan amerikuli raketiT gaemgzavrnen. aSS-is kosmosuri saagento bolo wlebSi amisaTvis ruseTis raketa „soiuzs“ iyenebda, romliTac astronavtebi sadgurze yazaxeTidan, baikonuris kosmodromidan, miemgzavrebodnen. agvistoSi kafsulam astronavtebi ukan, dedamiwaze, Camoiyvana. amave wlis noemberSi, misia Demo-2-is farglebSi, kompaniam oTxi astronavti aiyvana saerTaSoriso kosmosur sadgurze, eqvsTviani misiiT. maski fiqrobs, rom mova dro da dedamiwaze kacobriobis gadarCenis sakiTxi dadgeba – romeliRaca safrTxe, iqneba es asteroidi, didi vulkani Tu birTvuli omi, Cvens planetaze kacobriobis arsebobas daemuqreba da swored am drois imedi iqneba wiTeli planeta da kompania SpaceX-i. 2017 wlis seqtemberSi maskma warmoadgina gegma – BFR-is (Big Falcon Rocket) ganaxlebuli monaxazi – 31-Zraviani raketa, romlis Tavze moTavsebulma kosmosurma xomaldma marsze 100 kaci unda waiyvanos. maSin ilonma Tqva, rom 2022 wlisTvis SpaceX-s marsze pirveli satvirTo misiis gagzavna unda, saboloo mizani ki wiTeli planetis kolonizaciaa. 2018 wlis noemberSi kompaniam xomalds Starship-i uwoda, pirveli etapis gamwev raketas ki – Super Heavy.

Falcon Heavy

raketaze muSaoba aqtiurad mimdinareobs. Catarda aTi satesto frena, romelTagan cxra an afrenisas, an dafrenisas warumatebeli iyo. 2021 wlis 3 marts Starship-is prototipi SN10 dedamiwidan 11 km simaRleze avida, Semdeg ukan daeSva da xmeleTzec warmatebiT dajda. dajdomidan daaxloebiT rva wuTSi avariulad gaskda raketis Txevadi Jangbadisa da meTanis avzebi, ramac SN10is mTlianad afeTqeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad afeTqebisa, maski am cdas mainc warmatebulad afasebs, radgan raketa pirvelad dajda warmatebiT, frenis procesSi afeTqebis gareSe. sagulisxmoa, rom roca ilon masks ekiTxebian, rogor iswavla raketebis ageba, pasuxobs, rom kiTxulobs wignebs. 2018 wlis martSi SpaceX-ma aSS-is mTavrobisgan dedamiwis qveda orbitaze internetservisis TanamgzavrTa flotis gaSvebis nebarTva miiRo. TanamgzavrTa qseli, saxelad Starlink-i, idealuri iqneba miudgomel adgilebSi farTozolovani internetis misawodeblad da Tan gazrdis konkurencias bazrebze, sadac, ZiriTadad, erTi an ori provaideri batonobs. Falcon 9-is upiloto kafsula

DSCOVR

Falcon 9 s gaSveba

Falcon 9

teqnologiebi Crew Dragon

xomaldi Starship raketiT Super Heavy

2019 wlis maisSi SpaceX-ma Tanamgzavrebis pirveli partia gauSva. 2021 wlis ianvris monacemebiT, kompanias orbitaze 1035 Tanamgzavri hyavs gayvanili, jamSi ki, 42 000 Tanamgzavris gaSvebas gegmavs. proeqtis Rirebuleba 10 miliard dolaramdea. msoflios garkveul regionebSi ukve misi internetis testirebac daiwyo. miuxedavad aseTi didi sikeTisa, Tanamgzavrebi caSi kaSkaSa wertilebad moCans, rac astronomebis SeSfoTebas iwvevs, radgan aseTi obieqtebi Zalian SeuSliT xels kosmosis kvlevaSi.

formda Toyota-sTan da yovelive amis Sedegad, Tesla Motors-is Rirebuleba 226 milionamde gaizarda.

rogorc viciT, ilon maski aseve aris kompania Tesla Motors-is TanadamfuZnebeli, iyo misi aRmasrulebeli direqtori da nawarmis dizaineric ki. 2003 wels daarsebuli kompania awarmoebs xelmisawvdom, masobrivi bazrebisTvis gankuTvnil eleqtromobilebs, batareebs da mzis saxuravebs. kompaniis yvela nawarmis Seqmnas, inJinerias da dizains zedamxedvelobas Tavad maski uwevs. 2008 wels, daarsebidan xuTi wlis Semdeg, Tesla-m warmoadgina Roadster-i – sportuli manqana, romelic daqoqvidan 3,7 wamSi 96 km/sT siCqares aviTarebda, muSaobda liTium-ionur batareebze da erTi damuxtviT 400 kilometramde manZils gadioda. 2010 wlisTvis kompaniis wili SeiZina Daimler-ma, strategiuli partnioroba ga-

