Building services

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN CENTRE FOR MODERN ARCHITECTURE STUDIED IN SOUTH ASIA (MASSA) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423) PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

TUTOR: Mr. SIVARAMAN GROUP MEMBERS: SAURABHA IYER

0320569

MUHAMMAD MUBARAK

0319984

MUHAMMAD NABEEL ALI JUMOON

0320583

GHAIDA RASHAD NOMAN

0315601

KIMBERLY WONG JIN SIEW

0315145

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgment

2.0

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (MUHAMMAD MUBARAK, SAURABHA L.K IYER) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Components of Active and Passive Fire Protection System 2.3

Active Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Smoke Detectors 2.3.2 Triggers 2.3.2.1 Manual Call Point 2.3.2.2 Fire Intercom System 2.3.3 Alarm Bell 2.3.4 Central Command Centre 2.3.5 Fireman Switch 2.3.6 Fire Hydrant 2.3.7 Water Storage Tank 2.3.8 Sprinkler 2.3.8.1 Upright Sprinkler 2.3.8.2 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler 2.3.9 Fire Sprinkler Pump 2.3.9.1 Jockey Pump 2.3.9.2 Duty Pump 2.3.9.3 Standby Pump 2.3.10 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System 2.3.10.1 Wet Riser 2.3.10.2 Hose Reel 2.3.11 Fire Rated Automatic Shutter

2.4

Passive Fire Protection System 2.4.1 Fire Emergency Staircase 2.4.2 Fire Rated Doors 2.4.3 Signs 2.4.4 Emergency Lights 2.4.5 Access Consideration and Emergency Escape Plan 2.4.6 Fire Resistant Wall 2.4.7 Separation of Fire Risk Area

2.5

Conclusion and Recommendation

3.0

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM (MUHAMMAD NABEEL ALI JUMOON) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature review 3.3 Case Study: Air condition system in Centro mall 3.4 Centralized air conditioning system 3.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 3.4.2 Chiller 3.4.3 Cooling tower 3.5 Piping system 3.6 Fan Coil Unit 3.7 Split air-conditioning system 3.7.1 Outdoor unit 3.7.1.1 Compressor 3.7.1.2 Condenser 3.7.1.3 Evaporator 3.8 Duct system 3.8.1 Supply air duct 3.8.2 Return air duct 3.8.3 Exhaust air duct 3.9 Diffusers 3.9.1 Supply air diffuser 3.9.2 Return air grilles 3.10 Findings and Analysis 3.11 Conclusion and Recommendations

4.0

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM (GHAIDA RASHAD NOMAN) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Case Study 4.3.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 4.3.2 Supply Ventilation System 4.3.3 Exhaust Ventilation System 4.3.4 Combined Ventilation System

4.4 Components of the Ventilation System 4.4.1 Axial Flow Plan 4.4.2 Ductwork 4.4.3 Supply Air Diffuser, Grille 4.4.4 Return Air Griller, Fan 4.4.5 Fire Damper

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (KIMBERLY WONG JIN SIEW) 5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Codes and Standard Used 5.3 Elevators 5.3.1 Elevator Types 5.3.2 Traction Elevators 5.4 Centro Business Center Overview 5.4.1 Lifts Lobby 5.4.2 General components of an Elevator System 5.4.2.1 Fireman Lifts 5.4.3 External Components 5.4.3.1 Passenger Lifts 5.5 Emergency 5.5.1 Fire Emergency 5.5.2 Emergency Situation 5.5.2.1 Alarm Button 5.5.2.2 Control Room 5.6 Geared Traction Elevators 5.6.1 Machine Room 5.6.2 Geared Traction Machine 5.6.3 Safety Components 5.6.3.1 Air Conditioning 5.6.3.2 Smoke Detectors 5.6.3.3 Exhaust Vent 5.6.3.4 Emergency Lights

5.7 Escalators 5.8 Escalator Configuration 5.8.1 Escalator Basic Component 5.8.1.1 Landing Platform 5.8.1.2 Truss 5.8.1.3 Steps 5.8.1.4 Track 5.8.1.5 Railing 5.8.2 Safety 5.8.2.1 Skirt Deflector Brushes 5.8.2.2 Handrail Signs 5.9 Conclusion 5.9.1 Advantages 5.9.2 Disadvantages 6.0

REFRENCES

FIGURE 1.1: CENTRO MALL

1.0 Introduction

Our case study build is Centro mall, Klang. Centro Mall caters to the shopping needs and conveniences of the surrounding catchment. It is designed to provide shoppers a comfortable and pleasant shopping experience.

Opened in 2005, the mall comprises of 750 car park bays with more than 96 retail shops. Centro Mall has a diversified tenant mix ranging from some of the finest dining in Klang to a fitness center, family entertainment, branded and independent fashion boutiques, warehouse sales, mobile service center, 24 hours laundry services and much more! Come to Centro Mall to celebrate your special occasion at our Let's Eat F&B area or simply relax with friends with a drink at our Alfresco Street.

1.1

Abstract

The research report will be looking into the working of the services system in Centro Mall, Klang. The services studied would be fire protection system, mechanical transportation, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system. Through analysis and synthesis on the components and the functions of the systems in a building operation. A conclusion of these system will be generated through our understanding of these service in regards to the Uniform Building- By- Law, Malaysian standards requirements are well as other relevant rules and requirements

1.2

Acknowledgment

First and foremost, we would like to thank Mr. Eby and MS. Dashni the members of the management team of the Centro Mall, Klang. We would like to thank them for their permission to study their building and appreciate their time contribution in explaining us the working of the various systems. In addition, we would like to express our deepest appreciation for providing us with all the guidance which helped us complete our report on time. Nevertheless, we would also like to thank our tutor Mr. Sivaraman who has been guiding us throughout the tutorial sessions. Last but not the least we would like to thank all the group members who put in their effort to make this report a success.

FIGURE 1.2 GROUP PICTURE

2.0

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

2.1

Introduction

Fire protection system are one of the most crucial system to be included in every building’s design and construction. In the event of fire outbreak, the fire protection system will ensure that the building is equipped and capable of controlling and extinguishing the fire. The fire protection system is divide into two major components known as the active fire protection system (AFPS) and the passive fire protection system (PEPS). These components are further divided into their individual sub-components, each with different characteristics and function.

Fire protection system

Active fire protection system

Passive fire protection system FIGURE 2.1

For this research paper we will study in depth of the chosen building Centro Mall, Klang to have a deeper understanding of the fire protection system adopted by the commercial building which is an upscale neighborhood shopping mall. Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied here and compared to the rules and regulation set by fire and rescue department of Malaysia.

2.2

Literature review

Fire safety Fire plays a vital role in our everyday life. However it is important to have appropriate building services and regulations to control fire because of release of heat and products (i.e. smoke, toxic and combustible products) are hazardous to life and properties. The two types of fire protection systems are: (A)

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive fire protection is the installation of products or system which when installed prevent the passage of hot gasses and flame from passing between fire isolated compartments, by creating a fire resistant compartment between rooms and floors, passive fire protection greatly slows the spread of the fire from the room where it originated. These products and system do not require mechanical or electrical activation and once installed require no maintenance.

(B)

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Unlike passive fire protection, active fire protection system interact with the surroundings. E.g. By operating fans for smoke extraction, operating a fire sprinkler to control or extinguish a fire, or opening a vent to allow assisted natural ventilation. Active systems are particularly useful in larger buildings where it is difficult to ventilate central areas through natural opening such as windows, smoke and heat extraction systems are often used.

Passive fire protection (PFP) in the form of compartmentalization was developed prior to the invention of or widespread use of active fire protection (AFP), mainly in the form of automatic fire sprinkler systems. During the same time. PFP was the dominant mode of protection provided in facility designs.

With the widespread installation of fire sprinklers in the past 50 years, the reliance on PFP as the only approach was reduced.

Lobby groups are typically divided onto two camps favoring active or passive fire protection. Each camp tries to garner more business for itself through its influence in establishing or changing local and national and fire codes.

The relatively recent inclusion of performance based or objective based codes, which have a greater emphasis on life safety than property protection, tend to support active fire protection initiatives and can lead to the justification for a lesser degree of fire resident rated construction. At times it works the other way around. As firewalls that protrude through the roof structure are used to “sub-divide� building such that the separated parts are of smaller area and contain smaller fire hazards and do not necessarily require sprinklers.

The decision to favor active protection versus passive fire protection in the design of a new building may be affected by the life cycle costs. Life cycle costs can be shifted from capital to operational budget and vice-verse.

Fig 2.2 Fire triangle

THREE THINGS NEED TO BE PRESENT IN ORDER TO PRODUCE FIRE: 

Fuel



Oxygen



Heat to raise temperature

Fuel, oxygen and heat are referred to the fire triangle. Further clarifies the definition of combustion by adding a fourth component which is chemical chain reaction, depicting the concept of the rapid, self-sustaining oxidation reaction. The fire Tetrahedron depicts the growth of ignition into fire. Therefore, by removing one of these components above, fire will extinguish. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by removing one or more components of the triangle.

