WELCOME TO TECHNICAL STUDY NATALIE GRAHAM
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
CANOPY INTERCEPTION
SHEET FLOW FILTRA TION
NITROGEN FIXING
FILTRA TION
N
IO UAT
RETENTION + FILTRATION
EN ATT
N
TIO RA
IN
T FIL
FILTRA TION FILTRA TION
ION
ENT
RET
FILTRA TION
FILTRA TION
N
ATIO LTR
INFI
N
O ATI NU
FILTRA TION
E ATT
N
O ATI ILTR INF
FILTRA TION
F IGURE 3 . 3 A : Section-axonometric depicting the levels of pretreatment inspired by vernacular landscapes to improve the water quality of stormwater runoff before it reaches the Beck.
[26]
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
3.0
BAILDON MOOR MARSH AREA
Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 3 T h e Urban Beck
3.3.1 Native N ar rati ve
T he Urban Beck is defin ed b y an ope n, acc e s sible wat e r way,
B aildon M o o r t o t h e n o r t h o f Shiple y ( v isible fr om t h e c o r r ido r ) ,
wi th high levels of human interaction and imme rsion w it hin t he
has de ve lope d t his pr o c e s s na t urall y using t h e b y - pr o du ct o f
lands cape. Pedestrianised areas are int egrat e d int o t he fabr ic
his t o r ic be ll pit min e s . Wa t e r f lo w s fr om t h e uplands f ollo w ing
o f the si te to encourage visitors and re side nt s t o tak e an active
rainfall, be ing f il t e re d and ab s o r b e d b y t h e e x t e nsi ve h e a t hland
inte re s t in the fu ture of th e Beck, promo t e e ducation and s timulat e
habitat . Any r un o ff i f g raduall y chann e lle d b y t h e t op og raph y int o
the s e ns es.
marshy f lushe s and s t re ams , o ft e n domina t e d b y Juncus sp . and w ildf lo w e r , e nhancing bio di ve rsi t y . A s e r ie s o f 0 . 5 - 2m de e p p o ols
Tre e c o ve r is more intermittent and le s s de ns e t hat in t he Ar cadian
do t t e d along t he mid t o lo w e r side s o f t h e mo o r capt ure and re tain
Be c k , to increase visibility and create a s e ns e o f s af e t y. T he wat e r
r uno ff , c olonis e d b y Juncus sp . w hich remo ve any p ollu tant s fr om
management train and wildlife observation is mo re appare nt in t his
t he wat e r . D e ve loping s tands o f alde r , w illo w and bir ch in w e t t e r
are a wi th visitors of all cap abilities able t o e xpe r ie nc e t he e xt e nt s
are as and Ro wan , o ak and haw t h o r n in upland z on e s inc re as e t h e
o f the Urb an Beck.
uptak e o f wat e r and s tabilis e t ha t e ar t h .
T he re de velopment of the Beck aims t o re ve r t t he wat e r c ours e t o
T he Ur ban B e c k s e e k s t o re plica t e t h e s e pr o c e s s e s in a mo re ur b an
a mo re natural form ,to alleviate floo ding. T his applie s no t only t o
e nv ir onme nt , using t h e f o r m o f t h e na ti ve lands cap e t o inspire
the mo rph ology of th e river, but also t o t he sur r ounding lands cape
and e nt hral v isi t o rs . T h e f e a t ure s include f il t e r s t r ip s , bio s wale s ,
to adv o cate, enhancing the water qualit y in c onve ying sur fac e
re t e ntion ponds , s t re ams and marsh e s and a re s t o re d r i ve r / impr o ve d
runo ff into th e Beck. Th e regraded topography o f t he sit e c re at e s
bank s , w it h e nhanc e d r ip ar ian habi ta t , t re e planting and mo re
a de e p slope down to th e wa tercourse , pre s e nting t he oppo r t unit y
abs o r be nt gr oundc o ve r . Habi ta t c re a tion and unre s t r icti ve r ou t e s
to c re ate a visual display of na tural wat e r manageme nt , using
f o r pe de s t r ians are k e y t o c re a ting an inclusi ve mul ti f unctional
inspiration from the surrounding lands cape ( F ig. 3.3A) .
f lo o d alle v iation s t ra t eg y .
BAILDON MOOR BELLPIT RETENTION POND
BAILDON MOOR NATURAL STREAM
[27]
SCALE: 1:150
F IGURE 3.4 A: Section demonstrating the different levels of water management and points of access.
BANK
[28]
RE-NATURALISED BECK
BOARDWALK
SWALE
NATURAL OUTFALL SLOPE
RETENTION POND
BOARDWALK
BIOSWALE
GRASS FILTER STRIP
PRIMARY PATH
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
3.0 Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 4 N a turalised Pools + Swales The moorland inspired management train is the most visual display of natural water management in action. Accessibility is key, with the primary footpath (FIG 3.4C) offering views over the site from the uppermost point, contrasting with the boardwalk presenting an immersive, stimulating experience enveloped by nature (FIG 3.4A).
SCALE: 1:50
SCALE: 1:50
F IGURE 3.4B : Detail of upper bioswale planted with native vegetation
F IGURE 3 . 4 C : Detail showing primary pedestrian resin bound
(overflow inlet not shown).
gravel walkway adjacent to the tramline pitched towards grass
The bioswale (FIG 3.4B) will be connected to the retention pond
filter strip.
both below ground via the outfall pipe (FIG 3.4D), and above with a natural stream during high rainfall, presenting a visual display to educate. BOARDWALK
BIOSWALE
GRASS FILTER STRIP
FIG 3.2B
PRIMARY FOOTPATH
FIG 3.2B
RETENTION POND OUTFALL PIPE
OUTFALL PIPE
SCALE: 1:120
F IGURE 3.4B: Section demonstrating the movement of water through the management train from the bioswale to the retention pond.
