Tomas jefersoni

Tavisuflebis mociquli

Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826) amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli figuraa „damfuZnebel mamebad“ cnobil im politikur, ideologiur da samxedro liderebs Soris, romlebmac XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi safuZveli Cauyares 13 amerikuli koloniis gaerTianebas da britaneTTan damoukideblobis revoluciur omSi gamarjvebiT SeerTebuli

Statebis Seqmnas, jefersons erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

Tomas jefersonis mravalricxovani miRwevebidan mxolod imis aRniSvna iqneboda sakmarisi, rom man 1776 wels dawera amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia. amis garda, igi iyo SeerTebuli Statebis pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani (1789-1794), anu sagareo saqmeTa ministri, meore vice-prezidenti (1797-1801) da mesame prezidenti (1801-1809) metic, misi Rvawli SeerTebuli Statebis da msoflio istoriis winaSe amiT ar Semofarglula: mravalmxrivi niWiTa da unariT dajildoebul pirovnebaze zogjer amboben, rom is „aRorZinebis xanis adamiania“ – Tomas jefersoni ueWvelad imsaxurebs aseT epiTets, Tumca SegviZlia isic vTqvaT, rom igi aris ganmanaTleblobis xanis pirmSo da misi erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgeneli politikosis garda, is iyo gamoCenili iuristi, diplomati, arqiteqtori da filosofosic ki, man daafuZna da Tavadve daaproeqta virjiniis universiteti jefersoni, SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobasTan erTad, Tavisuflebisa da adamianis uflebebis erT-erTi udidesi mqadagebeli iyo, ris gamoc mas „Tavisuflebis mociquls“ uwodebdnen.

Tomas jefersoni daibada 1743 wels SeZlebuli plantatoris ojaxSi, virjiniaSi, romelic maSin britaneTis erT-erTi kolonia iyo miuxedavad imisa, rom mama sakmaod adreul asakSi, 14 wlisas, gardaecvala, mzrunveli adamianebis yuradReba ar mohklebia da brwyinvale ganaTlebac miiRo. Tomasma swavla jer kidev 5 wlisam daiwyo da adreve gamoavlina niWiereba. is gansakuTrebul interess iCenda sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisa da musikis mimarT kargi zogadi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 16 wlis asakSi, swavla uiliamis da meris kolejSi ganagrZo, sadac maTematika, metafizika da filosofia Seiswavla. swored iq gaecno jefersoni didi moazrovneebis – fransis bekonis, jon lokisa da isaak niutonis ideebs vinc axalgazrda jefersons icnobda, niWierebasTan erTad aRniSnavda mis warmoudgenel sibejiTesa da Sromismoyvareobas – Tomasi dReSi 15 saaTs swavlas da kidev 3 saaTs violinoze dakvras uTmobda da mxolod 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Wamda da eZina. kolejSi swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg Tomas jefersonma advokatad daiwyo muSaoba da sul mcire xanSi moipova uZlieresi iuristis reputacia man maleve gadawyvita politikaSi wasvla da 1768 wels, 25 wlis asakSi, virjiniis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi iyara kenWi. warmatebuli politikuri karieris dawyebasTan erTad is garkveul dros sakuTari mamulis mSeneblobas uTmobda, romelic male namdvil walkotad aqcia virjiniis sakanonmdeblo organoSi jefersonis moRvaweobis dawyeba daemTxva amerikelTa mzard winaaRmdegobas britaneTis parlamentis mier miRebuli sagadasaxado kanonebis mimarT. miuxedavad Tavisi britanuli warmomavlobisa, virjiniis da sxva amerikuli koloniebis plantatorebi da saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebi sul ufro metad gamoxatavdnen ukmayofilebas britanuli kanonebis mimarT, romelTa miRebaSi isini ar monawileobdnen da londonis xelisuflebas skeptikurad uyurebdnen benjamin franklini axalgazrda asakSi iqca im moZraobis erT-erT liderad, romelic principulad uaryofda britaneTis parlamentis Zalauflebas koloniebSi. damoukideblobis deklaracia, 1776 weli

