My World 34 by Rondeli Foundation

2021 34

regioni imperiebis sasaflao aziis SuagulSi – avRaneTi

politika

istoria genuis konferencia -100

ilia WavWavaZis inteleqtualuri memkvidreobis interpretacia

literatura

sazogadoeba

mogzauroba

ratom unda waikiTxo dRes knut hamsuni

mokled korufciis Sesaxeb

dedamiwis garSemo

xelovneba

sabWoTa sistema

diplomatia pirveli qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930)

muxamed salaZe – gadasaxlebis qronika

34 2021

Semadgenel nawilTa urTierTganlageba. 68. sxvadasxva saxis qmnilebis werilobiTi ganxilva, kritikuli Sefaseba. 69. mcenareebiT Semosili wyliani adgili udabnoebsa da naxevarudabnoebSi, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs adgils, movlenas, romelic sasiamovno gamonakliss warmoadgens. 71. Zaladobis gansakuTrebiT sastiki forma, romelic mizanSi ZiriTadad iRebs mSvidobian mosaxleobas. 72. didi warmateba, brwyinvale gamarjveba. 74. mcenareuli an qimiuri nivTiereba, romelic moqmedebs centralur nervul sistemaze da iwvevs gabruebasa da gautkivarebas. 78. epidemia, romelic vrceldeba mosaxleobis did nawilSi, mTel qveyanaSi an qveynebis umetesobaSi. 80. saxelmwifo romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic Seiqmna romis imperiis or nawilad gayofis Sedegad. 81. winsvla, aRmavloba. 85. piradi interesebis sazogadoebriv interesebsa da sxva adamianTa interesebze win dayeneba. 86. sabado; adgili, sadac esa Tu is sasargeblo namarxi (qvanaxSiri, navTobi, rkinis madani da misT.) moipoveba. 87. sididiT meore kontinenti evraziis Semdeg. 88. Stati aSS-is Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, mdebareobs wynari okeanis regionSi. 91. myar masalaze an CarCoze gadaWimuli uxeSi selis naWeri, romelzec xataven.

TinaTin evdoSvili

oTar janeliZe revaz gaCeCilaZe daviT darCiaSvili giorgi gokieli aleqsandre kuxianiZe arCil qiqoZe zurab batiaSvili maia ciciSvili nino WoRoSvili sulxan salaZe

11. Senobis SigniTa nawili. 12. vrceli mecnieruli naSromi, romelSic damuSavebulia erTi Tema, erTi sakiTxi. 13. bunebrivi an xelovnuri winaaRmdegoba moZraobis Sesaferxeblad. 14. saerTo warmodgena raime saganze, movlenaze, raimes arsi. 15. adamianis fsiqikur TaviseburebaTa erToblioba. 16. raime saqmianobis, garkveul situaciaSi yofnisa da misT. Sedegad SeZenili codna da unar-Cvevebi. 19. SemoqmedebiTi aRfrTovaneba. 20. igivea, rac amira. zog muslimur qveyanaSi: mTavris, mmarTvelis tituli. 24. sayovelTaod miRebuli, originalurobas moklebuli azri, Sexeduleba, forma. 26. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis forma saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi. 27. adgili, sadac ori an meti gza kveTs erTmaneTs. 29. specialuri SuqmgrZnobiare masalisgan damzadebuli lenti foto da kinogadaRebisTvis. 31. umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirisTvis uflebamosilebis CamorTmeva mis mier kanonis uxeSad darRvevis gamo. 33. or an met mxares Soris urTierTobis daZabva, uTanxmoeba, dapirispireba. 34. moTeTro-movercxlisfro rbili, plastikuri da msubuqi liToni. 40. adamianis sxeuli, tani (Tavisa da xel-fexis gareSe). 41. galavniT Semofargluli TavdacviTi nagebobebis erToblioba. 43. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Sexedulebis, saRi azris mkveTrad sawinaaRmdego msjeloba, mosazreba. 44. maRali zneobrivi, adamianuri Rirebuleba. 46. adamianis warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb, misi azrovneba da garesamyarosTan damokidebuleba. 47. (gadataniTi) adamiani, romelic vinmes neba-survils usityvod, morCilad asrulebs. 48. garegnuli maxasiaTebeli, Sesaxedaoba. 49. drois aTdRiani monakveTi. 51. samkurnalo saSualeba, wamali. 52. raime sxeulis, nivTierebis siTbos xarisxi; siTburi maxasiaTebeli. 54. erTi niSniT gaerTianebul saganTa, movlenaTa, adamianTa jgufi. 56. qalaqi aSS-is ilinoisis StatSi. 58. elastikuri sinTezuri nivTiereba, farTod gamoiyeneba samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo nawarmis dasamzadeblad. 59. surnelovani zeTi, romelic gamoiyeneba qristianul eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis dros. 61. musikaluri mimdinareoba, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia cocxali, improvizebuli Sesruleba. 62. bunebrivi an xelovnuri wyalsatevi, romelic ar uerTdeba zRvas an okeanes. 66. ena, romelic avRaneTSi gamoiyeneba lingua franca-d, anu eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobis enad. 67. ganuxorcielebeli imedi, ocneba. 68. informacia dRis ganmavlobaSi momxdari mniSvnelovani ambebis Sesaxeb, romelic ibeWdeba gazeTSi, gadaicema radioTi an televiziiT. 70. uSualo kavSiri, urTierToba. 73. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis samTavrobaTaSoriso organizacia. 75. ufleba an SesaZlebloba sakuTari Sexedulebis an survilis mixedviT moqcevisa. 76. usafuZvlod Selaxuli Rirsebis, patiosani saxelis, CamorTmeul uflebaTa aRdgena. 77. mtkiceba, romelic aRiarebulia raime Teoriis amosaval debulebad dasabuTebis gareSe. 79. qveynis msxvili administraciul-politikuri erTeuli. 82. qveyana indoCineTis naxevarkunZulze. 83. risame Secvla, ganaxleba Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa da gemovnebis Sesabamisad. 84. simdidre, faseuli nivTebis, sagnebisa da sxvaTa erToblioba, romelic vinmes an raimes ekuTvnis. 86. risame safuZveli, sayrdeni. 89. yovelgvari cocxali arseba (adamiani, cxoveli, mcenare); cocxali sxeuli. 90. rTuli ornamentis saxesxvaoba. 92. espaneTis dedaqalaqi. 93. adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli met-naklebad didi Tu mcire jgufi, SekavSirebuli Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis erTobis safuZvelze. 94. leqsi, romlis grafikuli wyoba furcelze qmnis naxatis formas. 95. igivea, rac Wriloba. 96. eklesia, romelSic RvTismsaxurebas episkoposi asrulebs. 97. ruka (sazRvao sqema), romlis umTavresi daniSnulebaa sazRvao gzebis Cveneba da zRvebze gadaadgilebaSi daxmareba.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `dedamiwis garSemo~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss.

1. akri 2. pavilioni 3. qvelmoqmedeba 4. vikingi 5. qandakeba 6. rekonkista 7. fraqcia 9. rwmunebuli 10. avantiuristi 11. sabado 12. srute 15. peru 17. pitna 22. komiteti 23. fiqcia 26. mekobre 29. burJuazia 30. grafi 31. lazareTi 32. motivacia 33. masStabi 37. novatori 38. kontroli 39. stamboli 41. regioni 45. provaideri 46. programa 47. kavSirgabmuloba 52. sololaki 53. implanti 54. dargi 55. Rala 57. movlena 58. dava 59. instruqcia 60. saga 61. kancelaria 62. porti 67. sparseTi 68. qaravani 69. simbiozi 70. analizi 75. muqara 76. olimpo 77. tanZia 78. pasati 79. viziti 81. daba 84. kuba 2. praqtika 8. orbita 13. neSti 14. samikitno 15. prokuratura 16. mafia 18. indoeTi 19. idalgo 20. komunike 21. interneti 24. imperia 25. komuna 27. monstri 28. grigali 34. ufleba 35. ceremonia 36. transporti 38. kamaTi 40. efreitori 42. generali 43. sanovage 44. taxti 48. irani 49. biurokratia 50. aparteidi 51. floti 55. RonisZieba 56. proporcia 57. mRvdeli 60. stamba 63. garja 64. mowme 65. marTlmsajuleba 66. traqtati 71. spilenZi 72. rangi 73. vulkani 74. aqcenti 80. asteroidi 82. qarvasla 83. banaki 84. kandidati 85. aznauri 86. oponenti 87. iaraRi 88. fici

34 / 2021

istoria

oTar janeliZe genuis konferencia -100 regioni revaz gaCeCilaZe imperiebis sasaflao aziis SuagulSi – avRaneTi (nawili II)

politika daviT darCiaSvili ilia WavWavaZis inteleqtualuri memkvidreobis interpretacia literatura giorgi gokieli ratom unda waikiTxo dRes knut hamsuni

sazogadoeba

aleqsandre kuxianiZe

mokled korufciis Sesaxeb mogzauroba

arCil qiqoZe

dedamiwis garSemo diplomatia zurab batiaSvili pirveli qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi xelovneba maia ciciSvili, nino WoRoSvili qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930) (nawili I) sabWoTa sistema sulxan salaZe muxamed salaZe – gadasaxlebis qronika

istoria

genuis konferencia -100 oTar janeliZe genuas, italiis erT-erT gamorCeul qalaqs, qarTvelTa koleqtiur mexsierebaSi myarad aqvs adgili damkvidrebuli, rac sruliadac ar aris SemTxveviTi. genuas didi da Sinaarsiani warsuli aqvs. ligurTa tomebis es uZvelesi dasaxleba Zv. w. III saukunidan romis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca; VII saukuneSi sahercogos centrad Camoyalibda, XI saukunidan damoukidebel qalaq-komunas, xolo Semdeg uZlieres samxedrosazRvao saxelmwifos – respublikas warmoadgenda. Sua saukuneebSi Savi zRvis CrdiloeT da samxreT sanapiroebze arsebul genuis koloniebs savaWro kavSirebi hqondaT saqarTvelosTanac. am qalaqSi rom gamoCenili adamianebi nikolo paganini da qristefore kolumbi daibadnen – es istoriuli faqtebic saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebidanaa cnobili. amjerad Cven saqarTvelos genuasTan urTierTobis sxva ambavze visaubrebT, kerZod, 1922 wels gamarTul genuis konferenciaze, romelsac ukve erTi saukune gvaSorebs. genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia 1922 wlis 10 aprilidan 19 maisamde mimdinareobda. masze 29 saxelmwifo da inglisis 5 dominioni qveyana iyo warmodgenili. konferenciaSi monawileobda ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli respublikac, romelsac jer ar hqonda saerTaSoriso aRiareba.

genuis konferencia

genuaSi konferenciis gamarTvis gadawyvetileba 1922 wlis ianvarSi q. kanSi miiRo antantis umaRlesi sabWos sxdomam. saqarTvelos emigrirebulma mTavrobam am sxdomaze waradgina nota, romelic aRwerda bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis sinamdviles. xazgasmuli iyo, rom „sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavroba“ warmoadgens samxedro saokupacio reJims, romelic emyareba ara qarTveli xalxis nebas, aramed ruseTis sabWoTa jaris xiStebs, farTod mimarTavs terors da ZalmomreobiT axSobs sazogadoebrivi protestis yovel gamovlinebas – politikur gaficvebsa Tu saxalxo ajanyebebs. qarTveli xalxis nebisyofis erTaderTi kanonieri warmomadgeneli da saerTaSoriso asparezze misi uflebisa da interesebis sruluflebiani damcveli aris dRes devnilobaSi myofi mTavroba, romelic warmoSobilia sayovelTao saarCevno wesiT Tavisuflad arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebisagan da cnobilia yvela im saxelmwifoSi, romelTaganac iuridiulad iqna aRiarebuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. nota iTxovda, daevaldebulebinaT sabWoTa ruseTi, gaeyvana jarebi saqarTvelos teritoriidan da amiT qarTvel ers aRdgenoda ufleba, TviTon yofiliyo sakuTari bedis ganmgebeli.

qristefore kolumbi (1451-1506)

nikolo paganini (1782-1840)

dominioni – termini, romliTac aRiniSneboda inglisis yofili koloniebi: avstralia, axali zelandia, kanada, indoeTi, samxreT afrikis kavSiri.

istoria

luiji faqta 1861-1930

JorJ tionisi 1873-1966

im mizeziT, rom saqarTvelo mdebareobda aziaSi da ara evropaSi, mas uari uTxres kanSi miwvevaze da arc genuis konferenciaze dauSves. eqspertTa komisiis daskvniT, saqarTvelo rom miewviaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgenlobis ufleba eqneboda im mTavrobas, romelic cnobilia iuridiulad da emyareba xalxis nebisyofas, xolo „moskovis mTavrobas, romlis jarebs ZaladobiT ukaviaT saqarTvelo, da mis mier dayenebul Tfilisis mmarTvelebs ufleba ara aqvT saqarTvelos saxeliT ilaparakon“. genuis konferenciaze dasavleTis did saxelmwifoebs maTi liderebi meTaurobdnen: devid loid jorji (didi britaneTis premier-ministri), luiji faqta (italiis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare), raimon puankare (safrangeTis ministrTa sabWos Tavm-

kikuZiro isii 1866-1945

jdomare da sagareo saqmeTa ministri), karl iozef virti (germaniis reixskancleri da sagareo saqmeTa ministri), JorJ emil leonar tionisi (belgiis premier-ministri), kikuZiro isii (iaponiis sagareo saqmeTa ministri) da sxvebi. aSS-is mTavrobam uari Tqva konferenciaSi monawileobaze da genuaSi, damkvirveblis statusiT, italiaSi Tavisi elCi riCard Caildi miavlina. genuaSi wargzavnili sabWoTa delegaciis Tavmjdomared oficialurad lenini iTvleboda, magram igi italiaSi ar wasula da delegacias rsfsr sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari giorgi CiCerini xelmZRvanelobda. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen ukrainis, belorusiisa da sxva sabWoTa respublikebis, maT Soris, samxreT kavkasiis warmomadgenlebi: budu mdivani – saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, nariman narimanovi – azerbaijanis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare da aleqsandre begzadiani – somxeTis revkomis Tavmjdomaris moadgile, sagareo saqmeTa

devid loid jorji (1863-1945)

raimon puankare (1860-1934)

karl iozef virti (1879-1956)

genuis konferencia

xolo mezoblebisaTvis – ufro Zlieri mezoblisagan dafarva da uSiSroeba~, Tumca konferenciis mTavar sakiTxad arsebiTad sabWoTa ruseTsa da kapitalistur samyaros Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis, ruseTisagan Zveli valis – 18,5 miliardi oqros maneTis dabrunebis sakiTxi iqca.

riCard Caildi 1881-1935

komisari. am „damoukidebeli“ respublikebis CarTvas delegaciaSi kremli imiT amarTlebda, rom maT rsfsr-sTan „uwyveti da Zmuri kavSirebi“ hqondaT. arsebobs informacia, rom genuaSi mimaval sabWoTa delegaciis wevrebs civiluri tansacmeli cnobilma qarTvelma mrewvelma, komersantma da qvelmoqmedma akaki xoStariam SeuZina. genuaSi parizidan delegacia gagzavna saqarTvelos emigrirebulma mTavrobamac, romlis saxeliTac qarTveli eris uflebebi unda daecvaT akaki Cxenkels, irakli wereTels, simon mdivans, grigol veSapelsa da zurab avaliSvils. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiurma warmomadgenelma italiaSi, giorgi maCabelma, yvelaferi iRona, rom delegaciis wevrebi konferenciaze daeSvaT, magram es mis Zalebs aRemateboda.

konferenciis monawile yvela qveyanas sakuTari interesebi da miswrafebebi amoZravebda. pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebi ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevas, finansuri da savaWro problemebis gadaWras gegmavdnen; sabWoTa ruseTi saerTaSoriso izolaciisa da ekonomikuri blokadis garRvevas, dasavleTisagan sesxis miRebas moeloda. gasabWoebul saqarTvelos konferenciaze damoukideblad arc sityva eTqmoda da arc moskovisagan gansxvavebuli poziciis gamoxatva SeeZlo. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigrirebul mTavrobas, igi genuis konferenciisagan politikur mxardaWerasa da saqarTvelos deokupaciisaTvis brZolaSi xelSewyobas varaudobda. konferencia Palazzo di San Giorgio-Si gaixsna. rogorc imdroindeli presa werda, konferencia Cinebulad iyo organizebuli da asi milioni lira dajda.

akaki xoStaria (1873-1932)

ra mizans isaxavda genuis konferencia? konferenciis oficialuri mizani iyo saSualebaTa gamonaxva „centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis ekonomikuri aRdgenisTvis~. mas „evropisaTvis samudamo zavi da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba unda moetana,

nariman narimanovi (1870-1925), aleqsandre begzadiani (1879-1938) da budu mdivani (1877-1937)

istoria genuis konferenciaze sabWoTa delegacias mefis mTavrobis valebisa da ucxoeli mflobelebisaTvis bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier nacionalizebuli sakuTrebis dabrunebis – restituciis – moTxovna wauyenes. leninis miTiTebiT, giorgi CiCerinma es moTxovna uaryo da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebs Semxvedri gegma warudgina. gegma samoqalaqo omSi ruseTisaTvis antantis intervenciiT miyenebuli materialuri zaralis (40 milionamde oqros maneTi) anazRaurebas iTvaliswinebda, ucxoel investorebs ki, restituciis nacvlad, adre maTive sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis koncesiis an ijaris safuZvelze daTmobas sTavazobda. sabWoTa delegaciis es „politikuri deklaracia~ mokavSire saxelmwifoebma uyuradRebod datoves, magram ruseTSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mzadyofna gamoxates, SeemcirebinaT ruseTis samxedro davalianeba, romlis odenoba mogvianebiT dadgindeboda.

Palazzo di San Giorgio

koncesia – „nebarTva“, „daTmoba“. saxelmwifos mier kerZo mrewvelTan an samrewvelo kompaniasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba, romliTac am ukanasknels eZleva ufleba garkveul samrewvelo sawarmoTa, mTamadneulis da misT. eqsploataciisa.

akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959)

irakli wereTeli (1881-1959)

molaparakeba faqtobrivad CaiSala. gamocxadda, rom rTuli sakiTxebis gadaWra gadaido momdevno konferenciamde, romlis mowvevac daigegma imave wlis zafxulisaTvis haagaSi. genuis konferenciis win saqarTveloSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba metad daZabuli iyo. gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna mTaSi. Tavisuflebismoyvare svaneTma ar cno moZalade sabWoTa reJimi da mas daumorCilebloba gamoucxada. 1921 wlis oqtombris bolos svaneTSi dawyebuli ajanyeba, romelmac zamTarSi poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo, momdevno wlis gazafxulis dadgomisTanave ganaxlda. xelis-

zurab avaliSvili (1876-1944)

simon mdivani (1876-1937)

genuis konferencia

uflebam quTaisidan da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan svaneTisaken wiTeli armiis nawilebi daZra, ajanyebulebi alyaSi moaqcia da soflebis dabombvas Seudga. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigrirebulma mTavrobam scada am mdgomareobisken farTo sazogadoebis yuradReba miepyro. noe Jordaniam werilebi gaugzavna saerTaSoriso organizaciebis – meore da venis internacionalis xelmZRvanelobas da iTxova, saCqarod mieRoT zomebi saqarTveloSi sisxlisRvris SesaCereblad. manve daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa genuaSi mimdinare saerTaSoriso konferenciasac: „me miviRe depeSa, romelic macnobebs, rom sabWoTa mTavrobis jarebi awarmoeben samxedro moqmedebas saqarTvelos provinciebSi – svaneTSi, leCxumsa da raWaSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawilSi sisxli iRvreba. qveynis sxva nawilebSi mdgomareoba ufro da ufro mwvavdeba, mosalodnelia usaSinelesi katastrofa. qarTveli xalxis saxeliT gTxovT dasvaT konferenciaze es sakiTxi. konferencias SeuZlia bolo mouRos sisxlis Rvras“.

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

mimarTvis pasuxad giorgi CiCerinma ganacxada: saqarTveloSi araviTari saomari moqmedeba ar mimdinareobs, es yvelaferi umarTebuloa da saerTaSoriso konferencia ar unda ganixilavdes „kerZo piris“ – n. Jordanias depeSas, „romelic Tavis Tavs saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis Tavmjdomares uwodebs“. sabWoTa saqarTvelos bolSeviki liderebi filipe maxaraZe da mamia oraxelaSvilic, giorgi CiCerinis msgavsad, cruobdnen da acxadebdnen: „noe Jordanias mier xelmowerili telegrama yovelive simarTles moklebulia. saqarTveloSi araviTar ajanyebas adgili ara aqvs. raWa, leCxumi da TviT svaneTic sabWoTa xelisuflebis burjebia“. „saqarTveloSi politikuri mowinaaRmdegis erTi wveTi sisxli ar dagviRvria“; „mdgomareoba aq araTu mtkicea da uryevi, aramed mSvidobianic. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi araTu araviTari ajanyebis, aramed ubralo sapolicio wesrigis darRvevis SemTxvevac ar yofila“. noe Jordaniam saqarTveloSi mimdinare antisabWoTa ajanyebis sailustraciod dokumenturi masalebi gamoaqveyna parizSi gamomaval gazeT „tanSi“, saidanac informacia safrangeTisa da evropis sxva araerTi qveynis periodulma gamocemebmac gadabeWdes. Jordanias mier aRwerili movlenis utyuarobas mowmobs erTi imdroindeli saarqivo dokumentic, romelSic xazgasmulia, rom saqarTveloSi masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo „usabuTo Cxrekebma, rekviziciebma, konfiskaciebma da dapatimrebebma. ...xalxi kvnesis sagangebo organoebis usamarTlo saqcieliT da cxovrobs teroris qveS“.

filipe maxaraZe (1868-1941)

mamia oraxelaSvili (1881-1937)

giorgi CiCerini (1872-1936)

istoria genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias memorandumiT mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosim. eris sulieri moZRvari ganaTlebul kacobriobas saqarTveloSi Seqmnil umZimes viTarebas aRuwerda, qveynidan ruseTis saokupacio jaris dauyovnebliv gayvanas da qarTveli erisaTvis sakuTari politikuri cxovrebis damoukideblad warmarTvis uflebas moiTxovda. es mimarTva, giorgi maCablis ZalisxmeviT, 1922 wlis 25 maiss italiur gazeTSi „kafaro“ gamoqveynda. giorgi maCabeli didad afasebda qarTveli mRvdelmTavris gabedul nabijs, werda: „kaTalikosma Tavisi gmiruli saqcieliT aramarto qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti aswia kidev ufro maRla, aramed mTeli qarTveli eris prestiJic“. konferenciis Tavmjdomare luiji faqtas gadaeca akaki Cxenkelis notac, romelSic gamoxatuli iyo imedi, rom „saxelmwifoni, romelTac icnes okupaciiT daWerili saqarTvelos mTavroba, isargebleben SemTxveviT, moiTxovon pativiscema saqarTvelos xalxis uflebisa da rom daudon sazRvari okupaciisa da devnis reJims, Seqmnils saqarTveloSi sabWoTa mTavrobisagan“. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos emigrirebuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi genuis konferenciaze daSvebuli ar yofilan da konferencias sagnobrivad arc saqarTvelos sakiTxze umsjelia, xsenebuli mimarTvebi gasajarovda, informacia sabWoTa ruseTis Zalmomreobis Sesaxeb, perioduli presis meSveobiT, kidev ufro farTod gaxda cnobili. sabWoTa reJimis mimarT evropaSi Seqmnili uaryofiTi sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis Sesacvlelad kremli iZulebuli gaxda sagangebod ezruna. erT-erTi aseTi cda iyo cnobili qarTveli bolSevikis budu mdivnis interviu berlinur gazeTSi „novi mir“, romelic araerT yalb informacias Seicavda da saqmes ise warmoaCenda, TiTqos saqarTvelos mosaxleoba bolSevikebis mxarezea, qveyanaSi aris mSvidoba, finansuri stabilizacia da a. S. qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnali „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“ darwmunebiT werda, rom „genuis konferencias aseTi tyuilebiT ver auxveven Tvals da iq maTTvis gamzadebul marcxs Tavidan ver aicdenen“.

patriarqi ambrosi xelaia (1861-1927)

rapalos xelSekulebis gaformebis monawileebi, 1922

genuis konferencia

marTlac, konferenciaze sabWoTa delegaciam Tavis mTavar mizans ver miaRwia, Tumca izolaciis daZlevis gzaze pirveli nabiji mainc gadadga. 1922 wlis 16 aprils qalaq rapaloSi xeli moewera ormxriv SeTanxmebas rsfsr-sa da germanias Soris, romelic diplomatiuri urTierTobebis srulad aRdgenas da savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi urTierTxelsayreli reJimis amoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. genuis konferenciam srulad verc qarTuli politikuri emigraciis molodini gaamarTla. arc daumalavT, rom „konferenciam SeiZleba ver mogvca is, razedac ocnebobda bevri: Tavis daxsna bolSevikur barbarosebisagan, man ver gaayvanina jari ruseTs. kidev meti, man verc ki SeaCera svaneTze Tavdasxma, Tumca mosTxova igi CiCerins. erTi sityviT, man realuraT ver gamoaswora im ukuRmarTobis Sedegi, im sisxliani epoqis nayofi, romelic Tebervlis TavdasxmaSi da Tavisufali qveynis uxeSaT dapyrobaSi gamoixata“. Tavis dasamSvideblad mxolod is Tu gamodgeboda, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma sabWoTa ruseTs saqarTvelos saxeliT gamosvlis ufleba ar misces da konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobaze sabWoTa saqarTvelosac uari eTqva.

