Volume 1 Report by shilpa gupta

REPORT ON COMPREHENSIVE CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN FOR SATLUJ RIVER BASIN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Volume I Part I: Contents APPROACH, METHODS, ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION Section

Chapter I II III 1 2

2. 1 2 3 3. 1 2 3 4 4. 1 2 3 4 5 5.

1 2 3 4

Content Foreword Team composition Dedication page Executive summary Introduction to Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment for Satluj in Himachal Pradesh Task A: Creation of Baseline Data NERIL’s Approach to the Terms of Reference A1: Preparation of Base Maps using GIS A2: Collection of Baseline Data from the Forest Department A3: Collection of Other Secondary data Physical Factors Forest types Agro-Ecological zone Soil types Task B: Analysis of the current situation Status of existing CAT plans Survey Methodology A4: Collection of Primary Data on Sediment Load Prioritization Bio-diversity of the of Satluj Catchment in HP Task C Plan for prevention of further degradation of catchment (For site specific prescription refer Vol. IV to Vol. XIII) Guide lines for Forestry Guide lines for Bio engineering and Engineering structures Guide lines for Socio – economic measures including agriculture, horticulture & animal husbandry Guide lines for muck disposal Annexures

Page No i-iii i-iv 1.1.1-1.1.5 1.2.1-1.2.6

2.1.1-2.1.6 2.2.1-2.2.2 2.3.1

3.1.1-3.1.5 3.2.1-3.2.4 3.3.1-3.3.3 3.4.1-3.4.6 4.1.1-4.1.3 4.2.1-4.2.5 4.3.1-4.3.32 4.4.1-4.4.5 4.5.1-4.5.67

5.1.1-5.1.14 5.2.1-5.2.14 5.3.1-5.3.2 5.4.1-5.4.9

Foreword

We have a chequered history of application of research on, and management of, impacts of both natural and anthropogenic change on our land and water resources. Early on, in our country when we adopted the linguistic model of separation of states as administrative areas, we commenced the complete neglect of our basic natural life support resources - LAND and WATER. By doing so we de-recognised the value of whole-catchment as a unit of quantifying life support potential of a particular area of common micro and macro climatic conditions resulting in a spatial habitat capable of providing water and food chain linkages to sustain life…for the flora, fauna and therefore the human population as well. Degradation of this habitat has resulted in loss of vegetation which was holding the soils on hill slopes. Introduction of EP Act and the process of environmental clearance by the MoEF did bring to fore the importance of catchment area treatment. Similarly the existing rules under the forest act specifying the procedure for “Diversion of Forest Land for non forest use” did have adequate emphasis on the treatment of Catchment areas. However the focal point of the MoEF clearance is very project specific and it pays greater attention to management of “downstream” effects of specific water resource projects. In much the same manner the focus in a diversion proposal is on the cost benefit, compensatory afforestation provisions and on the budgetary provisions for the specified catchment area. A wide variety of issues, including riparian management, wetlands restoration, water allocation, groundwater abstraction, and green fields’ development, would benefit from an integrated approach to catchment management. Such an approach requires a cooperative effort among land owners, (both government and private), project developers, managers, and scientists; aided by a coordinated mix of process-oriented studies, environmental monitoring, and computer simulation. The focus of our current work in hand is on improving and protecting the soil and moisture regime of specific locale. We are focused on selected processes in Environmental Management Technologies that might be employed to this end. Some may question whether catchment management is really an “innovative” tool. Haven’t we employed catchment management approaches for decades? The answer would have to be yes. However, we never did think of planning on a basin level and execution on each micro watershed level. We never thought beyond the time tested procedures that were not terrain specific. We never did think of people’s participation as a catchment area treatment tool which could enhance and alter their livelihood patterns. ‘What is Comprehensive (Integrated) Catchment Management (ICM)?’ Integrated catchment management (ICM) can be thought of as both a research approach and as an organising philosophy. As a research approach, ICM recognises that the environment is a complex system of interacting resources – an “ecosystem” – operating within a landscape context. The landscape context that we most often consider is the catchment or watershed, in recognition of the central role of water as a critical resource and of catchments as a source of water. It is instructive to recall that it was not until relatively recently that Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Foreword

scientists recognised the inherent power of linking research on water transport to research on material (i.e., nutrients and pollutants) transport across the land. This link has spawned whole new fields of research, such as environmental hydrology and biogeochemistry that have provided powerful new insights into how nature works and how people affect those workings. Thus, the catchment approach has provided an essential framework in which to link research on physical hydrology with research on and management of, water quality, soil quality, vegetation dynamics, and land use. The conceptualisations of ICM as a research tool and as an approach to management are strongly intertwined. A fully-functional ICM approach would include a seamless interaction among knowledge generators, knowledge purchasers, and knowledge users. These individual constituencies interact with one another through the processes of governance, consulting, and outreach. Taken together, these activities create an effective, integrated approach to management of the environment. So to summarise, the definition of ICM or Comprehensive Catchment Treatment would be: An approach which recognises the catchment or river basin as the appropriate organising unit for research on ecosystem processes for the purpose of managing natural resources in a context that includes social, economic and political considerations. The opportunity offered by the state of Himachal Pradesh by proposing this study is of enormous value for studies of physical hydrology, or complex land-use impacts and most importantly the erosion of our lands and heavy silt loads which in turn will ruin our modern projects together with our indigenous living in harmony with nature. It is also very appropriate to start this planning process from the Satluj, as the Satluj basin encompasses more than one third of the state of Himachal Pradesh. She also holds an enormous potential of generation of hydro electricity for future, but sedimentation in the Satluj is a major concern. It occurs due to erosion in the catchment area of the river which results in heavy silt deposition in the river bed and reservoirs, ultimately decreases their carrying and storage capacity. Throughout Himalayan region, watershed resource use and productivity is based on crops, horticulture, pastures and forestry which is largely influenced by geographical and environmental diversity prevailing in different zones. The wide variation in altitude and other agro-climate parameters such as rainfall, snowfall and temperature, broadly classify Himalayan region into four major agro-climate zones. These include • Low hills and valleys • Middle hills and valleys with sub humid climate • High mountains and valleys with temperate climate and • Cold dry desert zone The increased pressure of population on the existing land resources for material needs like food, fodder, fuel and timber and many developmental activities like road construction, new construction and mining etc. have lead to a breakdown in the long held natural equilibrium of the fragile mountain ecosystem. The continued misuse and over exploitation of land resources have resulted and continue to bring in its trail enormous soil erosion in the catchments of Satluj. The increased soil erosion in the mountains has on the one hand, lowered the productivity of land, affected adversely the local water supplies, caused aridity in the climate, increased the incidence of the landslides/slips and on the other hand, posed problems downstream in increasing siltation in the hydroelectric reservoir and more incidences of floods. Already, the Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Foreword

iii

reservoirs of many hydroelectricity projects are getting silted up in frightening proportions, reducing their storage capacity significantly. The experience gained world over shows that it is always wise to treat the catchment of rivers to contain silt inflow than to carry out difficult and expensive dredging operations in the reservoirs. The challenge before us was to sift through this tough terrain and to find, location specific and doable action plans which will encourage participation, while creating a GIS based system to manage and monitor every aspect of the watershed. I dare say that we in NERIL have succeeded in this task. We in NERIL, gratefully acknowledge the cooperation, guidance and enthusiastic support that came from one and all of the HPFD and specifically from Mr. Avey Shukla, Mr. Vinay Tandon, Mr. JS Walia, Ms. Archana Sharma, Mr. SS Negi and many many others in every circle, division, range and beat in this difficult yet enchanting terrain. The suggestions and encouragement by the World Bank officials especially Mr. Piyush Dogra contributed in making this project a success. For over two years, the NERIL team and the experts have worked, thought, dreamt and talked of nothing but the CAT plan. Their involved dedication to this purpose is worthy of appreciation. The completion of this task was made possible due to their relentless efforts.

Commander (Retd) Dipak D Naik. CEO NERIL

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Team composition

TEAM COMPOSITION

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Team composition

TEAM COMPOSITION FOR THE “CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN FOR THE RIVER SATLUJ IN HIMACHAL PRADESH” Sr No

POSITIONS ASSIGNED

TASK ASSIGNED

Project Management

Team Leader

Project planning & monitoring progress, Advise on legal and technical aspects of the project, Approval of final methods of analysis

Mr. RISHI BHALAIK

Project Management

Asst. Project Director

Planning, monitoring and organising technical work; liasioning with project authorities

Ms. REKHA SOMAYAJI

Project Management

Director Admin

Mr. ROSHAN THAKUR

Project Management

Regional Manager

NAME

AREA OF EXPERTISE

TEAM LEADER

Cdr. DD NAIK (Retd.)

MANAGERIAL TEAM

Liasioning with project authorities (client) & different Govt. departments / agencies / officials to get all the secondary data

ENVIRONMENT EXPERTS 5.

Mr. S.K. KAPUR

Environmental Science

Ms.SWARALI BHAT

Environmental Science

Sr. Consultant Environment & Forests

Planning of environment related work, surveys & reports

Environmentalist

*Analysis of primary and secondary data; *Preparation of Environmental Reports.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT EXPERTS 7.

Dr. S.S. GREWAL

Watershed Management

Sr. Consultant: Watershed Management

Dr. H.S. LOHAN

Watershed Management

Consultant: Watershed Management

Mr. SACHIN JOSHI

Civil engineering and CAT plan preparation

Mr. AWANISH KUMAR

Civil engineering and CAT plan preparation

10.

Development of Methodology for watershed analysis and assessment of its status

Civil Engineer

Study of catchment area treatment (CAT) measures up to micro watershed level, planning civil engineering work

Civil Engineer

Study of catchment area treatment (CAT) measures up to micro watershed level, planning civil engineering work

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Team composition

Sr No

NAME

AREA OF EXPERTISE

iii

POSITIONS ASSIGNED

TASK ASSIGNED

GIS Expert

Planning GIS assignment & monitoring progress, planning surveys for primary data collection, report preparation Planning GIS assignment & monitoring progress, planning surveys for primary data collection, report preparation

GIS EXPERTS

11.

Mr. SANDEEP TALEKAR

GIS and Software development

12.

Ms.ARCHANA SHEGOKAR

Geology

GIS Expert

13.

Mr. SUDESH NAIR

GIS and Software development

GIS Expert

14.

Mr.SHRIDHAR PAWAR

GIS and Software development

GIS Expert

GIS surveys, thematic layer preparation, overlays, CAD drawings

15.

Mr. SANJEEV KUMAR YADAV

GIS and Software development

GIS Expert (Satellite Image Interpreter)

*Preparation of Thematic Maps on 1:50,000 scale using Ancillary Information and Multidate Satellite Data. *Estimation of Various Parameters i.e. (Land Use Map, Soil Map, Slope Map & Hydrogeomorphological Map) of Runoff and Soil Loss Models through Remote Sensing. *Calculation of Runoff by using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Model *Estimation of Soil Loss by using Sediment Yield Index Model (SYI) *Preparation of DEM (Digital Elevation Model) of Study Area for understanding physical characteristics of study area.

16.

MR. ABHIJEET KULKARNI

GIS Development

GIS and Software expert

Preparation and design of GIS based Web application

17.

Ms. SHILPA GUPTA

Software development

Software expert

Web page designing

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Team composition

Sr No

NAME

AREA OF EXPERTISE

POSITIONS ASSIGNED

TASK ASSIGNED

Sr. Consultant: Social Expert

*Defining methodology for Socio-socioeconomic studies *Collection and study of the secondary data available on the socioeconomic scenario prevailing in the area *Carrying out sample socio-economic surveys in the villages under study area

Consultant: Social Expert

*Collection and study of the secondary data available on the socioeconomic scenario prevailing in the area *Carrying out sample socio-economic surveys in the villages under study area

Agronomy

Sr. Consultant: Agronomy

Conducting agricultural studies, determining cropping pattern in the basin, and its relation to erosion intensity

SOCIAL EXPERTS

18.

19.

Dr. ANUP KATOCH

Ms. VINITA TATKE

Sociology

AGRONOMY EXPERT

20.

Dr. R.C. THAKUR

GEOLOGISTS 21.

DR. SHAKTI PRAKASH

Geology

Sr. Consultant Geologist

22.

Mr.ABASAHEB DESHMUKH

Geology

Geologist

*Study of Delineation of critically degraded area in the directly drainage catchment on the basis of silt Yield index. *Land use and land cover mapping. *Drainage pattern/map. *Soil map.

FIELD INVESTIGATORS* 23.

LOCAL APPOINTEE

Primary and secondary Data Collection

Collection of Primary and Secondary Data for the entire River Basin

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

â&#x20AC;&#x153;This study is dedicated to the future generation of all live, that will be born and will thrive on the banks of Satluj Riverâ&#x20AC;?

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 1

1.1.1

Section 1: Chapter 1: Executive Summary 1.

Introduction

1.1 We, M/s Naik Environment Research Institute Ltd. (NERIL) were allotted the work for ‘Preparation of a Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment Plan for entire Satluj Basin in HP’. A Memorandum of Understanding for preparation of Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment Plan for Satluj Basin was signed between Government of Himachal Pradesh through Pr. Chief Conservator of Forests, HP and Chairman & Managing Director, Naik Environment Research Institute Ltd. (Consultant) on 25th March, 2009. The duration of the project was 18 months the work commencement date was 1st April, 2009. However due to some compulsive factors it was extended to 21 months. 1.2 The Satluj Basin has a total catchment area of 20,000 sq. km. NERIL’s study area starts from Bilaspur district and extends up to Spiti valley, i.e., the Satluj basin above Kol Dam and its tributary Spiti. The spatial unit of this study is a Micro-watershed. In all we have 179 micro-watersheds in the study area from Kol Dam to Wangtoo and 31 sub catchments from Wangtoo to Spiti region are not demarcated into their micro-watershed. Hence, the sub catchments have been considered as a unit of study for this region. NERIL team of field investigators have visited all the MWSs and SCs. (both inhabited and uninhabited) to collect primary and secondary data in respect of the demography, topography, plantation, status of current treatment measures, pressures on the MWS from various sources etc.

1.3 In order to obviate any subjectivity and to provide a template for uniform observations, a set of 14 check lists was made during the inception stage of this project. These check lists were deliberated upon and approved by the HPFD together with the inception report. Additionally, in order to increase people’s participation NERIL has conducted Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) s. The field investigators by themselves and also accompanied by our experts / consultants, have undertaken stakeholders’ consultations at various levels. Additionally our Sociology and Agricultural experts have independently done RRA / PRA consultations. 1.4 As topographical maps are an essential requirement for generating the base map, NERIL has prepared the base map for the entire project area. The base map was then overlaid with the data collected during primary field Survey. All the deliverables are presented in the GIS application which is helpful to analyze the progress, the changes and requirement of any updating. This developed GIS system is called as NERIL’s Catchment Information System (Satluj) (NCIS). The overlaying of the surveyed data has been completed for all the MWS and sub catchments.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 1 1.5 In order to analyze the current situation, NERIL treatment measures for individual micro-watershed are presented in the NCIS for Plantation Area, Conservation Measures for Forest Areas, as well as for Non Forest Areas and Landslides. The Comprehensive CAT Plan along with Implementation Arrangements, Financial Plan and Monitoring & Evaluation Mechanism is prepared. Silt monitoring system and implementation monitoring sheets for various stakeholders has been prepared and attached.

Structure of the report on “Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment plan for Satluj basin”. 1.6

1.6.1 This section describes in brief about the structure, flow and the content of this report and the corresponding task covered in keeping with the ToR. In the planning, conduct and preparation of the comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment Plan for the Sutlej, NERIL’s endeavor has been to remain closely aligned to the Terms of Reference at every stage of this project. The final report is also arranged in a manner that it’s Volumes, Sections and Chapters represent fulfillment of the Terms of References. The studies as well as the prescription are location specific. The treatment measures are also location specific. Considering the large geographical area of the catchment, this report is submitted in 15 Volumes. 1.6.2 Volume I largely represents the Tasks A, Task B, Task D3 and Task D4 of the Terms of References. It would be prudent to first examine the Contents Page which displays the flow of this Report. It can be seen that preparation of Base map using G.I.S., collection of baseline data from the Forest Department, collection of all other secondary data are in Volume I, Section-1. Volume II relates to the most hazardous of the damages to the

1.1.2

Catchment Area i.e. the landslides. NERIL has chosen to submit the landslides with their description, mitigation and estimates separately in the form of a Red Book which means that while it complies with Tasks D1 of the Terms of References, it warrants utmost urgency as its action plan pertains to the most endangering landslides, land slips and debris flow. 1.6.3 Volume III of the Report refers to deliverable No. 3; which expects NERIL to provide a separate report documenting all Stakeholders Consultations. It will be noticed that the contents of this Volume are intentionally left uncorrected, as it intends to bring out the actual expressions of Stakeholders during such consultations. The Terms of References Task B relates to ‘analysis of the current situation’, whereas Task C asks for preparation of a Plan for prevention of further degradation of the catchment. Similarly, the Task D demands development of CAT Plan Actions in the Catchment in the form of Specific Action Plans (D1), Implementation Arrangements (D2) and Monitoring Plan with Revenue and Evaluation Mechanism (D4). Since these Action Plans relate to specific location, they are not generic in order but are location specific. The study Area from Kol Dam to Wangtoo consists of 10 SubCatchment, comprising of 179 Microwatersheds. These are clubbed in 9 volumes from Volume IV to Volume XII, wherein one such Sub-Catchment represents one Volume, within which all data pertaining to Tasks B, C, D1 and D2 are sequentially provided. (It may be noted that Sub Catchment Sf has only one micro-catchment and, therefore, it is combined with subcatchment Sh in Volume IV. The microcatchment specific collection of information and providing prescriptions to prevent further degradation are given in 14 tabular formats per micro-

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 1

1.1.3

watershed in these volumes (Vol. IV to XIV)

ready instruction software

1.6.4 The All India Soil and Land Use Survey has not yet delineated the Micro-watersheds in areas between Wangtoo to Spiti. As such the Kinnaur Region is distributed in 23 subcatchments and Spiti is delineated in 8 sub catchments. This delineation was done in the year 1991 by Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Palampur (by Dr. S.D.Verma and Dr. P.D. Sharma). NERIL has adhered to the same delineation in its approach. Volume XIII contains the 23 subcatchments of Kinnaur Region and Volume XIV contains 8 sub-catchments of Spiti Region. The methodologies for these sub-catchments remain nearly the same as the methodologies applied for the micro-watersheds in the lower region (i.e. as in Volume IV to Volume XII).

UNIT OF STUDY:

1.6.5 NERIL has provided all this data in its software named as “NERIL’s Satluj Catchment Information System-SCIS”. This goes far beyond the demand of the Terms of References which requires under Task A1 and A5 that a base map using GIS is to be prepared and further GIS Overlays are to be finalised, to represent such data on the base map. NERIL has provided this and in addition has provided its application software which is not merely a soil and moisture survey system but is a dynamic system for keeping an inventory of natural resources together with human habitation.

manual

this

METHODOLOGY FOR DELINEATION AND CODIFICATION OF WATERSHED SYSTEMENT IN INDIA: The All India Soil and Land Use Survey (AISLUS) initiated work on delineation and codification of watersheds in India on a macro level drainage map on 1:1 million scales. The delineation has been done in five stages starting with Water Resources Regions (WRRs) and their subsequent division and sub division into basins, catchments, sub catchments and watershed. Each of these terms indicates decreasing size of the delineated hydrologic unit. Each WRR has been divided into basins which constitutes individual big river. Each basin is then divided into number of catchments which mostly pertain to main tributaries or a group of contiguous small tributaries or individual streams. The catchment is further divided into number of subcatchments which are mainly smaller tributaries and streams. Sub catchment is divided into no. of watersheds which are the smallest sized hydrologic units in the macro level category and can be cartographically delineated on a base map of 1:1 million scales.

The SCIS has the ability to record and monitor access levels to ensure updating the data, its verification, its monitoring at superior authority level and its modification at the senior most levels of intervention. The details of operating instructions of this Information System are in Volume I and also in all 14 Volumes so that the Department officials at all levels have a Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 1

CODIFICATION SYSTEM: Alpha-numeric symbolic codification system consisting of combination of alternating Arabic Numbers and English capital alphabet

are used delineation.

1.1.4

designate

different

The system followed by AISLUS for delineation of boundaries is as follows:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Section 1: Chapter: 1 (a) Demarcation of big tributary catchment code. Each of the subcatchments in Satluj catchment is indicated as Sa, Sb and Sc etc. (b) Sub division of subcatchments into watersheds is indicated by Arabic numerical. Each watershed in each subcatchment is thus coded as Sn1, Sn2, Sn3 etc. The numbering is made from downstream upwards; (c) The watershed is further divided into sub-watershed and differentiated by a small English Alphabet. Thus a complete symbol for sub-watershed gives the information about the catchment, sub-catchment and sub watershed such as Sn1a, Sq1b, Sk1c etc.

1.1.5

For the purpose of Department of Forest delineation in nomenclature, the sub watershed is considered as microwatershed as it is the most convenient size of a hydrologic unit. In case of Satluj this hydrologic unit admeasuring an average of approximately 2000 hectares is named as micro-watershed for the purpose of this study. It must finally be noted that the objective of the soft ware or the volumes of CAT plan continues to remain: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conservation of Soil and Waterâ&#x20AC;?

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2

1.2.1

Section 1: Chapter 2: Introduction to Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment for Satluj in Himachal Pradesh 2.1

Introduction

Himachal Pradesh is predominantly a mountainous state. Its geographical area is about 55,673 km² and is bordered by the states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest per capita incomes in India. Himachal Pradesh generates and sells hydro power to other states, as it has an abundance of perennial rivers with steep descent. The economy of the state is mainly dependent on hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.

2.2

Climate and Geography:

Himachal is situated in the western Himalayas. It is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) above the sea level. There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti, which are cold deserts. Broadly Himachal experience three seasons; the summer, winter and the rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which

experiences mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28°C (82 °F) to 32°C (90 °F). The rainy season is from July to September, which is followed by a relatively warm October. The winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region).

2.3

Drainage System of Himachal Pradesh

The drainage system of Himachal is comprises of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to Indus and Ganga basins. The major river basins of Himachal are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall.

2.4

Satluj River

Satluj, originates at Lake Rakshatal near Mansarover, and is called as ‘Longcchen Khabab’ in Tibet. It flows generally west and southwest till it

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 enters India at Shipkilla at an altitude of 6,608 metres. The Satluj was known as Shatadru or Su盪ｭudri in the Vedic period. It is an important tributary of the Indus River and is the longest of the five rivers. The river cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges The Spiti River joins Satluj from the north at Khab. It runs for 320 km in Himachal Pradesh, Passing through gorges, it emerges from the mountains at Salapad at the tail end of the Govindsagar reservoir of the famous Bhakra dam.

1.2.2

The catchment area of Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is about 20,000 kmﾂｲ. Tributaries of Satluj River in HP: The major right and left bank tributaries joining the Satluj are schematically displayed below.

2.5

Projects on Satluj drainage system

It is a well known fact that the hydropower potential of various River Basins in HP is 20,463.5 MW. Out of which for Satluj Basin alone it is ~9000MW. The details are as follows.

Projects on Satluj Sr No

Name

River/Khad

Nathpa Jhakri

On Satluj

1500

Bhakra Dam

On Satluj

1200

Karcham Wangtoo

On Satluj

1000

Kol Dam

On Satluj

800

Jhangi Thopan

On Satluj

480

Khab 窶的

On Satluj

450

Luri

On Satluj

425

Shongtong- Karcham

On Satluj

402

Yangthang Khab

On Spiti

400

10.

Thopan Powari

On Satluj

400

11.

Rampur

On Satluj

400

12.

Baspa Stage-II

On Baspa

300

13.

Baspa Stage-I

On Baspa

210

14.

Khab 窶的I

On Satluj

186

15.

Chango Yangthang

On Spiti

140

16.

Kashang-III

On Kashang Khad

132

17.

Sumta-Kathang

On Kothans

130

18.

SVP Bhaba

On Bhaba Khad

120

19.

Lara Sumata

On Spiti

104

20.

Tidong-I

On Satluj

100

21.

Tidong-II

On Satluj

22.

Mani Nadang

On Spiti

23.

Keshang-I

On Keshang Khad

24.

Sorang

On Satluj

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 Sr No

1.2.3

Name

River/Khad

25.

Kashang-II

On Keshang Khad

26.

Lara Project

On Spiti

27.

Ropa

On Ropa Khad

28.

Kuling Lara

On Spiti

29.

Ghanvi

On Ghanvi Khad

22.5

30.

Kut

On Kut khad

31.

Ghanvi-II

On Ghanvi Khad

32.

Bahairari

On Bahajrari Khad

5.5

33.

Bhaba Aug. P/H

On Shango Khad

4.50

34.

Nogli Stage-I

On Nogli

2.5

35.

Rongtong

On Rongtong Khad

36.

Chaba

On Nauti Khad

1.75

37.

Rukti

On Rukti Khad

1.5

Total

9450.25

I. Under Operation.

3150.25

II. Under execution in state/Pvt./Central Sector

1880.50

III. DPR Ready

862.00

IV. Under Investigation

692.00

Source:http://www.infraline.com/power/State/Himachal/HPHydroPowerPotential.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1

2.6

Problem Area

The Satluj flows from the high-elevation arid parts of the eastern Himalayan ranges. This is the region of the mountain desert. This orographic rainfall barrier at about 3000 m changes abruptly into very humid sectors further downstream with mean annual precipitation of 3 m.

zone, bounded to the east by the orographic rainfall threshold barrier, is characterized by pronounced geomorphic changes, such as a decrease in river sinuosity, steepening channel gradients and hill slopes over a short distance of a few kilometers. Numerous landslide deposits dammed the Sutlej River and its tributaries in the past and acted as sediment traps storing large quantities of sediment. 1 Thus the Himachal Pradesh faces a gigantic problem of soil erosion and loss of water. The hydro electric projects mentioned above may suffer serious damages by the huge amount of silt coming into their turbines and forcing closure for long periods during the peak generating hours. The silt though

1 This significant increase in precipitation Bookhagen, B.; Thiede, R. C.; Strecker, M. R. 3. Mass Movements, Erosion is also reflected by amplification in Patterns and Sediment Transport along the Sutlej sediment flux, hill slope processes, and River (NW-Himalaya) vegetation cover. The climatic transition Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 directly affects the hydel projects but indirectly causes many uncountable damages to electricity generation, financial loss, losses to electricity user and so on. Apart from these, silt load harms the farming lands during monsoon damages agriculture to the extent that people shift their occupation due to huge losses. The anthropogenic aspects, geology, soil type, rains and snow are main reasons for landslides in this region. They cause severe landslides resulting in endangering human life, loss to biodiversity as well as to infrastructure such as roads and such other development. These issues can only be handled if we have clear knowledge of the catchments of the river Satluj and catchments of its tributaries.

2.7

consequent retention.

soil

1.2.4 or

moisture

loss

Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and transportation of soil. Water is the major agent responsible for this erosion. In many locations, winds, glaciers, etc. also cause soil erosion. Hence planning for treatment of catchments of the major Himalayan Rivers would primarily require collection of a large amount of baseline data. This data was collected from both the primary and secondary sources. The catchment area treatment involves: â&#x20AC;˘

Understanding of the erosion characteristics of the terrain and,

â&#x20AC;˘

Suggesting remedial measures to reduce the erosion rate

Catchment Area

Catchment Area of Satluj River is spread over an area of about 20,000 sq kms. This is highest compared to any other river in Himachal Pradesh. It may be reiterated that in the Himalayas, movement of soil (landslide / soil erosion) is a very common phenomenon. A comprehensive database on terrain conditions, different types of soil of the catchment, natural resources and socio-economic status etc. is essential to evolve an appropriate and site specific treatment plan. NERIL in keeping with the ToRs therefore planned to create an inventory of natural and manmade resources, impacts and infrastructure to arrive at the most appropriate technique for Catchment Area Treatment (CAT). The plan involves various techniques to control erosion in the catchment area. In high hills, variability of site specific parameters such as topography, soils, land use, climate, rainfall sociological compulsions, lively hood options, biodiversity and so on combine together to affect the stability of hill slopes and

The ministry of environment and forest has promulgated a number of projects by types that need the environmental clearance under the EP act. Large river valley projects necessarily need the environmental clearance. Under this routine catchment area treatment plan is made compulsory. However such a plan is restricted in its application to the immediate catchment of the project and it does not cover the entire basin. It must be appreciated that on a large river such as Satluj, the traverse of water is from a very longer distance and that too at the very large velocity. Thus treating the immediate catchment areas does not provide protection from heavy erosion.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 A typical approach for good catchment area treatment is the ridge to valley approach. It means that The eroding surface, and the streams that flow down in the valleys, eventually joining and becoming larger tributaries, have to be

1.2.5 treated from the beginning i.e. from the origin of the river throughout the entire river basin. The Himachal Pradesh government has rightly chosen this approach.

2.7.1. Present Status of Catchment Area Treatment Plans on Satluj River Number of CAT plans approved for Satluj River is 9. Please refer to Section 4 Chapter 1 for details of project wise progress as on 30 Nov 2010. River Basin

Satluj

Total catchment area in HP (in Km2)

20398

Hydroelectric Potential in the River Basin (MW)

Tapped HE potential (MW)

9863.7

4430.75

Number of CAT Plans approved & Total Outlay (Rs. In Lakhs)

Amount deposited by the User Agency

Expenditure till 30.9.2010 (Rs. in lakhs)

Balance to be spent (Rs. in lakhs)

9321.96

9533.59

(Rs. in lakhs) Nine &

16914.99

(18855.55) Source: Presentation by Addl. Chief Secretary Mr. Avay Shukla River Basin Development work For Satluj, Ravi, Beas and Chenab, Initiatives by HP Forest Department

Hydroelectric power potential which can be generated from the river basin is about 9863.7 MW. There are 9 CAT plans prepared for H.E.P on Satluj. Total outlay for this is Rs. 18855.55 lakhs. Total amount deposited by the user agency is Rs. 16914.99 lakhs and expenditure done till 30.9.2010 is Rs.9321.96 lakhs. Balance amount which should be utilized is Rs.9533.59 lakhs. Status of CAT plans for different hydroelectric projects on Satluj River are given below: I.

Hydro-Electric Projects with clearances and CAT Plans approved are:

Baspa - II HEP, Rampur/Shimla

Karchham Wangtoo HEP, Kinnaur

Kashang HEP, Kinnaur

Kol Dam HEP, Bilaspur

Nathpa Jhakri, Rampur/Shimla

Rampur HEP, Rampur/Shimla

II.

Hydro-Electric Projects with clearances awaited and CAT Plans yet to be Commenced are:

Kut HEP, Rampur/Shimla

Sorang HEP, Sarahan/Shimla

9. Tidong HEP, Kinnaur III. Cost Distribution Total cost of all these 9 CAT plan is 19725.06 lakhs. Total amount of funds released for implementation of CAT plans upto 31-03-2010 was 10176.76 lakhs and total amount of funds released during 2010-11 is 1252.84 lakhs.

2.8

Objective

Integrated basin wide watershed management aims at minimizing the sedimentation and ecosystem conservation of the catchment area,

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 which can be further, simplified and listed as: •

2.9

To prevent soil erosion and land degradation

•

To improve land capability and moisture regime

•

To rehabilitate the degraded forest areas slopes and landslide prone areas

•

To promote land-use to match land capability

•

To improve the pasture land

•

To plant wild fruit species and create water resources for wildlife

•

To seek people’s Participation in Planning & Implementation

•

To upgrade skills in planning and execution of land development

1.2.6

D4: Monitoring Plan and Review and Evaluation Mechanism

2.10

Deliverables

1. A Base Map [covering all items in the scope of works] 2. Basin-wide CAT Plan, including Implementation Arrangements, Financing Plan, and Monitoring, Evaluation and Review Plan [covering all items in the scope of works] 3. A separate report documenting all stakeholder consultations during the assignment;

4. All support to the GoHP in public disclosure and consultation during and at the end of the preparation of the Satluj basin CAT plan.

Terms of Reference

Task A: Creation of Baseline Data A1: Preparation of Base Maps using GIS A2: Collection of Baseline Data from the Forest Department A3: Collection of Other Secondary data A4: Collection of Primary Data on Sediment Load A5: Finalization of GIS Overlays Task B: Analysis of the current situation Task C: Plan for Prevention of Further Degradation of Catchments Task D: Develop CAT Plan Actions D1: Specific Action Plans D2: Implementation Arrangements D3: Financing Plan Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1

2.1.1

Section 2: Task A: Creation of Baseline Data Chapter 1: NERILâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S approach to the Terms of Reference UNIT OF STUDY: The unit of study for preparation of this CAT Plan is a MICRO WATERSHED (changed from beat to MWS). This unit was chosen because it was the smallest geographical unit contributing to erosion.

earth surface generated by precipitation (Rain and Snow melt) and controlled by gravitational force. Hydrological cycle define the movement of water on the earth surface.

Evaporation from sea--- Formation of clouds---Clouds generate rainfall---Rain water moves from hills towards the sea----some enter the soil--- some evaporate back to atmosphere from soil and plants---- and major part goes back to sea. The cycle continues in nature and modified by climate. In tropical and sub-tropical regions, monsoonal pattern of hydrological cycle operateâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;most rains occur in 3months followed by small showers, but floods and droughts are common

The reason for this choice is that it is the smallest natural unit which is affected by water and silt transport. This concept is explained in further details here under:

The rain or snow melt flows down the mountain slopes on either side of the ridge line in small streams flowing down and joining together at the bottom of the valley / gully as illustrated below.

Subject of water (H2O) is covered under the discipline of Hydrology. It has two main branches: Surface hydrology and Sub-surface hydrology (Geo-hydrology): Surface hydrology deals with water flow on

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1

The intensity of rain / snow melt, steepness of hill sides, and the nature of the top soil, vegetation, human interference, grazing and many such factors combine to erode the surface

2.1.2

soil and carry it away in the form of silt load. The different problems of a catchment area can be categorized and analysed as illustrated in the next illustration.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1

2.1.3

(Illustrations and text Credits Dr. SS Grewal & Dr.Dogra)

In order to address these problem areas, we need to apply appropriate technological interventions to the current situation so as to minimize / nullify the problems. These interventions are categorized in the illustration on the next page. It can be seen that the technological interventions relate to slope management, drainage line treatments and problem areas needing special treatments. NERIL therefore decided to carry out detailed survey of every MWs

to identify soil erosion and siltation related problems. The survey methodology was selected to suit this intention. It would be apt to state that application of appropriate technological intervention was also selected at the level of MWs based on what was found to be most appropriate intervention to arrest further degradation or to reverse and rectify degraded area. This approach is illustrated in the schematic diagram of the typically treated watershed drawn after the illustration on the next page.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

2.1.4

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1 Delineation of Satluj Catchment in Himachal Pradesh The nomenclature of sub catchments (SC) and micro-watershed (MWs) is according to nomenclatures provided by All India Land Use and Soil Survey. However such nomenclature for Spiti valley and for the area between Wangtoo to upper Kinnaur is yet to be done therefore nomenclature is provided by the Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (HPKVV) is used. The total catchment of Spiti and Satluj is therefore divided in SC and MWs as tabulated below:

•

We have promoted time tested, proven and recommended technologies after review of success or failure of the lessons learnt from the implementation of the previous projects.

•

Our approach is basically to control degradation of land, water and vegetation resources by improving forest cover by conserving the existing ecosystem and addressing the environmental concerns.

•

Our approach is consistent with central and state forest policies to facilitate participatory implementation of the project programmes.

Approach and Methodology •

We have adopted watershed concept / philosophy as specified by the GOI and National Rain fed Area authority and state guidelines.

•

We have adopted integrated, participatory, process based; bottom up approach for social development and top down for technology adoption.

2.1.5

Locations

Sub-catchments

Micro-Watershed

Kol dam to Wangtoo

179

Wangtoo to upper Kinnaur

Not delineated

Spiti

Not delineated

Total

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1

2.1.6

Satluj basin map with Micro-watershed and sub-catchment boundaries

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 2:

2.2.1

Section 2: Chapter 2 Preparation of Base Maps using GIS Although the terms of reference did

changes to each MWS. In addition to

provide for the forest department to

these NERIL has made a GIS based

provide the base map prepared by

inventory of the assets of the HPFD,

Satluj

Limited

such as nurseries, guard huts, forest

(SJVNL), such a base map was not

rest houses and so on to facilitate

available to the FD and therefore not

better informed planning and decision

available to us. NERIL had to prepare a

making. The list of base map and value

base map of the expected 10 layers.

addition layers is tabulated below:

Jal

Vidyut

Nigam

The base map was the start point. All the

primary

and

secondary

data

obtained during the assignment was added as value addition to make an inventory of natural and man made Sr. No.

Base Map Layer

Feature Type

State Administrative Boundary

Polygon

Satluj River

Polyline

Satluj Catchment Boundary

Polygon

Sub Catchment Boundary

Polygon

Watershed Boundary

Polygon

Microwatershed Boundary

Polygon

Tributaries

Polyline

Rivulets

Polyline

Roads

Polyline

Village Locations

Point

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 2:

2.2.2

Sr. No.

Value Added Layers

Feature Type

Digital Elevation Model

Raster Image

Unsupervised Land use and Land cover

Raster Image

Supervised Land use and Land cover

Raster Image

District Administrative

Polygon

Tehsil Administrative

Polygon

Community Development Block Administrative

Polygon

Forest Division

Polygon

Forest Range

Polygon

Forest Beat

Polygon

Agro-ecological Zones

Polygon

Forest Type

Polygon

Landforms Type

Polygon

Rainfall Map

Polygon

Soil Type

Polygon

Plantation Details

Point

Soil Conservation Measures in Forest area Details

Point

Grazing Land Details

Point

Soil Conservation Measures in Non Forest area Details

Point

Landslides Details

Point

Silt Sampling Locations

Point

Priortization

Polygon

Forest Dept. Nurseries

Point

Guard Huts of Forest Dept.

Point

Rest House of Forest Dept.

Point

Hydel Power Projects location

Polygon

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 3

2.3.1

Section 2: Chapter 3: Collection of Baseline Data from the Forest Department A coordination meeting was held in each forest circle, division and range. This exercise was of value as the FD officials were briefed on the need and the importance of the data for the basin level CAT Plan. NERIL’s field investigators and experts received the highest degree of corporation from all levels of the HPFD. In fact, our field investigators were always accompanied by the HPFD staff during their survey of the MWs. This coordination resulted in high reliability and accuracy of the data obtained during the survey of MWs. These meetings also resulted in better coordination.

AT TOLLAND

Data was collected with respect to: •

area under forest,

•

Forest working plans

•

Any area that needs plantation including increasing the plantation density (by species and type),

•

Areas that require soil moisture conservation,

•

Agro-forestry,

•

Grazing Lands.

•

Landslides

•

Journal & Brochure for Huts / nurseries etc

AT POOH

and

The CAT Plans of the EIA and EMP Reports of Projects cleared by MoEF were studied for their efficacy within the basin level planning and for the need to recast the CAT Plans under execution.

AT TABO

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter: 1

3.1.1

Section 3 Collection of Other Secondary data Chapter 1: Physical Factors (Land Forms) 1.1 Introduction

major landslides

This chapter deals with types and sources of secondary data collected. Physical features affect the catchment positively as well as negatively. Inventorying these features has provided the base to arrive at the treatment measures for improvement of catchment in terms of soil and water conservation. While an overview of Satluj basin is provided in this chapter, the full details for each MWS in each Sub-catchment is provided in Volumes IV to XV Sr. No.

Data

Sources

Rivers, Rivulets, and Tributaries; Boundaries of Watershed, SubWatershed and MicroWatershed;

Survey of India; All India Landuse and Soil Survey

Village, Taluka and District boundaries; urban and village settlement areas; roads and highways

Survey of India, Directorate of Economics and Statistics (HP Govt.), Revenue Dept (HP), HPPWD,

Soil type data

National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning

All geological features (faults, fissures, etc.) and location of

Geological Survey of India

Forest areas including forest divisions and forest beats

Forest Survey of India, Forest Department

Grazing areas; cultivated areas and orchards or areas under plantation

State Agricultural Universities, Solan And Palampur, Horticulture, Agricultural And Forest Department, State Revenue Dept.

Siltation data

Bhakra Beas Management Board, Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, Jaypee Hydroelectric, CWC, other Hydroelectric projects like NJPC, Sorang, Ganvi etc

Areas under erosion were taken as per the identification available from the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning and a delineation of the areas was done with respect to the erosion intensity. Following thematic maps were used for delineating areas prone to soil erosion. â&#x20AC;˘

Land use/ Land cover map (Data generated from Indian Remote Sensing (IRS), LISS III sensor

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter: 1 •

Slope map (generated through standard triangulation techniques using digitized counters at 40 m interval derived from Survey of India 1:50,000 scale topographic sheets.)

•

Soil map ( digitized and produced using soil maps available from National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning)

•

Prioritization of each sub-watershed was done which would make the basis for selection of area for treatment of the catchment.

The information concerning FCA cases for diversion of forest lands for non forest use in the Satluj basin since 1991 was also studied. This included following: 1. Area of forest diverted, 2. All amounts levied on the different project implementing agencies on account of

•

Compensatory Afforestation,

ii.

Lease Value of Forest Land,

iii.

Net present value of forests, and

iv.

Any other amount levied in connection with diversion of forest land was gathered from the Forest Department.

Statistics of biodiversity, plantation and forest conservation program was gathered from previous ecological assessment reports. All this data was collected separately for each forest division. NERIL also collected data on how much of the amounts levied on the project implementing agencies has been recovered by the forest department, and thereafter how these amounts were allocated to each DFOs within the forest department.

3.1.2

•

Progress reports for CAT Plan implementation were collected. The expenditure of the amounts collected from the project implementing agencies was assessed. The expenditure data were collected at the level of individual micro-watershed and then incorporated in the GIS portal.

•

The requirement of ToR is that the data in respect of all other plantation, afforestation and forest conservation programs, including state and national government funded forestry projects or schemes, all externally financed projects, all watershed projects etc. be gathered. However, it is stated that, this was not available at village, block and tehsil level. NERIL attempted to obtain this data from all these levels plus from the planning commission at Shimla. It is stated that in the absence of such secondary data NERIL has relied upon the primary data obtained during its 100% site survey.

1.2 Landforms Earth is a collaboration of the various physical features found on its surface. Landforms are the geographical features of earth that manipulate and control the ecosystem, climate, weather and above all they affect the life on the earth. Forces of nature like wind, water, ice and the movement of the tectonic plates of the earth, have all contributed in the formation of these landforms. Some of these landforms are created within few hours while others take years to form and appear. It is essential for these landforms to move and grow in a systematic order under full control and supervision of the natural forces. Any deviation in the normal movement or existence of these landforms can cause immense destruction to life and property.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter: 1

3.1.3

In other words, according to earth sciences and geology sub-fields, a landform or a physical feature comprises of a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography. Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type.1 The entire catchment area of Satluj River has 5 different types of landforms.2 They are listed in this table.

Glaciers are large persistent bodies of ice that originate on land and slowly flow due to the stresses induced by their weight. Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds The Lesser (Lower) ablation (removal of Himalayan Range lies to Unit Description material from the the north of the Sub- 1 surface of an object by Glaciers Himalayan or Sivalik vaporization, chipping, Steep to very steep high Range and south of the 2 or other erosive hills of Greater Himalayas Greater Himalayas. The processes). There is a height of these debate on whether Steep to very steep high 3 mountains varies from glaciers are more hills of Lesser Himalayas 1800 to 4600 meters. erosive than streams, Millions of years of 6 where some workers like Glacio-fluvial valley folding, faulting and over Clague, 1986; Braun, 7 Fluvial valley (River) thrusting have resulted 1989; claim that glaciers into the formation of are more erosive than 3 these mountains. streams while some workers like Sugden, 1976, 1978; LindstroÂ¨m, The Greater Himalayas are the only 1988; have found evidences that there areas in the world other than the Polar is no or little difference in their erosive Regions to be covered with glaciers and powers.4 permafrost. The Satluj basin comprises A valley is a landform, which can range from a few square kilometres to hundreds of square kilometres in area. It is typically a low-lying area of land, surrounded by higher areas such as mountains or hills. Glacial valleys tend to have a peculiar U-shape that contrasts sharply with the V-shape created by stream erosion.5 The glacial valleys were formed several thousand years ago (mostly during the last Ice of the high hills of the Greater Age) because of the erosive power of Himalayas as well as the Lesser Himalayas that have intense slope. 4

List of landforms-Wikipedia 2 State Land Use Board, Himachal Pradesh Govt. 3 type of landformshttp://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/types-oflandforms-11269.html

David R Montgomery ,Valley formation by Fluvial and glacial erosion ,Department of Earth and Space sciences, University of Washington,Seattle,Washington-98195,USA 5 Fundamental e-book-Landforms of glaciationsPhysicalgeography.net

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter: 1 glaciers. Glacio-fluvial valleys are formed when the material moved by glaciers is later sorted and redeposited by flowing streams and rivers formed as a result of the melting ice. Fluvial processes comprise the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition (geology) on the river bed.6 Fluvial valleys are V shaped valleys and are created as a result of stream erosion. Physically based models have proposed that the development of U-shaped glacial valleys takes place from initially V-shaped fluvial valleys (Harbor et al., 1988; Hirano and Aniya, 1988; Harbor, 1992).7 The distribution of these landforms in our project area can be seen in the map given here after:

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia David R Montgomery, Valley formation by Fluvial and glacial erosion, Department of Earth and Space sciences, University of Washington,Seattle,Washington-98195,USA 7

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

3.1.4

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter: 1

3.1.5

Unit

Description

Glaciers

Steep to very steep high hills of Greater Himalayas

Steep to very steep high hills of Lesser Himalayas

Glacio-fluvial valley

Fluvial valley (River)

Note: Units are assigned to facilitate short and simple representation of the landform titles which are descriptive in nature. These units will be used as names of the landforms.

