Fenacam: Foretalza, November 12, 2014 Nutrição na Piscicultura de Água Doce, com Ênfase em Tilápias Freshwater farmed fish nutrition, with emphasis on tilapia Albert G. Tacon & Daniel Lemos Aquatic Farms Ltd, HI 96744 USA & Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
FARMED FISH PRODUCTION IN 2012 (values given in million metric tonnes; FAO, 2014)
Freshwater Fish
84.7% 37.4 Mt
Tilapia 4.5 Mt
D 10.3% M 4.9%
Chinese carps 12.5 Mt 54.2%
Catfish 3.9 Mt Misc 2.1 Mt
Total farmed fish production 44.15 Million tonnes
Major freshwater fed fish 23.02 Million tonnes
FARMED FISH PRODUCTION IN 2012 (values given in million metric tonnes; FAO, 2014)
APR 2000 to 2012 - % per year Freshwater Fish 6.5% 84.7% 37.4 Mt
11.7% 6.0% D 10.3% M 4.9% 6.9%
Tilapia 4.5 Mt Chinese carps 12.5 Mt 54.2% 5.2%
Catfish 3.9 Mt Misc 2.1 Mt 18.3%
Total farmed fish production 44.15 Million tonnes
Major freshwater fed fish 23.02 Million tonnes
18.1%
TOP FED FISH & CRUSTACEAN SPECIES GROUPS - 2012 Top fed species
20.38 7.66 19.43 6.15 11.26 9.44 6.38 10.48 1.71 3.79 1.37
Top fed species 35,719,025 8.3 % Calculated from FISHSTAT – FAO (2014)
98.06
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11
12,473,313 4,506,877 4,327,520 3,909,218 2,294,419 2,181,032 2,135,804 1,827,313 943,259 878,985 241,285
APR (95-12) US $ billion 5.6 % 11.5 % 9.5 % 15.3 % 8.9% 8.5 % 19.3% 18.4 % 5.7 % 4.9 % 1.5 %
1
Chinese carp Tilapia Shrimp Catfishes Salmon Marine fish Misc FW & D fish FW crustaceans Milkfish Trout Eel
Tonnes
Tilapia
1000 METRIC TONNES
Global Aquaculture Production REAL PRICE Source: Kevin Fitzsimmons, 2014
(USD/KG)
6000
8
7
5000
6 4000
5
3000
4
3
2000
2 1000
1
Sources: 1990-2009: FAO and Kevin Fitzsimmons; 2010-2012: Average of Helga Josupeit and Kevin Fitzsimmons estimates; 2013: Kevin Fitzsimmons; Prices US import frozen tilapia Jan- Jun: NMFS
2015F
2014F
2013E
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
0
5
World Tilapia Production of 4,850,000 mt in 2014 1,800,000
Source: Kevin Fitzsimmons, 2014 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0
Source: FAO (2014); Industry partners
250-300,000 mt
Tilapia
2013 150-170,000 mt Cachamas
Dietary nutrient requirements of farmed freshwater species Over 136 farmed freshwater fish species 18 LIVESTOCK species
354 Fish sp - 136 FW sp
8 FW sp
Essential dietary nutrient requirements (NRC,2011) Gross energy - E
Arg
His
18:2n-6
Iso
18:3n-3
Ca
Mg
A
D
Crude protein - CP
Lys
Leu 20:4n-6
P
K
E
20:5n-3 Na
K
B12
Met
Fo
Phe
I
B2
Ch
Thr
Fe B6
In
Val
Try
Sterols
22:6n-3
Cu
B1
Water – H20
Phospholipids
Se
Mn
Pa
Ni
C
Dietary requirement for over 40 + essential nutrients
Zn Bi o
National Research Council – Dietary Nutrient Requirements of Fish & Shrimp
NRC, 2011
(% as is) % dry matter
Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Met + Cys Phenylalanine Phe + Tyr Threonine Tryptophan Valine (Furuya, 2010)
1.2 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.1 0.3 1.5 (NRC, 2011)
Nutrient requirements different for different stages of fish life cycle
Source: Ng & Romano, 2013
TILAPIA NUTRITION & FEEDING A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPY 1971 - 2014
compiled by
Albert G.J. Tacon, Thiago Raggi & Daniel Lemos Laboratório de Aquicultura Instituto Oceanográfico Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil
for
The CNPq Research Project Feeding Tomorrow's Fish: Environmental and Economically Sustainable Aquafeeds and Feeding Regimes
2014
1128p (pdf available)
THE PROBLEM TO DATE: Most nutrient requirement & dietary feeding studies have been performed under temperature controlled clear water conditions: However, the data cannot be directly applied to practical farming conditions depending upon life stage & culture system
Typical Indoor Clear Water Diet Testing Laboratory
Jabotocobal
PANAMA:(September 2002) 1-1.2 Zhou Enhua of ASA/China feeds a soy-based aquafeed to tilapia in a cage feeding trial in southern China.
