cuSimis brZola rusuli flotis aRsasruli

arCil CaCxiani cuSimis brZola 1904-1905 wlebis ruseT-iaponiis omis gadamwyveti sazRvao brZola iyo, romelic mimdinareobda 1905 wlis 27-28 maiss (14-15 maisi) cuSimis sruteSi, iaponiis zRvaSi, kunZul cuSimis maxloblad, sadac iaponiis flotma sastikad gaanadgura rusuli sazRvao floti.

ruseT-iaponiis omi iyo or imperias Soris manjuriasa da koreaze kontrolis mosapoveblad dawyebuli srulmasStabiani samxedro konfliqti, romlis samxedro moqmedebebi 1904 wlis 27 ianvridan 1905 wlis 23 agvistomde mimdinareobda omebis istoriaSi didxniani Sesvenebis Semdeg es iyo XX saukunis pirveli didi omi, sadac gamoiyenes im droisaTvis arsebuli uaxlesi teqnologiebi, samxedro teqnika da SeiaraReba politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki, ruseT-iaponiis omi imperializmis epoqis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro dapirispireba iyo, sadac erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ori aziuri imperia aRmoCnda cuSimis brZolaSi monawileobda msxvilkalibriani da Sorsmsroleli artileria, SejavSnuli predrednoutis klasis xomaldebi da kreiserebi, saeskadro katarRebi da naRmosnebi es iyo sazRvao istoriaSi pirveli gadamwyveti sazRvao brZola, sadac ibrZodnen Tanamedrove foladiskorpusiani sabrZolo xomaldebiT, sadac ukabelo kavSirgabmulobis saSualebam, rdiom, kritikulad mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula amave dros, es iyo ukanaskneli sazRvao brZola omebis istoriaSi, sadac damarcxebuli flotis gemebi gamarjvebul flots Cabardnen ramdenime rusulma gemma neitralur portebs Seafara Tavi da mxolod oTxma maTganma miaRwia ruseTis teritoriul wylebs

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cuSimis brZola iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani sazRvao movlena trafalgaris brZolis Semdeg da misma Sedegebma sabolood gadawyvita kidec am omis bedi iaponiis sasargeblod yvelaferi ki ase daiwyo: 1894-1895 wlebis saomari kampaniisas didi britaneTis samefo samxedro-sazRvao flotis nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnili flotis wyalobiT, CineTis SeiaraRebul Zalebze myisieri gamarjvebis Semdeg, swrafad mzardi iaponia Soreuli aRmosavleTis regionSi angariSgasawev Zalad iqca da male yviTel zRvasac daepatrona. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis imperiac daadga aRmosavleTiT eqspansiis gzas 1898 wlis 15 marts rusul-Cinurma konvenciam ruseTs 25-wliani ijariT gadasca liaodunis naxevarkunZulze mdebare saporto qalaqi port-arturi (dRevandeli CineTis qalaqi daliani), am vadis gagrZelebis uflebiT port-arturis gadacemiT ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma wynari okeanis auzSi, yviTel zRvaSi, miiRo porti, romelic ar iyineboda pirvelebi aq ruseTis armiis aRmosavleT cimbiris me-9 msroleli polkis jariskacebi gadmosxdnen, 1898 wlis 16 marts ki rusuli droSac afrialda amis Semdeg port-arturi ruseTis wynari okeanis flotis mTavari baza gaxda, ramac iaponiis armiisa da flotis samxedro reformebis daCqareba da iaponiis militarizacia gamoiwvia. iaponiis agresiulma moqmedebebma rusuli sazogadoebis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, magram saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis reaqcia am movlenaze gansxvavebuli iyo. msoflios udidesma saxelmwifoebma, ameri- kis SeerTebulma Statebma da didma britaneTma, uyoymanod daiWires iaponiis mxare. im droisaTvis ruseTis mokavSire safrangeTis pozicia neitraluri iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ruseTis mokavSireoba safrangeTs germaniis gaZlierebis neitralizaciisTvis sWirdeboda, magram ruseT-iaponiis omis dawyebidan sul mcire xanSi safrangeTmac probritanuli politikis gatareba daiwyo, ramac rusul-franguli urTierTobebis gacivebas Seuwyo xeli, germaniam ki am omSi Tavidanve ruseTTan megobruli neitralitetis politika airCia iaponiis teritoriuli eqspansia iaponiis zRvis auzis dapatronebiT ar dasrulebula 1904 wlis dasawyisSi iaponia gadamwyvet moqmedebebze gadavida: xelSi aiRo iniciativa, Tavisi SenaerTebiT daikava korea, SeiWra manjuriaSi da alyaSi moaqcia portarturi. 