2008 wlis agvistoSi Tesla-m sazogadoebas amcno Model S-is – kompaniis pirveli eleqtrosedanis Sesaxeb, romelsac konkurencia unda gaewia BMW 5 series-Tvis. 2012 wels daiwyo Model S-is warmoeba. bazarze misi fasi 58 570 dolaridan iwyeboda. erTi datenviT manqana 426 km-s gadioda. 2013 wels Jurnalma Motor Trend-ma Model S-i wlis avtomobilad aRiara. 2017 wlis aprilSi Tesla-m ganacxada, rom gadauswro General Motors-s da aSS-is bazarze yvelaze ZviradRirebuli avtomwarmoebeli gaxda. am faqtma kidev ufro gazarda kompaniis warmateba: 2019 wels kompaniam oficialurad gauSva Model 3; misi fasi 35 000 dolari iyo da gacilebiT xelmisawvdomi, vidre ufro ZviradRirebuli Model S da X eleqtrosedanebi, romelTa fasic 69 500 dolars aRwevda. 2019 wlis martSi maskma warmoadgina modeli, romelsac sazogadoeba didxans eloda – Model Y, kompaqturi krosoveri, romelic erTi damuxtviT 483 km-s gadis da daqoqvidan 3,5 wamSi 96 km/sT siCqares aviTarebs.

ilon maski

maskis gamudmebulma survilma da Zalisxmevam ganaxlebadi energiisa da axali produqtebis xelSewyoba-ganviTarebis 2016 wlis agvistoSi axali mimarTuleba miiRo – Tesla Motors Inc-ma SeiZina energokompania SolarCity Corp-i, romelic 2006 wels maskis biZaSvilebma ilonisve xelSewyobiT daafuZnes.

Starlink

„roca mzis energia da energiis Senaxva gaerTianebulia erT kompaniaSi, saukeTeso SesaZleblobaa – Tesla (Senaxva) da SolarCity (mzis energia) SeZleben Seqmnan sruliad integrirebuli sacxovrebeli, komerciuli da farTomasStabiani produqtebi, riTac gaumjobesdeba energiis warmoebis, Senaxvisa da moxmarebis gzebi“, – aRniSnuli iyo Tesla-s gancxadebaSi. 2017 wlis ianvarSi maskma daaarsa kompania The Boring Company, romlis mizania gvirabebis gayvana-mSenebloba, quCaSi manqanebis raodenobis Sesamcireblad. sacdeli samuSaoebi Catarda los-anjelesSi, SpaceX-is kuTvnil tertoriaze. imave wlis oqtombris bolos maskma Instagramze kompaniis saqmianobis amsaxveli pirveli foto gamoaqveyna. 2019 wels ki kompaniam 48,7-milioniani kontraqti gaaforma las-vegasis xelmZRvanelobasTan, qalaqSi miwisqveSa moZraobis sistemis asaSeneblad. samSeneblo nebarTvas elodeba proeqti, romliTac gvirabSi moZravi satransporto saSualeba Hyperloop-i vaSingtons baltimorTan daakavSirebs. 2013 wlis agvistoSi maskma warmoadgina axali satransporto saSualebis – Hyperloop-is koncefcia. am gamogonebis mizania xeli Seuwyos did qalaqebs Soris sazogadoebrivi transportis ganviTarebas, rac Tan mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs mgzavrobis drosac. Hyperloop-ze ar moqmedebs amindi da muSaobs ganaxlebad energiaze; konteinerebi, romlebSic mgzavrebi Casxdebian, dabali wnevis milebis qselSi 1126 km/sT siCqariT imoZravebs. maskis gancxadebiT, Hyperloop-is aSenebasa da eqspluataciaSi Sesvlas 10 weli dasWirdeba. Tesla Roadster