System
Most reputable feed companies have their own R & D facilities to conduct their own dietary nutrient studies so as to optimise their feeds, reduce fish production costs & maintain profitability & competitiveness
BRASIL
Natural food items - fresh
Samoa
Supplementary feed items
Panama
Complete feeds
TOTAL COMMERICAL AQUAFEED PRODUCTION Estimated at 39.62 million tonnes (Mt) in 2012, and expected to rise to 49.74 Mt by 2015, 65.40 Mt by 2020, and 87.14 Mt by 2025
2012 estimated feed production
Freshwater crustaceans 4,5% Fed carp 27,8% Shrimp 15,6%
Tilapia 16,8%
Marine fish 7,5%
Eels 0,9% Milkfish 2,2% Trout Salmon 2,9% 7,5%
Catfish 10,8%
Misc freshwater fishes 3,3%
Chinese carp Tilapia Shrimp Catfish Marine fish Salmon FW crustaceans Oth FW & D fish Trout Milkfish Eels
11.03 Mt 6.67 Mt 6.18 Mt 4.27 Mt 2.98 Mt 2.98 Mt 1.80 Mt 1.31 Mt 1.14 Mt 0.89 Mt 0.37 Mt
Total
39.62 Mt Tacon et al. 2014
Estimated global fed species & aquafeed production (x ,000 tonnes) Fed finfish & crustacean production APR 8.3% 1995-2012 Finfish & crustacean aquafeed production APR 10.3% 1995-2012 100.000
87,136
APR fish & crustacean production 5.4%/year 2012-2025 APR aquafeed production 6.2%/year 2012-2025
90.000 80.000
65,401
70.000
60.000
49,736
50.000
39,617
40.000
30.000 20.000 10.000
0 1995
2000
2005 Fed fish production
2010
2015
Aquafeed production
2020
2025
Global demand for feed ingredients by aquaculture in 2012: 40 Mt Species demand depends on species feeding habit & culture system
1. Herbivorous/omnivorous finfish species: carps, tilapia, catfish - total feed 24 Mt; most flexible in feed ingredient choices 2. Crustacean species: shrimp, crabs, crayfish - total feed 8 Mt; less flexible, but depends upon culture system 3. Carnivorous finfish species: salmonids, marine fish & other fish - total feed 8 Mt; least flexible, most reliant marine ingredients
Fishmeal is more than just protein …is a complete feed for many carnivorous finfish & crustaceans – High protein content (60-70%) – Well balanced amino acid profile (Lys, Met, Tau)
– Good source of nucleotides – Rich source of marine lipids and energy – Good source of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) – Good source of phospholipids & sterols – Good source of minerals – Ca, P, Mg, K, Se, I, Zn Fish & shrimp have a – Absence of anti-nutritional factors dietary requirement for – Good palatability
– Contains many bioactive micro-nutrients
… and as such is a highly sought after ingredient for use in aquafeeds
nutrients not ingredients Replacing fishmeal is not just about balancing EAA: other nutrients also needed - Mins, EFA, etc
Fish oil is more than just oil ‌rich source of highly digestible energy & essential fat sol nutrients for carnivorous finfish & crustaceans - Richest source of LC-PU EFA belonging to the linolenic or n-3 series, namely EPA (20:5n-3) & DHA (22:6n-3). - Rich source of PUFA & highly digestible energy - Rich source of phospholipids - Rich source of sterols, including cholesterol - Rich source fat sol vitamins A, D & tocopherols, choline & inositol (depending upon species) - Crustacean oils rich source of carotenoids - Good palatability
‌ and as such is a highly sought after ingredient for use in marine fish and crustacean aquafeeds
Fish & shrimp have a dietary requirement for nutrients not ingredients Replacing fish oil is not just about balancing EFA: other nutrients such as cholesterol, vitamins A & D, phospholipids, choline, inositol, other sterols & steroids
Ingredients commonly used in feeds for HERBIVOROUS/OMNIVOROUS FISH
Aquatic protein meals & oils
0-5%
Fishmeals & oil: wild & farmed
0-5
Squid meal, krill meal
1-5
Seaweed meals & products
1-5
Cultured microbial biomass
0-5
Terrestrial animal proteins & oils
5-15%
Poultry by-products
5-15
Porcine by-products
5-10