[29]
3.0 Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 5 B oardwalk Construction The boardwalk is designed to create an accessible Beck,
MILLBOARD RIBBED EDGING IN COPPERED OAK (50 x 30 x 2400MM). TO BE FIXED WITH DURAFIX STAINLESS STEEL SCREWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATION.
encouraging interaction and a closeness to nature for all users. The boardwalk forms par t of a network of cohesive walkways to present the oppor tunity for visitors to explore a range of habitat zones in a stimulating and engaging manner, providing educational oppor tunities. The elevated position of the boardwalk enables observation without obstructing the movement of wildlife or
MILLBOARD DURAFIX STAINLESS STEEL SCREWS* (4.5 x 70MM) MILLBOARD LASTAGRIP PLAS-PRO DECKING BOARDS IN COPPERED OAK (200 x 2100 x 32MM). BOARDS TO BE SPACED 4MM APART**
encroaching on the habitat.
NOTES: *SCREW FIXINGS STRAIGHT INTO DECKING, SINKING SCREW 55MM INTO LASTANE SURFACE. TWO FIXINGS SHOULD BE
The boardwalk is set in a seasonally damp location, thus requiring
USED WHERE BOARD CROSSES A JOIST. FIXINGS AT THE
suitably durable material. Millboard Lastagrip Plas-Pro is specified
ANGLE TO AVOID BEING TOO CLOSE TO THE END. SCREWS
for construction, a polyurethane resin and mineral composite
END OF THE BOARD SHOULD BE SCREWED AT A SLIGHT SHOULD BE POSITIONED 30MM IN FROM THE SIDES OF THE BOARD AND 20-25MM FROM THE END. **BOARD ENDS SHOULD BE SUPPORTED BY A MINIMUM
decking (RMC). Made from Lastane, the textured top surface
OF 20MM.
creates a resilient, predominantly maintenance-free layer, designed to resist algae. Millboard offers great stability; it will not expand or contract, warp or rot and Lastagrip has the highest anti-slip rating even in wet conditions (tested in accordance with BS79.76; dry weather: (+77) excellent; wet: (+55) low slip potential). The boardwalk should be a minimum of 2000mm wide, to allow two wheelchairs to pass comfor tably. A raised edging provides an enclosed platform to protect users. Millboard Tactile (raised strips) should be used on edges and steps to aler t par tially sighted visitors to the level change or edge.
[30]
MILLBOARD PLAS-PRO BEARER IN COPPERED OAK (125 x 50 x 2100MM) MILLBOARD PLAS-PRO JOIST IN COPPERED OAK (125 x 50 x 2400MM) ALLOW 10MM EXPANSION GAP BETWEEN JOISTS. STAGGER JOISTS BETWEEN BEARERS TO ENSURE EVEN CONTRACTION/ EXPANSION. MILLBOARD PLAS-PRO POST IN COPPERED OAK (100 x 100MM x VARIOUS LENGTHS)
SCALE: 1:50 @ A4
F IGURE 3 . 5 A : Exploded axonometric drawing detailing boardwalk composition and structural arrangement.
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
125 x 50MM PLAS-PRO JOIST 7MM CLEARANCE HOLE PRE-DRILLED 6 x 100MM DURAFIX STAINLESS STEEL SCREWS 125 x 50MM PLAS-PRO BEARER 10 x 180MM STAINLESS STEEL CUP SQUARE HEX BOLT (FIXING POST TO BEARER)
100 x 100MM POST
SCALE: 1:10
F IGURE 3 . 5 C : Detail showing fixings at joist/ bearer intersection
SCALE: 1:30
F IGURE 3.5B: Detail illustrating a section through the boardwalk depicting technical resolution.
BOARDWALK
BIOSWALE
GRASS FILTER STRIP
PRIMARY FOOTPATH
SCALE: 1:50
F IGURE 3.5D: Section highlighting the typical context and
FIG 3.2B
positioning of the boardwalk within the scheme in relation to the site topography and other landscape features. RETENTION POND
[31]
3.0 Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 6 Re - instating Lost Species The principals of rewilding encourage the return of native species of flora and fauna that have declined with urbanisation and invasive management regimes. The Water Vole (Arvicola amphibious) has been lost from over 90% of the sites previously occupied in a National Survey carried out from 1996-98, marking one of the most catastrophic declines of any British mammal in the 20th century (V.Forder, 2006). F IGURE 3.6B : Detail highlighting bank stabilisation and coir growth establishment (Scale:1:50) The loss of habitat and the introduction of the American Mink (Mustela vison) as a primary predator has had a detrimental effect
•
Steep banks for burrowing above the water table
created using a natural flood management approach also suppor ts
on the Water Voles’ population within Yorkshire. The SCRCM
•
Dense native riparian habitat to provide cover from American
birds, inver tebrates, amphibians and fish. Coir should be sourced
Mink and other predators (e.g. cats, foxes, herons)
from suppliers to minimize the products’ carbon footprint, such as UK based manufacturers Salix (London Olympic Park).
Ecology/ Biodiversity Assessment (BDP, 2011) indicates twenty seven records of Water Vole within the 10km2 grid square (SE13)
•
Long grass for shelter and providing nesting material (Fig.3.6A)
that the SCRCM boundary sits within, last observed in 2002. A
•
Slow flowing water
later record from the West Yorkshire Ecology Ecological Records for Frizinghall of American Mink (2007) suggest that predation in
Figure 3.7C outlines the proposed realignment of the riverbanks
conjunction with the largely channelised form of the Beck and poor
with an appropriate native riparian zone. Bioengineering the banks
water quality may have had an impact on the decline of the Water
with coir pallets and rolls encourages the rapid establishment of
Vole. However, the Bradford Canal Phase 1 Habitat Survey (ARUP,
mature marginal and emergent grasses, rushes and wildflowers.