Tesla model 3

Tesla model S

Tesla model Y

teqnologiebi maski acxadebs, rom Hyperloop-i TviTmfrinavsa da matarebelze usafrTxo iqneba da 6 miliardi dolari dajdeba, rac kaliforniis StatSi dagegmili sarkinigzo sistemis mSeneblobis Rirebulebis daaxloebiT erTi meaTedia. miuxedavad imisa, rom am koncefciam didi skepticizmi gamoiwvia, ilon maski am ideaze xels ar iRebs da jiutad ganagrZobs muSaobas. Hyperloop-is konteineris prototipis dizainze gamocxadda konkursi, romlis farglebSic pirveli Sejibri 2017 wels gaimarTa SpaceX-is bazaze. 2018 wels, mesame SejibrSi, siCqaris rekordi germanel studentTa jgufma daafiqsira, 457 km/sT; momdevno wels amave jgufma sakuTari rekordi 462 km/sT-mde gazarda.

maskis gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania agreTve xelovnuri inteleqti. 2015 wels man Seqmna kvleviTi kompania OpenAI-i, romelic muSaobs cifruli inteleqtis ganviTarebasa da am mimarTulebiT kacobriobisTvis sargeblis motanaze. 2017 wels maskma kidev erTi daujereblad Tamami nabiji gadadga da daaarsa kompania Neuralink-i, romlis mizanic aris iseTi mowyobilobebis Seqmna, romlebic adamianis Tavis tvinSi gadainergeba da programul uzrunvelyofasTan SerwymaSi dagvexmareba. kompanias sakmaod didi progresi aqvs; 2019 wels cnobili gaxda, rom misi mowyobilobebi warmoadgens mikroskopul Cips, romelic bluTusiT ukavSirdeba smartfons. Neuralink-ma sakuTar laboratoriaSi msoflios wamyvan neiromecnierebs mouyara Tavi. maskis gancxadebiT, sistema patara CipSi iqneba, romelic tvinSi gadainergeba da adamianebs xelovnur inteleqtTan simbiozis saSualebas miscems. 2021 wlis TebervalSi maskma „tviterze“ dawera, rom Neuralink-is adamianisa da kompiuteris damakavSirebeli teqnologiebi viTardeba da amis dasturad moiyvana maimuni, romelsac Tavis qalaSi Cayenebuli aqvs usadeno implanti, ris Sedegadac, maimuni videoTamaSebs sakuTari gonebiT TamaSobs. es teqnologia warmatebiT gaitesta Rorebzec. maskis ganmartebiT, tvinTan damakavSirebeli teqnologiebis mizani tvinisa da xerxemlis dazianebisas gaCenili problemebis aRmofxvraa; misive TqmiT, am problemebis gamo SezRuduli

ilon maski

SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi Cipis implantis saSualebiT daibruneben dakargul unarebs. amave dros, maski xSirad gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTarebis gamo da miaCnia, rom saTanado regulaciebis gareSe es teqnologia SeiZleba TandaTan ukontrolo gaxdes da kacobriobas sikeTis nacvlad ziani moutanos. kosmosis kvlevis usazRvro potenciali da adamianTa modgmis momavlis sakiTxebi maskis interesTa qvakuTxedia, risTvisac man organizacia Musk Foundation-i daaarsa. organizaciis ZiriTadi mizania kosmosis kvleva da ganaxlebadi da sufTa energiis wyaroebis aRmoCena. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2019 wels maskma milioni dolari Seswira kampanias TeamTrees, romelic mTel planetaze rgavs xeebs. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom maski namdvilad ar aris srulyofili, ucdomeli gmiri. marTalia, is sruliad araordinaluri xedvebisa da SesaZleblobebis brwyinvale Semoqmedia, magram, rogorc zogierTi misi yofili TanamSromeli aRniSnavs, masTan muSaoba Zalian rTulia. muSaobs kviraSi 80 saaTs da aseT warmoudgenel reJimSi muSaobas iTxovs Tavisi inJinrebisganac. xSirad mouTmenelia TanamSromlebis mimarT, stresul

