montres konvencia da misi mniSvneloba

zurab batiaSvili saqarTvelo sazRvao qveyanaa da Savi zRvis gavliT ukavSirdeba gare samyaros. am zRviT vukavSirdebiT dasavleTsac, romelTan integraciac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebisTvis. aqve gadis dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis damakavSirebeli derefnis mniSvnelovani nawilic, rac saqarTvelos did satransporto funqcias sZens.

Sav zRvaSi samoqalaqo gemebs gadaadgileba Tavisuflad SeuZliaT, magram arsebobs garkveuli SezRudvebi samxedro gemebisTvis da am sakiTxs aregulirebs montres konvencia mokle istoria pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg, 1923 wels, gaformda lozanis xelSekruleba, romelic, erTi mxriv, adgenda TurqeTis respublikis dasavleT sazRvrebs, meore mxriv ki, Sav zRvaze awesebda samxedro da samoqalaqo gemebis SeuzRudav mimosvlas, romelic erTa ligis saerTaSoriso sruteebis* komisiis zedamxedvelobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo rogorc cnobilia, pirvelma msoflio omma ver daasrula evropaSi arsebuli problemebi. yvela qveyana (da maT Soris TurqeTic) moeloda, rom axali msoflio omi axlovdeboda. ankarisTvis saWiro iyo zomebis miReba, raTa Seemcirebina savaraudo safrTxeebi (am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlo brZolebi Sav zRvaze, rac, didi albaTobiT, omSi TurqeTis CarTvasac gamoiwvevda). amgvarad, TurqeTma 1935 wlis aprilSi moiTxova axali konferenciis mowveva da navigaciis pirobebis gadaxedva. konferenciaSi monawileoba ar miuRia italias, radgan miiCnevda, rom Sexvedris monawileTa mizani aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvasa da Sav zRvaze romis interesebis SezRudva iyo. Tumca, xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 1938 wels, mas mainc mouwia mierTeboda konvencias.

*saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi cneba „sruteebSi“ igulisxmeba bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi konvencia – qveynebs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis forma, romelic erT konkretul sakiTxs exeba. erTa liga – pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso organizacia, romlis mizansac msoflioSi mSvidobis da stabilurobis dacva warmoadgenda daarsda 1920 wlis 10 ianvars parizis samSvidobo konferenciis Sedegad da 1946 wlamde iarseba meore msoflio omis Semdeg erTa liga gaerom Caanacvla molaparakebebi daiwyo 1936 wlis 22 ivniss Sveicariis qalaq montreSi da TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZelda monawileobdnen: sabWoTa kavSiri, TurqeTi, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, saberZneTi, iugoslavia, avstralia da iaponia molaparakebebis procesSi gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi midgoma: britanelebi sruteebze moZraobis im periodisTvis arsebuli wesebis SenarCunebas iTxovdnen, romelic erTa ligis saerTaSoriso sruteebis komisiis winaswar informirebas da samxedro gemebis advilad gatarebas gulisxmobda; ankaris ZiriTadi interesi iyo msoflios wamyvan qveynebs kidev erTxel daedasturebinaT, rom sruteebs Turquli mxare akontrolebda, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri absoluturad Tavisufali gadaadgilebis reJimis dawesebas iTxovda. moskovis es, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri midgoma ganpirobebuli iyo xmelTaSua zRvis mimarTulebiT eqspansiis surviliT bunebrivia, moskovis am poziciis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen didi britaneTi da safrangeTi. isini SiSobdnen, rom sabWoTa flotis xmelTaSua zRvaSi gamoCena safrTxes Seuqmnida sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan savaWro marSrutebs, romlebiTac evropuli qveynebi ukavSirdebodnen egviptes, indoeTsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebs saboloo jamSi, imisTvis, rom SeTanxmebuliyvnen, yvelas mouwia raRacis daTmoba britaneTma da safrangeTma TurqeTis sasargeblod daTmes TavianTi pirveladi pozicia, raTa moaxloebul meore msoflio omSi ankara germania-italiis mxares ar gamosuliyo sabWoTa kavSirma ki SeZlo konvenciaSi im muxlis Setana, romlis ZaliTac erTmaneTisgan sagrZnoblad imijneba Savi zRvisa da araSavizRvis qveynebis uflebebi samxedro gemebis gadaadgilebisas. amrigad, frangul enaze Sedgenil montres konvencias 1936 wlis 20 ivliss moewera xeli, xolo ZalaSi imave wlis 9 noembers Sevida. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