It can be seen from the map above that Glacio-fluvial type is seen in very small region in pink colour with unit no. 6. The major area is covered by type Steep to very steep high hills of Greater Himalayas followed by Steep to very steep high hills of Lesser Himalayas.

Glaciers are also seen in some region. Thus our study area has a variety of landforms that range from glaciers to steep hills of the Himalayas.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter 2

3.2.1

Section 3: Chapter 2: Physical Factors (Forest types) According to the India State Forest Report, 2009 of FSI, the actual forest area occupied in HP is 14668 kmÂ˛ that accounts to about 26.35% of its area. The forest cover of Himachal Pradesh constitutes to nearly 0.44% of the total forest cover of India.1

The trees commonly found in the Dry alpine forests are Juniperus, Caragana,

When forests are classified into different types, the key factors taken into consideration are climate, soil type, topography, and elevation. As a result, the forest types vary from region to region. Thus out of the various types of forests that are present in India, our study area has the following forest types: Sr No

Forest types

Units

Dry alpine forests

Moist alpine forests

Dry alpine forests - Juniperus

Sub-alpine forests

Himalayan moist temperate forests

Eurctia,Salix and Myricaria. These trees and shrubs have needle shaped leaves which reduce transpiration in the extreme cold climate.

Sub-tropical pine forests

Sub-tropical hill forests

broad

leaved

Note: Units are assigned to the forest types so as to facilitate short and simple representation of the forest types which are descriptive in nature. These units will be used as names of the forest types

Chief characteristic feature of the moist alpine forest is dominance of dwarf, evergreen shrubby conifers and broadleaved trees along with prominent shrub layer under them. The dominant trees in these forests are Juniperus and Rhododendron while prominent shrubs are Thalictrum, Lonicera, Saxifraga, Arenaria, Bergia, Sedum and Primula. These shrubs have beautifully colored flowers and fruits.

Forest Survey of India report,2009-Himachal Pradesh

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter 2

3.2.2

above 100 cm. These forests have a combination of evergreen and deciduous trees. The evergreen trees have leaves throughout the year whereas the deciduous types shed leaves at maturity. The trees that are commonly observed are pines or spruces like Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Abies pindrew etc.3

Moist alpine forests- Arenaria The characteristic feature of the subalpine forests is presence of some evergreen conifers and broad-leaved trees along with prominent shrub layer. These Sub-alpine trees have triangular shape so as to prevent excess accumulation of snow on their 2 surfaces . Himalayan Moist temperateâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cedrus deodara Sub-tropical pine forests occur in the middle altitudes i.e. between 15002000m of the Himalayas. Chief characteristics of the forests are pine trees like Pinus roxburghii and Pinus khasiana.

Sub-alpine forests - Betulla utilis The Himalayan Moist temperate types of forests are also present in the catchment area of Satluj which is under our study. These forests are found at 1700-3500 m altitude in eastern and western Himalayas. They occur in areas having annual rainfall 2

Environment of Earth-Physiographical regions of India

Environment of Earth-Natural vegetation of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter 2

3.2.3

Sub-tropical catechu

Sub-tropical pineâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Pinus roxburghii Another type of forest observed in our study area is Sub-tropical broad leaved hill forest. As the name suggests, the forests comprise of broad leaved trees like Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catachu, Cedrela toona, Anthocephalus cadamba, Lagerstroemia parviflora. The soil is rich in alluvium deposited by rivers that drain through the Himalayas.4

broad

leaved

Acacia

The details account of the trees mentioned above can be found in the Biodiversity section of the report. The distribution of these Forest types in our project area has been represented in the map given at the end of this chapter: As described previously, elevation plays an important role in deciding the forest type of a region. Similarly in the project area, the tropical zone extends from 1000-1200 m while the subtropical zone is present upto 2200m. The sub-tropical zone is an intermediate between the Tropical and Alpine zone. The alpine zone exists between the Tree line and the Snowline. The tree line is the edge of habitat beyond which trees are unable to grow because of the harsh environmental conditions whereas the Snow line is point above which snow and ice cover the ground throughout the year. The Alpine type of forest is further divided into 3 subtypes viz Dry Alpine, Moist Alpine and Sub-alpine. The Dry alpine forest extends from 2,200 to 2,700 m while the Moist Alpine forest are present between 2,700 to 3,600 m. The Sub-alpine

Environment of Earth-Natural vegetation of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 3: Chapter 2 forests are present just below the snowline upto an elevation of 5000m.

3.2.4

This map shows that there are 6 different types of forest in the Project area. The details of the types of forest are described in the following section:

Dry alpine forests Moist alpine forests Sub-alpine forests Himalayan moist temperate forests Sub-tropical pine forests Sub-tropical broad leaved hill forests Satluj river Spiti river

Map showing the various forest types of the Satluj Catchment

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 3

3.3.1

Section 3: Chapter 3: Physical Factors (Agro-Ecological zones) India is gifted with heterogeneous landforms. It has a variety of climatic conditions like the lofty mountains, raverine deltas, high altitude forests and peninsular plateaus. Besides it is also endowed with temperatures varying from arctic cold to equatorial hot, and rainfall from extreme aridity with only a few cms (<10 cm) to perhumid with worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maximum rainfall (1120 cm) of several hundred cms. These factors have led to formation of varied landforms like high plateau, open valleys, rolling upland, plains, swampy low lands and barren deserts. Such varying environmental situations in the country have resulted in a greater variety of soils. Therefore, the systematic appraisal of agroecological regions has tremendous scope in grouping relatively homogenous regions in terms of soil, climate and physiography and conducive moisture availability periods (length of growing season).1

Climate of the study region is cold or warm. The climate is dependent on the elevation of the region. Our project area has a variety of bioclimatic conditions that range from Arid, Semi-arid, Semi-dry, Dry, Sub-Humid, Per humid to Moist. The physiography or location of our project is the Lesser or Greater Himalayas. The length of growing period refers to the time taken in days by the crops grown in the particular region. Here the LGP ranges from less than 60 days to 330 days. It can be observed here that time required for the growth of crops increases as we go from higher elevation to lower elevation.

The nomenclature used in describing AEZ may be denoted as CBcPL Where: C= Climate Bc = Bioclimate P= Physiography LGP= Length (days)

growing

period

1 K.S Gajbhiye and C.Mandal, Agro-Ecological Zones, their Soil Resource and Cropping Systems ,National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 3

3.3.2

The agro-ecological zones (AEZ) which are present in our project area are: Sr No

Agro-ecological zone

Unit

Cold, Arid, Greater Himalayas with <60 days LGP

Cold to Warm Semi-arid, Semi-dry, Greater Himalayas with 60-120 days LGP

Warm, Dry, Sub-Humid, Greater Himalayas with 120-180 days LGP

Warm, Sub-humid, Moist, Lesser Himalayas with 180-270 days LGP

Warm, Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 270-300 days LGP

Humid/Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 300-330 days LGP

Note: Units are assigned to the agro-ecological zones so as to facilitate short and simple representation of the agro-ecological zones which are descriptive in nature. Henceforth these units will be used as names of the agro-ecological zones.

Farms on the banks of Spiti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A view from the Key Monastery

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 3

3.3.3

The LGP refers to Length of growing period in days for a certain crop. The distribution of the agro-ecological zones in our project area can be seen in the map given below:

Legend: Cold, Arid, Greater Himalayas with <60 days LGP Cold to Warm Semi-arid, Semi-dry, Greater Himalayas with 60120 days LGP Warm, Dry, Sub-Humid, Greater Himalayas with 120-180 days LGP Warm, Sub-humid, Moist, Lesser Himalayas with 180-270 days LGP Warm, Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 270-300 days LGP Humid/Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 300-330 days LGP Satluj river Sub catchment boundary

Map showing the distribution of various agro-ecological zones in the Satluj catchment

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4

3.4.1

Section 3: Chapter 4: Physical Factors (Soil types) Soil is one of the most important natural resource. It is indispensable for the existence of plants and animals. Most soil forming material is derived from the disintegration of rocks by a process known as weathering. This process involves a combination of mechanical agents such as expansion and contraction, and chemical reactions such as solution. Besides various biological processes which are

driven by microbes and plants play an important role in soil formation. Soils of India are classified based on their colour, structure and place where they are found. Himachal Pradesh is present in the mountainous region and it is well drained by a wide range of seasonal and perennial rivers. These rivers carry a lot of silt and deposit the alluvium on the banks. As a result, the soil types vary in Himachal Pradesh.

The soil types which are present in our project area are: Sr No 1

Soil types

Unit

Rock outcrops covered with glaciers: associated with: Shallow, excessively drained, sandy skeletal soils with sandy surface, severe erosion and strong stoniness.

Shallow, excessively drained, sandy skeletal soils on very steep slopes with sandy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness, associated with: Rock outcrops.

Mountain & valley glaciers & rock outcrops; associated with; medium deep, excessively drained, sandy-skeletal soil on very steep slopes with sandy surface, severe erosion & moderate stoniness.

Rock outcrops associated with medium deep excessively drained, loamyskeletal soils on very steep slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness.

Rock outcrops associated with deep, excessively drained, sandy-skeletal soils with loamy surface, very severe erosion and moderate stoniness.

Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, mesic, coarse-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and severe drained, fine-loamy soils with loamy surface and severe erosion.

Rock outcrops associated with, Medium deep, excessively drained, mesic loamy-skeletal soils on very steep slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness.

Deep. Excessively drained, mesic. Loamy. Skeletal soils on very steep slopes with loamy surface. severe erosion and moderate stoniness associated with Rock outcrops

Rock outcrops, associated with Medium deep, somewhat excessively drained, mesic, sandy soils on steep slopes with sandy surface and severe erosion.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4 Sr No 10

3.4.2

Soil types

Unit

Medium deep, somewhat excessively drained, mesic, coarse-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and slight stoniness associated with Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, coarseloamy soils with loamy surface, severe erosion and slight stoniness.

Shallow, excessively drained. Thermic, sandy-skeletal soils on steep slopes with loamy surface, very severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated with, Rock outcrops.

Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, thermic, loamy-skeletal soils on moderately steep slopes with loamy surface. Severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated erosion and strong stoniness, associated with Rock outcrops.

Shallow, well drained, thermic. loamy, skeletal soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface, moderate erosion and moderate stoniness, associated with Shallow, somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils with loamy surface, severe erosion and severe erosion and slight stoniness.

Medium deep well drained, thermic. Fine loamy calcareous soils on moderately steep slop16es with loamy surface and severe erosion, associated with, Medium deep, well drained, fine-loamy soils with loamy surface and moderate erosion.

Medium deep, well drained, thermic, fine loamy soils on moderately steep slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and slight stoniness, associated with Shallow, well drained, fine-loamy soils with loamy surface and moderate erosion.

Medium deep to deep, well drained, thermic. Fine-loamy soils on steep slopes with loamy surface and moderate erosion, associated with medium deep, well drained, coarse-loamy soils with loamy surface and severe erosion.

Deep, well drained, thermic, fine-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and moderate erosion, associated with Medium deep, well drained. Loamy-skeletal soils with loamy surface and severe erosion.

Medium deep, well drained, thermic, fine loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and slight stoniness, associated with Medium deep. Somewhat excessively drained, coarse-loamy soils with loamy surface and severe erosion.

Medium deep, well drained, thermic, fine- loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and severe erosion, associated Shallow, well drained, coarse-loamy soils with loamy surface, severe erosion and slight stoniness.

Medium deep well drained thermic, coarse-Ioamv soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and moderate erosion associated with Shallow. Excessively drained. Coarse-loamy. Calcareous soils with loamy surface and moderate erosion.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4 Sr No 21

3.4.3

Soil types

Unit

Medium deep to deep, well drained, thermic, loamy-skeletal soils on steep slopes with loamy surface and severe erosion associated with Medium deep well drained, calcareous, fine-loamy soils with loamy surface and moderate erosion.

Medium deep. Well drained. Thermic. Loamy. Skeletal soils on very gentle slopes with loamy surface. Moderate erosion and moderate stoniness, associated with Deep. Well drained fine-loamy soils with loamy surface and slight erosion.

Medium deep, well drained, thermic, fine-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and moderate erosion associated with Medium deep well drained coarse-loamy soils with loamy surface and moderate erosion.

Deep, moderately well drained, hyperthermic, fine-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface and moderate erosion, associated with Medium deep, somewhat excessively drained, sandy soils with loamy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness.

Note: Units are assigned to the soil types so as to facilitate short and simple representation of the soil types which are descriptive in nature. Henceforth these units will be used as names of the Soil types for convenience sake.

Our project area has about 24 different types of soils. The map given below is for representational purpose and has Sub catchment boundary evident along with the soil layers:

Map

showing

the

distribution

soil

types

the

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Satluj

catchment

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4

3.4.4

From the map it is evident that the distribution of soil types in the Project area varies greatly. Hence it is convenient to refer the SCIS for better understanding of the soil types in each sub-catchment of micro-watershed.

Meanwhile we can understand the soil type from following graph

Rainfall:

is from July to September. Our project area has the rainfall which is divided into the following ranges:

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly and mountainous state situated between 30°22’ and 33°12’ N latitude and 75°47’ and 79°4’ E longitude. Its neighbors are Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Punjab in the west and south west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the South and Tibet in the east.

It is surrounded by mountainous regions except for Haryana and Uttar Pradesh which have sub-mountainous terrain. The altitudes in various areas range from 350-7000 m above MSL1. This affects the amount of rainfall in the region. The Monsoon season in HP 1 Himachal Pradesh Profile, Development reportPlanning commission of India

From the given graph below, we can analyze that soil type no. 55 covers maximum project area of 72,609 Ha. followed by soil 49.

Rainfall determines the cropping season of a region. In areas like Himachal Pradesh which have underdeveloped irrigation facilities, Sr No

Rainfall range in mm

<700

750-1000

1000-1500

1500-2000

>2000

almost all of the agricultural activities depend on the rainfall.2 Maximum rainfall getting region is smallest and that is Sub-catchment Si. Whereas major area gets rainfall below 700mm and those are Kinnaur and Lahaul Spiti.

2 GENERAL REVIEW Economic Situation at National Level http://himachal.nic.in/finance/ES/eseng08.pdf

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4

3.4.5

The distribution of rainfall in our study area is represented in the map given below:

Conclusion: Major portion of the project is covered by Steep to very steep high hills of Greater Himalayas which is most of the time in a year covered with snow. The population here is very less. The forest type is of dry alpine and moist alpine with rainfall less than 700mm which is lowest in entire Satluj basin. It is in this region that the crops take lesser time to cultivate with agro-ecological zones Cold, Arid, Greater Himalayas with <60 days LGP and Cold to Warm Semi-arid, Semi-dry, Greater Himalayas with 60-120 days LGP. It is strange that when majority of the time this region is cover with snow and strong cold winds, the vegetation here can grow with less that 60 or less than 120 days. While the lower elevation area has Steep to very steep high hills of Lesser Himalayas with very less snow covered days. The population here is high comparatively. The forest type is Subalpine, Himalayan moist temperate, Sub-tropical pine, Sub-tropical broad

leaved hill type. The time taken by crops to grow is maximum with agroecological zones like ‘Warm, Subhumid, Moist, Lesser Himalayas with 180-270 days LGP’; ‘Warm, Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 270-300 days LGP’; ‘Humid/Per humid, Lesser Himalayas with 300-330 days LGP’. The rainfall zone varies from 7501000mm to more than 2000mm.

4.1

Other references:

1. ICIMOD, The Changing Himalayas: Impact of Climate Change on

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 3 Chapter: 4 Water Resources and Livelihoods in the Greater Himalayas 2. Manmohan Nath Kaul, The glacial and fluvial geomorphology of western Himalayas. 3. Forest cover assessment in western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh using IRS 1C/1D WiFS data 4. P. K. Joshi*, Sarnam Singh, Shefali Agarwal and P. S. Roy Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

3.4.6

(National Remote Sensing Agency), 4 Kalidas Road, P. B. No. 135, Dehra Dun 248 001, India 5. Yash Veer Bhatnagar, Relocation from Wildlife Reserves in the Greater and Trans-Himalayas: Is it Necessary? Nature Conservation Foundation and Snow Leopard Trust-India 6. G. W. A. Sparrow, Soils and Landforms, Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association-March 1965

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 1

4.1.1

Section 4: Task B: Analysis of the current situation Chapter1: Status of existing CAT plans The rivers of Himachal Pradesh have ample water as a result of monsoon rains and snow melt. The gradient of the rivers is favorable for harnessing electricity. Thus in order to reap the benefit, number of hydro-electric projects is coming up in this region. This chapter gives a brief account of the CAT plans that are prepared for the various Hydro-electric projects on River Satluj that are constructed or are under construction. For the basin level catchment area treatment plan of Satluj and her tributaries one has to take into account the following: (a) The projects which are completed and CAT Plan money already expended; (b) Projects which are in progress and CAT Plan funds are partially spent; (c) Projects whose D.P.Rs. are approved and CAT Plan Funds are yet to be received; (d) Projects likely to come up on Satluj and her tributaries in a foreseeable future of next 10 years. In accordance with the guidelines of the State Government, presently major projects above 25 MWs of Hydro Electric Potential are to provide 2.5% of the Project Cost as allocated funds for Catchment Area Treatment. Recently, there is a move to make this provision

applicable, to projects from 10 to 25 MWs. This will also increase the contribution to Catchment Area Treatment Funds. It is considered uneconomical for such projects Below 10 MW capacities, to allocate funds for Catchment Area Treatment Plan. As per the present status of such possibilities of hydro electric potential of Satluj and her tributaries, there are a total of 31 projects which will be contributing to the Catchment Area Treatment Plan Fund. Some of those have already contributed some amounts for CAT Plan Funds. The amounts which have already been sanctioned by MOEF and those which may be partly or fully utilized are already known. For the future projects, it is safe to presume that the cost of Project can be expected to be Rs. 7 crore per MW of the planned capacity. Thus if a 100 MW Project is in the pipeline for the future execution its cost can be expected to Rs. 700 crores and its future contribution to the Catchment Area Treatment can be expected to be Rs. 17.5 crores @ 2.5% of the project cost. The list of projects on Satluj River and its tributaries has been obtained for all the known projects under planning at present and for those which are likely to be executed in next 10 years or earlier. Nine CAT plans have been approved for Satluj River. The details of these project wise CAT plans and their progress as on 31March 2011 are tabulated here under.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 1

4.1.2

Hydro-Electric Project-wise Information regarding Funds Received from User Agencies and Funds Utilised under CAT Plans on Afforestation, Soil Conservation Works & Other Ancillary Activities Funds Deposited by User Agencies up to 31.08.2010 Name of HydroElectric Project Sr. No.

Total Cost of CAT Plan

Funds Deposited in State Govt. Treasury

Funds Deposited with Ad-hoc CAMPA, GoI

Total Funds Deposited

Funds released for the Implement -ation of CAT Plan up to 31.03.2010

Detail of Main Activities showing Targets Achieved and Funds Utilised under CAT Plans up to 31.03.2010 Afforestation Works (Including Maintenance)

Area (In Ha.)

Funds Utilised

Soil Conservation Works

Other Ancillary Activities

Structures Constructed (In Nos.)

Funds Utilised

Total Funds Utilised

Funds released for Implementation of CAT Plan during 2010-11 (Inc. Bal. for 09-10)

(All Financial Figures - Rupees in Lakhs) 1

Baspa - II HEP, Rampur/Shimla

2882

905.00

1211.98

2116.98

1291.68

515

159.93

1058

666.24

322.04

1148.21

96.99

Karchham Wangtoo HEP, Kinnaur

3194

722.38

1987.93

2710.31

888.39

294

141.26

4968

586.69

116.39

844.34

354.92

Kashang HEP, Kinnaur

303

56.19

247

303.19

4.51

466

11.08

40.41

56.00

18.93

Kol Dam HEP, Bilaspur

6523

5044

1401

6445

5523.21

10334

2014.36

21391

1530.36

1164.09

4708.81

355.58

Nathpa Jhakri, Rampur/Shimla

2957

650

1500

2150

1649.74

896

225.57

352.4

754.52

400.44

1380.53

122.22

Rampur HEP, Rampur/Shimla

2327

1693.49

767.58

401

81.46

3395

333.72

254.45

669.63

167.79

Total: (1-6)

18186

7377.57

8041.40

15418.97

10176.60

12455

2627.09

31630.40

3882.61

2297.82

8807.52

1116.43

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 1

4.1.3

Hydro-Electric Projects with Clearances awaited and CAT Plans yet to Commence: Detail of Main Activities showing Targets Achieved and Funds Utilised under CAT Plans up to 31.03.2010

Funds Deposited by User Agencies up to 31.08.2010

Name of HydroElectric Project Total Cost of CAT Plan

Sr. No.

Funds Deposited in State Govt. Treasury

Funds Deposited with Ad-hoc CAMPA, GoI

Total Funds Deposited

Funds released for the Implement -ation of CAT Plan up to 31.03.2010

Afforestation Works (Including Maintenance)

Soil Conservation Works

Area (In Ha.)

Structures Constructed (In Nos.)

Funds Utilised

Total Funds Utilised

Funds released for Implementation of CAT Plan during 2010-11 (Inc. Bal. for 09-10)

Funds Utilised

Other Ancillary Activities

(All Financial Figures - Rupees in Lakhs)

Kut HEP, Rampur/Shimla

167.21

13.52

Sorang HEP, Sarahan/Shimla

647.00

603.97

0.00

61.05

Tidong HEP, Kinnaur

724.85

624.84

0.00

61.84

Total: (7-9):

1539.06

1396.02

0.00

136.41

Grand Total:

19725.06

7377.57

9437.42

16814.99

10176.60

12455.00

2627.09

31630.40

3882.61

2297.82

8807.52

1252.84

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 2

4.2.1

Section 4: Chapter 2: Survey Methodology and coverage Surveys using checklist method (Please refer annexure No.s (a)1, (a)2 and (a)3 for check lists) Accuracy and uniformity of obtained data is very important for the assessment of the current situation. In order to avoid any subjectivity, NERIL prepared a set of 14 checklists. We prepared checklists for each microwatershed (Refer check lists table Nos.

1 to 9), as well as for the community development blocks (CD Blocks). (Refer check list table Nos.10 to 14). The procedures and expertise for obtaining these data for microwatersheds were different than those for the CD blocks. It is diagrammatically shown below:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 2

2.1

Sample Survey

Looking at the topography of the area it was evident that site verification is a very important task in this Himalayan region. Vintage of the available maps, and shadow regions in imagery, were identified as the limitations for reaching the desired accuracy of findings and prescriptions. The need to

4.2.2

have a record of first hand stake holders consultations together with the need to prepare an actionable CAT plan resulted in 100 % field survey. Thus NERIL in consultation with the HPFD formulated the sampling size for the degree of accuracy required to arrive at accurate findings. Details of the sample size are provided below:

2.1.1 Sample size for the survey of Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 2 CD blocks: In each CD block sampling of villages were carried out based on this criteria. Household sampling was done based on their landholding and the classification is provided below: Landholding

Classification

Landless

Nil

Less than 1 Ha

Marginal

1Ha -2 Ha

Small

More than 2 Ha

Large

Based on above classification and secondary data number of households was selected for sampling.

2.2

Silt sampling sites:

List of 52 sampling sites were finalised and submitted at the inception stage. But later on as the understanding about the project area increased it was increased to 62. As mentioned in ToR NERIL was to take silt samples in 15 days in monsoon and based on these results, the readings for high silt yielding micro-watershed at the end of monsoon were to be taken again. This was to be done to understand which micro-watershed render more silt into the river. After readings of 2009 monsoon season were taken, the analysis suggested that due to sub normal rain in that year may provide erroneous result. The data for these sites were obtained in 2010 again the analysis suggested that top 10 sites yielding high silt were all

4.2.3 from sub-catchment where microwatershed delineation was not completed. In other words these sites were from Kinnaur, Spiti, the upper, regions of Satluj catchment.

2.3

Survey Methodology

In order to procure accurate information NERIL had formulated the checklists (Refer Annexure (a)1 ). Socio economic and agronomical aspects like agriculture, horticulture, vegetable crops and livestock which affect and get affected by catchment are dealt at CD block level. Therefore this kind of data was collected at block level. The checklist for the same is attached at (Refer Annexure (a)2 ). These checklists were analysed and the analysis sheet was sent to the expert for their analysis, selection of sites to be visited by experts and for report writing. The analysis sheets are placed at (Refer Annexure (a)3 ).

2.1.2 Field verification by Expert Base on the primary and secondary data collected and its analysis, the NERIL experts selected the sample locations for quality control and for on site assessment visits. The locations visited by the experts are highlighted in yellow in the maps given below:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 2

4.2.4

34% micro-watershed visited

Sub-catchment visited in Kinnaur region

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 2

4.2.5

Sub-catchments visited in Spiti region

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.1

Section 4: Chapter 3: TaskA4: Collection of Primary Data on Sediment Load 3.1.

Introduction

3.1.3. Hassle

3.1.1. Geography and geology The Satluj River is with extreme slopes and high relief. In areas of high relief, hill slope processes dominate surface geomorphology and can lead to the damming of rivers and formation of lakes upstream. These basins provide a record of natural climatic variations along the river profile and divide the regions in different sedimentation and erosion compartments. The Satluj Valley (32N, 78E) in NW India is dominated by the antecedent Sutlej River, the third-largest river in the Himalayas. 1It flows perpendicular through the orogen and cuts through all major geologic units of the Tethyan Himalaya, High and Lesser Himalayan Crystallines, and Lower Himalayan units. The geomorphologic changes across thrust faults bounding these units provide valuable insights into the evolution of the orogen.

High sediment concentration in the water of Satluj River remains a serious cause of concern which is evident from the rapid siltation of Bhakra Dam Reservoir (Gobind Sagar) and other water bodies. In view of impending energy crisis in the country, several hydro-electric projects were planned both on the main river and its important tributaries.

High silt load caused serious operational problems in the turbines of these projects and hence the need of CAT Plans was felt.

3.1.2. Climate In addition to the geologic and tectonic changes along the Satluj river profile, climate also changes significantly. The high-elevation arid parts of the orogen on the eastern side of Himalayan orographic rainfall barrier at about 3000 m change abruptly into very humid sectors further downstream with mean annual precipitation of 3m. This significant increase in precipitation is also reflected by amplification in sediment flux, hill slope processes, and vegetation cover.

Mass Movements, Erosion Patterns And Sediment Transport Along The Sutlej River (NWHimalaya) B. Bookhagen (1), R.C. Thiede (1), M.R. Strecker (1) (1) Institue of Geosciences, University of Potsdam

Five main sources of sediment are well recognized and are as follows: a. Glacial wash/muck triggered by melting of snow on steep mountains This is mainly contributed by Satluj River when it flows through Tibet

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 and Spiti River which joins Satluj at Khab. Because of steep slope and narrow rocky passage, the velocity is very high and is associated with lot of turbulence in the flow and hence sediment transport power is very high. This problem is specific to snow bound areas above the tree line. Many locals say that the main sources are located in China controlled territory and hence the major part of the problem is beyond our control. In the Indian Territory, much effort to contain the problem has not been made. The options are also limited by terrain and climate imposed limitations. b. Unscientific disposal of debris generated by road construction activity. Himachal Pradesh is a fast developing state where improving road connectivity is very high on the agenda of the Government. The rural roads are being constructed in a very fragile landscape. The highways are being widened by cutting the hills. The hydro-electric projects need to carry heavy machinery and hence need wider roads. The debris thus produced is not properly placed at dump sites and is just pushed on the lower side slopes. This results in heavy erosion during the rainy season contributing silt to the river flow. Ecology and development are in conflict. c.

Landslides and land slips

4.3.2

irrigated orchards on terraced uplands, the rocky sub-stratum generally had saturated soil profiles. The sub-surface flow moves down the slope and saturates the soil mass located on steep slopes below the orchards. This saturation not only increases the weight of the soil mass but also reduces soil strength upon wetting. This phenomenon becomes the cause of landslides. d. Severe soil drainage lines

erosion

the

The rills and gullies on steeply sloping landscapes are deepening and widening under the debris laden high velocity water flow. The landscape denudation and degradation is accentuating the problem of soil erosion in drainage lines. This also includes stream bank erosion in lower reaches. e. Severe soil erosion from common grazing lands/ waste lands Livestock substantially contribute to the economy of hill farmers. The scarcity of forage leads to the problem of illicit and over grazing in the adjoining forests. The common grazing lands are over exploited and hardly support useful fodder trees and grasses. The scarcity of fuel wood leads to cutting/pollarding/chopping of trees and branches. The nomadic glazers with their rights further contribute to the removal of protective vegetation cover thus leading to soil erosion problem. It is now well recognized that well stocked forests, well terraced farm lands and rocky exposed areas are not the only contributors to the soil erosion and sedimentation problems. Even though some amount of soil erosion is inescapable, it is generally within

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 the permissible limits. It is well known that northern aspects are moist and generally well covered with good forests and vegetation and soil erosion problem is relatively less severe. However, southern aspects are dry, desiccated and devoid of good vegetation and infested with zerophytic and thorny plant species of little economic use. Certain Global trends like the global warming have led to siltation in the Himalayan Rivers. The effects of de-glaciation of the Himalayas can be felt in this region. According to a study carried out by the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, it has been highlighted that in a Himalayan river the glacial content comprises 80 per cent of the silt load. Rapid melting of glaciers has led to an increase in the sediments coming into the rivers from the onset of the melting season.

4.3.3

Hence in order to understand the silt load in our area of project, silt sampling was undertaken. It was carried at various locations in the Satluj River and its tributaries. The methodology adopted for the silt analysis is as per the TOR and is documented hereafter.

3.2.

Silt sampling locations

In order to understand the causes of soil erosion we need to know which region contributes to silt load and therefore a network of nullahs were studied. The locations where silt sampling would be carried out were finalized by the team of experts at NERIL after field visits. About 60 locations were selected for sampling. These sampling sites were given the names of the Khads (streams) in which they were present. Out of the 60 khads at which sampling was carried out, the maximum numbers of sampling locations can be seen in the map given below:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Legends Signs

Descriptions Catchment boundary Satluj river Sampling points

Map showing silt sampling locations in Satluj Catchment Area

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.4

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.5

Later, these 60 Khads (streams) were differentiated into 3 regions viz Snow, Snow-monsoon and Monsoon depending on the season pattern they Sr. Sr. Snow region No. No.

have. The list of khads in snow region, snow monsoon region and monsoon region is as follows: Snow â&#x20AC;&#x201C; monsoon region

Sr. No.

Monsoon region

Spiti River at Losar

Rialdang Nala

Choling Khad

Losar Nala

Narado Khad

Duling Khad

Thuna Nala (Hansa)

Chhitkul Nala

Ramni Khad

Gyundi Nala

Kutang khad

Panvi Khad

Shilla Nala

Shushang khad

Wangar Gad

Rongtong Khad/ Rangrik Khad

Shoney khad

Solding khad

Giew Nala

Mansa (Mastrang) Khad

Manglad Khad

Lingti Khad

Gograng khad

Sumej Khad

Pin River

Kharogla Khad

Kajo Khad

Tabo Nala

Seringcha Khad

Kuni Gad

Lifu Nala/ Leo Khad

Hurba khad

Broni Khad

Spiti at Khab

Gungrang khad

Nogli Gad

Satluj at Khab

Rukti khad

Kurpan Gad

Titang Khad

Baspa at Sangla

Machhada Gad

Chhaso Khad/Ropa Gad

Chansu khad

Bhaira Khad

Gyamthung/Nesang Khad

Shong khad

Sainj Khad

Kirang Khad

Brua khad

Jajjar Khad

Tidong Khad

Baturi khad

Kingal Khad

Kashang Khad

Behna Khad

Pangi Gad

Kotlu Khad

Karsog Khad

Sainj Khad

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Sampling site has been demonstrated on map and is displayed below. Layer of tributary network is not shown for clarity. Here the map has been shown

just to have a general idea about the distribution of sampling sites in the study area.

Legends Signs

4.3.6

Descriptions Sub-catchment boundary Satluj river Sampling points

Map showing the sampling locations along with the Sub catchments of Satluj Catchment Area

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 The map shown below represents the locations of the various Snow, Snowmonsoon and Monsoon regions present

4.3.7

in the Satluj basin. The map shows the maximum regions which can be clearly represented in the map.

Legends Signs

Descriptions Sub-catchment boundary Satluj river Sampling points

Map showing the various sampling sites with regards to their region of occurrence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 All above shown map in the form of layers can be seen in SCIS (The GIS application). Each of the 60 Khads (streams) was sampled in such a way that each khad had 15 silt readings. These readings were reported Khadwise and later tabulated. The analysis of the silt load is given hereafter:

Only in case of tributaries of Satluj River namely Baspa and Spiti the sampling is done in more numbers due to the high silt carrying capacity. Sampling season considered here is of monsoon. Dates of sample taken vary based on the monsoon arrival in that location.

3.4. 3.3.

Sampling Methodology

Pattern of Sit sampling location is quite evident from the maps provided but for better clarity schematic view has been displayed below.

4.3.8

Heavy silt carriers and Silt load pattern in Satluj Basin

The graphical illustration of average silt load of all the Khads (streams) for the year 2010 is given below. It is observed that out of the 60 Khads (streams) that were sampled, about 5 Khads (streams) have higher silt i.e. above 2000 ppm. It is also evident that 13 Khads (streams) have negligible average silt value in the range of 1.18-2.8 ppm

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.9

The Khads (streams) that were reported to have highest (top ten) average silt values are given below:

The graph represents that during the silt sampling in 2010, the tributary of Satluj at Khab has the highest average silt load of 3909.2 ppm which is followed by Chhaso Khad/Ropa Gad which has 3661.86 ppm of average silt. The khad at Baspa (Sangla) which falls under the snow-monsoon region receives 1958.27 ppm of average silt. Whereas the Duling khad which receives water only during monsoons has 1723.82 ppm of silt average in the year 2010.

To know the location of each of these streams in the basin, map is displayed below. It is evident from the map that the river Satluj at Khab receives the highest amount of silt. Out of the 10 Khads (streams) that have reported high average silt load, 8 Khads (streams) are from the Snow region while 1 khad is recorded from Monsoon and 1 khad from Snow-monsoon regions. Thus it can be noted that the erosive power of moving snow is greater than the power of water.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 Location of silt sample site having high averages is as follows:

Legends Signs

Descriptions Sub-catchment boundary Satluj river Sampling points Site with highest average silt load

Source: GIS software

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.10

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 It can be observed that all above points lie in snow and snow-monsoon region. Thus consistently silt load of such magnitude is carried from these regions to monsoon region. High silt averages are commonly observed in areas having degraded landscape or where no vegetation exists. Population of these regions is very low and so inturn the human interference is also low. Thus the harsh weather conditions and destabilized banks are mainly responsible for the soil erosion. Other natural reasons are the global warming which is causing the rapid deglaciation. As per the TOR, the Khads (streams) which report higher silt values in the

initial 15 readings of sampling are marked. Then for these areas, additional 50 readings of silt are proposed to be taken. Since there is no further demarcation of the Sub catchments into micro-watershed we have not taken the silt samples.

High silt loads Silt data for all the sample locations were studied. To know the highest reading rather highest silt load received in the sampling we sorted out the data and presented it on the map below.

Legends Signs

4.3.11

Descriptions Sub-catchment boundary Satluj river Sampling points Site with highest silt load

Map showing the locations having highest silt loads Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 The data collected for the silt load indicates that the Satluj at Khab has the highest silt reading of 22286 ppm in the entire sampling season. This is followed by the Spiti at Khab which has the second highest silt reading of 14436 ppm. A difference can be observed in above two maps and that is, High values

Average

Absolute high silt load values

High in snow and snow-monsoon region

Distributed the basin

In low population

In low as well as high population

Natural intervention more

Human interference more

National issues

border

all

3.5.

4.3.12

Analysis of sampled locations with highest silt load

Sampled locations showing highest average load and lowest average load were selected and pattern of silt load received is being analyzed here. This has helped us in understanding the frequency at which high silt load is being received. Further this has also resulted in speculating the reasons of high average silt obtained in that particular stream. 1. Satluj at Khab

More no. of development project and other activities

Silt load received by the river at this point i.e. just after river enters the Indian Border shows highest silt load i.e. 22286 ppm whereas there is a slight fluctuation in silt load in first 13 readings. It can be seen from the graph that there is sudden increase in the silt load, talking to the locals in this region it was realized that large amount of silt loaded water flows from the Chinese side causing unpredicted deluge. This sampling area is present in Sub catchment no. 20 of the Satluj basin.

S a t l u j a t K h A b Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.13

2. Chhaso Khad/Ropa Gad This tributary is after Titang. The region receives water from the

snow

melt.

The

graph

plotted for Silt data indicates that there is a decrease in silt from 3450 ppm to 1936 ppm from Reading 1 to Reading 3 and later there is increase in silt load upto 9064 ppm on Reading 10.

This

sampling

area

present in Sub catchment no 18 of the Satluj basin.

Confluence of Chhaso khad (steam) and Satluj river 3. Spiti at Khab This region receives water from the snow melt. The graph plotted for the silt shows that the silt increases

consistently

from

Reading 1 to Reading 12 i.e. from 878 ppm to 2443 ppm but the silt increases rapidly thereafter and reaches a value as high as 14436 ppm.

This

sampling

area

present in Sub catchment no 19A of the Satluj basin

4. Losar Stream This stream lies in the snow region which receives water due to snow melt. During the 15 Reading silt sampling period; it was observed that Reading 1 of silt was as high as 3350 ppm which

experiences

gradual Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 decrease followed by an increase which was followed by reduction of silt upto 978 ppm by Reading 15. Overall, the silt

rate

shows

many

fluctuations

throughout the sampling period. This sampling

area

present

Sub

catchment no 19F of the Satluj basin.

5. Baspa at Sangla This region receives water from both snow melt and monsoon rains. During the

silt

sampling

period;

was

observed that Reading 1 of silt was 637 ppm

which

experiences

gradual

increase upto 3707 ppm by Reading 9 which

was

followed

gradual

reduction of silt upto 814.1 ppm by Reading 15. The graph drawn appears like an inverted funnel with a distinct peak value. This sampling

area

present in Sub catchment no. 7 of the Satluj basin.

6. Giew Nala Out of the 15 readings taken, first 5 readings show subtle decrease in silt while the next 8 readings show gradual increase followed by gradual decrease till we reach Reading 15. This sampling area is present in Sub catchment no. 19B of the Satluj basin.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.14

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 7.

Lifu Nala/ Leo Khad

It is observed that there is a gradual increase in silt from Reading 1 to Reading 10 where the silt readings reach the peak value of 3793 ppm and a gradual decrease in silt is observed upto 857 ppm by Reading 15. The graph shows an inverted funnel shape. This sampling area is present in Sub catchment no. 19A of the Satluj basin.

8. Duling Khad This stream receives water from the monsoon rains. The Reading 1 is 2221 ppm

which

reduces

gradually

upto

Reading 15 to reach a silt load of 971.4 ppm. The reduction in silt readings is very consistent during the sampling period. This sampling area is present in Sub catchment no. 3 of the Satluj basin. 9. Titang Khad The silt at Reading 1 is 4050 ppm which steadily decreases upto 199 ppm by Reading 12 with slight increase in silt reading upto 741 ppm by Reading 15.

Overall

the

readings

decrease

consistently for most portion of the sampling period. This sampling area is present in Sub catchment no. 20 of the Satluj basin.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.15

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 10. Tidong Khad The silt readings produce a perfect curve where the Reading 1 is 100 ppm which increases upto 4214 ppm till Reading

8.Then

the

silt

decrease

gradually upto Reading 15 to reach a value

sampling

low

area

14.2

ppm.

present

This Sub

catchment no. 22 of the Satluj basin.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.16

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 3.6.

Analysis of sampled locations with lowest silt load

The Khads (streams) which have extremely low average silt readings are given below: These areas are present mostly in the snow-monsoon region of the Satluj basin. These streams receive water during the snow melt as well as during the monsoon rains. The low silt readings are an indicator of undisturbed landscape. Another reason could be minimum anthropogenic activity like excavation and dumping. 1. Baturi khad This

khad

(streams)

experiences

extremely low silt readings in the range of 0 to 2.5 ppm. From the graph, it can be observed that the silt value on Reading 1 is 0 ppm which reaches 2.2 by Reading 4. Further, the silt reduces steadily upto Reading 15 where it reaches a value of 0 ppm.

2. Gungrang khad It is observed that the Reading 1 readings of silt

are 0

ppm

which

increase upto 1.8 ppm for Reading 2 and

continues

change

haphazard manner till Reading 15.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.17

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 3. Shoney khad The graph drawn during the sampling period shows that the silt reading fluctuates in the initial 6 values of silt and then attains a constant phase during Reading 6 to Reading 9. After Reading

the

silt

load

steadily

reduces upto 1.1 ppm by Reading 15.

4. Hurba khad Reading 1 value of silt is 1.2 ppm which reduces to 0 ppm for Reading 2 and further increases in a haphazard manner upto Reading 10 and then reduces gradually from Reading 11 to Reading 15

5. Solding khad This is the only area which receives water as a result of monsoon rains, yet has low silt readings. The graph drawn has a haphazard shape with several peaks values. The highest silt value during the sampling period is 2.8 ppm for Reading 6. The average silt value for this khad is 1.9 ppm.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.18

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

6. Narado Khad This khad (streams) receives silt in the range of 1.2 to 3.4 ppm. The graph plotted

for

the

sampling

period

indicates that there is a fluctuation in the silt which initially increases till Reading 5 then slightly decreases. The silt values for the last 8 readings are quite constant which reach 2 ppm by Reading 15. The average silt value of this khad is 2.04 ppm.

7. Rukti khad The silt value for Reading 1 is 1.8 ppm which reaches 0 ppm for Reading 2. It is

observed

that

the

silt

value

constant from Reading 3 to Reading 9 and increases slightly upto Reading 11 and again attain a constant stage till Reading 15. The average silt value of this khad is 2.05 ppm.

8. Brua khad The silt readings fluctuate in the initial 4 readings of the sampling season. After

Reading

the

silt

shows

gradual increase till Reading 15 to reach 3 ppm. The average silt value of this khad is 2.1 ppm.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.19

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Photo of Brua khad

9. Shushang khad This khad (streams) receives silt in the range of 1 ppm to 3.3 ppm during the sampling period. It can be observed from the graph that the silt fluctuates periodically during the sampling period. The average silt load is 2.13 ppm.

10. Kutang khad The silt value is 0 ppm for Reading 1 which is followed by constant rise in values from Reading 2 to Reading 15 of the sampling period. The values of silt are in the range of 0 to 2.7 ppm. The average silt value is 2.2 ppm.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.20

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.21

11. Chansu khad The

graph

sampling

drawn

shows

for

the

silt

increase

values from Reading 1 to Reading 9 followed by a reduction in silt load from Reading 10 to Reading 15. Overall it can be noted that the silt values increase during the initial half of the sampling period followed by a distinct fall.

12. Gograng khad The silt value is 0 ppm on Reading 1 which is followed by a distinct rise in value upto 3.8 ppm for Reading 3. Later from Reading 4 to Reading 15, the silt values reduce steadily from 3.5 to 1.5 ppm. The values of silt are in the range of 0 to 3.8 ppm. The average silt value is 2.67 ppm.

13. Shong khad The silt values show fluctuations in the first 5 readings of sampling but, in the next 10 readings, it is observed that

the silt values reduce steadily from 4 to 1.5 ppm from Reading 6 to Reading 15. The average silt value is 2.87 ppm.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.22

Analysis of silt data obtained from various Hydro-electric projects

project authority to stop the electricity production when the silt flow reaches alarming levels.

The rivers of Himachal Pradesh have excellent electricity generation potential because of the gradient and velocity. Five perennial rivers viz Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna flow through this state. Thus a number of large and small hydroelectric plants have come up on these rivers. River Satluj has the most HEP and boasts of having the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest HEP viz Nathpa Jhakri HEP.

In order to understand the status of silt flow in the Satluj and its tributaries, NERIL has analysed the silt data for consecutive years upto 2010 obtained from the various HEP. The silt data from 8 different locations is analysed and these locations are as follows:

3.7.

Silt is a limiting factor in the electricity production. The electricity generation is hampered as a result of the heavy silt flows during monsoon and snow melt. This results into huge financial losses especially during the peak production season. Silt also damages the turbines and other moving parts. Thus in order to supervise the silt surge, regular silt monitoring is undertaken at the various HEP that are operational on the Satluj river. This monitoring enables the

Baspa at Kuppa

Karcham

Nirath

Jhakri

Nathpa

Ghanvi

Bayal

Satluj at khab and Spiti at khab

The map given below shows the locations of the HEP from which the silt data was obtained.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.23

3.7.1. Baspa at Kuppa The silt load for 11 consecutive years from 2000 to 2010 has been obtained

and the results are tabulated below and for clarity are represented graphically.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.24

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.25

Analysis of graphs: Sr No

Year

Highest silt month

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

July August July June July July July August July August August

Average Silt reading (ppm) 398.3 218.4 1303.7 616.7 651.9 1050.6 1185.1 2283.9 1087.2 732.8 753.4

It is evident that silt load during these 11 years are greater chiefly during the monsoon months of July and August. The maximum silt load in this area was observed in 2007 in the month of August and was recorded as 2283.9 ppm. On the other hand, minimum silt of 218.4 ppm was recorded in August 2001. 3.7.2. Satluj at Karcham The silt load for 10 consecutive years from 2000 to 2010 has been obtained and the results are tabulated below and for clarity are represented graphically.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

4.3.26

Analysis of graphs: Sr No

Year

Highest silt month

Average Silt reading (ppm)

1. 2000

July

2590

2. 2001

July

2740

3. 2003

May

1627.4

4. 2004

August

1923.2

5. 2005

July

9731.2

6. 2006

August

5947.8

7. 2007

August

3714.5

8. 2008

June

3556.3

9. 2009

June

3400.1

10. 2010

August

6989.9

It can be observed from the graphs that the silt load in this area is on the higher side. In these 10 years, the average silt load is in the range of 1627.4 to 9731.2 ppm. Maximum silt is observed in the year 2005 in the month of July while May 2003 has the least silt load reported in this area. During these 10 years, the maximum silt yielding months are June-July-August which is mainly the rainy season. 3.7.3. Satluj at Nirath The silt load for 5 consecutive years from 2006 to 2010 has been obtained and the results are tabulated below and for clarity are represented graphically.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Analysis of graphs:

4.3.27

Year

Highest silt month

Average reading (ppm)

2006

August

5851.9

2007

August

4708.7

2008

June

3178.5

It can be observed that during the 5 years of silt sampling, the highest silt load in each year is in the range of 2757.1 to 9701.2 ppm. Maximum silt is observed in the year 2010 in the month of August while July 2009 has the least silt load reported in this area. During these 10 years, the maximum silt yielding months are June-July-August which is mainly the rainy season.