„bolSevikebi saqarTvelos Tavis mokavSire Tu monawile respublikaT Tvlidnen da mis warmomadgenlobas Tavis agents budu mdivans da b-n CiCerins akisrebdnen. amis miReba konferenciisagan iqneboda Cveni dapyrobis dadastureba. konferenciam es uaryo, maSasadame amiT sabolooT da mtkiceT ganacxada, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis nawili ar aris, rom igi damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifoa. ganacxada, rom bolSevikebis jaris Sesvla am qveyanaSi ar qmnis maTTvis raime uflebas. saqarTveloze igi ukanonoa, usamarTloa, da rom jariT Seqmnili mmarTveloba saqarTvelos mTavrobaT ar CaiTvleba. erTi sityviT, uaryo is, rasac bolSevikebi wineT da Semdegac mTeli energiiT cdilobdnen mieRwiaT. da amrigaT saerTaSoriso masStabiT, naTlaT dasuraTda mdgomareoba saqarTvelosi, rogorc damoukidebeli, magram dRes ukanonoT dakavebulis ucxo jaris mier, xolo warmomadgenlobis ufleba – qarTveli xalxis ndobiT aRWurvil, dRes safrangeTSi myof mTavrobas miekuTvna“, – werda Jurnali „Tavisufali saqarTvelo“. qarTulma politikurma emigraciam genuis konferenciis mniSvneloba Seafasa, rogorc saqarTvelos sakiTxSi „burusis gafantva da moskovis mier warmoebuli agitaciis gacudeba“. „iuridiulad da moralurad qarTuli saqmis win waweva da okupantebis ukan daxeva, maTi Zalmomreobis borotmoqmedebad aRiareba“. „saqarTvelos im uflebaTa aRiareba, romelic man sami wlis arsebobiT da saxelmwifoebrivi Semoqmedebis gamoCeniT daimsaxura“.

genuis konferenciis monawileebi

regioni

imperiebis sasaflao

aziis SuagulSi

avRaneTi

sazogadoebis gardaqmnis warumatebeli mcdelobebi

revaz gaCeCilaZe evropul yaidaze avRaneTis modernizacia 1920-ian wlebSi pirvelad scada avRaneTis emirma (1926 wlidan – mefem) amanulam. mas TvalsaCino magaliTad hqonda mustafa qemalis (imave qemal aTaTurqis) reformebi TurqeTis respublikaSi. TurqeTma, romelic geografiulad axlosaa evropasTan da mWidro kulturuli kavSirebic hqonda masTan, ukve XIX saukuneSi SeiZina erTgvari modernizaciisa da vesternizaciis („gadasavleTebis“) gamocdileba. mustafa qemali Tavis Tamam reformebSi eyrdnoboda Tanamoazre generlebs, ZiriTadad, evropaSi samxedro ganaTlebamiRebul pirebs da omebSi nawrTob armias. qemalistebma SeZles (maT Soris, Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebiTac) TurqeTis saxelmwifo institutebis sekularizacia da wamoiwyes erTgvari vesternizacia, Tundac liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebis gareSe. avRaneTSi ki ar arsebobda arc modernizaciis tradicia da arc amanulas hyavda erTguli Tanamoazreebis didi jgufi. amanulam SemoiRo Tanamedrove konstitucia, sadac ewera moqalaqeebis Tanasworobasa da pirovnul Tavisuflebebze, daaarsa saerTo skolebi biWebisa da gogonebisaTvis, akrZala qalebis islamuri samosi, tomis beladebi aiZula CaecvaT evropuli tansacmeli, magram es zedapiruli cvlilebebi aRmoCnda. reaqciuli Zalebi ajanydnen da 1929 wels aiZules amanula taxtidan gadamdgariyo da emigraciaSi wasuliyo. misi reformebis umetesoba, maT Soris konstitucia, gauqmda. 1933 wels taxtze avida 19 wlis mohamad zahir Sahi. saSualo ganaTleba mas safrangeTSi hqonda miRebuli. pirovnulad is sakmaod humanuri mmarTveli gamodga: mis dros politikuri braldebiT arcerTi adamiani ar dasjila sikvdiliT, rac avRaneTis istoriaSi iSviaTi gamonaklisia! zahir Sahi frTxil sagareo politikas atarebda da avRaneTi iRebda ekonomikur daxmarebas „civi omis“ droindeli orive ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegisagan – amerikisganac da sabWoTa kavSi-

avRaneTi

amanula xani (1892-1960)

qemal aTaTurqi (1881-1938)

risganac. magaliTad, amerikuli daxmarebiT ganxorcielda „hilmendis proeqti“ – md. hilmendze Seiqmna didi wyalsacavi, ramac samxreT avRaneTis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli, bevri momTabare gadavida binadar cxovrebaze. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am miwaze farTod gavrcelda opiumis momcemi yayaCos moyvana. meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirmac auSena avRaneTs ramdenime qarxana da fabrika, gaiyvana salangis gvirabi hinduyuSis mTebSi, ramac umoklesi gziT daukavSira CrdiloeTi avRaneTi qveynis samxreT nawils. 1950-iani wlebidan zahir Sahi Seudga zomieri reformebis gatarebas. 1964 wels Seiqmna axali konstitucia da avRaneTi konstituciur monarqiad gamocxadda. jer kidev 1931 wels qabulSi daarsebuli Tanamedrove universiteti xels uwyobda liberalurad ganwyobili politikuri moRvaweebis Txeli fenis warmoqmnas. imavdroulad Cndeboda radikalurad, prokomunisturad ganwyobili jgufebic, maT Soris, evropul yaidaze organizebul armiaSic. erTgvari modernizacia mxolod avRaneTis qalaqebSi igrZnoboda. glexoba, miT umetes – fuSTuni momTabareebi, islamis konservatiuli wesebis erTguli rCeboda. 1973 wels, zahir Sahis sazRvargareT samkurnalod yofnisas, misive biZaSvilma, yofilma premier-ministrma mohamad daud xanma prokomunisturad ganwyobil oficreb-

Tan erTad moawyo usisxlo gadatrialeba. zahir Sahma amjobina uari eTqva taxtze da emigraciaSi darCeniliyo. daud xanma avRaneTi respublikad gamoacxada, xolo sakuTari Tavi – prezidentad. sabWoTa kavSirisagan man miiRo daxmareba sabrZolo teqnikis saxiT, Tumca male mixvda, rom kremli cdilobda misi sagareo politikis marTvas. adre, premier-ministris postze yofnisas, daud xani upirispirdeboda pakistans, radgan avRaneTTan misi sazRvari, e. w. „diurandis xazi“, usamarTlod gavlebulad miaCnda. magram prezidentad myofi, gansakuTrebiT, 1976 wlidan, daud xani Seecada urTierTobis gaumjobesebas pakistanTan da misi meSveobiT – aSS-sTan. kremli Zalian SeaSfoTa avRaneTis SesaZlo daaxloebam amerikasTan, romelsac Tavis umTavres metoqed miiCnevda „didi TamaSis“ ganaxlebul versiaSi. daud xans bevri mowinaaRmdege gauCnda sakuTar qveyanaSi. garda politikurad daTrgunuli liberalebisa, romlebic CamoaSores qveynis marTvas, rac maT nawilobriv SeeZloT zahir Sahis dros, Zalian ukmayofilo iyvnen eTnikuri umciresobebi: magaliTad, avRaneTis tajikebi daud xans brals sdebdnen viwro, fuSTunuri, nacionalizmis waxalisebaSi. Zalas ikrebdnen islamuri fundamentalistebi, romelTac soflad hqondaT didi mxardaWera.

regioni

hilmendis proeqti

salangis gvirabi

magram mTavar mowinaaRmdeged prezident daud xans moevlinen misive yofili mokavSireebi – komunistebi, avRaneTis saxalxo demokratiuli partiis (asdp) wevrebi. maTTan dapirispireba gaizarda, rodesac daud xanma 1977 wels SemoiRo axali konstitucia, romelSic iyo muxli qveyanaSi erTaderTi – saprezidento „erovnul-revoluciuri partiis“ Sesaxeb. konstitucia prezidents ukanonebda qveynis erTpirovnulad marTvis uflebas. avRaneli komunistebis sakmao nawils ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda sabWoTa kavSirSi, nawils – indoeTSi da sxvagan. bevr maTgans gulubryvilod sjeroda, rom socialisturi sazogadoebis Seqmna SesaZlebelia feodalizmSi Caflul sasoflo qveyanaSi. komunisti liderebi ki mxolod Zala-uflebis xelSi aRebas eswrafodnen. asdp-is mkveTrad dapirispirebuli fraqciebi sakuTari liderebis interesebs emsaxurebodnen: fraqcia „xalq“-s (masebi) xelmZRvanelobdnen nur muhamad Taraqi da hafizula amini. momxreTa ricxviT is sWarbobda meore fraqcias – „farCam“-s (droSa), romelsac saTaveSi edga babraq qarmali. „xalqi“ klasTa brZolis gaRvivebas da swraf reformebs emxroboda, „farCami“ ufro zomieri da neli gardaqmnebis momxre iyo. daud xanma daagviana Tavisi garemocvidan komunistebis CamoSoreba. am ukanasknelebma ki SeTqmuleba moawyves da armiaSi TavianTi momxreebi aajanyes. aris varaudi, rom amaSi kremlis xelic eria. 1978 wlis 28 aprils prezidenti mohamad daud xani Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis umetesobasTan erTad mokles. sisxlian gadatrialebas, romelsac ori aTasamde adamiani emsxverpla, „sauris revolucia“ ewoda. misma umTavresma xelmZRvanelma, hafizula aminma, 1978 wlis oqtomberSi ganacxada, rom „sauris revolucia aris didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis gagrZeleba“. sinamdvileSi ki, feodalizmis epoqidan mZimed gamomaval sazogadoebaSi marqsistuli ideis ganxorcielebis mcdeloba ufro didi uazroba iyo, vidre 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucia ZiriTadad glexur ruseTSi.

mohamad zahir Sahi (1914-2007 )

opiumis plantaciebi avRaneTSi

avRaneTi

mohamad daud xani (1909-1978 )

1978 wlidan avRaneTSi gza gaexsna gadatrialebebisa da politikuri mkvlelobebis mTel serias. 1978 welsve gamocxadda avRaneTis demokratiuli respublikis Seqmna, romelmac nominalurad 1992 wlamde iarseba. mmarTvelad movlenili revoluciuri sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda asdp-is generaluri mdivani nur mohamad Taraqi, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiris mxardaWeris didi imedi hqonda. 1978 wlis 5 dekembers Taraqim xeli moawera sabWoTa kavSirTan „megobrobis, TanamSromlobisa da keTilmezoblobis xelSekrulebas“ (20 wlis vadiT), romlis ZaliT sabWoTa kavSiri yovelmxriv unda daxmare-

avRaneTis saxalxo demokratiuli partiis (asdp) logo

boda „socializmis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgar“ avRanel xalxs. magram kremlis xelmZRvaneloba Tavidan erideboda sabWoTa armiis gamoyenebiT daxmarebis gawevas avRaneli komunistebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi farTovdeboda antikomunisturi gamosvlebi da lokaluri ajanyebebi. avRaneli mojanyeebi sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen „mojahedebs“, anu „jihadis“ (saRvTo omis) monawileebs. maTi ukmayofilebis mizezebi iyo miwis gauazrebeli reforma, swrafi reformebi qalebis emansipaciis mizniT, Taraqis pirovnebis kultis damkvidrebis mcdeloba. avRaneTis komunisturma reJimma, romelsac warmoadgenda „xalq“-is fraqcia, Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs upasuxa ruseTis bolSevikuri revoluciis dros gamocdili „wiTeli teroriT“. „kontrrevolucionerebad“ gamocxaddnen rogorc molebi da feodalebi, ise metoqe fraqcia „farCam“-is momxre komunistebic. oriode wlis ganmavlobaSi politikuri motiviT

„saur“ an „sour“ daris (sparsul) enaze niSnavs mzis hijris kalendris meore Tves, rodesac avRaneTSi moxda prokomunisturi gadatrialeba. islamuri „hijriT welTaRricxvis“ dawyeba emTxveva Cv. w. 622 wlis 16 ivliss. Tveebi ganisazRvreba mTvaris cikliT, ris gamoc „hijris weli“ 354-355 dRes Seicavs. iranSi Sah reza fehlevis (1925-1941) droidan iyeneben e. w. „mzis hijris kalendars“, anu sawyisi isev emTxveva 622 wels, magram Tveebi (sparsuli saxelebiT) iseTive sigrZisaa, rogorc sayovelTaod miRebul kalendarSi. iranuli axali weli iwyeba 21 marts. imave kalendars iyeneben avRaneTSic.

regioni

nur muhamad Taraqi (1917-1979 )

hafizula amini (1929-1979)

babraq qarmali (1929-1996)

daxvrites, sul cota, 11 aTasi adamiani (arsebobs versia, rom daxvretilTa ricxvi 20 aTassac ki uaxlovdeboda). imavdroulad, qveynis saTaveSi gamwvavda brZola ZalauflebisaTvis. 1979 wlis seqtemberSi premier-ministrma hafizula aminma erTguli oficrebis xeliT nur mohamad Taraqi xelisuflebas CamoaSora da maleve moakvlevina kidec, Tumca oficialurad gamocxadda misi avadmyofobiT gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. hafizula amini qveynis meTauri gaxda. man mimarTa moskovs TxovniT gamoegzavnaT samxedro nawilebi „mojahedebis“ winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. amjerad kremlSi marTlac gadawyvites samxedro Careva avRaneTis saqmeebSi. 1979 wlis 25 dekembers sabWoTa armiis nawilebma moaxdines avRaneTis okupacia. 27 dekembers ki sabWoTa specrazmma qabulSi, sakuTar rezidenciaSi mokla TviT hafizula amini. avRaneTis xelmZRvanelad kremlma dasva sxva komunisti, fraqcia „farCam“-is lideri babraq qarmali. avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervenciis mizezebi mTlad logikurad ar Cans: erT-erTi motivi SeiZleboda yofiliyo imave 1979 wlis TebervalSi iranSi momxdari islamuri revolucia da iqidan religiuri fanatizmis avRaneTsa da sabWoTa Sua aziaSi gavrcelebis safrTxe. realurad ki, iranis Siituri revoluciis idealebi miuRebeli iyo avRaneTisa da Sua aziis upiratesad suniti muslimebisTvis;

ajanyebuli mojahedebi

avRaneTi

sabWoTa kavSiri

duSanbe

Termezi

irani

neTSi ibrZola 620 aTasma sabWoTa jariskacma, rogorc sabolood gairkva – sul tyuilad. CineTi

quliabi

mazar-i Sarifi quSqa

qunduzi faizabadi

maimanahi yala

heraTi

ful-i xumri

CaRCarani Sindandi sagari

fanjou

mahmud e-raki

qabuli

farahi

jalalabadi Razni deTarami

terini gereSqi

xosTi muyuri

zaranji

feSavari

indoeTi

bosti yandaari

sabWoTa jarebis marSrutebi

TaRrazi

pakistani

avRaneTSi Sesvla ufro advili aRmoCnda, vidre iqidan gamosvla. marTalia, mojahedebs iaraRs awvdidnen amerika, pakistani, saudis arabeTi, CineTi, magram am iaraRs efeqtianad iyenebdnen Tavdauzogavad mebrZoli ubralo avRanelebi. sabWoTa kavSirs ki hyavda SedarebiT mcirericxovani momxreebi, romlebTan erTadac avRaneTSi formalurad grZeldeboda „socializmis mSenebloba“.

avRaneTis omis dros sabWoTa Zalebis mier kontrolirebadi teritoria

Tu sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mizani iyo hafizula aminis dasja nur mohamed Taraqis mkvlelobisaTvis, es ar moiTxovda aseTi didi masStabis intervencias; kremlSi aSinebdaT avRaneTis saqmeebSi amerikelebis Careva, magram 1979 wels es SiSi gadaWarbebuli iyo; SesaZlebelia, rom kremlSi saerTod ar gakeTda siRrmiseuli gaTvla da sabWoTa kavSiri „CaiTria avRanurma Waobma“, ise, rogorc oriode aTwleuliT adre „vietnamurma Waobma CaiTria“ amerika. Tavidan gamocxadda, rom ricxobrivad SezRuduli sabWoTa samxedro kontingenti avRaneTSi xanmokle operacias Caatarebda. sinamdvileSi ki, intervencia cxra weli gagrZelda. sabWoTa armiis „SezRuduli kontingenti“ erTdroulad iTvlida xolme 100 aTasamde mebrZols, saerTo jamSi ki, avRa-

sabWoTa aviacia avRaneTSi iyenebda jer kidev espaneTis samoqalaqo omsa (1936-1939) da II msoflio omSi gamoyenebul „xaliCovani dabombvis“ taqtikas, rac gulisxmobda bombdamSenebis eskadriliis mier miwis farTo zolis miyolebiT dabombvas (avRaneTSi xSirad ibombeboda mdinareTa nayofieri xeobebi), ris Semdegac am cecxlovan sivrceSi arcerTi cocxali arseba da arcerTi mTeli nageboba ar unda darCeniliyo. dabombvis aseTi meTodi dausjeli rCeboda iqamde, sanam amerikelebi SeaiaraRebdnen avRanel mojahedebs xeliT sasroli haersawinaaRmdego raketebiT – „stingerebiT“. amis Semdeg sabWoTa aviaciis danakargi mkveTrad gaizarda. gadamwvar zolebSi daRupul qalebsa da bavSvebs saTvalavSi ar iRebdnen: yvela teroristi da „duSmani“ (mteri) iyo! es sisastike sapirispiro Sedegs iZleoda: arc mojahedebi da arc maT dasaxmareblad islamuri (ZiriTadad, arabuli) qveynebidan Casuli mebrZolebi ar indobdnen sabWoTa meomrebsa da maT avRanel kolaboracionistebs.

sabWoTa jariskacebi avRaneTSi

regioni swored avRaneTSi sabWoTa armiasTan brZolaSi gaiwafnen islamuri teroristuli dajgufebebis wevrebi (am dajgufebebSi ar Sedioda ufro gvian Seqmnili „Talibani“: ix. qvemoT), romlebic mogvianebiT dasavleTis qveynebs daupirispirdnen. maT Soris iyo usama bin ladeni, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi amerikaSi dasaxelda N1 teroristad“: swored man daaarsa teroristuli qseli „al-kaida“. avRaneTSi 9-wliani kampaniis dros sabWoTa kavSirma moklulTa saxiT oficialurad dakarga 15 aTasi mebrZoli, araoficialurad – 2-jer meti. daRupul avRanelTa ricxvs sxvadasxva wyaro angariSobs 600 aTasidan 2 milionamde. 6 milionamde adamiani qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad iqca an sazRvargareT gaiqca, upiratesad – mezobel pakistansa da iranSi. gadamwvari soflebis garda, daibomba qalaqebi, milionobiT naRmi Caido miwaSi. avRaneTSi SeWris gamo sabWoTa kavSirs gmobdnen saerTaSoriso doneze, 1980 wels moskovSi Catarebul olimpiur TamaSebs boikoti gamoucxada msoflios qveynebis sagrZnobma nawilma. 1985 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul „perestroikas“ daemTxva navTobze msoflio fasis mkveTri dacema, xolo sabWoTa ekonomika mniSvnelovanwilad efuZneboda navTobis eqsportisgan miRebul Semosavals. aseT pirobebSi avRaneTSi mougebeli omis warmoeba ekonomikuradac ki SeuZlebeli gaxda. 1989 wels kremlma avRaneTidan jari gamoiyvana da avRaneTis saxalxo demokratiuli partiis axal generalur mdivnad datova „mtkice lideri“ mohamad najibula, romelsac sabWoTa iaraRiT SeiaraRebuli, magram arasaimedo, avRaneTis armia darCa. avRaneTSi gancdili marcxi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis mouSorebeli laqa da misi daSlis erT-erTi faqtori gaxda. gadataniTi azriT, avRaneTi kidev erTxel iqca „sasaflaod imperiisaTvis“... *** sabWoTa armiis gasvlam ar moutana mSvidoba avRaneTs. daingra mmarTvelobis tradiciuli struqtura, romelic eyrdnoboda tomis beladebis, sasuliero pirebis, erTi

sunitoba da Siitoba aris islamis ori ZiriTadi, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mimarTuleba.

xanoba – inteligenciis, avtoritets. interventebTan brZolaSi Camoyalibda mojahedebis SeiaraRebuli TavdacviTi jgufebi, romlebic sabolood gadaiqcnen regionuli savele meTaurebis pirad armiebad. 1992 wels najibulas reJimi da asdp-is mmarTveloba daemxo, Tumca qveyanaSi Sinaomebi ar Sewyvetila. savele meTaurebis Seqmnili koaliciuri mTavrobebi aramdgradi iyo. aseT viTarebaSi wina planze gamovida pakistanis Crdilo-dasavleT sasazRvro provinciis (amJamad mas hqvia xaiber faxTunxva) medreseebSi (islamur sasuliero saswavleblebSi) dawyebuli moZraoba, romelsac „Taliban“-i ewoda. saxeli warmodgeba arabuli sityva „Talib“-idan, rac moswavles/students aRniSnavs („Taliban“ – mravlobiTia). Talibebi eTnikuri fuSTunebi iyvnen. medreseebSi maT sulier aRzrdaze zrunavda deobandis sunituri islamuri moZraobis ulama (arabulad – mecnierebi). 1980-iani wlebidan deobandis moZraobis medreseebs uxvad afinansebda saudis arabeTi, romelic aqtiurad uwyobda xels Tavidan SedarebiT araagresiuli religiuri moZraobis radikalizacias. Tavis mxriv, pakistanis xelisufleba ar aklebda mcdelobas, rom „Talibanis“ moZraoba samxedro-politikur Zalad Camoyalibebuliyo. es sabolood moxda 1994 wlis seqtemberSi. Talibebma daiwyes samxedro moqmedeba avRaneTis teritoriaze da imave wels advilad aiRes q. yandaari. 1996 wels maT xelSi iyo dedaqalaqi qabuli, sadac Talibebma gamoacxades avRaneTis islamuri emiratis (saamiros) Seqmna. yvelaze didxans Talibebs winaaRmdegobas uwevda yofili mojahedebis mier Seqmnili „CrdiloeTis aliansi“, romelic aerTianebda eTnikurad tajik da uzbek mebrZolebs. pakistanis samxedro daxmarebiT Ta-

avRaneTi

1986 wlis 13 noembers moskovSi, kremlSi gamarTul komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis politbiuros sxdomaze, sabWoTa armiis generaluri Stabis ufrosis moadgilis, marSal sergei axromeevis moxsenebaSi iTqva: „Cven gavimarjveT avRaneTSi brZolebisa da samxedro Setakebis 99 procentSi. problema isaa, rom momdevno dRes situacia iseTia, TiTqos brZola arc yofila. teroristebi isev im sofelSi arian, romelSic isini erTi-ori dRis win gavanadgureT an gvegona, rom gavanadgureT“.

libebma daamarcxes yvela mowinaaRmdege da mTel avRaneTSi gabatondnen. 1990-2001 wlebis Sinaomebma 400 aTasamde avRaneli imsxverpla. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo fanatikurad ganwyobili Talibebis mier Sua saukuneebis islamuri kanonis – „SariaTis“ aRorZineba avRaneTSi, rac gulisxmobda damnaSavis sajaro garozgvas, xelis moWras an sikvdiliT dasjas Tavis mokveTiT, codvaSi eWvmitanili qalis qviT Caqolvas, gogonebisaTvis skolaSi swavlis akrZalvas. 2001 wlis martSi msoflioSi sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia vandalurma aqtma, rodesac Talibebma „WeSmariti muslimebis mier kerpebis Semusvris“ sababiT aafeTqes msoflio donis istoriuli Zeglebi, 2500 metris simaRlis mTebSi Cv. w. VI da VII saukuneebSi kldeSi gamokveTili 38 da 55 metris simaRlis budas qandakebebi. „Talibi“ gaigivda fundamentalist islamistTan. avRaneTi swrafad daubrunda Sua saukuneebs. qveyanaSi mTlianad moiSala

usama bin-ladeni (1957-2011)

socialuri infrastruqtura, TiTqmis aRar arsebobda samedicino daxmareba, didi iyo CvilTa sikvdilianoba, mefobda uwignuroba da mosaxleobis sagrZnob nawils sanatreli gauxda lukmapuri. ramdenadac cnobilia, Talibebi ar monawileobdnen sazRvargareT mowyobil teroristul aqtebSi, magram avRaneTSi Tavs afarebdnen sxva qveynebis teroristebi. 2001 wels niu-iorksa da vaSingtonSi ganxorcielebuli Semzaravi teroristuli aqtebis inspiratori, saudis arabeTis moqalaqe usama bin-ladeni, swored avRaneTSi imaleboda. misma devnam moiyvana am saxelmwifoSi amerikeli samxedroebi, romelTac natos wevri sxva saxelmwifoebis samxedro kontingentebic SeuerTdnen: 2009-2021 wlebSi maT mxardamxar ibrZodnen qarTuli batalionebic. 2001 wlis oqtomberSi amerikuli samxedro nawilebi Sevidnen avRaneTSi. Talibebis xelisufleba qabulSi daemxo, magram isini qveyanaSi daifantnen da partizanuli brZola XXI saukunis ganvlili wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar SeuwyvetiaT. „al-kaidas“ qseli avRaneTSi zedapirze aRar Canda – is iatakqve-

regioni

mohamad najibula (1947-1996) sabWoTa jariskacebTan

SeTSi gadavida. TviT bin-ladenis devna gaxangrZlivda: amerikulma specdaniSnulebis razmma is mxolod 2011 wels ipovna mezobel pakistanSi da gaanadgura. dasavleTis qveynebis intervenciis Semdeg avRaneTSi Seiqmna droebiTi administracia hamid karzais xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic mogvianebiT prezidentad airCies. 2004 wels miiRes axali konstitucia da gamocxadda avRaneTis islamuri respublika. ukve 2001 wels gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom Seqmna „uSiSroebisaTvis xelSewyobis saerTaSoriso Zalebi“ (The International Security Assistance Force, ISAF), romelic exmareboda avRaneTis mTavrobas usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi da qveynis aRorZinebaSi. saerTaSoriso donorebis miliardobiT dolaris humanitaruli daxmarebis wyalobiT avRaneTSi xelmisawvdomi gaxda samedicino daxmareba, ganaTleba, maT Soris – gogonebisaTvis, xelovnebis zogierTi dargisa da sportis ganviTareba (qalTa sports Talibebi krZalavdnen). sazRvargareT gaqceuli daaxloebiT 5 milioni avRaneli dabrunda Sin.