2.2.1 Components of active fire protection system and Passive fire protection system A. Active fire protection system 1. Smoke Detector 2. Trigger (Manual Call Point and Fire Intercom System) 3. Sprinkler System 4. Fire Control Room 5. Fire Alarm Panel 6. Water Tank 7. Fire Sprinkler Pump 8. Wet Riser and Hose Reel System 9. Fire Hydrant 10. Fireman Switch 11. Fire Rated Automatic Shutters 12. Portable Fire Extinguisher

B. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Passive fire protection system Fire emergency staircase Fire rated doors Signs (exit) Emergency lights Access consideration and emergency escape plan Fire resistant walls – fire wall Separation of fire risk area

2.3

Active fire protection system

2.3.1 Smoke Detector

FIGURE 2.3 SMOKE DETECTOR

According to UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detector for lift lobbies.

(1) (2)

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It is widely used in many places due to the fact that it is very useful as an active fire protection device and at the same time, very easy to obtain. There are two basic parts to a smoke detector: a sensor to sense the smoke and very loud electronic alarm to alert people. Smoke detector can run off a 120 volt house current or a 9 volt battery, it all depends on how the devices are planned for the building.

There are two types of smoke detector, Ionization Detector and Photoelectric Detector: 1- The Ionization Detector Ionization refers to the process where molecules become either positively or negatively charged. Inside an ionization detector is an air-filled compartment where two electrodes in this case, small, thin wires that conduct electricity are installed. A constant electric current passes between these two electrodes in the absence of smoke. When smoke enters the compartment, however, its particles become ionized, disrupting the constant electrical current between the two electrodes. This sudden change triggers the alarm mechanism in the device. This type of detector does a good job in detecting flames, but one drawback is that it's prone to triggering false alarms because of its sensitive smoke detection process.

2- Photoelectric Detector Inside this circular device is an enclosed space where, on one end, a beam of infrared light (or light from a LED) travels unblocked toward the other end of the enclosure where a photo-diode (a tiny, tubular component that turns light into electric current) is mounted. The light beam does not hit the photo-diode; it is directed slightly away from it. However, when smoke is present in the area, it enters the smoke detector and gets into the space where the light beam and light detector (the photo-diode) are mounted. Smoke particles scatter the previously straight light beam and cause some of it to hit the photo-diode. The photo-diode will then convert the light into an electrical pulse that sounds the alarm. This type of smoke detector is effective in detecting smoke coming from smoldering fires, but some reports show that it may need substantial amounts of smoke particles to disturb the light beam before the alarm mechanism is activated.

2.3.2 Triggers

FIGURE 2.4 TRIGGER

2.3.2.1 Manual Call point Manual Call point (Manual pull point or Break glass alarm) are used to allow building occupants to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. They are usually connected to a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building, and often to a local fire brigade dispatcher as well. Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm signal, and operate by means of a simple button press. They can form part of a manual alarm system or an automatic alarm system. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for visual indication to locate the call point easily, and there should be a visual identifier of the unit which triggered the alarm, typically a mechanical flag which operates on a latch and must be manually reset, e.g. by a key.

Analysis Break glass alarm are usually placed near the stairs to easily allow people to trigger the break glass during the fire emergency.

LOWER GROUND FLOOR BREAK GLASS ALARM DIAGRAM

2.3.2.2 Fire Intercom System

FIGURE 2.5 TELEPHONE BOMBA

The Fire intercom system must be placed on every floor of the building. All the intercom system are linked to the Master Console (remote handset station or Central command centre). The fire control room will usually have a Master control panel and a remote handset to a system. When the fire intercom system receives a call, the alert lamp will flash at the master control panel and an audible signal can also be heard. There is also a fault indicator unit which is used to indicate the type of fault from the master control panel.

Analysis: The fire intercom system are mostly placed at the staircase, so in any case of emergency immediate alert can be sent to master control console.

LOWER GROUND FLOOR FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM

GROUND FLOOR FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM

LEVEL 1 FIREMAN INTERCOM DIAGRAM

2.3.3 Alarm Bell

FIGURE 2.6 ALARM BELL

According to UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire alarms.

(1) (2)

(3)

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule of these By- laws.

All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat. They may also be activated via Manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. It functions by the means of an electromagnet, consisting of coil of insulated wire wound round the iron rod. Once electric is applied, the current will flow through the coils. The rod will become magnetic and attract a piece iron attached to the clapper. Once the clapper hits the bell it will create a repetitive loud ringing sound.

2.3.4 Central Command Centre (Fire Alarm Panel)

FIGURE 2.7 CONTROL ROOM

FIGURE 2.8 CONTROL ROOM

According to UBBL 1984 Section 238: Command and control centre.

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water-flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), or Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated sensor, control, transmitter, or relay.

General requirement for fire control room:  

 

Control room dimensions should take into account the 5th and 95th percentile user.

Adequate access should be provided throughout the control room. However, the layout should discourage flow from general circulation areas to ensure that necessary lines of sight are not obscured.

Operational links between control room operators, such as communications and lines of site should be considered during the design stage.

Distances between workstations should mean that operators are not sitting within each other’s intimate zones’. As a guide the minimum spacing distance should be between 300 700 mm.

Temperature and airflow should be adjustable. As a guide, ‘comfortable’ temperature for office work should be between 18.3°C and 20.0°C with airflow between 0.11 and 0.15 m/s.

Lighting should be such that it does not create veiling reflections on VDUs or other reflective surfaces that require monitoring.

The type of lighting should be adequate for the task i.e. for office work a lux (lux is the unit of illuminance - measured using a light meter at the work surface) figure of between 500 - 800 is suggested.

The average noise level within the control room shall not exceed 85 dB (A) during the length of the working day.

Noise levels should not interfere with communications, warning signals, mental performance (i.e. be distracting).

All employees and contractors on site should know what each alarm means and what the required response is, if the cause of the alarm has the potential to affect them.



 

  

Fire Control room facilities should include: 

     

Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator board with facilities for sounding and switching off alarms and visual status indication for relevant fire pumps, smoke control fans, air handling systems, generators and other required fire safety equipment installed in the building depending on circumstances and the system present in each building.

A telephone connected directly to the external exchange.

The control console of the emergency warning and intercommunication system EWIS A blackboard or a white board not less than 1200mm wide A pin board not less than 1200mm x 1000mm A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board.



FIGURE 2.9 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE CONTROL ROOM FUNTIONING

2.3.5 Fireman Switch

FIGURE 2.10 FIRMEN SWITCH

According to UBBL 1984 section 253: Emergency power system.

(1)

(2) (3) lift.

(4) (5)

(a)

(b)

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of failure of normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life and property.

Emergency power system shall provide power for smoke control system, illumination, fire alarm system, fire pump, public address system, fire lifts and other emergency system.

Emergency system shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other All writing of emergency system shall be in mental conduit or of fire resisting materials, insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk.

Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of building concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10 seconds of interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purpose shall comprise one or more of the following approved types: Storage Battery Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than 87 1/2 percent of the system voltage, the total load of the circuit supplying emergency lighting and emergency power for a period of 1 1/2 hour.

Generator Set A generator set driven by some of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of normal service.

The fireman switch is a specialized switch disconnector/isolator. These switches can often be seen on the outside wall of shops, industries or commercial buildings, and also usually placed in the fire staircase area for high rise buildings. They are used by firemen to turn off neon lighting or other electrical equipment in case of fire to prevent the overheated equipment from exploding.

2.3.6 Fire Hydrant

FIGURE 2.11 FIRE HYDRANT

According to UBBL 1984 section 225: detecting and extinguishing fire.

(1)

(2) (3)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarm together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with requirement as specified on the Tenth Schedule to these by Laws.

Every building shall be served with at least one fire hydrant located not more than 9.15 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pipework connected directly to the water supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water to the firemen to fight the fire. The fire fighter attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water. This user can attach this hose to a fire engine, which can use a powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams.

2.3.7 Water Storage Tank

FIGURE 2.12 WATER STRORAGE TANK

According to UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water storage.

(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Main water storage tank within the building, other than for hose reel system, shall be located st ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installation where full capacity is provided without need for replenish shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

The firewater storage tank is located at the basement level 1 in the fire pump room. The wet riser system and water sprinkler system uses the same water. The volume of water contained into the tank is sufficient to supply water to the whole building. During the fire emergency water is transferred from the tank to the pump and the pump pressurizes the water to all sprinklers. Similarly when the wet risers are turned on, the water flows from the tank to the pump, pressurized upward to the wet riser, supplying water to those that are activated

LOWER GROUND FLOOR FIRE PUMP ROOM DIAGRAM

2.3.8 Sprinkler

FIGURE 2.13a UPRIGHT SPRINKLER

FIGURE 2.13b RECESSED PENDANT SPRINKLER

According to UBBL, 1984 Section 226: automatic system for hazardous occupancy.

When hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fire in the hazardous material stored or handled of for the safety of the occupants.

2.3.8.1 Upright Sprinkler Water is projected upward from the upright sprinkler and has a built in deflector that deflects water downward. Water is sprayed in a circular motion because of the deflector. The upright sprinkler are usually built in inaccessible areas such as mechanical room that contains obstructions such as ducts or areas that lacks ceiling pipe to be built into.