2009

July

2757.1

3.7.4. Satluj at Jhakri

2010

August

9701.2

The silt load for 5 consecutive years from 2006 to 2010 has been obtained and the results are tabulated below and for clarity are represented graphically.

Sr No

Silt

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Analysis of graphs: Sr No

Year

Highest silt month

Average Silt reading (ppm)

2006

August

6179.8

2007

August

4640.7

2008

June

3090.6

2009

July

1847.2

2010

August

8043.3

4.3.28

During these 5 years it is evident that the silt load is maximum during August as compared to the other months of the year. August of 2010 has the highest i.e. 8043.3 ppm of silt. 3.7.5. Satluj at Nathpa dam The silt load for 6 consecutive years from 2005 to 2010 has been obtained and the results are tabulated below and for clarity are represented graphically.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

Analysis of graphs: Sr No

Year

Highest silt month

Average Silt reading (ppm)

2005

July

11842.2

2006

August

2421.5

2007

August

1469.8

2008

June

1344.1

2009

August

1321.6

2010

April

240.8

4.3.29

It is evident from the graphs that the silt load in July 2005 was extremely high and reached a value of 11842.2 ppm. The silt reading in April 2010 is quite low and has 240.8 ppm of silt. It is observed that the silt reading decreases from 2005 to 2010 which could be as a result of some soil and water conservation measures. As the soil and water conservation measures stabilize over the years, the soil is retained leading to less silt flow. 3.7.6. Ghanvi The monthly silt readings for two years were obtained from this location. Later, these readings were analysed and the results are represented below:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 From the above graphs, it is observed that the silt values are extremely low which is an indication of undisturbed landscape. This area either has good forest cover or some soil-water conservation measures are already successfully implemented here.

Analysis of graphs: Sr No

Year

Highest silt month

Average Silt reading (ppm)

2006

August

5903.8

2007

August

4737.8

2008

April

176.1

2009

July

2301.5

2010

August

9201.8

4.3.30

3.7.7. Bayal The silt data for 5 years i.e. 2006-2010 were analysed and the results are represented below:

In the 5 years, it is evident that the silt load decreases initially but later increases. This indicates that some developmental activity was carried out post 2008 which disturbed the equilibrium. 3.7.8. Satluj at khab and Spiti at khab The two rivers: Satluj and Spiti convergence at Khab. The monthly average silt data at both these rivers is collected for the year 2010. The results are:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3

It is evident from the above graphs that both Satluj and Spiti have high silt loads in the month of August. The silt load in Satluj is higher than that in Spiti.

3.8.

Summary:

Seasonal: From the above data, it can observed that the silt load at various locations is higher during monsoon season. It is during season that most landslips landslides occur.

be the the this and

4.3.31

since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commissioning in 2003, the mega project has been crippled by the 'unexpectedly huge amount of silt' coming into its turbines. This has resulted into its forced closure for long periods during the peak generating hours. Consequently there is underproduction of electricity leading to huge financial losses. The project was designed in such a way that it could withstand silt upto 5000 ppm. But it was observed that the silt exceeds 5000 ppm even during non-peak season.

Yearly: Out of all the years data analysed for silt, it is observed that 6 out of 8 locations mentioned above have the highest silt value in the year 2010. This could be as a result of the rapid development taking place in the area. Many hydro-electric plants are coming up in the region. In addition, a number of roads are being constructed by cutting mountains.

3.9.

Conclusion:

The ill effects of siltation can be felt clearly in the Satluj and its tributaries. The several Hydroelectricity projects that are set up in this area are the ones which are the most affected. Even the nation's largest and newest hydroelectric project, the 1,500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydel Project on the Sutlej River is not an exception. 2Ever

http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?228835, A Dam Squib on Silt Route, Chander Suta Dogra.

Several natural calamities are also responsible for excessive silt load in the Satluj River. An example of this is the breaching of the Pareechoo Lake in China which led to flooding of the Kinnaur region. During this crisis, the silt levels were alarming and reached 1, 51,000 ppm mark. But even after the flood subsided, for days it remained between 20,000 to 30,000 ppm. Based on a 25-year analysis of the silt content in the Sutlej between 1972 and 1996, experts had calculated that silt level beyond the permissible limit (5,000 ppm) in the river would remain high for only four to five days in a year. The experience of the two years (2003-

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter: 3 2005) shows that this has been a gross miscalculationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;silt beyond 5,000 ppm remains for almost two months. Keeping in mind the alarming rates at which silt load is increasing in the area of study, several bioengineering measures have been proposed. The details of these can be seen in following chapters. Meanwhile as per the ToR based on the silt data we are suppose to prioritize the micro-watershed for its treatment.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

4.3.32

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 4: Chapter: 4

4.4.1

Section 4: Chapter 4: Prioritization Considering the massive investment in the watershed development programme, it is important to plan the activities on priority basis for achieving fruitful results, which also facilitate addressing the problematic areas to arrive at suitable solutions. As per ToR we were suppose to classify all the microwatersheds (and sub-watersheds) in 5-6 classes depending on the range of sediment load. This may be called as prioritization. But due to sporadic rainfall the silt sampling was hampered and so calculating the rate of silt load was not possible. Prioritization most of the time can be done through SYI i.e. Sediment Yield Index and data for the same can be obtained through SCIS (Satluj Catchment Information System), so that this procedure can also be followed in future. Formula for this is n Sediment Yield Index (SYI) =∑ (Ai * Wi *DRi) / Aw * 100 i=1 Ai = Area of ith mapping unit (EIMU)

erosion

intensity

Wi = Weightage value of ith mapping unit DRi = Delivery ratio of ith mapping unit Aw = Total area of the watershed n = Number of mapping units.

Erosion intensity Unit Here 1determination of erosion intensity unit is primarily based upon the integrated information on soil

characteristics, physiography, slope and landuse / land cover. But here our study unit being micro-watershed or subcatchment (wherever micro-watershed delineation is not done) and we have considered it as erosion intensity mapping unit (EIMU).

Delivery ratio 2

Delivery ratio based on the type of material, soil erosion, relief length ratio, land cover conditions etc. were assigned to all erosion intensity units depending upon their distance from the nearest stream. 3The delivery ratio is adjudged by the likely delivery of the eroded material into the reservoir. Delivery ratio refers to the percent of the soil material detached from the source area reaching the reservoir through surface flow or travelling through drainage courses. Since the transport phenomenon involves suspension of the soil material and its movement over the land surface of the hydrologic unit, the delivery ratio is governed both by the soil factors affecting the dispersion value of the soils and the watershed attributes determining the flow mechanism. The transport of the suspended material is governed by number of parameters namely shape and size of the watershed, physiography and relief, drainage pattern, drainage density, stream gradient, proximity of the eroded area to the active stream or reservoir and the presence or absence of silt traps within the watershed. As mentioned in above section that we have collected samples at the point just before the stream enters the main river and by 100% sample survey it can be concluded that maximum erosion is along or in

Environmental Management Plans for Parbati Hydroelectric Power Project –Stage III Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, NEERI.

Environmental Management Plans for Parbati Hydroelectric Power Project –Stage III Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, NEERI. 3 EMP Report of Dibang Multipurpose Project, National Productivity Council, Guwahati.

Comprhensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 4: Chapter: 4 proximity to the streams. Considering all the variations due to the kind of secondary and primary data received, availability of the data, we have considered following methodology for prioritization in which all parameters affecting the erosion our considered.

Methodology 4

The resources-based approach is found to be realistic for micro-watershed / subcatchment prioritization since it involves an integrated approach. In the present study, knowledge-based weightage system (Wi as per above formula) has been adopted for the prioritization based on its factors and after vigilantly observation in the field. The basis for assigning weightage to different themes was according to the relative importance of each parameter in the study area. The weightage system adopted here is completely dependent on local terrain and may vary from place to place. The study emphasizes on prioritization of micro-watershed for their development and management on a sustainable basis, based on available natural resources and socio-economic conditions. The various themes, which include drainage density, slope, water capacity, groundwater prospects, wastelands, irrigated area and forest cover, are briefly discussed below. The results of analysis of these parameters are given in Volume II

parameters are then studied and processed for prioritization. iii.

After listing the parameters, weight-ages are given to each parameter and later, ranks are assigned to their relative values. The ranking is done based on the severity because of that parameter for e.g. if parameter ‘A’ has a value high because of which the micro-watershed or sub-catchment is subject to erosion we have ranking its as 1 (first to be treated) whereas if parameter ‘B’ has value low which is good or result into conservation we have marked it as 10 or 5 based on the weightage assigned. In other words, Rank 1 is always allotted to the value which indicates maximum soil degradation or loss of life and/or property. While, rank 5 or 10 is allotted to the value that indicates least soil degradation or loss of life and/or property.

Steps: i.

Based on the field visits and secondary data we selected certain critical parameters.

ii.

Based on the data available, all parameters which affect siltation were listed. These listed

4.4.2

Prioritization of sub-watersheds for sustainable development and management of natural resources: An integrated approach using remote sensing, GIS and socioeconomic data S. Srinivasa Vittala1,*, S. Govindaiah2 and H. Honne Gowda3

Comprhensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 4: Chapter: 4 iv.

Details of these are provided in table below Sr. No.

4.4.3

Parameters

Weight-age

Ranking scheme

Forest cover density

1 to 10

Forest area (%)

1 to 10

Wasteland (%)

1 to 10

Landslide density

1 to 10

Drainage (Km/Km2)

1 to 5

Slope %

1 to 5

Population density

1 to 5

Livestock density

1 to 5

density

The detailed ranking process for each parameter is given below: o Forest cover density: Forest cover in India is defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area with a tree canopy density of more than 10%.5 For example, in a MWS, the Forest cover density (FCD) value is high, then it is given rank 10. This is because more FCD value indicates more forest cover which means less soil erosion. o Forest Area (%) The Forest Area (%) is indicative of the percentage of area occupied by forest land out of the total area of the Microwatershed/Sub catchment. When values of Forest area (%) are higher it indicates that the Microwatershed/Sub catchment has higher forested area. As they are good soil binders and reduce soil erosion higher Forest area

(%) is ranked as 10 in ranking scheme.

our

o Wasteland (%) Waste land refers to the area which is not under agricultural use or forest cover in a Microwatershed/Sub catchment. It usually refers to fallow land or residential area in a Microwatershed/Sub catchment. When the values for Wasteland (%) for a Microwatershed/Sub catchment are higher, it indicates denuded or barren land is more. Such areas have no or less soil moisture due to absence of vegetation cover, as a result, there is huge washout of soil during monsoons or snow melt. Hence such areas must be treated urgently by implementing various bioengineering measures. Thus our ranking scheme, areas with higher Wasteland (%) are ranked as 1.

Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Forest and Tree Cover, August 2009:Contribution as a Carbon Sink, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India

Comprhensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 4: Chapter: 4 o Landslide density

4.4.4

o Livestock density

The landslide density value for a Microwatershed/Sub catchment indicates the number of landslides per unit area of the Microwatershed/Sub catchment. In a Microwatershed, if the Landslide density value is higher, it indicates frequent occurrences of landslides in the area. The severity of landslides in this area being more, life and property are at stake. Thus it should be treated on an urgent basis. Hence it is ranked as 1 in our ranking scheme.

Livestock (also cattle) refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labour6. In our project area, Livestock is the collective term used for sheep, goats, cows and oxen. Livestock is generally raised for subsistence or profit. It is a common practice in modern agriculture. Livestock density refers to the number of domesticated animals (sheep, goats, cows and oxen) per unit area of the microwatershed/Sub catchment. If for a microwatershed/Sub catchment the value of Livestock density is more it shows that the number of livestock is more for that area and thus grazing activity is more, hence in order to protect it we need to take urgent measures. Thus if livestock density is high the microwatershed/Sub catchment is ranked as 1.

o Slope (%) The slope (%) for a Microwatershed/Sub catchment has been computed from the map. More slope % for a Microwatershed/Sub catchment indicates that there is severe slope which will result into landslides and landslips during monsoon or snow melt. Severe slope is also associated with less infiltration and more runoff which causes lot of soil degradation. There is a dire need for treating such areas. Hence areas with higher slope (%) are ranked as 1 in our ranking system.

o Drainage density (km/kmÂ˛) The formula for calculations is:

Drainage density=

Total length of nullahs

in the Microwatershed/

o Population density

Sub catchment (km)

Population density is the human population present per unit area of the Microwatershed/Sub catchment. Microwatersheds/Sub catchments having higher population density indicate that there is dense human population in these areas. Hence, in order to protect life and property it is necessary to treat the Microwatershed/Sub catchment with higher population density first and hence we have ranked it as 1.

Total Area of the Microwatershed/ Sub catchment (kmÂ˛)

Nullahs refer to all the rivulets and tributaries that are present in the Microwatershed/ Sub catchment.

Livestock-Wikipedia Comprhensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume: I: Part I: Section: 4: Chapter: 4

vi.

vii.

viii.

These ranks assigned to each micro-watershed/sub catchment are summated. Then we got the grand total of the ranks assigned to each micro-watershed/sub catchment based on the parameters listed above. Later, depending on the values obtained from the summation, another range from 1 to 10 is formulated. Where rank 1 is assigned to the Microwatersheds/Sub catchments which have minimum summated value while rank 10 is assigned to Microwatersheds/Sub catchments which have maximum or highest summated values

4.4.5

Microwatersheds/Sub catchments which have rank 10 is treated last. ix.

Thus this methodology of prioritization helps to decide which Microwatersheds/Sub catchments needs to be treated on an urgent basis.

The results of the prioritization for the various Microwatersheds and Sub catchments have been represented in the Volume II of this report.

Thus the group of Microwatersheds/Sub catchments which have rank 1 is treated on first priority. The priority of treatment would go on decreasing from ranks 1 to 10 where the group of

Comprhensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.1

Volume I: Section 4 Chapter 5: Floral Diversity of the Satluj Catchment 5.1

Introduction

This section of the report provides an overview of existing biodiversity profile of the project area. The catchment of Sutlej is spread over a very large variety of elevation,forest types, rainfall regimes, soil types and agronomical conditions.The Catchment Area of Satluj basin falls into seven districts of Himachal Pradesh, namely Shimla, Mandi, Kullu, Kinnaur, Solan, Bilaspur and Lahaul-Spiti. This chapter provides details of existing floral diversity of the catchment. It analyses its Importance Value Indices. It also identifies the best surviving, natural phyto sociology with a view to replicate natural models of floral diversity. This analysis of existing situation has provided the best options for bio engineering. Respected forest divisions which come under these districts are given below:

Sr. no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

District

Forest divisions

Shimla

Rampur, Theog, Shimla, Cotgarh Karsog, Suket Anni

Mandi Kullu Kinnaur Solan Bilaspur Lahaul and spiti

Kunihar -

5.1.1 Project area specific plant forest types Our project area consists of following different types of forests: a. b. c. d. e. f.

Dry alpine forest Moist alpine forest Sub-alpine forest Himalayan moist temperate forest Sub-tropical pine forest Sub-tropical broad leaved hill forest

All these plants have different types of architecture. It is discussed below.

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.2 5.1.1.1

Dry alpine forest

These contain columnar or low spreading trees/shrubs with long trailing branches. Height can be upto 40 m. They are evergreen with needlelike and/or scale-like leaves. They can be either monoecious or dioecious. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity to life, and roots readily grow from aerial parts of the plant.1 Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.

5.1.1.2

Moist alpine forest

This kind of forest is found in the Himalayas above the tree line up to 5500 m elevation in somewhat moist areas. Chief characteristic feature of the forests is dominance of dwarf, evergreen shrubby conifers and broadleaved trees along with prominent shrub layer under them Plants grow 3m- 30 m The leaves are spirally arranged and they also consist of many flowers.2 Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.

Juniperus sp Rhododendron sp

Salix sp Arenaria sp.

Globe caragan

Lonicera sp. 1

Dry alpine forest ,Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.3 5.1.1.3

Sub-alpine forest

Found at an elevation of 3500 m Chief characteristic feature of the forests is presence of some evergreen conifers and broad-leaved trees along with prominent shrub layer. Trees can grow upto height of 60m Long shoots, Crown broadly conical and branches horizontally spreading. Bark dark gray, rough and scaly. Flowers and fruits are present. Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.2

5.1.1.4

Himalayan moist temperate forest This type of forest is found at an elevation of 1700m - 3500m Chief characteristic feature of the forests is presence of tall (up to 45 m high) conifers, oaks or their mixture along with thin partly deciduous undergrowth. The bark of plants is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight spiral but appear like a ring of branches arising from the same point. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;60 mm long, arranged in an open spiral phyllotaxis on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15â&#x20AC;&#x201C;45 together on short shoots. It gives drooping appearance to the plant3. Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.

Abies spectabilis

Cedrus deodara

Betulla utilis

Picea smithiana Cotoneaster sp

Sub alpine forest, Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.4

Pinus mugo

Pinus wallichiana 5.1.1.5

Sub-tropical pine forest

This huge pine forest stretches for 3000 km across the lower elevations of the great Himalaya. It consists of large trees reaching 30-50 m with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m, exceptionally 3 m. The bark is red-brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, 2035 cm long and distinctly yellowish green. The cones are ovoid conic, 1224 cm long and 5-8 cm broad at the base. The seeds are 8-9 mm long, with a 40 mm wing, and are winddispersed4. Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.

5.1.1.6

Sub-tropical hill forest

broad

leaved

Moderately sized deciduous trees grow up to 25-30 m Leaves are alternate. Venation is pinnate or palmate. It has large tree cover. Leaves are bi-pinately compound, leaflets: 30 - 50 pairs. 5 Following are the pictures of this kind of plants.

Ficus glomerata

Pinus roxburghii

Acasia catechu

Sub-tropical pine forest, Wikipedia, free

encyclopedia

Sub-tropical broad leaved hill forest, Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.5

Importance Value Index = Relative density + Relative dominance + Relative frequency Density is number of species per unit area or volume.

Butea monosperma 5.2

Methodology for selection of plants

5.2.1 Surveys As it was not possible to conduct the primary survey to know the biodiversity at various elevations, we considered various secondary data, research articles for ecological assessments of project region. From such kind of data we considered the one which was latest (study conducted during 2005 to 2009)6. The survey was conducted for the phyto-sociological study in different catchments and the sampling sites were divided based on various elevations. 5.2.2 Study area The study was conducted in different catchments of Satluj, namely Hadaboi (Suket forest division), Kandhar (Kunihar forest division), Tatapani (Karsog forest division), Kotlu (Karsog forest division), Sunni (Shimla forest division), Matiana (Theog forest division). 5.2.3 Parameters The vegetation data was analysed for density, frequency and abundance. For our project purpose, we have considered Density and Importance Value Index (IVI) of plants.

Relative density is the number of a given species expressed as a percentage of all species present. Dominance is the degree to which a species is more numerous than its competitors in an ecological community, or makes up more of the biomass. Relative dominance is the basal area of a given species expressed as a percentage of the total basal area of all species present. Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. Relative frequency is the frequency of a given species expressed as a percentage of the sum of frequency values for all species present. Reference: A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com Primarily plants having Importance Value Index (IVI) greater than 10 have been considered. Further selection of plants is done depending upon their uses and which section/part of plant is of use. This parameter was important because if plants are required to be uprooted then such plants cannot be considered on large scale for the treatment of catchment. Ability of plants having soil and water erosion control capacity has also been considered as an important factor for selection. 5.2.4 Plant Architecture

Ecological assessment of forest areas falling under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report( April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator

We studied physical characteristics of plants (plant architecture) also, as it was important for controlling the runoff during monsoon.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.6 Plant architecture is defined as the three-dimensional organization of the plant body. For the parts of the plant that are above ground, this includes the branching pattern, as well as the size, shape and position of leaves and flower organs. Plant architecture has long been the only criterion for systematic and taxonomic classification, and, even today, it is the best means of identifying a plant species. But it is also of major agronomic importance, strongly influencing the suitability of a plant for cultivation, its yield and the efficiency with which it can be harvested. The architecture of plants affect the development of gullying and erosion, for trees with leaves that channel water towards the trunk operate as funnels, and water thus collected at the foot of the trunk can start to shear through the ridges, which will then drain off all the water contained in the furrows, giving rise to a gully. The other type of architecture is that of umbrella like plants, which send drops of water outwards and thus scatter their energy. 7 5.2.4.1

question of the green matter produced on the field, but more specifically of the vertical or better, slightly oblique â&#x20AC;&#x201C; projection of cover provided. During major rainstorms, the angle of incidence of drops is generally less than 25o, except in the case of certain tornadoes, when it can be as much as 45o. It also depends upon the architecture of the plant structure i.e., the height of foliage above the soil and whether plants are funnel like and thus concentrate water or umbrella like and thus scatter the drops. So the plants which will naturally create effective plant cover on ground, has been selected for plantation. 5.2.4.2

Height of plant cover

Erosion is not only dependent upon plant cover but also on plant height above the ground. For example when plant cover is 100 % but is 4 meters high, erosion will be about 75 % of that on a bare plot; if the cover is 2 meters high, erosion will be about 50 % and if it is 50 cm high, erosion will be reduced to about 18 %9. Herbs and shrubs are thus considered on larger scale.

Plant cover8 5.2.4.3

Plant cover is effective in preventing erosion to the extent that it absorbs the kinetic energy of raindrops, covers a large proportion of the soil during periods of the year when rainfall is most aggressive, slows down runoff, and keeps the soil surface porous. However, it is difficult to assess the protective action of plant cover without a close look at the farming techniques involved. Erosion and to a lesser degree runoff â&#x20AC;&#x201C; depends largely on the proportion of soil not covered by plants before the heaviest rains. It is not simply a 7

Produced by: Natural Resources Management and Environment Department Title: Land husbandry - Components and strategy. ... http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e0h.html

Mulch

With reference to above discussion if there is mulch, erosion will be reduced to 3%. If reduced erosion concerns the percentage of soil covered by mulch, a very fast reduction is seen for a relatively small area. For example, for 10% of soil cover, erosion is no more than 78%, for 20% it is not more than 60%, and for 50% it is only 30% of that found on the bare control plot. This means that litter has a very quick impact on erosion. Mulching can be of use in erosion control even without covering the whole ground. If even as little as 20% is covered, erosion is reduced by 40%; if the mulch covers about 40%, erosion is reduced by 9

Produced by: Natural Resources Management and Environment Department Title: Land husbandry - Components and strategy. ... http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e0h.html

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.7 60%, and if 80% is covered, erosion is reduced by 90% from what would be found on bare soil. Mulching though very important but different to implement on large scale in the project area because of the slope and strong winds. Still it can be implemented in the in regions which are less degraded or have just started degrading. Based on all these parameters number of plants has been suggested and are provided in Annexures (b), (c) , (d), (e), (f), (g) and (h) whereas understanding of those plants and reason why they should be considered are given below in this chapter. Number of plants which are suggested for plantation, depend upon the density values of those plants which are mentioned in the annexures mentioned above.

Description: It is a deciduous tree, growing up to 14 m tall. Branchlets are minutely covered with starry hairs. Alternately arranged leaves are pinnate, with a single terminal leaflet (pinnae) at the end. The spine carrying the leaflets is up to 7 cm long. Leaflets are usually 5, each laterals opposite, ovate, base rounded, densely velvet-hairy when young. Flowers are unisexual, greenish, the male in compound and female in simple racemes. Sepals 4, about 1 mm long, broad ovate. Petals 4, 2 mm long, oblong, green yellow. Fruit is ovoid, compressed, in panicles, at the end of leafless branches. Flowering: January-March.11

A. Hadaboi catchment (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si Subcatchments) (Refer Annexure (b)) 1. Trees 1.1. Description of trees Lannea coromandelica

Catchment has divided into two elevation-wise ranges, 650m - 1150m and 1150m - 1650m Trees having top five IVI values from both these elevations are compared and considered here. These are Lane coromandelica, Grewia optiva, Ficus religiosa, Terminalia bellirica, and Pistacia chinensis.

It is a very important plant as it has many uses. It can be used as Fuel wood. Fruits are valuable. It can also be useful in Agricultural implements and for preparing Basket and Mats.

1.1.1. Lannea coromandelica:

Description:

The bark of this plant is traditionally used in particular in the treatment of cuts, other wounds, bruises (sprains and strains) and diarrhea. The leaves like the bark are also used as curatives, particularly in the treatment of inflammation, arthritis, bruises and, generally, physical pain. It has antiinflammatory activity also it can be useful in cosmetic and dermopharmaceutical compositions.10

Grewia optiva is a small to mediumsized deciduous tree, 9-12 m in height; Branches smooth, pale silvery-brown; bark dark brown, thick and roughish, exfoliating in small woody scales; Flowers 1-8, together; peduncles solitary, leaf opposed or exceptionally a few axillary;0.8-1.8 cm long. Sepals 1-1.5 cm long, linear oblong, 3-ribbed, green outside, white, pale yellow or red

1.1.2. Grewia optiva:

Lannea coromandelica, flowers of india

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.8 inside; petals white or pale yellow, shorter than the sepals, linear, claw distinct. Fruit is a drupe, 1-4 lobed, each lobe about0.8 cm in diameter, olive green then black when ripe.12

1.1.4. Terminalia bellirica : This plant has tremendous uses. It can be used as Timber, Fodder. Fruits are useful in preparing ayurvedic medicine ‘Triphala’.15 It is also useful in preparing dye and tannin. Description:

Grewia optiva 1.1.3. Ficus religiosa : In Hindu culture, this is considered as a sacred tree. So it is a religious tree. Fruits are laxative, purgative. Bark is astringent and used in gonorrhea. This would be very important for reducing the runoff speed and this is because of its architecture i.e. the tree cover is.13

This herb, which is an important Ayurvedic herb, is a tree found throughout the Indian forests and plains. It is a large deciduous tree. Leaves are alternate, broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate, puberulous when young but glabrous on maturity and the nerves are prominent on both surfaces. Flowers are in axillary, spender spikes longer than the petioles but shorter than the leaves. Calyx lobes are pubescent outside. The fruits are green and inflated when young and yellowish and shrink (nearly seen as ribbed) when mature. The nut is stony. 16

Description: It is a large dry season-deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to 30 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 m. The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended tip; they are 10–17 cm long and 8–12 cm broad, with a 6 – 10 cm petiole. The fruit is a small fig 1-1.5 cm diameter, green ripening purple.14

Terminalia bellirica 1.1.5. Pistacia chinensis : This plant has limited use compared to the once mentioned above. Only bark is used as a fuel wood and in agricultural implements.17 Description: Ficus religiosa 12

Grewia optiva, flowers of India 13 Ecological assessment of forest areas falling under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report( April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator 14 Ficus religiosa : Wikipedia , free encyclopedia

The tree grows up to 17 m or more tall. Leaves are compound with or

Ecplaza global Ecplaza global Pistacia chinensis: Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.9 without an end leaflet, 16-25 cm long. Leaflets are opposite or nearly opposite, almost stalkless, 7-9 in number, 9-12 x 2.2-3.2 cm, lanceshaped, with tapering tips. They are smooth, pale green on the undersurface. Male flower panicles are 0.81.2 cm long, drooping at maturity. Flowers are unisexual, and appear on separate trees. Sepals are 4, less than anthers in length, linear. Fruit is a drupe 5-6 mm broad, smooth, dry, greyish-brown in colour. Flowering: March-May.18

Pistacia chinensis

1.2. Comparison based on IVI

Pistacia chinensis

At both the elevations, Lannea coromandelica observed highest IVI and density; but it was slightly higher at 650-1150mcompared to 11501650m so it has been given first priority for plantation. Suggested number of trees are 267/ha and 220/ha for 650-1150m and 11501650m respectively. Ficus religiosa is

the second most important tree observed in this catchment for both the elevations. Followed to these, Grewia optiva, Terminalia bellirica and Pistacia chinesis are the important ones. It can be said that there is no major change in the importance value index for these plants in this particular catchment.

Pistacia chinensis: Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.10

2. Shrubs 2.1 Description of shrubs The elevation range of 650m - 1150m and 1150m - 1650m are considered. Shrubs having top five IVI values are compared and studied. These are Adhatoda zeylanica, Murraya koenigii, Mallotus philippensis, Rabdosia lophanthoides, Dodonaea viscosa. As mentioned above about the tree architecture and height of tree cover above the ground shrubs have more importance over trees. But as they have greater use by virtue of roots, leave stem etc the chances of uprooting them is higher. Himalayan region being favourable to such medicinal plant, therefore we had to consider them in our study. 2.1.1

Adhatoda zeylanica:

Leaves and roots of these plants are used in cough, chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Phthisis. Leaves especially are used in rheumatism, as an insecticide. Flowers, roots and leaves are antiseptic.19 Description: It is tall much-branched, dense, evergreen shrub, with large, lanceshaped leaves. Flowers are in dense, short spikes; stalks of the spike shorter than leaves. Leaves-like structure called bracts, present on the spikes; these are conspicuously veined. Corolla (the whorls of petals) of the flower is white few purplish markings. Fruits are capsular, 4-seeded.20

Adhatoda zeylanica 2.1.2 Murraya koenigii: Bark and roots of the plant are externally used to cure eruptions and bite of poisonous animals. Green leaves eaten raw as cure of digestion, bruised and applied externally to cure eruption, used in snake bite. It is also useful as a hedge plant. Description: A small spreading shrub, about 2.5 m high; the main stem, dark green to brownish, with numerous dots on it; its bark can be peeled off longitudinally, exposing the white wood underneath; the girth of the main stem is 16 cm Leaves, exstipulate, bipinnately compound, 30 cm long, each bearing 24 leaflets, having reticulate venation; leaflets, lanceolate, 4.9 cm long, 1.8 cm broad, having 0.5-cm-long petiole. Flowers, bisexual, white, funnelshaped, sweetly scented, stalked, complete, ebracteate, regular, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous, Fruits, round to oblong, 1.4 to 1.6 cm long, 1 to 1.2 cm in diameter, ripe fruits, black with a very shining surface; the number of fruits per cluster varying from 32 to 80. 21

Medicinal plants

Murraya koenigii 21

Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at

Purdue University

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.11

2.1.3 Mallotus Philippensis: The uses of plants are in making dye and tannin, in agricultural implements, as a fuel wood and fodder. Glands and hairs on fruits are bitter, anthelmintic, cathartic and styptic. This shrub is most useful for soil and water conservation as it has good crown cover and height of it from ground is quite less.

branches. Cymes are helicoids, 11-13flowered, carried on stalks. Sepal cup is bell-shaped, about 2 mm, 1.7 mm wide at mouth. Flowers are white or rose, with purple spots on limb, 2-7 mm Tube is 3.7-5 mm, straight; upper lip 1.6-2 mm, lower lip slightly longer. Stamens and style protrude out. Flowering:November.23

Description: This can grow up to 10 m tall. Alternately arranged, ovate or rhombic ovate leaves are rusty-velvety. Male and female flowers occur in different trees. Female flowers are borne in lax spike like racemes at the end of branches or in leaf axils. Male flowers occur three together in the axils of small bracts. Capsule is trigonousglobular, covered with a bright crimson layer of minute, easily detachable reddish powder.22

Rabdosia lophanthoides 2.1.5

Dodonaea viscosa

This plant is used as a fish poison. Leaves are used in gout and rheumatisms, for wounds, swelling and burns. Also useful in a fuelwood, making of dye and timber. It has good leaf cover and strong root system. Therefore it has good soil and moisture retention capacity. Description:

Mallotus Philippensis 2.1.4

Rabdosia lophanthoides:

Extracts of these plants are mainly useful in preparation of chemicals. Description:

It is a shrub growing to 1-3m tall, rarely a small tree to 10m tall. It is commonly called 'hop bush' because the colorful fruits resemble the fruits used in brewing. The leaves are simple elliptical, 6-13 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, and secrete a resinous substance. The flowers are yellow to orange-red, produced in short racemes. The fruit is a capsule 2 cm broad, red ripening brown, with three wings.24

Grows up to 1-5 ft; oppositely arranged leaves, 5-10 cm long, are ovate, pointed tipped, toothed, and hairy beneath with rounded base, carried on 1-5 cm.long stalks. Flowers are tiny, borne in branched cymes forming a panicle at the end of 23 22

Mallotus phillipensis, Flowers of India

Rabdosia lophanthoides, Flowers of India Flowers of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.12 Dodonaea viscosa

2.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Adhatoda zeylanica observed highest IVI and density at both the elevations of 650m-1150m and 1150.-1650m. It has given first priority for plantation at both these elevations. The suggested number is 101676/ha and 7167/ha respectively. Other important shrubs show almost same importance at both the elevations. They are Murraya koenigii, Mallotus philippensis, Rabdosia lophanthoides and Dodonaea viscose. Thus in this catchment there is no major change in the important of these shrub at various elevation.

3. Herbs 3.1Description of herbs For both the elevations of 650m 1150m and 1150m - 1650m, herbs having top six IVI values are compared

and considered for giving description here. These are Euphorbia hirta, Rumex hastatus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Reinwardtia indica, Cynodon dactylon 3.1.1 Euphorbia hirta : Major use is for medicinal purpose. Used in the disease of children for worm, bowel complaints, cough. Juice of plants is used in dysentery and colic. Decoction of plants is used in bronchial affections and asthma. Latex is used as application for warts. It has good leaf cover and strong root system, so it has good soil and moisture retention capacity. Description: It is a slender-stemmed, annual hairy plant with many branches, growing up

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.13 to 40 cm. tall, reddish or purplish in color. Leaves are opposite, ellipticoblong to oblong-lacelike, 1-2.5 cm long, blotched with purple in the middle, toothed at the edge. Flowers, purplish to greenish in color, dense, axillary, short-stalked clusters or crowded cymes, about 1 mm in length. Capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5 cm 25 Rumex hastatus 3.1.3 Parthenium hysteophorus

Euphorbia hirta 3.1.2 Rumex hastatus : Plant extract is useful in preparing chemicals and medicine. The leaf extract of plant are applied on wounds and cuts to check bleeding. Root is laxative alternative, tonic, and anti rheumatic and can be used in skin disease. Description: It is a fairly common small shrub, growing on dry slopes, rocks and walls between 700-2500 m, typically in north-Indian hill stations. It is a bushy shrub with many ascending stems. Stems woody at base, leaves narrow and arrow shaped with a pair of narrow spreading basal lobe. Leaves vary a lot in length and breadth. The stems have numerous thin branches with terminal very slender clusters of distant whorls of tiny greenish pink or pinkish green flowers. Flowers are very small and flower stalk lengthens in fruit. Leaves are broadly triangular, stalked, fruit is pinkish. Flowering:June-October.26

25 26

Flowers of India Flowers of India

It is very commonly observed everywhere. This plant produces toxin Parthenin which causes dermatitis in human and also in animals. It is allelopathic and kills other plants surrounding it. Though it is little toxic it can also be used as a tonic, febrifuge, emmenagogue and as an analgesic in neuralgia. A decoction of the root is used in the treatment of dysentery. The leaves can also be used as a biopesticide and for composting. It is useful in increasing nutrient quality of soil.27 This plant can act like foliage if grown proper species composition suggested in Annexure (b). Description: It is a fast-maturing annual (or, under certain conditions, a short-lived perennial) with a deep tap root and an erect stem that becomes woody with age. It may eventually reach a height of 2 m. Its leaves are pale green, branched and covered with soft fine hairs. The small white flowers (4 mm across) have five distinct corners and grow on the stem tips. Each flower produces 4-5 black wedge shaped seeds that are 2 mm long with thin white scales. As it has tap root system and good leaf cover, it can be used for soil and moisture conservation.28

27 28

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia Flowers of India

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.14

Reinwardtia indica

Parthenium hysterophorus

3.1.5 Cynodon dactylon: 3.1.4 Reinwardtia indica : This herb has very limited use. A yellow dye made from the flowers is used for dyeing clothes and making paints. It has good leaf cover and strong root system. So it has good soil and moisture retention capacity.29 Description: It is an erect to spreading shrub, up to 1 m tall. Leaves are elliptic to inverted lance-shaped. Each golden-yellow flower, 2" wide, lasts that one day and is described as being fugacious, meaning that the corolla withers and falls off easily. Looking face on, the corolla is composed of five petals fused to form the 2-cm tube. The corolla's golden-yellow color is improved by the presence of fine reddish veins; such lines are termed nectar guides or nectar lines, because they typically communicate to pollinating insects where to go to find a nectar reward. The five corolla lobes are cleverly overlapped (imbricate). Emerging from the floral tube are observed three curiously shaped green stigmas on three styles nearly 2 cm in length.30

It has some medicinal uses. Decoction of its roots is diuretic and used in dropsy, in secondary syphilis. Infusion of roots used for stopping blood from piles, crushed roots mixed with curd used in chronic fleet. Juice of plant is astringent, used as application to fresh cuts and wounds, used in hysteria, epilepsy, insanity, in chronic diarrhea and dysentery, also useful in catarrhal ophthalmia. It can also be used for worshipping. It is religious plant.31 Description: The blades are a grey-green coloured and are short, usually 4-15 cm long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1-30 cm, rarely to 3 ft, tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in color. The seed heads are produced in a cluster of 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7 spikes (rarely two) together at the top of the stem, each spike 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 cm long. It has a deep root system. In drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over 2 m deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 cm under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground and root wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. It reproduces through seeds, through runners and rhizomes.32

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia :Reinwardtia indica 30 Flowers of India: Reinwardtia indica

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.15 Cynodon dactylon

3.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

At 650m-1150m important plant found was Euphorbia hirta. So it has given first priority for plantation. Numbers of herbs suggested are 6/sq.m At 1150m-1650m, highest IVI was observed for Rumex hastatus. Numbers of this herb suggested are 2/sq.m. The other important plants at both elevations are Dodonaea viscose, Parthenium hysterophorus, Reinwardtia indica and Cynodon dactylon. After comparing it can be seen that there is variation in the importance of shrubs at the different elevations. So at different elevation range different plants have importance.

1. Trees 1.1. Description of trees Elevations of this catchment are divided into two ranges,800m-1100m and 1100m -1400mTrees having top five IVI values from both these elevations are compared and considered for giving description here. These are Lannea coromandelica, Ficus roxburghii, Anogeissus latifolia, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Bombax ceiba, Mallotus philippensis. Out of these, Lannea coromandelica and Mallotus philippensis found in earlier catchment also. So they are not included in this catchment study.

B. Kandhar catchment (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si subcatchments) (Refer Annexure (c))

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.16 1.1.1 Ficus roxburghii : The fruits are very good for eating and the jelly-like substance contained in them makes them very tasty. It is used to make Jams. The leaves are used as fodder It also has some medicinal properties. It has good tree cover and and height is also quite less thus can be good for soil and water conservation. Description:

wider leaves. Trunk is straight and cylindrical or sometimes more poorly shaped, branchless for 8 m, up to 80 cm in diameter. Bark is smooth or with scales, pale to dark gray. Branches are drooping. Leaves are oppositly or nearly- oppositely arranged, simple, entire, with grayish-yellow or whitish hairs below. Stalkless flowers are borne in dense, spherical heads on stalks in leaf axils or at the end of branches. Flowers are small and have parts in fives.35 This tree does not have dense branch system.

A deciduous woody tree, having a short trunk, which soon divides into a few stout laterals, which further- branch irregularly, spreading in all directions; height. 10-12 metres; bark, smooth, gray, with a tinge of yellow or green. Leaves, exstipulate, petiolate, each having a 8.5 cm-long petiole, deciduous, obtuse, cordate, entire to undulate, alternate, 21.5 cm long, 23.5 cm broad, having reticulate venation. Male and female flowers are present.33 Anogeissus latifolia 1.1.3 Ougeinia oojeinensis The bark of this plant is febrifuge. When incised furnishes a Kino like exudation which is used in dysentery and diarrhea, in decoction given when the urine is highly colored. Used as fish poison.36 Description: Ficus roxburghii 1.1.2 Anogeissus latifolia: The bark of this plant is bitter, astringent. It is used to cure scorpion sting and snake bite. It is used as fuelwood and timber.34

It is a medium-sized, semi-deciduous tree, commonly attaining 7-14 meters in height. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, smooth above and lightly pubescent below. Obovate leaflets generally 6-12 cm long, 2-15 cm wide, sizes varying greatly. Leaf margins entire.37

Description: It is a small to medium-sized tree, growing up to 20 m tall. The species name latifolia is in reference to its 35

Flowers of India : Ficus roxburghii 34 Ecological assessment of forest areas falling under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report( April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator

Flowers of india : Anogeissus latifolia Ecological assessment of forest areas falling under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report( April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator 36

Agro forestry tree database

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.17 Description:

Ougeinia oojeinensis

This tropical tree has a straight tall trunk and its leaves are deciduous in winter. Red flowers with 5 petals appear in the spring before the new foliage. It produces a capsule which, when ripe, contains white fibres like cotton. Its trunk bears spikes to deter attacks by animals. Although its stout trunk suggests that it is useful for timber, its wood is too soft to be very useful.39

1.1.4 Bombax ceiba Timber is useful. It can be used for agricultural implements and fodder. It is religious plant. It has many medicinal properties. Roots are stimulant form a tonic and are chief ingredient in the musla semul, a medicine which is aphrodisiac, given in impotence. Roots and bark emetic, gum aphrodisiac haemostatic, astringent, tonic, used in diarrhoea, dysentery. Flowers and fruits used in snake bite.38

Bombax ceiba

1.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

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Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.18 A very interesting observation here is that Ficus roxburghii observed highest IVI at 800m– 1100m but Lannea coromandelica observed highest IVI at 1100m -1400m Density of Lannea coromanelica was 130/ha at 800m– 1100m which was higher than Ficus roxburghii having 26.67/ha at same elevation. So Lannea coromanelica has given highest priority for plantation at 800m– 1100m. The number suggested for plantation is 130/ha. Lane coromandelica has highest IVI as well as density at 1100m -1400m. Therefore this has given first priority for plantation at this elevation. Number of plants suggested are 277/ha. Followed to this, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Anogeissus latifolia, Mallotus philipensis and Bombax ceiba are the important ones.

particular pattern and in large bunches somewhat as shown in the photograph displayed below. Description: It is a deciduous densely tufted bamboo with culms 8-16 m high, 2.5-8 cm in diameter, pale blue green when young, dull green or yellow on maturity, much curved above half of its height. The most peculiar aspect of the plant is the solid culm as there is no hollow part in it. Leaves are linearlanceshaped, small in dry localities, up to 25 cm long and 3 cm broad in moist areas, rounded at the base into a short petiole, tip is sharply tapering with twisted point. Inflorescence is a large panicle of large dense globular heads 4-5 cm apart. Long stamens protrude out of the flowers.40

2. Shrubs 2.1 Description of shrubs For both the elevations of 800m1100m and 1100m -1400m, shrubs having top seven IVI values are considered here. These are Dendrocalamus strictus, Murraya koenigii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Bauhinia vahlii, Leptodermis lanceolata, and Mallotus philippensis. Out of these shrubs, Murraya koenigii and Mallotus philippensis also found in earlier catchment, so they have described earlier. 2.1.1 Dendrocalamus strictus This species is one of the two most important bamboos in India. It is found suitable for reclamation of ravine land. It is extensively used as raw material in paper mills and also for a variety of purposes such as construction, agricultural implements, musical instruments, furniture etc. Young shoots are commonly used as food. Decoction of leaves and nodes and silicious matter is used in the traditional medicine13. This species can be used for reducing the velocity of raindrop but only if planted in

Dendrocalamus strictus 2.1.2 Woodfordia fruticosa Dried flowers are astringent used in dysentery, menorrhagia, in derangements of the liver, disorder of mucous membrane and in hemorrhoids, considered a safe stimulant in pregnancy. Description: A much-branched, beautiful shrub, with fluted stems and long, spreading branches, 1-3 m high, rarely up to 7 40

Flowers of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.19 m, commonly occurring throughout North India, ascending to an elevation of 1,500 m in the Himalayas, but rather scarce in South India. It is sometimes cultivated in gardens for its flowers, which are borne during the summer months. Bark reddish brown, peeling off in thin, fibrous strips; leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers numerous, brilliant red in dense axillary paniculate-cymose clusters; capsules ellipsoid, membranous; seeds brown, minute, smooth obovate.41

Description: It is a branched shrub, growing to 1-3 m tall. Light colored stems are stout. There are many pale branches which are hairy when young. Oppositely arranged light green leaves are crowded at branch ends. The leaves are oblong, lance like, finely serrated, 10-15 cm long. Numerous tiny white flowers occur in panicles of upright spikes, 5-10 cm long. The flower spikes look hairy, and resemble squirrel's tail. Flowering: December-March.42

Colebrookea oppositifolia 2.1.4 Bauhinia vahlii Woodfordia fruticosa 2.1.3

Colebrookea oppositifolia

It is religious plant. It is also used as fodder and fuelwood. Roots are used in epilepcy. Leaves are applied to wounds and bruises. This shrub can be used for reducing the velocity of the rain and runoff thus in turn can be used for soil and water conservation.