viTarebaSi zogjer maT arakompetenturobis sababiT samsaxuridanac aTavisuflebs, Tumca, zogadad, adamianebi mas dadebiTad axasiaTeben da Zalian cota Secdomas miaweren. ilon maskis cxovrebidan namdvilad bevri ramis swavlaa SesaZlebeli, Tundac misi xasiaTidan da muSaobis stilidan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Tavdadebaze, Seupovrobasa da liderobis unarebze. rodesac didi miznebisTvis iRwvi, gardauvlad dgeba momenti, rodesac TiTqos yvelaferi Sen winaaRmdegaa – ase iyo maskis cxovrebaSic, bevri dascinoda, ubralod ocnebad da fantastikis sferod miaCndaT miznebi, romlebic axalgazrda kacs sul ufro daJinebiT uforiaqebda sulsa da gonebas. magram swori xedviT, titanuri SromiT, miznisken dauRalavi swrafviT maski TveSi ramdenjerme Segvaxsenebs Tavs axal-axali warmatebiTa da gamogonebiT da yvelas aCvenebs, rom SeuZlebeli araferia, roca gaqvs mizani. misi miznebi ki friad masStaburia da Zalze gamoirCeva „klasikur“ miliarderTa survilebisgan – yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, misi cxovrebis mTavari sazrunavi xom adamianis multiplanetur arsebad gadaqcevaa, im dRis gaTeneba, rodesac dedamiwasTan erTad Cveni saxli marsic iqneba. nuTu, marTlac miva misi gza samxreT afrikidan wiTel planetamde? Tu statia dakvirvebiT waikiTxeT, sxva gzas ubralod ver dainaxavT.…

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Sveulad 1. saxeldaxelod SeTxzuli, saxumaro patara leqsi. 2. kinofilmis calke scena an epizodi. 3. Seqmnili pirobebis erToblioba, garemoeba, mdgomareoba. 4. sasuliero piri, romelic monasterSi an sruliad ganmartoebiT, asketurad cxovrobs da moRvaweobs. 5. zRapruli qali; (gadat.) lamaz, naz qalasc uwodeben. 6. ciuri manaTobeli sxeuli. 8. samSoblodan gadaxvewili, ucxo, uTvistomo adamiani. 9. dastaqari. 10. oficialuri mowmoba saswavleblis damTavrebis Sesaxeb. 13. religiuri moZRvreba, aRmsarebloba, am moZRvrebis mimdevarTa erToblioba. 14. qalaqi uzbekeTSi, amave saxelwodebis olqis administraciuli centri. 15. adamianis ganwyoba, survili, miswrafeba. 16. vinmesTvis raimes usafuZvlod dabraleba. 17. periodul gamocemaSi an krebulSi moTavsebuli mcire moculobis publicisturi an samecniero nawarmoebi. 19. yvela im nivTis erToblioba, romelic romelime dawesebulebis, sawarmos an organizaciis qonebas Seadgens. 21. patimroba gadasaxlebiT, sadac uxdebaT iZulebiTi muSaoba gansakuTrebiT mkacr pirobebSi. 24. darbazi an Senoba, sadac naxatebis gamofena ewyoba. 25. uazroba. 29. masobrivi Sekreba politikuri, socialuri da sxv. sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad. 30. fsiqikuri wyobis Taviseburebani, romlebic vlindeba adamianis qcevaSi, mis urTierTobaSi garesamyarosTan. 31. Tavyrilobaze monawileTa xmis micema raime sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, vinmes asarCevad. 35. saliteraturo enaSi gaCenili axali sityva an gamoTqma. 37. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis centraluri organo, romelic uZRveba calkeul dargs. 39. mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani srulad wydeba garemos TviTCaRrmavebis, yuradRebis koncentrirebis Sedegad, rasac axlavs sxeulis moduneba. 40. ukulturo, veluri adamiani. 41. xatebiT Semkuli tixari, romelic sakurTxevels gamoyofs taZris danarCeni nawilisgan. 43. mSoblebis wina Taobis (Taobebis) warmomadgeneli. 46. kategoriuli moTxovna, rasac Tan axlavs muqara. 47. saerTaSoriso donis Sexvedra, TaTbiri, yriloba. 49. marTlmadidebelTa calke saeklesio olqis an damoukidebeli eklesiis mRvdelmTavari. 52. Zlieri aRfrTovaneba, sulieri aRmafrena, raimeTi gataceba. 54. zurgiani mogrZo skami, romelic SeiZleba gaiSalos. 56. sinamdvilis imitaciis mizniT Seqmnili sagani. 57. sakuTari nebiT calke gamoyofa, gamijvna. 58. igivea, rac fanjara. 59. Zveli qarTuli vercxlis fuli, udrida sam abazs. 60. naTlis gvirgvini, brwyinvaleba. 61. samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili naSromi. 62. sagani, moqmedeba da sxva, romelic raime cnebis, ideis pirobiT niSans warmoadgens. 65. samxedro gemebis didi SenaerTis (eskadris, diviziis, razmis) sardali. (gadat) raime saqmeSi mowinave. 66. givea, rac asli. 68. faqti, si-