2.3.8.2 Recessed Pendant Sprinkler The recessed pendant sprinkler shoots water downward from the ceiling and shoots out water in circular motion, just like upright sprinkler. These types of sprinklers are much more common and are used in almost any type of rooms that are accessible such as office, corridors and lobby.

Since recessed pendant sprinkler is built on the ceiling, the connecting pipes will be hidden in the ceiling to avoid unattractive appearance.

1

WATER STORAGE TANK

2

PUMP CONTROL PANEL

3

PUMP SYSTEM

4

PUMP SWITCH

5

FIRE SPRINKLER CONTROL VALVE

6

SPRINKLER HEAD

7

SPRINKLER DRAIN

FIGURE 2.14: DIAGRAM OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM SOURCE: http://www.shahfiresafety.in/service.html

2.3.9 Fire Sprinkler Pumps

FIGURE 2.15 FIRE WATER SPRINKLER PUMP

2.3.9.1 Jockey Pump A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in the sprinkler pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start. A jockey pump is sized for a flow less than the flow to one sprinkler in order to ensure a system pressure drop.

2.3.9.2 Duty Pump Duty pump pressurizes the water in the system in order to maintain the system in running order when the pressure in the pipe goes down. However, in case of a fault where duty pump fails to work, the standby pump will be activated automatically.

2.3.9.3 Standby Pump Functions the same as the Duty Pump. When the Duty Pump is under maintenance or stop working, the Standby Pump will act as a backup. Usually the Standby Pump can be controlled by a control panel where it can be switched off manually.

2.3.10 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System

FIGURE 2.16 HOSE REEL SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.17 WET RISE SYSTEM AND HOSE REEL SYSTEM

According to UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and testing of wet rising system.

(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimeters diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least twenty four hours.

(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeter instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose not less than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and a variable for nozzle.

(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three way 6.5 millimeters outlets above the roof line.

(6) Each stage of wet riser shall not exceed 61 meters, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S but in no case exceeding 70.15 meters.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.

(1) Wet risers, dry risers, sprinklers and other installation pipes and fitting shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

2.3.10.1

Wet Riser

Wet fire main water supply pipe installed in a building for fire-fighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply, and fitted with landing valves at specified points. In order to pressurize water from the water tank to the wet riser, the jockey pump, duty pump and standby pump are connected to it.

1

PUMP SYSTEM

2

WATER STORAGE TANK

3

PUMP CONTROL PANEL

4

FIRE HYDRANT

FIG2.18 DIAGRAM OF WET RISER SYSTEM SOURCE: http://www.shahfiresafety.in/service.html

2.3.10.2

Hose Reel

Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire. The fire Hose Reel is very important component which is intended for the users of the building. All hose reels deliverers much more water than portable extinguishers and given than it contains a large amount of water source makes it a key device that could save many lives and the building in the fire emergency. The hose length should be at least 45 meters made of reinforced rubber. The hose reel can be found along the corridor most of the time.

1

WATER STORAGE TANK

2

PUMP SYSTEM

3

PUMP CONTROL PANEL

4

HOSE REEL

FIG 2.19 DIAGRAM OF HOSE REEL SYSTEM SOURCE: http://www.shahfiresafety.in/service.html

2.3.11 Fire rated automatic shutters

FIGURE 2.20 AUTOMATIC SHUTTER

FIGURE 2.21 AUTOMATIC SHUTTER

FIGURE 2.22 FIRE ESCAPE BESIDE AUTOMATIC SHUTTER

The fire roller shutter door is designed to provide a fire resistant between different areas of a building. It is made of steel ideally employed for applications where there are high risks of fire or where open areas are able to channel the fire out. The main purpose of the fire roller shutter dos is to prevent the spread of fire and damage to the building by giving it a barrier, whilst also protecting certain areas of the building especially designated fire escape routes.

There are two types of operations: Electrical operation: doors operated by a geared motor and handled in the main control room Manual operation: actuation of the door is by manual hand chain. The door is left open and left to close under activation from a fire.

At Centro Mall, Klang the rollers shutter was facilitated by a fire exit door beside it. The roller shutter would automatically close in case of a fire and the occupant can exit from the fire rated fire exit door. The fire roller shutter can hold the fire up to 1 hour within which the occupants get enough time to get to safety

2.3.12 Portable Fire Extinguisher

FIG2.23 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher

FIG 2.24 Source: http://www.health-safetysigns.uk.com/

According to UBBL, Section 227: portable extinguishers.

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant code of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department.

Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.

Centro Mall uses only type of portable fire extinguisher, which is dry-powder extinguisher. It uses a specially fluidized and siliconized monoammonium phosphate powder. Often termed ‘mufti-purpose’ extinguishers as they can be used on flammable solids (such as paper, wood, plastic etc.) flammable liquids and flammable gases (but it is NOT usual to extinguish the flame of a gas fire). Also safe on live electrical equipment.

2.4

Passive fire protection system

2.4.1 Fire emergency staircase

FIGURE 2.25 FIRE EXIT

FIGURE 2.27 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

FIGURE 2.26 FIRE EXIT

FIGURE 2.28 FIRE EXIT DOOR

According to UBBL 1984 section 168 staircase.

(1)

Except as provide for in by-laws 194 every upper floor shall have mean of egress via at least two separate staircase.

(2)

Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purpose the remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these bylaws.

(3)

The required width of the staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.

(4)

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

(5)

Doors giving access to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Analysis The fire emergency staircase leads the occupants of the building to escape to a safer area or an assembly area during a fire or an emergency incident. Based on the law, all building should have at least two means of different exits that consist of separate exits or doors that leads to a passage or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions. According to standards, the thread of the staircase should not be more than 255mm and the riser should be lesser than 180mm.

2.4.2 FIRE RATED DOORS

FIGURE 2.29 FIRE EXIT SIGN

FIGURE 2.30 FIRE RATED DOOR MARK

FIGURE 2.31 HINGE ON THE FIRE EXIT DOOR

FIGURE 2.32 FIRE EXIT DOOR SIGNS

According to UBBL 1984 section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls (1)

Fire doors of an appropriate FRP shall be provided.

(2)

Opening in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FPR in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the ninth schedule to these by laws.

(3)

Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FPR of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the ninth schedule to these by laws but in no case less than half hour.

(4)

Opening in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FPR of half hour.

(5)

Fire door including frames shall be constructed to specification which can be shown to meet the requirement for the relevant FPR when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951

Analysis A passive fire protection system that provides fire resistance rating. The fire rated door can delay the fire from spreading and is an ideal fire proofing device. Fire doors are usually built along the escapes routes and fire escape stairs’ corridors to ensure safety while the occupants are escaping the fire. All fire rate doors in Centro Mall, Klang are 1 hour rated. Most fire doors are intended to be open at all times. Some fire door open with an electromagnet.

FIGURE 2.33 FIRE RATED DOOR CLASSIFICATION SOURCE http://www.schuham.com/architectural-wood-doors/fire-rated.php

FIGURE 2.34 FIRE RATED DOOR INSTALATION SOURCE http://www.tsscuae.com/category?name=Door+%26+Frame+Details&catid=179 &sheet=19

2.4.3 SIGNS

FIGURE 2.35 FIRE EXIT SIGN

FIGURE 2.36 KELUAR (EXIT) SIGN

ACCORDING TO UBBL SECTION 172: Emergency exit signs (1)

Story exits and access to such exit shall be marked by marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furniture or other equipment.

(2)

A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

(3)

Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

(4)

All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy.

(5)

Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

Analysis Fire escape signage direct the path to safety area, usually to the outdoor or the assembly area.

It is located on top of the all the doors that lead to the outside of the building, and can be seen with the word “KELUAR”. Emergency lights will be installed within the sign to provide light in case the electricity source was cut off during a fire. The bright neon green color and big block letters written on provides a clear signage too the occupants, thus during an emergency, occupants will be directed accordingly to safety by following the sign and confusion will be reduced.

2.4.4 EMERGENCY LIGHT

FIGURE 2.37 EMERGENCY LIGHT

FIGURE 2.38 EMERGENCY LIGHT

By the nature of the device, an emergency light is designed to come on when the power goes out. Every model, therefore, requires some sort of a battery or generator system that could provide electricity to the lights during a blackout. The earliest models were incandescent light bulbs which could dimly light an area during a blackout and perhaps provide enough light to solve the power problem or evacuate the building. It was quickly realized, however, that a more focused, brighter, and longer-lasting light was needed. The modern emergency floodlight provides a high-lumen, wide-coverage light that can illuminate an area quite well. Some lights are halogen, and provide a light source and intensity similar to that of an automobile headlight.

Early battery backup systems were huge, dwarfing the size of the lights for which they provided power. The systems normally used lead acid batteries to store a full 120-volt charge. For comparison, an automobile uses a single lead acid battery as part of the ignition system. Simple transistor or relay technology was used to switch on the lights and battery supply in the event of a power failure. The size of these units, as well as the weight and cost, made them relatively rare installations. As technology developed further, the voltage requirements for lights dropped, and subsequently the size of the batteries was reduced as well. Modern lights are only as large as the bulbs themselves - the battery fits quite well in the base of the fixture.