Talibebi

marTalia, XXI saukunis damdegs amerikuli samxedro nawilebis avRaneTSi gagzavna samxedro-politikuri da humanitaruli TvalsazrisiT ufro gamarTlebuli iyo, vidre sabWoTa intervencia ociode wliT adre, magram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikis xelmZRvanelobam kargad ar gaaanaliza avRaneTSi didi britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris marcxis mizezebi. rogorc erTi Jurnalisti werda, „ganviTareba iseve, rogorc demokratia, ar SeiZleba gamodiodes Tofis lulidan. dasavleTma moipova gamarjveba. avRaneli qalaqeli kacebisa da qalebis mTelma Taobam miiRo ganaTleba da gaifarTova horizonti. magram es sikeTe ver aRwevda avRaneTis Rarib umravlesobamde da TiTqmis gaunaTlebel glexobamde“. avRaneTi isev gadaiqca opiumis yayaCos momyvan qveynad (rasac, sxvaTa Soris, Talibani ebrZoda) da msoflioSi opiatebis mimwodebel mTavar kerad.

avRaneTi

deobandi aris qalaqi Suagul indoeTSi, romlis erT-erT medreseSi 1867 wels Camoyalibda sunituri islamuri moZraoba, romelic upirispirdeboda britanul (amdenad – „qristianul“) xelisuflebas da induizmis mimdevrebs.

Talibebis mier dangreuli qabuli, 1996

erT-erT xelSemSlel pirobad qveynis modernizaciisaTvis iqca korufcia. mravalmiliardiani finansuri daxmareba, romelic ver aRwevda pirdapiri daniSnulebis adgilebamde da ileqeboda ara marto avRaneli, aramed, rogorc Cans, dasavleli moxeleebis jibeebSi. rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, „kargad gawvrTnili avRanuri samxedro SenaerTebi“ mxolod qaRaldze arsebobdnen! humanitaruli daxmareba sulac ar niSnavda investirebas ekonomikaSi. modernizaciis morigma mcdelobam ver miaRwia mizans. kvlav Talibebi... 2000-ian wlebSi „Talibanma“ moaxerxa Tavis gadarCena. isini iatakqveSeTSi wavidnen, soflebSi gaifantnen. maT partizanul moqmedebas amjeradac pakistanis islamuri respublika exmareboda, romelic dasavleTs, SeiZleba iTqvas, farulad mtrobda. 2001-2015 wlebSi saomar moqmedebebs avRaneTSi Seewira 147 aTasi adamiani, maT Soris – 38 aTasamde sruliad udanaSaulo samoqala-

qo piri. qabulisa da sxva didi qalaqebis gareT usafrTxoebis dacva sul ufro Zneldeboda. 2014 wels avRaneTis axal prezidentad airCies aSraf Rani. imave wels ISAF-is samxedro operaciebi formalurad damTavrda da uSiSroebaze pasuxismgebloba avRaneTis mTavrobam aiRo. ucxoeli jariskacebis ricxvi qveyanaSi Semcirda 2011 wlis 140 aTasidan 16 aTasamde – 2018 wels da 4 aTasamde – 2021 wlis agvistoSi. avRaneTis problemebma msoflio daRala. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda amerikas, romelmac 2001 wlidan avRaneTSi samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmianobaze Tavisi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis or trilion dolarze meti daxarja: mxolod avRaneTis armiis mSeneblobaze wavida 985 miliardi dolari. gairkva isic, rom avRaneTis dasaxmareblad gamoyofili Tanxebi umisamarTod ikargeboda. imavdroulad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom „Talibani“ naklebad saSiSi gaxda, vidre saerTaSoriso terorizmze orientirebuli

`CrdiloeTis aliansis~ mebrZolebi

regioni „islamuri saxelmwifo“, romlis liderebTan avRanel Talibebs principuli uTanxmoeba hqondaT. sxvaTa Soris, ukve „Talibanis“ mTavrobis dros, 2021 wlis bolo TveebSi, avRaneTSi ramdenime sisxliani teroristuli aqti moawyo „islamuri saxelmwifos“ e.w. „xorasnis“ ganayofma (inglisurad mas uwodes ISIS-Khorasan). 2019 wels amerikis mmarTveli respublikuri partiis administraciam daiwyo molaparakeba „TalibanTan“ im mizniT, rom metnaklebad demokratiulad CaerTo igi avRaneTis politikur cxovrebaSi. praqtikulad dadginda, rom 2021 wels amerikuli samxedro nawilebi datovebdnen avRaneTs, magram Talibebis mkafio da mtkice pasuxismgebloba, rogorc Cans, Camoyalibebuli ar yofila. 2021 wlis adre gazafxulze amerikis demokratiuli partiis administracia amtkicebda, rom avRaneTSi aRar aris „al-kaidas“ teroristuli qseli. mogvianebiT, amerikelma samxedroebma prezident baidenis sityvebis sapirispirod aRiares, rom „Talibans“ ar Seuwyvetia kavSiri „al-kaidasTan“, romelic kvlavindeburad warmoadgens teroristul safrTxes msoflio doneze. rogorc ki amerikisa da natos sxva qveynebis samxedro nawilebis gamoyvana daiwyo, „Talibanma“ dauyovnebliv Seutia avRaneTis mTavrobas. avRaneTis armiam faqtobrivad Sewyvita winaaRmdegoba, zogierTma samxedro SenaerTma ki sruli SemadgenlobiT TavSesafari iTxova mezobel uzbekeTsa da tajikeTSi. Talibebi srolis gareSe zedized iRebdnen qalaqebs. imave 2021 wlis 15

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqti niu-iorkSi

agvistos maT xelSi gadavida dedaqalaqi qabuli. prezidenti abdul Rani sazRvargareT gaiqca. avRaneTis xelisuflebis elviseburi CamoSla, misi armiis gaqroba amerikis xelisuflebisaTvis (ar igulisxmeba mxolod 2021 wlidan moqmedi demokratiuli partiis administracia: zustad imave mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda respublikuri partiis administracia donald tramps 2020 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi rom moego) da generalitetisaTvis moulodneli da usiamovno siurprizi aRmoCnda, rac miuTiTebs maT cud informirebulobaze. 2021 welsve Talibebma aRadgines 2001 wlamde arsebuli avRaneTis islamuri emirati, rasac dauyovnebliv mohyva SariaTis kanonebis SemoReba: sasjelis tradiciuli formebi aRdga, qalebisTvis isev aucilebeli gaxda Tavsafari da sxeulis srulad Seburva. sastikad aikrZala ganvlil oc weli-

budas qandakeba ganadgurebamde da Semdeg

avRaneTi

qarTuli batalioni avRaneTSi

amerikeli samxedroebi avRaneTSi, 2001

wadSi qalaqeli avRanelebisaTvis ukve Cveuli gogonebis skolaSi swavla, maTi sportuli aqtivoba, musika (gansakuTrebiT, dasavluri), kacebisaTvis – wveris parsva da „amerikuli“ varcxnilobac ki! msoflio SeSfoTebiT Sexvda Talibebis dabrunebas qveynis saTaveSi da mis qmedebebs, magram maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis survili aRaravis aRmoaCnda. CineTma, cota mogvianebiT – ruseTma da zogma sxva saxelmwifomac (magaliTad, uzbekeTma) isev moisurves pragmatuli TanamSromloba „axal Zvel reJimTan“. SesaZloa aRdges diplomatiuri urTierToba dasavleTis qveynebTan, magram Sewyda dasavleTidan momdinare uzarmazari humanitaruli daxmareba, romelic 40 procentiT uzrunvelyofda avRaneli xalxis materialur, upirvelesad – sasursaTo, keTildReobas. qveyanas isev daemuqra SimSili, rogorc Talibanis pirveli xelisuflebis dros... amerikelma generalma ostinma amerikis senatSi mosmenisas Tqva: „Cven davexmareT [avRaneTs] saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi, magram Cven ver SevZeliT Segveqmna eri“. is marTalia im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tanamedrove avRaneli eri jerac ar Seqmnila. rac Seexeba daxmarebas saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi, masSi gareSe Zalebis monawileoba uSedego aRmoCnda. qveyanaSi darCenili didZali dasavluri samxedro teqnika da iaraRi ramdenime wlis Semdeg jarTad iqceva mouvlelobisa da saTadarigo nawilebis uqonlobis gamo. dasavleTma, upirvelesad, SeerTebulma Statebma, avRaneTSi ganicada ara marto materialuri, aramed, ufro metad, moraluri zarali. avRaneTis modernizaciis keTilSobiluri misia Seusrulebeli darCa. zogierTma mimomxilvelma amas „imperiis moraluri sasaflao“ uwoda. male, albaT, TalibebTan saerTo enas gamonaxaven Cinuri korporaciebi, romlebsac mxolod avRaneTis wiaRiseuli simdidre ainteresebT. pekini ar daisaxavs miznad qveynis modernizaciis misias.

hamid karzai

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ (igive „da’iS“ misi arabuli akronimidan, romelic iSifreba, rogorc „erayisa da Samis/siriis islamuri saxelmwifo“; inglisurad – ISIS) aris sunituri mimarTulebis muslimTa eqstremistuli jgufi. 2014-2015 wlebSi „islamurma saxelmwifom“ daikava erayisa da siriis didi farTobi, sadac umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo iq mcxovrebi 8 milioni adamiani, miiTvisa adgilobrivi resursebi, gaanadgura kulturuli memkvidreoba. xuTi wlis mZime brZolis Sedegad adgilobrivma Zalebma msoflios qveynebis (upirvelesad aSS-is) daxmarebiT gandevnes „islamuri saxelmwifo“ siriisa da erayis teritoriidan. Tumca iatakqveSeTSi gadasuli misi wevrebi isev axorcieleben teroristul aqtebs imave qveynebsa da msoflios sxva regionebSi.

politika

eri da istoria dRes

ilia WavWavaZis inteleqtualuri memkvidreobis interpretacia

daviT darCiaSvili

ilias bevri aqvs dawerili istoriis raobaze, ufro sworad ki, erisa da istoriis urTierTmimarTebaze. Cveni dRevandeli istorikosebi, literatorebis didi nawili da erovnul liderobaze pretenziis mqone politikosebi Tu sxvani swored ilias nawerebSi pouloben STagonebas. misi „eri da istoria“, „osmalos saqarTvelo“, gansakuTrebiT ki, sakmaod vrceli „qvaTa RaRadi“, SesaZloa, yvelas arc hqondes wakiTxuli, magram es da sxva polemikuri werilebi isea citatebad daSlili da araerTxel gamoyenebuli, rom yvelam yvelaferi „icis“. magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT iliaseuli formula – „mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba“. igi araa aRebuli istoriis raobisa da saWiroebisadmi miZRvnili nawarmoebebidan. es formula 24 wlis iliam sul sxva, damxmare, mizniT gamoiyena qarTuli enis propagandisaTvis brZolaSi – misi efeqturad, masobrivi mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebad gamosayeneblad. swored amas eZRvneba iliaseuli mwvaved kritikuli stiliT gajerebuli „oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlovidgan „SeSlilis“ Targmnazeda“, sadac zemoxsenebuli „samebaa“ mowodebuli. Tanamedrove interpretatorTa didi nawili ki am sam sityvas qarTveli eris formulad aqcevs, rac saSiSia, konfliqtebis gamomwvevia: eris aseTi gageba apriori meorexarisxovani moqalaqeobisa da wnexisaTvis imetebs maT, vinc an ena ar icis kargad, an, RmerTma daifaros da, „araswori sarwmunoebisaa“ Tu, sulac, urwmunoa. magram aq ilia arafer SuaSia. wlebis Semdeg daweril im werilebSi, sadac ilia uSualod Seexo eris gansazRvrebas, mogvca erisa da mis warmoSoba-gamoRviZebaSi istoriis rolis sakuTari xedva, ena da sarwmunoeba mxolod damxmare rols asruleben an saerTodac – aranairs. ai, ras ambobs igi „osmalos saqarTveloSi“ ukve 40 wlis asakSi:

eri da istoria dRes

„Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa“.

da kidev: „ar gvaSinebs-meTqi Cven is garemoeba, rom Cven Zmebs, osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa, dRes mahmadianis sarwmunoeba uWiravT, oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT“.

es SeerTeba/Zmoba ukve eris formulaa, nacionalizmis ideologiaa, romlis Tanaxmadac, nacia unda iyos erTiani, politikurad avtonomiuri da ganumeorebeli identobis mqone. magram rogor da riT iqmneba es identoba iliasaTvis? – istoriiT. Tu ras niSnavs es Cveni koleqtiuri identobisaTvis sakvanZo sakiTxi, anu ra aris erisTvis istoria, amas ilia gazeT (xanac – Jurnal) „iveriis“ furclebze wlebis manZilze ubrundeboda im werilebiT, romlebic zemoT vaxseneT. am werilebs Soris yvelaze vrceli da yvelaze gviandeli „qvaTa RaRadia“, magram misgan axla yvelaze naklebi unda aviRoT, radgan istoriis da eris sazrisTa urTierTmimarTebaze metad es naSromi saqarTvelos istoriis konkretul epoqebsa Tu epizodebze zogierT somex da rus inteleqtualebTan polemikas eZRvneba. saerTod, aqve minda vTqva, rom Cemi mizani imaze msjelobaa, Tu ra aris iliasTan yavlgausvleli, ra – mxolod misi epoqisaTvis Sesaferisi, risi TanamedroveobaSi ukritikod gadmoReba mgonia anaqronizmi, anu araadekvaturi da ra – sarisko. bolos imasac vityvi, XXI saukunis gadmosaxedidan ra mgonia erisa da istoriis raoba calcalke Tu erTobliobaSi. am yovelives sailustraciod „qvaTa RaRadis“ polemikur nawils kidev vaxseneb da konceptualur citatas moviyvan:

„eri, rogorc krebuli istoriiT SeduRebul erT-sul da erT-xorc mkvidrTa, yovel patiosanisa da WkuaTmyofel adamianisagan unda pativcemul iyos yovel SemTxvevaSi da misi ase Tu ise gaupatiureba, avad xseneba – didad saTakilo saqcielia. yovels ers Tavisi sakuTari saxe aqvs, Tavisi sakuTari gulTaTqma, Tavisi wadilebi, Tavisi sulTaswrafva, Tavisi Rirseba. amaebis Segineba erTi imisTana sibriyvea, romelic gonebagaxsnils adamians ar epatieba, ar Seendoba“ (qvaTa RaRadi, 1899).

politika am sityvebiT ilia srulad exmianeba XIX saukunis evropel liberal nacionalistebs. frangebis magaliTiT, zogjer ki – TanadgomiT, aRtyinebuli samxreT Tu centraluri evropis xalxTa revolucioneri medroSeni imdroindel imperiebs swored am suliskveTebiT ebrZodnen – maT miaCndaT da surdaT, rom Tavisufleba yvela ers rgeboda da axal naciebs erTmaneTze ar ebatonaT. am suliskveTebas ilia axalgazrdobidan exmianeboda yvelasaTvis cnobili poeturi striqonebiT:

„ sm , sm

natr

i xalxT borki

s xma mtvrev a!“

samwuxarod, es idealizmi da iluzia aRmoCnda. TandaTanobiT, nacionalizmma feodaluri imperiebis winaaRmdeg brZolidan miwisa da kulturis siwmindisaTvis erTa Soris dapirispirebebs daudo saTave. ilias „qvaTa RaRadi“ ukve kavkasiaSi gadmosuli am senis gamoZaxilia – igi ara ruseTis imperiasTan brZolis, aramed somexi nacionalistebis sapasuxod qarTul-somxuri istoriebis datolebis suliskveTebiTaa dawerili. teqstidan Cans, rom iliam es gamowveva miiRo. sxvagvarad im epoqaSi verc moxdeboda. mis Semdgom imperiis nangrevebze es sakiTxi ukve tyviebiT irCeoda. es erisa da istoriis erT-erTi samwuxaro kavSiria. masze, anu nacionalisturi konfliqtebis istoriiT gapoxierebaze, ramac pol valeris aTqmevina, rom istoria yvelaze saSiSi produqtia, rac gonebis qimias Seuqmnia, ilias araferi uTqvams. rac ar unda iyos, iliasaTvis istoria aucilebelia da amaSi Znelia mas ar daeTanxmo. farTodaa cnobili Semdegi pasaJi werilidan „eri da istoria“:

„Cven ara erTxel gviTqvams, rom eris pirqve damxoba, gaTaxsireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca igi Taviss istorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekargeba Tavisis warsulisa, Tavisis yofilis cxovrebisa, daviwyeba istoriisa, Tavisis warsulisa da yofilis cxovrebis aRmofxvra xsovnisagan – momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT moSlisa, darRvevisa da mTlad wawymedisaca. warsuli – mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momavlisa. es sami sxvadasxva xana, sxvadasxva Jami eris cxovrebisa isea erTmaneTzed gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod warmoudgeneli, gaugebari da gamoucnobia. amitomac aris naTqvami erTis brZnisagan, rom awmyo, Sobili warsulisagan, aris mSobeli mermisisao. es samTa JamTa erTmaneTzed damokidebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da garduvali, rogorc yovelive buneburi kanoni“ (1888 weli).

es sityvebi sawyisia, iseve, rogorc wera-kiTxvis gavrceleba, rasac ilia emsaxureboda. isini vinmes unda eTqva maSin. magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier imave sityvebiT saubari arasakmarisi didaqtikaa, radgan aseve ZvelTaganaa cnobili, rom istoriis gakveTilebs aravin swavlobs. da saerTod, istoriul movlenebs unikaluroba axasiaTebs. maTi logika im ganumeorebeli konteqstisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelic veRar ganmeordeba. tyuilad ar ixsenebs frangi istorikosi, „istoriis apologiis“ avtori mark bloki Zvel arabul andazas, rom adamianebi ufro hgvanan Tavis dros, vidre Tavis mamas. Tan ilias naTqvami zedmetad obieqtivisturad JRers, radgan dRevandelma istorikosebma kargad uwyian, rom warsuli kompleqsuri movlenebi

eri da istoria dRes

mudmivi interpretaciebisa da reinterpretaciebis wyaroa. maTSi bolomde Sesvla da maTi sruli gasigrZeganeba SeuZlebelia. magram ilias naxsenebi mosazreba, raoden zogadic ar unda iyos igi, ideologiuria, eris qmnadobis laboratorias asaxavs da Sesabamisad, gamoTqmis drois Sesaferisia. istoriuli mecnierebisa da nacionalizmis kvlevis Tanamedrove gadmosaxedidan gaurkveveli da gulubryviloa „eri da istoriis“ Semdgomi Tezisi:

„bevrs ers qveyanazed sulac ara hqonia warsuli, sulac ara hqonia istoria, ese igi imisTana cnobieri cxovreba, romelic gamosaxavs xolme suliers da xorciels vinaobas erTianis krebulisas, mis mizidulebas, mis azrs da sagans arsebobisas, mis wmidaTa wmidas da romelica mkis Tavis droebisaTvis da amasTanave sTess mermisisaTvis. amisTana xalxni dResac bevrni arian qveyanazed“ (1888 weli).

Tu raime jgufi eria, anu nacia aseTad aRiqvams Tavs, mas istoriac hqonia, sxvagvarad, msgavsi koleqtiuri aRqma-identoba ver gamoumuSavdeboda. xolo Tu aseTi jgufi eri araa, raRac sxva erTobaa, maSin gaugebaria, Tu razea saerTod laparaki. aq sxvacaa – dRes Zalian aramecnierulad JRers saubari eris „azrze“, „saganze“, „xorciel vinaobaze“. eri xom koleqtiuri nebaa da ara – biologia. igi, rogorc ernest renani ityoda, koleqtiuri plebiscitia. magram imJamindeli, saukune-naxevris winandeli amocanebi da sajaro kultura swored aseT saubars iTxovda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansaviTareblad. klasikadaa qceuli da skolebSi aswavlian am werilis kidev erT pasaJs:

„Svilma unda icodes, sad da razed gaCerda mama, rom iqidam daiwyos cxovrebis uRelis weva. Svils unda gamorkveuli hqondes, raSi iyo marTali da kargi misi mama, raSi iyo Semcdari, ra avi miiCnia keTilad da ra keTili – avad, ra umarTavda xels, ra abrkolebda, risTvis irjeboda da mxneobda, da risTvis da raSi uqmobda“ (1888 weli). ki, gana ar unda icodes, magram es ufro metafora da poeziaa, ufro sentimentaluria, vidre mecnieruli. mizezi oria: „mamis“, anu winaprebis saqmianoba SeiZleba ucvlelad grZeldebodes TaobebSi. aseT sazogadoebebs patriarqalurs uwodeben. maT konservatorebi SeiZleba mistirodnen. seriozuli teqnologiuri, samecniero da, Sesabamisad, socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros ki iseTi unar-Cvevebis, damokidebulebebis moTxovnileba Cndeba, romlebsac winaparTa gamocdileba naklebad Tu Sematebs rames. sainteresoa, rom axalgazrda ilias erTi leqsi, „qarTvlis deda“, cota sxva suliskveTebisaa. masSi ilias liberalizmi Cans :

„moviklaT w

l droebze d di... Cven unda vsdioT exla sxva v sk

avs...“ 27

politika ramdenime Taobis win Cveni winaprebi jer kidev batonymobis epoqaSi cxovrobdnen. mere iyo sabWoTa socializmis xana. Znelia aseT kataklizmebSi „mamis“ danatovris gamoyeneba, riskenac ilias „eri da istoria“ mogviwodebs. Tumca erTi kia: Tu cvalebad sazogadoebriv struqturebsa da kulturas Tavs vanebebT da individualur moazrovneebs, imave ilias mivubrundebiT, maTi naazrevis kritikuli analizi, Secvlil viTarebasTan adaptacia marTlac SeiZleba gahyves ilias rCevas istoriis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri nacionalizmis, anu eris umTavres da uZveles rTulad struqturirebul socialur jgufad warmoCenis qvakuTxedia „eri da istoriis“ Semdegi nawyveti:

„Cven ers ori aTasi weliwadi ucxovria istoriulis cxovrebiT. bevri magari da bevric uvargisi qva Caudgia im saZirkvelSi, romelzedac dRes Cveni awmyoa damyarebuli mermisis amosagebad... ra Segvinaxavda am erT muWa xalxs am oriaTas weliwads amodena dauZinebel mtrebs Soris. raT da rogor SegvarCenda xarboba ucxo TemTa am mSvenivrad Semkuls walkotsa, romelsac saqarTvelos eZaxian, Tu Cvens warsuls Cvenis cxovrebis saZirkvelSi magari qva ar Caedga. es erTis mxriT, meores mxriT – ra CamogvarCenda ase uwyalod sxva qveynebsa an ganaTlebasa, an gamdidrebaSi, Tu amisTana qveynis patronTa cxovrebis saZirkvelSi magar qvasTan erTad uvargisi da fxvnili qvac ar Caeyolebina Cvens istorias“ (1888 weli).

aq ilia isev XIX saukunis tipuri moazrovnea, saukunisa, romelic rogorRac veRar damTavrda CvenSi. arada zemoT naxsenebi leqsis striqonebisa ar iyos, ilia, saboloo jamSi, sxva ramiskenac gvibiZgebda. Tanamedrove samecniero gadmosaxedidan, ori aTasi wlis win iyvnen winaprebi, tomTa da gvarTa erTobebi, romelTa wevrebis umetesobas warmodgena ar hqonda, Tu geografiulad da kulturulad sad iwyeba maTi erToba da sad mTavrdeba. ar iyo skola, gazeTi, meqanikuri transporti. samagierod, iyo adamianTa daxarisxeba wodebebad, zepur sazogadoebad da e.w. wvril erad. aseT viTarebaSi eris, imave naciis, Tanamedrove Tu Tundac XIX saukunis gancda/gagebis arseboba warmoudgenelia. da kidev erTi: pasaJi „ucxo TemTa xarbobaze“ ideologiuria da ara – mecnieruli, ramdenadac „xarboba“ adamianis da jgufebis saerTo maxasiaTebeli iyo da aris. qarTvelTa winapari iseve cdilobda ganevrco Tavisi mamulebi, saiTac es gamouvidoda, rogorc amas misi mezoblebi akeTebdnen. gansxvaveba iyo mxolod is, rom mezobelTa nawils raRac etapebze ufro Zlieri samxedro institutebi aRmoaCndeboda xolme. dabolos, raa Tavad istoria iliasaTvis?