2007) identified Bradford Beck as having potential to suppor t the
The organic, living revetment provides protection from erosion, with
Water Vole.
the compressed coir fibres allowing plants to root and stabilise the banks, taking 5 to 10 years to rot away. The coir fibre is a
[32]
3 . 7 . 1 Re-establishing Water Vole Habitat
waste product of the coconut industry. The coir offers a clean,
The naturalisation of the Beck has the potential to create the key
sustainable method of establishing water vole habitat, with the
features of the protected species’ habitat (Fig.3.6C). These include:
material biodegrading safely, producing no toxins. The habitat
F IGURE 3 . 7A : The water vole in it’s natural habitat (T.Whittaker)
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
SCALE: 1:150
F IGURE 3.6C: Section elevation showing the integration of the water vole improvements within the context of the Beck buffer zone.
PRIMARY PATH
ACID GRASSLAND
BOARDWALK
RIPARIAN ZONE
STEEP BANK
RE-NATURALISED BECK
STEEP BANK
RIPARIAN ZONE
[33]
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
NITROGEN FIXING
CANOPY INTERCEPTION
WATER TEMPERATURE MODERATION FILTRATION FILTRATION
SLOWER FL OW
SLOWER FL OW
ABSORPTION
FILTRATION
INFILTRATI
ON
INFILTRATI
ON
F IGURE 3.7A: Section-axonometric of the naturalised Beck with extensive tree planting and grasses to slow the flow of runoff.
[34]
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
3.7.1 Case St udy : Picker ing
3.0
‘Slo w ing t he F lo w ’ is DE F R A f unde d pr oj e ct w i t h aim o f re du cing
Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing
de ve lopme nt s do w ns t re am .
3 . 7 T h e Arcadian Beck
T he pr oje ct is a p ar t n e rship b e t w e e n F o re s t Re s e ar ch , F o re s t r y
T he Arcadian Beck is th e wa tercours e at it s ’ mo s t nat ural,
C ommis sion Eng land , T h e E nv ir onme nt A ge nc y , T h e N o r t h Yo r k
re s to ring an area of urban wildern ess in w hich w ildlif e can f lour ish
M o o rs N ational Par k A u t h o r i t y , Dur ham Uni ve rsi t y , N a t ural
and v isi tors can explore.
England and w i t h a g re a t de al o f supp o r t and int e re s t fr om t h e
t he r is k and s eve r i t y o f f lo o ding in P ic k e r ing , N o r t h Yo r k shire , by sho w ing t ha t b e t t e r land manageme nt can slo w t h e f lo w o f r uno ff int o Pic ke r ing B e c k , t h e Ri ve r S e ve r n and t h e sub s e qu e nt
PICKERING TREE PLANTING
w ide r c ommunity . T h e pr oj e ct has change d t h e way t ha t land is Nati ve tree planting domina tes this lands cape , one o f t he pr imar y
manage d t o inhibi t t h e p as s age o f rain fall t o r i ve rs and i t s e nsuing
to ols advoca ted by the E nvironment Age nc y and t he Yo r k shire
do w ns t re am mo veme nt using a var ie d t o olk i t . T his include s :
Wildlife Trust in natural flood manageme nt , w hich has be e n
•
succ e s s fully implemented through ou t Yo r k shire , e spe cially in t he
T he c re ating o f lo w le ve l bunds on f lo o dplains t o inc re as e s t o rage capaci t y
cas e o f the Upp er Aire Land Manageme nt Pr oje ct at Pic k e r ing ( s e e
• Ext e nsive planting o f r ip ar ian and f lo o dplain w o o dland
3.7.1 Cas e Stud y).
• Re s t o ration o f lar ge w o o d y de br is dams w h e re appr opr ia t e • Re s t o ration o f s t re amside bu ff e r z on e s
T he Arcadian Beck sh ould ma ximise t he us e o f t re e s t o int e r c e pt rainfall , increase absorption , improve t he qualit y and s tabilit y o f t he s oil and return wa ter to the a tmosphere t hr ough e vapo t ranspiration (F ig. 3.7A). New native and riparian wo o dland w it h ve r nacular shr ub
• Tar ge t e d w o o dland planting t o re du c e s e dime nt r un o ff and inc re as e wa t e r re t e ntion
PICKERING FLOOD DEFENCES
• Cre ation o f f lo o d s t o rage are as t o a t t e nua t e e x t reme f lo w s o f wat e r .
lay e r, fie ld layer and understory w ill signif icant ly diminish r uno ff
T he int e r ve ntions and a c olle cti ve ca t chme nt manageme nt appr o ach
re aching th e Beck and crea te n ew e c ological have ns and w ildlif e
have had a sig ni f icant e ff e ct . “ I t has b e e n sugge s t e d t ha t t h e
c o rrido rs . Deadwood will b e retaine d f o r habitat c re ation. T he
pre v ious 25% chanc e o f f lo o ding in any g i ve n y e ar in P ic k e r ing ,
s trategy w ould b en efit from i-Tree H ydr o mo de lling, t o e s tablish
has no w be e n re du c e d t o a 4 % chanc e o r le s s ” ( N o r t h Yo r k shire
the optimum positioning of trees to re duc e f lo o ding.
M o o rs N ational Par k Blog , 2015 ) .
Nati ve grassland and meadow mixes w ill slo w t he f lo w o f wat e r t o
T hough t he w o rk is a t a ca t chme nt s cale , i t sh o w s t h e imp act a
the Be c k, u tilising th e predominant ly shallo w gradie nt ( 1:3) and
c ombination o f smalle r t o me dium s cale , c oh e re nt int e r ve ntions can
te rrac e s to retain runoff. Th e in formal habitat e nc ourage s v isit o rs
have . T he W e lc ome t o Brad f o r d f lo o d alle v ia tion s t ra t eg y aims t o
to s tray off th e primary p ath to immers e t hems e lve s in nat ure in a
re plicat e t his w i t hin t h e lo w e r Brad f o r d B e c k ca t chme nt , t o pr o t e ct
holis tic multi-faceted landscap e.
t he c o r r ido r and re du c e t h e sub s e qu e nt ou t f lo w t o t h e Ri ve r A ire .