Analysis Emergency lighting is normally required to function fully automatically and give illumination of a necessarily high level to enable all users to evacuate the building safety during a fire emergency. Most new buildings now have emergency light installed during construction. It is a part of the fire safety facility of a building. A backup lighting will automatically come on when the power supply to the normal lighting provision fails. If the emergency light failed to operate, it may lead to sudden darkness and possible danger to the occupants, either through physical danger or panic.

2.4.5 ACCESS CONSIDERATION AND EMERGENCY ESCAPE PLAN

FIGURE 2.39 ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN

FIGURE 2.40 ANNOTATED FLOOR PLAN

According to UBBL, 1984 section 178: Exits for institutional and other places of assembly.

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircase, corridor and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke there from.

Analysis Emergency floor plan are located in every single floor and are all drawn according to the plan of that floor, usually located outside of the elevator, fire doors and for malls like Centro mall, the plans are located are some intervals. Fire exit and emergency staircase must be stated very clearly in the plan and every shortest possible escape route must also be stated in the plan.

During a fire emergency, occupants must always follow the plan in order to get to safety.

2.4.6 Fire Resistant Walls – Fire Wall

FIGURE 2.41 FIRE RESISTENT WALLS

Analysis A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period of time.

Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are constructed in accordance with the locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are a part of a passive fire protection system. Fire barrier walls are typically made of drywall/gypsum board partitions with wood or metal framed studs. They are typically continuous from a floor below to a floor or roof above or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall, having a fire resistance rating equal to or greater than the required rating for the application.

2.4.7 Separation of fire risk area

According to UBBL 1984 Section 169: exit route.

No exit route may reduce in width along in path of travel from storey exit to the final exit.

Analysis Based on the law in UBBL, the width of all escaping routes should be the same in size in order to prevent occupants from escaping without sufficient human space. The separation of fire risk area should be planned in the planning stage of the building to prevent the fire from spreading quickly. By planning wisely the risk of fire can be reduced greatly.

2.5

Conclusion and recommendation

In conclusion active and passive fire protection system both play an important role to protect a building during a fire breakdown. The overall system of the firefighting system is Centro Mall, Klang complies with the UBBL by laws and is very systematic and has new machinery installed.

The new system is well updated and will avoid unwanted alarms with false alarm. Besides that, the building also has updated their appliances following the requirement of bomba and every core of the building is filled with fire appliances for the safety of the occupants. The overall system in the building has a proper appliance which used for different function of the spaces to ensure the safety of the occupants. There are no further recommendations that we could suggest for the fire because the fire safety coverage are in the building is wide enough to ensure the occupants safety.

3. AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction Air conditioning system is a mechanical way of cooling down the air temperature in a building, by removing the heat, so as to provide the user with good thermal comfort and air quality. There are different types of air conditioning systems, namely; Window air conditioner, Split air conditioner, packaged air conditioner and central air conditioning system. These are used depending on the size of the building.

3.2 Literature review Being a tropical climate, Malaysia is quite a hot country. In a lot of buildings, there is the need to cool down the interior temperature so as to achieve thermal comfort. Mechanical ventilation and air- condition are used when passive ventilation are not available.

The main use of an air conditioner is to cool down the temperature of a room. This involves the science of heat transfer. This eliminates the heat from the room while keeping the air cool inside.

There are three basic components; compressor, condenser and evaporator. Usually the compressor and condenser are located outside of the air-conditioned area while the evaporator is located inside. The liquid used inside the air-conditioning system is called refrigerant. The most efficient and popular refrigerant is the R-410A. It contains hydro-fluorocarbon(HCF) which is less harmful to the ozone layer compared to CFC and HCFC which were found in previous refrigerant types.

The evaporator turns the refrigerant to vapor. Once it is evaporated, it starts absorbing heat from the room and leaves only cool air that will be sent to the room. The evaporated refrigerant is them pumped to the outdoor unit. It goes through the compressor where the pressure of the vapor is increased. The refrigerant is then able to move through the system to the condenser.

The condenser consists of coils in which the compressed refrigerant vapor goes through

Fig.4.2a Source: http://www.airconditioningandrefrigerationguide.com/airconditioningcircuit-andcyclediagram.html

3.3 Case study: Air conditioning system in Centro mall The Centro mall uses two different types of air conditioning system. One is the central air conditioning system which is used in large spaces of the mall like the atrium and the ball room.

The other type is the Fan-coil Unit air conditioning system which is used in the shops. Each shop has their own FCU as they have to rent it and it allows more control on the temperature of each room. As for the offices, split air conditioner is used because these are smaller rooms and also require more control on the air temperature.

Fig.3.3.a Ground floor plan- Area covered by:

Atrium

shop

Central air conditioning system FCU air conditioning system

Cooling tower

Chiller

Fig.3.3.b Chiller and cooling tower control system

Cooling water pump

To AHU From AHU

3.4 Centralized air conditioning system 3.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) The AHU is used to control the circulation of air for ventilation and air conditioning. The air is supplied, from the different spaces throughout the mall, by ventilation ductwork. The air delivered is filtered, to prevent any impurities to affect the human health, and the temperature and humidity level is controlled so as to achieve thermal comfort. The air in the AHU is cooled down by the refrigerant coming from the chiller.

Fig.3.4.1a- Centralized AC system

3.4.2 Chiller The chiller that is used is a centrifugal type and it is located inside the building. Its main function is to cool down the water that circulates through the system. It uses vapor compression cycle to reject the heat from the water.

The evaporator, found inside, removes heat coming from the chilled water. The heat is then used to change the refrigerant from liquid to vapor.

The compressor, also found inside the chiller, consists of a prime mover and a centrifugal water pump. By converting kinetic energy into pressure, it increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas, which can reach up to 200°F.

Fig.3.4.2a- Components of the chiller Source: http://goo.gl/hIRxOr

The refrigerant gas is sent to the condenser, where it is condensed to liquid state by removing the heat from it. The heat raises the temperature of the cooling water which is then sent to the cooling tower to extract the heat.

The temperature of the chilled water can range from 2°C to 7°C. The size of the chiller room is around 5% of the total floor area of the rooms that need air conditioning. The height of the chiller room is around 3.5m-4.6m, depending on the size of the machines.

Fig.3.4.2b- Chiller

According to MS 1525:2007 Code 8.8.2: Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load

Code 8.2.3: Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capabilities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit base on the required cooling load.

Analysis: There are multiple chillers used (3 chillers on one floor) as per the UBBL. This allows for more efficient cooling of the specific spaces in the mall.

3.4.3 Cooling tower It is placed on the roof of the building. The heat from condensed water coming from the chiller is absorbed and evacuated by the cooling tower. It is located on the roof of the building. The condensed water is pumped to the top of the cooling tower. The condensed water, in the form of droplets, is then dispersed uniformly, inside, on the cooling fins (Fig.4.4.3a). The fins help in cooling the water using air ventilation that flows through it. The induction fan at the top extracts the heat from the interior of the cooling tower.

A certain amount of water is lost due to evaporation during the cooling down process. Therefore, fresh water coming from a separate tank is introduced into the cooling tower. After being cooled down, the water is sent back to the chiller and the process is repeated.

Cooling fins

Cooled water Fig.3.4.3a- Water droplets flowing on the louvres inside the cooling tower

Fig.3.4.3b- Cooling tower process Source: http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_ hvac/cooling_tower.html

Fan

Water pipe

Fig.3.4.3c- Fans of the cooling towers

According to MS 1525:2007, code 8.8 Balancing: The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water systems such as but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

3.5 Piping system Pipes used and function: CWS – Condensed water supply Used to transport cool condensed water from the cooling tower to the chiller.

CWR - Condensed water return Used to transport hot condensed water from the chiller to the cooling tower.

CHWS - Chilled water supply Used to transport chilled water from the chiller to the AHU to cool the refrigerant.

CHWR – Chilled water return Used to transport water from the AHU to the chiller for cooling it down.

CWR

CWS

CHWS

CHWR

Chiller

According to MS 1525:2007, code 8.6 Piping insulation: All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

3.6 Fan Coil Unit The Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is used in the individual shops in the shopping mall. This type of airconditioning system allows more control of the air temperature in each shop. The FCU consists of three main components; a finned tube coil, a fan and a filter. The process starts by the inner fan which absorbs the warm air, from the room, into the FCU. The warm air first goes through a filter so as to remove any impurity. While the warm air is going inside the FCU, it is mixed with fresh air coming from outside. The fan then blows the mixed air through the fined tube coil. There is chilled water, coming from the central plant, which flows through the tube coil. When the air is blown through the coil, containing chilled water, it cools down to the temperature needed.

Then after a while, the air heats up, is absorbed into the FCU and the process is repeated. The temperature of the air can be controlled by adjusting the speed of the fan and using a remote thermostat. The thermostat will control the flow of chilled water in the tube coil to reach the specific temperature.