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Seeds are aphrodisiac, tonic, leaves are temulic and mucilaginous. It can also be used for preparation of the dye and tannin. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of fevers, gastric troubles, diarrhoea and dysentery, also applied on wounds.43

Flowers of India

Indian journal of traditional knowledge

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.20 Description :

2.1.5 Leptodermis lanceolata

It is the largest creeper in India, and can grow up to 10-30 m long. The woody stem can get as thick as 20 cm. The spreading stout branches are covered with rusty fine hair. The stout tendrils are coiling and occur in pairs. Large leaves are 10-45 cm, 2-lobed with a broad cut. The white flowers, 23 cm across, turn yellow when old. The flowers are borne in rounded clusters. They have 3 fertile stamens and 7 staminodes. Fruit is a flat woody pod with fine rusty hairs, 20-30 cm long. Flowering: April-June.44

The plant is used for worshipping purpose so it is considered as religious. Also used as a fodder. It has some medicinal uses also.45

Leptodermis lanceolata

Bauhinia vahlii

2.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Flowers of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.21 At the elevation 800m – 1100m Dendrocalamus strictus has highest IVI. 2111 of this shrub/hectare are suggested. At 1100m -1400m Murraya koenigii found highest IVI. 3694 no. of this shrub/ha are suggested for this elevation. It can be seen that in this catchment at these elevation ranges the importance of these plants vary considerably. Colebrookea oppositifolia and Bauhinia vahlii were not observed at 1100m – 1400m Other important plants found at 800m – 1100m are Woodfordia fruticosa, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Bauhinia vahlii, Murraya koenigii, Mallotus philippensis, Leptodermis lanceolata.

3. Herbs 3.1Description of herbs For both the elevations of 800m1100m and 1100m-1400m, herbs having top four IVI values are considered here. These are Nepeta ciliaris, Triumfetta rhomboidea, Corchorus olitorius, Cassia tora, Bindens pilosa. Interesting fact is none of them were found in earlier catchments. 3.1.1 Nepeta ciliaris Oil isolated from Nepeta by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches and termites. Description: Nepeta species can be subshrubs, herbaceous perennials or annual herbs. They are usually aromatic. The flowers are located in verticillasters grouped on spikes; or the verticillasters are arranged in opposite cymes, racemes, or panicles. The calyx is tubular or campanulate, they are slightly curved or straight, and the limbs are often 2lipped with five teeth. The lower lip is larger, with 3-lobes, and the middle lobe is the largest.46

Nepeta ciliaris 3.1.2 Triumfetta rhomboidea Leaves, flowers and fruits are mucilaginous, demulcent, astringent, given in gonorrhea. Roots are bitter, diuretic; a hot infusion is taken to facilitate child birth or to hasten the inception of parturition when it is delayed. Bark and fresh leaves used in diarrhea and dysentery.47 Description: Erect woody herb or shrub 75-150 cm in height. Stems are glabrous, longitudinally grooved. Leaves simple, alternate; blade ovate to rhomboid in shape with 3-5 lobes, sometimes nearly as wide as broad, and 2-10 cm long. Leaf margins irregularly serrate, leaf surfaces softly-pubescent with stellate hairs, blade palmately veined. Flowers small yellow clustered, clustered on the leaf axils. Five yellow, obovate petals about 5 mm long. Stamens 10-15. Fruit a subglobose bur with the body 3-4 mm in diameter, covered with 75-100 hooked spines 1.0 to 1.5 mm long.48

Triumfetta rhomboidea 47

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia: Nepeta ciliaris

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia: Triumfetta rhomboidea 48 Flowers of india : Triumfetta rhomboidea

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.22 3.1.3 Bindens pilosa It has only medicinal uses. Used in the treatment of coughs, conjunctivitis, Dysentry Haematuria, urethritis, custitis, cloudy urine, benign prostratic hypertrophy, Kidney Stones.

oblong. Petals 5 mm long, oblong spathulate. Stamens 10 to many, free, filaments short, anthers small, bilobed Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, thin, cylindric erect.50

Description: A weak annual herb usually a meter or less in height, with spreading branches. Leaves are in opposite pairs, this, soft and hairy, mostly divided but also undivided. The flowers (summerautumn), technically heads of tiny flowers, terminate all branches and branchlets. Each head has five or so white â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;petalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (rays) around a dense cluster of orange florets. These rapidly mature to star-heads of the dry pronged fruitlets.49

Corchorus olitorius

3.1.5 Cassia tora Used as a coffee substitute. It is very useful in treating skin diseases like ringworm and itching or body scratch and psoriasis. Cassia tora acts as a liver stimulant, mild laxative and heart tonic. The herb helps the body in maintaining the normal level of cholesterol. This herb can be used for soil and moisture conservation if planted massively as shown in second photograph displayed below.

Bindens pilosa Description: 3.1.4 Corchorus olitorius It is mainly used for preparation of jute. The tender leaves can be eaten as vegetable. Also useful for preparation of basket and mats. The leaves are used in the treatment of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and dysuria. Description: It is an annual, much-branched herb 90-120 cm tall. Leaves 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate. The lower serratures on each side prolonged into a filament-like appendage over 6 mm long. The leaves are rounded at the base; leaf stalks 22.5 cm long. Flowers pale yellow; bracts lance-like. Sepals 3 mm long, 49

Flowers of India : Bindens pilosa

An annual herb, with a height of 30 to 90 cm. It has pinnate leaves, which are about 10 cm long. Each leaf has three pairs of leaflets that are opposite, ovate, oblong and oblique at the base. The yellow-colored flowers are bearded in the axel of the leaves. The flowers comprises of five petals, each about half inch in diameter. The seeds of Cassia Tora are rhombohedral and brown in color, about 30 to 50 in number. The plant bears flowers in the rainy season and fruits in the winter.51

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : Corchorus

olitorius 51

Indian herbs

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.23

Cassia tora

3.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Nepeta ciliaris has highest IVI at elevation of 800-1100m whereas it was not at all found at 1100m-1400m.The most important herb at second elevation is Triumfetta rhomboidea. At 800m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1100m Corchorus olitorius and Cassia tora were not found. Other important plant observed was Bindens pilosa. In other words only two species namely Triumfetta rhomboidea and Bindens pilosa are common at both the elevation ranges and that to with IVI high at one elevation and low in the other elevation.

C. Tatapani catchment (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh,Si subcatchment) (Refer Annexure (d))

1. Trees 1.1 Description of trees Elevation has divided into two ranges, 700mâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;1000m and 1000m-1300m Trees having top five IVI values are compared and considered for giving description here. These are Acasia catechu, Lannea coromandelica, Bombax ceiba, Grewia optiva, Aegle marmelos. Out of these, Lannea coromandelica Bombax ceiba and Grewia optiva found in earlier catchment also. Description of remaining two trees is provided below. 1.1.1.

Acasia catechu

It is used as fodder, fuelwood. Also used in agricultural implements. Timber is also useful. It can be

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.24 considered as religious plant. It is used against leprosy and other skin ailments. Various plant parts are used in sore mouth, pain in chest, cancer, colic pain, gravel, dysentery, phthisis, bronchitis, asthma, constipation and strangulation of intestine. Description:

long, 2.2 cm wide, ovate to lanceolate having reticulate pinnate venation;petiole, 3.2 cm long. Flowers, greenish white, sweetly scented, bisexual, stalked; stalk, 8 mm long; diameter of a fully open flower is 3 cm; flowers, borne in lateral panicles of about 10 flowers, arising from the leaf axils. It has a woody-skinned, smooth fruit 5-15 cm in diameter.53

A moderate sized deciduous tree, 9-12 m in height with dark grayish or brown rough bark and hooked short spines, leaves bi-pinately compound, leaflets: 30 - 50 pairs, main rachis pubescent with a large conspicuous gland near the middle of the rachis; flowers pale yellow, sessile in peduncled axillary spikes; fruits flat brown pods, shiny and with a triangular beak at the apex and narrowed at the base.52

Acasia catechu 1.1.2.

Aegle marmelos

It is mainly considered as religious plant. Used for worshipping of lord â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shivaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The juice is strained and sweetened to make a drink similar to lemonade, and is also used in making Sharbat. All parts of this tree, viz., root, leaf, trunk, fruit and seed, are used for curing one human ailment or another. Description: Grows up to 15 meters tall and bears thorns and fragrant flowers. Leaves are alternate, pale green, trifoliate; terminal leaflet, 5.7 cm long, 2.8 cm broad, having a long petiole; the two lateral leaflets, almost sessile, 4.1 cm 52

Ayushveda informatics

Flowers of India :Aegle marmelos

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.25 1.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

2. Shrubs. Acasia catechu observed the highest IVI as well as density at both the elevations i.e. 700mâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;1000m and 1000m-1300m Therefore it has given highest priority for plantation. For 700mâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;1000m elevation, suggested no. of Acasia catechu trees are 126/ha and for 1000m-1300m the number suggested is 183/ha. The second most important tree at both these elevation is Lannea coromandelica. Followed to these, Bombax ceiba, Grewia optiva and Aegle marmelos are important plants.

2.1Description of shrubs At both the elevations i.e. at 700m1000m and 1000m-1300m,same shrubs were observed as found at earlier elevations. Shrubs having top four IVI values have considered. Their comparison at both these elevations is given below

2.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.26 Dodonaea viscosa observed highest importance and density for both elevations. Number of plants suggested are 500/ha and 2654/ha for elevation of 700m-1000m and 1000m1300m respectively. Other important plants observed for both the elevations were, Adhatoda zeylanica, Dendrocalamus strictus and Murraya koenigii.

3. Herbs Pouzolzia zeylanica

3.1Description of herbs For both the elevations of this catchment, the new herbs found are, Pouzolzia zeylanica, Vernonia cinerea. 3.1.1 Pouzolzia zeylanica Plant is used in syphilis, gonorrhea and snake poison. Description: It is a perennial herb, growing up to 20-40 cm tall. It is erect to suberect, hairy to smooth plant. Leaves are opposite or rarely alternate, with 4-12 mm long stalk. Leaf blade is lanceshaped- rhomboid ovate, 1-2.5 cm long, 4-15 mm broad, wedgeshaped or flat at the base, entire, pointed. Flowers are pale green, in loose axillary clusters, covered with hairs, female stalkless, male with 2 mm long stalk. Flowering: JulyOctober.54

3.1.2 Vernonia cinerea The juice of the plant is given to children with urinary incontinence. The leaves are eaten as a potherb. A decoction of it is also given in diarrhea, stomachache and for cough and colic. Description: The stem is slender, grooved and ribbed. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly elliptic or lanceolate, membranous or rather coriaceous. The flowers are pinkish and purple, in minute heads in rounded or flat-topped corymbs. The achenes are oblong, terete, & slightly narrowed at the base.55

Vernonia cinerea

Flowers of india : Pouzolzia zeylanica

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.27 3.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

It can be observed from the graph above that there are two species at elevation 700m to 1000m which are not present in 1000m to 1300m elevation. Whereas there is one species from 700m to 1000m elevation which is not present in 1000m to 1300m range.

1200m- 1600m, and 1600m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000m Trees having top five values have considered. New trees found are Pinus roxburghii, Sterculia villosa, Toona ciliata, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Rhododendron arborium and Pinus roxburghii. 1.1.1 Pinus roxburghii

Euphorbia hirta found highest importance at an elevation 700m1000m No. of plants suggested are 2 herbs/sq.m The second important plant here is Corchorus olitorius at 1000m1300m Vernonia cinerea found highest importance but it was not at all observed at 700m-1000m Suggested no. of herbs for this elevation are 4/sq.m Rubus ellipticus and Pouzolzia zeylanica were not observed at second elevation. The other important plant found at both the elevations is Parthenium hysterophorus.

D. Kotlu catchment (Type similar for Si subcatchment) (Refer Annexure (e)) 1. Trees

It is a resinous tree capable of yielding resin continuously. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers. The wood is diaphoretic and stimulant. It is useful in treating burning of the body, cough, fainting and ulcers. Description:

1.1 Description of trees This catchment is divided into 3 elevation ranges. 800m-1200m,

Erect, round-headed evergreen tree with one or more trunks. Grows at moderate rate to 30 ft., with spread of 20 ft at maturity. The bark is red-

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.28 brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, thinner and flaky in the upper crown. The leaves are needle-like, in fascicles of three, very slender, 20-35 cm long and distinctly yellowish green. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by wind. The cones are ovoid conic, 12-24 cm long and 5-8 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy chestnut-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next year or so.56

borne in panicles 15-30 cm long, rusty velvety, pendulous. Flowers are unisexual, with stalks 4-8 mm long. The column of stamens is 4-5 mm long, recurved, anthers 10. Seed-pods are 5, stalkless, 4-6 cm long, leathery, rusty pubescent, many-seeded, red when ripe. Seeds oblong, smooth, black. Flowering: December-March.58

Sterculia villosa 1.1.3 Toona ciliata

Pinus roxburghii 1.1.2 Sterculia villosa This plant is mainly used to prepare shuttle and bobbins. Gum of this tree is used as substitute for tragacanth, used in throat infections. Leaves and tender branches when stepped in water yield a mucilaginous extract useful in pleurapneumonia in cattle.57 Description: It is a medium sized, native to India. Leaves carried on 25-40 cm long stalks, are palmately 5-7 lobed, 20-40 cm long and broad, heart-shaped at the base, lobes somewhat oblong or obovate entire or 3-fid. Flowers are 56 57

It is used as fodder and fuelwood. It is also useful in agricultural implements. It has an ornamental value. Red wood prepared from this plant is used in furniture making, building and ornamental woodwork. This plant again can be important for soil and water conservation due to its architecture. Description: It is a large deciduous tree generally with a wide spreading and handsome crown attaining a height of 45 m and a stem diameter of 2 m Flowers are white, fragrant, in a large pyramidal panicle at the ends of the branchlets. Individual flowers about 5 mm long. Flowering period is in spring. Leaves are alternate, pinnate, consisting of five to seventeen leaflets. Leaflets opposite or irregularly alternate, ovatelanceolate, 4-13 cm long, often drawn out to a long point at the tip, unequal at the base.59

Flowers of India : Pinus roxburghii Ecological assessment of forest areas falling

under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report( April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator.

58 59

Flowers of India : Sterculia villosa Flowers of India : Toona ciliata

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1.1.5 Cedrus deodara It is used in agricultural implements. Timber is also useful. By looking at the architecture we can say that this plant is also useful for soil and water conservation. Description: Toona ciliata 1.1.4 Pinus wallichiana Timber of this plant is useful. It can also be useful as fuelwood. Description: The tree is distinguished by its clusters of long cylindrical hanging cones, and it needle-like blue-green leaves. The tree grows up to 50 m tall, symmetric and pyramidal in shape. The bark is slategrey which becomes rough and shallowly fissured on old trees. Leaves are 15-20 cm long, needle-like. Cones are 15-25 cm long, in clusters of 2-3. Cone scales are wedge-shaped, wide near the apex - basal scales are usually not, or only slightly, reflexed, very resinous. Its wood is highly resinous, and is used for local contruction, carpentry and making tea-chests. It is good as firewood, but the smoke is pungent due to the resins. Flowering: April-June.60

It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40-50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3 m diameter. It has a conic crown with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets. The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5-5 cm long, occasionally up to 7 cm long, slender (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to blue-green in colour. The female cones are barrel-shaped, 713 cm long and 5-8 cm broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4-6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn.61

Cedrus deodara

Pinus wallichiana

Flowers of India : Pinus wallichiana

Flowers of India : Cadres deodara

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.30 1.1.6 Rhododendron arborium Young leaves of this plant are poisonous but can be applied to forehead or headache. Flowers are used in diarrhoea and dysentery.62 Description Its name means "tending to be woody or growing in a tree-like form". It has been recorded as reaching heights of up to 20 m, although more usually it has a height and spread up to 12 m (36 ft) x 12 m (36 ft).In early- and mid-spring, trusses of 15-20 bellshaped flowers, 5 cm (2 in) wide and 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5 cm (1.25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2 in) long are produced in red, pink or white. They have black nectar pouches and black spots inside.63

1.2 based on IVI elevation range

Comparison at different

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : Rhododendron arborium

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.31 Elevation for Kotlu catchment has divided into three ranges i.e. 800m1200m, 1200m-1600m, 1600m-2000m Pinus roxburghii has the highest IVI and as well as density at both 800m1200m and 1200m-1600m elevations. So it is considered on first priority for plantation at both of these elevations. The suggested number for plantation is 207/ha and 183/ha respectively.

arise in catkins. Male catkins are woolly-haired. Nuts are ovoid, to 1.5 cm, half covered by the involucral cup when mature. Flowering: April-May.64

Pinus wallichiana has the highest IVI and density at 1600m - 2000m So the suggested no. for plantation is 317/ha; but it was not at all observed at 800m1200m while it has little importance at 1200m-1600m Other important plants observed at first elevation are Sterculia villosa, Lannea coromandelica, Grewia optiva, Ficus religiosa and Toona ciliata. Out of these trees, Sterculia villosa, Lannea coromandelica, Cedrus deodara and Rhododendron arborium were not at all observed at 1200m-1600m and Sterculia villosa, Lannea coromandelica, Grewia optiva and Ficus religiosa were not at all observed at 1600m-2000m.

2. Shrubs 2.1Description of shrubs Top seven shrubs from all the three elevations are considered. New shrubs found are Rosa moschata, Quercus leucotrichophora, Berberis aristata, and Rubus ellipticus. Description of those shrubs is given below. 2.1.1. Quercus leucotrichophora

Quercus leucotrichophora 2.1.2. Rubus ellipticus A purple to dull blue dye is obtained from the fruit. The plant is grown to deter soil erosion and is good for soil conservation. Fruits are edible. It can be used as hedge plant.65 Description: It is a shrub, growing up to 2 m tall. It is clothed with prickles and reddish hairs. The alternate leaves are compound with three round to blunt leaflets 5-10 cm long. The undersides of the leaves are lighter than the upper surface and covered with downy hairs. The flowers are small, white with five petals. The fruit is a round yellow cluster of druplets easily detaching from the receptacle. The fruits are edible and frugivorous birds spread the seeds. Rubus ellipticus (Himalayan raspberry) can invade disturbed habitats and displace other plant species. Flowering:February-April.66

It is used in agricultural implements and as a fuelwood and fodder. Description: It is an evergreen tree to 25m, found in the Himalayas. It is a large or medium sized tree, with leathery dull green leaves, sharply toothed leaves, 6-16 cm long. Leaves have dense white-woolly hairs on the underside. The species name leucotrichophora means carrying white hairs. Flowers

Flowers of India : Quercus leucotrichophora Plants for a future.: http://digedibles.com/database/plants.php?Rubus +ellipticus 66 Flowers of India : Rubus ellipticus 65

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.32 2.1.4. Berberis aristata It is used for preparing dyes and tannin. Also used as a fuelwood, hedge plant.Used in the treatment of malaria, eye complaints, skin diseases, menorrhagia, diarrhoea and jaundice. If we check the shrub architecture it can be said that this shrub is good for soil and moisture conservation. Description : Rubus ellipticus 2.1.3. Rosa moschata An essential oil obtained from the flowers is used in perfumery. Young leaves, fruits and stems whether raw or cooked, can be eaten.67 Description: R. moschata is a shrub (to 3m) with single white 5 cm flowers in a loose cyme, blooming on new growth from late spring until late autumn in warm climates, or from late summer onwards in cool-summer climates. The sepals are 2 cm long with slender points. The flowers have a characteristic "musky" scent, emanating from the stamens, which is also found in some of its descendants. The prickles on the stems are straight or slightly curved and have a broad base. Small, ovate fruits called hips are borne, turning orange-red in autumn.68

It grows to 4 m high and 0.5 m wide. Leaves, in tufts of 5-8, lance-like, simple spiny, toothed, leathery, stalkless, pointed, 4.9 cm long, 1.8 cm broad, deep green on the dorsal surface and light green on the ventral surface. Spines (which, in fact, are modified leaves) are three-branched and 1.5 cm long. Flowers, stalked, yellow, in simple to corymbose raceme, with 11-16 flowers per cluster. The average diameter of a fully opened flower is 12.5 mm Six yellow sepals (3 small, 3 large), with 6 petals, yellow, 4-5 mm long.69

Rosa moschata 67

Medicinal herbs : http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/r/rosa -moschata=musk-rose.php 68 Flowers of India : Rosa moschata

Flowers of India : Berberis aristata

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.33 2.2

Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Different elevation ranges show different occurrence and distribution of shrubs. In this catchment plenty of variations are seen. There are certain shrubs which are at not present at 1600m-2000m and there are certain shrubs which are not present at 800m1200m, whereas majority of the shrub can be seen at 1200m-1600m elevation.

3.1.1 Urtica dioica Juice of the plant is used as an external irritant. Decoction of plant is diuretic, astringent, emmenagogue, used in nephritis, haematuria, menorrhagia, constipation and jaundice. Leaves are edible and can be used for preparing drinks.70 Description:

Dendrocalamus strictus has the highest importance as well as density at 800m1200m as well as 1200m-1600m while Rosa moschata is the highly important plant at 1600m-2000m.

3. Herbs 3.1Description of herbs The new herbs found at first two elevations i.e 800m-1200m and 1200m-1600m.are Urtica dioica, Artemisia parviflora, Boehmeria platyphylla. At third elevation, 1600m2000mnew herbs found are Anemone vitifolia, Gigardiana diversifolia, Rumex nepalensis, Plantago major. Their description is given below.

It is a perennial herb, 3-7 ft tall, dying down to the ground in winter. It has widely spreading rhizomes and stolons, which are bright yellow as are the roots. The soft green leaves are 3-15 cm long and are borne oppositely on an erect wiry green stem The leaves have a strongly serrated margin, a heart-shaped base and a long-pointed tip with a terminal leaf tooth longer than adjacent laterals. Each leaf has a pair of elliptic stipules at the base. This is a distinguishing feature of the plant. 70

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.34 It bears small greenish or brownish numerous flowers in dense clusters in leaf axils. The leaves and stems are very hairy with non-stinging hairs and also bear many stinging hairs, whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that will inject several chemicals: acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT or serotonin, and possibly formic acid. This mixture of chemical compounds causes a painful sting.71

3.1.3 Boehmeria platyphylla Plant is used as fuelwood and fodder. Description: Boehmeria is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants. The species include herbaceous perennials, shrubs and small trees. Although related to nettles, this genus does not have stinging hairs. Some species are known commonly as false nettle.73

Urtica dioica 3.1.2 Artemisia parviflora Boehmeria platyphylla

The only use of this plant is, it is used for preparation of dye and tannin.

3.1.4 Anemone vitifolia Description: It is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 to 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. It comprises hardy herbs and shrubs known for their volatile oils. They grow in temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, usually in dry or semi-dry habitats. The fern-like leaves of many species are covered with white hairs.72

Artemisia sp. 71 72

Flowers of India : Urtica dioica Wikipedia , free encyclopedia : Artemisia

It Relieves pain, it is milder than an analgesic. Treats rheumatism. Treats toothache (temporary measure only) and other problems of the teeth and gums. Expels and kills internal parasites. It can also act as biopesticide.74 Description: It is a robust perennial herb, growing up to 1-3 ft tall. The stem is branched above and there are umbels of few large white flowers at the top of the branches. Flowers are white, 3.5-5 cm across, borne on long silky-haired stalks. Petals are broadly ovate, silky haired beneath. Ovaries are clustered in a woolly sphere at the center, surrounded by numerous stamens with yellow anthers. The flower buds are 73

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : Boehmeria platyphylla 74 Aussie gardening: http://www.aussiegardening.com.au/findplants/pla nt/Anemone_vitifolia

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.35 white-woolly. Lower leaves are rounded-heart-shaped, 10-20 cm across, shallowly 5-lobed. Leaves below the flower-stalks are much smaller, short- stalked.75

Rumex nepalensis 3.1.6 Plantago major

Anemone vitifolia 3.1.5

Rumex nepalensis

Leaf extract is applied to skin sores. Leaf infusion is given in colic and applied to syphilitic ulcers. Leaves are rubbed on the affected part for relief from irritation caused by Bichchhoo plant. Description: These are erect plants with long tap roots. The fleshy to leathery leaves form a basal rosette at the root. The basal leaves may be different from those near the inflorescence. The inconspicuous flowers are carried above the leaves in whorl-like clusters. The fertile flowers are mostly hermaphrodite, or they can be functionally male or female. The flowers and seeds grow on long clusters at the top of a stalk emerging from the basal rosette. Each seed is 3sided achene. Plants can contain quite high levels of oxalic acid, which is what gives the leaves of many members of this genus an acid-lemon flavor.76

It has only medicinal uses. Seeds are used as a tonic stimulant, useful remedy for dysentery. Leaves and roots are astringent, used in fever, leaves applied to bruises. Description: It is a perennial herb, variable with short stout, erect, truncate, rootstocks and numerous adventitious roots. Leaves appear in rosettes, spirally arranged, stalked, and sometimes not clearly distinguished into stalk and the blade. Leaves are ovate-elliptic or rarely circular, 10-20 cm long, 4-9 cm broad, rounded at the tip, entire, nearly entire or slightly toothed, 3-9 nerved, nerves divergent at the base. Leaf bases taper into long sheathing stalks usually equaling the blade. Flowers are greenish or yellowish white, 2-4 mm long, petals ellipticovate to narrowly triangular, 1-1.15 mm long, obtuse or acute, reflexed. Flowering: August-October.77

Plantago major 75 76

Flowers of India : Anemone vitifolia Flowers of India : Rumen nepalensis

Flowers of India

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.36

3.2

Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Utrica dioica has highest importance at an elevation 800m-1200m whereas Artemisia parviflora has highest importance value index at 1200m1600m and Anemone vitifolia is highest important herb at 1600m-2000m. Trend of IVI is similar at 800m-1200m and 1200m-1600m elevation only with major disparity of Artemisia parviflora. Anemone vitifolia, Gigardiana diversifolia, Rumex nepalensis and Plantago major occur only at 1600m2000m. Also Utrica dioica, Artemisia parviflora, Boehmeria platyphylla and Euphorbia hirta have high importance at third elevation but they did not occur at other two elevations i.e. at 800m-1200m and 1200m-1600m.

E. Sunni catchment (Type similar for Sh, Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn, subcatchments) (Refer Annexure (f)) 1. Trees 1.1 Description of trees Elevation range is divided into two, 650m-1100m and 1100m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1550m IVI wise top five plants are taken for comparison. Trees observed in Sunni catchment are similar to that of Hadaboi catchment the variation is only seen in its IVI and density.

It seems that, occurrence of plants at first two elevations is similar. They occur almost with same importance; but the plants observed in next two elevations are totally different. Elevation matters for composition and distribution of plants.

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.37 1.2

Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Elevation for Sunni catchment has divided into two ranges i.e. 650m1100m and 1100m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1550m. At both elevation range Pinus roxburghii have highest IVI and density. The number suggested is 300/ha and 271/ha at 650m-1100m and 1100m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1550m respectively. Other important trees at both of these elevations are Toona ciliata, Pistacia chinensis, Acasia catechu and Bombax ceiba. Bombax ceiba has lower IVI at second elevation compared to the first.

flowers with ruffled petals. From one to several flowers may be borne on a twig, one being terminal, the others lateral and solitary. The odorless but colorful flowers are large, 1 1/2 to 3 inches in length, campanulate or cylindrical, and generally reddish but sometimes yellow to white.78

2. Shrubs 2.1Description of shrubs IVI wise top eight shrubs have taken into consideration for comparison. New shrub found here is Punica granatum. 2.1.1

Punica granatum

The fruit is edible. Fruit juice is cooling refrigerant. Root and stem bark is astringent, anthelmintic specific in tapeworm. Rinds of fruits combined with aromatics like clove are useful in diarrhea, dysentery. Seeds are used in stomach trouble. Description: The pomegranate is a shrub, usually with multiple stems, that commonly grows 6-15 ft tall. The slender branches start out upright, and then droop gracefully. Pomegranates have beautiful orange-red trumpet shaped

Flowers of India

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.38 2.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

The most important shrub at an elevation 650m-1100m is Murraya koenigii and at 1100m-1550m is Dodonaea viscosa. For both these elevations, the second important plant is Dendrocalamus strictus. Other important plants for both these elevations are Adhatoda zeylanica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Rubus ellipticus, Rabdosia lophanthoides, and Punica granatum.

stinging hairs. Some species are known commonly as false nettle.79

3. Herbs 3.1 Description of herbs IVI wise top six herbs from both the elevations are taken for comparison. New herbs found here are Boehmeria rugulosa, Oxalis corniculata, Phyllanthus fraternus, and Acalypha ciliata. Their description is given below. 3.1.1 Boehmeria rugulosa Plant can fuelwood.

be used

as fodder and

Description: Boehmeria is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants. The species include herbaceous perennials, shrubs and small trees. Although related to nettles, this genus does not have

Boehmeria rugulosa 3.1.2 Oxalis corniculata Leaves are cooling refrigerant, stomachic, and anti-scorbutic. It is used in preparing drinks. Plants used as cure for scurvy. Description: It has beautiful yellow flowers. Branching from the base and often rooted at the nodes, the upper portion is ascending or weakly erect, smooth or hairy. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems. A single long stalk arises from the axils of the leaf, from which extend three flower 79

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.39 stalks, each with a single flower. The flowers are 7-11 mm wide and have 5 yellow petals. The fruit is a capsule, 11.5 cm long, cylindrical, pointed apically, and 5-ridged in cross section.80

Phyllanthus fraternus 3.1.4 Acalypha ciliata Plants are emetic, expectorant, and useful in bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma. Leaves are laxative used in scabies and in snake bite. Oxalis corniculata 3.1.3 Phyllanthus fraternus Whole plant is diuretic, useful in dropsy, genitourinary tract diseases, jaundice, and intermittent fever. Description Gulf Leaf-Flower is a slender scruffy to nearly hairless erect annual herb, growing up to 80 cm, usually 30-40 cm, with angular branches. Leaves are carried on 0.5 mm long stalks. They are elliptic-oblong to elliptic oblanceolate, 5-13 x 1.5-5 mm, blunt or rounded at apex and base, or sometimes tapering to the base. Leaves are dark green above, paler and grayish beneath. Male flowers have 1 mm long stalks. Female flowers are carried on 1.5-2 mm long stalks. Fruits are round, trilobate, 1.7-2 mm diameter, smooth. Flowering: AugustSeptember.81

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

Flowers of India

Description: Monoecious, annual herb grows upto 1 m Stems are hairy, simple 2 mm long. Flowers present.82

Acalypha ciliata

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

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3.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Gigardiana diversifolia has the highest importance value index at 650m1100m while Phyllanthus fraternus has the highest importance value index at 1100m-1550m. Some other important plants are Euphorbia hirta, Boehmeria rugulosa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Oxalis corniculata, Acalypha ciliate. Out of those, Gigardiana diversifolia was not seen at an elevation range of 1100m1550m, while Phyllanthus fraternus and Acalypha ciliata did not present at an elevation 650m-1100m.

1.1.1 Populus ciliata It has a reasonably fast growth rate and produces abundant strong lateral roots with little taper. It is therefore extensively used to bind soil as an erosion control measure. Bark is a tonic, stimulant and blood purifier. Wood is used for making boxes for packing grapes; also for poles, trucks and barrow-trays, coaches, furniture. It can also be used as fodder and fuelwood.83 Description:

F. Matiana catchment (Type similar for Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn subcatchments) (Refer Annexure (g)) 1. Trees 1.1 Description of trees Elevation is divided into two ranges, 1700m-2050m and 2050m-2400m. Based on IVI top seven trees are considered for comparison at both elevations. Four new plants found are Populus ciliate, Albizia chinensis, Juglans regia, Cupressus tolurosa. They are considered as follows.

It is a large deciduous tree with tall and broad rounded crown. The bark of young trees is smooth greenish-grey and that of the old trees dark brown with deep vertical fissures. Leaves resemble those of Pipal to earn it the name Pahari pipal. They are broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with serrulate-crenate and ciliate margins, 7.5-18.0 cm long, base usually heartshaped, 3-5 nerved. Leaf stalk is 512.5 cm long, compressed above.Flowers are borne in drooping raceme-like catkins appearing before or with leaves. Male flowers are bellshaped and female flowers bluntly toothed. Flowering: March-April.84 83 84

Ayushveda informatics Flowers of India : Populus ciliata

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Albizia chinensis Populus ciliate 1.1.3 Juglans regia 1.1.2 Albizia chinensis Dried Fruits of this plant are edible. Important browse tree in hilly areas; also grown for shade on plantations and for the manurial value of the fallen leaves. The branches are used for fodder at the end of the growing season when the leaves are past their succulent stage. Description: It is a large deciduous tree with broad flat-topped crown and smooth grey bark. Leaves are double compound, like those of Gulmohar, but the final leaflets are very numerous, 10 mm long. Flowers are yellowish white, in clusters occurring either in the leaf axils or at the end of branches. Long white numerous stamens make it look like a powder-puff flower.85

Description: It is a large deciduous tree attaining heights of 25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;35 m, and a trunk up to 2 m diameter, commonly with a short trunk and broad crown, though taller and narrower in dense forest competition. It is a light-demanding species, requiring full sun to grow well.86

Juglans regia

Flowers of India : Albizia chinensis

Flowers of India : Juglans regia

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.42 1.2 Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

The most important tree at both the elevations 1700mâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;2050m and 2050m2400m is Cedrus deodara as it has highest IVI. Suggested no. of plants are 83/ha and 456/ha. Other important plants at first elevation observed were Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus leucotrichophora, Populus ciliata, Albizia chinensis, Juglans regia and Cupressus tolurosa. Out of these plants, Albizia chinensis, Juglans regia were not at all present at 2050m2400m

Description: This shrub has an ultimate height of 2.7m / 9ft and spread of 3.7m / 12ft. It is a perennial deciduous shrub with cream flowers in late winter. It grows well in semi-shade and direct sun, and prefers high levels of water. Flowering: April-May.88

2. Shrubs 2.1 Description of shrubs IVI wise top four shrubs have considered for comparison. New shrubs found are Prinsepia utilis, Indigofera cassioides

Prinsepia utilis

2.1.1 Prinsepia utilis Cholesterol free oil extracted from its fruits is used for cooking, religious and medicinal purpose. Plants are grown as hedge and due to extensive root system used for soil conservation works. Leaves are used as fodder. The oil cake is used for washing clothes and as manure. Also used in treatment for rheumatism, muscular pain87.

2.1.2 Indigofera cassioides A decoction of the roots is used in the treatment of coughs. The root is dried, ground into a powder and applied externally in the treatment of pains in the chest.

International conference on biodiversity, livelihood & climate change in the himalayas, 2010 dec 12-14,

Australian naturopathic network

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.43 Description: The species are mostly shrubs, though some are herbaceous, and a few can become small trees up to 5–6 m (16– 20 ft) tall. Most are dry-season or winter deciduous. The leaves are pinnate with 5–31 leaflets and the terminal leaflet present. Leaf sizes vary from 3–25 cm (1.2–9.8 in). The flowers are small, produced on racemes 2–15 cm (0.79–5.9 in) long. Indigofera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Turnip Moth.89

2.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Indigofera cassioides

Flowers of India

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.44 Both the elevations i.e. 1700m-2050m and 2050m-2450m have same highest important shrub Berberis aristata. Its IVI is almost same for both these elevations. So it has given highest priority for plantation. Suggested number of this plant for elevation 1700m- 2050m is 3384/ha and for elevation 2050m-2450m it is 2333/ha.

African violet foliage. The low rosette of wonderful foliage is topped in early spring with light pink flowers that sit atop the foliage - a great, bold, textural plant for the open woodland garden.91

Other important plants for both of these elevations are Prinsepia utilis, Rabdosia lophanthoides, and Indigofera cassioides.

3. Herbs 3.1Description of herbs IVI wise eight herbs from both the elevations are considered for comparison. Many different new herbs are found. These are Bergenia ciliata, Fragaria vesca, Oxalis corymbosa, Viola biflora, Erigeron alpinus, and Salvia moorcroftiana. Description of those plants is given below.

Bergenia ciliata 3.2.2 Fragaria vesca The berries are eaten fresh and have a wonderful strawberry-wine flavor. Roots are used in diarrhea, urinary disorders.

3.2.1 Bergenia ciliata

Description:

The flowers are boiled and then pickled. The root is used as a tonic in the treatment of fevers, diarrhoea and pulmonary affections. The root juice is used to treat coughs and colds, haemorrhoids, asthma and urinary problems. Externally, the root is bruised and applied as a poultice to boils and ophthalmia, it is also considered helpful in relieving backache. The root of this plant has a high reputation in indigenous systems of medicine for dissolving stones in the kidneys.90

A small herbaceous plant usually 4-10" high, spreading out up to 12". They will reseed very easily and often, small plants will pop up throughout the garden. The white flowers are followed by white berries which either turn red when ripe (some varieties), or stay white, but whose seeds begin to brown when ripe.92

Description: Deciduous perennial with large (12") round hairy leaves with undulating edges. Pale pink flowers on 6" stems are flushed with rose in spring and summer. Prefers a good fertile soil but tolerates heavy clay soils. The large, fuzzy leaves, to 12" wide, feel like

Fragaria vesca 91

Medicinal herbs

Flowers of India

www.tradewindsfruit.com

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.45 3.2.3 Oxalis corymbosa Leaves and leafstalks - raw or cooked can be eaten. It has some medicinal uses.

have long stalks. It is found on open slopes, shrubberies and forests in the Himalayas, at elevations of 2400-4500 m Flowering: May-July.94

Description: Perennial, grows upto 0.15 m. It is in flower from July to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires welldrained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil.93

Viola biflora 3.2.5 Erigeron alpinus Description: The species are annuals, biennials or perennials. They are well-branched plants with erect stems, characterized by their numerous white, lavender or pink ray flowers and yellow disc flowers.95

Oxalis corymbosa 3.2.4 Viola biflora Plant is antipyretic, diaphoretic and febrifuge; flowers are demulcent, used in biliousness and lung troubles. Petals made in to syrup used as a remedy for infantile disorders, roots are emetic. Description: It is a common perennial herb of the Himalayan Mountains, with erect stems up to 10 cm or more. It sports bright yellow flowers with streaks of dark purple on the petals towards the center. Flowers occur singly or in pairs, hence the species name biflora. Flowers are about 1.5 cm across, with oblong, blunt out pointed sepals. Leaves are kidney shaped, 1-3 cm wide with rounded toothed margin, and

Erigeron alpinus 3.2.6 Salvia moorcroftiana The roots are used in the treatment of colds and coughs. The seed is emetic. It is used in the treatment of dysentery, hemorrhoids, colic and, 94

Flowers of India: Viola biflora Ecological assessment of forest areas falling under Kol dam hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh. Final project report (April 2005 to March 2009) By: Dr. R.K. Verma, Scientist E, Principal Investigator.

Plants for a future.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.46 externally, boils. A poultice of the leaves is used as a dressing for wounds and is also applied to itchy skin. Stems are occasionally eaten. Description: It is a white-woolly perennial herb, commonly found in the Kashmir valley. Pale blue, nearly white, flowers are borne in spikes arranged in separated whorls, forming a branched cluster. Flowers are about 2.5 cm long. Flower tube is distinctly longer than the sepal tube. Leaves are mostly 15-25 cm long, ovate to elliptic, long-stalked. Stem is 1.5-3 ft tall, branched above. It is found in the Himalayas at elevations of 1500-2700 m. Flowering: May-June.96

Salvia moorcroftiana

3.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

Plants for a future.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.47 Bergenia ciliata is the highest important herb at an elevation 1700m2050m while Rumex nepalensis has the highest importance value index at an elevation 2050m-2400m. Some other important plants are Fragaria vesca, Oxalis corymbosa, Plantago major, Viola biflora, Salvia moorcroftiana, Erigeron alpinus. Out of these plants, Bergenia ciliata and Oxalis corymbosa did not occur at 2050m-2400m.

with male and separate trees.97

G. Pooh catchment (Type similar for subcatchments 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18,19, 20,21,22,23,24 ) (Refer Annexure (h))

female

catkins

Salix alba 1.1.2. Juniperus polycarpos

Trees

1.1. Description of trees : The altitude of this catchment is divided into 3 ranges. 2700m-3200m, 3200m-3700m and 3700m-4200m. IVI wise top 5 trees have considered for comparison at these three elevations. Description of those plants is given below:1.1.1. Salix alba Timber of this plant is useful. The bark was used in the past for tanning leather. It can also be used as a fuel wood. It eases the aches and pains and reduces fevers. Description: It is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree growing up to 10–30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and an irregular, often leaning crown. The bark is grey-brown, deeply fissured in older trees. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to greenbrown. The leaves are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside; they are 5–10 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. The flowers are produced in catkins in early spring, and pollinated by insects. It is dioecious,

It is religious plant and used to prepare Dhoops and incense sticks. Plant mainly used in stomach pain, cough, pectoral infections, diarrhea, impotency, indigestion, leucorrhoea, paralysis, piles and skin diseases. Description: It is a large gregarious shrub or small tree up to 18m, with a stout trunk. Foliage Light open spreading sharp pointed, linear leaves on lower branches and scale like leaves on the upper branches and branchlets. Leaves closely pressed to the stem giving it a smooth cord like appearance, with a large resinous gland at the back. Fruit is bluish black, resinous with 2 or more seeds.98

Juniperus polycarpos 97

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_alba 98 By : Dr. R.K. Verma and Dr. K.S. Kapoor, (2009), Plant wealth in cold deserts : Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.48 Populus alba 1.1.3. Populus alba Its green-and-white leaves make it an effective ornamental tree. It is planted to strengthen coastal sand dunes because of its extensive root system and tolerance of salt. Description:

1.1.4. Prunus armeniaca Seeds or kernels of the apricot are so sweet that they may be substituted for almonds. They are used in the treatment of cancer, heart diseases. They can be eaten as dry fruits.

It is a medium-sized deciduous tree, growing to heights of up to 16-27 m (rarely more), with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and a broad rounded crown. The bark is smooth and greenish-white to grayish-white with characteristic diamond-shaped dark marks on young trees, becoming blackish and fissured at the base of old trees. The young shoots are covered with whitish-grey down, including the small buds. The leaves are 4-15 cm long, five-lobed, with a thick covering of white scurfy down on both sides but thicker underneath; this layer wears off the upper side but not the lower, which stays white until autumn leaf fall. The flowers are catkins up to 8 cm long, produced in early spring; they are dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate trees.99

Description:

100

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_alba

It is a small tree, 8–12 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm long and 4–8 cm wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4.5 cm diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, 1.5– 2.5 cm diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface is usually pubescent. The single seed is enclosed in a hard stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side.100

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.49 Prunus armeniaca

1.2. Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

At first altitude i.e. 2700 m – 3200 m, Salix alba has the highest importance while at second altitude i.e. 3200 m – 3700 m Juniperus polycarpos has high importance. Absolutely no any trees were found at third altitude i.e. at 3700 m - 4200 m. The other important trees found are Populus ciliata, Populus alba, Prunus armeniaca.

curved with broad dilated bases. Leaves are 3-8 cm long. Petioles are glabrous or glandular –pubescent, often prickly. Leaflets 5-9 , oblong or obovate, glabrous or pubescent beneath, coarsely serrate except towards the base. Flowers usually solitary, pink. Fruit red, ovoid or globose. Flowering and fruiting occurs in July- September.102

Shrubs

2.1Description of shrubs Top 8 shrubs depending upon IVI, are taken for altitude wise comparison. Their description is given below:

2.1.1. Rosa webbiana: Fruit is eaten whether raw or cooked. The seeds are the source of vitamin E. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. Also used in indigestion.101 Description: Deciduous shrub with glabrous twigs; prickles numerous, straight or slightly 101

Plants for a future : http://digedibles.com/database/plants.php?Rosa+ webbiana

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.50

Sorbaria tomentosa

Rosa webbiana 2.1.2. Sorbaria tomentosa It has some chemical properties which can be used to prepare medicines. Description: It is a slender, graceful, spreading shrub, growing up to 3 m or taller. It has long pinnate leaves, and large terminal, pyramidal branched clusters of tiny white flowers. Leaves are 20-40 cm long. Leaflets are lancelike, slender-pointed, 5-10 cm long, with double toothed margins. Leaflets are hairy beneath. The flower clusters are 20-45 cm long. Flowers are tiny 5-7 mm across, with rounded petals and protruding stamens. It is commonly found at altitudes of 1800-2900 m. Flowering: June-August.103

2.1.3. Salix denticulata It can be used as a fodder. Description: Small tree or shrub whose twigs are pubescent, glabrous and stipules minute. Petiole 2-6 mm long. Lamina 2.5-6.5 x 1.2-2.4 cm, elliptic, oblong or ovate margin denticulate, tip obtuse to acute, bright green above, lighter on the lower side; pubescent when young specially along midrib, becoming glabrous. Fruiting catkin 4-12 x 0.8-0.9 cm, not dense. Flowering Period: AprilMay.104 2.1.4. Lonicera orientalis : It is mainly used in herbal cough medicines. Description: These are arching shrubs or twining vines. The leaves are opposite, simple oval, 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;10 cm long; most are deciduous but some are evergreen. Many of the species have sweetlyscented, bell-shaped flowers that produce sweet, edible nectar. Breaking of the Honeysuckle's stem will release this powerful sweet odor. The fruit is a red, blue or black berry containing several seeds; in most species the berries are mildly poisonous, but a few species (notably Lonicera caerulea) have edible berries. The plant is eaten

103

www.Flowers of India.com: http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Kash mir%20False%20Spirea.html

104

www.efloras.org, flora of Pakistan : http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5 &taxon_id=242100167

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.51 by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.105

height.106

Abelia triflora Lonicera orientalis

2.1.5. Abelia triflora It is used as fuelwood. Wood of this plant is hard, close and even-grained. Used for walking sticks. As flowers are aromatic it is used as an ornamental plant. Description: It is a perennial deciduous shrub with white flowers in late spring. It grows well in direct sun, and prefers medium levels of water. It has low drought tolerance and low flood tolerance. This shrub has an ultimate height of 4m / 13.1ft and spread of 3m / 9.8ft. It can take 11-15 years to reach its ultimate

2.1.6. Juniperus indica: It is used as incense or as ingredient in incense sticks also useful in ayurvedic medicines.107 Description: It is a shrub growing to 50-200 cm tall, with largely horizontal branching. The leaves are dark grey-green, dimorphic, with adult plants having mostly scalelike leaves 1-3 mm long, while young plants have mostly needle-like leaves 5-8 mm long, but needle-like leaves can also be found on shaded shoots of adult plants. The leaves are borne in whorls of three on strong stout main stem shoots, and opposite pairs on thinner, slower-growing shoots. It is dioecious, with male (pollen) and female (seed) cones on separate plants. The mature seed cones are 106

Plant database : http://plantdatabase.in/abelia_triflora 107

105

Wikipedia ; free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle

www.maya-ethnobotanicals.com : http://www.maya-ethnobotanicals.com/buyjuniperus-indica-%28black-juniper%29

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.52 ovoid, berry-like, 6-10 mm long, glossy black, and contain a single seed; the seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the cones, digest the fleshy cone pulp, and excrete the seeds in their droppings.108

feature distinguishes it from the other very similar Entire-leaved Cotoneaster. Leaves are dark-green above and bristly-haired beneath. Small white flowers, about 8 mm across, appear in leaf axils, either singly or in groups of 2-3. Sepals are densely hairy. This plant is loved for its showy scarlet berries. It is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to SW China, at altitudes of 2000-5400. Flowering: May-June.110

Juniperus indica 2.1.7. Cotoneaster microphyllus : A rose-tan dye is obtained from the fruit. The leaves are used for incense. The plant has an extensive root system and a creeping habit above ground. It makes a good soil binder. The branches are used for making baskets. Wood is hard, close and even grained. Plant is also used for fuel. The stolons are said to be astringent.109 Description:

Cotoneaster microphyllus 2.1.8. Juniperus communis The plant can be used as fuel wood and ornamental purpose. Also useful in making Dhoops and incense sticks. It is used to cure kidney disorders. Description:

It is a prostrate, mat-forming shrub which will climb over rocks. It is a strong contender for the plant found at highest altitudes. Leaves are 6-13 mm, elliptic-ovate, with pointed tip. This

This shrub is more or less procumbent. Leaves remain in 3 whorls, linear or boat shaped, sharply pointed, spreading nearly at right angles from the branches. Flowers are dioecious,

108

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_indica 109 Plants for a future : http://digedibles.com/database/plants.php?Cotone aster+microphyllus

110

www.flowers of india.net : http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Rocks pray%20Cotoneaster.html

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.53 axillary. Fruit are subglobose, blue-black, glaucous. Seeds are 1-3.111

Juniperus communis

2.2

111

Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

By : Dr. R.K. Verma and Dr. K.S. Kapoor, (2009), Plant wealth in cold deserts : Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.54 Rosa webbiana is the highest important plant at first and second altitudes but its maximum IVI was observed at 3200 m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3700 m. Juniperus indica is the most important shrub at third altitude, i.e. at 3700m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4200m but this shrub did not occur at first elevation. Also Cotoneaster microphyllus and Juniperus communis were not observed at first altitude. Sorbaria tomentosa, Salix denticulata, Lonicera orientalis were not at all observed at third elevation. While Abelia triflora did not occur at second elevation. This shows that existence of plants differ altitude wise.

dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.112

Herbs

3.1Description of herbs Top 8 herbs depending upon IVI are selected for their comparison at three altitudes. Their description is given below 3.1.1 Artemisia scoparia : The plant is anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cholagogue, diuretic and vasodilator. It has an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Bacillus dysenteriae, B. typhi, B. subtilis, Pneumococci, C. diphtheriae, mycobacterium etc. It is used in the treatment of jaundice, hepatitis and inflammation of the gall bladder. The plant is also used in a mixture with other herbs as a cholagogue. Description: Artemisia scoparia is a species in the genus Artemisia, in the family Asteraceae. Its common name is Redstem Wormwood. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires

Artemisia scoparia 3.1.2 Malva rotundifolia : It can be grazed by livestock only in case of drought. Used to cure gastrointestinal disorders, constipation, colitis, hemorrhoids. Description: Annual, 10-25 cm. Stems many, procumbent. Leaves with blade orbicular to reniform, crenate, and lobed. Flowers white with pink veins. Flowering: March-April. Habitat: Waste areas.113

112

www.mamaherb.com : http://www.mamaherb.com/artemisia-scoparia 113 www.fao.org : http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agpc/doc/GBASE/new _species/malrot.htm

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Origanum vulgare

Malva rotundifolia 3.1.3 Origanum vulgare: It is used to extract essential oil. It is also used in tonic, cold, hysteria fever. Description: Erect branched, hairy herb, 30-60 cm high. Leaves are petioled, broadly ovate, and sparsely hairy. Cymes are corymbose, sometimes forming panicles. Bracts are large, imbricating, green or purplish. Flowers are polygamous, larger ones bisexual, smaller ones pistillate. Calyx is belshaped enlarged in fruit. Corolla is pink or white. Habitat type: moist slopes, flowering and fruiting: June â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 114 September.