Sav zRvaze naosnoba saqarTvelodan gemiT bosforis srutemde misaRwevad daaxloebiT 2-3 dRea saWiro (damokidebulia gemis siCqareze) iqidan ki, gaivliT bosforis srutes, marmarilos zRvas, dardanelis srutes da moxvdebiT egeosis zRvasa da xmelTaSua zRvaSi amave marSrutis gavla uwevT Savi zRvis qveynebidan (ukraina, ruseTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi) xmelTaSua zRvisken mimaval gemebs, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom bulgareTi, rumineTi da ukraina geografiulad ufro axlos arian sruteebTan Sesabamisad, maTi gemebi ufro male xvdebian iq ruseT-ukrainis omis dawyebis Semdeg garTulda ukrainuli gemebis mimosvla sruteebis mimarTulebiT. magram 2022 wlis 22 ivliss gaerosa da TurqeTis iniciativiT xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romelic gulisxmobs gemebiT ukrainuli marcvleulis sruteebisa da iqidan sxvadasxva qveynebis mimarTulebiT usafrTxo transportirebas es SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Raribi qveynebisTvis, sadac bevri adamianis sicocxle swored ukrainidan miwodebul marcvleulzea damokidebuli montres konvenciis miReba montres konvenciis ZiriTadi pirobebi konvencia Sedgeba 29 muxlis, 4 danarTisa da 1 oqmisgan. konvenciis II-VII muxlebi exeba savaWro gemebis tranzits maTi Tavisufali moZraoba sruliad garantirebulia mSvidobian periodSi ufro rTuli da kompleqsuria montres konvenciis mixedviT dadgenili samxedro gemebis moZraobis reJimi, romelsac exeba am SeTanxmebis VIII-XXII muxlebi

„sruteebis reJimTan dakavSirebuli montres konvencia“ kidev erTxel adasturebs ankaris suverenitets bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze da aregulirebs gemebis moZraobas Sav zRvaze.

TurqeTs omianobis an agresiis SemTxvevaSi ufleba aqvs daketos sruteebi nebismieri saxis samxedro gemebisTvis mas aseve SeuZlia uari Tqvas sruteebSi im qveynis komerciuli gemebis gatarebaze, romelTanac omi aqvs gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sav zRvaSi myofi araSavizRvis qveynebis samxedro gemebis saerTo tonaJi ar unda aRematebodes 30 000 tonas (mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia dasaSvebi saerTo tonaJis 45 000 tonamde gazrda). aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom amave gemebisTvis izRudeba Sav zRvaSi yofnis vada. maT aq mxolod 21 dRis ganmavlobaSi SeuZliaT darCena. gemebis zoma-wona tonaJiT, igive wyalwyviT an tvirTmzidaobiT izomeba mas calke xelSekruleba –1969 wels londonSi xelmowerili „gemebis tonaJis gazomvis saerTaSoriso konvencia“ aregulirebs rodesac pirveli samxedro gemebis warmoeba daiwyes, maSin maTi zomebi da Sesabamisad, tonaJic mcire iyo. SemdgomSi, samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, gaizarda samxedro gemebis tonaJic. gemebis wyalwyvaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad SegviZlia SevxedoT aviamzidebis tonaJs. didi aviamzidebis wyalwyva daaxloebiT 100 000 tonaa (magaliTad, cnobili amerikuli aviamzid „ronald reiganis“ wyalwyva, romelic wyalSi 2001 wels CauSves, 101 400 tonas Seadgens) montres konvenciis mixedviT, mxolod Savi zRvis qveynebs SeuZliaT sruteebSi gaataron msxvili sabrZolo xomaldebi, romelTa eskortis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes or sazRvao gamanadgurebels

Savi zRvis qveynebi, romlebsac sakuTari samxedro gemebis sruteebSi gatareba surT, valdebuli arian amis Sesaxeb 8 dRiT adre acnobon TurqeTs araSavizRvis qveynebma ki, Tu aseTi survili eqnebaT, es 15 dRiT adre unda gaakeTon amasTan, am qveynebis kuTvnili arcerTi samxedro gemis tonaJi ar unda aRematebodes 10 000 tonas, rac imas niSnavs, rom araSavizRvis qveynebi didi zomis gemebs ver gagzavnian am regionSi.

Savi zRvis qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT sruteebSi gaataron TavianTi wyalqveSa navebi aseve, nebadarTulia samoqalaqo daniSnulebis TviTmfrinavebis moZraoba xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris, mxolod im gzebiT, romlebsac gansazRvravs TurqeTis mTavroba ramdenad Seesabameba montres konvencia dRevandel viTarebas montreSi xelSekruleba gaformda 1930-ian wlebSi da didwilad asaxavs im dros am regionSi Seqmnil rTul geopolitikur situacias konvenciis pirobebi ki aireklavs maSindel aqtorTa interesebs. montres konvenciis xelmoweris Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala regionSic da msoflioSic: moxda meore msoflio omi, daiwyo da dasrulda „civi omi“, daiSala am konvenciis xelmomweri qveynebi – ssrk da iugoslavia, uSualod Savi zRvis sanapiroebze gaCnda axali qveynebi – saqarTvelo, ukraina da ruseTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi ki natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevriandnen, ruseTma afxazeTis okupacia, SemdgomSi ki yirimis aneqsia ganaxorciela da bolos srulmasStabiani omi daiwyo ukrainis winaaRmdeg; safuZvlianad Seicvala samxedro industria mTel msoflioSi – qveynebma ufro didi zomisa da tonaJis samxedro gemebis warmoeba daiwyes, gaizarda msoflio ekonomika, rasac mohyva mimosvlis gazrda zRvebze da maT Soris Sav zRvazec da a.S.