„garda yovel amisa, bevrjer gviTqvams da exlac ganvimeorebT, rom istoria igi didebuli taZaria, saca uwiravs erTian sulsa erisas da saca aRumarTavs ers Tavis didebuli da didbunebovan kacTa uwmindesni xatni da zed waruweria didTa saqmeTa moTxroba, viTa saSviliSvilo anderZi“.

eri da istoria dRes

aq isev winaparTa da STamomavalTa mistikur kavSirzea saubari. TiTqos hegelic igrZnoba, romlis Tanaxmad, istoriis meSveobiT absoluturi goni, suli, anu RmerTi, sakuTar Tavs Seimecnebs, qmnis. magram arc esaa mecniereba, rameTu aseTi ganacxadis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia. Tanac istoria xom sakacobrioa, romlis farglebSic gansxvavebuli politikuri identobis mqone jgufebi, igive erebi, erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian, gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, erTmaneTs asxvafereben da xanac iSlebian. nacionalizmis Tanamedrove britaneli mkvlevari entoni smiTi miiCnevs, rom erebad dayofa Tu Camoyalibeba enaze metad iseT kategoriebs eyrdnoba, rogoric gaziarebuli simboloebi Tu koleqtiuri mexsiereba, igive istoriaa. magram istoria interpretaciebs eqvemdebareba. misi ramdenime versia arsebobs xolme da bolos eri Tu xalxi, arsebiTad ki misi mmarTveli elita, erT romelime interpretacias irCevs. ase rom ar iyos, aTaswleulebis win sam enad dayofili qarTveluri enebis ojaxi sami eris warmoSobis wisqvilze daasxamda wyals, rogorc es, magaliTad, aRmosavleT slavebSi moxda. magram swored iliam da misi Taobis sxva eriskacebma sruliad Segnebulad da socialuri konstruirebis maxvili alRoTi gadawyvites sxvagvarad.

waxnagovnad warmoCindeba da saqarTveloSi socialuri simSvidis, erTianobis amocana sxvagvar formulebs, erisa da istoriis urTierTmimarTebaTa reinterpretaciebs iTxovs. Cveni amocana isaa, rom saqarTveloSi macxovrebeli warmoSobiT azerbaijaneli, somexi, osi Tu afxazi Tavs samSobloSi grZnobdes, radgan es asecaa. saqarTvelo ki, rogorc erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi, rogorc mravaleTnikurfesvebiani samoqalaqo eris samosaxlo, am principis damcveli evropisaken unda miiswrafodes. swored ase moiqceoda ilia, oRond igi XIX saukunis moazrovne iyo da ara – XXI saukunisa. da erTic: ilia obieqtivistia, pozitivisti, rogorc misi drois ganaTlebul adamianTa umetesoba. dResac, wina Taobis darad, axalgazrda mkvlevrebi mas „kritikul realistadac“ moixsenieben (ix.: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis magistrantTa, badri oyujavas, buxu gulbanis, giorgi ositaSvilis, gvanca Toduas, Tornike diRmelaSvilis da oTar daviTaSvilis 2019 wlis naSromi „ilia WavWavaZe da sxva Tergdaleulebi istoriis Sesaxeb“). magram dRes nakleb sadavoa, rom istoria cota sxvagvari dargia da ver Seedreba bunebismetyvelebas. igi interpretaciebis intersubieqturi samyaroa da ara raRac – ai, iq aRmosaCeni. asevea eric.

dRes Cven am iliaseuli memkvidreobis mflobelebi varT, magram rogorc individualuri, ise koleqtiuri azri Tavisufalia, mecniereba viTardeba, SemorCenili artefaqtebidan momzirali warsuli mraval-

literatura

ratom unda waikiTxo dRes

knut hamsuni

giorgi gokieli

Cemi werili gankuTvnilia, pirvel rigSi, im axalgazrdebisTvis, knut hamsunis nawarmoebebi jer rom ar waukiTxavT da win elodebaT misi unikaluri samyaros aRmoCenis bedniereba. ikiTxavT, ratom avirCie maincdamainc knut hamsuni? pasuxi piraduli da martivia: imitom, rom CemTvis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayvareli mweralia, visi TiTqmis yvela wigni wakiTxuli maqvs da minda, sxvebsac gavuziaro es siyvaruli da aRtaceba, axalgazrdobaSi rom gamiCnda da mas mere sul Tan mdevs: cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodSi hamsunis sxvadasxva wigniT viyavi gatacebuli, amasTanave, yvela im etapze moiZebneboda misi romelime nawarmoebi, romelic Cems imJamindel ganwyobas, suliskveTebas (da SekiTxvebsac) pasuxobda. arseboben diadi mwerlebi, romlebic ganacvifreben Temebisa Tu saxeebis mravalferovnebiT, siRrmiTa da masStaburobiT. isini sayovelTaod aRiarebuli arian; da arseboben sayvareli mwerlebi, romlebic imitom giyvardeba, rom kiTxvisas giCndeba gancda, TiTqos isini piradad gicnoben da swored SenTvis weren, Seni avtorebi arian. swored aseTia CemTvis knut hamsuni. pirvelad mis nawarmoebebs daaxloebiT 16-17 wlis asakSi gadaveyare. maSin ucxour wignebs ZiriTadad rusul enaze vkiTxulobdi, vinaidan qarTul enaze ucxoenovani literaturis Targmanebi cota gvqonda. hamsuni rusuladac cota iyo, ufro sworad, cota iyo sabWoTa periodSi, Torem revoluciamdel ruseTSi, 1910-ian wlebSi, is erT-erTi yvelaze ufro moduri, Tanamedrove ucxoeli avtori gaxldaT, didi popularobiT sargeblobda da misi Txzulebebis ramdenime sruli krebuli ar-

knut hamsuni

sebobda. me rac Tavidan Camivarda xelSi, iyo 1970 wels gamosuli, Savydiani ortomeuli, romelic did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da xelidan xelSi naTxovrdeboda, Tanac SezRuduli vadiT: or kviraSi mas Semdegi mkiTxveli elodeboda mouTmenlad. am krebulSi Sedioda hamsunis adreul wlebSi Seqmnili neoromantikuli nawarmoebebi: romanebi „SimSili“, „misteriebi“, „pani“ da „viqtoria“, aseve moTxrobebi. manamde gabriel garsia markesis „martoobis asi wlis“ samyaroTi monusxuli da gabruebuli davdiodi. hamsunis am nawarmoebebis wakiTxvisgan, misi ganumeorebeli samyarosa da gmirebis gacnobisgan miRebuli STabeWdileba ki imxela aRmoCnda, rom sruliad damatyveva da mas mere, miuxedavad imisa, rom hamsunze aranaklebi da albaT ufro didi araerTi mwerali Semxvedria, is mainc dRemde Cems erT-erT yvelaze ufro sayvarel prozaikosad rCeba. pirveli ortomeulis mere iyo bukinistebsa Tu biblioTekebSi ruseTis revoluciamdel gamocemebze nadirobisa da Zveli, reformamdeli rusuli alfabetiT am nawarmoebebis kiTxvis cota ucnauri, magram warmtaci procesi, Semdeg megobrebTan ganxilva da STabeWdilebebis gacvla. im dros me da Cemi megobari, mxatvari irakli farjiani, erTdroulad vkiTxulobdiT hamsunis wignebs. iraklim erTi weli abasTumanSi gaatara, sadac filtvebs mkurnalobda da Cven xSiri mimowera gvqonda. ramdenimejer hamsunsac SevexeT. 1985 wlis 2 Tebervals gamogzavnil werilSi mwers:

„vijeqi sabanSi gaxveuli, Tovda da Tovda da vkiTxulobdi „pans“, roca Seni werili momarTves. wuxelis davamTavre „pani“. marTlac mSvenieri da TavisTavad, albaT, ganumeorebeli ramaa. ai, kacma unda Tqvas, stili maqvso. aseTi stili sxvasTan jer ar minaxavs: ra simsubuqiT da saocari haerovani amosunTqviT wers da am yvelaferSi ramxela adamianuroba, sevda, siRrme da kidev ramdeni rame devs. dilas kidev gadavikiTxe adgilebi. es iseTi ramea, romlis wakiTxva xSirad mogindeba albaT kacs da gansakuTrebiT mogindeba, rom xmamaRla sxvas waukiTxo da waukiTxo. mere Tanac me aq nel-nela SevigrZeni buneba... (aRwers tyis bilikebiT seirnobas, cxovelebis nafexurebs Tovlze, xis fesvebis mier amotanil qvebs, romlebmac mzis Suqi ixiles, fiWvebis totebis Wrialis irakli farjiani (1950-1991) xmas, Tovas, mTvares fiWvebis Tavze) maSin xvdebi, vin arian is iaponeli Tu Cineli poetebi, romlebic erTi-ori pwkariT amboben amas yvelafers. ai, aseT gancdebSi var da warmoidgine, ramdenad nacnobi iqneboda glanis gancdebi CemTvis (roman „panis“ mTavari gmiri. g.g.). glanis sikvdilic ra saocaria, ara? rogori axlobelia am droisTvis CvenTvis da ramdeni rame viciT ukve masze. ramxela geniosia mainc hamsuni – daboloebis rogori varianti moigona. da albaT dameTanxmebi, rom es nawarmoebi saocrad sakuTari xdeba SenTvis, SeiZleba ieWviano kidec. da kidev – amTavreb wignebs, mogwons Zalian da mainc eTxovebi, ai, gnaxe, gagicani da axla sxvasTan wavalo. pans ki verasodes daemSvidobebi. ubralod, veubnebi naxvamdis!..“ („literatura da xelovneba“, 2002, 1 # ).

davubrundeT saTaurs. ratom unda waikiTxo dRes hamsuni? pirvel rigSi, Tu saintereso sakiTxav wigns eZeb, romelmac ginda, rom gagitacos, yoveldRiuroba dagaviwyos da warmosaxvis amgznebi ambebisa da gancdebis samyaroSi wagiyvanos, ar inaneb, Tu waikiTxav mis nebismier romans, aseTebi ki bevri dawera xangrZlivi, lamis samocwliani samwerlo karieris manZilze: pirveli wigniT, „SimSiliT“ (Sult, 1890) dawyebuli, bolo „daburuli bilikebiT“ (Paa gjengrodde Stier, 1949) damTavrebuli.

literatura

კნუტ ჰამსუნი

შიმშილი კნუტ ჰამსუნი

ვიქტორია Tu axalgazrda xar da romantikulad Seyvarebuli, maSin unda waikiTxo „viqtoria“ (Victoria. En kjaerlighedshistorie, 1898), erT-erTi yvelaze ufro amaRelvebeli da gulSi Camwvdomi, tragikuli sasiyvarulo ambavi, rac ki odesme dawerila. SesaZloa, is gogoebs ufro moewonoT, vidre biWebs, Tumca ara mgonia, biWebmac iolad moaxerxon yelSi momdgari burTis gadaylapva viqtoriasgan iohanesisTvis miZRvnili bolo werilis kiTxvisas. Tu rTul da „toqsikur“ sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi imyofebi, roca xan mecxre caze xar, xan ki guli tkiviliT gewureba, ma-

Sin „misteriebsa“ (Mysterier, 1892) da „panSi“ (Pan, 1894) – pirvelSi – nagelisa da dagnis, meoreSi ki – glanisa da edvardas ambivalenturi, tkbil-mware, sqesTa brZolis yvela niSnis Semcveli vnebiani urTierToba gagitacebs da SeiZleba sakuTar gamocdilebasTan msgavsebebic ki aRmogaCeninos. Tu Tavi xalxis masidan gamorCeul individualistad da meamboxed migaCnia, maSin impulsuri, araprognozirebadi da artistuli nageli, romelic norvegiis erT mZinare, provinciul zRvispira qalaqSi Cadis da Tavisi eqscentrikuli, donkixoturi qmedebebiT upirispirdeba sazogadoebis yalb morals, Tavmomwoneobasa da snobizms, Tavdayira ayenebs qalaqis cxovrebas – Seni personaJia.

მისტერიები

knut hamsuni

Tu veluri buneba giyvars, masTan Sexeba gaZlierebs da SenTvis inspiraciis wyaroa, maSin „panze“ ukeTesi nawarmoebi Zneli warmosadgenia: gaicnob leitenant glans, yofil samxedros, romelic civilizacias gamoeqca, tyis qoxSi dasaxlda Tavis ZaRlTan, ezopesTan, erTad da Tavs nadirobiTa da TevzaobiT irCens. is eTayvaneba bunebas, rogorc RvTaebas, saubrobs TiToeul xesTan da qvasTan, rogorc megobrebTan, romlebic did saidumloebas aziareben; aq, bunebasTan harmoniaSi, poulobs glani srul Tavisuflebas da xvdeba Tavis siyvaruls. Tu dardianoba dagCemda, ukmayofilo xar Seni TaviT, momavali bundovan teritoriad warmogidgenia da sinaTlis sxivis gamokrTomas elodebi, maSin „SimSili“, hamsunis pirveli da nawilobriv avtobiografiuli wigni, zedgamoWrili sakiTxavia SenTvis; imaze uares dReSi xom ver Cavardebi, vidre axalgazrda, niWieri mweralia, romelic daexeteba qristianiis (axlandeli oslo) quCebSi, mSieri da gaToSili, cdilobs gacrecil bloknotSi nawarmoebad aqcios Tavisi poeturi xilvebi, magram misi erTaderTi fanqari gaileva da axlis sayidlad qurTukis Rilebis aWra da lombardSi dagiraveba uwevs. Sen ki Tan dahyvebi saWmlis ZiebaSi, masTan erTad fiqrob gamosavalze (Txroba xom pirvel pirSi midis) TanaugrZnob, gixaria, Tu sadme funTuSas iSovis da brazdebi, rom am funTuSas ki ar Wams, pirvelive maTxovar qals aZlevs. Tu statiaSi or-sam krons miiRebs, didi zeimi gaqvs, magram rad ginda?! naSimSilari kuWi saWmels ar iRebs da ukan uSvebs. am qomagobaSi myofs ki sakuTari dardi gaviwydeba... Tu meocnebe da poeturi bunebis adamiani xar, TiToeul zemoCamoTvlil wignSi ipovi sazrdos Seni fantaziebisTvis. is ki ara da, Tu deteqtivebisa da mZafrsiuJetiani nawarmoebebis moyvaruli xar, hamsuni arc aq gagawbilebs: marTalia, sakuTriv deteqtivebs da saTavgadasavlo nawarmoebebs ar werda, magram misi romanebi uamravi patar-patara saidumloebiTaa aRsavse da Tan siuJetis agebis iseTi ostatia, rom erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo ambis ganviTarebasac ki sunTqvaSekruli elodebi, rogorc romelime deteqtivis kvanZis gaxsnas. Tu adamianis fsiqologiaSi Cxreka gainteresebs, hamsuni uxvi sazrdoTi mogamaragebs. is xom fsiqologiuri prozis erT-erTi udidesi ostatia. man dostoevskize Tqva:

„aravis gaurCevia ufro detalurad adamianis sulis rTuli fenomenebi. dostoevskis fsiqologiuri intuicia erTgvari naTelmxilvelobis tolfasia. Cven ar gagvaCnia Sesaferisi sazomebi misi Rirebulebis dasadgenad. is marto dgas“.

es mosazreba Tamamad SeiZleba mivuyenoT Tavad hamsuns. mas aqvs TiTqos Tandayolili fsiqologiuri instinqti, romelic ganaviTara unarSi, aCvenos Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani samyaros mTeli sirTule, siRrme da winaaRmdegobebi, Segiyvanos maTi sulebis uSores, yvelaze dafarul xveulebsa da kunWulebSi da gadmogces maTi fiqrebisa Tu emociebis umciresi, daxvewili moZraobebi da ferebi. erT-erT literaturul narkvevSi hamsuni TviTon gamokveTs Tavis amocanas: „rogorc Tanamedrove fsiqologma, me Suqi unda movfino suls... gamovikvlio mTeli sigrZesiganiT, yvela kuTxiT, SevaRwio yvelaze saidumlo wiaRebSi, avago Cems qinZisTavze yvelaze amouxsneli gamocanebi da davakvirde Cemi lupiT“. fiodor dostoevski (1821-1881)

literatura es yvelaferi hamsunis Semoqmedebis pirvelive, e.w. „neoromantikuli amboxis“ periodSive SegxvdebaT, rac misi samwerlo karieris mxolod dasawyisia; hamsuni bevrs da nayofierad muSaobda kidev naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. SemdgomSi misi Txrobis stili ufro realisturi, erTi SexedviT, sada, dawmendili da mSvidi gaxda, Tumca garegnuli simSvidis, intonaciuri auRelveblobis miRma ar Senelebula Sinagani moZraobis intensivoba, ar dauklia vnebebisa da emociebis simxurvales. am TvalsazrisiT, XX saukuneSi daweril nawarmoebTa Soris, romlebic didi Tematuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, me gamovyofdi „drois Svilebs“ (Børn av Tiden, 1913), ambavs gaRaribebis gzaze mdgar aristokrat vilac holmsenisa, misi moZulebuli germaneli colisa da vaWar holmengrosi, axali saukuniT motanili cvlilebebis fonze. aseve – trilogias yalTabandi da fantaziori, bedisweras ayolili avgustis Sesaxeb: „moxetialeni (Landstrykere, 1927), „avgusti“ (August, 1930) da „cxovreba ki grZeldeba“ (Men Livet lever, 1930). Tu epikuri da monumenturi Txroba gizidavT, nu gamotovebT „miwis nayofs“ (Markens Grøde, 1917), isakisa da ingeris – XX saukunis adamisa da evas – lamis Sesaqmiseul istorias, romelSic mwerals 1920 wels nobelis premia mieniWa. da mainc, vfiqrob, hamsunisTvis centraluri Tema siyvarulia, romelsac igi TiTqmis yvela romanSi exeba. „siyvaruli RmerTis pirveli sityvaa, pirveli azri, romelic mis gulSi akiafda. Tqva: iqmnas naTeli! da iqmna siyvaruli. da yvelaferi, rac RmerTma Seqmna, kargi iyo da mas arafris gauqmebis survili ar gasCenia. da siyvaruli gaxda samyaros Semoqmedi da mbrZanebeli; magram misi yvela gza savsea yvavilebiTa da sisxliT, yvavilebiT da sisxliT“, – ambobs iohanesi, „viqtorias“ gmiri. hamsuni aRwers siyvaruls, rogorc sicocxlis yovlismomcvel Zalas, Tumca is misTvis Tan yovelTvis dramaa, drama, romelic efuZneba siyvarulis misi koncefciis mTavar konfliqts: erTi mxriv, hamsuni aRiarebs idealuri, srulyofili siyvarulis ideas da eZebs mas da amave dros icis, rom verasodes ipovis, radgan siyvarulSi harmonia miuRwevelia sqesTa maradiuli brZolis gamo. mis arcerT sasiyvarulo ambavs ar aqvs bednieri dasasruli. sasiyvarulo gancdebi acocxlebs gmiris sulSi yvelaze saidumlos, intimurs, amaRlebuls.

knut hamsuni

Tumca, amave dros, es gancdebi warmoSoben gaucnobierebel impulsebs da ubiZgeben gmirebs moulodneli, zogjer mdabali da maTTvisve amouxsneli saqcielisken. sisaTuTesa da sitkboebas cvlis Zlieri emociuri qariSxali, rasac Tan axlavs wyena, braldebebi, erTmaneTis gagebis uunaroba, tkivili, grZnobebis Rrmad damalvis survili. es yvelaferi hamsuns aZlevs nayofier masalas sasiyvarulo dramis yvelaze daxvewili niuansebis saCveneblad. adamianis intimuri samyaro aq Cndeba mTeli Tavisi sisavsiTa da originalobiT, Suq-CrdilTa simdidriT. glanisa da edvardas, iseve, rogorc nagelisa da dagnis, iohanesisa da viqtorias urTierTobebis ambavSi siyvaruli gadauWrel konfliqtSi Sedis gmirebis siamayesa da mgrZnobiarobasTan, sayvareli adamianis sulsa da gulze gabatonebis egoistur survilTan. hamsunis yvela axalgazrda personaJi ukompromisoa Tavis akviatebebSi: mzad aris, umal uari Tqvas bednierebaze, vidre dakargos Tavisufali neba. da es aris is, rac tragediis winapirobad iqceva xolme. hamsuni Tavisi ostatobiT axerxebs imas, rom siyvaruli daganaxos samyaros mamoZravebel, diad, STamagonebel da damaTrobeli tkbobis momniWebel da, imavdroulad, damangrevel, mtanjvel da dasaRupad ganwirul Zalad. axla vigrZeni, rom siyvarulis Sesaxeb hamsunis Sexedulebaze msjelobisas Cemi teqstis tonmac cotaTi aiwia, TiTqos ufro emociuri JReradoba miiRo. es ambavi, albaT, TviTon hamsunis siyvarulis Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebis maRali temperaturisa da mRelvare intonaciis gavleniTaa ganpirobebuli, rac mkiTxvelSic eiforiul ganwyobas badebs. kidev imitom, rom hamsuni poetia (leqsebis avtors ar vgulisxmob, Tumca erTi poeturi krebulic aqvs gamocemuli – „veluri qoro“ (Det vilde Kor, 1904). imis Tqma mindoda, rom misi proza Zalian poeturia, romeli periodic unda aviRoT, „romantikuli amboxisa“ Tu „axali realizmisa“). poeziaze mSralad da uemociod wera ki sakmaod rTulia... da gamaxsenda kidev is dro, roca mis wignebs pirvelad vecnobodi da ra Zneli iyo auRelveblad misi kiTxva. wesiT, knut hamsuni norvegielTa saamayo mwerali unda iyos, vinaidan misi donis avtori qveyanas sxva ar hyavs. norvegia amayobs Tavisi „didi oTxeuliT“ – poet-dramaturg henrik ibseniT (1828-1906), prozaikos da dramaturg biernstierne biernsoniT (1832-1910) – pirveli norvegieliT, romelic nobelis premiis laureati gaxda; poet-dramaturg iunas liTi (1833-1908) da

ავგუსტი 35

კ ნ უ ტ ჰ ა მ სუ ნ ი

literatura satirikos aleqsandr kielandiT (1849-1906), magram – ara maTi umcrosi Tanamedrove knut hamsuniT, romelic qveynis upirvelesi romanistia. piriqiT, bevrs norvegiaSi dRemde ercxvineba misi, Tu hamsunze daelaparakebi, SeiSmuSnebian da getyvian: „ki, didi mweralia, didi mxatvaria, magram faSistia“. da amis mizezi knut hamsunis moxucebulobis wlebis erTi epizodia, romelic mas ar apaties. magram sanam am garemoebebs mivadgebodeT, mokled SevexoT mis pirovnebas da cxovrebis peripetiebs. axovani, lamazi kaci yofila. iohanes ienseni, danieli mwerali, aseve nobelianti, ase xatavs mis SemoWras skandinaviis literaturul samyaroSi: „sadRac, norvegiis CrdiloeTiT, saWiro gaxda kldis afeTqeba sarkinigzo xazis gasayvanad da roca afeTqebis xma miCumda, kvamlsa da qvebis wvimaSi gamoCnda goliaTi, mTis CamoSlis gamo odesRac napralSi Caketili da axla gaTavisuflebuli. es iyo knut hamsuni“. gasakviria, rom aseT daxvewil mwerals da inteleqtuals TiTqmis aranairi formaluri ganaTleba ar miuRia, saskolo ramdenime klasis garda. Raribi mkeravis ojaxSi daibada, 9 wlisa biZas miabares, romelic scemda da aSimSilebda. biZas gamoeqca da mas mere sul muSaoba uwevda, lukmapuri rom eSova. rad aRar umuSavia: moxetiale mewvrilmaned, mewaRis Segirdad, sasamarTlos Serifis moadgi-

led, gzis muSad. orjer iyo amerikaSi, sadac muSaobda fermis muSad viskonsinSi, norvegieli mqadageblis mdivnad minesotaSi, tramvais konduqtorad CikagoSi da yanis muSad CrdiloeT dakotaSi. swored es xetialis wlebi gamodga misTvis cxovrebis skolad. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg mis mTavar saqmianobad literatura iqceva. Tavisi SexedulebebiT hamsuni konservatori da mzardi industrializaciisa da misi motanili axali cxovrebis wesis mowinaaRmdege iyo. mas sZulda britaneTi da amerika da Zalian uyvarda germania, vinaidan germanias igi Zveli, tradiciuli, glexuri fesvebis damcvelad miiCnevda, amerikasa da britaneTs ki – yvela borotebis wyarod. is werda, rom amerikas ar aqvs da ar SeiZleba hqondes sulieri cxovreba, rom manqanebis grialma da gugunma mospo amerikul sazogadoebaSi kulturuli mexsiereba. hamsuni mTeli cxovreba Zlieri pirovnebis ZiebaSi iyo da Tu sadme eguleboda, es germania iyo, misi saTayvanebeli nicSes qveyana. yovelive amis gamo hamsunma Riad dauWira mxari kvislingis mTavrobas norvegiaSi da nacistebs – germaniaSi. 1943 wels Sexvda gebelssa da hitlers. 1947 wels hamsuni gaasamarTles, „qveynis moRalated“ Seracxes da 425 000 norvegiuli kronis odenobis jarima miusajes. Tumca cixes gadaurCa „asakobrivi gonebrivi degradaciis“ safuZvelze. es ambebi

iunas li (1833-1908)

aleqsandr kielandi (1849-1906)

henrik ibseni (1828-1906)

biernstierne biernsoni (1832-1910)

knut hamsuni

hamsunma aRwera Tavis bolo wignSi „daburuli bilikebiT“ ("På gjengrodde stier", 1949) yvelasgan moZulebuli da mitovebuli mwerali 1952 wels gardaicvala Tavis oTaxSi, norholmSi. „norvegiuli fiordebis Svils“ (rogorc kliSeebis moyvarulebi eZaxian) qarTul miwazec daudgams fexi da am mogzaurobam sakmao asaxva hpova mis SemoqmedebaSi (dananebiT unda SevniSno, rom qarTul Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi yvelaze susti gamodga mis nawerebs Soris). hamsunis saxeli qarTul presaSi ukve XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze axsenes. gazeT „iveriaSi“ 1900 wels daibeWda misi ori moTxroba; pirveli wigni qarTul enaze ki 1913 wels gamoica romani „viqtoria“ (i. aglaZis TargmaniT). 1899 wlis seqtemberSi evropaSi ukve saxelganTqmulma mweralma miiRo norvegiis geografiuli sazogadoebis stipendia da colTan erTad gamoemgzavra kavkasiaSi. fineTis gavliT sanqt-peterburgSi CaaRwia, iqidan rkinigziT – moskovSi, Semdeg ki – vladikavkazSi; iq meetles mourigda da saqarTvelos samxedro gziT Semovida tfilisSi, Semdeg ki baTumi da baqoc moinaxula. es mogzauroba man aRwera wignSi, saTauriT „zRaprul mxareSi“. Tavisi JanriT es aris mogzauris Canawerebi – Tanmimdevruli aR-

meuRlesTan erTad

wera im yvelafrisa, rac avtorma gzaSi gamoiara, naxa da ganicada. wigni Zalian cocxladaa dawerili, savsea saintereso dakvirvebebiTa da detalebiT kavkasiis mTebis, Tbilisisa Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebisa da gzaSi nanaxi da gacnobili adamianebis Sesaxeb. hamsunis narativi uaRresad subieqturia da verc adgilobrivi istoriisa Tu

knut hamsuni da iozef gebelsi

literatura geografiis did mcodned moCans, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc TviTon ambobs, arcTu cudad momzadebula wamosvlis win. wignSi uamravi faqtobrivi Secdomaa, rogorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli. es ki albaT imitom moxda, rom hamsunma inkognitod imogzaura da saqarTveloSi yofnisas ar Sexvedria arc erT erudirebul adamians, romelsac SeeZlo misTvis swori informacia miewodebina qveynis warsulisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis Sesaxeb. hamsuni aRfrTovanebulia kavkasionis mTebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos bunebiT, magram ar moswons tfilisi, erTi adgilis garda, romelsac aziur kuTxes uwodebs, sadac is yoveldRe midioda sastumro „londonidan“ (am Senobaze, romelic dResac dgas „mSrali xidis“ dasawyisSi, gvaqvs hamsunis vizitis aRmniSvneli TeTri marmarilos memorialuri dafa) da „iq yofniT ver ZReboda“. bunebis garda, hamsuni aRwers adamianTa tipaJebsa da scenebs, romlebsac gzadagza xvdeba: Tavis ybed rus meetles, mwyemsebs, Tavisi sastumros kariskacs, tfilisis bazris gamyidvelebs, sxva SemTxveviT Semxvedr adamianebs; hyveba Tavis ucnaur Tavgadasavlebzec, Tu rogor mokvda cxeni, romelsac isini vladikavkazidan mohyavda da Semdeg rogor Segrovda mTielTa jgufi RamiT am cxenis leSis garSemo, rogor aqnes da veluri Rreoba moawyves. genderul sakiTxebze yuradRebagamaxvilebul dRevandel mkiTxvels TvalSi moxvdeba, rom hamsuni arasodes axsenebs Tavis cols, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelgan Tan axlavs; sruli STabeWdileba grCeba, rom is marto mogzaurobs. sastumro `londoni~

zRaprul mxareSi

knut hamsuni

saqarTvelom Zlieri STabeWdileba moaxdina norvegiel mweralze da samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave dawera piesa „dedofali Tamari“. am nawarmoebis gamoCenis ambavma didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia qarTul presaSi. 19031904 wlebSi gazeTebi „iveria“ da „cnobis furceli“ aqveynebdnen cnobebs am piesis Seqmnisa da scenaze dadgmis Sesaxeb. sabolood, 1904 wels, „cnobis furclis“ or nomerSi daibeWda ori didi statia, romelTagan erTSi detalurad iyo aRwerili piesis Sinaarsi, meoreSi ki – misi analizi. 1904 wels „dedofali Tamari“ daidga qristianiaSi (oslo) da warmatebas miaRwia. 1907 wels piesis rusuli Targmani wardgenil iqna peterburgSi, Semdeg – moskovSi, 1908 wels ki – tfilisSi.