3.1.4 Verbascum thapsus The flowers provide dyes of bright yellow or green, and have been used for hair dye. Plant is also used in febrifuge, diarrhoea and ringworm. Description: It is an erect herb. Stems are 40-90 cm tall, stout, simple winged with long decurrent leaf lobes, densely clothed with grayish-yellow tomentum. Leaves are 10-17 x 2.5 -3.5 cm. obovate or oblanceolate, entire or crenate, acute or acuminate. Flowers are 1-1.2 cm long, yellow; crowded in woolly terminal spikes 20-40cm long; calyx 45 mm long, wooly outside, lobes are nearly equal. Corolla is 1-1.2 cm long, tube is very short, lobes are 5, nearly equal woolly.115

114

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Ephedra gerardiana Verbascum thapsus 3.1.6 Bergenia stracheyi 3.1.5 Ephedra gerardiana: Dries twigs of this plant are used for Asthma, hay fever and rashes if allergic origin. Decoction of stems and roots are used as remedy for rheumatism. Nasal spray prepared from the drug is used in asthmatic attacks and inflammation of mucous membrane. Description: It is a low growing rigid tufted plant 30-60 cm, with numerous densely clustered erect slender smooth green jointed branches, arising from a branched woody base. Branches have scales at the joints. Male cones are ovate 6-8 mm, solitary or 2-3 with 4-8 flowers each with 5-8 anthers with fused filaments and rounded fused bracts. Female cones are usually solitary. Fruit is ovoid 7-10 mm with fleshy red succulent bracts enclosing the 1-2 seeds. Occurs in drier regions. Flowering and fruiting occurs in MayJune.116

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By : Dr. R.K. Verma and Dr. K.S. Kapoor, (2009), Plant wealth in cold deserts : Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh.

This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds. It is used in the treatments of blisters, kidney stones and liver disorders. Description: It is erect, fleshy and perennial herb with stout creeping root stock. Leaves are obovate to oblong- obovate, base is cuneate and apex is rounded. Margins are crenate to dentate, ciliate, glabrous or puberulous. Scape usually 10-20 cm long, pink tinged. Flowers are white or liliac, in terminal loose corymbs.117

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Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.57 They also close when it's about to rain.119

Bergenia stracheyi Stellaria media

3.1.7 Stellaria media Stellaria media is edible and nutritious, and is used as a leaf vegetable, often raw in salads.118

It is used in the internal pain.

Description:

It is an annual, but is somewhat unusual in that it often germinates in the fall (though it also germinates year-round), and hangs on through the winter, flowering and setting seed in the early spring, and dying off by summer. It greatly prefers cool and damp conditions, and will not survive where it's dry and hot. It is just about always flowering, except in the dead of winter. It has tiny white flowers, about a quarter inch in diameter, in the leaf axils or in terminal clusters, with five deeply notched petals that look like ten, and five green sepals that are longer than the petals. The flowers close at night and open in the morning.

It is a tall, stout perennial herb, growing from 1 ft to 7 ft tall. Long stalked leaves are circularâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;heartshaped or kidney- shaped, 10-60 cm long, tip rounded or pointed. Flowers are borne in dense- flowered panicles, in leaf axils and at the end of branches. Flowers are small, 2 mm across, pale yellowish. Fruit oblong or orbicular, notched at both ends. It is very common in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to W. Nepal, at altitudes of 2400-4300 m. Flowering: June-July.120

3.1.8 Rheum webbianum:

119

118

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellaria_media

www.Flowers of India.Com : http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Chick weed.html 120 www. flowers of india.com: http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Indian %20Rhubarb.html

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.58

Rheum webbianum

3.2Comparison based on IVI at different elevation range

All the three altitudes have different herbs having their highest importance. At first altitude, i.e. at 2700 m- 3200 m, Artemisia scoparia has the highest importance, at 3200 m-3700 m, Origanum vulgare is the most important herb while at 3700 m4200m, Bergenia stracheyi is the important herb.

3700m. Ephedra gerardiana and Malva rotundifolia did not occur at second and third elevation i.e. at 3200m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3700m and 3700m-4200m. Ephedra gerardiana did not occur at 3200m3700m also. Other important herbs are Origanum vulgare, Verbascum Thapsus, Stellaria media and Rheum webbianum.

Bergenia stracheyi did not occur at 2700 m-3200m as well as at 3200m-

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.59 Replicating Biodiversity

I. Introduction The Himalayan region consists of wide range of altitude difference. Composition of plants varies with altitude. It mainly depends upon Temperature, Rainfall and soil conditions of those particular regions. According to TOR, plantation should be given integral priority in the project region. The concept behind replicating

Overview of subcatchments We have total 33 sub-catchments namely Sf, Sg, Sh, Si, Sj, Sk, Sm , Sn, Sp, Sq, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6 ,7 ,8, 9,10,11,

biodiversity is that, the existing plants from biodiversity survey having high importance values are suggested for plantation in other sub-catchments of similar atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the species suggested for the sub-catchment have specific intervals in altitudes.

II. Overview of Sub-catchments

12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. Presently we have suggesting plantation for all sub-catchments except Sp, Sq, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.60

III. Parameters considered for replicating the biodiversity: A. Rainfall

Overview of rainfall pattern in subcatchments Rainfall conditions of Sf, Sg and Sm are similar i.e. they have rainfall in the range 1000 mm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1500 mm. Subcatchments Sh, Sj, Sn and Sk have rainfall in the range 1500mm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 mm. Si has rainfall above 2000 m. and

Sp, Sq,1,2,3,5,6 have rainfall range 750-1000mm. Subcatchments 7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15, 23 have 700 750 mm of rainfall and the extreme higher subcatchments 15,16,17,18,20, 21, 22 have rainfall less than 700mm.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.61 B. Soil

Overview of soil types in the subcatchments Soil type of subcatchments namely Sf, Sg and Sk is mainly shallow or medium deep, somewhat excessively drained, thermic, loamy-skeletal soils on moderately steep slopes with loamy surface. There is severe erosion and strong stoniness, associated with Rock outcrops. Soil type of subcatchments namely Sh, Si, Sj, Sm, Sn is deep, well drained and thermic. There is also fine-loamy soils on moderate slopes with loamy surface Moderate erosion to severe erosion occurs.

Soil type of subcatchments Sp, Sq, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10 is medium deep or shallow, excessively or well drained, thermic or mesic loamy-skeletal soils which occurs on moderate or very steep slopes with loamy surface. There is possibility of severe erosion due to moderate to slight stoniness. Soil type of subcatchments 11,12, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 and 24 is medium deep to shallow and excessively drained. Loamy-skeletal calcareous soils occurs on very steep slopes with loamy surface. Severe erosion can occur due to moderate stoniness.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.62 C. Soil and rainfall

Overview of soil and rainfall pattern in subcatchments Overviewing the rainfall and soil types together, it can be concluded that, subcatchments Sf, Sg, Sh, Si and Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn have almost similar atmospheric conditions suitable for plantation. Subcatchments Sp, Sq and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 have similar atmospheric conditions but we have not presently included them for plantation. While subcatchments 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 23 and 24 have similar climatic conditions.

IV.

Plant species for suggestion

Plant species are selected depending upon available data of rainfall, soil conditions and importance of those

plants in the particular regions. Their suggested numbers at particular elevations is provided in annexures (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h).

A. Plantation suggested for subcatchments Sf, Sg, Sh, Si Rainfall in these subcatchment regions lies between 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 mm. Soil is shallow or medium deep, somewhat excessively drained, thermic, loamyskeletal. On the basis of soil and rainfall conditions, following species are the most suitable to Sf, Sg, Sh and Si subcatchments. Therefore they are recommended on priority. They are given below:

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.63 1. Trees Lannea coromandelica, Grewia optiva, Ficus religiosa, Terminallia bellirica, Pistasia chinensis, Acacia catechu, Ficus roxburghii, Bombax ceiba, Anogeissus latifolia.

2. Shrubs Adhatoda zeylanica, Murraya koenigii , Mallotus philippensis, Dodonaea

viscosa, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bauhinia vahlii, Woodfordia fruticosa, Berberis lyceum, Leptodermis lanceolata,Lantana cammara.

3. Herbs Rumex hastatus, Euphorbia hirta, Dodonaea viscosa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cynodon dactylon, Bidens pilosa, Triumfetta rhomboidea.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showing biodiversity and plantation in Sg subcatchment.

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Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showing biodiversity and plantation in Sh subcatchment.

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.65

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showing biodiversity and plantation in Si subcatchment.

B. Plantation suggested for subcatchments Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn The soil in these regions is deep, well drained and thermic. Rainfall is 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 mm. On the basis of soil and rainfall conditions, following species are the most suitable to Sj, Sk, Sm and Sn subcatchments. Therefore they are recommended on priority. They are given below :

1. Trees Toona ciliata , Dalbergia sissoo, Pistacia chinensis, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus leucotrichophora, Populus ciliate, Juglans regia, Picea smithiana, Cupressus tolurosa.

2. Shrubs Punica granatum, Berberis aristata, Indigofera cassioides, Prinsepia utilis, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Murraya koenigii, Dendrocalamus strictus, Rubus

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.66 ellipticus, Adhatoda zeylanica, Murraya koenigii

3. Herbs

Fragaria vesca, Viola biflora, Anaphalis contorta ,Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta, Oxalis corniculata, Boehmeria rugulosa.

Oxalis corniculata, Rumex nepalensis, Salvia moorcroftiana, Plantago major,

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showing biodiversity and plantation in Sj subcatchment.

C. Plantation suggested for subcatchments 11-24 As this region comes under high elevation, its rainfall is very less i.e. less than 750mm. Loamy-skeletal calcareous soils occurs on very steep

slopes with loamy surface. Also the soil is excessively drained. Considering these climatic conditions, following plants are the most suitable in this region and therefore they are recommended.

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Volume I: Part I: Section 4: Chapter 5: 4.5.67 1.

Trees

Other references:

Salix alba, Juniperus polycarpos, Prunus armeniaca, Populus ciliata, Populus alba, Cedrus deodara, Alnus nitida, Robinia pseudoacacia

Shrubs

Rosa webbiana, Sorbaria tomentosa,Saliix denticulata, Lonicera orientalis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Juniperus communis, Abelia triflora, Cotoneaster microphyllus

Herbs

Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia brevifolia, Rheum webbianum, Malva rotundifolia, Thymus linearis, Verbascum Thapsus, Origanum vulgare

1. Upendernath Kanjilal; Forest Flora of the Chakrata , Dehradun,, Saharanpur Forest Divisions; (1969) Publicity & Liaison Br.FRI& Colleges ; DEHRADUN 2. Singh Jagdish, Sharma.KD, Kumar S (March, 2005) Agro Forestry species for different Agro climatic Zones of H.P.; The Package and Practice , HFRI (ICFRE) Shimla171009. 3. Annon. (2005) Principal Tree, Shrub and grass species of H P; with their uses and Plantation Methodology: [Hindi Version] Publicity Division Shimla, H P Forest Department. 4. Forest Working Plans of Rampur â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kotgarh and Outer Seraj Forest Divisions, H P Forest Department.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1

5.1.1

Section 5: Task C: Plan for prevention of further degradation of catchment Chapter 1: Guidelines for Forestry Introduction:

•

Ethno forestry

Forests constitute an important component of watershed resources and need to be conserved and managed properly. It is now well recognized that well stocked forests, well terraced farm lands are not major contributors to soil erosion. It is also well known that Northern aspects are moist and generally well covered with good forests and vegetation and soil erosion problem is much less. However, southern aspects are dry, desiccated and devoid of good vegetation. Scarcity of fodder and fuel wood leads to lopping, chopping and cutting of trees. Grazing and browsing by domestic and migratory animals lead to removal of protective vegetation cover thus leading to soil erosion problem. Involvement and sensitization of village communities which is lacking at present can play an important role towards protection of forests.

•

Improvement of Tree Cover

•

Bamboo Plantation

•

Improvement of Pastures/ Grass lands

•

Raising of medicinal plants

•

Agro Forestry

•

Participation of stakeholders through Incentive Scheme

•

Introduction technology

Treatment Proposal: The CAT Plan supports a combination of locally proven site specific technologies that would reduce soil erosion, conserve water and improve vegetal cover in the catchment. Unstable terrain, decreased forest cover, excessive biotic pressures are responsible for depletion of forest resources at a fast rate resulting in increased rate of siltation. The components that would retard the rate of siltation in our catchment are as under:

Modern

1.1 Ethno forestry: Advance Closure, which is a Specific sub discipline of Ethno Forestry Advance Closure, can reduce the cost of afforestation upto 40% and surplus can be used for maintenance for longer period. Advance and effective closure by fencing in order to take advantage of natural regeneration of Acacias, Albizias, Dilbergia, Melia, Poplars, Salix, Alnus, Celtis ‘ustralis, Ficus species, Juniper, Lanea spp, Prunus spp, Oaks, Jamuna, Cheel, Kail, Deodar etc. This is be possible as Root stocks, stumps and mother trees of the species already exist in the area. Earth work, cleaning of rank growth, singling, spacing and fencing should be done in the year preceding the plantations. Rainy season is advantageous before planting and two growth periods as a large number of species regenerate from dormant root stocks, stumps and

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 seed. As far as possible, planting should be done on staggered contour trenches. Seeds of Acacias, Albizias, Melia, Neem, Ulms, Kainth should be Sown on berms of the trenches. Furthermore, species to be planted should be preferably leguminous and fast growing and mixture of fuel, fodder and timber trees would be valuable. The main species recommended are Robinia, Ailanthus, Walnut, Aesculus Laucaena, Poplar, Ritha, Drek, Ban Oak, Shisham, Chuli, Siris, Kunish, Beuhl, Maple, Bird Cherry, Kail, Deodar, Chil, Khair, Terminatia, Toon and Salix which is planted depending upon site conditions. After plantation various intercultural operations like, weeding and hoeing, replacement, removal of suppression and fertilizing should be undertaken. For improving moisture regime of the area trenching may be done. Size of gradoni trenches is be 1x0.30x0.30 meter and 300 to 500 plants per ha. Are to be planted.

5.1.2

monsoons. Fencing should be done with 4 strands of Barbed wire, interlaced with thorny bushes at vulnerable points. Wherever stone is available in abundance stone fencing may be done. Live hedge fencing can be done in lower hills where slopes are gentle and soil is not rocky, but this type of fencing has to be done one year before planting. In this case too Barbed Wire fencing is needed at strategic places i.e. where cattle damage is more. The plantation should be supplemented with species like Neem, Darek, Albizia, Shisham, Khair, Terminalia, Alnus, Kail etc. Maintenance will be done for five years in lower area and 7 years in upper Kinnaur and Spiti. For raising successful plantations involvement of local habitants is a must. This may be done by providing some incentives through P.E.S. (Payment for Environment Services) Scheme. Various intercultural operations during the year of plantation is same as under Ethno forestry. 1.2.2 Filling up Gaps:

The plantation will be maintained for 5 years in lower areas and 7 years in upper Kinnaur.

1.2 Improvement of tree cover: 1.2.1 Afforestation Scheme or New Plantation Model: Blank areas devoid of tree growth shall be taken up for afforestation. Choice of species depends on the site. 1100 plants per Ha. in case of Conifers and 850 in case of Broad Leave are to be planted. Wherever possible trenches are to be dug, otherwise planting will be done in pits. Earth work should be done well in advance. Size of plants to be planted should be 50 to 60 cms for Broad Leaved varieties while 25 to 30 cms in case of Conifers. Plants should be healthy with strong stems. Planting should be done with first shower of

In most of the old plantations, there is about 50% failure which has resulted in big gaps which need fresh planting. The gaps should be filled up with broad leave hardy species like Robinia, Alnus, Poplar, Chuli, Ficus, Ailanthus, Celtis australis etc. Planting stock should be healthy and tall. Fencing is needed at many places. 600 to 800 plants per Ha. may be planted. All other operations are same as under new plantation. 1.2.3 Enrichment Planting Model: In areas where natural trees exist but their density is below 0.3, enrichment planting are undertaken. On an average, 500 to 600 plants per Ha. Are planned to be planted. Selection of species is done after thorough study of sites and the natural trees growing in the area. Mostly broad leaved species

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 are planted but at places Conifers are also be planted. 1.2.4 Irrigated Planting Model (Afforestation in Pooh & Spiti Sub Divisions): In cold desert areas i.e. Upper Kinnaur (Pooh Sub Division) and Spiti the plantation cannot survive without watering. At present vegetation is exists only along Nalas with perennial flow. New plantation is raised in areas where hand watering can be done with pipes. Water is stored in specially constructed tanks of about 50000 litres capacity i.e. having size of 7x5x1.5 meter. This costs about Rs. 1.5 lakhs. The species planted are mainly willow, poplar, sea buck thorn, wild rose etc. In Upper Kinnaur at suitable sites Neoza plantations are raised through irrigation. 1100 plants are planned to be planted per Ha. All other inter cultural operations are to be carried out. SPECIES RECOMMENDED VARIOUS ZONES:

FOR

Low Hills (Zone I): Khair, Kachnar, Shisham, Silver Oak, Bamboo, Anogeisus latifolia, Morus spp, Ficus spp, Terminalia spp, Amla, Mango Maharukh, Soap nut, Neem, Darek, Subabul, Siris. Mid Hills (Zone II): Chil, Ban Oak, Terminatia, Daru, Amla, Bamboo, Poplar, Beul, Silver Oak, Salix, Khirk, Kachnar, Terminalia species Maharukh, Toon, Ficus spp, Robinia, Simbal, Albizia Thinensis (Ohi) Morus spp.

5.1.3

High Hills- Cold Desert (Zone IV) Chilgoza, Robinia, Poplar, Salix, Khirk, Sea buck thorn.

1.3 Bamboo planting: Bamboo is versatile, strong and environment friendly material. It is the fastest growing woody plant on earth. It can be grown quickly and easily and sustainably harvested on 3 to 5 years cycle. It grows on marginal and degraded lands, elevated ground along field bunds and river banks. It adapts to most soil & climatic conditions. It acts as an excellent soil binder and effective carbon sink. It has multiple uses. Average yield is 10 tons per /Ha/year. In China well managed Bamboo plantations yield upto 50 tons per/Ha/year. 1.3.1 Cultivation: Bamboos are generally propagated vegetatively although they are best raised through seeds. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and allowed to develop for a year in polypots after which they are transplanted in field. As Bamboo seeds are rarely available they are raised through rhizomes or culm cuttings. In rhizome planting one year old culms with roots are dug up, cut to about a metre high and planted during rainy season. While planting extra care should be taken not to injure the junction of culm and rhizome. Irrigation is necessary after planting. Planting is done at 4x4M spacing.

High Hills (Zone III) Deodar, Kail, Moru Oak, Walnut, Fir, Spruce, Kharsu Oak, Poplar Kosh, Kunish, Tut, Horse Chestnut, Moharukh.

Bamboo plantation

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1

heavy pressure of grazing. The present level of production of most of these pastures is one fourth of their actual potential.

1.3.2 Nursery Technique: Seed is sown in germination beds during July - September. Germination takes place in 10 days. Transplant seedlings develop 3 to 5 leaves. 8 month old seedlings are separated into rhizome having root and shoot. Separated material is planted in 9” x 4” p bags. Plants will be ready for planting in July next year.

5.1.4

•

Low Lying Pastures:

Conditions like low lying pastures near village are worse. The pressure on these pastures is very acute and calls for urgent rehabilitation measures to restore their production status.

1.3.3 Harvesting & Yield: 1.4.1 Alpine Pastures: Harvesting can be done from fifth year onwards. However, commercial production harvesting should start from 6th year. In 6th year 6 culms per clump, in 7th year 7, 8th year 8 and so on till ninth year onwards 9 culms per clump will be harvested. One or 2 year old culms are left for regeneration. From ninth year onwards average yield is about 35 tonnes per ha.

Owing to traditional grazing rights of the graziers, it is difficult to restrict the number of animals grazing there. Thus the only alternative left is to increase the productivity.

1.3.4 Species: Most commonly planted species is Dendoroclamus strictus as it has ready market and grows in varied type of soil and Agro climatic conditions. However, for Agro forestry tall bamboo like Dendroclamus hamiltonic is most suited because of its fast growth and high return. This species thrives in deep fertile soil with very good moisture.

1.4 Improvement of pastures: Pastures are of two type viz. Alpine and Low lying. •

Alpine Pastures: Alpine pastures have their own significance in geographical, environmental and socio economic conditions of an area. They are spread over natural slopes and form considerable portion of the catchment area. They are the main source of forage/herbage for cattle, sheep and goats. Soil erosion is rampant in these areas due to continuous

The treatment consists of eradication of obnoxious weeds, application of some manure/fertilizer and strip sowing of improved grasses. The areas are protected with help of thorny bushes. If the rainwater is allowed to be retained in the area, recovery is quick. This is possible in areas having gentle to moderate slope. This is not satisfactory on loose and rough broken soil. i)

Water Spreading:

Grasslands may be improved by water spreading. The water from natural water courses should be directed to adjacent slopes where it can be spread on productive grass lands. Most common type of spreader is a small dam placed in water course with gradient ditches or terraces leading the water out to gentle slopes where it is released through openings in the ditches or terraces.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

5.1.5

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 ii) Reseeding: It is done by sowing of seed or by transplanting seedlings or vegetal segments. The primary handicap in reseeding is insufficient moisture in high mountains. If the rain water is allowed to retain in the soil, the recovery is quick. This is best obtained by means of contour farrows and ridges which are possible on gentle to moderately sloping areas. The best time of reseeding is July-August. Seeds should be sown on the contour. Small seeds should not be placed more than Â˝ inch deep and large seeds not deeper than 1 inch. 800 patches of 60 cm x 60 cm x 25 cm are prepared for grass sowing. Legumes should be introduced in the areas.

Bromus intermis, Lobium italicum, Poa pratensis, Festuca elatior, Phalaris tuberose. v) Legumes recommended: Phaseolus atropurpareus, trifolium pretense (Red Clover) T. resupinatum (Shaftal clover) T. repense (white clover) Medicago sativa (Lucern) Lupins. vi) Introduction of Fodder Trees: In areas having gentle to moderate slope, 50 fodder trees per Ha. may be planted in temperate zone upto 10000 ft. altitude. Species recommended are Poplar ciliata, Salix spp. Betula alnoides, quercus dilitata. vii) Soil and measures:

iii) Grass Species: a. Existing: Agrostis spp, Poa alpine, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratensa, Festuca pratensis, Danthonia Chemyriana.

Water

Conservation

Some small check dams and vegetative barriers are needed in badly eroded areas. Species like Rosa macrophylla, Desmodium tiliaefolium and Indigofera pulchela is planted for vegetative barriers.

Rosa macrophylla 1.4.2 Low lying pasture: Phleum pratensa b. Species recommended Improvement:

for

Digitaria decumbens, Dactylis glomerata (Orchard grass), Festuca arundinaceau (Tall festucca). iv) Exotic species recommended:

The focus should be to produce more grass and leaf fodder under silvipastoral model. About 200 Fodder trees per Ha. are planted in addition to plantation of grass & legumes under the trees. The various measures to improve these grasslands are as under:i) Weed Control: Grasslands are often invaded by woody, semi woody or

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

5.1.6

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 herbaceous plants of low fodder value, which even at times are dangerous to live stock-shrubs and tree sprouts can be best controlled by cutting weeds by mowing at proper time i.e. generally at time of bloom. ii) Control of noxious plants: Many areas have been invaded by noxious shrubs like lantana. It can be eradicated manually. iii) Fencing: Area may be properly fenced with 4 strands of barbed wire. Strategic points may be interlaced with thorny bushes. iv) Earth Work: Silvi- pastoral model is adopted for treatment. About 400 running meters of trenches of 30 x 30 cms. Size is dug per hectare. v) Sowing of grasses: Grass seed should be sown on berms of trenches. They can also be raised by seedlings. vi) Existing Grasses: Chrysopogan, Heteropogan, Cenchrus, Dicanthium etc. vii) Proposed Improved Grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris, C- setigerus, Chlorus gayana, Napier-bajra, hybrid (Panicum maximum) Guinea grass, Pennisetium spp. Setaria anceps, Napier Bajra Hybrid, Cynodon dactylon, Festuca spp can be propagated by cuttings and nursery raised seedlings easily.

viii) Legumes recommended: Neonotonia wightii, Macroptilium atropupureum, Macrotyloma â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;axiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;llare, Leucaena leucocephala, stylosanthes hamata and S. Scabra. Legumes can be raised from seeds, cuttings or seedlings. ix) Fodder Trees recommended: Bauhinia variegate, Acer pictum, celtis australis, Grewia spp, Morus serrata, Devdroclamus strictus, Albizia lebbek, Robinia, Oaks, Toon, Darek, Anogeisus latefolia, Ficus spp, Terminalia, species, Poplar, Salix Albizia Odoratissima, Subabul. Trees are planted in intervening spaces of trenches dug for grass sowing. x) Soil & Measures:

Moisture

Conservation

Many areas are badly eroded with gullies and small nalas due to excessive biotic pressure and utter neglect over long period. Water goes waste as run off causing erosion. Measures to be adopted are as under: a. Ground Cover: A permanent Cover of grass is best way of preventing water loss. b. Terracing: This is the standard method practicable in hilly areas. Carefully designed benches following the contours of the land are formed. c. Water spreading: It is an interesting method of utilizing the rain water for improvement of grasslands. Water from natural water courses is directed to adjacent slopes where it can be spread on productive grass lands.

Cenchrus ciliaris d. Check dams: Check dams may be necessary on slopy lands Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 where water erosion is active and causing gully formation. e. Vegetative barriers of species like Vitex negundu, Arundonax, desmodium, Robinea, Ficus, Willow, Poplar are useful.

5.1.7

1.5.1 Problems: Marketing is a major concern, with the middle man often reaping the greatest return from the wholesale price, with only comparatively small return to the Collector. The cultivation of medicinal plants is avoided by new farmers because of lack of training and market support. 1.5.2 Steps to increase productivity

Vitex negundu f.

Drainage: Land can be brought into productive pasture use by providing better drainage.

1.5 Raising of medicinal plants: Propagation of medicinal plants is an innovative land use strategy to address the livelihood issue of local people on sustainable basis as it provides alternative income generating activities. Moreover, this helps in unsitu conservation of medicinal plants, Medicinal herbs like Karoo, Dhoop, chora, Salam panja, Bankakri, Ratanjot, Nihani, Mushkwala, Dioscorea, Patish, Harar, Bahera, Amla, Reetha, Bacopa monierii (Brahmi), Tejpatta, Shingli, Mingli, Kasmal, Kakarsinghi, Banafsha, Kapoor, Kachri, Bellona Kalajeera, Rakhal, Gucchi, Kijth, Kashmiri Patta, Seski Thijith etc. are found and most of these are collected by local residents.

Productivity of NFTPS including medicinal plants could be increased by reducing shade of dominant species, reducing forest fires, avoid premature and un controlled harvesting and overgrazing, maintaining nurseries of N.F.T.P.S for supply to interested cultivators. Provision of extension services and development of possible and organized marketing channels. As women are the main collectors of medicinal plants, harvesting and marketing awareness programme should be directed at them. 1.5.3 Role of Forest Department: There is a considerable interest both in the cultivation of medicinal plants in Agro forestry systems and also in enriching the population of wild plants on forest land. Forest Department has been taking an increasing interest in naturally occurring medicinal plants found on forest land; but has not coordinated with Horticulture Department for the commercial production of selected species on private land as a further means of reducing pressure on the forests. Medicinal plants are an important component of NFTPS and their collection on forest land is regulated by the forest department. Over exploitation and the extinction of some species has necessitated the introduction and enforcement of regulations. Forest ranges are closed periodically and during closure no

Bacopa monierii Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1

5.1.8

permits for collection are issued by forest department. 1.5.4 Collections: The medicinal plants with high market value are sourced mainly from the alpine pasture, although some species are also found in lower tracts of Deodar forests. Generally sheep and goat herders having grazing rights in pastures collect these herbs and sell them to local merchants. Some other villagers also collect medicinal plants. Recently there has been an interest by pharmaceutical houses to engage farmers to produce medicinal plants under contract as a horticultural crop. NGOs are taking a greater interest in medicinal plants as a potential source of income. 1.5.5 Role of NGO: Lok Vigyan Kendra (LVK) an NGO body formed has developed a village programme to cultivate medicinal plants on degraded land in the Changar area. LVK seeks to assist the communities involved with processing and value addition. It also plans to help the participating communities with marketing of medicinal plants and possibly value added processing into ayurvedic products. LVK is interested in following plants because of ease of production and value in the market:Gloriosa superba, Rauwolfia serpentina, withania somnifera, Contrathrum anthelminticum, Aloe Vera, psoralea corilifolia, Mucuna prureins, chlorophytum- borivillianum, Abrus precatoricus, Lemon grass,Cucumalonga, Silybum marianum, Asparagus racemosus, and Plumbago Zeylanoca.

Silybum marianum 1.5.6 Plantation of NFTPS: Nearly 2000 plants per Ha. Are planned to be planted. Nursery raised plants are planted in patches (60 x 60 x20 cm). Area is demarcated, cleared of unwanted rank growth and fenced with 4 strands of barbed wire- Fence is interlaced with thorny bushes, obtained from the area. Earthwork is done well in advance. Planting is done with onset of summer monsoons. Weeding and hoeing is done 2 to 3 times. If necessary, cleaning may also be done. Some of the species which can be raised by sowing are- Aconitum, Swertia Chirayita, Viola serpens, Velorina wallichii. Species which can be raised by planting rhizomes areDioscorea deltoide, Podophyllum emodi, Velorena Wallichii. Viola serpens can also be raised through root suckers. 1.5.7 Aromatic grasses yielding plants:

and

oil

Aromatic grasses on sloppy lands have wide potential. Cymbopogom martini, Lemon grass, Lavender, Rosemary, Tajetus minor are recommended. 1.5.8 Medicinal Recommended:

Plants

Species

Zone I (Low Hills): Harar, Bahera, Amla, Reetha, Kasmal, Brahmi. Zone II (Mid Hills): Shingli, Mingli, Tejpattar, Kasmal, Morchella esculenta (Kakarsinghi), Banafsha Brahmi

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Morchella esculenta Zone III (High Hills): Kapoor, Kachri, Bellona, Chora, Rakhal, Gucchi, Mushkabala, Bichli Buti Zone IV (Cold Desert): Patish, Dhoop, Salam panja, Salam Mishri, Karoo, Aphedra, kijth, Bankakri, Seski, Thijth Kashmal, Kashmiri patta.

1.6 Agro forestry: The problems of fuel wood, fodder and small timber have become so serious that there has arisen a need to evolve such systems that integrate Agriculture and forestry on the same unit of land so that the villagers are able to meet their day to day demand of fuel, fodder and small timber and thus further destruction of forests is stopped which helps in maintaining an ecological balance. Agro silvipastoral system is the most commonly encountered in Himalayas. In this system elements of perennial and annual crops are combined with animals or pastures. The crop/ trees/ livestock are typically found around homesteads. The practices like grazing of animals on fallow croplands, establishment and retention of fodder trees around fields and use of woody shrubs and hedges for mulch, browse, and green manure point to the multipurpose uses of this diverse system. However, with growing human and cattle population, the increasing pressure has been accompanied by a gradual depletion of tree crops from farmlands, and in turn this has increased pressure on forests to supply

5.1.9

these needs. The integrated approach to farming has largely disappeared in many areas and almost all indigenous trees which were once an integral part of the agroforestry system have been removed. Fuel wood was a major product of traditional agroforestry system, but today only 30% of this demand can be met from private lands, thus there is a huge gap in supply which can be met only by illicit removal from forests. The production of fodder is the other main output of Agro forestry systems. Maximum availability from fields is about 60% and the remainder has to be met with from forests. Trees also form the major source of green fodder during winter, when grass and other vegetation dry up. The following systems are recommended for Agro forestry in the areas. i) Need based System):

system:

(Agriculture

Under this system scattered trees are grown on farm bunds or on fallow land yielding fuel, fodder, small timber fibre, etc. This is most suitable for small land holding. Normally 50 to 100 trees are planted over an area of one Ha. ii) Economy based system Agricultural System):

(Horti-

This is the most dominant system prevalent and determines the land use parameters. The most common management system is the HortiAgricultural one, as either the fuel & fodder resources are available or may be made available through procurement, besides, the land holdings are comparatively large. The horticultural trees provide cash return to growers. In stone fruits and Apple producing zone, horticultural trees are dominant. In citrus producing zone, the Agricultural crops dominate. This system also represent an index of

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 optimum land use practices when the land holdings are more than one Ha, then in between the horticultural trees, cash crops like pea, cabbage, tomato, cauliflower, chilli beans and ginger are also grown along with cereal crops like wheat and maize. In bigger orchards (5-10 Ha or 2-5 Ha) the combination of fruits, crops and trees yielding fodder, fuel and timber is recommended. iii) Silvipastoral System (Environment based system): This system in the form of natural grass lands and pastures with or without trees is a consequence of the ecological succession is common in the region. The bio fertility of this system was once sustainable but has degraded now because of increased number of animals. Ghasnies which once sustained cattle grazing are also highly eroded and today only shrubs or euphorbias or other xerophytic species are observed here.

5.1.10

Horti-silvi-pastoral system:

The packaging of horticultural produce is dependent on softwood for packaging. This system makes the farmers self sufficient for packaging fruits and conserve the ecosystem as a whole. Species recommended for Agro forestry in different zones: A)Low Hills (Zone I): Silver oak, Kachnar, Bamboo, Beul, Shisham, Shatoot, Wild fig, Harar, Bahera, Dheu, Siris, Amla, Ritha, Neem, Darek, Subabul, Moringa, Sesbania, Vitex, Agave. B) Mid Hills (ZoneII): Daru, Amla, Maggar, Poplar, Salix, Beul, Silver Oak, Khirak, Kachnar, Chuli, Darek, Maharukh, Toon, Wild fig, Robinia, Simbal, Ohi, Indigofera, Desmodium, Sesbania. C) High Hills (Zone III): Poplar, Kosh, Kunish, Maple, Tut, Horse Chestnut, Moru, Kharsu, Khanor, Indigofera, Robinia.

There is a great scope of improving the pastures by introducing improved grass species, legumes and fodder/fuel trees varying from 50 to 200 plants per ha. The dependence of local villagers and nomadic graziers on pasture cries for their urgent rehabilitation.

D) Cold Desert (Zone IV) Chilgoza, Robinia, Poplar, Willow, Khirk, Ephedra, Artimesia, Quercus ilex, Sea buck thorn.

iv)

Extension Needs:

Hedge row Intercropping System (Alley Cropping System):

It is land use cropping system where arable crops are grown in the interspaces between rows of fruit, fuel and fodder trees or woody shrubs. Woody species are pruned periodically during cropping season to prevent shading effect over annual crops, and branches and leaves remover are used as fodder, fuel or mulch. It helps in increasing over all fertility, particularly when leguminous trees are used. It is important in highlands with rolling topography and steep slopes which are brought under cultivation.

Efforts to popularize newer Agro forestry practices have mainly rested on extension activity. Extension had been limited largely to promoting Agro forestry models developed elsewhere and involving fast growing exotic species. Moreover economics of traditional agroforestry models have been inadequate. Women must be involved in a bigger way. The main requirements of the farmers are supply of good quality healthy plants at reasonable rates, technical knowhow through small leaflets in Hindi, economics of various models and guidance/ help in marketing of

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 produce. Farmers prefer hardy type of fruit species. Bamboo (Maggar) is very paying and should be encouraged. Harit Bilaspur programme may be tried in Sundernagar, Karsog and Ani Forest Divisions.

1.7 Participation of Stake Holders through incentive Scheme: Development projects are designed and implemented for the benefit of people. However, evidence shows that many a times development programmes, besides best efforts could not bring desired improvement. The main reason for this is lack of community participation in the planning and implementation of these programmes. Therefore, the most crucial aspect for sustaining and maintaining a development programme is to initiate community participation right from beginning. Effective joint forest management has to be developed for active involvement of the stakeholders. 1.7.1 Incentive Scheme: For protection of plantations involvement of beneficiaries is a must. Even best of the plantations get damaged due to grazing and browsing. To involve people in a real sense incentive scheme may be introduced. The incentive will be paid in cash for those sites where survival index is more than 66%. The incentive is used to provide social benefits to the village through a J.F.M. or Village Forest Committee or a Gram Panchayat. Only those villages will be given incentive that have an establishment and growth index of above 66% in case of plantations and complete protection of vegetative rehabilitation sites as assessed by Monitoring and Evaluation Unit. For calculating success index undamaged and surviving plant is taken as ‘I’ and browsed and surviving

5.1.11

plant as ‘0.5’ and dead or missing one as ‘0’. Rate of Cash incentive should be Rs. 250, Rs. 200, Rs. 150, Rs. 100, Rs. 50/- per ha at the end of 1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th year respectively. This payment is made under P.E.S (Payment for Environment Services) Scheme. This amount will form basis for village development funds to which villages may make matching contribution. The village forest committee in consultation with Project Management can spend this money for development works of common interest as approved by the Committee. This programme will go a long way in achieving people’s participation in the project activities. This has worked successfully in the afforestation of the Aravalis under the OBC project in the state of Haryana. 1.7.2 Costa Rica model: In Costa Rica Govt. has succeeded to increase the forest cover from about 27% to 55% by following a simple scheme. Farmers were compensated for maintaining trees on their land. Due to adequate compensation given for growing trees, farmers adopted alternative locations. They are getting fixed income for their forest cover from Govt. and also making income from alternative vocation. In our country Govt. spend crores on afforestation without involving farmers. If portion of that money is paid directly to farmers, they could take better care of trees on their land. In this region large numbers of farmers have abandoned their fields due to reasons like damage by wild animals to their crops. It is proposed that Himachal Pradesh Government should pay some fixed amount of about Rs. 3000/- per acre per annum to farmers for maintaining green cover on their private land which should be afforested by Government under some scheme. Monitoring and evaluation should be carried out by a Committee headed by Forest Official every year. Compensation should be paid directly

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 to farmers. The ownership of trees should remain with farmers. Trees should be allowed to fell under 10 year felling programme. It goes without saying that forest cover cannot be increased without active participation of land owners.

1.8 Introduction Technologies:

verim compost pits increased or decreased

5.1.12 can

x) Most popular varieties of earthworm used are Eisena foetida and Lumbricas rubellus.

Modern

1.8.1 Vermi Compost: Use of Vermi Compost may be made for fertilization particularly in nurseries. It may also be used to boost the growth of plants.

Vermicomposting pits

Brief method of making Vermi Compost is given below:-

Precautionary Measures for preparing Vermi compost:

Pit of 1.8m x 0.6m x 0.9m (L&W can be changed but height should not be more than 0.9m. Pit should be covered.

Temperature 15 to 30째C, humidity 55 to 60% and value 6.5 to 7 should be maintained inside the pit.

ii) Place a thick layer 5-7 cm of good porous soil

ii)

Earthworms should not be fed with metals, foils, plastics, chemicals, oils, solvents, insecticides, soap, paints, medicines, rubber, glass and poisonous plants etc.

iii) Place a thick layer of 5 to 7 cm of small dry stones or concrete at the bottom; iv) Provide a thick layer of 15 to 20 cm of dung

iii) Earthworms should be protected from snakes, birds, lizards, ants, rats, frogs and other animals

v) Pour 500 to 1000 1mx1mx0.3m size pit

iv) Fresh warm dung should not be used in pit

worms

vi) Fill the pit with organic biodegradable wastes, which should not be more than 2 inches thick in size vii) Cover the pit with dry leaves and provide regular watering to moist the pits viii) Vermi compost is ready within 45 to 60 days depending upon the season and the type of raw material used ix) Depending upon the availability of area and raw material number of

Regular maintenance of Vermi Compost farmhouse is essential.

1.8.2 Bio Fertilizers: Seedlings raised in the nursery, under favourable nutrient and water regime often exhibit microbial deficiency and such seedlings when transplanted in the field fail to establish, leading to plantation failures, particularly on problematic or stress sites. Many tree species need these beneficial microbes such as Rhizobium, Frankia and Mychorrhiza, commonly known as bio fertilizers.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 i.RhizobiumIt is rhizobium which lives in the roots of leguminous trees and fixes nitrogen for the plant. Seedlings with Rhizobium are healthier and grow better. It is needed for Shisham, Acacias, Albizias, Prosopis, Seshbania etc. Use of Rhizobium is species specific and has to make sure the use of right kind of Rhizobium is sold as fine black powder packed in plastic bags and must be stored in cool and dry place. ii. Frankia: It is another microbe that can fix nitrogen. It is found in roots of species like Casuarina spp in form of brownish red coloured 1 to 5 cm diameter nodules which are still solid and firm. Remove the nodules and dry them in shade, pound them to dry powder and store in plastic bags under dry and cool conditions. iii.Mychorrhiza: Most of the tropical species develop symbiotic relationship with fungi. The vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza (VAM) fungi are widely distributed in all types of soils. VAM association help the plants in increased nutrient uptake VAM also increases plant resistance to harsh conditions such as drought, frost and soil acidity. VAM applications have been observed to increase the growth and development of plants substantially. Also VAM inoculated plants exhibit much better survival. The innoculum of the VAM consists of rizosphere soil, root bits and spores, which are cultured in the root zone of plants in sand and soil mixture. Inoculation Method:

5.1.13

covered with black powder. The seeds should be sown immediately. Seedling Inoculation: Mix 1.5 teaspoons of rhizobium powder with 10 litres of water in rose can and water these seedlings. This solution can inoculate 10,000 seedlings. To avoid settling of rhizobium keep stirring. To inoculate Alnus spp mix 2 table spoons of Frankia in water in a rose can and water the seedlings. Always keep on shaking the mixture. The inoculation of seedling with VAM is done all around the root zone of seedlings in a 4 to 6 cm deep circle. About 10 gm of innoculum is used per seedling. Watering is done immediately after inoculation. Sometimes seeds are sown directly on the innoculum so that the roots get infected before transplanting. 1.8.3 Production of clonal plants: In order to improve the productivity clonal technology is a viable option. Clonal plants have higher production rate due to genetic quality. One of the most successful clonal plantation projects in India is based on populus delloides (Poplar. Clones in irrigated plains of Punjab, Haryana, U.P and Uttarakhand, where up to 50 cum/ha/year yields have been achieved. Similarly substantial gains in yield of Eucalyptus have been achieved in many parts of India through clonal plants. Clonal technology: Superior trees established after field trials are cloned commercially through rooting of its juvenile coppice cuttings in controlled conditions in mist chamber (80 to 90% humidity and 28o to 30o c temperature).