The FCU uses a duct system which is placed at different places of the ceiling so as to provide a well distributed airflow throughout the room.

The type of FCU used in the shops. The multiple vents allow connection to multiple ducts that can be spread across the room for a uniform air distribution.

Fresh air

Fan

Fig.3.6a: How the air circulation works https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Chilled-Water-FanCoil-Horizontal-Fan_60176766613.html

Fig.3.6b: Ducted fan-coil unit.

Source: http://www.evergreenenvironmental.co.uk/air_conditioning.html

FCU Duct work Diffuser0 Fig.3.6c: Position of FCU and diffuser in the shops

3.7 Split air-conditioning system This type of air-conditioning is used in the offices as these spaces are quite small and therefore doesn’t require large air conditioning system like the centralized. It also allows more control on the temperature of the air in the room. The split air conditioner consists of two main components: The indoor unit and the outdoor unit. The two components are connected by copper tubes. The indoor unit consists of a fan and an evaporator while the outdoor unit is a compressor.

3.7.1 Outdoor unit: In the Centro mall, the outdoor units are placed in specific spaces so as not to ruin the façade and the aesthetic of the mall (Fig.4.7.1b). Since there is a lot of air movement in and out of the outdoor unit, most of the time heat, adequate free space is given to the unit so as not to have any obstacle blocking the air flow. The outdoor unit consists mainly of; a compressor, a condenser, an Fig.4.7.

1a expansion valve and a fan.

Components of a split AC

As soon as the thermostat inside the outdoor unit detects the heat, it starts operating the compressor 3.7.1.1. Compressor Considered the most important part of the air-conditioning system, the compressor is used to increase the pressure of the refrigerant gas before sending it to the condenser. During this compressing process, the heat in the gas rises. The heat is evacuated to the outside using a fan. The refrigerant’s pressure is increased so that the thermal heat transfer process is more efficient.

3.7.1.2. Condenser

The high pressure refrigerant gas goes into the condenser. The gas goes through a series of copper tubing. This removes the heat from the gas and changes it to a liquid state. There are aluminum fins on the condenser which helps cooling down the refrigerant at a much faster rate.

The heat released from the refrigerant is evacuated using a fan.

3.1.7.3. Evaporator The high pressure, chilled, liquid(refrigerant) is then transferred to the evaporator system through a tube. The evaporator is part of the indoor unit and it consists of copper tubing coil, in which the refrigerant flows. The fan in the unit collects warm air from the room, filters it and pushes it through a chamber containing the refrigerant. This cools down the air to the required temperature. The cool air is then blown to the room. After absorbing the heat from the air, the refrigerant’s temperature increases and it flows back to the compressor and the process repeats.

Outdoor unit

Indoor unit

Fig.3.7.1b Level 15 floor plan(cropped)

Fig.3.7.1b Outdoor units of the Split airconditioner

Fig.3.7.1c Indoor unit found inside the elevator machine room. It is used to cool down the machines.

UBBL 1996, section 41: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air- conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during period when air conditioner is not functioning.

The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.

Where pennament mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

3.8 Duct system Duct systems are used to carry cool air from the AHU to the spaces which needs to be air conditioned.

Another duct is used to bring the return air to the AHU. The air is distributed to the rooms through diffusers, which is found at the end of the duct. The diffuser allows the cool air to be released in a greater area. The shopping mall uses an all-air single duct type system. The material which it is made of is galvanized steel. The duct, connected to the AHU is spread out through the atrium and corridors. This allows an even distribution of cool air. A duct wrap insulation is used to prevent the cool air, flowing inside, from heating up due to outside temperature. This increases the efficiency of the air-conditioning system.

The duct system consists of 3 airflow type: Supply air duct The supply air duct is the one that carries cooled air from the AHU to the spaces that needs cooling. The supply system is an extended plenum system where there is a main supply duct and several smaller ducts connected along it.

Return air duct

Fig.3.8a Duct system from AHU Source: http://www.envirohygiene.ie/air-ductcleaning/

The return air duct is used to take in the warm air of the room and transport it to the AHU to be cooled down. It uses a fan that takes in the warm air. The air then goes through a filter so as to get rid of any impurity.

Exhaust air duct This duct is used to extract unwanted air (warm/polluted/impure air) from the interior spaces to the outside. A fan is use for this process. It is used in places like machine rooms or in kitchens.

Diffuser

Main supply duct Secondary supply duct Fig.3.8b Ground floor plan show duct work and position of diffusers for the centralized air conditioned atrium

UBBL 1996, section 123: Pipes and service ducts

1. Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall bea. Adequate for the accommodation of pipes, cable or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and b. Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

2. The access opening to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

Analysis: The size of the ducts follows the UBBL as it is big enough for the required air flow, piping and servicing. It has openings that allows the maintainer to perform servicing and cleaning of the filters/fans/mechanisms inside the duct.

3.9 Diffusers 3.9.1 Supply air diffuser The supply diffusers are placed at the end of the air supply duct. The diffuser helps in distributing the conditioned air evenly by spreading it out in a specific area. It also decreases the velocity of the air coming so as to prevent any discomfort. The diffusers decrease the noise created inside the duct and therefore prevent any sound pollution that can disturb the space. There are different shapes of diffusers like rectangular, square and round. The Centro mall uses square shaped diffuser in the atrium as it can cover larger area of the space. Strip rectangular supply diffuser is used in the ballroom. It is evenly placed across the room so as to provide better air conditioning.

Fig.3.9.1b Strip diffuser used in the ballroom Fig.3.9.1a Square diffuser used in the atrium

3.9.2 Return air grilles The return air grilles are used to extract warm air from the room to the AHU. The air is extracted by the fans found in the air grilles. The air then goes through a filter so as to get rid of any impurities, such as dust. The filters need to be replaced each month so as not to affect the performance and efficiency of the air conditioner.

Fig3.9.2a Return air grilles

According to MS 1525:2007 Code 8.1.2 Indoor design conditions: In general, and individual feels comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate at which it is produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant 37±0.5°C regardless of the prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer by means of respiration.

Code 13a: At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26°C), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26°C. The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. according to department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s.

3.10. Finding and Analysis The room temperature in the Centro shopping mall is maintained at around 22°C-24°C throughout the area. Therefore, the thermal comfort is achieved in this building. The ballroom however did not completely meet the thermal comfort level due to the temperature of the air being high inside. There was also not a good air flow and movement

3.11. Conclusion and Recommendations The atrium and other large indoor spaces used centralized air-conditioning system which was suitable for them due to the large area. The shops can each control the desired temperature to

achieve the thermal comfort. This was possible with the use of fan-coil unit air-conditioning. The offices used split unit air-conditioning system which helped to control the temperature of each room, since some of them have smaller volume, which would not have a balanced air temperature if a centralized air-condition was used.

However, since some office spaces were quite big, using several split air conditioners (in the same space) is not very effective and is not sustainable. They could have used a fan-coil unit airconditioner instead for those large office spaces. This would decrease the number of split AC used and would be more effective and better for the environment.

The ballroom did not have a good air temperature and air flow, even thought it was a big space.

This is the result of the type of diffuser used. The Strip diffuser is too narrow to evenly blow the cool air around the space. Having a square or round diffuser, placed all around the room would help in cooling the air and achieving a good thermal comfort.

The air-conditioning system and the installation in the Centro shopping mall complies to the UBBL and MS 1525. They have frequent checks and servicing and also a good control on the equipment used for air-conditioning. They can control the air flow and air temperature.

4. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction Mechanical ventilation is the process of exchanging air condition and quality in an enclosed space where natural ventilation fails to occur. The system works by expelling the stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to the outside and drawing in outside fresh air. The system works to continuously distribute and circulate the outside air throughout the building. Hence it provides fresh air, controls humidity and prevents heat concentration inside the building.

This chapter of the report will study the mechanical ventilation system used in Centro shopping mall. Its aim is to create an overall understanding of the types of systems used, their function, components and operation. Uniform Building B- Laws (UBBL) will be used throughout the research in relation to the analysis to check if the building’s mechanical ventilation system meets the requirements and regulations.

4.2 Literature Review The modern building materials and complex construction techniques used nowadays have made houses increasingly tighter, this has prompted the need for mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is vital inside a building’s space as an alternative to the unreliable natural systems. It preserves O2 content & removes CO2, it controls humidity for human comfort, prevents heat concentrations from machinery, prevents condensation and most importantly dispose contaminants such as smoke, dust gases and body odours and provides fresh air.

The basic components of mechanical ventilation are the fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers and diffusers. Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems depending on the function of the space. The three types of systems are supply ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system and combined ventilation system.

A supply ventilation system will draw in fresh outside air into the building with a fan, the supply ventilation system pressurizes a building forcing inside air out through other openings in the building envelope. The air intake should be located appropriately and away from the outlet location where it will not draw back polluted air. To minimize energy use, fans should be sized and controlled to move only the amount of ventilation air required. This type of ventilation systems is the most effective and most economical way to introduce fresh air in to the building.