knut hamsuni

dedofali Tamari

hamsunisTvis kavkasia asocirdeba uZveles miTebTan, aseve warsuli drois sxvadasxva kulturasTan. kavkasia „kacobriobis akvania, aq promeTe kldes miajaWves“, – wers igi. hamsunis wigni gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia, radgan masSi igrZnoba avtoris didi interesi yvelafris mimarT, rac man gzaSi naxa. enTuziazmiT gadmogvcems STabeWdilebebs dasavleT saqarTveloze, romelsac baTumisken mimavali gadakveTs:

samogzauro CanawerebSi aisaxa hamsunis Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi – bunebis gancda da adamianis kavSiri mis garSemo arsebul pirvelyofil samyarosTan. saintereso dakvirvebebi da Sefasebebi, bunebis Rrma SegrZneba, samyaros silamaziT aRfrTovaneba, siTbo da gulwrfeloba, rac wignSi igrZnoba, mas mimzidvels xdis Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvisac. hamsunis mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi mSvenivrad aris Sejamebuli wignis bolo sityvebSi: „male gavemgzavrebiT am qveynidan, magram yovelTvis vinatreb aq dabrunebas, me xom mtkvris wyali damilevia“.

„Cven manqaniT gavdivarT kavkasiis erT-erT yvelaze mdidrul mxareSi. mcenareuloba iseTi mdidaria, rogoric arsad minaxavs. tyeebi, rogorc Cans, gauvalia, fanjridan vuyurebT Seudarebel, RvTisgan kurTxeul qveyanas; is iseTi mdidari da lamazia, Cven ki wilad gvergo misi naxva“.

edvard munkis daxatuli knut hamsunis portreti

sazogadoeba

mokled korufciis Sesaxeb

aleqsandre kuxianiZe

ra aris korufcia? cxovrebaSi adamianebis arakeTilsindisier qcevasTan dakavSirebiT araerTxel gvsmenia sityva „korufcia“, romelic momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan corruptio, rac niSnavs gafuWebas, damaxinjebas, garyvnilebas. korufciaSi igulisxmeba sisxlis samarTlis, administraciuli an eTikis kodeqsis darRveva. agreTve, Tanamdebobis pirTa (saxelmwifo moxeleTa, maRalCinosanTa an politikosTa) samuSao adgilze uRirsi qceva. korufcia aris sityva (mecnierulad rom vTqvaT – termini), romelsac saxelmwifo moxeleebi an politikosebi gamoiyeneben, roca gansazRvraven piradi gamorCenis mizniT Tanamdeb obrivi mdgomareobis an saxelmwifo Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas. korufcias miekuTvneba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa: meqrTameoba, sxvisi qonebis mitaceba, TaRliToba, gamomZalveloba an fulis gaTeTreba.

meqrTameoba warmoadgens saxelmwifo moxelis an politikosis mxridan fulis an raRac saCuqris ukanono miRebas, an kerZo piris mxridan amis SeTavazebas, Tanamdebobis piris mier gaweuli daxmarebis sanacvlod. es daxmareba SeiZleba iyos materialuri, magaliT ad, miwis nakveTis sabazro fasze ufro iafad gadacema, an aramaterialuri, magaliTad, saiduml o informaciis gadacema. meqrTameoba SeiZleba inicirebuli iyos, rogorc qrTamis amRebis (Tanamdebobis piris), ise qrTamis mimcemis (kerZo piris an organizaciis) mier.

qonebis mitaceba aris Tanamdebobis piris mier fulis, qonebis an sxva Rirebuli nivTebis ukanonod miTviseba. yvelaze xSirad xdeba saxelmwifo biujetis mitaceba molaparakeba-SeTqmulebis safuZvelze, saxelmwifo moxelesa da kerZo pirs an kompanias Soris.

korufciis Sesaxeb

TaRliToba warmoadgens Tanamdebobis piris mier saxelmwifos an kerZo piris Segnebulad SecdomaSi Seyvanas, qonebis miTvisebis mizniT. magaliTad, moxele mizanmimarTulad akotrebs saxelmwifo sawarmos, raTa SemdgomSi masTan daaxloebul pirs sabazro Rirebulebaze ufro dabal fasad mihyidos. meore magaliTi, rodesac xelovnurad gazrdil fasad saxelmwifo yidulobs kerZo kompaniisgan saqonels da am kompaniisgan saxelmwifo moxele qrTamis saxiT iRebs ukanono wils.

gamomZalveloba korufciis formaa, roca saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi muqariT, daSinebiT an Zalis gamoyenebiT aiZuleben pirs, gadasces maT Tavisi qoneba, informacia an gauwios garkveuli samsaxuri. gamomZalvelobis instrumentia politikosebisa da moxeleebis mier administraciuli resursebis (policiis, prokuraturis, sasamarTlos an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis) gamoyeneba im mizniT, rom aiZulon mesakuTreebi, gaaCuqon TavianTi uZrav-moZravi qoneba an biznesi.

fulis gaTeTreba – es aris didi raodenobiT ukanonod miRebuli Savi fulis legalizacia, anu dakanoneba. magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeles, romelmac didi da mravali korufciuli garigebis gziT milionebi daagrova, eSinia am Tanxis gamoCenis, vinaidan ver asabuTebs mis warmoSobas. policiis, prokuraturis, sasamarTlosa da cixis SiSiT cdilobs naTesavebis, megobrebis an korumpirebuli biznesmenebisa da iuristebis meSveobiT gadamalos ukanonod miTvisebuli Tanxa sazRvargareTis bankebsa da biznesSi an Cados adgilobriv biznesSi da amiT gaaTeTros Savi fuli. yvela aseTi qmedeba warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls da isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT da didi jarimiT.

sazogadoeba nepotizmi aris korufciis erT-erTi forma – ojaxis wevrebis an megobrebis sasargeblod Zalauflebis usamarTlo gamoyeneba da samuSaos an sxva sargeblis daumsaxureblad miReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom nepotizmi korufciis erT-erTi formaa, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ar isjeba, magram isjeba, rogorc administraciuli samarTaldarRveva, anu Tu Tanamdebobis pirma sxva adamianebis xarjze samsaxurSi moawyo sakuTari ojaxis wevri, naTesavi an megobari, aseTi saqcieli samsaxurebrivi disciplinis seriozuli darRvevaa da isjeba saxelmwifo moxelis samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebiT an sxva disciplinaruli sasjeliT. nepotizmi miuRebelia, radgan saxelmwifo organoebSi amkvidrebs araprofesionalizms, sazogadoebaSi ki – usamarTlobisa da uperspeqtivobis grZnobas, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdebSi.

ra aris korufciis mTavari mizezebi? korufciis mizezebs Soris pirvel adgilze dgas politikuri garemo. Tu qveynis pirvel pirebs – prezidents, premier-ministrs, parlamentis Tavmjdomares da maTTan erT gundSi moRvawe politikosebs aqvT survili da korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis neba, maSin qveyanaSi iwyeba antikorufciuli reformebi da mTeli saxelmwifo manqana muSaobs korufciis winaaRmdeg. magram Tu aseTi politikuri neba ar arsebobs, maSin sazogadoebis antikorufciul iniciativebs saxelmwifo xels uSlis. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi antikorufciuli gamosavali aris mTavrobis Secvla arCevnebis gziT. Tu qveyanaSi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis politikuri neba ar arsebobs, maSin izrdeba politikuri korufcia, romelic aris politikosebis mier administraciuli resursebis ukanono da uzneo gamoyeneba gamdidrebisa da saxelmwifo Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT.

C 42

P O

RrUPTION

korufciis Sesaxeb

korufciis meore mizezi – saxelmwifo moxeleebis dabali profesiuli eTika da morali, magram Tu qveyanaSi arsebobs politikuri neba, maSin saxelmwifos saTaveSi arsebuli reformatorTa gundi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan erTad, sakmaod swrafad da efeqturad gaumklavdeba korumpirebuli moxeleebis maxinj eTikasa da morals, anu administraciul korufcias, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifo moxeleTa danaSauls piradi gamorCenis mizniT. korufciis mesame mizezi – mavne Cvevebi da tradiciebi. sazogadoeba, romelSic moxele-ebi miCveuli arian qrTamiT, qonebis mitacebiT an TaRliTobiT cxovrebas, xalxs ki amis winaaRmdeg brZolis unar-Cvevebi da codna ar gaaCnia, korufcia adamianebis cnobierebasa da qcevaSi mavne Cvevebisa da tradiciebis saxiT mkvidrdeba. Rarib sazogadoebaSi korufciis erT-erTi mizezi ekonomikuri garemoa. Tu saxelmwifo moxeles aqvs dabali xelfasi, uWirs ojaxis Senaxva, am dros ki viRac kerZo piri SesTavazebs qrTams, imis albaToba, rom maT Soris garigeba Sedgeba, didia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs iZulebiT, ekonomikuri siduxWiriT gamowveul wvrilman korufciasTan. Tu korufciuli biznesgarigebebi maRalCinosnebis da politikosebis doneze xdeba, maSin mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia, radgan Tanamdebobis pirebi akontroleben mravalmiliardian saxelmwifo biujets da administraciul resursebs (anu policias, prokuraturas, sasamarTloebs, cixeebs, armias da raionebis administraciebs). aseTi korumpirebuli klanebi cdiloben xelSi Caigdon saxelmwifo da marTon sazogadoeba mafiis stilSi, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis gamoyenebiT. amitom msxvili korufcia gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa sazogadoebisaTvis.

ratom aris korufcia saSiSi sazogadoebisaTvis? qveynis yvela moqalaqe da organizacia ixdis saxelmwifos mier dadgenil gadasaxadebs, riTac ivseba saxelmwifo biujeti. am biujetidan saxelmwifo uxdis xelfasebs sajaro skolebis maswavleblebs, policielebs, samxedroebs an mesazRvreebs. agreTve axorcielebs gzebis da samTavrobo Senobebis mSeneblobasa da remonts, samxedro da samoqalaqo saWiroebebisaTvis yidulobs teqnikasa da aRWurvilobas. amrigad, saxelmwifo biujeti aris xalxis biujeti. xalxi irCevs parlaments, prezidents da adgilobriv mTavrobas im imediT, rom arCeuli politikosebi da moxeleebi biujets daxarjaven gonivrulad da xalxis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu qveyanaSi tardeba Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi da mmarTveli partia xalxze zrunavs, maSin qveyanaSi myardeba demokratiuli wesrigi da saxelmwifo biujeti efeqturad ixarjeba. magram Tu mmarTvel partias ar aqvs survili (politikuri neba) daamyaros aseTi wesrigi, maSin yovelTvis gamoCndebian saxelmwifo moxeleebi da politikosebi, romlebic daiwyeben saxelmwifo biujetis gankargvas ukanonod gamdidrebis surviliT.

sazogadoeba saxelmwifo biujetis gaflangva niSnavs dabal xelfasebs, danaSaulis zrdas, uxarisxo ganaTlebasa da mkurnalobas, sikvdilianobis maRal maCvenebels, gauremontebel skolebsa da gzebs qveyanaSi. es yvelaferi erTad zians ayenebs ara mxolod korufciiT dazaralebuli adamianebis umravlesobas, aramed maTac, vinc korufciisgan sargebels iRebs, vinaidan korumpirebuli moxeleebis Svilebic gadaadgildebian imave gzebze da SeiZleba gaxdnen xulignebisa da banditebis Tavdasxmis msxverpli. Svilebis, naTesavebisa da megobrebis „mowyoba“ Zalian sazianoa sxva adamianebisaTvis. adamianma warmatebas TavisiT unda miaRwios, ganaTlebiTa da sakuTar Tavze muSaobiT da ara – motyuebiT da daumsaxureblad sxvisi samuSao adgilis miTvisebiT. korufcia gansakuTrebiT saSiSi xdeba, rodesac is safrTxes uqmnis qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas. rac ufro met fuls iparaven korumpirebuli moxeleebi da politikosebi saxelmwifo biujetidan, miT ufro naklebi Tanxa rCeba samxedroebis xelfasebisa da samxedro momzadebisaTvis, samxedro aRWurvilobis warmoebisa da SesyidvisaTvis. Tu korumpirebul samxedro

moxeleebs ukanono garigeba aqvT iaraRis gamyidvelebTan da yiduloben iaf da uxarisxo iaraRs, xolo darCenil fuls ukanonod iTviseben, maSin aseTma korufciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Cveni jariskacebis daRupva brZolis velze, qveyana damarcxdes mterTan brZolaSi, xalxma ki dakargos damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi potenciur mters SeuZlia advilad da dausjelad dabombos Cveni qalaqebi da soflebi, moklas da awamos Cveni moqalaqeebi, xolo maTi qoneba waiRos sakuTar qveyanaSi. aseTi korufciis Sedegia xalxis monoba da dampyroblebis batonoba, amitom korufcia aris samSoblos Ralatic. qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoeba aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad aris daculi Cveni saxelmwifo sazRvrebi. Tu mesazRvreebs aqvT dabali xelfasebi, ar arsebobs sasazRvro kontrolis Tanamedrove aRWurviloba da sasazRvro punqtebze mZvinvarebs korufcia, maSin qveyanaSi ioli iqneba jaSuSebis, teroristebis, kontrabandistebis, kriminalebis SeRweva da Cveni xalxis winaaRmdeg maTi moqmedeba. swored amitom aris korufcia danaSaulisa da amoraluri qcevis erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi saxeoba. saxelmwifo biujetis qurdebi ara mxolod damnaSaveebi arian, aramed mSiSarebic, radgan isini cxovroben gamoaSkaravebisa da samarTliani dasjis SiSiT. aseTi adamianebi ar arian Tavisufalni, isini matyuarebi da cinikosebi xdebian.

korufciis Sesaxeb

dabolos, civilizebul sazogadoebaSi bevri patiosani milioneri da miliarderi cxovrobs. maTTvis fufunebisken swrafva, magaliTad, oqros unitazis dadgma da amgvari miswrafebebi sircxvilad iTvleba da korufciis garkveul formadaa miCneuli, radgan fiqroben, rom samyaroSi, sadac amdeni milioni bavSvi itanjeba SimSiliT da daavadebebiT, fufuneba da gulgriloba adamianTa tanjvis mimarT upatiebeli saqcielia. skandinaviis qveynebSi, sadac demokratiis done maRalia, xolo korufciis done – dabali, iSviaTad naxavT fufunebisken midrekil adamianebs da iq mdidrebi, oqros unitazebiT saxlebis morTvis nacvlad, qmnian mravalmilionian saqvelmoqmedo fondebs gaWirvebulTa dasaxmareblad, sakuTari da ucxo qveynebis gansaviTareblad. civilizebul sazogadoebaSi qvelmoqmedeba yovelTvis dgas simdidris gverdiT. amrigad, korufcia ar aris mxolod saxelmwifo biujetis gaflangva da safrTxe erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis, is aseve samarcxvino, vulgaruli da maxinji movlenac aris! mTlianobaSi, korufcia sazogadoebis demoralizacias da pativis ayras niSnavs!

rogoria gansxvaveba qveynebs Soris korufciis donis mixedviT? organizacia „saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba“ (Transparency International) yovelwliurad adgens msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis korufciis aRqmis dones (indeqss). am indeqsis mixedviT, romelic 0-dan 100 qulamde meryeobs, rac ufro naklebia qveyanaSi korufciis done, miT ufro met qulas imsaxurebs es qveyana. magaliTad, yvelaze naklebi korufciis donis mqone qveynebma, axalma zelandiam da daniam, 2020 wels 100-dan 88 qula daagroves, xolo korufciis yvelaze maRali donis qveynebma – samxreT somalim da sudanma mxolod 12 qula da arian qveynebis siis boloSi, 179-e adgilze. es indeqsi miuTiTebs, rom msoflios arcerT qveyanas ar aqvs mopovebuli 100 qula da met-naklebad korufcia arsebobs yvela qveyanaSi. Sesabamisad, yvela qveynis winaSe dgas korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis amocana. Tu gadavxedavT qveynebis mTlian sias, vnaxavT, rom korufciis done ganviTarebul demokratiul qveynebSi dabalia, xolo CamorCenil diqtatorul qveynebSi – maRali. rogor gamoiyureba am fonze saqarTvelo? „saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis“ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi korufciis done yvelaze maRali iyo 1990-ian wlebSi da piks miaRwia 2004 wels, rodesac 100-dan mxolod 20 qula aiRo da msoflioSi 133-e adgili miuCines. magram SemdgomSi gatarebuli antikorufciuli reformebis Sede-

sazogadoeba gad, Cveni qveynis reitingi gaumjobesda da 2012 wels saqarTvelom ukve 52 qula da msoflioSi 51-e adgili moipova, xolo 2020 wels - 56 qula da 45-e adgili. 2020 wlis reitingis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi korufciis done ufro dabalia, vidre evrokavSiris mTel rig qveynebSi: CexeTSi, maltaSi, italiaSi, saberZneTSi, slovakeTSi, xorvatiaSi, rumineTSi, ungreTSi da bulgareTSi. rogor unda vebrZoloT korufcias? 1. Tu demokratiul qveynebSi korufciis done ufro dabalia, maSin korufciasTan brZolis pirveli piroba qveyanaSi Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebaa. Tu amomrCeveli erTi tomara kartofilis, xaxvis an fqvilis sanacvlod politikur partias xmas mihyidis, maSin nu gagikvirdebaT, Tu es partia arCevnebs moigebs da misi liderebi Zalauflebas sakuTari korufciuli interesebisaTvis gamoiyeneben. am SemTxvevaSi amboben: „rogoric xalxia, iseTia mTavrobac“. Tu amomrCeveli ar gaiyideba da arCevnebs Rirseuli partia moigebs, maSin imis albaToba, rom is xalxis interesebs daicavs, politikur nebas gamoiCens da antikorufciul reformebs ganaxorcielebs, meti iqneba.

2. damoukidebeli masmedia da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi Tvals unda adevnebdnen imas, Tu rogor iqceva arCeuli mTavroba – asrulebs saarCevno danapirebs da ebrZvis korufcias Tu ara! am SemTxvevaSi politikosebi da maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo kontrolis qveS arian da meti albaTobaa, rom saarCevno dapirebebs Seasruleben. 3. mxolod wina ori pirobis SemTxvevaSi qveyanaSi iqneba mTavrobis politikuri neba – ganaxorcielos antikorufciuli reformebi. aseTi reformebi ar unda iyos represiuli xasiaTis. saxelmwifo biujetis msxvil qurdebs saxelmwifom fuli unda daabrunebinos, sasamarTlom ki – maT sasjeli Seumsubuqos. saxelmwifo moxeles, kontrolTan erTad, sakmarisi xelfasic unda hqondes, rom iZulebiT korufciaSi ar Caebas. 4. korufciis done mxolod Rirseuli xelfasebiT ar Semcirdeba, Tu cxovrebaSi ar gatarda sxva antikorufciuli RonisZiebebic, kerZod, antikorufciuli kanonebis da samoxeleo qcevis wesebis miReba. am saqmeSi qveynebs exmareba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia „korufciis winaaRmdeg“, romelsac saqarTvelo 2008 wlis 10 oqtombers SeuerTda da romlis Sesrule-

korufciis Sesaxeb

bac savaldebuloa. saqarTveloSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis garda, gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs saqarTvelos kanoni „sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb“. 5. am kanonis 121-e muxlis me-3 da me-6 punqtebis Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis uwyebaTaSorisi sakoordinacio sabWo (SemoklebiT – antikorufciuli sabWo). am sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian saxelmwifo, arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. 2004 wlidan dawyebulma antikorufciulma reformebma da antikorufciuli sabWos saqmianobam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi korufciis SedarebiT dabali donis SenarCunebas. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs wvrilmani korufcia TiTqmis ar awuxebT, Tumca, „saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis“ mixedviT, msxvili korufcia, romelic maRalCinosnebisa da didi biznesis warmomadgenlebis urTierTobebSi maRali albaTobiT aris, rigiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis uxilavia. swored aq gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs damoukidebeli mediis sagamoZiebo Jurnalistika, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da saxalxo damcvelis (ombudsmenis) aparati. 6. korufciis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZolisaTvis Sesabamis organoebs unda hqondeT Tanamedrove aRWurviloba, xolo TanamSromlebs – kargad mowyobili samuSao adgilebi da Senobebi. amave dros, saxelmwifo aparati mcire da efeqturi unda iyos, vinaidan rac ufro gazrdilia am aparatis saxelmwifo moxeleebis raodenoba, miT ufro dabalia maTi xelfasebi da maRalia korufciuli garigebebis albaToba. 7. dabolos, korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi yvelaferi mainc damokidebulia adamianebze. Tu saxelmwifos korufciuli Cvevebisa da tradiciebis mqone politikosebi da moxeleebi marTaven da araprofesionali saxelmwifo moxeleebi nepotizmis gamo ver asruleben TavianT funqciebs, maSin verc yvelaze kargi kanonebi da verc maRali xelfasebi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi warmatebas ver mogvitans. profesionalebis swori SerCeva korufciaze gamarjvebis garantiaa. amitom profesionalur antikorufciul ganaTlebas mavne Cvevebisa da tradiciebis daZlevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. amrigad, korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola kompleqsuri unda iyos da Seicavdes Semdeg komponentebs: politikuri neba; antikorufciuli kanonmdebloba da wesebi, antikorufciuli organoebi (anu institutebi); logistika (anu aRWurviloba da samuSao pirobebi); maRali donis profesionalizmi; Rirseuli xelfasebi da antikorufciuli ganaTleba.