Seed Inoculation: After seed pretreatment discard the water and mix 1 Clonal seedling production: or 2 table spoons of cooking oil and Area: - For producing 1 lakh saplings some of rhizobium powder with the annually, 1 Ha area is needed. seed. Mix thoroughly so that seed gets Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 Location: i)

immediately kept inside the shade house for hardening purpose for 2 to 3 weeks.

Having plenty supply of water

ii) Site to be sunny i.e. shade free, iii) Good permeability drainage

and

5.1.14

site

iv) Free from dampness and disease v) Protected from wind. Power Supply: uninterrupted power supply required, if not available power back up is a must. Mist Chamber: It is covered with ultra violet stabilized poly carbonate sheets. Floor should be pacca with proper slope. Misting nozzles should be 5 to 6 ft. above the branches inside the mist chamber, which should discharge about 25 to 30 litres of water per hour. Cooling system and heating system containing exhaust fans and hot blowers respectively are essential. Temperature should be maintained between 32 to 36oC and humidity at 80 to 90% which is ideal for rooting of cuttings. Cuttings are placed inside the mist chamber for 30 to 45 days. Maintenance of Mist Chamber: Before shifting cuttings inside the Mist Chamber check all the electronic gadgets and leakages. Clean motor filters, pad line, misting nozzles etc. and then fumigate all root trainers properly and this process should be repeated every 4 to 5 days- check all appliances regularly. The temperature of mist chamber is maintained at 33,34,35,36 during 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week respectively.

Open Area: It is open nursery with sprinkler system for hardening the plants. Plants are kept here for hardening for 3 to 6 months before transporting to planting site. Hedge Garden/ Vegetative multiplication Garden (VMG): The clonal seedling bank is called VMG and is defined as collection of superior genotypes, which are hedged to get the juvenile shoots for continuous supply of cuttings. It has to be as close as possible to the mist chamber. For 100 sq.m mist chamber 1500 plants of tested clones could be accommodated to its maximum capacity. 2 to 3 year old clonal plants are hedged during dormant season (Dec-Jan). Hedge plants should be irrigated frequently. Stock plants should be pruned regularly to maintain height of 10-12 cm from ground level. The stumps of hedged plants should be coated with a mixture of red lead and linseed oil (1 gm in 1250 ml) or 1 gm copper carbonate and 1 gm lead in one litre blue copper to protect from fungal attack- while taking juvenile shoots one shoot must be left to grow.

Shade house: It consists of tubular structure covered with nylon net offering 50 to 75% shade. The floor is kept kaccha. Hanging nozzles for frequent irrigation should be fitted inside the shade house. It is also called hardening chamber as the plants after taking out from mist chamber are Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.1

Section 5: Chapter 2: Guide lines for Engineering and Bio engineering measures It is observed that the Himachal Pradesh has extreme climate and steep slopes are prevalent in this region. Soil which is a valuable resource is washed away as a result of the monsoon rains and glacial melt. This causes heavy siltation of the Satluj River. This causes flooding and also the hydro-electric projects that are built on the river suffer from great economic losses.

saturates the soil mass located on steep slopes below the orchards. This saturation not only increases the weight of the soil mass but also reduces soil strength upon wetting. This phenomenon becomes the cause of landslides.

2.1

The rills and gullies on steeply sloping landscape are deepening and widening under the debris laden high velocity water flow. The landscape denudation and degradation is accentuating the problem of soil erosion in drainage lines. This also includes stream bank erosion in lower reaches.

Four main sources of sediments in our project area are as under:-

2.1.1 Unscientific disposal of debris generated by road construction activity. The HP is a fast developing state where improving road connectivity is very high on the agenda of the Government. The rural roads are being constructed in a very fragile landscape. The highways are being widened by cutting the hills. The hydro-electric projects need to carry heavy machinery and hence need wider roads. The debris thus produced is not properly placed at dump sites and is just pushed on the lower side slopes which erode very heavily during rains and contribute silt to the river flow. Ecology and development are in conflict. 2.1.2

Landslides and land slips

Weak geology, seismic activity, deforestation, faulty land use and unplanned construction are the main causes of landslides. The earth mass which roles down the slopes or slips down the slope becomes loose and is fast eroded by the rain. We also noted at several locations that irrigated orchards on terraced uplands having rocky sub-stratum generally have saturated soil profiles. The sub-surface flow moves down the slope and

2.1.3 Severe soil drainage lines

erosion

the

2.1.4 Severe soil erosion from common grazing lands/ waste lands Livestock substantially contribute to the economy of hill farmers. The scarcity of forage leads to the problem of illicit and over grazing in the adjoining forests. The common grazing lands are over exploited and hardly support useful fodder trees and grasses. The scarcity of fuel wood leads to cutting/pollarding/chopping of trees and branches. The nomadic glaziers with their rights further contribute to the removal of protective vegetation cover thus leading to soil erosion problem. Thus in order to reduce the siltation occurring in the Himalayan rivers, several engineering and bioengineering measures have been suggested for conservation of soil and water. Thus NERIL has suggested several engineering and bioengineering measures in the affected areas.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 2.2 Bio-engineering Methodologies for Soil and Water Conservation:1 Bio-engineering is the use of vegetation, either alone or in conjunction with civil engineering structures, to reduce instability and erosion on slopes. Bio-engineering is an effective way of enhancing civil engineering structures to increase stability as far as possible. This is mainly because it provides the best way to armour slopes against erosion, and can also provide a significant contribution to soil reinforcement and other anti-failure measures (Transport Research Laboratory, 1997).These bioengineering measures have the following salient features: •

Involve use of local available materials and skills providing benefits through economically useful products.

•

cost effective

•

better slope erosion

•

Designed as per condition of the site.

•

Environment friendly solution to stabilize cut slopes along the road alignment.

stabilization

engineered safety.

near

the

margin

The vegetative structures are also flexible, being capable of absorbing movement and recovering from damage. In this respect, bioengineering is simply part of wise and sustainable asset management since it helps to ensure the life of physical structures, and reduces overall maintenance costs. On roadsides, plants reduce the supply of debris from degrading slopes, which is one of the greatest contributors to road maintenance costs through blocked drains and damaged pavements. Effects of vegetation on Soils and Slopes (From Howell (1999).) (a) Hydrological effects

and

prevailing

Under most circumstances, bioengineering can be effectively combined with appropriate and low cost geotechnical applications to provide the most cost-effective, integrated solution to slope stability problems. This is important for places like Himachal Pradesh because, with the steep and dynamic slopes found in the Himalayas, most hill roads are

5.2.2

(b) Mechanical effects

Introducing Bio-engineering to the Road Network of Himachal Pradesh by J. H. Howell, Bio-engineering Consultant, The World Bank,S. C. Sandhu, Senior Environmental Specialist, The World Bank,N. Vyas, Environmental Consultant, The World Bank ,R. Sheikh

and S.S. Rana, Assistant Engineers, HPPWD.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.3

System Type

Design And Function

Grass Planting

Grass seed is spread on to the slope, armouring the surface. Alternatively, grass is hand-planted in lines

Shrub and Tree Planting

Shrubs or trees are planted at regular intervals on the slope. As they grow, they create a dense network of roots in the soil. The main engineering functions are to reinforce and, later, to anchor. In the long term, large trees can also be used for slope support

Brush Layering, Palisades and Fascines

Woody cuttings are laid in lines across the slope, usually following the contour, in particular configurations. These form a strong barrier, preventing the development of rill, and trap material moving down the slope. In the long term, a small terrace will develop. The main engineering functions are to catch debris, and to armour and reinforce the slope. If they are angled, these structures can provide a drainage function

Composite Systems

A range of composite systems are commonly used. Examples are: Live check dams, which armour and reinforce gully beds and catch debris; vegetated stone pitching, which provides strong armouring for ephemeral water courses; planted geotextiles, where the geotextile provides armouring, later supplemented by the vegetation, which also reinforces the soil.

2.2.1 Use of Bio-engineering in Slope Stabilisation and Protection Vegetation can provide protection and reinforcement of backfill and surrounding slope areas, protection from scour and the undercutting of the foundations and sides of structures and a flexible extension to a wall through

large bamboos, shrubs or trees close to it adding to the engineering functions of catching, supporting and buttressing. In practice, slope stabilisation depends on the use of a retaining structure, which can be drawn from a menu of standard and specialist techniques such as those shown in Table below.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.4

2.2.2 Comparison of Retaining Wall Types Wall Type

Maximum Safe Height (metres)

Typical width: Height Ratio

Advantages

Limitations

Dry masonry

1:1 to 0.6:1

Well drained, flexible, relatively low in cost and blends well with the surroundings.

Low strength threshold (susceptible to lateral pressures and traffic vibrations); limited height of construction.

Composite

0.75:1 0.5:1

Better drained and cheaper than mortared masonry.

Strength not as good formortared masonry.

Mortared masonry

0.75:1 0.5:1

Relatively easy to construct on steep terrain; most durable wall type

Requires good foundations and cannot tolerate settlement; Poor through drainage.

Gabion (wire

Width = ½ h + 0.5

Flexible without rupturing; tolerates poor foundations, and weak and saturated ground conditions; well drained; relatively low cost for strength.

Construction requires a relatively wide foundation footprint to achieve the same shear strength of mortared masonry.

Reinforced earth

Depends on design; substantial horizontal clearance usually required to develop required tension resistance.

A high level of flexibility and the potential for a well landscaped, “natural” finish.

Reinforcing is expensive and relatively difficult to obtain in remote areas; stability calculations are complex and it is difficult to achieve the correct compaction and tension.

Soil nailing

Depends design

A potential stabilisation option where space is limited for other types of retaining wall.

Costly; requires advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build.

Mass concrete

Depends on design

Strongest type retaining wall.

Relatively costly; requires large quantities of cement and Crushed aggregate and advanced technical skills to build; poor through drainage.

Depends design

A strong wall type for certain situations where space is limited for other types of retaining wall

Very costly; requires a sound bedrock foundation, advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build

Depends design

Allows through drainage between piles, in sites with identifiable failure planes within reach of piling.

Very costly; requires advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build.

masonry (crib

construction)

crate)

and reinforced concrete Anchored reinforced concrete Bored-pile wall built in situ

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 2.3 Modern Methodologies

5.2.5

bio-engineering

Other than the traditional bioengineering measures, various modern techniques also exist. These methods are mentioned here for the sake of ensuring availability of knowledge base within the report and are not necessarily used in our prescriptions. These are described below:

2.3.1 Hydro-seeding Hydroseeding is also called hydraulic mulch seeding or hydro-mulching or hydraseeding. Nowadays hydroseeding is quickly becoming the chosen method to establish a lush green lawn. It is basically a planting process which utilizes slurry of seed and mulch. Grass seed, fertilizer, hydro-mulch and a special bonding agent are mixed into thick slurry which is evenly sprayed onto prepared soil. This special mixture produces grass with a fine blade and deep roots.2 Methods of application The slurry is transported in a tank, either truck or trailer-mounted and sprayed over prepared ground in a uniform layer. Once the area has been hydroseeded, the grass seed and fertilizer are protected by an attractive, green layer of hydro mulch. The mulch is pumped through a Hydro-seeding machine. Helicopters may be used in cases where larger areas must be covered.3

Fig:

Methods of Hydroseeding

application

for

www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 3

Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroseeding

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.6

Purpose of Hydroseeding Hydroseeding is mainly used for erosion control, wild flower seeding and manicured lawn establishment. It is an alternative to the traditional process of broadcasting or sowing dry seed. It promotes quick germination and 4 inhibits soil erosion. Grass species suitable for use: Seeds of some of the grass species like Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Fescue grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver), Stipa roylei, Danthonia cumminsi, Danthonia jacquemontii, Phleum alpinum are the most suitable for hydroseeding as they are useful in erosion control. Locations suitable for application Hydroseeding is suitable for soil disturbed areas requiring temporary protection until permanent stabilization is established, and disturbed areas that will be re-disturbed following an extended period of inactivity. In short it can be used on barren hills, steep slopes, banks, reservoirs, highways, motorways, the edges of watercourses and rubbish tips and for garden improvement.5

a. Hydroseeding Guidelines6: Grass seed, fertilizer, hydro-mulch and a special bonding agent are mixed into thick slurry which is evenly sprayed onto prepared soil. After applying this mixture following precautions should be taken: • The first 14 days of watering is critical to proper germination. Reviewing of watering times should be done daily to insure complete coverage of areas. • Sprinklers as needed should be adjusted. "over water" or water at night should be avoided. • Precaution should be taken so as to avoid weeds. • After grass is established mowing height should be at least 3" but not more than 5".3 1/2" or 4 1/2" is recommended (dwarf varieties may be lower) • Fertilization should be done 3 to 4 times a year with good quality of fertilizer. Hydroseeding on hills and steep slopes

Hydroseeding on Banks

www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 5 Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroseeding

www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 b. The importance of Mulch in hydroseeding7 • The mulch material used in Hydroseeding (hydroseeding) is usually made of wood or recycled paper. Specific fibre texture is important for maximum protection from erosion and in ensuring that the mulch can be pumped through a Hydro-seeding machine. The mulch is dyed green both for aesthetic purposes and in order to monitor application thickness. • Soil moisture is an extremely important factor in grass planting because grass seeds need moisture to germinate and grow. Once initial irrigation is supplied through watering, mulch helps the grass seed to obtain the most beneficial effects of that moisture. The most common reason for poor seed growth is a lack of moisture during critical growth cycles. • Mulch also plays a critical role in prevention of soil erosion. Flowing water can wash away seeds and create breaks in grass coverage. Mulch helps to bind seed and soil together, helping to maintain smooth, even turf. A tackifier can be used to provide additional protection from erosion by essentially gluing the seed and soil together.

5.2.7

c. Advantages of Hydroseeding8 • Provides better germination rate • Use of bonding agent to bind soil and seed • Cost required is less than sod • Superb quality of growth occurs • Saves time and money d. Limitations of Hydroseeding9 • Hydroseeding may be used alone only when there is sufficient time in the season to ensure adequate vegetation establishment and coverage to provide adequate erosion control. Otherwise, hydroseeding must be used in conjunction with mulching (i.e., straw mulch). • Steep slopes are difficult to protect with temporary seeding. • Temporary seeding may not be appropriate in dry periods without supplemental irrigation. • Temporary vegetation may have to be removed before permanent vegetation is applied. • Temporary vegetation is not appropriate for short term inactivity.

Comparative picture of area before and after treatment with Hydroseeding

www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml

www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 9 www.cabmphandbooks.com: http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/Docume nts/Construction/EC-4.pdf

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.8

2.3.2 Biomimicry Introduction 'Biomimicry' technology, which derives its name from mimicking nature to innovatively create products and processes that are sustainable, efficient, save energy, reduce costs and virtually eliminate wastes. It can be successfully implemented in architecture and design. It helps in conservation of nature and provides natural solutions to various problems such as soil erosion, waste management and water conservation.10

2. Ocean-based biomimicry works for above-water turbines as well. Whale Power president Dr. Frank E. Fish figured out that the reason Humpback whales are so agile despite their size stems from the bumps on their fins. Calling it Tubercle Technology, the company has designed wind turbine blades that utilize the same physical streamlining properties to help them be quieter, more reliable when winds fail and are performed better in turbulent winds.

Examples of Biomimicry11 1. The goal was to cut out the extremely loud claps that occurred when Japan's bullet train emerged from tunnels. Engineers looked toward

Wind turbine blades are prepared similar to the jumping behavior of whales.

Shape of Bullet train was made similar to the shape of Kingfisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beak the kingfisher, which dives seamlessly into water. A nosecone designed after the bird's beak solved the issue. 10

http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/dna-dailynews-analysis mumbai/mi_8111/is_20090911/biomimicryinnovations-undertaken-lavasa/ai_n50928731/ 11

http://www.treehugger.com/galleries/2009/01/natu re-inspired-innovation-9-examples-of-biomimicryat-work-imagegallery.php

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 Case study12 Jute sheets have been spread on the nature trails developed at Dasve, one of the towns in Lavasa. This will help to hold the soil and stop its erosion. Cow dung has been used at various places for the same purpose.

2.3.3 Continuous Contour Trenching (CCT) CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHING (RCCT) Technology is the solution for sustainable watershed development in which soil conservation and water conservation is effectively done.

5.2.9

minimum level and the plant growth on such trenches is very promising with 90% to 95% survival rate with increase in height of plant from 45 cm basic height to 2m within only 6 months. This method can be adopted in low rainfall area to high rainfall area up to 3200mm and from flat area to hilly area with 65% steep slope. This method is suitable for plantation of all species and easy, simple for laborers and comparatively less record keeping. CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHES

What is continuous contour trenching technology?13 The definite lengths of contours along with trenches in it are prepared. The work starts from top to the bottom of the hill, so that total area is covered with not only retention of soil in its own place but also arrests every drop of water and infiltrate into the subsoil instead of flowing as surface water with evaporation losses making soil erosion. It recharges downstream water sources e.g. nalla, dug wells, tube wells etc. This particular technique has proved most effective. When rainwater is in excess, allow it to pass through subsoil to down below drains. This gives desired effect of zero to minimum soil erosion and once subsoil water starts draining due to obstruction, moisture detain for more period which is in turn is available for plant growth. This CCT Technology reduces soil erosion to 12

http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/dna-dailynews-analysis mumbai/mi_8111/is_20090911/biomimicryinnovations-undertaken-lavasa/ai_n50928731/ 123

National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/6192/1 1690988835Accepted_Papers_ _3.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B3.pdf

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 Advantages14 1.

Barren land gets permanent biomass cover and soil protection 2. Soil loss in cultivable area becomes nil 3. Every drop of rain is held in situ 4. Augmentation of ground water without grouting 5. Good soil moisture and good ground water available in the wells, tube wells and tanks 6. Increase in life of dams, prevention of floods by avoiding silting 7. No displacement of communities or creation of environmental refugees and hence no rehabilitation costs 8. No migration of villagers to cities as the local water availability ensures livelihood sustainability 9. Decentralized and democratic water management 10. Evaporation losses are negligible as compared to tanks and dams 11. No separate nullah bunding, gully plugging and such other civil structures

5.2.10

12. Accelerates soil formation and natural succession dramatically 13. Increases fodder resources for feeding cattle and livestock 14. Increased agricultural and biomass production 15. Guaranteed mass employment generation to rural people at their doorstep 16. Land value increases significantly 17. Increases crop intensity and biodiversity 18. Women free from the drudgery of finding and fetching water, fuel and fodder from distant places 19. Clean water for drinking purposes. 20. Easy and detail checking is possible at a glance.

Plantation in Continuous Contour Trenches Disadvantages15 1. Very tedious and laborious for alignment 2. Time consuming 3. Requirement of accuracy skilled labours and instruments like contour marker. 4. There is potential danger of water flowing along the upper edge in case the trench breaks.

National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and

Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur

http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/6192/1

1690988835Accepted_Papers_

_3.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B3.pdf

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

5.2.11

Various traditional bio-engineering measures can be divided into Permanent and temporary measures depending on their durability and purpose also exist. Some of them are: Permanent structures Temporary structures Terrace

Contour bunds

Drop structures

Sand bags

Spillways

Silt fences

Culverts

Surface mats

Gabion

Log barriers

Riprap Ditches

Spillway

Ditch

Drop structure

Contour bunds

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 These are the general bio-engineering measures that are available. But after field visits undertaken by NERILâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experts, depending on the topography and weather conditions of the project area, certain site specific measures have been suggested:

2.4 Prescriptions for Soil and water conservation by using Bioengineering measures that are suggested by NERIL: Approach and Methodology Adopted. The planning of soil and water conservation measures in the CAT plans have been done keeping in view the main sources of sediment explained above. Most appropriately and in line with the national policy, the NERIL adopted the concept of watershed based, need and demand driven, bottom up and participatory planning of soil and water conservation interventions. The ridge to valley approach was followed in designing of treatment measures. Contour trenching was chosen to be the most preferred bio-engineering method. Local species of flora was identified after an analysis of the bio diversity research done by HFRI. This was reconfirmed by NERIL through sample quadrates / transacts. IVI analysis was carried out to understand the phyto-sociology of different locales. The most surviving and dominant of the species are thus recommended by NERIL for plantation in contour trenches. All available information from forest working plans and works already done is collected from concerned forest divisions and used in the watershed planning. The

5.2.12

treatment was planned and designed by actually traversing each and every delineated micro-watershed. The trained survey team which also included the local field functionaries of the Forest Department was deployed for field work which was test checked by the consultant team. The GIS based planning process was followed. The bio-engineering measures that have been suggested are selected after visiting the various sites of the Satluj catchment. These structures were recommended either to reduce the degradation of soil that is taking place or as a preventive step for any future loss. There are 3 different bioengineering structures that have been suggested in our project area of the Satluj Catchment. These are: 1. Trenching 2. Brushwood 3. Live hedge The cost and drawings of these structures have been attached in chapter 4 & 5 of volumes IV to XIV The drawings have fixed width and height. The height of each structure varies as per the site specifications. The costs of these structures are length-specific

2.5 Comparison of Engineering and bio-engineering techniques: Given below is a comparison of the main engineering functions performed by civil and bio-engineering structures

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

Thus the conventional engineering techniques can be discarded and the bio-engineering methodologies can be applied to the problem areas. The

5.2.13

detailed difference in approach and treatment of engineering and bioengineering measures is given in the table given below: 5. Drop Spillway

2.6

Engineering measures for Soil and Water Conservation:

As discussed previously, engineering measures are more effective in conserving soil and water when they are supplemented by vegetative methods. But in certain situations, only engineering measures can be proposed. This chapter gives a brief about the various engineering measures that are suggested for soil and water conservation that have been suggested in our project area. These measures have been suggested after site visits carried out by the group of experts at NERIL. About 8 different types of structures with varying dimensions have been suggested for our project area. These engineering structures are as follows:

6. Silt Detention dam 7. Water harvesting structure 8. Toe wall These structures have been defined with fixed width and height and the length varies as per the requirements of the treatment site. The cost of each structure varies with the length. These measures have to be selected depending upon the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s topography and weather. Conditions like torque and stress caused by wind and water also need to be considered before constructing these structures. The drawings and cost estimates for the different soil and water conservation measures are given in Annexure (i) while the site specific engineering treatments and cost estimates are given in chapters 4 & 5 of volumes IV to XIII.

1. Check dam 2. check/Retaining wall 3. Deflecting spur 4. Drop structure

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2

Engineering Function

Civil Engineerin g solution

Potential Drawback

Bio-Engineering alternative

5.2.14

Bio-Engineering Solution

Potential drawback

Possible optional combination of both Retaining wall with trees above, beside and below maximizing the overall support of the slope.

Support a weak soil mass by the provision of toe support. This can be achieved either by creating a heavy, immovable weight at the base of the slope, or by altering the slope to create an effect of buttressing and arching (where the soil between buttresses is supported from the side by compression). The buttresses and arches of a building have similar engineering functions. Anchor a mass of weak surface material through potential failure planes, into firmer strata below. This may be possible where a particularly inherent mass overlies stronger material, such as where colluviums rest above a relatively unweathered rock mass. Reinforcement of the soil to reduce deformation. This is particularly important to reduce shallow failures, especially where soils are saturated.

Retaining walls of masonry (bound or unbound) or gabion

Drawbacks mainly relate to cost foundation conditions and through drainage.

Large heavy vegetation such as trees. At the base of a slope can provide support in the form of buttresses or on a micro scale, clumps of grass can buttress small amounts of the soil above them. A lateral arching effect is created across the slope between plants. Requirements are for extensive deep and wide-spreading root systems, and many strong fibrous roots.

Most trees with the specific selection dependent on local environmental factors.

Trees take a long time to establish and do not offer a continuous line of support across the slope.

Soil anchors soil nails and rock belts

Depends on there being a stronger underlying mass difficulties of cost design and construction. Artificial soil reinforcement is complex to design and construct. and difficult to archive on steep slopes.

Vegetation that will extend its roots below the potential failure planes. If the potential failure is deeper than about 0.5 meter, this is archived only by large woody plants with big vertical roots (tap roots). Requirements are for plants with deep, strong, long and vertically oriented roots. Provide a network of roots that increases the soils resistance to shear. The degrees of effective reinforcement depend on the form of the roots and the nature of soils requirement are plants with extensive roots with many bifurcations and many strong fibrous roots.

Shrubs and trees that are deeply rooting.

Deep roots take a long time to develop and are unpredictable because of unknown surface conditions.

Combination of an artificial anchoring system and trees.

Densely rooting champing grasses planted in lines, brush layers and palisades some shrubs and trees.

Name plant roots always contribute to the shear strength of the soil.

Drain excess water from the slopes to reduce pore water pressure and increase slopes strength and coherence, it is especially important to avoid the saturation of material, which leads to slumping due to a reduced loss of internal friction.

Surface or sub-surface drains, designed as per site conditions.

Surface drains require additional maintenance often ignored in off-road situations.

Revetments and surface coverings

Toe expensive to apply on a large scale can only be used in select critical locations.

Down slope and diagonal vegetation lines, particularly those using champing grasses. Most shrubs and trees. Grass lines or a complete grass carpet of champing or spreading grasses.

Requires a good understanding of site conditions and careful application of appropriate measures.

Armoring of the slopes against surface erosion from both runoff and rain splash.

Vegetation can be planted in a configuration that enhanced drainage. Vegetation can also help to reduce pore-water pressure within the slopes by extracting water from the roots and transpiring it out through the leaves. Requirements are for plants to be planted on closely packed lines, they must have an ability to resist scour and a high leaf area to enhance transpiration. A continuous cover of low vegetation. Plants with high canopies alone do not amour the slope (the terminal velocity of rain drop is reached after a fall of only 2 meters and some canopies generates larger rain drops). The requirement is for a dense surface cover of vegetation with a low canopy and small leaves.

Built-up slopes with soil layers intersperse with geo textile and planted with grass etc. French drains and angled grass lines feeding surface water into the drain

Name : this is what grass does best

Vegetated stone pitching for gully floors and episodic water courses.

Catch eroding material moving down the slope, as a result of gravity alone or with the aid of water.

Catch walls and fences

On steep slopes it may not be possible to construct a secure wall above the road.

Vegetation stems can perform this function. The requirements is for strong numerous and flexible stems and the ability to recover from damage.

Micro scale champing grasses larger scales: shrubs with many stem and bamboos.

It takes some years for plants to become sufficiently robust to perform this function reliably

Catch wall with shrubs or large bamboos above.

Reinforced earth systems.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Section: 5 Chapter: 3

5.3.1

Section 5: Chapter 3: Guide lines for Socio â&#x20AC;&#x201C; economic measures including agriculture, horticulture & animal husbandry 3.1 Introduction: 3.1.1. The secondary and primary data collected during the field investigations revealed that the catchments have a general slope ranging from 20 to 85 %. The farmers invariably practiced mixed farming comprising of Horticulture, Agriculture, Vegetable cultivation and Animal Husbandry. Less than 10% area has assured irrigation. Some of the catchments had even less than 5% irrigated area. Farming, therefore, is rainfed. Manures, both organic as well as chemical are applied in insufficient quantities, mainly due to following three reasons: i)

lack of purchasing power of the farmers,

ii) non-availability of sufficient quantities of organic manures iii) Insufficient soil moisture during the crop growth period. It is therefore, desired that more area be brought under irrigation. 3.1.2. Since the landscape is slopy and most of the rains occur during the monsoon season from June to September, efforts should be made to conserve as much water as possible. This can be achieved by making liberal use of organic manures and practicing organic farming. Therefore, it is desired that at least some area under fruit plants, field crops and vegetable crops be put under organic farming. This on one hand gives chemical free products to the consumers, fetching higher returns to the farmers and on the other hand improves the physical properties of soil, thereby improving the water holding capacity of soil. It will further

result in more retention of rain water which ultimately leads to reduction in runoff losses and thereby silt load in the river water system. 3.1.3. During the field surveys it was observed that a sizable number of orchards have become senile. This has resulted not only in poor yields from the orchards but the reduced vegetative soil cover has left the soil open to be eroded by heavy rainfall showers. Such orchards need to be rejuvenated in phased manner. 3.1.4. It was also noticed during the field visits that the farmers are growing field crops on sloped lands. At places cultivation is done across the contours even on lands having more than 35 to 40% slopes. The field crops need repeated tillage, making the soil more prone to erosion. In order to conserve the rain water in situ, such lands need to be terraced and wherever the terraces are damaged, they need to be repaired and the bunds strengthened by earth work and suitable grass species. In slopes beyond 30%, it is desired that such lands be put under fruit plants which do not need intensive tillage. At places where even fruit plant cultivation is not possible it is recommended that better quality grasses with fodder trees in between be grown. 3.1.5. In the whole terrain it is desired that the farmers should resort to conservation type of farming instead of soil depleting farming processes. In addition to some of such practices outlined above, farm ponds, (community as well as individual) should be constructed in the watersheds so that maximum runoff water is stored. This helps in reducing

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Section: 5 Chapter: 3 the soil and water erosion while making water available for raising crops, thereby improving the economic conditions of farmers. 3.1.6. The livestock population in the catchments is invariably very high. This has added to the cattle wealth of the farmers but has put unbearable pressure on the land holdings, pasture lands and forest lands. The fodder availability both green as well as dry is less than 50% which leads to pressure on grazing and forest lands. The farmers while meeting the fodder needs from adjoining forests resort to indiscriminate lopping and cutting of forest trees, resulting in forest cover reduction. Overgrazing leads to soil erosion especially during rains. It is, therefore, desired that stall feeding is encouraged. This requires improvement in carrying capacity of existing grass lands and bringing more area under grasses and fodder trees. Some green fodders may be grown in cultivated fields also. 3.1.7. The Department of Animal Husbandry has established Artificial Insemination (AI) centres so as to improve the breeds of cattle. This has benefited a large number of farmers in improving their live stock but AI has its limitations also.

5.3.2

The success rate of AI is not more than 60% and at the same time distantly located AI centres cannot be approached easily. It was noticed during the field surveys that farmers subject their cattle to natural breeding, very often through indiscreet bulls. This has slowed down the process of cattle improvement resulting in unsatisfactory average milk yield of cows. It is therefore, desired that some Natural Breeding Centres (NBC) should be opened. There could be at least one NBC in each micro-watershed. These centres are easily approachable to the farmers so as to avail the services of proven quality breeding bulls. 3.1.8. The over population of live stock that exists in the catchments, has lead to under feeding, and insufficient health care of animals. This has lead to infertility particularly in cattle. Such animals have been abandoned by the farmers causing the stray cattle menace. In order to minimize this menace, it is recommended that 'Gosadans' be opened. There could be at least one Gosadan for 15 to 20 micro-watersheds to accommodate 100 cattle heads.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4

5.4.1

Section 5: Chapter 4: PLAN FOR PREVENTION OF FURTHER DEGRADATION OF CATCHMENTS- TOR TASK-C. INTRODUCTION:

dumped in pre-identified sites (to be listed by PWD).

•

For each stretch of roads in the state, describe a cost-effective process for the State PWD to prepare a list of designated muck disposal area (and prepare an estimate for protection of these areas). For demonstration, the consultants have taken a sample of 250km of roads in the state (50 km national highway, 50 km of state highways, 50 km of district and other district roads, and 100 km of rural roads), and identify the potential muck dumping areas. A draft notification to direct all the responsible agencies that any muck from clearing of landslides on roads or from any other construction activity to be

Sr. No

Road Type

National Highway (50 Kms)

NH22

State Highway (50 Kms)

SH13

District Roads (50 Kms)

DR -21 DR 22

Rural Roads (100 Kms)

Proposed Sample site

Kumarsain (Murthal village) Kingal to Rampur ShimlaTattapani – Mandi Portion Dhalli Tattapani 50 kms. BakrotKarsogSainj ; Portion SainjLuhri 3kms TattapaniSunniLuhri 47 kms KoyalNithar Roads BhadrashBrandli NogliTaklechKareri LuhriNither – Shilla FRH

Potential DS

•

Prepare a draft notification preventing any disposal of construction and excavated waste or muck in hill slopes; minimizing muck disposal (showing balance of cut and fill); and project dumping sites to acceptable standards (with toe walls) for each road agency or road project, including rural roads.

Distance (Kms)

•

In pursuance of these requirements, NERIL carried out a study in order to prepare the Draft Notification. NERIL also has made a cost effective process for the State Public Works Department to identify such cites. The demonstration sites were selected from different type of roads as tabulated below:

Road No.

The Terms of Reference of the work of preparation of Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment Plan for Satluj River Basin specify under Task-‘C’ that the Consultant shall examine and suggest ways to prevent further degradation of the Satluj basin catchments. To this end, the consultants shall undertake the following specific works:

It is important to note that mere site selection will not suffice but such a site has to be prepared and made ready to receive the muck. Once the site is filled to its capacity, it has to be treated through biological measures and

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 engineering measures to ensure that the muck does not further role down downhill to degrade other areas. The muck disposal sites are invariably to be finished with top soil and plantation of local species. The techniques of this activity are also specified in this chapter. GUIDELINES FOR SITE SELECTION FOR PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENTNotification and Guidelines for Selection/ Preparation, Usage and Restoration of Muck Disposal Sites: Draft Notification contains the guidelines for consumptive use of muck as well as disposal and restoration of the dumping sites. AND WHERE As it is felt necessary to protect the environment, through conserving the topsoil, and other non-renewable resources used in the construction activities, through proper utilization of muck generated from hydroelectric power plants, tunnelling and road constructions and other development activities. Under Article 4 of the Forest Conservation Act 1980, Wild Life Protection Act 1972 and the Environment Protection Act 1986 and the Rules made there-under authorizing the Department of Forest through its Officers to issue Notifications from time to time, this Notification is issued for strict compliance by all Central Government, State Government and Private Agencies carrying out any work in the State of Himachal Pradesh which may generate muck of any description due to the project activities undertaken by these Agencies.

5.4.2

its new location either in a stable area of in an unstable manner. Every project proponent shall invariably submit his muck disposal plan to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and his Conservator of Forests responsible for the area under whose jurisdiction the project falls. This Plan is to be submitted in addition to the Plan submitted in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) for the Environmental Clearance to MOEF and/or any case put up for diversion of forest land for non-forest use under the Forest Conservation Act. It is reiterated that within the State of Himachal Pradesh, EIA Clearance and FCA Clearance will not be a substitute for specific submission and approval of Muck Disposal Plan which has to be obtained from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests through his officers. In addition to the projects needing EIA Clearance or FCA Clearance, there may be other nature of maintenance or maintenance modification, reconstruction or new construction related works which may generate muck in excess of 15 Metric Tons, the Project Proponent/Contractor/Agency carrying out the works is charged with the responsibility of obtaining muck disposal approval. The proposal to obtain muck disposal approval shall contain the following details: a) Nature of work to be carried out; b) Is the work site specific or can it be carried out at an alternate site, if so, site specific drawings for the same;

For the purpose of this Notification the c) Volume of word â&#x20AC;&#x153;muckâ&#x20AC;? shall mean all inert generated; material, excavated, tunnelled, dislodged or caused to be dislodged as a collateral effect of primary human interference from its natural position to Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

muck

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4

5.4.3

d) Machinery and Labour proposed to be employed with the total duration of work; e) Specifications of muck disposal site including the location giving longitude-latitude, distance from worksite and arrangements of transportation; f)

construction activities without mixing at least 30 per cent of muck by checking its nutrient status, with soil on weight to weight basis. •

The generated muck to some extent should be used for strengthening of bunds, construction of roads, filling up of low-lying areas, aggregate for concrete work etc; so that cutting and filling is equalized.

•

Some small roads locally required to be constructed on various sites connecting work areas with labor colonies, workshops, stores etc. So some part of muck should be consumed in these roads for soaling as well as protection work.

•

Some construction work of schools, dispensary, monuments, gardens, play grounds etc. should also be taken up in the adjoining areas using the muck.

•

The muck in excess of above activities should be transported and disposed off at predetermined places, if so required.

•

All disposal sites should be properly landscaped when the disposal gets completed so as to merge it in the natural surroundings.

Proposed preparation of muck disposal site with location, drawings etc;

g) Proposed plan for rehabilitating the disposal site with specific details of source and quantity of top soil and proposed vegetation with plantation and maintenance plan. VIOLATION: Any violation of this Notification will be subject to the provisions of Penalties that may be imposed under the Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Conservation Act 1980 and these may be further enhanced to recover the cost of damage from the person causing the creation of debris or caused disposal of the debris. This Notification empowers the Forest Department Officers of the rank of R.F.O. and above to impound the machinery, vehicles engaged in creation and dumping of muck and to arrest the personnel engaged in this activity. Now, therefore, we hereby as the project management consultants recommend to the concerned Department to issue the following directions which shall come into force on and from the date of publication of the Notification: 1. Consumptive use of muck •

No person shall within a radius of fifty kilo-meters from hydro power plants, manufacture clay bricks or tiles or blocks for use in Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4

National Highway (50 Kms)

NH22

State Highway (50 Kms)

SH13

District Roads (50 Kms)

DR -21

2. Monitoring the utilization of muck •

•

Local people or private agencies should be allowed to lift and use the muck for their requirements. This muck should be supplied to them free of cost. Action plan for this should be made which would describe, thirty per cent of the muck utilization should be done, within three years from the publication of this notification with further increase in utilisation by atleast ten per cent points every year progressively for the next six years to enable utilisation of the entire muck generated from the various excavating activities atleast by the end of ninth year. Progress in this regard shall be reviewed after five years. The State Government Agencies shall facilitate the availability of land, electricity and water for manufacturing activities and provide access to the muck lifting area for promoting and setting up of muck -based production units in the proximity of the area where muck is generated by the various activities.

Rural Roads (100 Kms)

Selection of site: DEMO SITES

Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd

Kumarsain (Murthal village) Kingal to Rampur ShimlaTattapani –Mandi Portion Dhalli Tattapani 50 kms. BakrotKarsogSainj ; Portion SainjLuhri 3kms TattapaniSunniLuhri 47 kms KoyalNithar Roads BhadrashBrandli NogliTaklechKarebi LuhriNither – Shilla FRH

Nearness of the muck disposal site to the muck generation locations minimizes the cost of transport and mitigation of dust pollution which may occur during transportation.

The site should be away from the river, but if any site is selected closed to the river then proper precautionary measures should be taken e. g. Retaining walls of 7m height should be developed along the bank of the river at all muck disposal areas and the height of muck at retaining wall should be kept

Provisions in this notification should be submitted every year to the state government.

3. Following are the guidelines for selection, preparation and maintenance of Muck disposal Sites

DR 22

Proposed Sample site

Potential DS

Road Type

Distance (Kms)

Sr. No

Road No.

Reutilized Muck for play ground1

5.4.4

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4

5.4.5

around 3 m, because there are chances of rolling down of muck/ loose material leading to blockage in river flow or contamination of water due to silting.

Rehabilitated Muck disposal Site2

Disposal areas should be planned downwind of villages and townships in consultation with the forest department.

The area and depth of the site should be such as, which accommodates the sufficient volume of muck. For this, we have considered site capacity ¼, ½, ¾ and 100 % of the muck generated.

Wind direction should be taken into consideration so as to avoid the erosion i.e. on wind shadow region. The sites should be on the concave side of a meander belt. The sites should be free from active landslides or creeps and care should be taken so that the sites do not have a possibility of toe erosion related slope failure. For that the slope should be 25 degree. High Flood Level should be taken into consideration. The base

levels of the sites should be at higher elevation than the maximum flood level, so that there is no possibility of the dumped material to be mixed with the highest flood water and flowing into the river. o

There should not be channel of any small streams flowing through the dumping sites.

These sites should not be pristine habitats containing endangered /threatened species.

There should be scope for capping with plantation after the disposal.

The compatibility matrix for the above mentioned points have been attached as Annexure (j). Preparation of site: The main objectives dumping are:

behind

muck

•

To protect erosion

•

To minimize damages due to the spoilage of muck in the project area.

•

To develop the muck disposal sites/ dumping yards to blend with the surrounding landscape

and

control

soil

Firstly the site should be prepared which will accommodate the desired quantity of muck. Land can be developed through cut -fill operations. The compaction factor though existent while dumping / rolling and due to weather effects should be taken into account. Suitable retaining walls (Gabion) should be constructed prior to dumping of muck. The length of wall shall depend

Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 upon the area of the site. In most cases 7-10 m. wall is sufficient.

that depend conditions.

Masonry retaining walls and Boulder wire crates with cement cladding walls would work well to retain muck.

Terraces should be developed so as to support the muck on vertical slope and for optimum space utilization. Loose muck would be compacted layer‐wise. The muck disposal area will be developed in a series of terraces of retention. In between the terraces, catch water drains can also be provided. The terraces of the muck disposal area are ultimately covered with fertile soil and suitable locally growing plants (herbs, shrubs & trees) are planted by adopting suitable bio‐technological measures. Adequate drainage arrangement in form of weep holes with inverted filter behind at a regular spacing and pipes should be kept in the retaining walls. Pipes should be provided with boulder filling around them for passage of rainwater.

Restoration/ Maintenance of dumping sites: The loosely held muck can lead to the rise in SPM levels and sedimentation load. Therefore, it requires stability with appropriate methods to avoid the subsequent ecological problems. The muck disposal notification involves both engineering and biological measures

the

eco-climatic

Engineering Measures:

These majorly include construction of retailing walls, gabion walls and mattresses, terraces, trenches, construction of wire crates, water retention tanks and iron fencing. II)

Biological Measures:

Mostly the muck generated is inert without fertile soil having no organic matter where it is very difficult to raise vegetation. Special efforts are required to raise vegetation cover of grasses, shrubs and trees. The local grass sodding should be done on the muck when grass seed germinates and the grass will add humus to the dumped material. Vegetation cover plays a very important role in holding the dumped material over a period of time and controls the hydrological and mechanical effects on the soils and slopes. Following steps are envisaged:i.

Dumping sites which are completed should be levelled or dressed. If necessary, PVC/jute geotextile should be provided on the dressed slopes. Reno mattresses can also be provided. It is a layer of stones packed in a mesh wire. It helps to develop vegetation on the site.

5.4.6

Plantation of suitable local species and soil binding using bio‐fertilizer technology. •

Turfing of the exposed area and improvement of environment with fast growing hardy species.

•

Protection support.

•

Social fencing through the mass public awareness.

with

mechanical

ii. For implementation of the Plantation on Muck Disposal Areas •

The plant species should be selected which faster growth and which are helpful in stabilizing

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 the dump sites i.e. species which can do Phytoremediation and soil erosion control. •

•

Depending upon the quality of muck material, formulation of appropriate blends of organic waste and soil should be there to enhance the nutrient status of rhizosphere. Isolation and screening of specialized strains of Mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizers (biofertilizers innoculum) suitable for the dumped material should be done. Mass culture of plants specific biofertiliser and mycorrhizal, fungi shall be procured from soil conservation office. Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. Plantation of dumping sites/areas using identified blend and bio fertilizer innoculum should be done.

iv. Soil work and plantation technique: •

manure, and Vermicompost.

No. of pits in disposal site should be decided for planting. Size of each pit can be taken as 0.6 m x 0.6m. Spacing between pits 2.5m x 2.0m is recommended. The excavated material from the pits to be mixed with 43.2 liters of external soil, 10 kg of apple peel and 5 kg of farmyard

•

The pits are refilled with the mixture and 10-15 gm of mycorrhizal innoculum near the root system should be added.

•

After this, plant saplings already inoculated with biofertilizers (Rhizobium and Azotobacter bacteria) are planted and refilling is done to cover the entire plant root system.

•

Turfing (sodding) and suitable shrubs are grown at slopes. At the initial stage 4-5 tufts of local grass to be planted per square meter.

•

About 5 cm of thick layer external soil is spread on the slope area. Adequate amount of original soil should remain stuck to the roots of the grass tufts.

•

Before sowing, the area should be properly amended with the manure at the rate of 2 kg/meter square.

•

Water sprinkling arrangements should be made.

Species of high ecological and economic value, which can adapt to local habitat.

iii. There should be “Integrated Biological and Biotechnological Approach” used for Phytoremediation of dumping sites based on following parameters : •

5.4.7

v. Species for Plantation: Following species are the most suitable for plantation which serves as Erosion control, phytoremediation, ornamental purpose:a) Plants suitable for erosion control / Phytoremediation : Acacia catechu Alnus nitida, Alnus nepalensis, Acer palmtum, Broussonetia papyrifera ,Salix denticulata., Pinus roxburghii, Rhododendron arboreum, Aesculus indica, Castanea sativa, Melia azadarach, Morus alba, Albizzia lebbeck, Ailanthus excelsa,

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 Terminalia chebula, Bauhinia variegata, Betula alnoides. Robinia – pseudo acassia, Acacia mollissima, Luecaena leucocephala, Acer caesium, Betula alnoides, Cedrus deodara, Populus ciliata, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus semecarpifolia

5.4.8

clamped to wooden/concrete posts placed 3 m. apart is proposed for this purpose. Both the ends of the wooden fence posts should be coated with coal tar to ensure longevity of the intervention. Recommendations :

b) Herbs and grasses suggested for erosion control are: Pioneer species – Rumex hastatus seed should be spread immediately then other herbs and grasses will follow like Artemisia species , Mentha arvensis, Peristrophe speciosa, Amaranthus hybridus, Lotus corniculatus, Eriophorum comosum, Carex alpine, Trigonella corniculata, Salvia moorcrotianna, Cynodon sp., Digitaria cruciata, Arundo donax, etc.