Ruminant by-products
5-10
Terrestrial invertebrates
1-5
Terrestrial plant proteins & oils
15-30%
Oilseed protein by-products
10-35
Cereal protein by-products
5-15
Pulse protein by-products
5-15
Other plant proteins
5-15
Other plant meals & fillers
25-50%
Minerals, trace elements, salt
Cereal meals & by-products
25-50
Amino acids, nucleotides, feeding attractants
Root meals & extracts
5-15
Gut modifiers, prebiotics, probiotics, acidifiers
Fruit meals & by-products
1-5
Immune enhancers, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-parasitical
Forage & leaf meals
1-5
Binders, growth promoters, hormones, antibiotics
Feed additives
0-5%
Vitamins, antioxidants & pigments
Final feed ingredient choice considerations: Nutritional profile
Proximate composition Amino acid profile Fatty acid profile Energy content Mineral profile Vitamin profile Nutrient digestibility Anti-nutritional factors Contaminants Physical characteristics
Economic & market factors
Price Market availability Feed related market acceptability & sustainability issues
Use of rendered products Use of GM & nGM ingredients Feed, Food or Fuel use Fishmeal & fish oil use Environmental footprint Greenhouse gases
Feed additives & health promoting compounds: -
Gut flora modifiers, Prebiotics, Probiotics Immune enhancers, Nucleotides, Yeast extracts Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti-paratsitic compounds Acidifiers, Enzymes, Botanicals, Pigments, Amino acids
Improving feed grade sources Use of renewable nutrient sources EXOGENOUS ENZYMES • Releasing nutrient trapped in complex biopolymers • Breakdown of anti-nutrients • Reducing residues from farming operations (environment) • Assisting in gut health • Improving feed consistency Phytase Xylanase
β – glucanase Cellulase
Amylase Protease
Lipase Micotoxinase
Mannanase α - galactosidase
EXOGENOUS ENZYMES – aquatic species
Enzyme
Application
Benefit
Release of phytate-bound phosphorus and other nutrients
Improved mineral digestibility, weight gain and feed efficiency
Access to potential energy and nutrient sources in plant ingredients
Improved nutrient digestibility, weight gain
- Starch degrading
Access to potential energy related to starch nature, particle and cooking
Improved nutrient digestibility, weight gain
Proteases
Inactivating proteinaceous anti-nutrientes, assisnting endogenous digestion
Improved nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency
Micotoxin degrading enzymes
Feed safety
Phytases
Carbohydrases - Fiber degrading
Micotoxinases
Positive effects of dietary phytase supplementation upon digestibility tilapia (Lemos & Tacon, in prep.). Species
Diet composition
Phytase source/ application method
Inclusion level (FTU/kg)
Digestibility improvement
Reference
A. niger/ NS
1000
Phosphorus (>100%)
Silva et al. (2005)
Maize, sorghum, rice, A. niger/ added to 1000, 2000 wheat, soybean, sunflower ingr. mix & cottonseed (at 60% of reference diet)
Manganese, copper, zinc, magnesium (20 to >100%) at 1000 & sometimes 2000 FTU/kg
Gonรงalves et al. (2005)
Mayze, sorghum, rice, A. niger/ added to 1000, 2000 wheat, soybean,sunflower ingr. mix and ottonseed ingredients (at 60% upon eference diet)
Phosphorus, 1000 FTU/kg Gonรงalves (sunflower & extruded soybean et al. meal: 23-27%), 2000 FTU/kg (corn, (2007) sorghum, rice & soybean meal: >100%)
24% soybean meal, 22% corn, 32% wheat and 11% wheat gluten
GM Hansemula 500 to 1250 polymorpha or GM A. oryzae expressed in Peniphora lycci
Positive dose-response up to 1000 Liebert and FTU/kg:Phosphorus (65%)up to 750 Portz FTU/kg:Protein (4%) Calcium (50%) (2007)
48% broken rice, 42% soybean meal
A. niger/spray
Positive dose-response:protein (2%)up to 500 FTU/kg: phosphorus (6%)
Nile tilapia 35% corn, 30% soybean (juvenile) meal & 10% wheat
250 to 1000
Silva et al. (2007)