„amerikis cameti gaerTianebuli Statis damoukideblobis calmxrivi deklaracia“ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, rogorc saxelmwifos, damfuZnebeli dokumentia is amerikis kongresma – cameti Statis, britaneTis yofili koloniebis, warmomadgenlobiTma sakanonmdeblo organom – 1776 wlis 4 ivliss miiRo da axali eris da saxelmwifos warmoSoba auwya msoflios Tavdapirvelad dokumentis teqstis Sedgena xuT yvelaze warCinebul politikur liders daevala. xuTkacian komitetSi Sediodnen jon adamsi, benjamin franklini, Tomas jefersoni, robert livingstoni da rojer Sermani deklaraciis teqstis proeqti Tomas jefersonma Seadgina, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac masSi komitetis danarCenma wevrebma garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana moiTxoves, manve Camoayaliba is saboloo versiac, romelic dRes mTel msoflioSia cnobili damoukideblobis survilis dasabuTebad Tomas jefersonma iseTi ideebi gamoiyena, rogoric iyo xalxis swrafva sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebis uzrunvelyofisken, rac exmianeboda misTvis didi avtoritetis – jon lokiseul „adamianis bunebrivi uflebebis“ gansazRvrebas, sadac loki kerZo sakuTrebasac axsenebda. sainteresoa, rom jefersonis mier Sedgenili teqstis pirveli proeqtidan saboloo versiaSi aRar Sevida is nawili, sadac jefersoni sastikad akritikebda didi britaneTis mier sakuTari Zalauflebis da simdidris gasamyareblad monebis gamoyenebas. es, didi albaTobiT, imitom moxda, rom amgvari for-

Didi Adamianebi

13 amerikuli koloniis (Statis) gaerTianeba koneqtikuti masaCusetsi roud-ailendi niu-jersi merilendi delaveri amerikel kolonistebs da didi britaneTis xelisuflebas Soris SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda, ramac mxolod daarwmuna adgilobrivebi, rom damoukidebloba sakuTari interesebis da Tavisuflebis dacvis erTaderTi gza iyo. amgvar viTarebaSi bunebrivi iyo, rom politikur asparezze mTavar liderebad Tomas jefersoni da misi is Tanamoazreebi gamovidnen, romlebic Tavisuflebaze, samarTlianobasa da demokratiul warmomadgenlobaze TavianTi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli ideebiT iyvnen cnobili damoukideblobis deklaracias cameti Statis 56-ma uflebamosilma adamianma moawera xeli, romlebic koleqtiurad „damfuZnebeli mamebis“ saxeliT Sevidnen istoriaSi, Tumca, bunebrivia, maT Soris yvelas Tanaswori roli ar Seusrulebia. ueWvelia, rom jefersonis Rvawli sruliad gansakuTrebulia am istoriuli dokumentis miRebaSi, romlis mniSvneloba scdeba mis mSobliur qveyanas, radgan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dafuZnebam mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebas misca axli gezi. politikuri moRvaweoba virjiniaSi ,1776-1782 wlebi mulireba kongresis wevrebis ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevda, radgan maTi didi nawili Tavadve iyo monaTmflobeli (Tavad Tomas jefersonis CaTvliT, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari).

CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTis cameti koloniis damoukideblobis idea TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda, sul mcire, ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac izrdeboda ukmayofileba metropoliis sagadasaxado politikis mimarT. kolonistebi miiCnevdnen, rom dabegvra warmomadgenlobis gareSe usamarTlo iyo rodesac 1775 wels londonma

Tavisi suverenitetis gansaxorcieleblad

Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvita, daZabuloba damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT SeerTebuli Statebi myisierad ar qceula suverenul saxelmwifod am procesSi britaneTma amerikelebs gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia, ramac amerikis damoukideblobisTvis warmoebuli revoluciuri omi gamoiwvia, romelic didi msxverplis fasad, magram amerikelebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda – 1783 wels britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina Tavisi yofili koloniebis damoukidebloba jefersoni damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebidan maleve daubrunda virjinias da Statis samarTlebriv reformebs Caudga saTaveSi, raTa virjiniis kanonmdebloba axali drois demokratiuli moTxovnebisTvis miesadagebina man sami prioritetuli sfe- ro gamoyo: miaRwia, rom gauqmebuliyo feodaluri xasiaTis kanonmdebloba, romlis mixedviTac qoneba memkvidreobiT mxolod ufros vaJze gadadioda, rac zRudavda keTildReobis farTod gavrcelebas; gamovida zogadi ganaTlebis reformis iniciativiT, romlis mixedviTac ganaTlebis sawyisi done yvelasTvis, maT Soris Raribi fenebisTvisac, unda gamxdariyo xelmisawvdomi, gansakuTrebuli niWiT gamorCeul axalgazrdebs ki, vinc ufro maRali safexuris ganaTlebis miRebas moisurvebda, unda miscemodaT xelisuflebis daxmareba; mesame reforma pirdapir exmianeboda jefersonis didi xnis survils – momxdariyo saxelmwifos da eklesiis sruli gancalkeveba