•

The recommendations for smooth implementation of the Muck Disposal Plans are delineated below:

•

Suggestions from the local population should be taken for smooth implementation of the Muck Disposal Plans and involved in its management.

•

The efforts should be made to utilize maximum dumped material for the project activities and backfilling to avoid further environmental damage.

•

Some watchmen/guards would be employed for protection and maintenance of sites for further five years. Their duties would include replacement of casualties, weeding, watering, repair of fence line, watch and guard the things, protect it from any further bad interventions etc.

c) Shrubs suitable for erosion control & ornamental purpose : Salix elegans, Rosa spp., Hibiscus spp., Rubus species, Prinsepia utilis Cotoneaster microphyllus, Desmodium elegans, Indigofera heterantha, Euphorbia royleana, Agave americana, Sorbaria tomentosa and Wikstroemia canescens, Berberis aristata, Bougainvillea, Carrisa karaunda, Desodium tiliafolium Dodonaea viscose, Elaeognus umbellate, Ipomia Carnia, Murraya koenigii ,Nerium odorum ,Sassor vifolia ,Vitex negundo ,Withania somnifera, Xanthozylum alatum, Zizyphus numeralia

Project authorities should ensure frequent meetings with the local community as well as the project team to enable smooth implementation of the Plan. Calculation of Muck to be disposed of *8 (DEMO Example)

B) Iron Fencing After plantation all dumping sites should be protected from grazing by the domestic as well as stray cattle . In order to protect from grazing by the stray cattle, the fencing over the muck deposits is required . Barbed wire strands with 2 diagonal strands,

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Description

Quantity(cum)

Total Excavation (TE)

Common Excavation (CE) Total Rock Excavation(TRE)=TE-CE Reusable Quantity (for

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

TE-CE= TRE RQ

Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 use as Aggregate) (RQ) 5.

Disposable

Taking swelling factor of 60% for rock, disposable rock muck drm Back fill/ fill quantity (BQ) Disposable common muck Taking swelling factor of 25% for common disposable muck Total muck to be disposed(10)=(6)+(9)

7. 8. 9.

10.

rock

mass

TRE-RQ=drm +60%

Bfq CE - Bfq CE-Bfq+25%

Say, 198 lakh cum

Three muck disposal areas have been identified for accommodating 198 lakh cum of muck generated. However, the capacity of the dumping sites can be worked out Demo Muck disposal Site: Four demo sites for Muck disposal have been identified for: i.

National Highway (50 Kms)

5.4.9 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFICATION 3. Environmental Impact Assessment and management plan for Rampur Hydropower project in H.P.-Final report July 2007. 4. Environmental Impact Assessment of Kol dam hydroelectric project 5. EIA and EMP report for integrated Kashang hydroelectric project (H.P) 6. EMP report of Bajoli hydroelectric project (H.P)

Holi

7. EMP report of Tawang hydroelectric project (H.P) 8. EMP report of hydroelectric project

ii. State Highway (50 Kms) iii. District Roads (50 Kms) iv. Rural Roads (100 Kms) The site photographs, structure designs and detail cost summary has been provided in Annexure (k) of the report General references 1. S.O.763(E), [14/9/1999] Dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from coal or lignite based thermal power plants on land THE GAZETTE OF INDIAEXTRAORDINARY, PART II -- Section 3 -- Sub-section (ii)MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTSNOTIFICATION 2. Draft Notification on Fly Ash S.O.2623(E), [6/11/2008] [Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Subsection (ii)]

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Dibang

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

Annexure (a) 1: Checklist Table No. 1 CATCHMENT OF: NAME OF DISTT LATITUDE: RAINFALL: POPULATION PLACES OF INTEREST LIKE TOURISM OR ECOTOURISM

WATERSHED NO: TEHSIL/ BLOCK: LONGITUDE SNOWFALL: NO. OF HOUSE HOLD 1. Current (no. and name):

MICRO WATERSHED NO.

AREA (HA.)

VILLAGES : ALTITUDE SLOPE: TEMPERATURE: POPULATION (HUMAN) MF-

POPULATION (CATTLE) MILCHOTHERS-

2. Proposed: (no. and name):

Description if any

Table No. 2 A.

STATUS OF LAND USE IN WATERSHED B.

TOTAL AREA IN HA. SN 1

LAND USE AGRICULTURE LAND

FOREST LAND

GOVT.

PRIVATE

COMMU

TOTAL

CATAGORY

DPF/RESERVE

NAME AREA SPECIES

2. 3.

WASTE LAND OTHERS

TOTAL

AREA UNDER FOREST CATEGORY WISE

DENSITY

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

UPF

PASTURE

OTHERS

TOTAL

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

Table No. 3 AREA UNDER PLANTATIONS YEARWISE/SCHEME WISE FOR LAST 5 YEARS

NAME

LATITUDELONGITUDEWAYPOINT

MAIN PROBLEMS

AREA

SPECIES PLANTED

GAP FILLING/ ENRICHMENT AREA HA.

AREA NEEDING NEW PLANTATIONS

FENCING REQUIRED (LENGTH)

1. PEOPLES PARTICIPATION SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

REMARKS: (REASONS FOR FAILURE, PEOPLE PARTICIPATION, MAINATENANCE NEEDED)

PEOPLES PRIORITIES

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

iii

Table No. 4 SOIL & MOISTURE CONSERVATION MEASURES NEEDED IN PLANTATION AREAS

Sr. No

Name of area/location

LATITUDE: LONGITUDE: WAYPOINT:

KIND OF WORK

QUANTITY

AVAILABILIT Y OF LOCAL MATERIAL

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Ref for Kind of Work OLD WORKS NEEDING REPAIR (QUANTITY)

1. BOULDER- GATHERING TRENCHES AT THE FOOT OF HILLSIDE 2. METAL CONTAINMENT NET 3. BOULDER CARRIERS 4. GEOMATS 5. BRUSH WOOD MATS 6. STABILISING USING ANCHORS 7. NETWORK OF MICROPILES 8. NAILING 9. CELLULAR FACES 10. SHALLOW DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES 11. SHALLOW DRAINAGE TECHNIQUE WITH GEO-Mats 12. DEEP DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES 13. CHECK DAM (DRY STONE) 14. BRUSH WOOD 15. VEGETATIVE BARRIER 16. STREAM BANK PROTECTION 17. GULLY PLUG 18. OTHER

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

Table No. 5

AGROFORESTRY

PRESENT STATUS

TYPE OF TREE

NO.S

SPECIES

FUTURE REQUIREMENTS

NO.S

SPECIES

TREES

WILD FRUIT

MEDICINAL

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

NEED FOR EXTENSION

SOURCE OF PLANTING STOCK (NEAREST NURSERY )

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

Table No. 6 GRAZING LANDS NAME

LATITUDE:

AREA

SPECIES WEED REMOVAL

LONGITUDE:

TREATMENT REQUIRED (HA.) CLOSURE SEEDING

PEOPLE SUGGESTIONS OTHER

WAYPOINT:

Table no. 7 TEMPLE/ PRIVATE/ COMMUNITY/ PANCHAYAT FORESTS TREATMENT REQUIRED

NAME

LATITUDE: LONGITUDE: WAYPOINT:

AREA

SPECIES

GAP FILLING (HA.)

MENTAINANCE (HA.)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

NEW PLANTATION (HA.)

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES (QUANTITY)

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

Table no.8 PERFORMA FOR SOIL & WATER CONSERVATION WORK NEEDED IN NON-FOREST AREAS LATITUDE:

Sr . No

Name of area/ locaton

LONGITUD E: WAYPOINT :

AVAILABILI TY OF LOCAL MATERIAL

KIND OF WORK QUANTITY

OLD WORKS NEEDING REPAIR (QUANTITY)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

LIFT IRRIGATION (HT. & ACERAGE)

Ref for Kind of Work 1. BOULDER- GATHERING TRENCHES AT THE FOOT OF HILLSIDE 2. METAL CONTAINMENT NET 3. BOULDER CARRIERS 4. GEOMATS 5. BRUSH WOOD MATS 6. STABILISING USING ANCHORS 7. NETWORK OF MICROPILES 8. NAILING 9. CELLULAR FACES 10. SHALLOW DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES 11. SHALLOW DRAINAGE TECHNIQUE WITH GEOMats 12. DEEP DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES 13. CHECK DAM (DRY STONE) 14. BRUSH WOOD 15. VEGETATIVE BARRIER 16. STREAM BANK PROTECTION 17. GULLY PLUG 18. OTHETS

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

vii

Table no.9 PERFORMA FOR LANDSLIDES NAME WITH LOCATION/ VILLAGE/K HAD/NALA INCLUDIN G COORDINATE S

S. N O.

(LATITUDE & LONGITUD E& WAYPOINT :)

TYPE OF SOIL & ROCK 1. CLAY 2. SAND 3. LOSE STONE 4. SAND+SHAL E 5. SAND+STON E 6. SLATE

DEGREE OF SLOPE/SEVERI TY

OCC URRE NCE

PROBABLE CAUSE

1. VERY SEVERE (>60)

SUGGESTED MEASURES

2. MODERATE (30-45) 3. LESS SEVERE (<30)

SEASON

DAMAGE /RISK TO LIFE & PROPERT Y

ROAD CONSTRUC TION

OTHER QUAR RY

CONSTRU CTIONS

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

NAT URAL

MEASURES TAKEN

ENGINEERING/ VEGETATIVE/ SAFE WATER DISPOSAL ETC WITH THE MEASUREMENT

PHO TO REF NO.

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

viii

TABLE NO 9A INFORMATION ON CULTIVATION / LIFE STOCK / FUEL / FODDER / MFP USE OF FERTILISERS VARIETY (NOS) (YES/NO) I(A) FRUIT NAME (LOCAL/IMPROVED) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I(B) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

CROPS (AREA)

I(C) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

VEGETABLE (AREA)

USE OF INSECTICIDES (YES/NO)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

PROBLEMS FACED

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 1

II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

III

LIVE STOCK (NOS)

FUEL/FODDER MANAGEMENT FUEL

BREED

WHETHER SELLING THE PRODUCE

REQUIREMENT (YES/NO)

PROBLEMS FACED

AVAILABILITY (%)

GAP PERCENTAGE

FODDER

MFP (Minor Forest Products)

EXISTING NAMES

SUGGESTIONS (IF ANY)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

SOURCE

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2

Annexure (a) 2 Naik Environment Research Institute Ltd. Pune CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT PLAN FOR SATLUJ BASIN OF HIMACHAL PRADESH Case No: Interview Schedule (Land Use and Socio-economic Survey) 1.

District

Development Block

Name of Village

Name of respondent

Land Holding (in Bighas)

Date of Investigation

Name of Field Investigator

Signature of Field investigator: ___________________________________

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2

Table no.10 HORTICULTURE CROPS

NAME OF CROPS

VARIETIE S IMPROVE D / LOCAL

AREA (BIGHA S OR NO.S)

IRRIGATED/ UNIRRIGATE D

*FYM TOTA L QTL

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS TOTAL (BG) IFFCO URE MIXTUR POTAS A E H

INSECTICIDE S/ FUNGICIDE / HERBICIDE

APPLE PEARS MANGO GRAPES PLUM PEACH APRICOT / CHULI ALMOND WALNUT CHILGOZA POMEGRANAT E CITRUS OTHER

*Farm yard manure

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

YIELD TOTA L QTL

SALE PRIC E (RS.)

SOURCE OF PLANT MATERIA L

AVAILABILIT Y OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2

iii

Table no.11 AGRICULTRE CROPS

NAME OF CROPS

VARIETIE S IMPROVE D / LOCAL

AREA (BIGHA S)

IRRIGATED/ UNIRRIGATE D

FYM* TOTA L QTL

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS TOTAL (KG) IFFCO URE MIXTUR POTAS A E H

INSECTICIDE S/ FUNGICIDE/ HERBICIDE

MAIZE WHEAT PADDY BARLEY POTATO MUSTAR D RAJMAS H URD FODDER OTHERS I OTHERS II

*Farm yard manure

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

NO. OF PLOUGHIN G

NO. OF INTER CULTUR E

TOTAL YIELD (QTL) GRAI N

STRA W

AVAILABILIT Y OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2

Table no.12 VEGETABLE CROPS

NAME OF CROPS

VARIETIES IMPROVED / LOCAL

AREA (BIGHAS )

IRRIGATED / UNIRRIGATE D

FYM* TOTA L QTL

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS TOTAL (KG) IFFCO URE MIXTUR POTAS A E H

INSECTICIDE S / FUNGICIDE / HERBICIDE

PEAS CABBAGE CAULIFLOWE R CHILLI GINGER GARLIC BRINJAL CAPSICUM FRENCH BEANS OTHER I OTHER II

*Farm yard manure

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

NO. OF PLOUGHIN G

NO. OF INTER CULTUR E

YIELD TOTA L (QTL)

AVAILABILIT Y OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2

Table no.13 LIVESTOCK POPULATION

NAME OF LIVESTOCK

NO.S

HEALTH CARE PRACTISES

BREED

AI / NATURAL SERVICES

STALL FEEDING/GRAZING OR BOTH

CONCENTRATE FED PER HEAD PER DAY

NO. OF LACTATION DAYS

COWS HEIFERS BULLOCKS BUFFALO MEAT SHEEP

WOOL MEAT

GOAT

MILK

HORSE/PONNIES DONKEYS/ MULES YAK/ CHURU

MEAT

PIGS

MEAT MEAT

POULTRY

EGGS

FISHERY

MEAT

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

YIELD PER LACTATION CYCLE (LITERS)

AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 2 vi

Table no.14 SOCIO â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ECONOMIC DATA

Yes/No

Yes/No Yes/No

Total

Miscellaneous

Labour

Horticulture

Agriculture/

Service / Pension

Yes/No Yes/No

Illitertae

No. of family members

Annual Income

Primary

/ OBC)

Education

Middle

(Gen/SC/ST

Toilet

Matric

& Category

Dispensary/ Medical facility in village If, No then distance from village in KMs

Tap Water

Motorable road to village

Degree

Religion

Electricity Connection

M F Marketing Social Participation Pattern of the produce Co-op* Y C* MM* SHG* Any other

Co-op* Govt. Private

Source of Borrowings Bank Co-op* Relatives Friends any other

Income Generating Activities

Fuel /Fodder Management

Poultry, fishery, Khaddi, sericulture, Bee keeping, Floriculture, sewing & embroidery, Mushroom, any other (specify) Existing

Require Availa Gap ment bility

Interested

Yes/No

Fuel

Fodder

* Co-op= Cooperative Society, YC= Youth Club, MM= Mahila Mandal, SHG= Self Help Group Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Sources to cover Gap

MFP

Existing Names

Income Suggestions (If any) (Annual)

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 3 i

Annexure (a) 3 Development Block: BILASPUR TABLE NO:10

HORTICU LTURE CROPS

VARIETIES (LOCAL/ IMPROVED)

IRRIGATED/ UNIRRIGATE

MEAN FYM (QTL)

AREA (Bighas)

Citrus Mango Peach

LOCAL %

IMPROVED %

IRRIGA TED%

100 100 100

0 0 0

1.5 2.5 0.4

MEAN YIELD (QTL)

MEAN SALE (Rs)

UNIRRIGA TED% 100 100 100

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

YES % 2.25 1.75 0.5

0.87 4.4 2.5

866.67 3520 2000

0 0 0

PESTICIDES

AVAILABILI TY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE

SOURCE OF PLANT MATERIAL

NO%

YES %

NO%

LOCAL %

GOVT. %

100 100 100

50 0 0

50 100 100

100 100 100

0 0 0

NO % 0 0 0

YES % 100 100 100

NO % 0 0 0

TABLE NO:11 AREA (Bighas) AGRICULTURE CROPS Barley Maize Mustard Potato Sugar Cane Wheat

4 9 1 3 2.5 7.5

VARIETIES (LOCAL/IMPROVED) LOCAL% IMPROVED% 60 40 60 40 100 0 100 0 50 50 50 50

IRRIGATED/UNIRRIGATE IRRIGATED% UNIRRIGATED% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

MEAN FYM (QTL) 2.4 5.4 3 3 3.75 5.62

MEAN YIELD (QTL) 1.25 1.13 1 1.47 0.6 1.15

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS YES% NO% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE YES% NO% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 3 ii

TABLE NO:12 VEGETABLE CROPS

AREA (Bighas)

Brinjal Carrot Garlic Ginger Ladyfinger Onion Sag

0.8 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2

VARIETIES (LOCAL/IMPROVED) LOCAL% IMPROVED% 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0

IRRIGATED/UNIRRIGATE IRRIGATED% UNIRRIGATED% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

MEAN FYM (QTL) 1.15 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.85 1 0.5

MEAN YIELD (QTL) 1.25 2.5 0 0 0 3.33 0

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS YES% NO% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE YES% NO% 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100

100 100 100 100

0 0 0 0

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

0 0 0 0

2.75 2 2.33 0

500 0 0 0

2500 0 0 0

100 100 100 100

NO%

0 100 66.67 100

AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE YES%

0 0 33.33 0

MEAN YIELD (litres)

100 0 0 0

MEAN LACTATION (days)

0 100 0 100

No%

0 0 0 0

BOTH%

100 0 0 0

GRAZING %

0 0 100 0

STALL%

NO%

83.33 75 100 100

IMPROVED %

BOTH%

16.67 25 0 0

STALL FEEDING/GRAZING OR BOTH

BREED LOCAL%

AI%

10 8 28 1

NATURAL %

Buffalo Bullocks Goat Heifers

NO%

NO OF LIVES

NATURAL/AI SERVICE

YES%

LIVES STOCKS

HEALTH CARE

MEAN CONCENTRATE FED (Kg)

TABLE NO:13

0 0 0 0

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 3

iii

TABLE NO : 14 NO OF HOUSE HOLDS STUDIES GENERAL% SC% CAST CATEGORY ST% OBC % YES% ELECTRICITY CONNECTION NO% YES% MOTORABLE ROAD TO VILLAGE NO% YES% DISPENSARY/MEDICAL FACILITY IN VILLAGE NO% MEDICAL FACILITY DISTANCE (KM) YES% TAP WATER NO% YES% TOILET NO% TOTAL MALE NO OF FAMILY MEMBER TOTAL FEMALE DEGREE% +TWO% MATRIC% EDUCATION(MALE) MIDDLE% PRIMARY% ILLITRATE% DEGREE% +TWO% MATRIC% EDUCATION(FEMALE) MIDDLE% PRIMARY% ILLITRATE% SERVICE AGRI/HOTI ANNUAL INCOME (Rs) LABOUR MISC TOTAL ANNUAL INCOME (Rs) Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

7 100 0 0 0 100 0 71.43 28.57 57.14 42.86 3.86 100 0 100 0 17 14 5.8824 17.6471 41.1765 11.7647 11.7647 11.7646 7.14 21.43 14.29 0 28.57 28.57 284000 7800 22000 62000 375800

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (a) 3 iv

TABLE NO:14(A)

14.29

28.57

100

ANY OTHER %

FRIENDS %

RELATIVES %

BANK% 0

CO-OP %

SOURCE OF BORROWING

CO-OP%

NO%

ANY OTHER %

CO-OP %

MAHILA MANDAL/SH G%

MAHILA MANDAL /YOUTH CLUB %

SHG %

YOUTH CLUB %

MAHILA MANDAL % 28.57

PRIVATE%

MARKETING PATTERN OF PRODUCE

SOCIAL PARTICIPATION

FUEL/FODDER MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT % YES% 100 85.71

FUEL/FODDER Fuel Fodder

FUEL SOURCE

SOURCE TO COVER GAP %

Forest

28.57

LPG,Forest

71.43

NO% 0 14.29

AVALIBILITY%

GAP %

57.14 37.14

42.86 48.57

FODDER SOURCE Forest Forest, Purchase No

SOURCE TO COVER GAP % 28.57 57.14 14.29

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES EXISTING No No

INTERESTED Mushroom Sewing & Embroidery

MINOR FOREST PRODUCE(MFP) EXISTINGNAME No

ANNUALINCOME 0

SUGGESTION MFP Plants should be provided to locals for planting in private land

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (b)

Annexure (b) : Plantation for Hadaboi catchment, Suket forest division (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si subcatchments) No. of Scientific Common Use of the Section of the plants name name plant plant used IVI Density suggested At 650 m -1150 m Trees Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Grewia optiva Ficus religiosa

Bihul, Biul The sacred fig, Pipal

Terminalia bellirica

Vibhitak, Aksh

T,Fd,Ft, Dy, M, Tn

Pistacia chinensis

Chinese pistache

Fw, Ag

Acacia catechu

Katha Amaltas, Golden shower tree

Cassia Fistula Sapium insigne Casearia tomentosa

Ficus palmata

leaves, seeds

37.4

266.67 /Ha

267/ha

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

16.8

170 /ha

170/ha

leaves, seeds

16.3

46.67 /ha

47/ha

stem, fruit, bark, leaves

14.7

113.33 /ha

113/ha

stem, leaves

13.5

93.33 /ha

93/ha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

stem, leaves

13.4

126.67/ha

127/ha

Or, M

seeds, leaves

12.6

110/ha

Khinna

T, M

stem, leaves

12.5

120/ha

chilla JangliAnjir, Khemri

leaves, seeds

9.66

16.67/ha

11/ha

Ft, Ed, M, T

Fruit, stem, leaves

9.63

86.67/ha

87/ha

Rel, M

Shrubs

Adhatoda zeylanica Murraya koenigii Mallotus philippensis

Malabarnut, Vasaka curry tree

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Red kamala Crested Flower Isodon

Dodonaea viscosa

Hopbush

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

Woodfordia fruticosa

Colebrookea oppositifolia Berberis lycium

Casearia opaca

Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea Indian Squirrel Tail, Binda, Pansra Darhaldi, Chatrol JangliAnjir, Khemri

Leaves, roots, flowers

38.1

10166.67/ha

10167/ha

Ft, Hdg, M

Bark, Leaves, roots, fruits

32.8

8972.22/ha

8972/ha

Dy, M, Ag, Fw,Fd, Tn

Fruits, leaves, bark

20.1

2833.33/ha

2833/ha

leaves

15.6

4527.78/ha

4528/ha

Fw, Dy, M,T P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

bark, Leaves

15.2

4444.44/ha

4444/ha

Bark , leaves, stem

15.9

3277.78/ha

3278/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

11.9

2500.00/ha

2500/ha

Rel, Fd, Fw

Bark , leaves

11.2

2472.22/ha

2472/ha

Fruit, roots bark

9.32

1500.00/ha

1500/ha

Ft, Ed, M, T

Fruit, stem, leaves

8.06

1527.78/ha

1528/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (b)

Herbs

Euphorbia hirta

Rumex hastatus Dodonaea viscosa

Parthenium hysterophorus

Reinwardtia indica Cynodon dactylon

Bidens pilosa Epilobium hirsutum

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair Arrowleaf Dock, Curled sock, Churki Hopbush

Congress grass, Gajar grass Pyauli, Basanti, Yellow flax, Golden girl Durva grass Spanish needle, Black jack

Tridax procumbens

Great hairy willowherb Khalmuriya, Tal-muriya

Boerhavia diffusa

Hog Weed, Pig Weed

latex, leaves

18.4

5.86/sq.m

6/sq.m

M,Ch

leaves, roots

16.1

1.56/sq.m

2/sq.m

Fw, Dy, M,T

bark, leaves

14.1

2.16/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Com, Bp,Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

leaves

12.2

3.34/sq.m

1/sq.m

leaves

10.5

1.54/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Rel

Leaves, roots

10.2

2.96/sq.m

3/sq.m

seeds, leaves

8.56

1.96/sq.m

2/sq.m

M,Ed

leaves

8.1

1.54/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves, seeds

7.81

2.30/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Veg

Root, Leaves And Seeds

6.49

1.64/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves, seeds

33.2

220/ha

leaves, seeds

17.7

46.67/ha

47/ha

At 1150 m -1650 m Trees Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Ficus religiosa

The sacred fig, Bo-tree

Terminalia bellirica

Vibhitak, Aksh

T, Fd, Ft, Dy, M, Tn

stem, fruit, bark, leaves

16.4

123.33/ha

123/ha

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

15.9

146.67/ha

147/ha

Pistacia chinensis

Chinese pistache

Fw,Ag

stem, leaves

13.4

80/ha

Sapium insigne

Khinna

T, M

stem, leaves

106.67/ha

107/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

stem, bark, leaves

11.3

86.67/ha

87/ha

Acacia catechu

Katha

106.67/ha

107/ha

Toon JangliAnjir, Khemri

stem, leaves stem, leaves,bark

11.1

Toona Ciliata

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M T, Or,Fd,Fw,Ag

10.7

83.33/ha

83/ha

Ft, Ed, M, T

Fruit, stem, leaves

9.57

86.67/ha

87/ha

Ficus palmata

M Rel, M

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (b)

iii

Shrubs Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

Leaves, roots, flowers

35.2

7166.67/ha

7167/ha

Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg,M

Bark, Leaves, roots,fruits

30.1

6388.89/ha

6389/ha

Dy,M,Ag, Fw,Fd, Tn

Fruits,leaves, bark

21.3

2194.44/ha

2194/ha

Mallotus philippensis Rabdosia lophanthoides Dodonaea viscosa

Red kamala Crested Flower Isodon

Woodfordia fruticosa

Hopbush Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea

Berberis lycium

Darhaldi, Chatrol

leaves

15.9

3611.11/ha

3611/ha

Fw, Dy, M, Tn

bark, leaves

15.9

3527.78/ha

3528/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

10.4

1972.22/ha

1972/ha

Fruit, roots bark

9.39

1138.89/ha

1139/ha

8.22

1194.44/ha

1195/ha

Casearia opaca Vitex negondo

Nirgundi

Clerodendrum fragrans

M, Ar, Es O

Leaves, seeds

7.93

1111.11/ha

1111/ha

M, Ar

Roots, branches, leaves.

7.13

888.89/ha

889/ha

17.9

1.57/sq.m

2/sq.m

16.3

4.33/sq.m

4/sq.m

Herbs

Rumex hastatus

Euphorbia hirta Dodonaea viscosa

Parthenium hysterophorus

Reinwardia indica Cynodon dactylon Oxalis croniculata Epilobium hirsutum

Bidens pilosa Tirdax procumbens

Arrowleaf Dock, Curled sock, Churki Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair Hopbush

Congress grass, Gajar grass Pyauli, Basanti, Yellow flax, Golden girl Durva grass Amrul, Creeping wood sorrel Great hairy willowherb Spanish needle, Black jack Khalmuriya, Tal-muriya

M,Ch

leaves

M Fw, Dy, M,Tn

latex, leaves bark, leaves

12.7

1.67/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Com, Bp, Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

leaves

11.8

2.67/sq.m

1/sq.m

leaves

11.7

1.53/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Rel

Leaves, roots

11.2

2.73/sq.m

3/sq.m

M,Ed,Drk

leaves

9.05

3.27/sq.m

3/sq.m

M,Ed

leaves

9.01

1.53/sq.m

2/sq.m

seeds, leaves

8.11

1.63/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves, seeds

7.98

1.97/sq.m

2/sq.m

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (b)

Legends M=Medicinal, Ch = Chemical, K=Katha, Fd=Fodder, Veg=Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In=Match Industry Ap=Apolostry, PM=Packing Material, P=Paper, Lnd=Landscaping , Fb = Fibre, Com = compost,Sc=Soil Conservation, DrF=Dry Fruits,, T=Timber, Ed = Edible, O = Oil, Ed O=Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, FW= Fuelwood, D=Detergent, I =Industry S&B=Shuttle& Bobbins, R=Resin, Tn = Tannin, Bp = Biopesticide, Drk = drink CO=Cedar Oil, Ft=Fruits , Fl=Flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye ,Ag = Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plants, B&M = baskets & mats, Dh&In = Dhoop & Insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (c) i Annexure (c) : Plantation for Kandhar catchment, Kunihar forest division (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si subcatchments)

Scientific name

Common name

Use of the plant

Section of the plant used

IVI

Density

No. of plants suggested

At 800 m - 1100 m Trees Ficus roxburghii Lannea coromandelica

Trimbal

Anogeissus latifolia

Indian Ash Tree, Moya Bakli, Dhau, Dhawa, Dhawra

Ougeinia oojeinensis

Sanaan, Sandan

Mallotus philippensis

Bombax ceiba Boehmeria rugulosa

Red kamala Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

M, Ft, Fd

fruits, leaves, seeds

94.2

26.67/ha

27/ha

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

29.1

130/ha

T, Fw, M

Stem, bark, leaves, seeds

12.7

60/ha

Fd, M Dy, M, Ag, Fw, Fd, Tn, Com

leaves, seeds

12.5

66.67/ha

67/ha

stem, leaves, bark

8.5

40/ha

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

leaves, fruits, stem

11.4

50/ha

Fd, Fw

stem, bark, leaves

9.72

46.67/ha

47/ha

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

9.46

46.67/ha

47/ha

Acacia catechu

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

stem, leaves

9.04

40.00/ha

40/ha

Kydia calycina

Pulia, Ranbhindi

7.56

30.00/ha

30/ha

Shrubs Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg, M

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

29.6

1805.56/ha

1806/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

25.7

1416.67/ha

1417/ha

Rel, Fd, Fw

Bark , leaves

21.7

1333.33/ha

1333/ha

Bark , leaves

35.4

2111.11/ha

2111/ha

Colebrookea oppositifolia

Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea Indian Squirrel Tail, Binda, Pansra

Bauhinia vahlii

Bauhinia climber, Chambul

Dy, Tn, M

Seeds, Bark , leaves

19.5

694.44/ha

694/ha

Mallotus philippensis

Red kamala

Dy, M, Ag, Fw, Fd, Tn, O

Seeds, Bark , leaves

18.8

750/ha

Leptodermis lanceolata

Bhui Champa

M, Rel, Fd

leaves

10.4

638.89/ha

639/ha

Woodfordia fruticosa

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (c) ii Strobilanthes alatus

Carissa opaca

M Or, M

Lantana camara

Raimuniya

15.9

944.44/ha

944/ha

leaves, seeds

15.2

750.00/ha

750/ha

leaves, seeds, roots

12.1

944.44/ha

944/ha

Herbs Nepeta ciliaris

Catnip, Catmint

leaves

22.8

2.5/sq.m

3/sq.m

Triumfetta rhomboidea

Burr Bush, Chiriyari

leaves, flowers

18.7

0.72/sq.m

1/sq.m

Bindens pilosa

Spanish needle, Black jack

leaves

1.22/sq.m

1/sq.m

Corchorus capsularis

Jute

leaves, bark

19.7

1.95/sq.m

2/sq.m

15.5

1.72/sq.m

2/sq.m

Cynoglossum denticulatum

Fb, Ag, Lnd, Ed, M,Sc

Boerhavia diffusa

Punarnava, Satha, Tar vine

Veg, M

leaves

15.2

1.33/sq.m

1/sq.m

Lespedeza cuneata

Himalayan bushclover

Sc, Fd

roots, leaves

10.9

0.13/sq.m

1/sq.m

10.2

1.22/sq.m

1/sq.m

seeds, leaves

8.49

0.95/sq.m

1/sq.m

entire plant

8.34

0.78/sq.m

1/sq.m

Justicia simplex Ageratum conyzoides

Jangli pudina

Sida cordata

Bhuinii

Biop, M M

At 1100 m - 1400 m Trees Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

33.3

276.67/ha

277/ha

Ougeinia oojeinensis

Sanaan, Sandan

Fd, M

leaves, seeds

14.9

126.67/ha

127/ha

Mallotus philippensis

Red kamala

Dy, M, Ag, Fw, Fd, Tn

Seeds, Bark , leaves

14.1

136.67/ha

137/ha

Bombax ceiba

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

leaves, fruits, stem

100/ha

Bakli, Dhau, Dhawa, Dhawra

T, Fw, M

12.6

126.67/ha

127/ha

Trimbal

M, Ft, Fd

Stem, bark, leaves, seeds fruits, leaves, seeds

7.41

76.67/ha

77/ha

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

stem, leaves

12.6

113.33/ha

113/ha

Anogeissus latifolia Ficus roxburghii

Acacia catechu

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (c) iii

Toona ciliata Engelhardtia spicata Albizia lebbeck

T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

Toon -

T, Tn

Saras

T, M, Fd

Stem, leaves

12.5

86.67/ha

87/ha

leaves, bark bark, leaves, stem

11.9

100.00/ha

100/ha

10.4

86.67/ha

87/ha

Shrubs Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg, M

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

33.5

3694.44/ha

3694/ha

Woodfordia fruticosa

Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

1861.11/ha

1861/ha

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

Bark , leaves

18.9

1861.11/ha

1861/ha

Mallotus philippensis

Red kamala

Dy, M, Ag, Fw,Fd, Tn

Bark, Leaves, roots, fruits

18.4

1111.11/ha

1111/ha

Leptodermis lanceolata

Bhui Champa

M, Rel, Fd

leaves

18.4

2111.11/ha

2111/ha

Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

Leaves, roots, flowers

13.2

1861.11/ha

1111.11/ha

Carissa opaca

Boehmeria regulosa

Bauhinia vahlii

Bauhinia climber, Chambul

Lantana camara

Raimuniya

Fd, Fw

stem, bark, leaves

12.5

1472.22/ha

Dy, Tn, M

Seeds, Bark , leaves

12.2

861.11/ha

leaves, seeds, roots

1611.11/ha

Or, M

Herbs Triumfetta rhomboidea

Burr Bush, Chiriyari

leaves, flowers, fruits, bark

23.9

2.58/sq.m

3/sq.m

Corchorus olitorius

Pat, Nalta jute

B&M, Veg, Fb, M

leaves, bark

4.41/sq.m

4/sq.m

Cassia tora

Coffee pod, Chakwad

seeds

15.7

0.83/sq.m

1/sq.m

Bindens pilosa

Spanish needle, Black jack

seeds, leaves

13.5

2.16/sq.m

2/sq.m

seeds, leaves

13.5

3.16/sq.m

3/sq.m

roots, seeds, leaves

12.6

3.00/sq.m

3/sq.m

11.2

3.33/sq.m

3/sq.m

Sida rhomboidea Boerhavia diffusa Justicia simplex

Tar vine, punarnava

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (c) iv Phyllanthus fraternus

Bhuinanvalah, Hajarmani, Kanocha

seeds, leaves

3.16/sq.m

3/sq.m

Ageratum conyzoides

Jungli pudina

M, Biop

seeds

9.05

2.50/sq.m

3/sq.m

leaf, stem, seed

8.34

1.83/sq.m

2/sq.m

Peristrophe bicalyculata

Com, Biop, Ag, M

Legends M=Medicinal, Ch = Chemical, K=Katha, Fd=Fodder, Veg=Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In=Match Industry, Ap=Apolostry, PM=Packing Material, P=Paper, Lnd=Landscaping , Fb = Fibre, Com = compost, Sc=Soil Conservation, DrF=Dry Fruits,, T=Timber, Ed = Edible, O = Oil, Ed O=Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, FW= Fuelwood, D=Detergent, I =Industry S&B=Shuttle& Bobbins, R=Resin, Tn = Tannin, Bp = Biopesticide, Drk = drink, CO=Cedar Oil, Ft=Fruits , Fl=Flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye ,Ag = Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plants, B&M = baskets & mats, Dh&In = Dhoop & Insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (d) i Annexure (d) : Plantation for Tatpani catchment, Karsog forest division (type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si subcatchments)

Scientific name

Common name

Use of the plant

Section of the plant used

IVI

Density

No. of plants suggested

At 700 m-1000 m Trees

Acasia catechu

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

stem, leaves

31.55

125.71/ha

126/ha

Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

leaves, seeds

27.2

128.57/ha

129/ha

Bombax ceiba

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

leaves, fruits, stem

17.94

78.57/ha

79/ha

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

16.83

85.71/ha

86/ha

Aegle marmelos

Bael

Ft, Rel, M, Drk

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves root, leaf, trunk, fruit and seed,

10.22

64.29/ha

64/ha

Sapium insigne

Khinna

stem, leaves

11.9

50.00/ha

Mangifera indica

Aam

fruit, leaves

10.96

50.00/ha

Ficus religiosa

The sacred fig, Bo-tree

leaves, seeds

10.13

28.57/ha

29/ha

Salix tetrasperma

Bod, Bains

9.53

28.57/ha

29/ha

Morus alba

Shahtoo

seeds, leaves fruits, leaves, roots, bark

8.21

21.43/ha

21/ha

bark, Leaves

50.98

5000/ha

Leaves, roots, flowers

31.88

4500/ha

T, M Ed, Ft, Drk, Or, Rel Rel, M M Fd, M, Ft, Drk

Shrubs Dodonaea viscosa

Hopbush

Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

Fw, Dy, M,T M P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd,Fw, B&M

Bark , leaves

25.55

2222.22/ha

2222/ha

25.27

3333.33/ha

3333/ha

1000/ha

Ft, Hdg,M

Woodfordia fruticosa

curry tree Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

11.64

1000.00/ha

Punica granatum

Anar

Ft, Ed, M, Drk

fruit. Leaves, seeds

10.95

777.78/ha

Vitex negondo

Nirgundi

Es O, M

leaves, seeds

10.42

1000.00/ha

Zizyphus mauritiana

Ber

Ft, Ed, Drk, M

9.66

555.56/ha

Lantana camara

Raimuniya

Or, M

fruit leaves, seeds, roots

8.67

1222.22/ha

Fw, T

stem, leaves

8.27

444.44/ha

Murraya koenigii

Rhamnus virgatus

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

778/ha 1000/ha 556/ha 1222/ha

444/ha

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (d) ii Herbs

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

Rubus ellipticus

Lalanchu, Hinsal,Yello w Himalayan Raspberry

Parthenium hysterophorus Corchorus olitorius

latex, leaves

18.04

2.05/sq.m

2/sq.m

Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed,Sc

fruits, leaves

14.19

0.27/sq.m

1/sq.m

Congress grass, Gajar grass

M, Com, Bp,Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

leaves

12.83

0.91/sq.m

1/sq.m

Pat, Nalta jute

B&M, Veg, Fb, M

leaves, bark

12.32

1.32/sq.m

1/sq.m

leaves

1.81

0.16/sq.m

1/sq.m

leaves, seeds

11.35

1.23/sq.m

2/sq.m

9.76

1.50/sq.m

1/sq.m

9.75

1.09/sq.m

1/sq.m

Tirdex procumbens

Graceful Pouzolzsbus h Khalmuriya, Talmuriya

Oplismenus compositus

Basket grass

Pouzolzia zeylanica

Sida rhombifolia Cynodon dactylon

Bindens pilosa

Durva grass Spanish needle, Black jack

M, Rel

Leaves, roots

9.56

1.32/sq.m

1/sq.m

seeds, leaves

8.47

0.45/sq.m

1/sq.m

At 1000 m-1300 m Trees Acasia catechu

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Bombax ceiba

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T,Fd,Ft,Ag ,Rel

leaves, fruits, stem

18.73

75/ha

Ft, Rel, M

root, leaf, trunk, fruit and seed,

15.62

83.33/ha

83/ha

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

15.6

83.33/ha

83/ha

stem, bark, leaves

15.04

50.00/ha

50/ha

Aegle marmelos

Bael

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Boehmeria regulosa

Fd, Fw

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M stem, bark, leaves

stem, leaves

32.54

183.33/ha

183/ha

leaves, seeds

30.93

141.66/ha

142/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (d) iii

Ficus religiosa Sapindus mukorossi

Mangifera indica Syzygium cumini

The sacred fig, Pipal Ritha

Aam

Jamun

Rel, M

leaves, seeds fruit

13.51

41.66/ha

42/ha

12.96

50.00/ha

50/ha

D Ed, Ft, Drk, Or, Rel

fruit, leaves

11.94

50.00/ha

50/ha

Fl, Ed, Ft, M

Fruit, leaves, seeds, bark

11.34

33.33/ha

33/ha

Shrubs Dodonaea viscosa

Hopbush

Fw, Dy, M,T

bark, Leaves

27.96

2654.32/ha

2654/ha

Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

Leaves, roots, flowers

23.63

2839.51/ha

2840/ha

Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg,M

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

23.24

2469.14/ha

2469/ha

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

Lantana camara

Raimuniya

Zizyphus mauritiana Vitex negondo

Ber

Woodfordia fruticosa

Nirgundi bilangra, katai Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea

Punica granatum

Anar

Flacourtia indica

21.03

1851.85/ha

1852/ha

Or, M

Bark , leaves leaves, seeds, roots

14.89

1851.85/ha

1852/ha

Ft, Ed, Drk, M

fruit

13.61

740.74/ha

741/ha

Es O, M

leaves, seeds

12.24

864.20/ha

864/ha

12.16

617.28/ha

617/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers

11.98

925.93/ha

926/ha

Ft, Ed, M, Drk

fruit. Leaves, seeds

11.89

740.74/ha

741/ha

Herbs Vernonia cinerea

Sahadevi

leaves

38.74

4.26/sq.m

4/sq.m

Corchorus olitorius

Pat, Nalta jute

B&M, Veg, Fb, M

leaves, bark

17.41

1.65/sq.m

2/sq.m

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

12.26

1.25/sq.m

1/sq.m

Congress grass, Gajar grass

M, Com, Bp, Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

5.62

0.84/ha

Parthenium hysterophorus

latex, leaves

leaves

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

1/ha

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (d) iv Xanthium indicum

Hedychium spicatum

M Punarnava, Satha, Tar vine Sandharlik a , Kapur kachri

Desmodium triflorum

Kudaliya, motha

Plantago major

Lahuriya, Luhuriya

Boerhavia diffusa

Oldenlandia gracilis

roots

Veg, M M, Es O, In, Ar

M -

leaves

Roots, leaves

seeds, leaves, roots -

17.77

0.40/sq.m

1/sq.m

12.87

0.90/sq.m

1/sq.m

11.88

0.15/sq.m

1/sq.m

10.72

1.30/sq.m

1/sq.m

9.55

1.00/sq.m

1/sq.m

9.39

1.40/sq.m

1/sq.m

Legends

M=Medicine, Ag = Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plants, B&M = baskets & mats, Sc = soil conservation, CO=Cedar Oil, Ft=Fruits , Fl=Flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye, Dr F=Dry Fruits,, T=Timber, Ed = Edible, O = Oil, Ed O=Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, FW= Fuelwood, D=Detergent, I =Industry S&B=Shuttle& Bobbins, R=Resin, Tn = Tannin, Bp = Biopesticide, Drk = drinkl, Ch = Chemical, K=Katha, Fd=Fodder, Veg=Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In=Match Industry Ap=Apolostry, PM=Packing Material, P=Paper, Lnd=Landscaping , Fb = Fibre, Com = compost, Dh&In = Dhoop & Insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (e)

Annexure (e) : Plantation for Kotlu catchment, Karsog forest division (Type similar for Sf, Sg, Sh, Si subcatchments)

Scientific name

Common name

Use of the plant

Section of the plant used

No. of plants suggested

IVI

Density

36.8

206.67/ha

207/ha

Stem, leaves, bark

26.4

123.33/ha

123/ha

leaves, seeds

21.1

143.33/ha

143/ha

20.3

133.33/ha

133/ha

At 800 m -1200 m Trees

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

Sterculia villosa

Katira, God-gudala, Udal

M, B & M

Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Ficus religiosa

The sacred fig, Pipal

Rel, M

leaves, seeds

15.1

23.33/ha

23/ha

Toona ciliata

Toon

T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

Stem, leaves

9.45

43.33/ha

43/ha

Chinese pistache

Fw, Ag

19.8

90.00/ha

90/ha

17.4

100.00/ha

90.00/ha

90/ha

15.1

76.67/ha

77/ha

24.9

4083.33/ha

4083/ha

Pistacia chinensis Engelhardtia spicata Dalbergia sissoo

M, T

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

stem, leaves Bark, stem, leaves

100/ha

T, Fw, M

Roots, stems

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

leaves, fruits, stem

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

Shrubs P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M Bark , leaves

Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg, M

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

20.3

3277.78/ha

3278/ha

Rubus ellipticus

Lalanchu, Hinsal, Yellow Himalayan Raspberry

Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed, Sc

fruits, leaves

17.3

3222.22/ha

3222/ha

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

16.9

3277.78/ha

3278/ha

Colebrookia oppositifolia

Indian Squirrel Tail, Binda, Pansra

Rel, Fd, Fw

Bark , leaves

16.8

2805.56/ha

2806/ha

Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

2111.11/ha

2111/ha

Anar

Leaves, roots, flowers fruit. Leaves, seeds

13.9

Punica granatum

M Ft, Ed, M, Drk

11.6

1166.67/ha

1167/ha

Bombax ceiba

Euphorbia royleana Meriandra strobilifera Mallotus philippinensis

Shisham

bark

Red kamala

M, Ar Dy, M,Ag, Fw, Fd, Tn, Com

11.2

1055.56/ha

1056/ha

Flowers, seeds, leaves

8.52

1472.22/ha

1472/ha

stem, leaves, bark

8.34

805.56/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

806/ha

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (e)

Herbs

Urtica dioica

Bichchhu, Kali, Kandadli, Bichchubuti

M, Ed, Drk

leaves

25.1

2.33/sq.m

2/sq.m

Artemisia parviflora

Dy, Tn

bark, leaves

22.2

2.55/sq.m

3/sq.m

Boehmeria platyphylla

Fd, Fb

bark, leaves

17.6

2.5/sq.m

3/sq.m

latex, leaves

13.9

2.33/sq.m

2/sq.m

Leaves

13.3

2.22/sq.m

2/sq.m

Flowers, leaves

12.6

1.55/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves

12.2

2.45/sq.m

2/sq.m

9.58

1.00/sq.m

1/sq.m

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

Commelina benghalensis

Cannabis sativa Oxalis corniculata Rumex hastatus

Fd, Veg, M, Ganja, Gallow grass

Amrul Arrowleaf Dock, Curled sock, Churki

Or, M, Fb

Ed, Drk M,Ch

leaves, roots

Xanthium indicum

roots

8.54

0.88/sq.m

1/sq.m

Desmodium triflorum

flowers

7.52

1.00/sq.m

1/sq.m

183/ha

At 1200 m -1600 m Trees

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

bark

53.9

183.33/ha

Ficus religiosa

The sacred fig, Pipal

Rel, M

leaves, seeds

30.1

23.33/ha

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

26.6

100/ha

Toona ciliata

Toon

T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

Leaves, stem, flowers

24.6

83.33/ha

83/ha

Pinus wallichiana

Kail

T, Fw

Stem, leaves

8.14

16.67/ha

17/ha

flowers

18.1

60.00/ha

60/ha

Bauhinia variegata Acacia catechu Dalbergia sissoo Pistacia chinensis Myrica esculenta