mogzauroba

dedamiwis garSemo

arCil qiqoZe

kiTxvaze, vin imogzaura pirvelma dedamiwis garSemo, msoflios yvela kuTxeSi daufiqreblad gipasuxeben – portugalielma fernando magelanma da mxolod espaneTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, mis CrdiloeT provinciaSi, baskeTSi, getyvian, rom pirveli mogzauri, romelmac dedamiwas Semouara, xuan sebastian elkano iyo. sxvaTa Soris, es pasuxi savsebiT logikuria, radgan elkano is kaci iyo, romelic eqspediciis narCenebiT da erTaderTi gadarCenili gemiT ukan dabrunda, magelani ki gzaSi daiRupa, magram am RirsSesaniSnavi eqspediciis sulisCamdgmeli da organizatori mainc portugalieli mogzauri iyo, amitomac Cveni statia ufro legendarul magelanze iqneba, romelmac qristefore kolumbis da vasko da gamas kvaldakval kidev ufro gaafarTova codna samyaros Sesaxeb. kolumbi italieli iyo, romelic espanelTa samsaxurSi idga da man uneblieT aRmoaCina amerika, Tumca indoeTSi midioda. portugalielma vasko da gamam pirvelad Semouara gars afrikas da namdvil indoeTSi zRviT Cavida. es yvelaferi XV saukunis bolos moxda, maSin, roca zRvebsa da okeaneebze ori mezobeli saxelmwifo – espaneTi da portugalia – batonobda. mova dro da zRvebs sxva mbrZaneblebi gamouCndebaT – holandielebi, ingliselebi; frangebic daiwyeben okeaneebis servas da sxva kontinentebze sakuTar koloniebs Seqmnian, magram XV saukunis bolos da XVI-is dasawyisSi mxolod ori evropuli saxelmwifo mZlavrobda da 1493 wels romis papis xelmowerili brZanebulebis mixedviT gainawiles kidec samyaro – dasavleTi naxevarsfero da orive amerika espaneTs Sexvda, xolo aRmosavleTi – afrika da azia – portugalias. am dokumentis mixedviT, maT ufleba hqondaT kuTvnil naxevarsferoebSi evaWraT, daepyroT da qristianoba gaevrcelebinaT yvelgan, sadac ki xeli miuwvdebodaT, xolo axalaRmoCenili miwebi Tav-TavianT sakuTrebad gamoecxadebinaT.

dedamiwis garSemo

Savi zRva portugalia

CrdiloeTi amerika

kaspiis zRva

lisaboni

azoris kunZulebi kanaris kunZulebi

xmelTaSua zRva

aleqsandria qairo hormuzi

arabeTi diu

afrika kape verde

adeni

arabeTis zRva goa kanuri kalikuti koCi

mogadiSo

malindi

wminda elenes kunZuli

indoeTis okeane

kilva

mozambiki sofala magadaskari

atlantis okeane

samxreTi amerika

keTili imedis koncxi

kolumbis pirveli mogzauroba

vasko da gamas mogzauroba indoeTSi

maSindeli mogzaurebis mTavari mizani swored axali miwebis dapyroba da gamdidreba iyo, magram isini iyvnen uSiSari da amave dros ganswavluli xalxi, romlebic daufiqreblad miemarTebodnen ucxo miwebisken, eSvebodnen axal TavgadasavlebSi, saidanac bevr maTgans cocxlad dabruneba ar ewera. maT Soreul mogzaurobebs Tan axlda mniSvnelovani geografiuli aRmoCenebi. kacobriobis codna samyaros Sesaxeb ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imaze metad gaizarda, vidre mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze. fernando magelani portugalieli aznauri iyo. misi dabadebis adgili dazustebiT ar aris cnobili. bevri araferi viciT misi mSoblebis Sesaxeb, magram cnobilia misi dabadebis TariRi – 1480 weli, rac imas niSnavs, rom rodesac kolumbma amerika aRmoaCina, momavali mogzauri 12 wlisa iyo da didi aRmoCenebis xana is-isaa iwyeboda. axalgazrda kacma portugaliis samxedro flotSi daiwyo samsaxuri da 8 weli indoeTis okeaneSi gaatara, sadac arabebTan da indoelebTan mraval brZolaSi gamoiCina Tavi. magelani gaicnes, rogorc mamaci oficeri, romelsac kritikul viTarebaSi, sadac misi ufrosebi ibneodnen, swrafad SeeZlo gadawyvetilebebis miReba da amiT araerTxel gadaurCenia sakuTari da sxvaTa sicocxle.

qristefore kolumbi (1451-1506) vasko da gama (1460-1524)

mogzauroba samSobloSi magelani dabrunda gamowrTobil mezRvaurad, romelsac mravali ambiciuri gegma hqonda. maTi ganxorcieleba portugaliis mefis karze ver moaxerxa da gadawyvita, mezobel espaneTSi gadabargebuliyo da iq gaegrZelebina Tavisi kariera, rogorc amas mravali misi Tanamemamule akeTebda. 1517 wels magelani seviliaSi dasaxlda da iqve daojaxda. gaicno saWiro da gavleniani xalxi, romelTa daxmarebiTac Sexvda espaneTis mefe karlos I-s da gaacno Tavisi sruliad Tamami proeqti, romelzec ramdenime weli fiqrobda da romliTac monarqis daintereseba SeZlo. ai, ra iyo magelanis idea: Soreul aRmosavleTSi, indoneziis kunZulebis jgufSi, mdebareobs molukis kunZulebi, saidanac portugalielebs CamohqondaT mixakis xis gamxmari yvavilebi, romlebsac saneleblad xmarobdnen da maSindel evropaSi oqroze Zviri Rirda. molukis kunZulebi ki, romlebsac saneleblebis kunZulebsac uwodebdnen, maSindeli samyaros kide iyo. mis samxreTiT mdebare avstraliis kontinentis Sesaxeb jer evropam ara icoda ra. saneleblebis kunZulebisken mimaval gzas portugalielebi akontrolebdnen, magram dasavleTi naxevarsfero xom espanelebs ekuTvnodaT! magelanma, faqtobrivad, is Caifiqra, rac Tavis droze kolumbma – gaecura dasavleTiT, raTa mieRwia aRmosavleTisTvis. oRond, amjerad evropelebma ukve icodnen,

rom dasavleTiT maT gzas samxreT amerikis kontinenti gadauRobavda, romlis realur sigrZeze warmodgena ar hqondaT. magelani espaneTis mefes arwmunebda, rom am kontinentis samxreTiT iyo gasasvleli, srute, romlis gavlis Semdeg is aucileblad moxvdeboda saneleblebis kunZulis siaxloves, Tavis flots sanatreli produqtiT datvirTavda da imave gziT dabrundeboda ukan, riTac portugalielebTan Sexvedras aaridebda Tavs. aravin icis, saidan unda scodnoda magelans im srutis arsebobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom Tavad gamoigona es gasasvleli, rom karlos I eqspediciis dafinansebaSi daerwmunebina da daarwmuna kidec. 1519 wlis 20 seqtembers xuTi gemisgan Semdgarma flotma, romelsac Tan ori wlis samyofi sanovage hqonda, SeiaraRebuli iyo 70 zarbazniT, 50 arkebuziT (patruqiani TofiT), 60 arbaletiT da abjris 100 kompleqtiT, espaneTis napiri datova da samxreTdasavleTisken aiRo gezi. eqspediciaSi, espanelebis garda, monawileobdnen portugalieli, italieli, baski da berZeni mezRvaurebi, magram oficrebis absoluturi umetesoba espaneli iyo da maT xelmZRvanelobda portugalieli – ucxotomeli, romelsac manmade araTu flotis meTaurobis, gemis kapitnobis gamocdilebac ki ar hqonda. Tanac magelans mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili sakuTari eqspediciis wevrebisTvis ar gaem-

karlos I (1500-1558)

magelanis 5 gemisgan Semdgari floti

dedamiwis garSemo

1 espaneTi

atlantis okeane magelanis daRupvis adgili 1521w. 27 aprili

filipinebi

wynari okeane

magelanis srute

fernando magelanis 1519-1522 wlis mogzauroba

xila mogzaurobis saboloo mizani, romelic imdenad miuwvdomeli Canda, rom SeiZleba panika gamoewvia. „Tqveni amocanaa dRisiT Cems droSas gamohyveT da RamiT – Cems fanars!“ – sul es iyo, rac espanel oficrebs portugalielma general-kapitanma (es iyo magelanis Cini, romelic dRevandel admirals udris) gaumxila. amiT Tavidanve gamoiwvia maTi undobloba da agresiac ki, ramac araerTxel daabrkola eqspedicia. atlantis okeane magelanis flotma SedarebiT daubrkoleblad gadalaxa da 29 noembers dRevandeli braziliis napirebs miaRwia. aqedan daiwyo faTerakebiT savse Tavgadasavali. gemebi samxreTisken miuyvebodnen kontinents da eZebdnen gasasvlels, romelic, magelanis azriT, maT aziaSi moaxvedrebda. aseTi gasasvleli egonaT mdinare laplatas farTo yure, romlis kvlevasac didi dro moandomes da gawbilebulebi dabrundnen ukan. miwas, romelsac floti samxreTisken miuyveboda, magelanma patagonia uwoda. evropels manamde aq fexi dadgmuli ar hqonda, mogzaurebisTvis yvelaferi axali iyo – patagoniis mkvidri maRali indielebic da iqauri flora da faunac. patara zomis pingvinebs, romlebic mogzaurebma pirvelad naxes, dRes magelanis pingvinebi hqviaT. patagoniaSi arsebobs aseve magelanis kodala da kidev mravali mcenare, frinveli Tu cxoveli, romlebic maSin pirvelad naxes da aRweres.

magelanis kodala

magelanis pingvinebi

mogzauroba molukis kunZulebi

patagoniis sanapiroebi saxifaTo da avi wylebia. aq eqspedicias pirveli didi danakargi hqonda – erT-erTi gemi kldeebze daimsxvra. erTis garda, ekipaJis yvela wevris gadarCena moxerxda. gasasvlelis ZiebaSi dadga zamTari, romelic samxreT naxevarsferoSi kalendarul zafxuls emTxveva, xolo ukidures samxreTSi, sadac eqspedicia imyofeboda, gazafxulze modis. martis bolos magelanis floti gamosazamTreblad gaCerda yureSi, romelsac dRes san-xuani ewodeba. swored am sazamTro navsayudelSi moawyes espanelma oficrebma amboxi, romelsac eqspediciis meore piri da karlos I-is piradi warmomadgeneli, kapitani kartaxena xelmZRvanelobda. eSmakobiT da mamacobiT magelanma amboxis CaxSoba moaxerxa. sikvdili miusaja da maSinve Seiwyala ormoci mezRvauri, radgan maT gareSe gemebis marTva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, ori adamiani ki marTla dasaja sikvdiliT da maTi gvamebi sami TviT Camokida gemis anZaze, xolo kapitani kartaxena da amboxis kidev erTi iniciatori, kaTolike mRvdeli sanCes de reina ukacriel kunZulze gadasxa, sadac am ors gadarCenis aranairi Sansi ar hqonda.

dedamiwis garSemo

urugvai Cile argentina magelanis srute

patagonia

atlantis okeane

magelanis srute

wynari okeane

oqtombris TveSi flotma samxreTiT gaagrZela gza, oRond im zamTars SimSilma da sicivem eqspediciis 30 wevri Seiwira. magelanma marTlac ipova srute, romelsac dRes misi saxeli hqvia da romelic XX saukunemde, panamis arxis gaWramde, atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs Soris mTavari gadasasvleli iyo. magelanis srute mravali labirinTisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa Soris gzis gakvleva namdvil tanjvad iqca. nislSi erT-erTi gemi – „san-antonio“ daikarga. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, gemze amboxi moxda, misi kapitani daatyveves, „san-antoniom“ ki gezi espaneTisken aiRo da dabrunda kidec samSobloSi. magelani ki gzas ganagrZobda. nela da frTxilad miuyveboda cicabo da ucnob napirebs. miwas, romelic srutis samxreTiT mdebareobda da romlis mkvidrTa danTebul cecxlebsac RamRamobiT xedavdnen mogzaurebi, cecxlovani miwa ewoda da dResac ase hqvia.

folklendis kunZulebi

cecxlovani miwa

mogzaurebs kidev 17 aTasi kilometris gavla mouwiaT, sanam miaRwevdnen adgils, sadac kunZul sumatridan wamoyvanili magelanis mona adgilobrivebis laparaks gaigebda. wredi Seikra, adamianma dedamiwas Semouara. wlebis win sumatridan indoeTis okeanis gavliT evropaSi wayvanili mona enrike isev sakuTari samSoblos siaxloves aRmoCnda. kunZulebs ki, romlebsac magelani miadga da saswrafod espaneTis samflobelod gamoacxada, dRes filipinebi hqvia. fernando magelans filipinebze ewera daRupva. is pirveli didi mogzauri gaxda, romelic primitiuli SubebiT da mSvildebiT SeiaraRebulma aborigenebma mokles. mogvianebiT igive bedi gaiziares inglisel-

kldovan labirinTebSi ukve sami gemisgan Semdgarma flotma 38 dRe gaatara da bolos mSvidobiT gavida ucxo okeaneSi, romelic mogzaurebs iseTi mSvidi eCvenaT, rom mas wynari okeane uwodes. aq gairkva magelanis mTavari Secdoma. is fiqrobda, rom samxreT amerikis Semovlis Semdeg Zalian male miaRwevda sanatrel saneleblebis kunZulebs. mogzaurma icoda, rom dedamiwa mrgvali iyo, magram mcdari warmodgenebi hqonda misi zomebis Sesaxeb. is daaxloebiT 30 procentiT patara egona, vidre sinamdvileSia. es 30 procenti kidev wynari okeane iyo – Tvaluwvdeneli da Seucnobeli.

magelanis mkvleloba

mogzauroba fransua laperuzi (1741-1788 )

jeims kukis mkvleloba

ma jeims kukma – havaize da frangma Jan fransua laperuzma – samoaze da yovelTvis sikvdilis mizezi evropelTa Tavdajereba iyo. magelanma, romelmac advilad daimorCila filipinebis erT-erTi beladi da gaaqristiana kidec, gadawyvita samagaliTod daesaja meore beladi saxelad lapu-lapu, romelmac espanelTa morCilebaze uari ganacxada. miuxedavad imisa, rom urCi beladi aTasi rCeuli meomriT eloda, magelani napirze mainc gadavida 50 meomris TanxlebiT, cecxlsasroli iaraRis da liTonis abjris imedad. gadasxma zRvis miqcevis dros moxda, amitom gemebi napirs ise ver miuaxlovdnen, rom zarbaznebis cecxliT mixmarebodnen TavianT meTaurs. uTanasworo brZolaSi mravaljer daWrili fernando magelani daiRupa da beladma lapu-lapum aranairi gasamrjelos safasurad ar ineba misi sxeulis evropelTaTvis gadacema. didi mogzauris gza iq damTavrda, sadac yoveli wlis 6 seqtembers filipinelebi kostiumirebul warmodgenas awyoben da portugalieli mogzauris mokvlis scenas dgamen, radgan rac erTi mxarisTvis katastrofa da aunazRaurebeli danaklisia, meorisTvis – diadi gamarjveba da erovnuli zeimi. general-kapitani daiRupa, magram eqspedicia amiT ar dasrulebula. xelmZRvaneloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo xuan sebastian elkanom da gadawyvita mainc wasuliyo samxreTiT, saneleblebis kunZulebisken. am dros xuTidan mxolod sami gemiRa iyo darCenili, magram adgilobrivebTan gauTavebeli

brZolebis, epidemiebisa da SimSilis Sedegad, mezRvaurTa raodenoba ise iyo Semcirebuli, rom sami gemis marTvac SeuZlebeli iyo. mogzaurebma erT-erTi gemi CaZires da saneleblebis kunZulebisken gaemarTnen, erTi Tvis curvis mere miaRwies kidec maT da uZvirfasesi mixakis yvavilebiT daitvirTnen.

beladi lapu-lapu

dedamiwis garSemo

aqve unda iTqvas, rom magelanis mizani dedamiwis Semovla ar yofila. is rom cocxali darCeniliyo, albaT, ukan imave gziT, misi saxelobis srutiT gabrundeboda. elkanom ki gadawyvita erT-erTi gemiT, „viqtoriaTi“, afrikisken wasuliyo, keTili imedis koncxiT Semoevlo am kontinentisTvis da ase dabrunebuliyo samSobloSi, meore gemi „trinidadi“ ki centraluri amerikisken, panamis espanuri koloniisken, gauSva. male qariSxali amovarda, gemi dazianda da isev saneleblebis kunZulebze mouxda dabruneba. gzad „trinidadi“ konkurent portugalielTa flots gadaeyara. am ukanasknelebma gemis ekipaJi daatyveves da indoeTSi katorRaSi gaamweses, sadac mezRvaurTa umetesoba daiRupa da wlebis mere mxolod ramdenime adamianma moaxerxa espaneTSi dabruneba. tragikuli iyo „viqtorias“ mogzaurobac. elkanos im wylebSi uwevda curva, sadac portugalielebi batonobdnen da cdilobda portebisTvis da sanapiroebisTvis Tavi aeridebina. gemze Wirda sursaT-sanovage da sasmeli wyali. Tan ekipaJis wevrebi suravandiT daavaddnen da erTi meoris miyolebiT ixocebodnen. am daavadebas C vitaminis nakleboba iwvevs. bedis ironiiT mixaki, romliTac savse iyo gemis saTavsoebi, Warbad Seicavs C vitamins, magram mezRvaurebma amis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. 1522 wlis 6 seqtembers „viqtoria“ espaneTSi dabrunda. mis gembanze kapitani elkano da kidev 17 cocxal-mkvdari adamiani imyofeboda. mxolod isini gadarCnen im 280 kacidan, romlebmac sami wliT adre fernando magelanTan erTad zarzeimiT datoves espaneTis napiri. maTi Camotanili saneleblebi ki bevrad Zvirad fasobda, vidre oTxi daRupuli xomaldi. espaneTis mefe karlosma bask sebastiano elkanos aznaurobasTan erTad uboZa piradi gerbi, romelzec dedamiwa iyo gamosaxuli da zed laTinurad ewera: „Cem garSemo pirvelad Sen imogzaure“. ase damTavrda pirveli mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo.

xuan sebastian elkano (1476-1526)

diplomatia

pirveli qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

zurab batiaSvili

1918 wels, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos dRis wesrigSi dadga saerTaSoriso doneze qveynis aRiarebis mopovebisa da ucxoeTSi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis gaxsnis sakiTxi. msoflios qveynebis mxridan saqarTvelos aRiarebis sakiTxma gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba 1920 wlis bolosken SeiZina, rodesac azerbaijanma da somxeTma damoukidebloba dakarges. amis Semdeg dasavleTis qveynebi ufro metad dainteresdnen bolSevikuri ruseTis sapirwoned damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobiT. marTalia, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo saqarTvelom im periodSi „erTa ligaSi“ gaerTianeba ver SeZlo, magram, samagierod, daiwyo saqarTvelos de iure damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebis procesi, rac maSindeli qarTuli diplomatiis mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo. saqarTvelosTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo uSualo samezobloSi mimdinare procesebi da amitom Tbilisi, evropis qveynebSi muSaobis paralelurad, aqtiurad eZebda gzebs mustafa qemalis (igive aTaTurqi, im periodisTvis TurqeTSi jer kidev ar iyo SemoRebuli gvarebi) mTavrobasTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad. aRiarebis sakiTxi Turquli mxarisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan im periodisTvis jer kidev ar iyo gamocxadebuli TurqeTis respublika da iq erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli iyo ori xelisufleba: osmaleTis sulTnis – q. stambolSi da mustafa qemalis – q. ankaraSi.

qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika aRiara (1918 wlis 3 ivnisi), osmaleTis imperia iyo. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mTavrobamac erT-erTi pirveli diplomatiuri misia konstantinopolSi gaxsna 1919 wels. 1919-1920 wlebSi misias xelmZRvanelobda social-federalisti grigol (gigo) rcxilaZe, konsuli iyo ioseb gogolaSvili. 1921-1924 wlebSi misias xelmZRvanelobda social-demokrati konstantine (kowia) gvarjalaZe. grigol rcxilaZe (1876-1934)

konstantine gvarjalaZe (1883-1969 )

ormxrivi diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyareba sxva qveynebTan erTad TurqeTmac daiwyo saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan urTierToba da pirveli diplomatiuri nota Tbiliss 1920 wlis 21 oqtombers gamougzavna, rac de faqto aRiarebis tolfasi iyo. oficialurad, anu de iure ki, mustafa qemalis mTavrobam saqarTvelos saxelmwifos damoukidebloba odnav mogvianebiT, 1921 wlis 17 ianvars, aRiara. oficialur Tbiliss im periodSi ankarasTan e.w. CarCo-xelSekrulebis xelmowerac surda, romelSic qarTul mxares samxedro urTierTdaxmarebis muxlebis Cadebac undoda. oficialuri TbilisisTvis es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani moaxloebuli bolSevikuri safrTxis fonze iyo. Tumca, Turquli mxare am winadadebas erTgvari sifrTxiliT Sexvda – cxadi iyo, rom igi sabWoTa ruseTis gaRizianebas erideboda. 1920 wlis dekembris Sua ricxvebSi TbilisSi SeCerda moskovidan ukan momavali ankaris mTavrobis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, osuri warmoSobis beqir sami kunduxi. aq mas Sexvedra hqonda Jordanias mTavrobasTan, ris Semdegac gadawyda, rom saqarTvelos Tavisi saelCo gaexsna ankaraSi (TurqeTis saelCo, qazim diriqis xelmZRvanelobiT, TbilisSi ukve 1920 wlis 14 noembridan moqmedebda).

beqir sami kunduxi (1867-1933)

mustafa qemal aTaTurqi (1881-1938)

qazim diriqi (1881-1941)

diplomatia

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

simon mdivani (1876-1937)

saqarTvelos mTavrobam, mustafa qemalis mTavrobasTan mWidro diplomatiuri urTierTobebis warmarTvis mizniT, 1920 wlis bolos ankaraSi 5-kaciani saelCos mivlineba gadawyvita. saqarTvelos elCad SeirCa damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile simon mdivani, romelic istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc saqarTvelos pirveli elCi jer somxeTSi da Semdeg ki – TurqeTSi (q. ankaraSi). 1920 wlis 25 dekembers ukve mzad iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris, noe Jordanias, xelmowerili rwmunebaTa sigelebi, romlebic simon mdivans ankaraSi Casvlisas TurqeTis maSindeli liderisTvis – mustafa qemalisTvis unda gadaeca. sainteresoa, rom mdivans garkveul sakiTxebze saqarTvelos maSindeli xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva hqonda, rasac misi diplomatiuri karierisTvis xeli ar SeuSlia. simon mdivani social-federalisti iyo da Jordanias social-demokratiuli mTavrobis mier misi erTob sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze daniSvna imaze metyvelebda, rom pirvel respublikaSi karieruli winsvlisTvis mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara partiul erTgulebasa da kuTvnilebas, aramed patriotizmsa da qveynis interesebis dacvis SesaZleblobas.

rwmunebaTa sigelebi (termini gamoiyeneba mravlobiT ricxvSi) – saxelmwifoTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebuli dokumentia, romelic adasturebs diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis (rogorc wesi, elCis an specialuri saxelmwifo delegaciis meTauris) uflebamosilebas. Cveulebriv praqtikaSi, umeteswilad, rwmunebaTa sigelebis cnebis gamoyeneba Tanamdebobaze daniSnuli elCis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. rwmunebaTa sigelebi formiT warmoadgens mimRebi saxelmwifos meTaurisTvis gerbian qaRaldze xelmosawerad Sesrulebul pirad werils, gagzavnils warmdgeni saxelmwifos meTauris mxridan. es dokumenti agreTve gamyarebulia sagareo saqmeTa ministris xelmoweriT. rwmunebaTa sigelebis teqstSi naTqvamia, rom diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli uflebamosilia gamovides warmdgeni saxelmwifos saxeliT; agreTve Txovna imis Sesaxeb, rom ndobiT iqnes miRebuli is, rasac ilaparakebs sakuTari qveynis xelmZRvanelobis saxeliT.

qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

aristo WumbaZe (1880-1971)

meliton (osman bei) qarcivaZe (18??-19??)

dimitri SalikaSvili (1896-1947)

simon mdivnis garda, saqarTvelos pirveli saelCos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: generali aleqsandre erisTavi – samxedro mrCeveli; aristo WumbaZe – saelCos saqmeTa mwarmoebeli; meliton (osman bei) qarcivaZe – samxedro ataSe; emuxvari (saxeli ucnobia) – sagangebo davalebaTa oficeri; leitenanti dimitri SalikaSvili (aSS armiis general jon malxaz SalikaSvilis mama) – sagangebo davalebaTa oficeri; zia beg abaSiZe – Tarjimani (sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo igi TurqeTSi ver gaemgzavra) da 2 jariskaci – Sikrikebad. saelCos amgvarad dakompleqteba, sadac aSkarad meti iyvnen samxedroebi, imas unda mianiSnebdes, rom saqarTvelos maSindeli xelisufleba kargad aTviTcnobierebda im pirdapir safrTxes, romelic sabWoTa ruseTisgan modioda da yvelanairad cdilobda samxedro daxmarebis mopovebas axlo samezobloSi. es rom Jordanias mTavrobis mTavari davaleba iyo, naTlad gamoCnda saelCos amoqmedebis dRidan. saqarTvelos saelCos saqmianoba ankaraSi TurqeTSi mivlinebul saqarTvelos saelCos diplomatebs 35 dRe dasWirdaT ankaraSi Casasvlelad. isini didxans atares ankaris garSemo (marSruti: samsuni-amasia-ToqaTi-kaiseri-koniaesqiSehiri-ankara), ramac qarTvelebs eWvi gauCina, rom maspinZel mxares raRac mizezis gamo drois gawelva esaWiroeboda. dekembris bolos Tbilisidan gasulma qarTvelma diplomatebma ankaraSi Casvla 1921 wlis 31 ianvars SeZles da maSinve aqtiurad daiwyes saqarTvelos interesebis dacva. ankaraSi Casvlidan maleve simon mdivanma interviu misca maSindeli TurqeTis yvelaze popularul samTavrobo gazeT “Hakimiyet-i Milliye“-s („xalxis mmarTveloba“, romelic mustafa qemalis daarsebuli iyo), sadac Turqebisa da TurqeTisadmi keTilganwyobis garda, Zalze mkafiod daafiqsira saqarTvelos axladCamoyalibebuli saxelmwifos miznebi da amocanebi. man am interviuSic gaimeora TurqeTTan mokavSireobis survili. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi simon mdivani laparakobda ara rogorc

aleqsandre erisTavi (1873-1955)

zia beg abaSiZe (1875-1932)

diplomatia

kerZo piri, aramed rogorc saqarTvelos oficialuri warmomadgeneli da rogorc aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba xolme, mas miRebuli eqneboda Sesabamisi instruqcia Tbilisidan. es bunebrivic iyo – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo im mZime periodSi gadarCenas cdilobda da am miznis misaRwevad srulad iyo amuSavebuli misi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi (am SemTxvevaSi – saelCo) ucxoeTSi. simon mdivanma mustafa qemals rwmunebaTa sigelebi 1921 wlis 8 Tebervals gadasca da im dRidan ukve oficialuradac Seudga saqarTvelos elCis movaleobis Sesrulebas. samwuxarod, istoriam ver Semogvinaxa am istoriuli faqtis amsaxveli fotomasala. TurqeTSi mogvianebiT daiwva is arqivi, sadac SeiZleba es fotoebi yofiliyo. emigraciaSi wasul saqarTvelos mTavrobas ki amis-