Exhaust-only ventilation consist of a fan exhausting indoor air containing moisture, contaminants, odors, and stale air. The fan creates negative pressures into the space, hence outdoor makeup air is then drawn into the openings in the building envelope or through dedicated vents. Exhaust system is commonly seen on kitchens, toilets, basements, attics and crawl spaces. They are familiar to occupants and have low maintenance requirements. However, there are concerns of exhaust ventilation regarding the climate. Depressurized living space in hot, humid climates, makes moist outdoor air pulled into wall cavities condense against cooled interior wall when AC is operating, causing moisture problems and mold growth.

The combined ventilation system also known as balanced ventilation consists of both supply and exhaust system. The system consists of two fans and two ducts. One that draws in outside air into the building, and the other one extracts the stale interior air, resulting in roughly balanced airflows. Balanced ventilation system need to be properly designed and installed so that it will neither pressurize nor depressurize a building space. Rather, they will introduce and extract approximately same volume of fresh outside air and polluted inside air, respectively.

4.3 Case Study The Centro shopping mall uses the three types of mechanical ventilation systems as well as the FCU in certain spaces. This is due to the different functions, location and specifications of the spaces inside the building.    

Fan Coil Unit (FCU) is used inside the shopping lots Supply System is used in the staircase.

Exhaust System is used in the basement.

Combined/Balanced System is used in the generator rooms and kitchen.

4.3.1 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) In Centro mall, the fan coil units are located in the shopping lots and are controlled by the tenants. The fan coil unit (FCU) is a device which consists of a heating and cooling coil and fan. It acts as a mechanical ventilation system that control and regulate the temperature in the space where its installed. It is usually found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, suitable for small areas due to its simplicity. They are more economical to be installed as they don’t use ductwork.

Figure 4.3.1.a Red color marks location of FCU at the Ground Floor, Centro Mall.

Figure 4.3.1.b Red color marks location of FCU at the 1st Floor, Centro Mall.

Figure 4.3.1.c Fan Coil Unit FCU installation (Similar to Centro Mall).

Source: Sajd, 2013, http://www.slideshare.net/rabeet/upload-29590586

The FCU at the Centro mall uses a two-pipe fan coil unit. This consist of one supply and one return pipe. As Malaysia’s climate is hot and humid the supply pipe supplies cold water to the unit at all times of the year. The FCU at the shopping lots are concealed and installed at the ceiling void.

Supply air grille

Return air grille

Figure 4.3.1.d Fan Coil Unit FCU at Centro mall shopping lots.

Ms 1525 code 8.4.4.1, Office-hour control “ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.”

4.3.2 Supply Ventilation System Centro mall uses pressurized system in staircase. Pressurization system prevent smoke leaking passed closed doors into stairs by inserting clean air into the stair enclosure. The pressurization of staircase work as the fan located at the top of the staircase push the air through the gaps around the door.

Stair Pressurization Fan Outside air pushes smoke back

Figure 6.3.2.b Air supply grille at the staircase area, Centro Mall

Open Escape Door

When there's a fire, clean outside air is forced by the Stair Pressurization Fan into the stairwell. The pressurization is used to push back smoke, keeping the smoke out of the escape route.

Figure 4.3.2.a Stair pressurization system.

Source: Krantz, 2011, http://www.douglaskrantz.com/StairPressurizationFan.html

Figure 4.3.2.c Red color marks location of the staircase (air supply grille) at the Ground Floor, Centro Mall.

Figure 4.3.2.d Red color marks location of staircase (air supply grille) at the 1st Floor, Centro Mall.

The air supply grille at Centro mall is located at each floor of the staircase area this is because single injection system at one location can fail when few doors are open near the air supply.

In the event of fire, the fan operates to keep the stairwell smoke free. However, this can lead to over pressurization in the stairwell chamber making it difficult for the doors into the stairwell chamber to be opened. This problem is solved by installing mechanical pressure relief damper in the stairwell wall.

The fire control room at Centro mall is located at the basement. The automated control panel at the fire control room will detect the fire and control the fan for pressurized system. When a fire is detected, the fan will automatically be turned on to pressurize the escape routes.

Figure 4.3.2.e Pressurized system control panel. Basement, Centro mall

According to UBBL 1984 Section 202: Pressurized system for staircase All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 meters in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization – (d) where the mechanical system to present smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatic by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system.

4.3.3 Exhaust Ventilation System The exhaust ventilation system in Centro mall is used in the parking. The parking area at the mall has partial natural ventilation due to the absence of some walls, therefore it uses the exhaustonly ventilation. The exhaust system is responsible to extract the stale air and harmful gases from vehicles through the ductwork. Fresh air is then naturally replaced through the openings at the parking.

The Ductwork at the car park are evenly distributed through out, connected with mechanical extraction at the end. a lower level extraction point is also found at the parking, mainly for extraction of carbon monoxide and other pollutant gases. The extract of air is run by the fan room which is located at the end of the parking area.

Figure 4.3.3.a Axial fan to extract hot air, car park, Centro Mall

Figure 6.3.3.b Low extract point, car park, Centro Mall

Figure 4.3.3.c Metal ductwork found at the ceiling level which channels the hot air from basement to the fan room, car park, Centro Mall

Figure 4.3.3.d Extract fan, car park, Centro mall

4.3.4 Combined Ventilation System The kitchen, pump room and motor room at Centro mall uses the combined ventilation system due to the absence of openings in the spaces, hence no natural ventilation.

Ventilation needs to constantly be under control for proper operation of the machines. The lift motor room at Centro mall has no openings. If the space gets over heated it will affect the operation of the equipment and controls. Therefore, the room uses the combined ventilation system consisting of an exhaust fan and make-up air for continuous cooling of the room. In addition to that the room also uses a split air conditioner for maximum cooling of the space.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage are not necessary if the rooms are equipped with mechanical ventilation or air conditions.

In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduce fresh air into the room within half an hour.

Figure 4.3.4.a Extract fan, lift motor room, Centro mall

Figure 4.3.4.b Supply air grille, lift motor room, Centro mall

A fire pump room is part of the fire sprinkler system’s water supply. In Centro mall it is located in an enclosed space at the basement. Therefore, combined ventilation system is used to provide adequate fresh air intake and room exhaust ventilation to meet the needs of pump room air quality. If inadequate exhaust is provided in a pump room while an engine is running, the radiated heat from the engine and exhaust pipe will increase the room temperature causing improper operation of the engines. Therefore, the ventilation system needs to be regularly checked.

Figure 4.3.4.c Metal ductwork which channels the hot air out, fire pump room, Centro mall

4.4 Components of the Ventilation System 4.4.1 Axial Flow Plan An axial fan is a compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through it. Blades rotating around an axis draw air in parallel to that axis and force air out in the same direction.

(Pelonis, 2015) The flow is axially, linearly.

Axial fan is used for high flow rate. They are mainly used in simple extraction or cooling applications with low system resistance, such as moving air from one large space to another.

Axial fan works in conjunction with the centralized mechanical ventilation system. It extracts hot air from the basement and channels it to the centralized system through a series of ductwork.

Axial fan extract air works efficiently under low pressure. Therefore, it’s chosen in the basement.

Figure 4.4.1.a Axial fan to extract hot air, car park, Centro Mall

Figure 4.3.4.b Axial fan components Source: Choudhury, 2012, http://www.slideshare.net/SHIVAJICHOUDHURY/fans-in-thermalpower-plants

4.4.2 Ductwork Mechanical ventilation uses ductwork for air exchange. The required air flow includes supply air, return air and exhaust air. As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring adequate indoor air quality as well as condition comfort. The ductwork used is galvanized ductwork with fiberglass.

Galvanized steel is the most common material used in fabricating ductwork as it provides insulation.

Figure 4.4.2.a Metal ductwork found at the ceiling level which channels the hot air from basement to the fan room, car park, Centro Mall

4.4.3 Supply Air Diffuser, Grille Diffusers are designed to control the flow of air entering the space. They are located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is being supplied into the room. They do not require any generation of power and are used to slow the air’s velocity and to enhance its mixing into the surrounding. Diffusers at Centro mall are concealed to either the ceiling or walls

Figure 4.4.3.a Supply air diffusers found in the interiors of Centro mall

4.4.4 Return Air Griller, Fan Air grilles and fans are designed to remove warm air from interiors at specific period of time to prevent overheating. Grills installed are adjustable, allowing tenants to control the amount of air going through and shut the room off so furnace cannot pull air out of it. A return air grille is installed with a filter to trap smaller particulate materials preventing them to go through ductwork. This limits the amount of cleaning needed and keeps the system running smoothly, reducing the risk of clogs caused by dust and other materials.

Figure 4.4.4.a Return air griller found in the interiors of Centro mall

4.4.5 Fire Damper Fire damper prevent the passage of flame from one room to the other. It also serves to resist the passage of flame. The device is installed in ducts and air transfer opening of an air distribution or smoke control system. They are designed to close automatically upon detection of heat. They are installed in or near the wall or floor, at the point of duct penetration, to retain the integrity and fire rating of a wall or floor. (Knapp, 2011)

Figure 4.4.5.a Containment fire & smoke damper with smoke detector Source: Belimo, 2013, http://blog.belimo.com/Blog/bid/71397/Code-Required-Testing-ofFire-Smoke-and-Combination-Dampers

5. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

5.0

Mechanical Transportation System

5.1 Introduction The Vertical Transportation System is a mean of transportation used to travel between floors in a higher building and it is a must to put into consideration when designing a building with more than one storey.