1779 wels Tomas jefersoni virjiniis gubernatorad airCies, rac, wesiT, misTvis erTgvari politikuri tramplini unda gamxdariyo, magram es epizodi mis karieraSi yvelaze uiRblo gamodga. 1780 wels virjiniaSi britanuli jari SeiWra, risTvisac Stati moumzadebeli aRmoCnda da jefersons gaqceva mouwia amaze presas usamarTlod gadametebuli reaqcia hqonda, ramac jefersonze mZime fsiqologiuri gavlena iqonia da man Tanamdeboba datova. politikas jefersoni maleve daubrunda – 1782 wels igi SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi airCies

SeerTebuli Statebis despani safrangeTSi, 1784-1789 wlebi

Tomas jefersonis cxovrebaSi axali etapi 1784 wels daiwyo, rodesac man benjamin franklini Caanacvla parizSi SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis Tanamdebobaze. parizSi man maleve aRmoaCina, rom ramdenime garemoebis gamo xelSesaxebi warmatebebis miRweva diplomatiur frontze ukiduresad rTuli iyo: SeerTebul Statebs safrangeTisa da sxva evropuli qveynebis didi vali hqonda da maTi darwmuneba savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad ver xerxdeboda ufro didi problema ki ukavSirdeboda imas, rom im droisTvs aSS-is centralur xelisuflebas uWirda ewarmoebina Camoyalibebuli sagareo politika, radgan saamiso uflebamosileba ar gaaCnda es viTareba garkveulwilad Secvala 1789 wels aSS-is konstituciis miRebam, Tumca dava federalur centrs da Statebs Soris araerTxel momxdara parizSi jefersonis diplomatiuri misiis warumateblobas isic gansazRvravda, rom 1780ian wlebSi safrangeTSi mwvave Sidapolitikuri krizisi iyo, rac sabolood revoluciiT dasrulda

SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivani, 1790-1793 wlebi

1789 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis miRebiT qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sruliad axali sistema Camoyalibda konstituciam Seqmna Zalauflebis sami Sto: sakanonmdeblo Sto kongresisgan Sedgeboda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmomadgenelTa

Didi Adamianebi

palatad da senatad iyo dayofili aRmasrulebeli Sto mTavrobas, anu kabinets warmoadgenda, romlis saTaveSi prezidenti iyo, uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki sasamarTlo Stos edga saTaveSi jefersons, SeiZleba iTqvas, aqac ar gaumarTla, radgan parizSi yofnis gamo konstituciis Seqmnis procesis miRma aRmoCnda.

SeerTebuli Statebis pirvel prezidentad damoukideblobis revoluciuri omis gmiri da aRiarebuli lideri – jorj vaSingtoni airCies, romelmac Tavis kabinetSi saxelmwifo mdivnad Tomas jefersoni miiwvia am periodSi, radgan mTavroba axali Camoyalibebuli iyo, wminda sagareo-politikuri sakiTxebis garda, uamravi sxva problemac iyo mosagvarebeli erT-erT seriozul problemad iqca dava kabinetis wevrebs Soris, Tu sad unda yofiliyo qveynis dedaqalaqi savaraudod, Tavisi virjiniuli fesvebis gamo, jefersoni dedaqalaqis samxreTSi dafuZnebis momxre iyo, sxvebs (gansakuTrebiT, aleqsander hamiltons) ki dedaqalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi, komerciul da satransporto kvanZebTan axlos erCiaT sakiTxi, rogorc cnobilia, dRevandeli vaSingtonis sasargeblod gadawyda, romelic virjiniasTan axlos mdebareobs. jefersonis saxelmwifo mdivnis Tanamdebobaze yofnisas aSS-is sagareo politikis mTavari mimarTuleba iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT strategiis Camoyalibeba, rac dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda seriozul winaaRmdegobebTan kabinetSi praqtikulad yvela iziarebda SeerTebuli Statebis neitra- litetis ideas, magram ver xerxdeboda Tanxmobis miRweva iseT rTul sakiTxze, rogoric iyo damokidebuleba britaneTsa da safrangeTTan, romlebic evropaSi hegemoniisTvis iRvwodnen jefersoni upiratesobas safrangeTTan urTierTobebs aniWebda, rasac revoluciuri omis dros am qveynis daxmarebiT asabuTebda. amas franguli revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili axali respublikis argumentic daemata, romelic faseulobebiT axlos idga Tavad SeerTebuli Statebis idealebTan piradad misTvis safrangeTi ganmanaTleblobis progresuli ideebis umTavres wyaros warmoadgenda, magram safrangeTSi maleve dawyebulma masobrivma terorma, romelmac revoluciis mravali lideric gaanadgura, am arguments Ziri gamouTxara amis miuxedavad, jefersoni safrangeTTan TanamSromlobis momxred darCa da britaneTTan dadebul xelSekrulebebs da savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas „moZme frangi xalxis“ Ralatad afasebda 1793 wels is Tanamdebobidan gadadga, virjiniaSi dabrunda da iqidan daiwyo kampania, romelic britaneTTan kavSirebis gaRrmavebisadmi winaaRmdegobis garda, sakuTari politikuri poziciebis gamyarebasac isaxavda miznad. man mwvaved gaakritika aleqsander hamiltonis iniciativiT 1794 wels britaneTTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da gaafrTxila mTavroba, rom londonTan TanamSromloba britaneTis gavlenas gazrdida da respublikas Zirs gamouTxrida. jefersoni safrangeTis erTguli revoluciis Semdgomi teroris pirobebSic darCa, ramac bevr amerikel politikur liders daupirispira, Tumca mogvianebiT, misi prezidentobisas, safrangeTis mimarT keTilganwyobam didi dividendi moutana, rasac qvemoT SevexebiT

SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti, 1801-1809 wlebi

1800 wels Tomas jefersoni kidev erTxel daupirispirda jon adamss saprezidento arCevnebSi da amjerad gaimarjva, rasac gazrdili gadasaxadebis da federalistTa partiaSi Sida uTanxmoebis gamo adamsis popularobis dacemam Seuwyo xeli. 1800 wlis saarCevno kampania SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave dapirispirebiT aRiniSna mxareebi ar eridebodnen ukiduresi zomebis gamoyenebas da erTmaneTs yvela codvaSi adanaSaulebdnen. federalistebis mxardamWeri gazeTebi Tomas jefersons aTeistad, kerpTayvanismcemlad da moRalated moixseniebdnen, xolo demokrat-respublikelTa mxardamWerebi adamss da mis federalistur partias brals probritanulobasa da monarqistobaSi sdebdnen vnebaTaRelva arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdegac ar cxreboda – jefersonis oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom man saarCevno manipulaciebi gamoiyena. yvelafris miuxedavad, 1801 wels Tomas jefersoni SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti gaxda

Tavis sainauguracio sityvaSi jefersonma scada wertili daesva dapirispirebisTvis da piroba dado, rom amerikis keTildReobisTvis yvela erTad iSromebda „Cven yvela respublikeli da yvela federalisti varT“, – Tqva man. mis prezidentobas bevri marTlac did safrTxed aRiqvamda, radgan ar iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom jefersoni federaluri xelisuflebis mimarT ad- re gaJRerebul skepticizms saqmed ar aqcevda da bolos ar mouRebda axalgazrda respublikas yvelasTvis naTeli iyo, rom erTiani federaluri mmarTvelobis gareSe SeerTebuli Statebi erTian saxelmwifod ver darCeboda. Tumca oponentebis SiSi maleve gaqarwylda. jefersonma daamtkica, rom arc erTiani federaluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdegi iyo da, rac ufro mTavaria, saxelmwifos da eris erTianobas sulac ar sWirdeba ukiduresad centralizebuli mmarTveloba, romlis saTaveSic yovlisSemZle mTavroba idgeboda mas sjeroda, rom Statebs TviTmmarTvelobis maqsimaluri saSualeba unda hqonodaT, rac ar SeuSlida xels amerikeli eris keTildReobis da erTianobis miRwevas. Tumca dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, mravali misi reforma marTlac winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba – man ara marto maqsimalur decentralizacias Seuwyo xeli, aramed gaauqma saerTo armia da sazRvao floti da aseve programebi, romlebic manamde federaluri gadasaxadebiT finansdeboda sazogadoebam amgvari reformebi dadebiTad aRiqva Sedegad,1804 wels jefersonma iolad gaimarjva morig arCevnebSi da meored daikava prezidentis Tanamdeboba.