1904 wlis 27 ianvars iaponiis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma, iaponiis gaerTianebuli flotis sardlis, admiral togos meTaurobiT, omis gamocxadebis gareSe, saeskadro naRmosani gemebiT moulodnelad Seuties am mniSvnelovan samxedro ports da Ruzaze mdgari TiTqmis yvela rusuli gemi CaZires. magram prusiuli jaris nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnil da organizebul iaponelTa jars port-arturis aReba gauWirda. igi amaod cdilobda am metad mniSvnelovani portis dakavebas, romelic rusebs kargad hqondaT gamagrebuli. trafalgaris brZola – sazRvao brZola britaneTisa da safrangeT-espaneTis gaerTianebul sazRvao

Zalebs Soris mesame koaliciis omis dros, romelic napoleonis omebis nawili iyo koaliciis Zalebs meTaurobda frangi vice-admirali pier-Sarl vilnevi, britanelebs ki – admirali horacio nelsoni brZola gaimarTa 1805 wlis 21 oqtombers atlantis okeaneSi, espaneTis samxreT-dasavleT sanapiroze, trafalgaris koncxTan axlos. nelsonis gankargulebaSi iyo 27 saxazo gemi mowinaaRmdegis 33-is sapirispirod. brZolis win nelsonma Semdegi Sinaarsis signalis gadacema brZana: „inglisi moelis, rom yvela adamiani Tavis movaleobas Seasrulebs“. ZalTa arasaxarbielo Tanafardobis miuxedavad, brZola britanelebis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda britanelTa danakargebi mcire iyo, Tumca brZolis miwuruls sasikvdilod daiWra admirali nelsoni. brZolis Sedegebi koaliciisTvis gamanadgurebeli iyo. 12 aTas daWrildaRupul mebrZolTan erTad maT dakarges 22 saxazo gemi, romelTagan 21 mowinaaRmdegis xelSi gadavida brZolam sabolood dausva wertili napoleonis Canafiqrs gadaelaxa la-manSis srute da SeWriliyo britaneTSi istoria rusebi medgrad icavdnen qalaqs da cixesimagres, magram maTi resursebi ar iyo sakmarisi xangrZlivi TavdacviTi saalyo brZolebis sawarmoeblad. port-arturis SesanarCuneblad maT saswrafod esaWiroebodaT iaraRiT, sabrZolo masalebiTa da samxedro aRWurvilobiT, aseve sxva materialuri saSualebebiTa da cocxali ZaliT daxmareba. Soreuli aRmosavleTis rusuli eskadris mcdeloba, alya moexsna simagrisaTvis, uSedego gamodga xuTi rusuli samxedro gemi iaponelTa winaaRmdeg sazRvao brZolaSi ganadgurda, xolo eskadris meTauri, kontradmirali vilhelm vitefti sasikvdilod daiWra. omis pirvel etapze iaponiam strategiuli iniciativa Caigdo xelSi da zRvaze mniSvnelovan upiratesobasac miaRwia. aseT rTul viTarebaSi rusuli flotis xelmZRvanelobam wynari okeanis eskadris gasaZliereblad gadamWrel zomebs mimarTa Soreul peterburgSi miiRes gadawyvetileba blo- port-arturis brZola, 1904 kirebuli port-arturis dasaxmareblad baltiis floti – imperiis ukanaskneli sazRvao rezervi – gaegzavnaT baltiis zRvaSi bazirebuli Tanamedrove rusuli saxazo gemebidan oTxi gamoirCeoda – `kniaz suvorovi~, `aleqsandr III~, `borodino~ da `orioli~. es linkorebi 15 000 tona wyalwyvis xomaldebi iyo, maTi sagembano artileriis mTavari kalibri 254 mm-s Seadgenda, javSnis sisqe – 194 mm-s da siCqare ki – 18 kvanZs saerTo jamSi, es mniSvnelovani da angariSgasawevi sabrZolo Zala iyo da yvela maCvenebliT warmateba unda hqonoda garda amisa, baltiis flotis am saxazo gemebs unda SeerTeboda kidev erTi didi da sami patara kreiseri, aseve ramdenime saeskadro naRmosani. saxazo gemi, igive linkori (ingl. Battleship) – XX saukunis yvelaze mZlavri saartilerio javSnosani gemebis