RIPARIAN BUFFER PLANTING
[35]
3.0 Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 8 L iv ing Willow Revetment L iv ing willow terraces are to be us e d on sit e w he re spac e is to o re s tricted to allow the gentle regrading o f bank s . T he liv ing s tructure is effective a t retaining ver tically e r o de d bank s and is an e ffe ctive measure in bridg ing the gap along re s t o re d channe l e dge s whe re alternative na tural meth ods are unachie vable ( F IG 3.8D ) . I f po s sible, ma terial should be harve s t e d lo cally t o re duc e t he ris k o f introdu cing unsuitable foreig n spe cie s and e nhancing lo cal bio di ve rsity. Salix viminalis (Common O sie r ) w ill be us e d in plac e o f ve rnacular material to w eave th e spilling fac e , due t o it s f le xible
SCALE: 1:50
F IGURE 3.8A: Detail showing the construction of live willow terraces
nature (FIG 3.8B) and ability to abso r b he av y me tals . O sie r als o has high biodiversity valu e, suppor ting a numbe r o f cat e r pillars , pro v iding n esting for birds and offer ing an e ar ly polle n and ne ctar s ourc e for b ees and insects (FIG 3.8C ) .
Th e w illo w re ve tme nt sh ould be reinforced wi th C125BN er osion c ont r ol ma t ting ( F IG 3 .8A), to provide long-term soil reinf o r c eme nt . T h e ma t ting is composed of a threedimensional ma t ting s t r u ct ure f o rmed from coir, a by -product of t h e co c onu t indus t r y . C125BN supplements the willow’ s soil ret ention f o r up t o 36 mont hs , allowing the spilling to become establish e d w hils t re pre s sing w e ed growth. The matting is a ch eape r , bio deg radable , re n e wable source of liner, that pr ovides t h e me ans f o r na t ure t o e stablish a permanent front.
[36]
F IGURE 3.8B : Recently installed live willow terraces
F IGURE 3 . 8 C : Established live willow revetment
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
SCALE: 1:150
F IGURE 3 .8 C: Section elevation depicting the use of live willow terraces (mature osier not shown) to retain steep banks, with coir rolls and rock rolls used to provide stabilisation on the opposite bank.
PRIMARY PATH
ACID GRASSLAND BERM
RIPARIAN ZONE
MARGINAL ZONE
RE-NATURALISED BECK
TERRACED LIVE WILLOW REVETMENT
RIPARIAN WOODLAND
[37]
3.0 Hydromorphological Structure + Detailing 3 . 9 T h e Wooded Valley T he ne w na tive w oodland w ill crea t e a r ural f e e l pr omo ting a s e ns e o f escapism on th e cusp of t he Dale s . Acc e s s w ill be di v ide d between an upper level h oggin pat hway ( F ig 3.9A) , acc e s sible for wh eelchairs and an undulating, nar r o w e r lo w e r le ve l e x plora tory pa thway (Fig 3 .9 C). SCALE: 1:20
Hoggin provides an informal feel to t he sit e , w it h t he c ompact e d
F IGURE 3 . 9A : Detail illustrating upper hoggin walkway, to create a natural
surfac e allowing some movement, yet pre s e nting a s olid e nough
feel along the Arcadian Beck.
pathway to be functional. T he lo we r level na ture trail runs clo s e r t o t he B e c k , allo w ing glimps e s throug h th e w oodland. The e xis ting 2m channe l wall
HOGGIN NATURE TRAIL (1.8M WIDTH)
should be redu ced (and repaired ) to a 0.5m re taining t e r rac e . T his
TOW +70.9
EXISTING WALL REMOVED TO 0.5M
allo ws th e b ank to be gently graded at a slope o f 1:3 maximum and c re ate an accessible Beck in an are a t hat was re s t r ict e d
EXISTING RETAINING WALL
STONE REUSED IN NEW RETAINING WALL (0.5M)
BANK REGRADED TO 1:3 TOW +70.20
(F ig. 3.9B) COIR ROLL + PALLET CREATES NEW RIVER MARGINS
+69.6
T he integrated pa th ’s upper b ank should be re taine d w it h a 0.5m grav ity retaining wall, constructed fr om c onc re t e w it h a s t one facing, using th e stone reclaimed fr om t he channe l wall. T his wall re tains the character of th e sit e and pr o v ide s oppo r t unit y
TOW +68.35
fo r s e ating . T he ri ve r b ed should naturalised, w it h lar ge boulde rs , r ive r
SCALE: 1:50
c obble s and a raised terrace to th e w e s t e r n wall, s tabilis e d
F IGURE 3. 9A : Outline section demonstrating recycling of stone from
wi th c oir roll and coir p allets to enable mar ginal vege tation t o
removed channel wall in new gravity retaining wall for woodland walk
e s tablish.
[38]
AVERAGE WATER LEVEL +68.00
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
SCALE: 1:150
F IGURE 3.9C: Section elevation highlighting the use of the retained wall in the bank regrading , establishment of coir and marginal planting and the intimate experience of the new nature trail.