SesaZloa, Tomas jefersonis udidesi istoriuli memkvidreoba, damoukideblobis deklaraciasTan erTad, luizianis teritoriis Sesyidva iyos. XIX saukunis dasawyisis-

Didi Adamianebi

Tvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoria CrdiloeT amerikis umetesad aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebare StatebiT iyo Semofargluli, romelsac CrdiloeTiT britanuli kanada, xolo dasavleTiT franguli luiziana esazRvreboda dRes luiziana erTi SedarebiT mcire zomis Statia, xolo maSin es saxeli uzarmazar teritorias erqva, romelic mdinare misisipis mTel dasavleT auzsa da 2 milion kvadratul kilometrze met farTobs moicavda (SedarebisTvis, es SeerTebuli Statebis imdroindeli farTobis toli iyo)

1800 wlamde es teritoria formalurad espaneTs ekuTvnoda, magram misi safrangeTisTvis daTmoba mouwia 1803 wels napoleon bonapartisTvis ukve naTeli gaxda, rom britaneTTan didi omi gardauvali iyo da amitom politikuri da finansuri poziciebis gamyareba daiwyo man gadawyvita, CrdiloeT amerikaSi axlad SeZenili teritoriebis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis miyidva. amas ramdenime mizezi hqonda: CrdiloeT amerikaSi didi franguli imperiis mSenebloba ukve ararealisturi iyo da naTlad Canda, rom adre Tu gvian es teritoria daikargeboda finansur interesze metad mas undoda, rom SeerTebuli Statebi, dasavleTiT gafarToebis SesaZleblobis micemiT, britaneTis metoqed eqcia da amiT Zveli samyaros ZalTa balansi Seecvala am gadawyvetilebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom Tomas jefersoni, SeerTebuli Statebis imdroindeli prezidenti, safrangeTis did megobrad iTvleboda

Tomas jefersonma jer kidev 1802 wels gamoxata axali orleanis SeZenis interesi, risTvisac napoleonTan molaparakebebic daiwyo. sapasuxod, napoleonma jefersons mTeli zemoxsenebuli teritoriis –2,144,480 kvadratuli kilometris farTobis Sesyidva SesTavaza, sul raRac 15 milion dolarad es garigeba ara marto aormagebda SeerTebuli Statebis teritorias, aramed msoflioSi yvelaze nayofier miwas aZlevda, ris Sedegadac Statebi sursaTis warmoebaSi TviTkmari gaxda magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani strategiuli Sedegi is iyo, rom SeerTebul Statebs gza gaexsna kontinentis srulad asaTviseblad da wynari okeanisken gasasvlelad, rac kidevac moxda momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi luizianis Sesyidvas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan man dasabami misca SeerTebuli Statebis kontrols atlantidan wynar okeanemde, Tavisi ulevi resursebiT da geopolitikuri upiratesobebiT, ramac, saboloo jamSi, amerika msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia dRes sul ufro xSirad ismis Tomas jefersonis kritika (iseve, rogorc mravali istoriuli figurisa) monobasTan dakavSirebuli poziciis gamo: rom igi Tan Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas qadagebda da Tan monaTmfloblad rCeboda. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom idealuri adamianebi, albaT, ar arseboben, rom istoriul figurebsac bevri Secdoma Tu naklovaneba hqoniaT da amave dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom roca vaanalizebT ama Tu im pirovnebis Rvawlsa Tu naklovanebas, ar unda gamogvrCes istoriuli konteqsti da meqanikurad Cveni drois standartebiT ar unda gavzomoT. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianis uflebebis universalur faseulobad gamocxadebamde da rasis, religiis Tu yvela sxva kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis aRiarebamde kacobrioba didxans da brZoliT midioda. samwuxarod, es brZola dResac mimdinareobs da zogierTi sazogadoeba jerac Sorsaa am ideebis gamarjvebisgan amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tomas jefersoni rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi pirovneba iyo, mas udavod ekuTvnis rogorc naxati `luizianis Sesyidva~ – gamosaxulia napoleon bonapartis da Tomas jefersonis Sexvedra, sinamdvileSi isini erTmaneTs arasdros Sexvedrian. amerikeli, ise mTeli msoflios Tavisuflebismoyvare sazogadoebis madliereba. jefersonma xeli Seuwyo revoluciur cvlilebebs, ramac koloniuri amerikuli sazogadoeba, SesaZloa ara srulyofil, magram bevrad ufro demokratiul sazogadoebad aqcia da axali standartebi daamkvidra SeerTebul StatebSi es demokratiuli standartebi periodulad ixveweboda momdevno xanis axali liderebis damsaxurebiT da TandaTan amerika, am TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi mowinave qveynad iqca. mas Semdeg, rac SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios wamyvan demokratiad da Tavisufali samyaros liderad Camoyalibda, msoflios mravalma erma swored mis mier damkvidrebul standartebze daiwyo sworeba demokratiasa da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi amitom, Tu samarTlianad SevxedavT, yvela naklovanebis miuxedavad, Tomas jefersoni Tavisuflebis da demokratiis winsvlis saqmeSi msoflio istoriis erT-erTi udidesi gmiria, romlis gareSec dRes Cven sxvanair, naklebad mimzidvel samyaroSi vicxovrebdiT