klasi saxazo gemebis daniSnuleba iyo mowinaaRmdegis gemebisa da, pirvel rigSi, msgavsi klasis xomaldebisTvis mZlavri saartilerio dartymebis miyeneba, mowinaaRmdegis strategiuli daniSnulebis sanapiro nagebobebisa da infrastuqturis ganadgureba da sakuTari SenaerTebis sabrZolo Zalis strategiuli mdgradobis SenarCuneba. baltiis zRvis flotis sardlad ruseTis mTavari samxedro-sazRvao Stabis ufrosi, vice-admirali zinobi roJestvenski dainiSna – mefis gulficxi rCeuli mas dedamiwis garSemowerilobis TiTqmis naxevris gavlasTan dakavSirebuli lojistikuri problemebi aSinebda, magram mefe nikoloz II da samefo karis gavleniani warmomadgenlebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom operacia warmatebiT Catardeboda da port-arturis alyac moixsneboda maTi azriT, mTavari aq drois faqtori iyo, magram rusul flotSi yvelaferi rigze ar iyo. saqme isaa, rom maTi ekipaJebi saxeldaxelod gawveuli matrosebisa da jariskacebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebsac arasodes gauvliaT swavleba zRvaosnobasa da samwyobro Tu sacecxle momzadebaSi. maT uWirdaT SeTanxmebulad moqmedeba, erToblivi manevrebis Casatareblad ki dro aRar rCeboda. ase iyo Tu ise, xelisuflebam gadawyvetileba miiRo da sabrZolo gegmis aRsrulebis jeri dadga

1904 wlis 15 oqtombers ormocdaori gemisgan Semdgarma rusulma flotma datova ruseTis baltiis sazRvao porti libau. ganwyoba Tavidanve didad imediani ar yofi- javSnosani `orioli~ la. curvis pirvelsave dReebSi rusul eskadras cudad wauvida saqme. gemebis ekipaJebs imTaviTve elandebodaT mowinaaRmdege. 21 oqtombris Rames erT-erTma gemma gangaSi atexa – Tavis garSemo mtris naRmosnebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb gadasca Setyobineba da qvemexebidanac gaisroles sinamdvileSi, „naRmosnebi“ uwyinari inglisuri traulerebi aRmoCnda, romlebic rusuli flotis saartilerio cecxlSi moyvnen erTi TevzsaWeri gemi CaiZira yvela ubedurebasTan erTad, sakuTari gemebidan Wurvi rusuli eskadris kreiser `avrorasac~ moxvda da xomaldis mRvdeli daiRupa. ekipaJs es incidentic cudad eniSna. didi britaneTis saadmiralom gangaSi atexa. inglisuri presa aRSfoTebuli werda `rusuli cofiani ZaRlebis flotis~ barbarosobaze. didi britaneTis mTavrobam TevzsaWer traulerebTan dakavSirebuli SemTxvevis safuZvliani saerTaSoriso gamoZieba da damnaSavis mkacrad dasja moiTxova man CaTvala, rom Rirseba Seulaxes da misi simpaTiebic kidev ufro gadaixara iaponiisken, romelTanac 1902 wlidan hqonda xelSekruleba dadebuli ruseTis imperatori nikoloz II iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo da britaneTs zaralis finansur anazRaurebas dahpirda. magram am nabijma gafuWebul saqmes veRar uSvela. rusuli flotis jer kidev arSemdgari dideba umal gacamtverda aqedan moyolebuli, igi sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqca da mis mogzaurobas port-arturamde ar mohklebia sxvadasxva qveynis presisa da msoflio sazogadoebis gesliani ironia mzadyofnaSi iyvnen britanuli samxedro gemebic da isini didi yuradRebiT akvirdebodnen rusuli flotis gadaadgilebas roJestvenskis gemebs win 18000 sazRvao mili hqondaT gasavleli, dedamiwis perimetris TiTqmis sami meoTxedi, marSruti ki marTlac rTuli iyo atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebis gavliT isini CineTis zRvaSi unda Sesuliyvnen da Semdeg CrdiloeTisken gaecuraT. amasTan, samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis istoriaSi pirvelad gemebi Ria zRvaSi unda moemaragebinaT naxSiriT, rac metad rTuli amocana iyo. CrdiloeTis zRvaSi inglisur TevzsaWer gemebTan dakavSirebuli incidentis gamo rusuli flotis reputacia ukve Zalian Selaxuli iyo, amitom neitralurma saxelmwifoebma rusebs ar misces ufleba gaCerebuliyvnen maT navsadgurebSi da iq