Positive effects of ingredient pretreatment or dietary phytase supplementation upon weight gain and feed efficiency in tilapia (Lemos & Tacon, in prep). Species
Ingredient/diet composition
Phytase source/ application method
Inclusion Performance level improvement (FTU/kg)
Reference
Nile tilapia (juvenile)
Soybean meal and corn based Diets
NS/direct inclusion with ingredients
1000
Portz & Liebert (2004)
Soybean meal & corn based diets
A. oryzae 500-1000 Weight gain (750 FTU/kg Liebert & (produced with H. polymorpha & 500 Portz (2005) through FTU/kg with A. oryzae)and Peniophora lycci) feed efficiency (500 and Hansenula FTU/kg with H. polymorpha/NS polymorpha & 1000 FTU/kg with A. oryzae)
Plant based diets A. niger/ sprayed 500 onto pellets
Weight gain & feed Efficiency
Weight gain & feed efficiency
Silva et al. (2007)
Importance of bench marking – look at existing commercial feeds, those at are working better (compared with those that are not), look at existing nutrient profiles (including EAA profiles), look at ingredient digestibility; every batch is different, use of NIRs, in-vitro digestibility methods, in-vivo digestibility
IN VITRO (digestion): determining the potential for enzymatic digestion in a “test- tube�
In vitro protein digestion of ingredients for tilapia feeds
(Yasumaru & Lemos, 2014)
Jabotocobal
Piracicabal
Ubatuba
Ubatuba
Amino acid availability of some ingredients for tilapia (%)
Arginine Cysitine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophane Tyrosine Valine
CGM
FM
CSM
MBM
FeM
PBM
SBM
WG
89 87 90 90 88 88 94 90 89 ND 86 89
92 90 92 91 91 91 94 90 90 ND 91 90
90 88 82 86 81 69 82 70 74 88 84 81
87 93 85 77 82 83 95 84 79 81 76 82
85 82 78 82 80 86 95 78 75 78 68 74
91 97 97 91 88 96 97 95 86 93 91 81
89 86 89 86 87 83 84 86 87 ND 86 84
97 ND 95 92 97 95 97 97 94 ND 96 94
Source: NRC (2011). Apparent availability values for O. niloticus using dietary markers. CGM = corn gluten meal, FM = fish meal (anchoveta), CSM = cottonseed meal, MBM = meat and bone meal, FeM = feather meal, PBM = poultry by-product meal, SBM = soybean meal, WG = wheat gluten. Values refer exclusively to tested ingredients. ND: not determined. Further references on amino acid availability in tilapia: Furuya et al. (2001), Freire et al. (2005), Guimar達es et al. (2008, 2012), Ribeiro et al. (2011).
Million tonnes
Fishmeal production Source: Ababouch (2013
From whole fish El Ni単o
How ITALCOL can add value to the feed value chain By providing technical support & assistance to farmers concerning on-farm feed use and management – if the farmer fails – we fail and we have lost a client and market
CUACULTURA !
Food grade
Turn them into food grade by-products for direct human consumption
Indonesia
HYDROPONICS – nutrient recycling
MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING ON-FARM SHRIMP FEED PERFORMANCE
20/100
20/100 Pond Biota & culture environment
v
Feed formulation & nutrient content Feed processing & physical property
On-farm feed feeding method & staffing
20/100
Feed transportation & storage method
20/100
20/100
Complete feeds
Fines/dust
Estimated production of compound aquafeeds 1995-2010 Production (thousand tonnes)
40.000 35.000
Compound aquafeed production up 284% since 1995 Mean APR 1995 to 2010 – 10.7%/year Total estimated production in 2010 - 35,298,000 tonnes
30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000
5.000 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Fed carp Misc Freshwater fishes Milkfish Shrimp
Tilapia Salmon Eels Freshwater crustaceans
Catfishes Trout Marine fish
Source: adapted from Tacon et al. (2011)
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The importance of supporting applied research in finding solutions so as to sustain the continued growth & further development of the aquaculture sector