Tvis naklebad ecala. Tumca, Tavad simon mdivani SemdgomSi mTeli cxovreba amayobda, rom igi iyo pirveli ucxoeli elCi, vinc axal TurqeTs Tavisufleba miuloca da saqarTvelos mier misi cnoba axara. rwmunebaTa sigelebis gadacemis ceremonia ankaraSi, mTavrobis sasaxleSi, gaimarTa da igi farTod gaaSuqa “Hakimiyet-i Milliye“-ma. ceremoniaze sityva warmoTqves simon mdivanma da mustafa qemalma. am ukanasknelma isaubra saqarTvelosTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis mniSvnelobaze da xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs aqvT ufleba, Tavad gansazRvron sakuTari momavali. misiis wevri dimitri SalikaSvili ankaraSi sakuTar dRiurs werda, romelic mogvianebiT mogonebebad gamoqveynda emigraciul periodikaSi „qarTul azrsa“ (1958 w.) da „kavkasionSi“ (1967 w.). ai, rogor aRwers igi am istoriul moments:

„misalmebis Semdeg mdivanma ganacxada: „me diplomati ara var da arc vici saidumlo diplomatiis xerxebi. Cemma mTavrobam aq im imediT gamomgzavna, rom molaparakeba damyardeba gulwrfelobaze“.

dimitri SalikaSvili (1896-1947)

qemalma s. mdivans antantis mier saqarTvelos iuridiuli cnoba miuloca da osmaleTis saxeliT ganacxada: „Cven saqarTvelosTan gvakavSirebs ara marto simpaTiebi, aramed interesebic. Cven Zlieri mtrebi gvyavs dasavleTiT da gvWirdeba Zlieri mezoblebi aRmosavleTiT. gansakuTrebiT gvWirdeba Zlieri kavkasia, xolo kavkasiaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, romelsac bevri ramis gakeTeba SeuZlia, saqarTveloa. Cven gvWirdeba saqarTvelo Zlieri da damoukidebeli. saqarTvelom da osmaleTma unda izrunon, rom kavkasiis sxva erebi iyvnen Tavisufalni“.

qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

dimitri SalikaSvili siamayiT wers, rom am Sexvedris Semdeg, romelic saaTsa da 15 wuTs grZeldeboda, qarTvelebi saelCoSi dabrundnen da Senobaze qarTuli droSa da erovnuli gerbi aRmarTes. TurqeTSi saqarTvelos amJamindeli elCis, giorgi janjRavas, informaciiT, saelCo ganTavsebuli iyo qalaqis gareuban jebejiSi, samxedro saavadmyofos axlos mdebare erT-erT kerZo saxlSi, romelic adgilobrivma mTavrobam gamoyo (dRes am saxlis zusti adgilmdebareobis dadgena Wirs, radgan mas Semdeg jebejis ubanma araerTxel icvala saxe). miuxedavad imisa, rom saelCom ankaraSi Zalze mcire xniT imuSava, igi regularulad awvdida saqarTvelos xelisuflebas informacias anatoliaSi mimdinare brZolebis, ankaris mTavrobis Sida da sagareo politikisa da Turqul-rusuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (es werilebi inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi). rwmunebaTa sigelebis gadacemidan ramdenime dReSi sabWoTa ruseTi Tavs daesxa saqarTvelos. daiwyo saqarTvelos brZola gadarCenisTvis da cxadia, Sesabamisi davalebebi igzavneboda ankaraSi saqarTvelos saelCoSic. qarTveli diplomatebic Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen samSoblosTvis. isini dRe da Rames asworebdnen davalebebis miRebasa (Tbilisidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gasul saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan Wirda kavSiris damyareba) da SesrulebaSi.

oficialurad, Turquli mxare samxedro daxmarebaze Tanxmobas acxadebda. amisTvis ankaris mTavroba gzis gaxsnas iTxovda da ase daikaves maT arTvinisa da artaanis mxareebi, magram isini wiTel armias uSualod ar upirispirdebodnen. rogorc mogvianebiT daweril mogonebebSic Cans, amis gamo bevr maSindel qarTvel saxelmwifo da samxedro liders gauCnda eWvi, rom ruseTsa da TurqeTs saqarTvelos sakiTxze raRac garigeba hqondaT. cxadia, ankara sakuTari interesebidan gamodioda. maSindel TurqeTs ruseTTan dapirispireba xels ar aZlevda, Tan seriozul samxedro da finansur daxmarebas eloda moskovidan, rac Zalze sWirdeboda rogorc Sida, ise gare mtrebTan sabrZolvelad. uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli erTi uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi, romelic 1921 wlis dasawyisSi moxda TurqeTSi. saqme isaa, rom ori RviZli Zma, simon da budu mdivnebi, im dros erTdroulad iyvnen ori sxvadasxva qveynis – saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis – elCebi erT qveyanaSi (TurqeTSi). es saintereso movlena SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT arc Turqebsa da arc evropelebs. Zmebis ucnauri urTierTobebisa da erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli misiebis Sesaxeb werdnen amerikeli Jurnalisti klarens streiti, Turqi mwerali halide edif adivari da adanis vilaeTis deputati damar ariqoRlu. simonma mTeli Tavisi cxovreba (maT Soris, safrangeTSi gadasvlis Semdegac) saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisTvis brZolas miuZRvna da 1937 wels emigraciaSi aResrula. budu mdivani ki mgznebare bolSeviki iyo. igi mogvianebiT me-11 wiTeli armiis (armia, romelmac saqarTvelo daipyro) sabWos wevric iyo. Tavidan bolSevikebi mas imdenad endobodnen, rom elCad daniSnes ankaraSi. man rwmunebaTa sigelebi mustafa qemals 5 marts gadasca. magram masac, simonis msgavsad, oriod TveSi ankaris datoveba mouwia, radgan mustafa qemalis mTavrobas budus mier yarsis vilaeTis malaknebSi warmoebuli bolSevikuri propaganda ar moewona (Tumca, wamosvlis oficialur mizezad misi „janmrTelobis mdgomareoba“ dasaxelda).

budu mdivani (1877-1937)

mogvianebiT, budus mainc ar „daufases“ mgznebare revolucioneroba, „nacionaluklonistoba“ da „trockistoba“ daswames, ris gamoc jer cimbirSi gadaasaxles, bolos

diplomatia ki bolSevikebma is da misi ojaxis wevrebi (meuRle da 4 vaJi) erTdroulad daxvrites. aRsaniSnavia, rom ZmasaviT manac 1937 wels daasrula sicocxle. marTalia, Zmebi politikuri mosazrebebis gamo cxovrebis bolomde erTmaneTs ar elaparakebodnen, magram faqti faqtad rCeba – erTdroulad erT qveyanaSi or Zmas warmoedginos sxvadasxva (Tanac erTmaneTTan meomari) qveyana – diplomatiis istoriaSi sxva ar yofila. aravin icis, ras fiqrobda sikvdilmisjili budu mdivani cxovrebis bolo wuTebSi bolSevikebsa da bolSevizmze, saqmeze, romelsac mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovreba miuZRvna, samagierod ki imiT „daufases“, rom ara mxolod Tavad gamoasalmes sicocxles, aramed mTeli misi ojaxic fizikurad gaanadgures. bolo wuTebSi budu albaT sakuTar Zmazec da mis bedzec dafiqrdeboda. daxvretis win albaT sakuTari dedac gaaxsendeboda, romelsac sul ukvirda Zmebs Soris arsebuli mkveTri dapirispireba da maTi gacxarebuli kamaTis mosmenisas Turme xSirad imeorebda: „Svilebo, saxlSic ki ver axerxebT morigebas da msoflio mSvidobis damyarebas rogorRa SeZlebTo“. simon mdivani da mustafa qemali ki kidev samjer Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. aqedan orjer, 26 Tebervalsa da 1 marts, qemali piradad ewvia saqarTvelos saelCos. cxadia, saubari ruseT-saqarTvelos oms da TurqeTis mxridan SesaZlo daxmarebas Seexo, magram – uSedegod. qarTveli diplomatebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo martis Tve. yvela xvdeboda, rom didi tragedia axlovdeboda, magram far-xmali aravis dauyria. isini bolomde ibrZodnen. diplomatis iaraRi ki sityvaa da es iaraRi maT bolomde gamoiyenes. ai, rogor ixsenebs im mZime periods dimitri SalikaSvili: „8 marti – dRes mdivani wavida muxtar beisTan [igive ahmeT muhTar molaoRlu, im periodSi ankaris mTavrobis sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsrulebeli]. Tan wamiyvana mec... man iseTi detalebi gviambo, rac mdivanma ar icoda. muxtaris sityvebiT, qarTuli jarisa da xalxis ganwyoba kargia. mxolod mmarTvel wreebSi daiwyo meryeoba...“ SalikaSvili aseve ixsenebs muxtar beisa da saqarTvelos diplomatiuri misiis wevr general aleqsandre erisTavs Soris 10 marts gamarTuli Sexvedris detalebsac, sadac qarTvel generals ganviTarebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir da Riad uTqvams, rom Seqmnili situacia „hqmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris arsebobs SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos gayofis Sesaxeb“ (cxadia, Turqulma mxarem uaryo aseTi SeTanxmebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba). simon mdivani ankaraSi, saqarTvelos saelCos TanamSromlebTan erTad. marcxnidan pirveli: dimitri SalikaSvili.

muxtar bei (1870-1934)

ankaraSi myofi qarTveli diplomatebis guneba-ganwyobilebebi miT ufro uaresdeboda, rac met teritorias ikavebda bolSevikuri ruseTi – es male saqarTvelos sruli okupaciiT dasrulda. saocari sevda igrZnoba SalikaSvilis mogonebebis finalur nawilSi: „20 marti – dRes gavigeT osmaluri wyaroebidan, rom Cveni mTavroba 17-s baTumidan gaemgzavra konstantinopolSi da 19-s baTumSi gamocxadebuli iyo sabWoTa wyobileba... muxtar beim gagvicxada, rom Cven iseni mZime mdgomareobaSi CavayeneT da exla, vidre osmaleTs dasavleTTan jer kidev ar aqvs urTierToba mogvarebuli, maT ar SeuZliaT aRmosavleTSi Seqmnan konflikti“.

qarTuli elCoba ankaraSi

aseT mZime viTarebaSi Cacvenili qarTveli diplomatebi 22 marts iZulebuli gaxdnen ankaridan stambolSi gamgzavrebuliyvnen. qarTvelTa rTul mdgomareobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom saelCos satelefono kavSiris vali hqonia gadasaxdeli da wasvlis win maT am valis dasafarad saelCos kuTvnili 2 avtomanqana dautovebiaT ankaraSi. am dros stambolis qarTul kaTolikur monasterSi ukve Tavi moeyara saqarTvelodan wamosul mTavrobas da emigrantebs, romlebsac ankaridan Casuli diplomatebic SeuerTdnen. es xalxi mogvianebiT evropis qveynebSi gaifanta. marTalia, saqarTvelos pirvelma saelCom ankaraSi Zalian mcire xans imuSava, magram iq moRvawe qarTvelma diplomatebma yvelaferi gaakeTes sakuTari qveynis interesebis dasacavad. is, rom maT ver SeZles ankaris poziciis radikaluri Secvla da saqarTvelosTvis samxedro daxmarebis aRmoCena, Zalze bunebrivia – patara qveynebis (maT Soris, maTi diplomatebis) SesaZleblobebi yovelTvis SezRudulia da xSirad Wirs xolme ufro didi qveynis erTxel gansazRvruli strategiis Secvla. im drois TurqeTs ki, romelic mTel anatoliaSi brZolebs awarmoebda dasavleTis qveynebis jarebis winaaRmdeg, sasicocxlod sWirdeboda sabWoTa ruseTidan wamosuli samxedro da finansuri daxmareba da saqarTvelos gamo am daxmarebas saTuod ver gaxdida. aravin icis, qarTvel diplomatTagan vis ergo mZime xvedri – sakuTari saelCos Senobidan saqarTvelos droSa da gerbi Camoexsna, arc is viciT, ra cecxli trialebda maSin mis gulSi. yvela maTgans mTeli darCenili cxovreba Rrmad swamda, rom saqarTvelo erT dRes aucileblad aRidgenda damoukideblobas. vin icis, ramdenjer warmoidgines kidec TavianT ocnebebSi ankaraSi saqarTvelos saelCos xelaxla gaxsnis momenti?! isini amas veRar moeswrnen, magram maTi ocneba axda – saqarTvelom nanatri damoukidebloba moipova da Sedegad, 73-wliani pauzis Semdeg, 1994 wlis maisSi, ankaraSi isev gaixsna saqarTvelos saelCo da mis Senobaze xelaxla afrialda samferovani qarTuli droSa.

qarTuli kaTolikuri eklesia stambolSi

xelovneba

qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930)

maia ciciSvili, nino WoRoSvili

„...evropelisaTvis saWiroa an didebuli wasvla taitSi, anda iseTi miwisZvra, rogorc futurizmia, misi „xmebiT xmebisaTvis“, „feradebiT feradebisaTvis“ da „formiT formisaTvis“, magram sasacilo iqneboda Cven rom genialuri firosmanaSvili gagvegzavna taitze mziT dadnobisaTvis. Cveni erovnuli xelovnebis gzebi isedac dganan sicxeSi. mxolod CrdiloeTis kulturis did gavlenas, romelic modioda CvenSi ukanasknel saukuneebSi ruseTidan, miewereba dakargva sakuTari gzebisa xelovnebaSi... Cven gavwyviteT kavSiri mzesTan da gadavediT fsiqologiaSi da intimSi da pirveli, ramac gamakvirva me dabrunebisas, amdeni xnis CrdiloeTSi tyveobis Semdeg, es aris dabruneba mzesTan. me davinaxe sityvaSi, musikaSi da mxatvrobaSi mzis Svilebi, mTvralebi misi sxivebiT da SvebiT momReralni misi didebisa...“ k. marjaniSvili, gaz. „rubikoni“, 1923, 18 Tebervali 1910-1920-ian wlebSi SemoqmedebiT ZalTa siWarbem da cocxalma saxelovnebo sivrcem Tbilisi Tanadrouli avangarduli xelovnebis Sesatyvis, Tavisebur kulturul centrad aqcia. XX saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqi, romelic kavkasiisTvis manamdec mniSvnelovan politikur, socialur da kulturul centrs warmoadgenda, TandaTan kidev ufro momZlavrda da dawinaurda. Tu dasavluri xelovnebis gavlena saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi ZiriTadad ruseTis gavliT aRwevda, XX saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, 1910-iani wlebidan, axalgazrda mxatvarTa axali

qarTuli modernizmi

Taoba uSualod evropis samxatvro centrebTan dakavSirebas Seecada. qarTuli kulturuli garemo mzad iyo Tanamedrove siaxleTa misaRebad da gasaziareblad, radgan XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mowinave qarTul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare mizanmimarTuli SemoqmedebiTi procesebi maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis safuZvels iZleoda. saukuneTa mijnis Tbilisi warmoudgenlad Taviseburi iyo. aq erTmaneTis gverdiT TiTqos SeuTavsebeli dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi Tanaarsebobda, gansxvavebuli xalxiTa da yofiT, adaT-wesebiTa Tu eniT. qarTuli modernistuli xelovnebis CamoyalibebaSi garkveuli wvlili Seitanes TbilisSi moRvawe germanelma, rusma, polonelma, ukrainelma, somexma da sxva erovnebis Semoqmedebmac.

am periodis mxatvrul cxovrebaze grigol robaqiZe werda: „tiflisi cxovrobs samyaros esTetikuri aRqmiT. aseTi iyo igi warsulSi, amgvaria igi dResac. SesaZlebelia bevri saxelis CamoTvla (...) yvela maTgans aerTianebs xelovneba. sxvadasxva xalxTa, sxvadasxva kulturaTa adamianebi – Zmebi xelovnebaSi (...) Cven gvjera am axali internacionalis. aq tiflisSi unda daedos safuZveli mis Senobas“. grigol robaqiZe (1880-1962)

jer kidev saqarTvelos damoukideblobamde, I msoflio omis dasrulebisa da ruseTis imperiis damxobisTanave, Tbiliss Tavi Seafara yofili imperiidan Camosulma mravalma poetma, mxatvarma, msaxiobma Tu musikosma. cxadia, maTi arCevani SemTxveviTi ar iyo, radgan maT saqarTveloSi ukeTesi politikuri garemosa da ekonomikuri pirobebis garda, inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT savse da saintereso cxovreba egulebodaT. osip mandelStamis sityvebiT, saqarTvelo maT „raRac axal Sveicariis magvar, neitralur da ... „ucodvel“ erT mtkavel miwad“ esaxebodaT. Camosul poetebsa da mxatvrebs yvelaze metad aqauri mwerlebis brwyinvale pleada izidavda, romelTa umetesobac 1915 wels Camoyalibebul avangardistul dajgufeba „cisfer yanwebSi“ iyo gaerTianebuli. swored am gamorCeulad niWieri qarTveli xelovanebisgan Semdgarma poeturma dajgufebam Seuwyo xeli TbilisSi avangarduli kulturuli garemos Seqmnas. Tumca, rogorc grigol robaqiZem Tqva, Tbilisamde maT jer quTaisi „aaforiaqes“: „axalgazrdebi, romlebmac Tavisi axali simReriT quTaisis quCebis udardeli simSvide daarRvies, iyvnen damwyebi poetebi: paolo iaSvili, galaktion tabiZe, tician tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, leli jafariZe. msoflgancdis modernistuli stili, mxatvruli sityviT mwyobrad gansaxierebuli – ai, ra iyo maTi aRTqmis axali furceli. da quTaisis duqnebi ucbad gadaiqcnen parizis literaturul kafeebad, sadac xrinwiani arRnis bgerebTan da aucilebel „mravalJamierTan“ erTad Zvirfasi saxelebic gaisma: edgar po da Sarl bodleri, fridrix nicSe da oskar uaildi, pol verleni da stefan malarme, xose-maria eredia da emil verxarni, konstantin balmonti da valeri briusovi...“

xelovneba am procesebSi, poetebTan erTad, maTive Taobis, ruseTsa da germaniaSi ganswavluli, axalgazrda qarTveli mxatvrebic monawileobdnen. magram mxatvrebs, qarTveli simbolisti Tu futuristi poetebisagan gansxvavebiT, aranairi mxatvruli dajgufeba ar SeuqmniaT. yoveli maTganis Semoqmedeba damoukidebeli individualuri gziT miemarTeboda. am axalgazrda mxatvrebs aerTianebda uaRresad mniSvnelovani mizanswrafva: interesi qveynis uZvelesi kulturisadmi, Sua saukuneebis kedlis moxatulobaTa kvlevasa da gadmoRebaSi gamoxatuli, rac araTu warmoudgeneli iqneboda evropeli avangardistebisTvis, aramed programulad uaryofilic. miunxenidan dabrunebuli dimitri SevardnaZis mier „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari mizanic xom, upirveles yovlisa, erovnul faseulobaTa Segroveba da gadarCena iyo. swored am Tvisebam Tavidanve ganapiroba evropuli da qarTuli avangarduli mxatvrobis erTgvari sxvaoba. qarTvel mxatvarTa Soris erTaderTi Teoretikosis – daviT kakabaZis msgavsad, sxvebsac, mxatvrebs, poetebs, mwerlebs, musikosebsa Tu Teatris moRvaweebs, Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis ragvaroba da momavali awuxebdaT. maT miaCndaT, rom Tanadrouli qarTuli xelovneba unda yofiliyo „Tanamedrove da erovnuli“ da maT unda gaebaT „uxilavi Zafebi saqarTvelosa da evropas Sua“.

daviT kakabaZe, avtoportreti sarkesTan

avangarduli xelovnebis sakiTxebi ganixileboda literaturul wreebSi, salonebSi, artistul kafeebSi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda „fantastikuri duqani“, „qimerioni“, „argonavtebis navi“, „farSevangis kudi“, „imedi“. gansakuTrebuli iyo am kafeebis SemoqmedebiTi atmosfero, sadac poetebi da mxatvrebi leqsebsa da moxsenebebs kiTxulobdnen da modernistuli xelovnebis ukidures mim-

valerian gafrindaSvili (1889-1941)

tician tabiZe (1895-1937)

paolo iaSvili (1894-1937)

galaktion tabiZe (1892-1959)

leli jafariZe (1895-1934)

qarTuli modernizmi

dimitri SevardnaZe, avtoportreti

futuristebis saRamos afiSa borjomparkSi

dinareobebze mwvaved kamaTobdnen. kafeebisa da salonebis kedlebze erTmaneTs enacvleboda adgilobrivi da Camosuli mxatvrebis s. sudeikinis, l. gudiaSvilis, k. zdaneviCis, i. zdaneviCis, d. kakabaZis, s. valiSevskis, s. sorinis, i. nikolaZis, a. petrakovskis, m. ToiZis, i. degenis, i. ToiZis da sxvaTa erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli suraTebi Tu moxatulobebi. gansakuTrebiT gacxarebiT kamaTobdnen „futuristebis sindikatis“ saRamoebze. xSirad poetebi da mxatvrebi erTad gamodiodnen. bevri poeti imavdroulad fermweric iyo da piriqiT.

kafe `qimerioni~

lado gudiaSvili (1896-1980)

daviT kakabaZe (1889-1952)

xelovneba

ilia zdaneviCi (1894-1975)

ilia zdaneviCis futuristuli proza

i.zdaneviCi, siaxle rusul poeziaSi, parizi, 1921

poet-futurists, dramaturgs da wignis dizainers, ilia zdaneviCs, Tbilisis futuristul dajgufebebSi yvelaze radikaluri pozicia eWira. ilia zdaneviCi (Tbilisi, 1894 – parizi, 1975), literaturuli avangardis erT-erTi lideri, n. firosmanaSvilis pirveli biografia. man daamTavra Tbilisis I vaJTa gimnazia da swavla peterburgis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze gaagrZela. ardadegebze TbilisSi Camosulma Zmebma ilia da kirile zdaneviCebma mxatvar le-dantiusTan erTad aRmoaCines n. firosmanaSvilis namuSevrebi da daiwyes maTi Segroveba. 1913 wlidan ilia zdaneviCma daamuSava `vsioCestvos“ idea, romelic, sxva avangarduli mimarTulebebis sapirispirod, yvela epoqis da stilis mimarT tolerantobas gulisxmobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom i. zdaneviCma 1914 wels umaspinZla moskovSi Casul futurizmis Teoretikossa da damaarsebels – filipo tomazo marinetis. 1916 wels daasrula da dadga Tavisi pirveli piesa `ianko albaneTis

iakob nikolaZe (1876-1951)

mose ToiZe (1871-1953)

irakli ToiZe (1902-1985)

qarTuli modernizmi

pablo pikaso da ilia zdaneviCi

mefe“, xolo 1917 wels monawileoba miiRo e. TayaiSvilis TaosnobiT mowyobil saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis arqeologiur eqspediciaSi da gaemgzavra TurqeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli Zeglebis Sesaswavlad. imave wels daaarsa futuristuli gaerTianeba, romelic `fantastikur duqanSi“ ikribeboda. male am jgufs (poeziis axal saswavlebels) ewoda `universiteti 41°“. swored aq daibada „zaumis“ poezia. mxatvari `fantastikur duqanSi“ atarebda konferenciebis cikls futurizmze. ilia zdaneviCma TbilisSi moawyo araerTi mxatvris saRamo, k. zdaneviCisa da l. gudiaSvilis namuSevrebis gamofena, daaarsa gamomcemloba „41°“ (1919).