SeevsoT sawvavis maragi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi didi imperia iyo, mas Tavisi kontinenturi teritoriebis miRma sayrdeni punqtebi ar gaaCnda. kreiseri `avrora~ didma koloniurma saxelmwifoebma –didma britaneTma da safrangeTma uari Tqves rusuli flotis naxSiriT momaragebaze amrigad, rusuli floti sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. bolos, ruseTis imperiis mTavrobasTan molaparakebis Semdeg, germanuli sazRvao-satransporto kompania „hamburg-amerikis xazi“ daexmara rusul flots da 60 gemiT 340 000 tona naxSiri miawoda. germaniis axalgazrda imperiisTvis es xelsayreli garigeba iyo. am saomar kampaniaSi germanulma raixma didi Tanxebi iSova erTi mxriv, man rusuli gemebi moamaraga naxSiriT, meore mxriv ki, iaponiis flotsa da savele artilerias krupis sistemis uaxlesi tipis qvemexebs awvdida. saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTlis mixedviT, naxSiris miReba navsadgurSi ar SeiZleboda. gemebi Ria zRvaSi, amweebis gareSe, unda datvirTuliyo, amitom rusuli flotis gadaadgileba mniSvnelovnad Seyovnda ekipaJze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia aseve tropikulma klimatma. tanJerSi, marokoSi, rusebma morigi marcxi iwvnies – zRvaSi gasvlisas SecdomiT gadaWres marokodan evropisken mimavali telegrafis kabeli mTeli kreiser `avroras~ matrosebi qvanaxSiriT datvirTvis samuSaoze Sesvenebis dros msoflio presa isev amxedrda da isev erTi ambavi atyda. kidev ufro naTeli gaxda, rom am operacias namdvilad ar sdevda iRbali. rusuli floti jer kidev gzaSi iyo, rodesac Seatyobines port-arturis kapitulaciis Sesaxeb 1905 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi. port-arturis dacemasTan erTad iaponelebma sakuTar yureSi, gare reidze mdgari rusuli xomaldebic CaZires sabrZolo danakargebi iaponelebsac hqondaT – sazRvao naRmebze ori iaponuri kreiseri afeTqda. Tumca, es mdgomareoba sulac ar cvlida saerTo suraTs ruseTis Soreuli aRmosavleTis flotma arseboba Sewyvita port-arturis dacemam kardinalurad orTviani lodinis Semdeg gadawyda, rom madagaskarTan gaCerebul roJestvenskis daqvemdebarebul flots mesame formirebac, e w „ruseTis wynari okeanis flotis mesame eskadra“ SeuerTdeboda, admiral nikolai nebogatovis meTaurobiT, romelic 1905 wlis 18 Tebervals gamovida kronStadtidan da madagaskarisken gaemarTa amocana gasagebi iyo – rusuli flotis samive formireba unda SeerTebuliyo da gaecura wynari okeanis rusul navsadgur vladivostokisken. ruseTis politikuri da samxedro xelmZRvaneloba am gziT imedovnebda flotis gaZlierebas sinamdvileSi ki, es gadawyvetileba rusebis kidev erTi Secdoma iyo. amasobaSi, manjuriaSi, qalaq mukdenTan gamarTul brZolaSi, ruseTis jari sastikad damarcxda. es iyo ruseT-iaponiis omis yvelaze masStaburi, xangrZlivi da sisxliani brZola, sadac orive mxridan naxevar milionamde jariskaci da oficeri, 2500 saartilerio danadgari da 250 tyviamfrqvevi monawileobda mTliani danakargi iyo 160 aTasi kaci, anu brZolaSi monawile mTeli piradi Semadgenlobis 30%, sxva danakargze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mukdeni dRevandeli qalaqi Seniania, CineTis provincia liaoninis administraciuli centri roca vice-admiral roJestvenskisTan mukdenis brZolaSi rusebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba mivida, madagaskarTan gaCerebuli samxedro gemebis ekipaJebi ukve buntis dawyebas apirebdnen. roJestvenskis sxva araferi darCenoda, garda dauyovnebliv winsvlis brZanebis gacemisa

Secvala suraTi da gaCnda kiTxvebi: ra iqneba Semdeg? gagrZeldeba Tu Sewydeba rusebis ukve umiznod qceuli sazRvao eqspedicia? rogori iqneba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis saadmiralosa da mTavari samxedro-sazRvao Stabis gadawyvetileba?