The type of vertical mechanical transportation systems that are widely used in this modern advancement means of transport are the escalators and elevators are available for the use for the convenience of the users to travel within the building thus allow goods or vehicle to be transported efficiently and safely, there are also special designs of elevators that are used to serve the elderly and disabled are mostly found in every modern building.

The type of Vertical Transportation System that are used in Centro Mall, Jalan Batu Tiga Lima, Selangor are Gearless Traction Elevator System.

5.2 Literature review 5.2.1 CODES AND STANDARD USED The international law of book is the building laws that every architect and engineer has to strictly apply to every of the buildings that are build. The strict laws that are imposed to every building are from the UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAW 1984 and the codes given by the MALAYSIAN STANDARD which are rules of the laws of Malaysia. Including the safety requirements that has set as an international standard will be compared to the codes given by the international law of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and International Code Council will be compared to set as the required building standards to ensure safety of the users and the buildings.

5.3 Elevators The job of an elevator is to serve as lifting equipment for two or more levels. The basic elevators should include the following components.

A basic elevator will have the following components: 1. Car The elevator car is the vehicle, mainly maid by metal boxes that travels between and stops floors carrying passengers or goods.

2. Hoist way Hoist way or elevator shaft is the space that is surrounded by fireproof walls that allows the elevator to run smoothly between floors which includes equipment to manage the opening and closing of the elevator doors.

3. Machine/drive system There are generally three types of driving machines which are the gearless machine, geared machine and drum machine that are used to movements of the direction and speed of the elevators.

4. Control system Elevator Control System which controls the elevator by the speed, acceleration, speed or delay of the door opening, the travel between floors, the level of floors and hall lantern signals.

5. Safety system The safety system which consists of the components in order for the elevator to run safely and the components are Hoist way door interlock, progressive safety gear, over speed governor, buffers, final limit switches and other safety devices and switches.

Figure 5.1 Layout of an Elevator Safety System Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-safety-system.html

Figure 5.2 Basic Elevator Components Source:http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-two.html

Figure 5.3 Gearless Machines Component Source: teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME415/ME415_elevators.pdf

Figure 5.4Top View of an Elevator Shaft Source:http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/File:Sigma_elevator_shaft.JPG

Figure 5.5 Elevator Control System Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_CIj_yt46Bo/T4Ro6aG9ViI/AAAAAAAABnc/KJaHaPwBEsk/s640/cop.JPG

5.3.1 Elevator Types Elevators types are classified by as stated below: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

According to hoist mechanism.

According to building height.

According to building type.

According to elevator Location.

According to Special uses.

The 4 types of elevators that uses the hoist systems are as follow: 1. Hydraulic Elevators 2. Traction Elevators 3. Climbing Elevators 4. Pneumatic Elevators Types of elevators that are classified according to the building height are as follows: Low rise Building (2-5 floors) Hydraulic Elevator that goes from 2 to 5 floors as it is only for light use duty. This applies to limited number of passenger, services and light goods or vehicles.

Low to mid rise building (5-15 floors) Geared Traction Elevators are suitable for carrying moderate to heavy loads, eg freight.

(4-20 floors) Compact Gearless Traction Elevators are used to carry moderate duty with higher speeds and it imposes loads on building structures until 500 fpm at moderate performance.

High-rise building (12-100 floors) Gearless Traction Elevators are used to carry both passengers and freight and use to carry heavy duty weights at high speed with maximum performance.

5.3.1.1 Traction Elevators Traction elevators are elevators that works where the car is suspended by the ropes which is driven by the electric motor which also means that the ropes which pass over a sheave and run by an electric motor above the elevator shaft. It performs at a much higher speed than at hydraulic elevators thus functions more efficiently There are 3 types of traction elevators: 1. Geared Traction Elevators Geared Traction Elevators are elevators that contain a gearbox that attach to a motor at which the suspended ropes are driven by the wheel which has the advantages of low cost and travels at speed of 500 feet per minute.

2. Gear-less Traction Elevators Gearless Traction Elevators are elevators which has the wheel attached on the motor. It is the elevator with the highest cost and the fastest speed and performance up to 2000 feet per minute.

3. Machine-Room-Less Elevators Machine-Room-Less Elevators are elevators that do not have a machine room above the elevator shaft. It is the most commonly used elevator with the moderate cost and the highest speed of up to 500 feet per minute.

5.4 Centro Business Centre Overview 5.4.1 Lift Lobby

Figure 5.6 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placement of lifts

Lifts are placed in center to allow easy access of the users to the lift lobby. There are more than one lifts placed orderly in a row for the convenience of the users to reduce traffic flow in the lift thus reduce the waiting time of the users. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate enough people especially during traffic hours.

5.4.2.1 Fireman Lift

Figure 5.7 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placements of all lifts and location of Fireman Staircase

There is at least one fireman lift placed next to the passenger lift. The fireman will access through the fireman lift and there are more than fire escape staircases are placed nearby to allow easy access for the users during emergency and allow them to reach for the nearest safety. This also prevents overcrowding and thus providing enough space to allow users to escape in shortest period of time.

5.4.2 General components of an Elevator System 5.4.2.1 Fireman Lift

Figure 5.8 Fireman Lift in Centro Mall

According to UBBL 1974 Section 243. Fire lifts.

(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.

(4)Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 meters travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

The fireman lift is located in a separate lift which is placed in a row just beside the other passenger lifts.

There is at least one fireman lift found in the lift lobby at which the row of lifts are centralized including the placement of the fireman lift which provide shorter travel distance to the end of the furthermost floor as can be referred in the floor plan in Figure 5.8 Ground Floor plan indicating the lift placements of all lifts and location of Fireman Staircase. .

5.4.3 External Components 5.4.3.1 Passenger Lifts

Figure 5.9 Ground Floor Lift lobby of Centro Mall

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Section 124. Lifts.

For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

In the Centro Mall, there are 32 floors in height with 10 lifts altogether. This satisfies the requirement of the law where this plan also serves as a convenience for users to minimize waiting time and prevent overcrowding in one lift.

5.5 Emergency 5.5.1 Fire Emergency

Figure 5.10 Smoke Detectors At Lift Lobby

Figure 5.11 Lift Control System in the Control Room

According to UBBL Section 153. Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a present time.

In Centro Mall has satisfied the requirements of fire safety, providing smoke detectors to the lift lobby in every floor. The lifts will be force stop by the control room when detection of any fire or emergency at diagram at Figure 5.10 Smoke Detectors at Lift Lobby and Figure 5.11 Lift Control System in the Control Room.

5.5.2 Emergency Situation

Figure 5.12 Elevator Ventilation Slit

According to the Malaysian Standard 2007.MS1525. Codes of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Non-Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Building.

The car shall be provided with adequate ventilation (of not less than 10 air change per hour with the car door close during the period when the lifts are available for use. The ventilating fans or blowers must be fastened in place and is located above the car ceiling or outside the car’s enclosure.

In Centro Mall, it is seen that the ventilation outlets are hidden by a perforated stainless steel openings which enclosed the car thus providing adequate amount of ventilation during the operating hours of the lifts.

5.5.2.1 Alarm Button

Figure 5.13 Car Operating Panel of Passenger Lift

The alarm button can be found in the Car Operating Panel(COP) of an elevator. The alarm button runs as an alarm bell to alert the workers in the control room in the case of emergency. The alarm is supposed to be hooked up to a battery circuit in case of power loss, so it will continue to work even though the power is out.

5.5.2.2 Control Room

Figure 5.14 Car Operating Panel in the Control Room

Figure 5.15 Call Information for Lift Service

This is located in the operating room where the operator can easily detect the faulty lifts where the digital readings will state as ‘faulty’. The operator will call the service hotline for maintenance which is the details provided above the Car Operating Panel.

5.6 The Geared Traction Elevators

The Gearless Traction Elevators are used in Centro Mall. It is a geared traction elevators that have a machine room above the elevator shaft. These elevators typically operate at speeds up to 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second) and maximum rise of about 90 meters. In a geared traction machine, they have a gearbox attached to the motor. The gearbox is used to help to drive the wheel to move the ropes. This design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce cost has high-speed unit unlike low-speed unit like gearless ones.

Figure 5.16 Diagram of Typical Geared Traction Elevators Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AH1TSx3Dl_w/T4RlER5BPyI/AAAAAAAABmM/-SuvOQ3lcsw/s1600/main+components+of+elevator.JPG

5.6.1 Machine Room

Figure 5.17 Lifts Machine Room of Centro Mall

Figure 5.18 Diagram of Lifts Machine Room of Electric Traction Passenger Lifts

The type of elevator used in the Centro Mall is the geared traction elevator. The gearbox machine is attached to a motor. The motor rotation is used to reduce speed and the amount of speed is reduced by 0.1 using the speed reducer that transmits to the traction sheave.