WOODLAND GLADE & PRIMARY PATH
PROPOSED W10 WOODLAND
PATH
WET WOODLAND
RE-NATURALISED BECK
EXISTING BROADLEAF WOODLAND
[39]
THE CITY CENTRE
RIVER AIRE
4.0 Softscape Strategy 4 . 0 Bradford Beck Soft Landscape Proposal T he s o ft landscape strategy seeks to c onve y t he e s s e nc e o f t he dominant vegetation tha t moulds the charact e r o f t he B e c k along it’ s mo s t op en and natural course. T he s trategy is defin ed by four key are as : • Ope n meadow/grassland • Mo o rland inspired heathland / marshy gras sland • Riparian / marginal habitat • Nati ve Woodland T hough the zones are identified on t he plan, t he y are no t limit e d to the s e sites. Th e different habitat s f lo w o r ganically along t he le ngth o f Beck, merging into one an o t he r as a c ohe sive fabr ic f o r the c o rridor. The sites selected sh owcas e t he pr opo s e d lands cape
N
characte r at par ticularly prominent point s , acting as e xemplar s tudie s o f the stra teg y.
[40]
0
50
100
150
200
250M
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
WOODLAND RIPARIAN/ MARGINAL MOORLAND INSPIRED HEATHLAND. MARSHY GRASSLAND
OPEN MEADOW/ GRASSLAND
[41]
HE AT HL A ND MI X : Specifically formulated to emulate the character of the surrounding moorland symbolic of Yorkshire
4.0 Softscape Strategy 4 . 1 Mo orland Marsh Zone The Moorland Zone should imitate the planting of the Marsh areas
COMMON NAME
% OF MIX
Calluna vulgaris
Heather
45
Deschampsia flexuosa
Wavy Hair-Grass
10
Empetrum nigrum
Crowberry
15
Nardus stricta
Mat Grass
15
Vaccinium myr tillus
Bilberry
15
M A RS H Y GR A S S L A ND MI X : An indicative mix to define the character of the wet zones
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
% OF MIX
Caltha palustris
Marsh Marigold
4
of grasses. The Calluna will attract visitors with vibrant purple
Carex sp.
Sedge sp.
15
displays from July to November, and entice residents to go beyond
Carum ver ticillatum
Whorled Caraway
6
to see the shrub in it’s natural splendour on a large scale in the
Crepis paludosa
Marsh Hawks Beard
2
Dactylorhiza fuchsii
Common Spotted Orchid
4
Deschampsia caespitosa
Tufted Hair-Grass
5
The heathland habitat should organically flow into the marshy
Juncus effusus
Soft Rush
40
grassland, creating a seamless transition from one zone to the
Juncus inflexus
Hard Rush
10
Molinia caerula
Purple Moor Grass
14
of Baildon Moor. The uplands are dominated by Calluna vulgaris and bilberry, a valuable source of berries for beds, with a blend
local countryside, whilst providing evergreen coverage throughout the year.
next. Species should be intermingled between the areas, with heathland having a more dominant position in the drier areas between retention pools along the gradient. The wildflowers will take prominence in the swales and in the wettest sloped stream/
SP ECIME N T RE E MI X : Trees selected to create developing character over time and allow visitors to watch the park grow.
flush areas with Juncus effusus dominating the edges of ponds and
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
FORM
HEIGHT (CM)
ROOT
% OF MIX
the lower level slope. The planting schedule is not exhaustive and
Alnus glutinosa
Common Alder
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
20
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
14
Betula pubescens
Downy Birch
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
15
on the moorland landscape. The upper slopes will be interspersed
Crataegus monogyna
Hawthorn
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
8
with Quercus robus, Betula pendula, Crataegus monogyna and
Quercus robur
Pendunculate Oak
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
11
Sorbus aucuparia in wide spread groups of 3 or as single trees.
Salix capria
Goat Willow
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
7
Salix cinerea
Grey Willow
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
5
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
20
offers a star ting point, to be developed as the site is refined. Specimen trees will planted as transplants to imitate succession
The lowlands will be colonised by the remaining specified species, grouped around the wetter areas and planted sporadically along the water’s edge.
[42]
LATIN NAME
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
SCALE: 1:150 (VIEW: SOUTH)
FIGURE 4.1A : Indicative planting section-elevation demonstrating the transition between habitat types from upland heath to marginal reeds at the river edge.
HEIGHT AOD (M)
[43]
4.0
WAT ERVOL E MI X : Specifically formulated mix to support a thriving watervole habitat
Softscape Strategy
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
% OF MIX
SPECIFICATION
Caltha palustris
Marsh Marigold
5
Plug; Pre-established
quali ty o f th e b eck, rein forcing th e eff e ct s o f e xis ting mat ure t re e s
Carex acutiformis
Lesser Pond Sedge
20
Plug; Pre-established
to be re tained (subject to tree surve y) . St re amside planting has
Glyceria maxima
Sweet Reed Grass
15
Plug; Pre-established
the ability to moderate stream temp e rat ure , pr o v iding shade and
Iris pseudacorus
Yellow Flag Iris
30
Plug; Pre-established
she l te r in the wa ter, produce leaf lit t e r , and he lp s tabilis e r ive r
Lythrum salicaria
Purple Loosestrife
10
Plug; Pre-established
Mentha aquatica
Water Mint
5
Plug; Pre-established
Phalaris arundinacea
Reed Canary Grass
15
Plug; Pre-established
4 . 2 Rip arian/ Marginal Zone Nati ve rip arian w oodland planting w ill signif icant ly e nhanc e t he
bank s . T h ey can also trap sediment and abs o r b nut r ie nt s , such as ni troge n, to improve th e quality of the sur r ounding s oil, and re duc e the v olume of contaminants pollu ting t he wat e r . Planting sh ould take place between N o vembe r and M ar ch, w it h tre e s planted in group s and as sing le spe cime ns t o t he spe cif ie d ratio . A range of sizes have b een sp e cif ie d t o c re at e an imme diat e
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
FORM
HEIGHT (CM)
CLEAR STEM
ROOT
% OF MIX
Alnus glutinosa
C ommon A lde r
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
4
Betula pendula
Sil ve r Bir ch
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
2
to pre s e rve optimum conditions w ithin t he B e c k . Tre e s should be
Betula pubescens
D o w ny Bir ch
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
2
plac e d s o as not restrict th e g row th o f po sitione d eme r ge nt s and
Salix alba
W hi t e W illo w
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
1
marginals in coir pallets throug h overshado w ing.