Zvelma gemebma svla ufro Seaneles da bolos saerTod gaCerdnen. saeqspedicio Zalebis piradi Semadgenlobis sabrZolo suliskveTeba daeca swavlebis dros ki rusuli sazRvao SenaerTis saflagmano xomaldma „kniaz suvorovma“ sagembane artileriis mTavari kalibridan SecdomiT sakuTar kreisers gauxsna cecxli.

1905 wlis 25 maisisaTvis gaerTianebuli rusuli floti sabolood Seikriba da 52 gemma gezi CrdiloeTiT, iaponiis zRvisken, aiRo. am xangrZlivi eqspediciis daniSnulebis bolo wertili iyo vladivostoki magram rogor unda misuliyo rusuli floti iqamde? amis ori marSruti arsebobda: an wasuliyo mokle gziT, pirdapir koreis srutisa da kunZul cuSimis gavliT, an aRmosavleTidan Semoevlo iaponiis mTavari kunZulebisTvis da ise Casuliyo vladivostokamde rusma admiralma umoklesi gza airCia admirali haihaCiro togo, romlis mTavari Zalebic kunZul cuSimasTan iyo Tavmoyrili, varaudobda, rom rusuli eskadra cuSimasTan gaivlida da man sazRvao akvatoriis am zonaSi damxmare kreiserebis sadazvervo eskadra ganalaga, romelsac togos StabisTvis rusuli eskadris gamoCenis Sesaxeb droulad unda Seetyobinebina igi ar gamoricxavda, rom mowinaaRmdegis gemebi sxva sruteebiTac isargeblebdnen, sadac aseve gagzavnes sadazvervo xomaldebi amave dros, 2 aprilisaTvis iaponelebma vladivostokTan sazRvao naRmebis gadamRobi zoli moawyves SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi energiuli da srulfasovani moqmedebebiT iaponelebma srulad dablokes rusuli eskadris miaxloebis yvela SesaZlo marSruti bolos da bolos, rusuli floti cuSimis srutes miuaxlovda rogorc ki 90 sazRvao milis daSorebiT rusuli flotis pirveli gemebi gamoCndnen, iaponelebi sabrZolvelad gaemzadnen

1905 wlis 27 maisis dilas rusuli floti cuSimis sruteSi sabrZolo wyobiT, ormagi kilvateruli koloniT, Sevida, kunZulis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mtkice kursiT Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daniSnulebis adgili vladivostoki iyo. siCqare ar iyo maRali, radgan roJestvenskis undoda Tvalyuri edevnebina Tavisi eskadris nela moZravi gemebisTvis vice-admiral roJestvenskis mier Tavisi flotis winaSe dasmuli amocana naklebad Seesabameboda im droisaTvis arsebul strategiul viTare- bas – rusuli flotis amocana CrdiloeTisaken gaWra iyo, mowinaaRmdegesTan brZola ki ara, misgan Tavis daRweva ase rom, rusebis arCevani kvlav pasiuri moqmedebebis taqtika iyo. yvelaze gaugebari ki is iyo, rom rusebs taqtikuri dazverva arc brZolis win, arc brZolis dros da arc brZolis Semdeg ar CautarebiaT. mTavari amocana iyo CrdiloeTisaken garRveva nebismier fasad am sqemaSi kreiserebis, naRmosnebis, satransporto da damxmare xomaldebis adgili da moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba gawerili ar yofila mTavari miTiTeba mxolod „erTad yofnas“ moiTxovda. javSnosnebs ki erTad Sekrul jgufSi mowinaaRmdegesTan ise unda ebrZolaT, rom SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad gadaadgilebuliyvnen CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. gamarjvebaSi darwmunebulma iaponelma admiralma togom Tavis saflagmano gemze `mikasa~ Z niSani daayena, rac niSnavda: `samSoblos momavali damokidebulia am brZolaze. dae, TiToeulma SeZlebisdagvarad moixados vali ~ , mowodeba, romelic mogvagonebs trafalgaris brZolis win admiral nelsonis brZanebas. amasTan, togom gaakeTa iseTi ram, rac Tavis droze TviT horacio nelsonsac ki SeuZleblad miaCnda man Tavisi flotis organizacia Secvala da msgavsi tipisa da klasis gemebi damoukidebel sabrZolo erTeulebad gaaerTiana