5.6.2 Geared Traction Machine

Figure 5.19 Geared Traction Machine in Centro Mall

Figure 5.20 Structural Diagram of Geared Traction Machine Source:http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/elevators/images/traction_method.gif

Figure 5.21 Components of Typical Geared Traction Machine

Figure 5.22 Lifts Control System in Machine Room of Centro Business Centre

5.6.3 Safety Components 5.6.3.1 Air Conditioning

Figure 5.23 Air-conditioning Equipment in the Elevator Machine Room

According to International Code Council Section 3006.2. Venting.

Elevator machine rooms that contain solid-state equipment for elevator operation shall be provided with an independent ventilation or air-conditioning system to protect against the overheating of the electrical equipment. The system shall be capable of maintaining temperatures within the range established for the elevator equipment.

The air conditioning system is to cool the machine and prevent them from overheating. The motor which is temperature sensitive which runs through friction overtime will cause it to overheat. The air conditioning is place above the motor to allow denser cold air to sink providing cool air for the machines thus maintaining the temperature of the room within the safe-temperature range during the operations of the elevator equipment.

5.6.3.2 Smoke Detectors

Figure 5.24 Smoke Detectors in the Machine Room

According to International Code Council Section 3006.3. Pressurization.

The elevator machine room serving a pressurized elevator hoistway shall be pressurized upon activation of a heat or smoke detector located in the elevator machine room.

The smoke detectors located in the machine room which serves as a pressurized elevator hoistway, it detects smoke and heat which then pressurize the machine room to prevent the outdoor smoke or heat to be transferred to the machine room which can be seen in the diagram at Figure 5.24 Smoke Detectors in the Machine Room.

5.6.3.3 Exhaust Vent

Figure 5.25 Exhaust Vent in the Machine Room

Figure 5.26 Non-combustible Ducts in the Machine Room

According to International Code Council Section 3004.2. Location of Vents.

Vents shall be located at the top the hoistway and shall open either directly to the outer air or through noncombustible ducts to the outer air. Noncombustible ducts shall be permitted to pass through the elevator machine room, provided that portions of the ducts located outside the hoistway or machine room are enclosed by construction having not less than the fire-resistance rating required for the hoistway. Holes in the machine room floors for the passage of ropes, cables or other moving elevator equipment shall be limited as not to provide greater than 2 inches (51 mm) of clearance on all sides.

The purpose of the exhaust vent is to extract smoke during the case of fire emergency and limit the migration of smoke in the machine room which prevents the damage of equipment. It is located directly below the ceiling, through the advantage of design of the machine room, where non-combustible ductwork should be provided. The non-combustible ductwork should be serves as fire-resistance-ratedconstruction equivalent to the requirements set by the machine room which also functions to clear passage of smoke in the machine room where the machine room has satisfy the requirements.

5.6.3.4 Emergency Lights

Figure 5.27 Emergency Lights in the Machine Room

According to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Section 26 80 0. Elevator Electrical Requirements.

F) Lighting Required in Elevator Machine Rooms: Fluorescent light fixtures shall be provided in elevator machine rooms(and machinery spaces when present). Lighting shall be adequate to work on all equipment without shadowing. ASME A17.1.

Emergency lights are placed in the machine room in case of emergencies. When the common lights are shut off, the emergency lights are turned on. This allows the workers to see their surrounding and to also allow them to exit the room safely.

5.7 Escalators

Figure 5.28 Escalator in Centro Mall

An escalator is another means of vertical transportation system which functions to transport users to get to the next floor. The escalator requires more physical movements as an escalator which only can lead the user to one floor above thus requires the user to walk from one escalator to the next to get to the next floor. There are at least two escalators that are placed in every floor of both opposite ends in order to serve as a convenience to limit walking time to the next escalator and prevent overcrowding of traffic in one escalator.

5.8 Escalator Configuration

Figure 5.29 First Floor Plan of Centro Mall with Indication of Escalators

Parallel escalators are used in the Centro Mall which has side by side escalators placed by a distance that goes up and down, in different direction for each side. As like in the floor plan in Figure 5.29 First Floor Plan of Centro Mall with Indication of Escalator. This serves as convenience of travel for users in each opposite ends of the mall which also saves time and enables users to directly travel to different floor without walking a distance which also enable to control the traffic when there are large capacity of people moving at the same direction.

5.8.1 Escalator Basic Components

Figure 5.30 Basic Components of Escalator Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hNGnLNFdG4E/T5Q-VTY_xtI/AAAAAAAAB1Y/lUSE2SHQueo/s1600/esclator+sections.JPG

5.8.1.1 Landing Platform

Figure 5.31 Landing Platform of Escalator in Centro Mal

According to Oak Brook, IL International Council Code 120-3-27-.48 Permanent Platform.

(3) The platform shall have a non-slip surface.

The platform of an escalator serves as a floor plate and a comb plate that is made from stainless steel, where users stand before they step onto the escalator. The plate is where the machinery is hidden below that runs the escalator. The landing platform is known as a walk-on plate where users step to enter or exit the escalator. It is the origin and exit of the comb segments which comes along with the comb lights placed above it. The plate is removable during the times of maintenance, inspection and repairs by authorized service workers.

5.8.1.2 Truss

Figure 5.32 Escalator Truss Section Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o5Ex3HrMH3g/T5Q_2c_Q5-I/AAAAAAAAB1o/8sax45BjYCw/s400/truss.JPG

The truss of an escalator which shows as a structural frame of an escalator that is consist of metal structure that is built to support the lower and upper landings. The structure which are consists of two sides of the cross braces across the top and bottom. The truss which is divided to three parts they are the lower section, incline section and the upper section.

5.8.1.3 Steps

Demarcation lines

Figure 5.33 Running Steps of an Escalator Source: http://a.rgbimg.com/cache1nUkE3/users/n/na/nazreth/300/mlCAZrK.jpg

The Step Plate is the surface where passenger steps which made from aluminum plate with longitudinal cleats on its surface to prevent easy slip on the surface where the stairs is the step riser adjacent to the cleats which includes the yellow demarcation lines for safety.

5.8.1.4 Track

Figure 5.34 Diagram of Escalator Landing Source: http://gluedideas.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-8-Part-2-Edward-Extract/images/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Volume-8-Part-2-Edward-Extract_Picture11.jpg

According to the diagram in Figure 5.34 Diagram of Escalator Landing shows the relationship between the steps and the tracks at which how the movement of escalator and the changing of steps transform to the flat portion overtime. The track system acts as a series of step chain which continuously circulate the steps from the bottom to the top platform. The system consists of two tracks which are the step- wheel track and the trailer-wheel track which forms a staircase. The steps are formed at right angle into a stair shape by the straight section of the truss. The track descends to the underside of the truss before the escalator reaches its landing.

5.8.1.5 Railing

Figure 5.35 Railing of an Escalator in Centro Mall

Figure 5.36 Handrail Assembly Diagram

Source:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GUsbcUle7OA/T5RC_7BErwI/AAAAAAAAB2Y/-4uXnGyaGq4/s640/handrail+and+newel.JPG

The railing is serves as a support for passengers as they are riding on the escalator. The handrail is pulled along the track by a chain through a series of pulleys in the main drive.

5.8.2Safety 5.8.2.1 Skirt Deflector Brushes

Figure 5.37 Skirt Deflector Brushes Source: http://www.liftop.com/en/images/perfect_04_clip_image002.jpg

This safety component is to prevent clothing of the passengers caught in the gap between the edges of an escalator. The safety components made up of brush section which is a non-metallic brush that can easily slides along the brush holder, the brush holder is made from rigid aluminum and the end caps which is a low friction aluminum secured by tampered proof screws. The brushes is made from soft materials to prevent damage when come in contact with the clothing of the passenger thus they are placed downwards to prevent any unwanted liquids or dirt to enter.

5.8.2.2 Handrail Signs

Figure 5.38 Handrail Safety Siigns Source: http://images.mysafetysign.com/img/lg/S/passenger-only-escalator-plate-sign-s-4751.png

The safety signs are placed on the balustrade of the escalator to advice of the safety procedure to the passengers before the trip to the escalator.

5.9 Conclusion In the overall experience through the building, which has satisfy by the requirements of the law with enough safety features and good planning systems including the transportation systems which allow users to conduct their daily activities safely. This can be proven by referring to the law with the standards of the building.

Figure 5.39 Ground Floor Plan

5.9.1 Advantages The planning of the mechanical transportation system which allows users to experience the space with comfort as the strategies for the estimate number of mechanical transportation systems such the escalator and the elevators are enough to accommodate more than enough passengers which allows users to travel at ease. The safety features as satisfy according to the laws which allow users to use the building with ease.

The building has proven to have provided more than enough safety features which have also considered the users experience to travel the space with comfort. The Centro Mall has planned as good layout of the building has proven to consider the safety of the users in the case of emergency.

5.9.2 Disadvantages However, the numbers of fireman lifts are too limited to accommodate such a large space. In the case of emergency, the layout has considered too much on the users experience rather than the safety of the fireman whom need to accommodate the users to safety. The considerations towards the safety workers are less compared to the users.

6.0

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