koko Saneli da ilia zdaneviCi

firosmanis `qali ludis kaTxiT~

1921 wels ilia zdaneviCi parizSi gaemgzavra. iq artisti gaecno pablo pikasos, robert da sonia deloneebs, tristan tcaras, pol eluars da sxva evropel avangardistebs. i. zdaneviCis `parizuli periodic“ metad nayofieri gamodga: monawileobda poeziis saRamoebSi, atarebda konferenciebs, xolo erT-erT saavtoro konferenciaze pirvelad gamoiyena fsevdonimad `iliazdi“ (1922). 1927 wels artistma muSaoba daiwyo koko SanelTan jer mxatvrad, Semdeg ki,1933 wlamde – fabrikis direqtorad. aRsaniSnavia, rom ilia zdaneviCs, romelsac Tavi qarTvelad miaCnda, mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze awuxebda qarTuli kulturis bedi. parizSi igi eqvTime TayaiSvilTan erTad

xelovneba

k.zdaneviCi, kostumis eskizi

k.zdaneviCi, qalis kubisturi figura, 1910-iani wlebi

amuSavebda 1917 wlis tao-klarjeTSi mowyobili eqspediciis masalebs, romlis monawile TviTonac iyo. es masala mogvianebiT parizis dekoratiuli xelovnebis muzeumSi gamoifina. ilia iyo mudmivi monawile bizantinistTa yovelwliuri yrilobebisa da cdilobda ucxoel mecnierTa yuradRebis mipyrobasa da mxardaWeras TurqeTis teritoriaze darCenil qarTul ZeglTa gadasarCenad. ilia zdaneviCis Zma – kirile zdaneviCi (kojori, 1892 – Tbilisi, 1969), cnobili qarTveli modernisti – grafikosi, fermweri, Teatris mxatvari, e.w. qarTul-rusuli kubofuturizmis erT-erT fuZemdeblad iTvleba. kirile da ilia zdaneviCebis mama warmoSobiT poloneli iyo, deda ki – qarTveli (gvarad gamrekliZe). Tbilisis gimnaziis

qarTuli modernizmi

damTavrebis Semdeg kirile zdaneviCi swavlobda peterburgis samxatvro akademiaSi (1911-1918), xolo 1920 wels – TbilisSi, g. gurjievis adamianis harmoniuli ganviTarebis institutSi. 1912 wels gawevrianda ruseTis mxatvarTa jgufSi Ослиный Хвост, monawileobda mis „neoprimitivistul“ gamofenebSi m. larionovTan, n. gonCarovasTan, v. tatlinTan, k. maleviCTan da sxva mxatvrebTan erTad. 1913 wels gaemgzavra parizSi, sadac swavlobda moqandake a. arxipenkosTan da axlos iyo avangardul gaerTianebasTan „axalgazrdaTa kavSiri“. 1914 wels kirile zdaneviCi gaiwvies I msoflio omSi. 1917 wels kirile zdaneviCi dabrunda TbilisSi da ZmasTan, iliasTan, erTad gaxda memarcxene futurizmis erT-erTi lideri. kirile zdaneviCi iyo saqarTveloSi e.w. artistuli wignis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. 1917 wlidan muSaobda radikalur kubofuturistul eqsperimentebze tipografiaSi, qmnida wignebis dizains. TanamSromlobda „zaumis“ poetebTan. Sesrulebuli aqvs kubisturi da kubofuturistuli gamofenebis afiSebi. xolo 1918 wels TbilisSi gaxsnili misi personaluri gamofena saqarTveloSi memarcxene xelovnebis pirveli mniSvnelovani wardgena iyo, romelsac sakmaod didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. katalogis winasityvaobaSi a. kruCionixi da i. zdaneviCi werdnen: „cecxlismfrqveveli, moqnili, leopardis kbilebs ise arWobs tiloSi, rogorc xaris tyavSi, tilos zurgSi SemRwevi... man gaxliCa samyaro, WrilobaSi Seacura xeli da mosinja... misi nervuli guli...“ Zmebma zdaneviCebma, poetebma i. degenim, k. Cerniavskim, yaradarviSma, mxatvrebma l. gudiaSvilma, s. valiSevskim, a. kruConixma, i. terentievma daaarses „futuristuli sindikati“. 1919 wels „sindikati“ daiSala da daarsda axali jgufi – „41°“, romelmac daafuZna imave saxelwodebis gazeTi. kirile zdaneviCi monawileobda am jgufis mier daarsebul „futurvseuCbiSCes“ leqciebSi, gamodioda Tbilisis artistul kafeebSi „fantastikur duqansa“ da „argonavtTa navSi“ gamarTul artistul saRamoebze. manve moxata es kafeebi l. gudiaSvilTan, a. petrokovskisTan, i. degenTan da i. zdaneviCTan erTad. (gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi)

kirile zdaneviCi (1892-1969)

sabWoTa sistema

muxamed salaZe

gadasaxlebis qronika sulxan salaZe

bavSvobaSi Cemi biZaSvili rom ityoda, qobuleTSi biZasTan viyavi stumrado, verafriT vxdebodi, romel biZas gulisxmobda, radgan mamaCems sami Zma hyavda da maTgan arcerTi ar cxovrobda qobuleTSi. Cemi biZaSvilis qobuleTeli biZis ambavi sakmaod gvian gavige. ar maxsovs, zustad rodis da ra garemoebaSi, magram erT dResac cxadi gaxda, rom mamas ufrosi Zma, muxamed salaZe, biologiurad mxolod mamis xaziT iyo Zma, mas sxva deda hyavda da es „biZa qobuleTSi“ muxamedis Zma iyo dedis mxridan. am istorias Tavisi mZime mizezi hqonda – sabWoTa represiebi, roca erT mSvenier dRes babuaCemis pirveli coli, mcirewlivani SviliT, Tavis dedasTan erTad, Soreul Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. gadasaxlebaSi babuaCemis pirveli meuRle meored daojaxebula da bavSvebic gauCenia. sabWoTa represiebSexebuli yvela ojaxis ambavi calke istoriaa, zogjer – daujerebelic ki. swored erTi aseTi istoriis Sesaxeb minda giamboT, romelic, erTi SexedviT, mxolod mamas da Svils, anu Cems biZas da babuas ukavSirdeba, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, Cem irgvliv Zalian bevr adamians Seexo. monaTxrobSi araferia gamogonili. xuTi wlis win es mravlismTqmeli ambavi muxameds piradad gamovkiTxe da videoc Caviwere. axla swored es ambavi gadamaqvs qaRaldze da minda Tqvenc gagiziaroT. SeiZleba, Zalian Sors mivdivar, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cemi ufrosi biZis gadasaxlebis ambavi, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, filmis scenari mgonia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am ambis is nawili, romelic muxamedis saqarTveloSi dabrunebas, mama-Svilis pirvel Sexvedras da baTumidan qedaSi wasvlis sirTules ukavSirdeba. namdvilad asea. bevrs aRar gavagrZeleb da Txrobaze gadaval.

gadasaxlebis qronika

„Добровольцы“ (qarT. moxaliseebi) babuaCemis ufrosi Svili, Cemi biZa, muxamed salaZe, 1944 wlis 15 ianvars Zenwmaneli salaZeebis sagvareulo saxlSi daibada. mamamisi, memed salaZe, dauT salaZis ufrosi Svili iyo sofel Zenwmanidan. deda, sabrie, eTnikuri Turqi, qalaq rizedan, romlis ojaxic dRevandeli xelvaCauris municipalitetis sofel feriaSi cxovrobda. 1944 wlis Semodgomaze muxamedis deda, sabrie, Tavisi avadmyofi dedis mosanaxuleblad wavida sofel feriaSi da mcirewlovani muxamedic Tan waiyvana. 1944 wlis 18 noembris gamTeniisas sofel feriaSi, sabries dedis ojaxSi, ori „saldaTi“, erTi oficeri da agitatori mividnen. sabWoTa oficers ukiTxavs, visi ojaxi iyo. muxamedis bebias upasuxia, rom es marangoRlebis ojaxi iyo, rom axalgazrda qali misi Svili iyo, xolo aTi Tvis muxamedi – misi SviliSvili. oficers ojaxisTvis araferi auxsnia da arc is ukiTxavs, axalgazrda qali da aTi Tvis bavSvi moxuc qalTan erTad cxovrobdnen Tu calke ojaxi hyavdaT. erTaderTi is Tqva, rom yvela unda gadaesaxlebinaT da amisTvis orsaaT-naxevarSi sofel feriaSi arsebul gadasaxlebulTa Sekrebis punqtSi unda gamocxadebuliyvnen. muxamedis bebia avadmyofobis gamo ver dadioda, magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia misi gadasaxlebisTvis – qali saxlidan soflis centramde „saldaTebs“ xelSi ayvanili CauyvaniaT. maTTvis Riad aravis uTqvams gadasaxlebis oficialuri mizezi. rogorc mogvianebiT gaiges, mizezi maTi eTnikuri warmomavloba yofila. muxamedma, radgan gadasaxlebis dros Zalian patara iyo, bevri ram dedis monaTxrobidan icis. Turme, baTumidan daZruli, gadasaxlebulebiT savse matarebeli daniSnulebis adgilamde 18 dRe da Rame midioda. adamianebi pirutyvis gadasayvani vagonebiT, umZimes pirobebSi, mgzavrobdnen. vagonebs garedan ewera – „Добровольцы“ (qarT. moxaliseebi), Tumca es sityva yvelaze naklebad Seesabameboda pirutyvisTvis gankuTvnil vagonebSi gamomwyvdeul xalxs. iq sakuTari surviliT, miT umetes – moxalised, aravin asula. vagonebze damontaJebuli yofila xmis gamaZliereblebi, saidanac uwyvetad ismoda sabWoTa kavSiris himni da samarSo musika. sabWoTa kavSiri qmnida iluzias, TiTqos Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan mcxovrebi adamianebis didma nawilma sakuTari nebiT gadawyvita Sua aziaSi gadasaxleba. matarebeli Turme periodulad Cerdeboda wylis asaRebad da maSin vagonebSi gamoketili xalxis pirveli saqme iyo ojaxis gardacvlili wevrebis dakrZalva. yvela mxridan ismoda tiri-

salaZeebis sagvareulo saxli sofel ZenwmanSi, sadac 1944 wels muxamed salaZe daibada

sabWoTa sistema li da moTqma. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, damarxvas aswrebdnen, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, dakrZalvis gareSe uxdebodaT axloblebTan gamomSvidobeba. uamravma gadasaxlebulma dakarga ojaxis wevri da axlo naTesavi ucxo miwaze, saboloo daniSnulebis adgilze Casvlamde. TiTo vagonSi oTxidan rva ojaxamde iyo moTavsebuli, mTeli im qonebiT, risi waRebac moaxerxes. rogorc wesi, ojaxebis Semadgenloba didi iyo. hemSilebisa da qurTebis ojaxebi, saSualod, 16-18 wevrs iTvlida. matarebelSi ar arsebobda elementaruli pirobebi, tualetad ki vagonis erT kuTxeSi amoWril xvrels iyenebdnen. matarebeli baTumidan baqomde Cavida, mere, baqodan kaspiis zRvis gavliT, iyo jer yazaxeTi, mere – TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi da bolos – yirgizeTi. saboloo daniSnulebis adgili oSis olqi, molotovobadis raioni aRmoCnda. gadasaxlebis pirvel xanebSi SimSiliT uamravi adamiani daiRupa. mkacri zamTris pirobebSi, haeris temperatura RamiT -30 gradusamde ecemoda. marto erT ojaxSi SimSilma 8 dReSi 12 adamiani Seiwira da marto darCenilma mamam saTiTaod dakrZala ojaxis wevrebi. muxamedi marto darCenili kacis monaTxrobs ixsenebda, rogor gaasvena miwuri saxlidan Camoxsnili kariT gardacvlilebi da rogor mihqonda cxedrebi dasakrZalad. islamiT dadgenili dakrZalvis wesebis dacvaze fiqric ki warmoudgeneli iyo. Semdeg, mogvianebiT, es kaci muxamedis maminacvali gaxda.

muxamedma dedisgan icis, rom gadasaxlebulebi specrezervaciebSi hyavdaT gamoketili, sadac miwurebSi cxovrobdnen. soflidan raionis centrSi misasvlelad saSvi iyo saWiro. Tu vinme gaparvas moaxerxebda da daiWerdnen, 15 dRiT patimrobas usjidnen. ar arsebobda dasalevi wyali da rTuli iyo higienuri pirobebis dacva. specialurad gayvanili arxis wyali erTnairad gamoiyeneboda dasabanad, sarecxad da dasalevad. miuxedavad akrZalvisa, muxamedis dedas zonidan gaparva mouxerxebia, raionSi Casula, SemorCenili saqorwilo Zvirfaseuloba gauyidia, aRebuli TanxiT Zroxa uyidia da ukan dabrunebula. ZroxisTvis „feleSa“ daurqmeviaT. ojaxis marCenali Zroxis movla muxameds davalebia. muxamedma skolaSi swavla yirgizulad daiwyo da pirveli oTxi weli yirgizulad swavlobda. mere, misgan damoukideblad, uzbekuri enis klasSi gadauyvaniaT da skolac uzbekurad daumTavrebia. skolis dasrulebis Semdeg oTx enas flobda – yirgizuls, uzbekurs, tajikurs da rusuls. imis gamo, rom gadasaxlebaSi myofs ZiriTadad Turqul, qurTul da hemSilur garemoSi uwevda cxovreba, qarTuli ena ar scodnia. skolis gareT ZiriTadi salaparako ena Turquli iyo. muxamedi dRemde emadliereba sofel feriidan gasaxlebul qarTveliSvilebs, romlebmac didi roli Seasrules maT gadarCenasa da namusis SenaxvaSi. muxameds kargad axsovs, ra sixaruli gamoiwvia gadasaxlebul xalxSi stalinis gar-

matareblis vagoni, riTac gadahyavdaT gadasaxlebulebi Sua aziaSi

gadasaxlebis qronika

rva wlis muxamedi (marjvnidan pirveli) yurZnis krefis dros, 1952

dacvalebam. maSin igi 9 wlisa yofila. stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg maTTan agitatori misula, glovis niSnad Savi samklavuri hkeTebia. paralelurad, Turme manqanebze damontaJebuli xmis gamaZliereblebiT beladis gardacvalebas auwyebdnen xalxs. dakrZalvis dRes, 13:00 saaTze, 5 wuTiT yvela fexze unda amdgariyo da dumiliT pativi miego stalinis xsovnisaTvis. dakrZalvis Semdeg, dRis bolos, gadasaxlebulebs saidanRac ori yuTi arayi moutaniaT, sardafSi gamoketilan da mTeli Rame zeimobdnen beladis sikvdils. muxameds dRemde axsovs erT-erTi gadasaxlebulis sityvebi: „xom mokvdi, xom moveswari Sens sikvdils!“ stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg mmarTvelobiTi reJimi Serbilda. sakarantine zonebi gauqmda da qalaqsa Tu raionSi wasvla SedarebiT gaiolda. mTlianobaSi, muxamedma gadasaxlebaSi 17 weli gaatara, Semdeg ki mis cxovrebaSi axali Tavgadasavali daiwyo. „mama“ 1961 wlis dasawyisSi, erT dResac, roca saxlSi dabrunda, dedam da maminacvalma uTxres, rom dro gadioda, isini berdebodnen da rom daxociliyvnen, muxamedi marto darCeboda. Tvalcremlianma maminacvalma muxameds urCia mamisTvis werili miewera – lamis naxevari aWara Seni naTesavia da werili aucileblad naxavs adresatso. erTi iyo werilis miwera, magram muxamedma qarTuli ar icoda. sabolood, oTxgverdiani werili rusulad dawera da suraTTan erTad baTumSi gagzavna. werilSi

werda, rom is memed salaZis Svili iyo da mamas eZebda. werils erTvoda 17 wlis muxamedis fotoc. muxamedi bedisweras ukavSirebs im faqts, rom gadasaxlebaSi maTTan erTad baTumeli qor-xuseini cxovrobda, vinc im rTul droSi malulad, sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT, baTumSi axerxebda Casvlas. es ambavi yvelas ukvirda, Tumca bevrma icoda qor-xuseinis moxerxebulobis Sesaxeb. swored qor-xuseins unda Caetana baTumSi werili, romlis wyalobiTac 17 wlis Semdeg mama pirvelad gaigebda, rom misi ufrosi Svili, muxamedi, cocxali iyo da sadRac Sua aziaSi cxovrobda. qor-xuseinis mier Sua aziidan wamoRebuli werili baTumSi muxamedis mamis, memedis, biZaSvilTan moxvda. memedi xSirad dadioda savaWrod baTumSi da erTxelac, roca fanerisgan Sekruli CemodnebiT baTumSi Tambaqo Caitana gasayidad da neniel axmed mamulaZes miakiTxa, sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. xalxi mas gars Semoexvia da ucnaurad ekiTxebodnen, restoran „talRaSi“ xom ar apirebda maT dapatiJebas. saqmesa da safiqralSi gaxveulma memedma, romelic sofelSi dabrunebas Cqarobda, kargad verc gaigo ras ekiTxebodnen. maSin memedis biZaSvilma gulis jibidan muxamedis suraTi amoiRo da maRla aweuli xeliT aCvena. suraTis danaxvisas sixarulisgan memeds muxlebSi Zala warTmevia da Ronemixdili TambaqoTi savse Cemodnebze Camomjdara. is dRe memedma megobrebTan erTad marTlac aRniSna restoran „talRaSi“.

sabWoTa sistema dakarguli Svilis werilis miRebidan maleve mamam Svils miswera da sTxova, rom saxlSi dabrunebuliyo. mgzavrobisTvis saWiro yvela xarjs mama Tavis Tavze iRebda. mama-Svils Soris mimowera 1961 wlis adrian gazafxulze daiwyo. aprilSi muxamedma mamisgan gagzavnili 250 maneTi miiRo da 17-wliani ganSorebis Semdeg maTi Sexvedra realuri gaxda. adamianma, romelmac rigianad soflidan qalaqisken mimavali gzac ki ar icoda, ori TviTmfrinavi gamoicvala da TbilisSi Cafrinda. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, mama-Svili baTumis aeroportSi unda Sexvedroda erTmaneTs. Tumca, muxameds TbilisSi uTxres, rom baTumSi wvimiani amindi iyo mosalodneli da frena ar iqneboda. muxamedi matarebliT wavida baTumSi. sabolood ise gamovida, rom baTumur Tavsxma wvimaSi mama aeroportSi eloda Svils, Svili ki – rkinigzis sadgurSi mamas. winaswari SeTanxmebiT, Tu mama-Svili baTumis aeroportSi ver Sexvdeboda erTmaneTs, maSin orive sofel urexSi, Cais fabrikis mimdebared mcxovrebi naTesavis saxlSi unda misuliyo. urexSi pirveli Svili Cavida, sadac uamravi naTesavi da mezobeli eloda. mamac male gamoCnda da 1961 wlis 1 maiss, 17 wlis asakSi, muxamedma pirvelad Tqva sityva „mama“. rogorc xSirad ambobs, pirveli Sexvedris emociis aRwera da gadmocema SeuZlebelia. 57 dRe Sua aziidan baTumamde gasavlel gzas bevrad mcire dro dasWirda, vidre baTumidan qedaSi, sofel ZenwmanSi, asvlas. sabWoTa kavSiris dros baTumidan aWaris raionebSi wasvla da ukan, baTumSi, dabruneba ar iyo ioli saqme. gzad araerTi sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtis gavla iyo saWiro, sadac samxedroebi Sesabamis dokumentebs amowmebdnen. muxameds, rogorc gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuls, saTanado dokumenti ar aRmoaCnda, xolo baTumSi arsebuli sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros organoebi mas arafris didebiT ar aZlevdnen am dokuments. mama-Svili kviraSi erTxel xvdeboda erTmaneTs baTumSi. calke mama gawvalda da calke – Svili. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom muxamedma Sua aziaSi dabruneba gadawyvita da amis Sesaxeb mamasac uTxra. baTumSi mama-Svilis am saubars muxamedis dedinacvali hajeric Seeswro. dialogi rusulad gaimarTa. hajerma rusuli ar icoda, magram mixvda, rom mama-Svilis es saubari SeiZleboda sabediswero yofiliyo da meuRles sTxova, yvelaferi, rac iTqva, misTvis qarTulad eTargmna.

merve klasis mosawavle muxamed salaZe (pirvel rigSi marjvnidan pirveli)

gadasaxlebis qronika

roca meuRlem nalaparakebi sityva-sityviT gadasca, hajerma xeli Caavlo muxameds da uTxra, rom igi, sami Svilis deda, mzad iyo, Tu saWiro gaxdeboda, sakuTari SromiT sofelSi aSenebuli orsarTuliani saxli gaeyida, oRond gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli muxamedi sofelSi aeyvana. am sityvebs isic daamata, rom yirgizeTSi dabrunebul muxameds aravin daujerebda, sofelSi imitom ver wavida, rom sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa organoebma Sesabamisi dokumenti ar misces – yvela ityoda, rom dedinacvalma ar miiRo da es gaxda Sua aziaSi dabrunebis mizezio. muxamedi dRemde ambobs, rom swored dedinacvlis didi damsaxurebaa, rom igi saqarTveloSi darCa da cxel gulze Sua aziaSi ar dabrunda. hajeri ori wlis win, 99 wlis asakSi, ise gardaicvala, rom muxamedi sakuTari biologiuri Svilebisgan arasdros gaurCevia, muxamedic mas yovelTvis nenes (dedis) eZaxda. mama-Svilis gasaWiri 57 dRe gagrZelda. gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis TiTqmis ori Tvis Tavze miiRo muxamedma saWiro sabuTi da mamam Svili sofel ZenwmanSi, saxlSi, waiyvana.

muxamed salaZe meuRlesTan naTela SaraSiZesTan erTad, 1968

muxamedi 3 weli darCa saqarTveloSi. Camosvlidan maleve gemTmSenebel qarxanaSi daiwyo muSaoba, saidanac mere baTumis portSi gadavida. 1964 wlis ianvarSi darwmunda, rom Sua aziaSi miRebuli saskolo ganaTleba ar iyo sakmarisi. imave wels dedis mosanaxuleblad yirgizeTSi gaemgzavra da iq 4 weli darCa. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi mamaSvils Soris mimowera ar Sewyvetila. muxamedma 1965 wels yirgizeTis dedaqalaqSi profesiul saswavlebelSi daiwyo swavla. 1967 wels ki yirgizeTidan TbilisSi gadmovida saswavleblad. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1968 wels, naTela SaraSiZeze iqorwina. hajer nenem sofelSi mas 300-kaciani qorwili gadauxada. tradiciulad, rogorc imxanad aWaraSi iyo miRebuli, qorwili RamiT gamarTes.

epilogi mas Semdeg didi dro gavida. muxamedi axla 77 wlisaa. icis eqvsi ena, hyavs sami Svili, eqvsi SviliSvili da oTxi SvilTaSvili. juma dRes (paraskevobiT) baTumis meCeTSi dadis salocavad. bolo dros axali TavSesaqcevi ipova da Tevzaoba daiwyo. Tu misi axlos gacnoba gindaT, wlis mzian da Tbil dReebSi baTumSi, „beregze“, ankesiani babu unda ipovoT, TeTri wveriT da momRimari saxiT.

muxamed salaZe, 1971

15 16

19 20 21

30 31

35 37

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49 51

56 57

59 60

62 63

64 65 66

74 75

76 78 80

82 86

87 89

88 90

93 94 95

Sveulad 1. saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis mkacrad gansazRvruli wesi. 2. mwvave infeqciuri daavadeba. 3. gadaWarbebuli qeba. 4. risame dedaazri, raoba, Sinaarsi. 5. sakanonmdeblo organos mier dadgenili sayovelTaod savaldebulo wesi. 6. vinmesTan erTad mavali, Tanamdevi. 7. garkveuli qcevis wesi, romelic savaldebuloa yvelasaTvis. 8. kontrrevoluciis kera; departamenti dasavleT safrangeTSi, sadac XVIII saukuneSi, didi revoluciis dros daiwyo monarqiis mxardamWeri kontrrevoluciuri amboxi. 9. risame garkveuli wesiT warmarTva, mowesrigeba. 10. xarebis brZolis mTavari monawile. 17. mTelis dayofa or nawilad, Semdgom am nawilTa dayofa orad da a.S. 18. safexuri, stadia raime movlenis ganviTarebaSi. 20. qveyanaSi gansazRvruli saxis saqonlis Setana-gamotanaze saxelmwifos an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier dawesebuli akrZalva. 21. erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mTebis sistema. 22. adamianTa modgma, mTeli dedamiwis mosaxleoba. 23. sazogadoebis, klasis, politikuri partiis, socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel SexedulebaTa, ideaTa sistema. 25. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnebasa da literaturaSi gaCenili mimarTuleba, romlis mimdevrebi ZiriTadad Semoqmedis Sinagan samyaros da subieqtur SemoqmedebiT gancdebs asaxaven. 28. saqmeebi, romlebic ama Tu im dawesebulebis warmoebas eqvemdebareba. 30. faqtebisa da movlenebis damaxsovrebis unari. 32. kuTxurobis gamovlena saxelmwifoebriv doneze, roca sakuTari tomis, kuTxis (regionis) warmomadgenlebs sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba eniWebaT. 35. erTi an ramdenime saxelmwifos Zaladobrivi Careva sxva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. 36. visime an risame Rirsebis, avtoritetis, prestiJis Selaxva, saxelis gatexa, ndobis dakargva. 37. mdinare kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreT kalTaze. 38. wignad akinZuli rukebis krebuli. 39. mtkicebulebis safuZvlad vargisi logikuri mosazreba; damamtkicebeli sabuTi. 42. vinmesTvis raime rwmunebis anda garkveuli uflebamosilebis miniWeba. 45. davalebaTa Sesrulebis valdebuleba da maTi damakmayofilebeli Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa. 47. mTavris umaRlesi tituli indoeTSi. 50. diplomatiuri korpusis meTauri, yvelaze adre Casuli elCi. 53. ciuri sxeuli, romelic mzis garSemo brunavs da areklili mzis SuqiT anaTebs. 55. qalaqi saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlis mxaris administraciuli centri. 57. moulodneli SemTxveva (Cveulebriv usiamovno), gaugebroba. 58. qalaqi-saxelmwifo Zvel saberZneTSi. 60. ZvelberZnuli eposis Tanaxmad, odisevsis samefo da samSoblo. 63. mcire Zalis saSualebiT didi Zalis gasawonasworebeli umartivesi meqanizmi. 64. oqroTi da Tval-margalitiT mdidari ararsebuli qveyana, romelsac eZebdnen samxreT amerikaSi pirveli espaneli dampyroblebi. 65. ama Tu im nagebobis, manqanis, meqanizmis agebuleba,