27 maisi ruseTSi nikoloz II-is mefed kurTxevis dRe iyo da amitom yvela rusul gemze wirva tardeboda. oficrebi svamdnen Sampanurs, ekipaJebi ki – roms swored am dRes, gamTeniisas, rusuli da iaponuri flotebi pirvelad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. pirveli rusuli gemi, romelic iaponelTa admirali togo `mikasas~ bortze cuSimis brZolis win, flagStokze aRmarTulia niSani `Z~ sazRvao xomaldebis kilvateruli wyoba aris wyoba, rodesac gemebi mkacrad erTmaneTis kiCos miuyvebian kilvaterul wyobaSi mcuravi gemebis siCqare gaTanabrebulia da maT Soris arsebuli distanciac mkacrad aris daculi rusuli eskadra kilvaterul wyobaSi kontrolirebad sazRvao sivrceSi Sevida, saeskadro javSnosani „orioli“ iyo. dilis bindbundisa da kvamlis gamo iaponelebma kreiser „sinanomarudan“ igi gvian SeamCnies „oriolTan“ miaxloebisas „sinanomarum“ rusuli eskadris kidev 10 xomaldi aRmoaCina 04:28 saaTze iaponuri kreiseris meTaurma, I rangis kapitanma narukavam Tavisi flotis Stabs radioTi gaugzavna Setyobineba: „mteri 203-e kvadratSia“ iaponelebma cecxli gaxsnes da rusma admiralmac Tavis saflagmano gem `kniaz suvorovs~ cecxlis gaxsnis brZaneba misca 18 kilometris distanciaze XX saukunis saxazo gemebis pirveli sazRvao brZola daiwyo. rusebis gankargulebaSi ukeT SejavSnuli saxazo gemebi iyo, iaponelTa floti ki patara, magram moZravi da swrafi sabrZolo gemebiT iyo aRWurvili. maRali iyo maTi ekipaJebis gawvrTnis done da motivaciac rusuli saeskadro naRmosani `stereguSCi~ utevs iaponur javSnosan `fuZis~ admirali togo marTlac SesaniSnavad meTaurobda brZolas mas sabrZolo taqtika rusuli xomaldebis sabrZolo moqmedebebis taqtikis analizis safuZvelze hqonda SemuSavebuli da miznad isaxavda rusuli flotis ganadgurebas praqtikam aCvena, rom rusebi upiratesobas brZolis TavdacviT taqtikas aniWebdnen maTi xomaldebi kilvaterul kolonebSi moZraobdnen, sadac CarTuli iyo sxvadasxva tipis, maT Soris, nela mcuravi gemebic, rac sabrZolo formirebis saerTo siCqares dabla swevda rusebis am taqtikas togom mcire samanevro jgufebis swrafi SeteviTi taqtika daupirispira, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda maRali siCqarisa da manevrulobis gamo xelsayreli kuTxiT Seetia mowinaaRmdegisTvis, pirvel rigSi ki – kolonis Tavsa da boloze es Setevebi da cecxlis gaxsna, rogorc wesi, didi distanciebidan xdeboda. sacecxle Zalas iaponelebi kargad damuSavebuli da gamiznuli jgufuri cecxliT zrdidnen pirveli gasrola kolonis TavSi myofi xomaldidan xdeboda, rac erTgvar moniSvnas da jgufis danarCeni xomaldebisTvis mTavari samiznis SerCevas niSnavda. amis Semdeg cecxli ixsneboda iaponuri xomaldebis yvela kalibridan da mowinaaRmdegis am xomaldis irgvliv iqmneboda erTgvari „mkvdari zona“. iaponelTa es e.w. „sacecxle jgufi“ uwyvetad manevrirebda iqamde, sanam ganwiruli rusuli gemi da, pirvel rigSi, javSnosani, sabolood ar ganadgurdeboda. togom moaxerxa Seesrulebina sazRvao brZolis klasikuri manevri – „T-isebri kveTa “ , rac rusuli flotis kursis perpendikularul gadakveTas niSnavda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. iaponur gemebs mxolod gverduli poziciidan SeeZloT srola. maTi zalpi zustad iyo gaTvlili, rusulma