Salix capria
G o a t W illo w
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
2
T he marginal zon e consists of a spe cial planting mix de signe d
Salix cinerea
Gre y W illo w
Standard (8-10cm)
250-300
175-200
B
2
to pro v ide the ideal habita t for th e wat e r v ole . F ollo w ing t he
Alnus glutinosa
C ommon A lde r
Feather (2x)
175-200
B
6
re s tructure and stabilisation of th e b ank s , t he pre -e s tablishe d c oir
Betula pendula
Sil ve r Bir ch
Feather (2x)
125-150
B
3
Betula pubescens
D o w ny Bir ch
Feather (2x)
125-150
B
4
Alnus glutinosa
C ommon A lde r
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
20
Prio r to delivery to site, plants should be gr o w n in outdo o r w e t be ds
Betula pendula
Sil ve r Bir ch
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
14
to e s tablish hardy mature plants (12 -24 mont hs ) . Plugs should be
Betula pubescens
D o w ny Bir ch
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
12
plante d in the coir p allets at a rate o f 20 plant s pe r m ( F ig. 4.2B ) .
Salix alba
W hi t e W illo w
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
12
Salix capria
G o a t W illo w
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
8
Salix cinerea
Gre y W illo w
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
8
varie d e ffect in heigh t and form , mimic k ing succ e s sion ( F ig. 4.2A) . Tre e s should b e planted and managed t hr ough r o tational c oppicing to maintain a b alance of around 6 0% ope n wat e r t o 40% shade d,
rolls should b e staked into position .
4 . 2 . 1 C oir Pallet Establishment
2
T he ro o ts sh ould have b ecome clearly e s tablishe d t hr ough t he bas e o f the c oir to crea te a dense mat of r o o t and r hizome t o e nsure rapid c oloniza tion of the site.
[44]
RIPARIAN W O ODL A ND MI X : Woodland mix to be planted sporadically and in groups within 15m buffer zone
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
HEIGHT AOD (M)
SCALE: 1:150 (VIEW: SOUTH)
FIGURE 4.2A : Indicative planting section-elevation showcasing the proposed riparian habitat composition, depth and corresponding water level.
SCALE: 1:20
FIGURE 4 .2B: Ilustrative spacing density diagram for a 2000 x 1000mm standard coir pallet (planted at a rate of 20 plants per m2).
[45]
GR A S S L A ND MI X : Typical wild grass mix for the terraced banks.
4.0
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
% OF MIX
SPECIFICATION
Agrostis capillaris
Common Bent
10
Seed
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Sweet Vernal Grass
5
Seed
Cynosurus cristatus
Crested Dog’s Tail
10
Seed
Deschampsia cespitosa
Tufted Hair-Grass
20
Seed
Festuca ovina
Sheep’s Fescue
15
Seed
Festuca rubra
Slender Creeping Red Fescue
30
Seed
Holcus lanatus
Yorkshire Fog
10
Seed
Softscape Strategy 4 . 3 N a tive Lowland Meadow/ Grassland Buffer T he lo wland meadow and g rass buff e r should pre s e nt a nat ural ope n f e e l t o the Be c k . Th e meadow mix provides an inf o r mal uppe r plat e au adjac e nt t o t he gre e nway, design ed to provide colour and inc re as e bio dive rsit y, at t racting
ME A D O W MI X : 20% Meadow Mix to be combined with selected 80% grass mix from for the elevated area above the Beck.
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
% OF MIX
SPECIFICATION
which c reates a visible, op en Beck, e nc ouraging e xplo ration. Se le ct e d s cat t e d
Achillea millefolium
Yarrow
0.5
Seed
upland trees throug hout the area pro v ide she lt e r and pr o v ide impo r tant w ildlif e
Centaurea nigra
Common Knapweed
4
Seed
Galium verum
Lady’s Bedstraw
2.5
Seed
Leucanthemum vulgare
Oxeye Daisy
1
Seed
by hand or machine. Weeds sh ould be remo ve d be f o re hand w it h a he r bicide . An
Lotus corniculatus
Birdsfoot Trefoil
0.5
Seed
annual weed flush usually occurs w ithin t he f irs t gr o w ing s e as on, w hich should
Plantago lanceolata
Ribwor t Plantain
2
Seed
be mo we d to contain . A utumn sow n mixe s should be cut bac k aft e r f lo w e r ing in
Plantago media
Hoary Plantain
0.5
Seed
mid- summer in the first year, to allo w t he mix t he spac e it ne e ds t o de ve lop.
Prunella vulgaris
Selfheal
2
Seed
Ranunculus acris
Meadow Buttercup
4.2
Seed
Rhinanthus minor
Yellow Rattle
1.5
Seed
Rumex acetosa
Common Sorrel
1
Seed
Trifolium pratense
Wild Red Clover
0.3
Seed
pollinato rs to the site. Th e g rassland mix simulat e s lo cal gras sland habitat s ,
be ne fi ts . T he mi x e s should b e surface sown in Aut umn o r Spr ing, in war m , mois t c onditions
Onc e e s tablish ed , under take a hay cu t aft e r f lo w e r ing in July/ Augus t , t he n mo w the regrow th through to la te au tumn/ w int e r t o 50mm and again in spr ing, if ne e de d.