Kachnar Katha Shisham Chinese pistache Kaphal

23/ha

100/ha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

stem, leaves

17.5

66.67/ha

67/ha

T, Fw, M

Roots, stems

14.6

50.00/ha

50/ha

Fw, Ag

stem, leaves

33.33/ha

33/ha

Ft, M

Fruits, flower, bark

10.5

33.33/ha

33/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (e)

iii

Shrubs

Bamboo

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

Bark , leaves

24.9

2611.11/ha

2611/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

bark, leaves

1555.56/ha

1556/ha

Rosa moschata

Musk rose

Es O

Flowers

20.3

2472.22/ha

2472/ha

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

16.9

2166.67/ha

2167/ha

Murraya koenigii

curry tree

Ft, Hdg, M

leaves, fruits, bark, roots

13.7

1444.44/ha

1444/ha

Rubus ellipticus

Lalanchu, Hinsal, Yellow Himalayan Raspberry

Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed, Sc

fruits, leaves

7.4

666.67/ha

667/ha

Quercus leucotrichophora

Ban Oak

Fd, Fw, Ag

leaves, stem, bark

2.62

194.44/ha

194/ha

16.8

2277.78/ha

2278/ha

Bark , leaves Leaves, roots, flowers

16.4

2083.33/ha

2083/ha

14.7

1694.44/ha

1694/ha

Dy, tn

bark, leaves

32.9

2.3/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Ed, Drk

leaves

23.6

2.1/sq.m

2/sq.m

Fd, Fb

bark, leaves

16.3

2.25/sq.m

2/sq.m

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

latex, leaves

2.10/sq.m

2/sq.m

Rumex hastatus

Arrowleaf Dock, Curled sock, Churki

M,Ch

leaves, roots

13.5

0.90/sq.m

1/sq.m

12.9

2.00/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves

12.7

2.20/sq.m

2/sq.m

Seeds, flowers, leaves, stems

1.40/sq.m

1/sq.m

flowers

9.53

0.90/sq.m

1/sq.m

seeds

8.94

1.65/sq.m

2/sq.m

Dendrocalamus strictus

Roylea cineria Colebrookia oppositifolia Adhatoda zeylanica

Indian Squirrel Tail, Binda, Pansra

Rel, Fd, Fw

Malabarnut, Vasaka

M Herbs

Artemisia parviflora

Urtica dioica Boehmeria platyphylla

Commelina benghalensis Oxalis corniculata

Cannabis sativa

Bichchhu, Kali, Kandadli, Bichchubuti

Amrul, Creeping wood sorrel

Desmodium triflorum Origanum vulgare

Fd, Veg, M, M, Ed, Drk

Fb, M, O,

Or Sathra

Es O, M

Leaves

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (e)

At 1600 m -2000 m Trees Pinus wallichiana

Kail

T, Fw

Stem, leaves

81.3

316.67/ha

317/ha

Cedrus deodara

Devdar

T, Ag

Stem, leaves

166.67/ha

167/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

bark

133.33/ha

133/ha

22.8

100/ha

15.1

60/ha

18.2

66.67/ha

67/ha

14.8

60.00/ha

60/ha

Rhododendron arborium

Fw, M T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

Toona ciliata

Toon

Juglans regia

Akhrot Himalayan flowering dogwood

Cornus capitata Abies pindrow Quercus leucotrichophora Pyrus pashia

Pindrow Fir Ban Oak Mehal, Kainth

Ft, Ed

Leaves, stem Stem, flowers, leaves fruit

Whole plant

T, Or

Stem, flowers

16.67/ha

17/ha

Fd, Fw, Ag

Leaves, stem

9.39

33.33/ha

33/ha

fruits

8.25

33.33/ha

33/ha

Ft, Ed Shrubs

Rosa moschata

Musk rose

Es O

Flowers

2638.89/ha

2639/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

stem, bark, leaves

2138.89/ha

2139/ha

Berberis aristata

Chitra

M, Dy, Tn, Hdg, Ft, Fw

leaves, stem, bark

16.7

1277.78/ha

1278/ha

Quercus leucotrichophora

Ban Oak

Fd, Fw, Ag

leaves, stem, bark

16.1

861.11/ha

Rubus niveus Berberis lycium

Rubus ellipticus

861/ha

kala hinsalu

fruits

1027.78/ha

1028/ha

Darhaldi, Chatrol

Roots , leaves

12.6

1027.78/ha

1028/ha

Lalanchu, Hinsal,Yellow Himalayan Raspberry

Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed,Sc

fruits, leaves

10.3

777.78/ha

778/ha

10.2

500.00/ha

500/ha

9.58

500.00/ha

500/ha

9.39

694.44/ha

694/ha

M, Bp

root, leaves

13.7

1.8/sq.m

2/sq.m

M, Ar

flowers, leaves

13.2

1.13/sq.m

1/sq.m

Myrsine africana

Rhododendron arborium

Fw, M

Vitis himalayana

Leaves, stem

Herbs Anemone vitifolia

Agali

Gigardiana diversifolia Rumex nepalensis

Jangli palak, Amlora

leaves

12.7

1.2/sq.m

1/sq.m

Plantago major

Lahuriya, Luhuriya

seeds, leaves, roots

12.1

1.47/sq.m

1/sq.m

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (e) Boeninghausenia albiflora

Polygonum capitatum

Goldfussia dalhousieana

Impatiens balsamina

Gul mehendi

Petris Sp

Pinus wallichiana

Kail

11.5

1.07/sq.m

1/sq.m

1.47/sq.m

1/sq.m

10.2

1.07/sq.m

1/sq.m

flowers

9.74

0.93/sq.m

1/sq.m

9.15

1.33/sq.m

1/sq.m

Stem, leaves

9.03

0.40/sq.m

1/sq.m

T, Fw

Legends M=Medicina, Ag = Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plants, B&M = baskets & mats, CO=Cedar Oil, Ft=Fruits , Fl=Flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye, Sc=Soil Conservation, Dr F=Dry Fruits,, T=Timber, Ed = Edible, O = Oil, Ed O=Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, FW= Fuelwood, D=Detergent, I =Industry S&B=Shuttle& Bobbins, R=Resin, Tn = Tannin, Bp = Biopesticide, Drk = drink , Ch = Chemical, K=Katha, Fd=Fodder, Veg=Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In=Match Industry Ap=Apolostry, PM=Packing Material, P=Paper, Lnd=Landscaping , Fb = Fibre, Com = compost, Dh & In =Dhoop & Insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (f)

Annexure (f) : Plantation for Sunni catchment, Shimla forest division (type similar for Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn subcatchments)

Scientific name

Common name

Use of the plant

Section of the plant used

IVI

Density

No. of plants suggested

37.25

300/ha

131/ha

At 650 m - 1100 m Trees Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

stem, bark, leaves

Toona ciliata

Toon

T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

Stem, leaves

24.3

131.25/ha

Bombax ceiba

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

Stem, leaves, fruits

15.39

93.75/ha

94/ha

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

Leaves, stem, seeds

13.5

112.5/ha

113/ha

Roots, stems

12.06

100.00/ha

100/ha

Rel, M

leaves, seeds

12.03

50.00/ha

50/ha

11.86

87.5/ha

88/ha

Acasia catechu Dalbergia sissoo

Ficus religiosa

Shisham The sacred fig, Pipal

T, Fw, M

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

Sapium insigne

Khinna

T, M

stem, leaves

11.78

81.25/ha

81/ha

bark

11.61

93.75/ha

94/ha

leaves, seeds

10.11

75.00/ha

75/ha

26.39

5740.74/ha

5741/ha

Phoenix sylvestirs Lannea coromandelica

Sugar date palm Indian Ash Tree, Moya

Fd, Drk

M Shrubs

curry tree

Ft, Hdg, M

Bark, Leaves, roots, fruits

Dendrocalamus strictus

Bamboo

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M

Bark , leaves

26.3

4506.17/ha

4506/ha

Adhatoda zeylanica

Malabarnut, Vasaka

Leaves, roots, flowers

23.77

6049.38/ha

6049/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers, stem

17.03

2962.96/ha

2963/ha

Murraya koenigii

Woodfordia fruticosa

Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (f)

Dodonaea viscosa

Hopbush

Fw, Dy, M,T

bark, Leaves

16.35

3888.89/ha

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

2.64

432.10/ha

432/ha

Rubus ellipticus

Lalanchu, Hinsal, Yellow Himalayan Raspberry

Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed, Sc

5.87

925.93/ha

926/ha

Punica granatum

Anar

Ft, Ed, Drk, M

1.6

185.19/ha

185/ha

leaves

13.83

2283.95/ha

2284/ha

fruit

11.9

1604.94/ha

1605/ha

root, stem, leaves

20.36

1.4/sq.m

2/sq.m

Vitex negundo Zizyphus mauritiana

Nirgundi

Es O, M Ft, Ed, Drk, M

Ber

fruits, leaves Fruits, flowers, seeds, bark

3889/ha

Herbs

Girardiana diversifolia

Bichchhoo

F, Veg, M, Fb

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

latex, leaves

13.38

2.5/sq.m

3/sq.m

Fd, Fw

stem, bark, leaves

12.3

1.5/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves

11.4

1.5/sq.m

2/sq.m

leaves

7.39

2.31/sq.m

2/sq.m

Boehmeria rugulosa

Parthenium hysterophorus

Congress grass, Gajar ghass

M, Com, Bp, Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

Oxalis corniculata

Amrul, Creeping wood sorrel

M, Ed, Drk

Zanthoxy armatum

Tejphal

Leaves, seeds

7.64

0.31/sq.m

1/sq.m

Lactuca dissecta

M, Fl

Flower, seeds

6.81

1.13/sq.m

1/sq.m

Justicia simplex

6.51

1.38/sq.m

1/sq.m

Leaf, whole plant, seed

4.9

0.69/sq.m

1/sq.m

Whole plant

4.68

1.20/sq.m

1/sq.m

Chenopodium ambrosoidse

Origanum vulgare

Dauna

M, Ar

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (f)

iii

At 1100 m -1550 m Trees Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

29.95

271.43/ha

271/ha

Toona ciliata

Toon

T, Or, Fd, Fw, Ag

23.08

168.67/ha

169/ha

Pistacia chinensis

Chinese pistache

Fw, Ag

21.91

150.77/ha

151/ha

Acasia catechu

Katha

T, Fd, Fw, Ag, Rel, M

19.79

164.29/ha

164/ha

Bombax ceiba

Cotton tree, Semal , shalmali

T, Fd, Ft, Ag, Rel

8.53

57.14/ha

17.93

142.86/ha

143/ha

136/ha

stem, leaves

57/ha

Grewia optiva

Bihul, Biul

Fw, Ft, Ag, B&M

Bark, fruits, stem, leaves

Lannea coromandelica

Indian Ash Tree, Moya

leaves, seeds

15.31

135.71/ha

Ficus religiosa

The sacred fig, Pipal

leaves, seeds

13.87

64.29/ha

64/ha

10.91

71.43/ha

71/ha

fruit, leaves

10.59

50.00/ha

50/ha

bark, Leaves

21.99

3819.44/ha

3819/ha

Bark , leaves

14.92

3125/ha

fruits, leaves

12.88

2430.56/ha

2431/ha

Bauhinia variegata

Aam

Or Ed, Ft, Drk, Or, Rel

Hopbush

Fw, Dy, M,T

Rubus ellipticus

Bamboo Lalanchu, Hinsal, Yellow Himalayan Raspberry

P, Or, M, Ag, T, Fd, Fw, B&M Hdg, Ft, M, Dy, Ed, Sc

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

12.38

2361.11/ha

2361/ha

Ft, Ed, Drk, M

Fruits, flowers, seeds, bark

11.27

2083.33/ha

2083/ha

Ft, Hdg, M

Bark, Leaves, roots, fruits

10.99

2291.67/ha

2292/ha

M, Fw, Dy

Bark , leaves, flowers, stem

10.02

1250/ha

Leaves, roots, flowers

9.17

1944.44/ha

1944/ha

Mangifera indica

Kachnar

Rel, M

flowers

shrubs Dodonaea viscosa Dendrocalamus strictus

Punica granatum

Murraya koenigii

Woodfordia fruticosa Adhatoda zeylanica

Anar

curry tree

Fire-flame Bush, Shinajitea Malabarnut, Vasaka

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (f)

Dabregeasia hypoleuca Carissa opaca

Fb, T, M, Ed, Ft

Fruits, stem, leaves -

11.06

1180.56/ha

1181/ha

8.51

597.22/ha

597/ha

Herbs Phyllanthus fraternus

Boehmeria rugulosa Oxalis corniculata Acalypha ciliata

Bhuinanvalah, Hajarmani,kanocha

Amrul, Creeping wood sorrel -

leaves, roots

12.68

4/sq.m

Fd, Fw

stem, bark, leaves

10.71

1.07/sq.m

1/sq.m

M, Ed, Drk

leaves

10.05

3.57/sq.m

4/sq.m

leaves

8.34

0.57sq/m

1/sq.m

leaves

8.14

1.57/sq.m

1/sq.m

Parthenium hysterophorus

Congress grass, Gajar ghass

M, Com, Bp, Toxin Parthenin causes dermatitis

Euphorbia hirta

Bara dudhi, Common Spurge, Asthma weed, Cats Hair

leaves, bark

7.01

2.86/sq.m

3/sq.m

Corchorus olitorius

Pat, Nalta jute

B&M, Veg, Fb, M

leaves, bark

7.51

1.57/sq.m

2/sq.m

Cassia tora

Coffee pod, Chakwad

seeds

7.38

1.50/sq.m

2/sq.m

Barleria cristata

Whole tree

7.29

2.07sq/m

2sq/m

Prinsepia utilis

Bhikal, Bekkra, Bhekal, Cherara,Dhatila

6.16

0.43/sq.m

1/sq.m

Or Hdg, Ed, Ft, O, Com, D, Sc

Legends M = Medicinal, Ch = Chemical, K = Katha, Fd = Fodder, Veg = Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In = Match industry, Ap = Apolostry, PM = Packing Material, Drk = Drink, P= Paper, Lnd = Landscaping, Fb =Fibre, Com= Compost, Sc= Soil conservation, DrF = Dry fuits, T = Timber, Ed = edible, O = Oil, Ed O= Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, Fw = Fuelwood, D= Detergent, I=industry, S&B= Shuttle &bobbins, R= Resins, Tn=Tannin, Bp=Biopesticide, Co=Cedar oil, Ft=Fruits, Fl=flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye, Ag= Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plant, B&M = Baskets & Mats, Dh & In = Dhoop & Insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (g)

Annexure (g): Plantation for Matiana catchment, Theog forest division (Type similar for Sj, Sk, Sm, Sn subcatchments) Section of No. of Use of the the plant plants Scientific name Common name plant used IVI Density suggested At 1700 m - 2050 m Trees Cedrus deodara

Devdar

T, Ag

60.37

83.33/ha

83/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

39.14

66.67/ha

67/ha

Pinus wallichiana

Kail

T, Fw

37.72

66.67/ha

67/ha

Quercus leucotrichophora

Ban Oak

Fd, Fw,Ag

24.65

50/ha

Populus ciliata

Ban peepal, Himalayan poplar

T, Fw, Sc, Fd, Fb, M

13.55

27.78/ha

28/ha

Albizia chinensis

Silk tree, Kala Siris

Fd, Ag

13.27

22.22/ha

22/ha

Juglans regia

Akhrot

Ft, Ed

12.65

27.78/ha

28/ha

Cupressus tolurosa

6.23

11.11/ha

11/ha

Celtis australis

11.15

22.22/ha

22/ha

Picea smithiana

10.25

16.67/ha

17/ha

Shrubs

Berberis aristata

Chitra

M, Dy, Tn Hdg, Ft, Fw,

46.62

3383.84/ha

3384/ha

Prinsepia utilis

Bhikal, Bekkra, Bhekal, Cherara,Dhatila

Hdg, Ed, Ft, O, Com, D, Sc

2626.26/ha

2626/ha

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

20.72

2272.73/ha

2273/ha

Indigofera cassioides

Saknya, Kathi

roots,

1667/ha

16.79

1666.67/ha

Woodfordia fruticosa

14.11

909.09/ha

Rosa moschata

13.33

1111.11/ha

1111/ha

Cotoneaster microphyllus

11.02

1111.11/ha

1111/ha

Rubus niveus

9.8

606.06/ha

606/ha

Desmodium gamgaticum

9.75

606.06/ha

606/ha

Colebrookea oppostifolia

7.39

505.05/ha

505/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

909/ha

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (g)

Herbs

Bergenia ciliata

leaves, seeds, roots,flowers

Ed, M

Rumex nepalensis

18.08

0.46/sq.m

1/sq.m

15.88

1.31/sq.m

1/sq.m

Fragaria vesca

Strawberry

Ft, M, Drk

leaves, fruits

15.22

2.77/sq.m

3/sq.m

Oxalis corymbosa

Large-Flowered Pink Sorrel

Ed,M

leaves

14.09

2.92/sq.m

3/sq.m

13.27

2.23/sq.m

2/sq.m

12.42

3.08/sq.m

3/sq.m

11.81

2/sq.m

4.02

0.27/sq.m

1/sq.m

Thymus linearis

13.04

3.85/sq.m

4/sq.m

Anaphalis contorta

11.16

2.35/sq.m

2/sq.m

Plantago major

Viola biflora

Yellow Wood Violet

leaves

Erigeron alpinus Salvia moorcroftiana

Kashmir Salvia ,Tuth

At 2050 m - 2400 m Trees Cedrus deodara

Devdar

T, Ag

106.14

455.56/ha

456/ha

Pinus wallichiana

Kail

T,Fw

51.16

233.33/ha

233/ha

Quercus leucotrichophora

Ban Oak

Fd, Fw,Ag

28.5

122.22/ha

122/ha

Pinus roxburghii

Cheel (Chir pine)

R, T

16.77

66.67/ha

67/ha

14.83

61.11/ha

61/ha

Cupressus tolurosa

Populus ciliata

Ban peepal, Himalayan poplar

T, Fw,Sc,Fd,Fb,M

6.53

27.78/ha

28/ha

Juglans regia

Akhrot

Ft, Ed

3.07

16.67/ha

17/ha

Pistacia chinensis

11.9

44.44/ha

44/ha

Picea smithiana

8.71

33.33/ha

33/ha

Ficus recemosa

7.16

33.33/ha

33/ha

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (g)

iii

Shrubs

Berberis aristata

Chitra

M, Dy, TnHdg,Ft,Fw,

46.58

2333.33/ha

2333/ha

Prinsepia utilis

Bhikal, Bekkra, Bhekal, Cherara,Dhatila

Hdg, Ed, Ft,O, Com, D, Sc

27.82

1111.11/ha

1111/ha

Rabdosia lophanthoides

Crested Flower Isodon

leaves

18.25

888.89/ha

889/ha

Indigofera cassioides

Saknya, Kathi

roots

16.07

888.89/ha

889/ha

Desmodium gamgaticum

13.61

555.56/ha

556/ha

Dabregeasia hypoleuca

13.2

444.44/ha

444/ha

Wikstroemia canescens

13.14

777.78/ha

778/ha

Cotoneaster microphyllus

12.51

833.33/ha

833/ha

Ventilago denticulata

10.92

611.11/ha

611/ha

Rubus niveus

10.25

555.56/ha

556/ha

Rumex nepalensis

20.27

1.17/sq.m

1/sq.m

Plantago major

13.3

1.58/sq.m

2/sq.m

Salvia moorcroftiana

12.8

0.63/sq.m

1/sq.m

Erigeron alpinus

12.5

1.42/sq.m

1/sq.m

Fragaria vesca

12.02

1.5/sq.m

2/sq.m

Oxalis corniculata

1.92/sq.m

2/sq.m

Polygonum capuitatum

11.04

1.46/sq.m

2/sq.m

Thymus linearis

10.22

2.08/sq.m

1/sq.m

Anaphalis contorta

9.99

1.50/sq.m

2/sq.m

9.75

1.67/sq.m

2/sq.m

Herbs

Viola biflora

Legends M = Medicinal, Ch = Chemical, K = Katha, Fd = Fodder, Veg = Gegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In = Match industry, Ap = Apolostry, PM = Packing Material, Drk = Drink, P= Paper, Lnd = Landscaping, Fb =Fibre, Com= Compost,Sc= Soil conservation, DrF = Dry fuits, T = Timber, Ed = edible, O = Oil, EdO= Edible Oil, EsO = Essential oil, Fw = Fuelwood, D= Detergent,I=industry,S&B= Shuttle &bobbins, R= Resins, Tn=Tannin, Bp=Biopesticide,Co=Cedar oil, Ft=Fruits,Fl=flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye, Ag= Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plant, B&M = Baskets & Mats, Dh&in = dhoop & insence

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (h)

Annexure (h) : Plantation for Pooh region (Type similar for subcatchments 11 - 24)

IVI

Density

No. of plants suggested

T, Fw, M

61.8

155.00/ha

155/ha

Populus ciliata

Ban peepal, Himalayan poplar

T, Fw,Sc,Fd,Fb,M

57.9

140.00/ha

140/ha

Populus alba

White poplar

Or, Sc

33.4

65.00/ha

65/ha

Juniperus polycarpos

Eastern juniper

Rel, M, Dh&In

25.2

60.00/ha

60/ha

Scientific name

Common name

Use of the plant

Section of the plant used

At 2700 m - 3200 m Trees Salix alba

Robinia pseudoacacia

Fd, Es O

30.4

80.00/ha

80/ha

Alnus nitida

Kikar Himalayan Alder

T, Fw

35.00/ha

35/ha

Populus nigra

Black poplar

T,M

40.00/ha

40/ha

Cedrus deodara

Devdar

T, Ag

15.1

30.00/ha

30/ha

Prunus armeniaca

Apricot

Ft, Ed, M, O

20.00/ha

20/ha

T, Fw,Ft,Ag

9.55

20.00/ha

20/ha

Juglans regia

Buds of leaves

Shrubs Rosa webbiana

wild rose

Ft, Ed, M

flowers

45.9

7833.33/ha

7833/ha

Sorbaria tomentosa

Kashmir False Spirea, Himalayan Sorbaria

Ch, M

Leaves, seeds

34.2

4250.00/ha

4250/ha

28.1

1472.22/ha

1472/ha

Salix denticulata Lonicera orientalis

Fd M

Fruits, seeds, flowers

23.4

3500.00/ha

3500/ha

Fw, Or, Ar

stem

22.8

3611.11/ha

3611/ha

Cotoneaster bacillaris

19.4

2305.56/ha

2306/ha

Fraxinus xanthoxyloides

18.1

777.78/ha

778ha

555.56/ha

556/ha

Hippophae rhamnoides

10.7

527.78/ha

528/ha

Lonicera osperifolia

10.3

583.33/ha

583/ha

Honeysuckles

Abelia triflora

Juniperus polycarpos

Eastern juniper

Rel, M, Dh&In

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (h)

Herbs Artemisia scoparia Malva rotundifolia Origanum vulgare Verbascum thapsus Ephedra gerardiana Datisca cannabina

whole dried young plant

Sathra

26.1

8.12/sq.m

8/sq.m

M, Fd

22.7

6.33/sq.m

6/sq.m

Es O, M

20.7

6.30/sq.m

6/sq.m

Dy, M

flower, stem, seed

16.9

1.10/sq.m

1/sq.m

whole plant

13.6

1.03/sq.m

1/sq.m

1.53/sq.m

2/sq.m

9.9

1.77/sq.m

2/sq.m

9.2

3.07/sq.m

3/sq.m

Artemisia brevifolia

8.98

1.08/sq.m

1/sq.m

Heracleum candicans

8.24

0.57/sq.m

1/sq.m

Juniperus polycarpos

142

255.00/ha

255/ha

Salix alba

85.6

165.00/ha

165/ha

Populus ciliata

33.1

60.00/ha

60/ha

Soom, Ephedra

Chenopodiem Mentha longifolia

At 3200 m - 3700 m Trees

Populus alba Prunus armeniaca

Apricot

Or, T

Leaves, stem

23.9

30.00/ha

30/ha

M, Ft, O

Ft, seeds

15.3

20.00/ha

20/ha

49.5

8166.67/ha

8167/ha

Rel, M, Dh&In

38.8

2222.22/ha

2222/ha

Or,Fw,Dh&In,M

35.5

2527.78/ha

2528/ha

34.3

3861.11/ha

3861/ha

Shrubs Rosa webbiana Juniperus polycarpos Juniperus communis Cotoneaster microphyllus Lonicera orientalis

wild rose Eastern juniper

Ft, Ed, M

M, Dy, T, B&M, Sc

flowers

stem , leaves,

23.8

3500.00/ha

3500/ha

Sorbaria tomentosa

20.2

2500.00/ha

2500/ha

Juniperus indica

18.5

1694.44/ha

1694/ha

Ribes orientale Caragana brevispina

16.7

2777.78/ha

2778/ha

12.9

1972.22/ha

1972/ha

10.7

1666.67/ha

1667/ha

5.65

250/ha

Lonicera quinquelocularis Salix denticulata

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (h)

iii

Herbs Origanum vulgare Artemisia brevifolia Rheum webbianum

Sathra

Es O, M

31.3

11.63/sq.m

12/sq.m

27.9

12.15/sq.m

12/sq.m

13.6

0.98/sq.m

1/sq.m

11.4

3.23/sq.m

3/sq.m

13.1

7.68/sq.m

7/sq.m

12.4

1.17/sq.m

1/sq.m

Nepeta linearis

10.5

5.10/sq.m

5/sq.m

Artemisia tournefortiana

10.2

0.67/sq.m

1/sq.m

Artemisia vestita

7.28

2.25/sq.m

2/sq.m

Mentha langifolia

6.33

2.83/sq.m

3/sq.m

Malva rotundifolia

1.41

0.25/sq.m

1/sq.m

Artemisia scoparia

whole dried young plant

Thymus linearis Verbascum thapsus

flower, stem, seed

Dy, M

At 3700 m - 4200 m Shrubs

Juniperus indica

Dh&In, M

leaves, seeds

82.4

9916.67/ha

9917/ha

stem,leaves,roots

37.6

4861.11/ha

4861/ha

36.6

3027.78/ha

3028/ha

33.4

2916.67/ha

2917/ha

29.8

4750.00/ha

4750/ha

Abelia triflora

22.3

3750.00/ha

3750/ha

Lonicera alpigena

18.3

2333.33/ha

2333/ha

Caragana brevispina

16.4

2833.33/ha

2833/ha

Berberis jaeschakeana

9.2

1750.00/ha

1750/ha

lonicera obovata

8.35

1250.00/ha

1250/ha

Cotoneaster microphyllus

Rockspray cotoneaster

Dy, Dh&In, Sc, B&M, T, F, M

Juniperus polycarpos

Eastern juniper

Rel, M, Dh&In

Juniperus communis Rosa webbiana

wild rose

Ft, Ed, M

flowers

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (h)

Herbs Bergenia stracheyi

Elephant ear

Or, M

31.8

4.20/sq.m

4/sq.m

Stellaria media

Buch-bucha, chickweed

Ed, Veg

19.2

13.23/sq.m

13/sq.m

Rheum webbianum

Hind-revandchini, Archa, Atis

16.6

1.60/sq.m

2/sq.m

Thymus linearis

14.4

11.50/sq.m

12/sq.m

Cirsium wallichii

12.6

2.15/sq.m

2/sq.m

Arenaria festucoides

11.3

8.95/sq.m

9/sq.m

Nepeta glutinosa

10.5

4.97/sq.m

5/sq.m

Galium asperuloides

6.89

4.60/sq.m

5/sq.m

Androsace sarmentosa

6.63

4.45/sq.m

5/sq.m

Artemisia dracunculus

6.46

1.80/sq.m

2/sq.m

4.59

1.47/sq.m

1/sq.m

Artemisia scoparia

whole dried young plant

Legends M=Medicinal,Ag = Agricultural implements, Hdg = Hedge plants, Rel = Religious plants, B&M = baskets & mats, CO=Cedar Oil, Ft=Fruits , Fl=Flowers, Es=Essence, Ar=Aromatic, Dy=Dye, Sc=Soil Conservation, DrF=Dry Fruits,, T=Timber, Ed = Edible, O = Oil, Ed O=Edible Oil, Es O = Essential oil, FW= Fuelwood, D=Detergent, I =Industry S&B=Shuttle& Bobbins, R=Resin, Tn = Tannin, Bp = Biopesticide, Drk = drinklng, Ch = Chemical, K=Katha,Fd=Fodder,Veg=Vegetable, Or = Ornamental, M In=Match Industry ,Ap=Apolostry,PM=Packing Material, P=Paper, Lnd=Landscaping , Fb = Fibre, Com = compost, Dh&In = Dhoop & incense

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure - Check Dam Size of the Structure – 1.5X1.5M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 1

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

a) Excavation

1 1

2 2

0.5 0.3

b) Gabion Structure

1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2

1 0.5 0.5 0.3

1.00 0.60 1.60 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.60 3.35

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

317.76

2900.00 Total

9715.00 10032.76

Say Per Rm

Check Dam Gabion Gabions of Size – 1.5X1.5M

c) Apron

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

10033.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure - Check Dam Size of the Structure – 2.5X3M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 1 Check Dam Gabion. Gabions of Size – 2.5X3M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 3.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.25 1.05 2.30 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.05 6.80

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

456.78

2900.00 Total

19720.00 20176.78

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

20177.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

iii

Name of the Structure - Check Dam Size of the Structure – 2X2.5M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 1 Check Dam Gabion. Gabions of Size – 2X2.5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 3.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

1 1 0.5 0.5 0.3

1.25 1.05 2.30 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.05 5.80

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

456.78

2900.00 Total

16820.00 17276.78

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

17277.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure - Check Dam Size of the Structure – 3X4M Measurement Sheet Sr. No 1

Item No. Check Dam Gabion. Gabions of Size – 3X4M

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

a) Excavation

1 1

3 4.5

0.5 0.3

b) Gabion Structure

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4.5

1 1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.50 1.35 2.85 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.35 9.85

c) Apron

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

566.01

2900.00 Total

28565.00 29131.01

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

29131.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Deflecting Spur Size of the Structure – 1.5X2M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 2 Deflecting Spur Gabions of Size – 1.5X2M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2 3

1 0.3

1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 3

1 1 1 0.3

2.00 0.90 2.90 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.90 5.40

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

575.94

2900.00 Total

15660.00 16235.94

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

16236.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Deflecting Spur Size of the Structure – 2X3.5M Measurement Sheet Sr. No 2

Item No. Deflecting Spur Gabions of Size – 2X3.5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3 4

1 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4

1 1 1 0.5 1 0.3

3.00 1.20 4.20 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.25 3.00 1.20 9.95

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

834.12

2900.00 Total

28855.00 29689.12

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

29689.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

vii

Name of the Structure – Deflecting Spur Size of the Structure – 2X4M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. a) Excavation 2 Deflecting Spur Gabions of Size – 2X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

No 1

Length 1

Breadth 2

Depth 0.5

Qty 1.00

1 1

3 5

1 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5

1 1 1 1 1 0.3

3.00 1.50 4.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.50 11.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

893.70

2900.00 Total

33350.00 34243.70

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

34244.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

viii

Name of the Structure – Deflecting Spur Size of the Structure – 2X3M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. Deflecting Spur Gabions of Size – 2X3M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 4

1 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 4

1 1 1 1 0.3

2.50 1.20 3.70 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.20 8.20

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

734.82

2900.00 Total

23780.00 24514.82

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

24515.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Drop Structure Gabion Size of the Structure – 3X4M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 3 Drop Structure Gabion Gabions of Size – 3X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure d) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3 5

1 0.5

5 1

1 1

3 5

1 0.5

3.00 2.50 5.50 15.00 2.50 17.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1092.30

2900.00 Total

50750.00 51842.30

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

51843.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Drop Structure Gabion Size of the Structure – 4X5M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 3 Drop Structure Gabion Gabions of Size – 4X5M a) Excavation b) Gabion Structure d) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

0.5

6 1

1 1

4 6

1 0.5

3.00 7.00 24.00 3.00 27.00

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1390.20

2900.00 Total

78300.00 79690.20

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

79690.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Drop Structure Gabion Size of the Structure – 3X3M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 3 Drop Structure Gabion Gabions of Size – 3X3M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure d) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3 4

1 0.5

4 1

1 1

3 4

1 0.5

3.00 2.00 5.00 12.00 2.00 14.00

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

993.00

2900.00 Total

40600.00 41593.00

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

41593.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xii

Name of the Structure – Drop Structure Gabion Size of the Structure – 5X6M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 3 Drop Structure Gabion Gabions of Size – 5X6M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure d) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

6 7

1 0.5

7 1

1 1

6 7

1 0.5

6.00 3.50 9.50 42.00 3.50 45.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1886.70

2900.00 Total

131950.00 133836.70

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

133837.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xiii

Name of the Structure – Silt Detention Dam Size of the Structure – 2X3.5M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 4 Silt Detention Dam in Gabion Gabions of Size – 2X3.5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3 4

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4

1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.3

1.50 1.20 2.70 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.50 1.20 8.45

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

536.22

2900.00 Total

24505.00 25041.22

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

25041.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xiv

Name of the Structure – Silt Detention Dam Size of the Structure – 2X3M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 4 Silt Detention Dam in Gabion Gabions of Size – 2X3M Gabions of Size – 2X3M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 3.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.25 1.05 2.30 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.05 6.80

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

456.78

2900.00 Total

19720.00 20176.78

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

20177.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Silt Detention Dam Size of the Structure – 3X4M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. Silt Detention Dam in Gabion Gabions of Size – 3X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

No Length Breadth Depth

1 1

3 4.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4.5

1 1 1 1 0.5 0.3

Qty

1.50 1.35 2.85 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.35 9.85

Rate

Unit Amount

198.60

2900.00 m3 Total

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

566.01

28565.00 29131.01

29131.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xvi

Name of the Structure – Silt Detention Dam Size of the Structure – 3X5M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. Silt Detention Dam in Gabion 4 Gabions of Size – 3X5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3.5 5.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 5.5

1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.75 1.65 3.40 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.75 1.65 13.40

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

675.24

2900.00 m3 Total

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

38860.00 39535.24

Say Per Rm

39536.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xvii

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 2X4M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 7 Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 2X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

3 2

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 2

1 1 1 1 1 0.5

6.00 1.00 7.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 1.00 21.00

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1390.20

2900.00 Total

60900.00 62290.20

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

62290.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xviii

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 3X4M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 7 Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 3X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

3 3

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 0.5

6.00 1.50 7.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 1.50 21.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1489.50

2900.00 Total

62350.00 63839.50

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

63840.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xix

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 3X5M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 7 Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 3X5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

3.5 3

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5

7.00 1.50 8.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 1.50 28.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1688.10

2900.00 Total

82650.00 84338.10

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

84338.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 3X6M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 7 Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 3X6M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

4 3

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5

8.00 1.50 9.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 1.50 36.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1886.70

2900.00 Total

105850.00 107736.70

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

107737.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxi

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 4X5M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 7 Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 4X5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

3.5 4

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5

7.00 2.00 9.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 2.00 29.00

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1787.40

2900.00 Total

84100.00 85887.40

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

85888.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxii

Name of the Structure – Water Harvesting Structure Size of the Structure – 4X6M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. Water Harvesting Structure Gabions of Size – 4X6M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

2 1

1 1

4 4

1 0.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5

8.00 2.00 10.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 2.00 37.00

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1986.00

2900.00 Total

107300.00 109286.00

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

109286.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxiii

Name of the Structure – Toe Wall Size of the Structure – 4X6M Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 8 Toe Wall Gabions of Size – 4X6M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

4 5

1 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 0.3

4.00 1.50 5.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 1.50 15.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1092.30

2900.00 Total

44950.00 46042.30

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

46042.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxiv

Name of the Structure – Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Size of the Structure – 1.5X1.5M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 5 Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Gabions of Size – 1.5X1.5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2 2

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2

1 0.5 0.5 0.3

1.00 0.60 1.60 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.60 3.35

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

317.76

2900.00 Total

9715.00 10032.76

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

10033.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxv

Name of the Structure – Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Size of the Structure – 2.5X3M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 5 Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Gabions of Size – 2.5X3M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 3.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.25 1.05 2.30 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.25 1.05 6.80

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

456.78

2900.00 Total

19720.00 20176.78

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

20177.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxvi

Name of the Structure – Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Size of the Structure – 2X2.5M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 5 Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Gabions of Size – 2X2.5M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

2.5 3.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5

1 1 0.5 0.5 0.3

1.25 1.05 2.30 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.25 1.05 5.80

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

456.78

2900.00 Total

16820.00 17276.78

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

17277.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxvii

Name of the Structure – Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Size of the Structure – 3X4M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 5 Check Wall/ Retaining Wall in Gabion Gabions of Size – 3X4M a) Excavation

b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

Length

Breadth

Depth

Qty

1 1

3 4.5

0.5 0.3

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4.5

1 1 1 1 0.5 0.3

1.50 1.35 2.85 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.50 1.35 9.85

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

566.01

2900.00 Total

28565.00 29131.01

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

29131.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxviii

Name of the Structure – Drop Spill Way Size of the Structure – 5X3M

Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 6 Spill Way in Gabion Gabions of Size – 5X3M a) Excavation b) Gabion Structure

c) Apron

No 2

Length 1

Breadth 2.5

Depth 1

Qty 5.00

0.5

2 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1.5 2 2.5 5

1 1 1 1 0.5

2.50 7.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.50 16.50

Rate

Unit

Amount

198.60

1489.50

2900.00 Total

47850.00 49339.50

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Say Per Rm

49340.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (i)

xxix

Name of the Structure – Brushwood Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 9 Brushwood

Length

Breadth

Depth

Quantity

Rate

Unit RM

Amount 62.00

Say Per Rm 62.00

Rate

Unit RM

Amount 9.60

Say Per Rm 9.60

Rate

Unit RM

Amount 9.9

Say Per Rm 9.9

Name of the Structure – Live Hedge Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 10 Live Hedge

Length

Breadth

Depth

Quantity

Name of the Structure – Trenching Measurement Sheet Sr. No Item No. 11 Trenching

Length

Breadth

Depth

Quantity

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (j)

Nearer to the Muck generation locations Away from the river Downwind of villages and townships Area & volume of site sufficient to accommodate Muck At suitable direction so that wind erosion will not occur On the concave side of meander belt Free from active landslides or creeps Having possibility of toe erosion / slope failure At higher elevation than the High Flood Level (HFL) Small stream of water flowing through it Free from contamination Presence of hazardous substances Scope for capping with plantation after the muck disposal Site having pristine habitats containing Endangered/ Threatened species Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Site having pristine habitats containing Endangered/ Threatened species.

Scope for capping with plantation after the muck disposal

Presence of hazardous substances

Free from contamination

Small stream of water flowing through it

At higher elevation than the High Flood Level (HFL)

Having possibility of toe erosion / slope failure

Free from active landslides/ creeps

On the concave side of meander belt

At suitable direction so that wind erosion will not occur

Area & volume of site sufficient to accommodate Muck

Downwind of villages and townships

Away from the river

Criteria for selection of Muck disposal sites

Nearer to the Muck generation locations

Annexure (j):Compatibility matrix for site selection for muck disposal

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (j) Legend Compatibility

Symbol

Highly compatible Moderately compatible Slightly compatible Not compatible Not comparable

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Site No. I

: N H 22

Kumarsain Rampur Portion

Length

: Along Road =120 m & Lower side =120m

Latitude/ Longitude : 31’ 19’ 53” N & 77’ 26’ 60” E

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR DUMPING SITE AT N H 22 (KUMARSAIN RAMPUR PORTION) S. NO.

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM

Excavation in soil in Hilly Area by manual means including cutting and 1 120.00 2.40 trimming of side slopes and disposing of excavated earth with a lift up to 1.5 mt. and a lead up to20 mt. as per drawing and technical specification clause 1603.1. Wire crates made of G.I. wire filled with boulders with square cut faces against the wire (Boulder filling to be measured and paid for separately) 15cm x 15cm. mesh. st 1 step Top & bottom 2 120.00 2.40 Front & back 3 120.00 Sides 41 2.40 nd 2 step Top & bottom 1 120.00 1.20 Front & back 2 120.00 Sides 41 1.20 Total Wire crates made of G.I. wire filled with boulders with square cut faces against the wire (wire crate to be measured and paid for separately). st 1 step 1 120.00 2.40 nd 2 step 1 120.00 1.20 Total G. Total Engineering Measures Biological Measures Total Rs. Five lakhs seventy one thousand only

NO.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

QTY.

UNIT

0.30

86.40

cum

1.20 1.20

288.00 144.00 118.08

sqm Sqm sqm

1.20 1.20

144.00 144.00 59.04 897.04

345.60 172.80 518.40

1.20 1.20

RATE (HPSR 2009) 73.40

AMOUNT

sqm Sqm sqm sqm

148.50

133210.00

cum cum Cum

639.70

331620.00 471172.00 1,00,000.00 571172.00

6342.00

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

iii

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Site No. 2 Length

: State High Way S H 13 Shimla- Tattapani –Mandi Portion Dhalli -Tattapani : Along Road = 125 m & Lower side = 90m

Latitude/ Longitude : 31’ 12’ 91” N & 77’ 08’ 92” E

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR DUMPING SITE AT S H 13 (SHIMLA- TATTAPANI- MANMDI ROAD PORTION DHALLI- TATTAPANI) S. NO. 1.

2. 3.

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM

NO.

QTY.

UNIT

AMOUNT

cum

RATE (HPSR 2009) 73.40

Excavation in soil in Hilly Area by manual means including cutting and trimming of side slopes and disposing of excavated earth with a lift up to 1.5 mt. and a lead up to20 mt. as per drawing and technical specification clause 1603.1. Construction of retaining wall / breast walls in plain cement concrete M 10 grade Providing weep holes in plain cement concrete walls with 100 mm dia. A.C. pipe extending through the full width of the structures with slope of 1(V): 20(H) towards drawing face complete as per drawing and technical specification Clauses 614, 709,1204.3.7. Total Engineering Measures Biological Measures Grand Total

90.00

2.10

(0.75+0.25)/2

94.50

90.00

(0.75+2.10)/2

(4.42+4.75)/2

588.02

Cum

2928.35

17,21,928

267

No.

253.70

67,738

6,936

17,96,602 4,,00,000 2196602

Rs. Twenty one lakhs ninety seven thousand only.

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k) Site No. 3

vii

: DISTRICT ROAD: LUHRI TO SUNNI -50MS DR 21: Sainj- Luhri 3kms & DR: 22 Tattapani-Sunni-Luhri 47 kms SITE I -1 kms short of Luhri Length : Along Road =100 m & Lower side =80m Latitude/ Longitude : 31’ 20’ 53” N & 77’ 26’ 11” E

DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR DUMPING SITE AT DISTT. ROAD ( LUHRI TO SUNNI) – SITE I Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

viii

S. NO.

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM

NO.

QTY.

UNIT

RATE (HPSR 2009)

AMOUNT

Excavation in soil in Hilly Area by manual means including cutting and trimming of side slopes and disposing of excavated earth with a lift up to 1.5 mt. and a lead up to20 mt. as per drawing and technical specification clause 1603.1. Construction of retaining wall / breast walls in plain cement concrete M 10 grade Providing weepholes in plain cement concrete walls with 100 mm dia. A.C. pipe extending through the full width of the structures with slope of 1(V): 20(H) towards drawing face complete as per drawing and technical specification Clauses 614, 709,1204.3.7. Total Engineering Measures Biological Measures Grand Total

80.00

2.10

(0.75+0.25)/2

84.00

cum

73.40

6,166

80.00

(0.75+2.10)/2

(4.42+4.75)/2

522.69

Cum

2928.35

15,30,619

237

No.

253.70

60,127

Or say

15,96,912 3,00,000 Rs. 18,97,000

2. 3.

Rs. Eighteen lakhs ninety seven thousand only

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k) Site No. 4 : RURAL ROAD Bhadrash Brandli 32Kms Length : Along Road =150 m & Lower side=150m Latitude/ Longitude : 31’ 22’ 02” N & 77’ 37’ 33” E

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

DETAILED ESTIMATE FOR DUMPING SITE AT RURAL ROAD (BHADRASH BRANDLI) S. DESCRIPTION OF ITEM NO. 1. Excavation in soil in Hilly Area by manual means including cutting and trimming of side slopes and disposing of excavated earth with a lift up to 1.5 mt. and a lead up to20 mt. as per drawing and technical specification clause 1603.1. 2. Construction of retaining wall / breast walls in plain cement concrete M 10 grade 3. Providing weepholes in plain cement concrete walls with 100 mm dia. A.C. pipe extending through the full width of the structures with slope of 1(V): 20(H) towards drawing face complete as per drawing and technical specification Clauses 614, 709,1204.3.7. Total Engineering Measures Biological Measures Grand Total

NO.

QTY.

UNIT

150.00

2.51

(1.00+0.42) /2

267.31

150.00

(0.75+2.51) /2

(6.00+5.64) /2

596

AMOUNT

cum

RATE (HPSR 2009) 73.40

1422.99

Cum

2928.35

41,67,013

596

No.

253.70

1,51,205

Or say

34,37,839 7,00,000 Rs. 41,38,000

Rs. Forty one lakhs thirty eight thousand only

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

19,621

Volume I: Part I: Annexure (k)

Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin

xii