gemebma ki iaponelTa mier Catarebuli moxerxebuli manevris gamo ver SeZles sapasuxo cecxlis gaxsna. wina xazze mdgari ramdenime rusuli gemi dazianda da CaiZira. rusebma, mZime Secdomis gamo, verc sakuTari msxvilkalibriani sagembano artileriis SesaZleblobebis srulad gamoyeneba moaxerxes – tropikul wylebSi xangrZlivi mogzaurobisas ekipaJebma denTis tenianobis done xelovnurad maRla aswies, rom maRali temperaturis gamo TviTaalebisa da afeTqebis safrTxe SeemcirebinaT da aman savalalo Sedegi gamoiRo – gasrolili rusuli Wurvebis TiTqmis naxevari ar afeTqda admiralma togom kidev erT gabedul manevrs mimarTa: 180 gradusiT Semobrunebuli iaponelTa eskadra uwyveti cecxliT waiyvana rusuli gemebis kursis perpendikularulad da es gemebi aRmosavleTisken, vladivostokis gzidan Sors, gareka iaponelebma 6-kilometriani distanciidan gauxsnes cecxli orive rusul saflagmano gems erTi maTgani, meore eskadris flagmani javSnosani „imperatori nikolai I“ mZimed dazianda, CaiZira da mTeli ekipaJic Tan gaiyola rusuli da iaponuri flotis gemebis curvis marSrutebi cuSimis brZolis win iaponelTa mier cuSimis brZolaSi CaZiruli pirveli rusuli gemi, kreiseri `osliabia~ iaponelebma mTavar mizanSi amjerad rusuli flotis flagmani amoiRes da zusti sroliT admiral roJestvenskis saflagmano gemi `kniaz suvorovic~ aafeTqes gemi CaiZira, misma ekipaJma gadarCena scada, admirali roJestvenski ki mZimed daiWra TavSi igi gaWirvebiT gadaiyvanes naRmosan „bedovis“ bortze rusulma eskadram brZolis dawyebidan 20 wuTSi dakarga marTva. aRmoCnda, rom gadamwyvet momentSi rusuli floti sruliad umeTaurod darCa – admirali roJestvenski mZimed iyo daWrili, meore eskadris meTauri mkvdari, rac roJestvenskim damala, radgan fiqrobda, rom meTauris sikvdili jariskacebs moralurad gatexda, xolo mesame eskadris meTaurma, admiralma nebogatovma ki amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda rusul gemebze qaosi da panika daiwyo. marTva moiSala, xolo is rusuli gemebi, romelTa kapitnebic Seecadnen xelmZRvaneloba sakuTar Tavze aeRoT, iaponelTa WurvebiT dazianda da CaiZira. meore dRes rusi admirali iaponelebs danebda da tyved Cabarda rusuli saeskadro naRmosani „bedovi“ ki iaponuri flotis sakuTreba gaxda. rusebs uzarmazari danakargi hqondaT –maTi flotis ZiriTadi nawili ganadgurda, daeRupaT xuTi aTasamde mezRvauri. gadarCenil nawils Ramis imedi hqonda, magram admirali togo sibneleSic kargad ibrZoda da Ramec ar Seuwyvetia rusebis ganadgureba am saSinel katastrofas mxolod xuTma rusulma gemma daaRwia Tavi – es iyo ori saxazo gemi, ori SejavSnuli sanapiro dacvis gemi da erTic – kreiseri. es rusuli kreiseri legendaruli „avrora“ iyo am gemebma Tavs brZolidan gaqceviT uSveles. maT gezi manilisaken aiRes, romelic im droisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis proteqtoratis qveS iyo da 20 maiss, manilis portSi Sesvlis Semdeg, rusuli gemebis internireba amerikis xelisuflebam moaxdina gemebi 1906 wlis martSi baltiaSi dabrundnen