SCAT T ERED TRE ES
[46]
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
FORM
GIRTH
HEIGHT
ROOT
Acer campestre
Field Maple
RB
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
RB
Crataegus Monogyna
Hawthorn
RB
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan
RB
Quercus robur
Penduculate Oak
RB
CLEAR STEM
NOTES
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
FIGURE 4 .3 A: Planting section-elevation to highlight the meadow habitat flowing into grassland and marginal planting with light tree cover. SCALE: 1:150 (VIEW: SOUTH)
HEIGHT AOD (M)
[47]
F IGURE 4 .4 A: Wooded Valley section-elevation showing the existing woodland on the western bank and the proposed woodland becoming established to the east. SCALE: 1:150 (VIEW: SOUTH)
HEIGHT AOD (M)
F IGURE 4 .4 B: Wooded Valley transect (6m wide) showing the general arrangement of the mature canopy, developing canopy, understory and field layer. SCALE: 1:150
[48]
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
4.0 Softscape Strategy
T he f o r me r w ill b e charact e r is e d b y dominant Qu e r cus r obur ,
4 . 4 N e w Nati ve Woodland
spe cie s , w it h a mi x o f o t h e r na ti ve sp e cie s pr o v iding di ve rsi t y and
T he Wo o ded Valley forms an integ ral par t o f t he Ar cadian B e c k .
a re silie nt w o o dland agains t dis e as e . T h e unde rs t o r y shr ub lay e r
Ex te nding th e existing w oodland acro s s t he wat e r c ours e pre s e nt s
w ill be c ompo s ed pre dominant l y o f C o r y lus ave llana and Cra taeg us
the oppo r tunity to crea te a coh erent band o f native w o o dland. T he
monogyna( s e e planting s ch e dule p . 5 0 - 51 ) .
B e t ula pe ndula , F ra x inus e x c e lsio r and A c e r p s e udopla tanus
ne w planting would create a key wildlif e c o r r ido r ac r o s s t he B e c k at the nor th ern end of the site.
A w ild gras s mi x w ill b e s e e de d t o suppre s s w e e d e s tablishme nt as t he t re e s ma t ure , re du cing c omp e ti tion . Onc e ma t ure , a f ie ld
Tre e spe cies are selected b ased on th o s e pre s e nt in lo cal w o o dland,
laye r dictat e d b y Rubus fr u ctic o sus and P t e r idium aquilinum w ill
wi th the introduction of n ew na tive spe cie s t o e nhanc e t he dive rsit y
be de ve lope d, w i t h annual spr ing bulb display s o f H y acint h oide s
o f spe cies and habita ts. Th e w oodland w ould pr o v ide manif old
non-s c r ipta and A n e n ome n emo r o s a .
wildlife b en efits, w ith sp ecies chos e n t o suppo r t a ple t ho ra o f ins e cts and birds. P rime examples include B e t ula pe ndula, w hich
T he w o o dland sh ould b e s t r u ct ure d w i t h Cra taeg us mon og y na ,
suppo r ts a variety of insects, providing f o o d f o r bir ds along w it h
M alus s ylve s t r is and P r unus p adus de f ining t h e w o o dland e dge ,
the catk ins; Fraxinus excelsior, wh o s e s e e ds are e at e n by bo t h
w it h a mo re ope n can op y . T h e pr imar y p a t h w ill maintain a bu ff e r
birds and mammals and S orbus au cup ar ia, w hich sus tains a var ie t y
ranging fr om 1.5m e i t h e r side in de ns e r sh e l t e re d are as t o 5m in
o f ins e cts and mites and w hose ripe be r r ie s are c onsume d by bir ds
w o o dland glades , re in f o r c e d w i t h a mo re dominant shr ub lay e r t o
throughou t au tumn.
t he w o o dland e dge .
T he wo o dland will b e planted and manage d t o c re at e a var ie d
T he r ipar ian zon e w ill b e plant e d pr incip all y w i t h na ti ve w o o dland
e x pe rie nce, fluctua ting b etw een c o ve re d walk ways and ope n
t hat pre f e rs mois t t o w e t c ondi tions , including A lnus g lu tin o s a ,
cle arings (Fig .4 .4 A). A n undula ting nat ure t rail w ill div ide t he uppe r
Populus nigra var . b e t uli f olia and S ali x capre a , mo de ra ting t h e
nati ve broadleaf w oodland and wette r r ipar ian w o o dland ( F ig.4.4B ) .
t empe rat ure o f t h e B e c k and pr o v iding imp o r tant habi ta t c re a tion .
[49]
GR ASS MIX: Grass mix to be seeded beneath native woodland and understory to supress weed establishment.
4.0
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
SPECIFICATION
% OF MIX
Holcus mollis
Creeping soft-grass
SEED
40
Holcus lanatus
Yorkshire Fog
SEED
25
Deschampsia cespitosa
Tufted Hair Grass
SEED
15
Milium effusum
Wood Millet
SEED
20
Softscape Strategy 4 . 4 . 1 N ati ve Woodland Planting Implementation Tre e planting should take place betwee n N o vembe r and lat e M ar ch, av oiding frosty, windy or drying w ea t he r w he re po s sible . Spe cie s selection and percentage mix should c onf o r m t o t he spe cifie d densities. Transplants w ill be ar range d on a 1.5 x 1.5m grid, planted in single sp ecies groups o f 3-5 w it hin t he planting
F IEL D L AYE R : Field layer to be introduced following the successful establishment of the woodland canopy.
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
SPECIFICATION
% OF MIX
Dryopteris dilatata
Broad Buckler Fern
C; 2L
5
Dryopteris filix-mas
Male Fern
C; 2L
5
Pteridium aquilinum
Bracken Fern
C; 2L
30
Rubus fructicosis
Bramble
C; 2L
10
matri x . Feathered trees w ill be plant e d in single spe cie s gr oups at a minimum of 3m sp acings. A ll wo o dland are as w ill be plant e d wi th a shade tolerant g rass mix to supre s s w e e d gr o w t h and re duc e mainte nance requirements. Nati ve shrub planting w ill form th e wo o dland unde rs t o r y, pr o v iding c rucial habitat creation . Sp ecies s e le ction and de nsitie s w ill c onfo rm to the planting sch edule, w it h spe cie s ar range d on a 1 x 1m grid in single species group s of 7 -15. Rabbi t guards w ill be installed follo w ing planting t o a minimum he ight o f 8 00mm , to encourage establishme nt .
4 . 4 . 2 N ati ve Woodland Management To ensure the successful establishment of the woodland planting, the follow operations should be under taken during the first 12 months:
[50]
• Maintenance of a 1m diameter weed free zone around the base of each woodland shrub, through the application of a glyphosate based herbicide. • Treatments against pests and diseases with spraying and dusting. • Application of slow release fer tiliser around the base of all specimens to ensure soil fer tility is maintained at appropriate levels. • Inspection, adjustment and maintenance of guards, stakes and ties. • Removal of any failed stock, to be replaced with a plant of a similar size in the next available planting season. • Mowing of underlying grass areas to 50mm, whenever a height of 125mm is surpassed.
Ongoing maintenance: • Trees and shrubs should be selectively pruned in the first 2-5 years to promote health and vigour. • Removal of guards and stakes as and when appropriate for the optimum growth of individual plants. • After the first 5 years, planting should be thinned to preserve an attractive woodland quality (every 10 - 15 years). • Formative pruning to retain clear, accessible pedestrian routes through the woodland, reducing understory growth in designated clearings and within the buffer zone. • Deadwood from the new and existing woodland should be placed in habitat piles. • Tree planting in the riparian buffer should be managed by coppicing, to prevent trees becoming too heavy and falling into the river, compromising the bank structure.
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
NATIV E WOODLA ND MIX: Grass mix to be seeded beneath native woodland and understory to supress weed establishment.
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
FORM
HEIGHT (cm)
ROOT
BREAKS
% OF MIX
Acer pseudoplatanus
Sycamore
Feathered (2x)
175-200
B
5
4
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
Feathered (2x)
175-200
B
5
5
Fraxinus excelsior
Ash
Feathered (2x)
175-200
B
5
4
Quercus robur
Pendunculate Oak
Feathered (2x)
175-200
B
5
8
Acer pseudoplatanus
Sycamore
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
6
Alnus glutinosa
Common Alder
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
5
Betula pendula
Silver Birch
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
15
Carpinus betulus
Hornbeam
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
3
Fraxinus excelsior
Ash
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
6
Malus sylvestris
Crab Apple
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
2
Populus nigra var. betulifolia
Black Poplar
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
4
Prunus padus
Bird Cherry
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
2
Salix caprea
Goat Willow
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
4
Sorbus aucuparia
Rowan
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
8
Quercus robur
Pendunculate Oak
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
22
Ulmus glabra
Wych Elm
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
6
UNDERSTORY NATIV E S HRUB PL AN T IN G : Woodland understory layer will create seasonal interest and provide important wildlife habitat.
LATIN NAME
COMMON NAME
FORM
HEIGHT (CM)
ROOT
% OF MIX
Corylus avellana
Hazel
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
45
Crataegus Monogyna
Hawthorn
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
45
Ilex aquifolium
Common Holly
Transplant (1+1)
40-60
B
10
[51]
[52]
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
[53]
5.0 References
5.1 Books
5 . 0 We bsi tes L ands cap e A r chi t e ct ural Graphic Standar ds www.fo re stry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-6MV K4 U #c Managing Riparian Bu ffer Areas, Fores t r y C ommis sion w w w . re s e ar chbr ie f ing s . p ar liame nt . uk / Re s e ar chBr ie f ing / Summar y / CBP- 7514 , 2016. Parliame nt UK w w w . s c o t l a n d . f o r e s t r y . g o v . u k / m a n a g in g / w o r k - o n - s c o t l a n d s national - forest-estate/conserva tion/w ildlif e / mammals / wat e r -v ole
DEF R A w w w .millbo ar d.c o . uk / Millbo ar d C omposi t e D e c k ing w w w .s alixr w .c om/ Salix
l . H opp e r , 20 07 D e sig n e d E c olog ie s : T h e L ands cap e A r chi t e ct ure of Kongjian Yu W . S aunde rs , 2012 Rain G ar de ns N . Dunn e t t & A . Clay don , 20 07 W o o dland M anageme nt : A P ractical Guide
F o re s try Commission S cotland
C . Star r , 2010
www.wildseed .co.uk/
P r o t e ction o f Ri ve r and C anal B ank s
Emo rsgate Seeds
W . H emphill & M . Bramle y , 1989
www.wo o dland trust.org .uk/ T he Wo o dland Trust www.wild trou t.org/ Tre e Management www.no r th yorkmoorsna tionalpark.w o r dpre s s .c om / tag/ pic k e r ing/ T he Official Blog for the Nor th York M o o rs N ational Par k , 2015
[54]
UK Bio dive rsit y A ction P lan ; P r io r i t y Habi ta t D e s c r iptions
W E L C O M E T O BRADFORD
[ TECHNICAL STUDY ]
5 . 2 PDF www.wildwood trust.org /files/wat e r -v ole s -inf o .pdf V.F o rder (20 06 ), Wild Wood Trust . Bradford - Shipley Canal Road C o r r ido r M as t e r plan Ec ology/ Bio diversity Assessment, BDP, 2011 ‘ App endix 2 : Water quality in th e Bradf o r d B e c k and t r ibutar ie s ’, T he Bradford Beck P roject;Aire Rive rs Tr us t , 2012. ‘ Bradford Becks: A New Lease o f L if e ’ Aire Rivers Trust, 2012. Bradford Beck River Restoration Waterman , 2013 National Vegeta tion Classification:F ie ld guide t o w o o dland Joint Nature Conservation Commit t e e , 2004 Aire Ca tchment Flood Manageme nt Plan Env ironment A gency, 2010
[55]
[56]