28 maisis gamTeniisas iaponelTa ZiriTadma Zalebma darCenili rusuli gemebic aRmoaCines rusebis mdgomareoba gamouvali iyo da iZulebuli gaxdnen brZola SeewyvitaT iaponelebma TiTqmis eqvsi aTasi rusi aiyvanes tyved. maTi flotis sabrZolo danakargebi ki Seudareblad mcire iyo – mxolod sami naRmosani da as aTi mezRvauri cuSimis brZola rusuli saimperatoro flotis ganadgurebiTa da sruli katastrofiT damTavrda es iyo sazRvao brZolebis istoriaSi mopovebuli erT-erTi brwyinvale gamarjveba, romlis ganWvretac winaswar iyo SesaZlebeli rusebis umZimesi Secdomebis, araswori Sefasebebisa da gaumarTlebeli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli jaWvis gamo cuSimis brZolis dasrulebiT ruseT-iaponiis omic dasrulda am omSi damarcxebam ruseTi did saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis subieqtidan obieqtad aqcia sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi sagareo politika ufro damokidebuli gaxda ruseTis, rogorc samxedro imperiis prestiJi daeca. imperia, romelic msoflioSi sididiT mesame flots flobda, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga, meorexarisxovan sazRvao saxelmwifod iqca, rogorc Tavis droze –avstria-ungreTi. msoflios wamyvani qveynebis TvalSi ruseTis prestiJis dacemam msoflioSi ZalTa balansi daarRvia, rac momavali I msoflio omis dawyebis erT-erTi mizezTagani gaxda cuSimis brZolasa da mTlianad ruseT-iaponiis omSi damarcxebam da uzarmazarma materialurma rusuli eskadra cuSimis (koreis) yuris misadgomebTan danakargebma, rac daaxloebiT 500 milioni rubli iyo, didi gavlena iqonia ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare Sida politikur procesebzec, rac, pirvel rigSi, romanovebis dinastiis diskreditaciasa da revoluciuri moZraobis momZlavrebaSi gamoixata. cuSimis katastrofam damRupvelad imoqmeda mTlianad rusi xalxisa da ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis piradi Semadgenlobis suliskveTebaze zafxulSi odesaSi rus matrosTa buntma ifeTqa javSnosan kreiser `potiomkinze~, romelic male revoluciaSi gadaizarda. sabolood, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezident Teodor ruzveltis SuamavlobiT, 1905 wlis 23 agvistos (5 seqtembers) dapirispirebulma mxareebma portsmuTSi xeli moaweres sazavo xelSekrulebas ruseTma aRiara iaponiis interesebi koreasa da wynari okeanis sanapiroebze. garda amisa, man uari Tqva CrdiloeT ganedis 50 gradusis samxreTiT mdebare kunZul saxalinis nawilze iaponiam ki Tavisi strategiuli Canafiqri aisrula da Soreul aRmosavleTSi gabatonebul saxelmwifod iqca portsmuTis samSvidobo molaparakebebi rusuli mxare (marcxniv): korostoveci, nabokovi, vite, rozeni, plansoni. iaponuri mxare (marjvniv): adaCi, oCiei, komura, takana, sato iaponiisa da yvela azieli xalxisTvis es omi iyo axali epoqis pirveli didi gamarjveba, sadac samecniero-teqnikur revoluciaze dayrdnobiT aziurma saxelmwifom „evropuli qveyana“ daamarcxa. cuSimis gamarjvebam iaponia mZlavr sazRvao saxelmwifod aqcia am sakiTxSi arcTu ukanaskneli roli alafad mopovebulma rusuli flotis gemebmac Seasrules iaponiis wvdomam koreisa da CineTis resursebze ki mniSvnelovnad daaCqara misi ganviTarebul industriul saxelmwifod gadaqceva. amave dros, iaponur samxedro elitaSi nel-nela gavrcelda azri, rom mZlavri floti Tu eyolebodaT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis flotebis damarcxeba da iaponiis wynari okeanis auzis pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba imperator mucuxito meiZis mmarTvelobis periodSi iaponia tkbeboda Tavisi matrosebis simamaciTa da meTaurTa brZnuli sardlobiT, magram nel-nela im gzaze dadga, ramac amomavali mzis qveyana II msoflio omSi miRweul pirvel gamarjvebebamde da sabolood srul damarcxebamde miiyvana